^ .'■'■iitjVr- 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 1917 
 
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 
 COl^lMITTEE ON TOWN PLANNING
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 ir 

 
 
 \ 
 
 ■2. ■^ - 
 " ■• B 
 
 g ^" g. 
 
 o u w "^ 
 
 -■ •£ -E -c 
 
 ^ ° ^- 
 
 
 '« 
 
 aj ^ 
 
 s s ° = ! 
 
 ■S -C ,_o c g 
 
 = « i J3 "^ 
 
 ! v2 O . C 
 
 w 
 
 'm c 
 
 O 3 '5. 
 
 <u 
 
 bti 
 
 3 u C 
 
 OJ 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 Cfi 
 
 U 
 
 " c ^ c »^ 
 
 o t. « •[: 
 
 '^'^ ^ g :; 
 
 ■i:- J i; § 2 
 
 ' O <U ^ "^ 4> 
 
 r S -E ^ ' I 
 
 ; J ^ -E (U i; 
 
 •^ S .S o 
 
 , ^ « o u ^ 
 
 « ii !S ^ 
 
 j: _^ <^ (fl 
 
 -13 ■^ t- QJ o 
 
 XJ CL 4-. O 
 
 3 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 « 
 
 S^ s s . 
 
 = -^^ g- 1 
 
 _]- ^ ^-^ « 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ c« 
 
 w j: .- ^ bij 
 
 ■^ O > 4-- c 
 
 ^ = = o 2 
 
 -S E ■? S S 
 
 ^ "O ^ 3 " 
 
 tj C -* H) 
 
 
 0. ° -5 •- £ 
 
 -E -S .2! J ^ 
 
 ■- 2 E 3 '^ 
 
 < I 5 M jj 
 
 o "2 i E
 
 City Planning Progress 
 
 IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 1917 
 
 C O M P I I, K D H V 
 
 THE COMMrriEE ON lOWN PEANNINC; 
 
 OE IHE AMERICAN INS 11 lirn.; 
 
 OF ARGHITlXriS 
 
 EDITED B V 
 
 GEORGK B. FORD 
 Jssis/et/ by RALPH l'\ WARNKR 
 
 The Journal oi im; American Institl'te oi Arlhi tects 
 
 W AbHINOION, D.C.
 
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 
 COMMITTEE ON TOWN PLANNING 
 
 George B. Ford, Chairman 
 loi Park Avenue, New York 
 
 Frederick 1,. Ackerman, New York 
 C. H. Alden, Seattle 
 Hubert Burnham, Chicago 
 C. H. Chemev, San Francisco 
 J. Randolph Coolidge, Boston 
 Charles A. Favrot, New Orleans 
 A. L. Fechheimer, Cincinnati 
 
 F. E. GiESECKE, Austin, Tex. 
 Edwin H. Hewitt, Minneapolis 
 B. S. HuBBELL, Cleveland 
 Louis La Beaume, St. Louis 
 Ellis F. Lawrence, Portland, Ore. 
 Ben J. Lubschez, Kansas City, Mo. 
 John Hall Rankin, Philadelphia 
 
 E. J. Russell, St. Louis 
 
 THIS BOOK IS NOT COPYRIGHTED 
 
 The Town Planning Committee oj the American Insti- 
 tute of Architects desires to make the material in this 
 hook oJ value to the largest possible number of per- 
 sons engaged in city planning or interested in the 
 extension of the ideals of city planning. To this end 
 material mav be reprinted in whole or in part in local 
 newspapers, or in bulletins of commercial or civic 
 bodies, providing only that proper mention be made 
 of "City Planning Progress" as the source of informa- 
 tion. If illustrations are desired, photographs will be 
 loaned whenever available without charge.
 
 AUPL 
 
 Preface 
 
 THIS liciok li;is licen ci)nipili.-ii l>v tlif Tuwii I'lannint; 
 Coiiiniittee of the Anicricati Institute of Architects 
 to meet the widespread and insistent demand tor 
 intormation about what the other man is doing in citv 
 planning. A recognition of the necessity of planning 
 cities and towns, so as to take care of their future growth 
 in a Inisinesslike way antl without waste, has sprung up 
 all over the country. The general interest in "preparcil- 
 ness" has drought home to many people the fact that 
 while their individual )ilants or enterprises were "pre- 
 pared," their cities ami towns were shamcfullv without 
 toresight. However, when they began to look arounti to 
 find the best way ot planning the town for the future, thev 
 found that there was no satisfactory information avail- 
 able as to what other towns were accomplishing. What 
 there was, was fragmentary and scattered through numer- 
 ous books and pamphlets, with no guide to ilirect the 
 attention to that which was a success or that which was 
 not. The Town Planning Committee believes that 
 this book will go tar toward satisfving this need. It 
 believes that the book has a great field for usefulness in 
 arousing interest in city planning ami in showinu bv 
 example and experience the best way to unilertake plan- 
 ning work. 
 
 .i report is presfntcui un whul has been accumplished or is 
 projected in city p/auning iti all cities in the Utiited States 
 of over 2^,000 iiihaiitaiits, and in a Jew cities and towns with 
 a smaller population* where the work is of special interest. 
 F.\erv statement in the book is taken either from authentic 
 published reports or from signed statements made bv 
 responsible authorities in the respective communities. 
 No statement is made by hearsay or on second-hand 
 information. .A full questionnaire was sent to one or more 
 people actively interested in city planning in each of the 
 cities and towns described and, in almost every case, full 
 reports were received, so that the information is first- 
 hand and up-to-date. We realize, however, that, even 
 with these precautions, mistakes are bound to creep in, 
 and the Committee will heartily welcome anv corrections 
 or amplifications, which it will be glad to note in the 
 Journal of the Jnierican Institute oj Architects, and also 
 in the second edition of this book, which it is the intention 
 of the Committee to publish early in lyiy. .At that time 
 it is hoped that all of the cities and towns which show com- 
 paratively little progress in this volume will stand out 
 markedly for their advance. 
 
 The illustrations in this book were chosen from a great 
 number available as being those most typical of what was 
 effective in the city planning work in each city and town 
 and as a real contribution to the subject. We regret that 
 no good illustrations were available of so many of the 
 
 ♦Population figures given in tfie book arc based on "Estimates 
 of Population ot the United States, 1916," Bulletin No. ijj, United 
 States Census Bureau, 1916. 
 
 imp.irtant works which have bi-en carried on throughout 
 the country, and we certainly hope that the next edition 
 will make up for this lack. The Committee on Town 
 Planning of the Institute is under great obligations to 
 various publishers and local city planning organizations 
 who have furnished the Committee with original cuts for 
 rheir u.se and which, in a number of instances, lack of 
 space has prevented usini; at this time. 
 
 It is the intention of the Conuiiittee to continue the 
 publication monthly of news notes with regard to city 
 planning progress in the Journal of the American Inslilule 
 of Architects; and in the \ational Real Estate Journal, 
 where the information is of particular interest to real 
 estate men and property owners. Further information will 
 be found currently in The City Plan, the quarterly of the 
 National Conference on City Planning, in The Ameri- 
 can City magazine, in Landscape Architecture, in the 
 National Mitnicipal Review, ami in the Knglish Town 
 Planning Review. The Town Planning Conunittee 
 heartily reconuiiends that all those who are interested in 
 city planning shouki attend the annual meetings of the 
 National City Planning Conference, that for the year 1917 
 being held in Kansas City on May 7, 8 and y. It also 
 recommends the reading of the proceedings of the Na- 
 tional City Planning Conference of which eight volumes 
 are already available. 
 
 The Committee has not devoted so much attention to 
 housing, especially industrial housing, in this book as it 
 would like to have done. .As the object has assumeil such 
 large proportions in itself, it believes it is worthv of a 
 special book. .\ large ([uantity of data anti illustrative 
 material on this subject has, in fact, already reached the 
 Committee's hands, as an incident to its work of assem- 
 bling material on city planning. The Committee, in con- 
 junction with other national organizations, is therefore 
 planning to bring out a book on industrial housinu in 
 the near future. 
 
 Throughout the book the Committee has laid particular 
 stress on the economic and engineering sitie of city plan- 
 ning, because it believes that that is fundamental to prog- 
 ress, and while, as architects, the mendiers of the Com- 
 mittee are necessarily strongly interested in the ethestic 
 side of city planning, they are firmly convinced that city 
 planning in America has been retarded because the first 
 emphasis has been given to the "City Beautiful" instead 
 ot to the "City Practical." Thev insist with vigor that 
 all city planning should start on a foundation of economic 
 practicablencss and gooil business; that it must be some- 
 thing which will appeal to the business man, and to the 
 manufacturer, as sane and reasonable. 
 
 The Committee is under the greatest obligation to all 
 ot the individuals and committees who have gone to so 
 nuich trouble to make this book a success. It would 
 never have been possible without their cooperation.
 
 Table of Contents 
 
 Prefack 
 
 List of Illustrations 
 
 Introduction 
 
 City Planning Progress 
 
 Akron, Ohio 
 Ahimcila, Cal. 
 Albany, N. Y. , 
 Allentown, Pa. . 
 
 Alton, 111 
 
 Altoona, Pa. . . 
 Arascadero, Cal. 
 .Atlanta, Ga. . . 
 .Atlantic City, N. J. 
 .Aulnirn, \. Y. . . 
 .Austin, Te.\as . 
 Baguio, P. I. 
 Baltimore, NKl. 
 Bangor, Maine . . 
 Battle Creek, Mich 
 Bay City, .Mich. . 
 Bayonne, N. J. . . 
 Beaumont, Texas . 
 Berkeley, Cal. . 
 Beverly, Mass. . 
 Binghamton, N. \ . 
 Birmingham, .Ala. 
 Bloomington, 111. . 
 Boston, Mass. . . 
 Boulder, Colo. . . 
 Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Brockton, Mass. . 
 Brookline, Mass. . . 
 Buffalo, N. Y. . . . 
 Burlington, Vt. . 
 ButKPa. . . 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 Camden, X. 1 . 
 Canton, Ohio . 
 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 
 Charlotte, N. C. . 
 Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 Chelsea, Mass. . . . 
 Chicago, 111. . . . 
 Chicopee, Mass. 
 Cincinnati, Ohio . 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 Clinton, Iowa. . 
 Colorado Springs, Col 
 Columbia, S. C. . . 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 Council Bluffs, Iowa 
 Dallas, Texas . . . 
 Davenport, Iowa . . 
 Dayton, Ohio. . . . 
 Decatur, 111. 
 Denver, Colo. 
 Des .Moines, Iowa 
 Detroit, .Mich. 
 Duluth, .Minn. 
 Durham, N. C. 
 Kast Orange, N.J. 
 Fast St. Louis, 111. 
 Pllizabeth, \. J. 
 F.lgin, 111. . . . 
 Klmira, N. Y. 
 
 P,.BC 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 S 
 X 
 
 1 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 I 
 
 14 
 14 
 14 
 15 
 
 15 
 ]6 
 1- 
 1- 
 IS 
 
 ■ y 
 
 ^4 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 29 
 
 ,1° 
 ,ii 
 
 .17 
 ,17 
 ,i« 
 
 4' 
 41 
 4i 
 
 ■^^ 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 4^, 
 
 47 
 47 
 47 
 4'V 
 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 58 
 59 
 
 Kl Paso, Texas ... 
 F.mmetsburg, Iowa . 
 Krie, Pa. .V . 
 Kvanston, 111. . 
 F.vansville, I nil. 
 I'.verert, Mass. . 
 Fall River, Mass. 
 hitchbure, Mass. 
 Flint, Mich. , 
 I'ort Smith, .Ark. 
 Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 I'ort Worth, Texas 
 I'Vesno, Cal. 
 
 Gary, Ind 
 
 Gloucester, Mass. 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 Green Bay, Wis. 
 Greenville, S. C. 
 Greensboro, N. C. 
 Hamilton, Ohio 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 Haverhill, Mass. 
 Hazelton, Pa. 
 Hoboken, N. J. 
 Holyoke, Mass. 
 Honolulu, H. 1. 
 Hot Springs, .Ark. 
 Houston, Texas 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Jackson, Mich. 
 Jacksonville, Fla. 
 Jamestown, N. Y. 
 Jersey City, N. J. 
 Johnstown, Pa. 
 Joplin, .Mo. 
 Kalamazoo, Mich. 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 Kenosha, Wis. 
 Keokuk, Iowa 
 Kingston, \. \ . 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 La Crosse, Wis. 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 Lawrence, Mass. 
 Lexington, Ky. 
 Lima, Ohio 
 Lincoln, Neb. 
 Little Rock, Ark. 
 Lorain, Ohio 
 Los .Angeles, Cal. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 Lowell, Mass. 
 Lynchburg, Va. 
 Lynn, Mass. . . 
 Macon, Ga. 
 Madison, Wis. 
 Maiden, Mass. 
 Manila, P. I. 
 Mansfield, Ohio 
 McKeesport, Pa. 
 
 (V) 
 
 
 Pjikc 
 
 
 . to 
 
 Medl'ord, Mass. 
 
 
 f-l 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 
 (u 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 
 hi 
 
 Minnea]>olis, Minn. 
 
 
 (>Z 
 
 Mobile, Ala. . 
 
 
 (n 
 
 Moline, 111. 
 
 
 f'.l 
 
 Montclair, N. J. 
 
 
 ^'.1 
 
 Montgomery, .Ala. 
 
 
 ''4 
 
 Mossmain, .Mont. 
 
 
 64 
 
 Mount Vernon, N. 'H'. 
 
 
 '•4 
 
 Muskegon, Mich. 
 
 
 M, 
 
 Muskogee, Okla. . - 
 
 
 67 
 
 Newark, N. J. . 
 
 
 (■'7 
 
 New Beilt'ord, Mass. 
 
 
 68 
 
 New Britain, Conti. 
 
 
 68 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J 
 
 
 6q 
 
 Newburgh, N. Y. 
 
 
 69 
 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 
 70 
 
 New Holland, N. C. 
 
 
 70 
 
 New London, Conn. 
 
 "O 
 
 New Orleans, La. 
 
 -; 
 
 Newport, R. 1. 
 
 7.1 
 
 New Kochelle, N. Y. 
 
 
 7.'! 
 
 Newton, Mass. 
 
 
 73 
 
 New York Citv, N. ^ 
 
 
 74 
 
 Niagara Falls.N. \. 
 
 
 74 
 
 NorTolk, Va. . 
 
 
 76 
 
 Norristown, Pa. 
 
 
 76 
 
 Norwich, Conn. 
 
 
 77 
 
 Oakland, Cal. 
 
 
 78 
 
 Ouden, I'tah 
 
 
 78 
 
 Oklahoma City, Okla 
 
 
 78 
 
 Omaha, Neb. 
 
 
 78 
 
 Paris, 'i'exas 
 
 
 79 
 
 Pasadena, Cal. 
 
 
 80 
 
 Passaic, N. J. 
 
 
 80 
 
 Paterson, N. J. 
 
 
 81 
 
 Pawtucket, R. 1. 
 
 
 85 
 
 Peoria, 111 
 
 
 86 
 
 Perth .Ambov, N. J. 
 
 
 86 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 86 
 
 Pittsburyh, Pa. 
 
 
 86 
 
 Pittstield, Mass. 
 
 
 86 
 
 Portlaml, Maine 
 
 
 87 
 
 Portlanil, Ore. 
 
 
 88 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio 
 
 
 88 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N. ^ . 
 
 
 88 
 
 Providence, R. 1. 
 
 
 S8 
 
 Pueblo, Colo. 
 
 
 a, J 
 
 (juincv. III. 
 
 
 S.; 
 
 Raleluh. N. C. 
 
 ';3 
 
 Rea.ling, Pa. 
 
 •0 
 
 Richmond, \ a. 
 
 ■)l 
 
 Roanoke, Va. 
 
 '/I 
 
 Rochester, N. \'. 
 
 •» 
 
 Rockford, 111. 
 
 •)- 
 
 Rock Island, 111. 
 
 'H 
 
 Rome, N. \. 
 
 'H 
 
 Sacramento, Cal. 
 
 ,)h 
 
 Saginaw, Mich. 
 
 
 96 
 
 San Jose, Cal. 
 
 I'aKC 
 III 
 
 \ I, \ II, \ III 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Paul- 
 97 
 97 
 97 
 100 
 104 
 104 
 lo; 
 105 
 106 
 106 
 107 
 107 
 107 
 1 12 
 1 1: 
 I 12 
 'I.I 
 "4 
 116 
 
 "I7 
 l'7 
 118 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 ■ 27 
 127 
 128 
 128 
 128 
 '3° 
 
 I JO 
 
 KV 
 LU 
 KU 
 '.U 
 '35 
 "35 
 
 136 
 
 '4^ 
 14.5 
 '45 
 146 
 14S 
 .48 
 .48 
 150 
 I JO 
 
 150 
 '5' 
 '5- 
 152 
 152 
 163 
 '.53 
 '53 
 '53 
 '55 
 '55
 
 VI 
 
 rAHI.K Ol- COXTKNTS 
 
 Proc.rkss, 
 
 Coiitinueil 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pagf 
 
 
 Ks 
 
 South Bctui, Intl. 
 
 I - 2 
 
 
 I;*) 
 
 Spokane, Wash. 
 
 1 ~ i 
 
 
 kS 
 
 Sprinijlielil, 111. 
 
 1 "4 
 
 
 l6l 
 
 Sprinufielii, Mass. 
 
 1 "4 
 
 ih 
 
 i6: 
 
 Spritiiitiehl, Ohio 
 
 1 ^; 
 
 
 \(yi 
 
 Stamtord, Conn. 
 
 
 
 l''.1 
 
 Stockton, Cal. 
 
 
 
 I'm 
 
 S\Tacusc, N. \ . 
 
 1 ^ ; 
 
 
 [1,1- 
 
 Tacoma, Wash. 
 
 1 "'> 
 
 
 \i>- 
 
 Taunton, .Mass. 
 
 ■ ■ - 1 77 
 
 
 |(.S 
 
 TLrrc- Haute, Ind. 
 
 ■ . . . .177 
 
 
 ih', 
 
 Tolciio, Ohio . 
 
 . . . I7» 
 
 
 i"i 
 
 Topeka, Kan. . 
 
 1-*^ 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 IVenton, \. I. 
 
 1 ~'i 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 Trov, N. Y. 
 
 iSo 
 
 
 1 "■; 
 
 lulsa, Okla. 
 
 , iSl 
 
 
 1-2 
 
 I'tica, N. V 
 
 i8l 
 
 City Planninc; 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo. 
 St. Ix)uis, Mo. 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 Salcni, Mass. 
 Salt l.ake Citv, I'tah 
 San .Antonio, Tcx.i 
 San Diego, Cal. 
 San Francisco, Cal 
 Savannah, (ja. 
 Schenectady, N. ^ 
 Scranton, I'a. 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 Shehoyyan, \\ is. 
 Shenandoah, I'a. 
 ShrcveVHirt, l.a. 
 Sioux City, Iowa 
 Somerville, Mass. 
 
 Slmmarv ....••• 
 Brief I.i.st ok Refkrences on Ci rv Planning 
 Index 
 
 Walla Walla, Wash. 
 \\ alpole, Mass. 
 Walthain, Mass. 
 Washington, I). C. 
 \\ aterbury, Conn. 
 \\ aterloo, Iowa 
 Weston, Mass. 
 Wheelinu, W. \a. 
 Wilkes-Bari-e, I'a. 
 Wilmington, Del. 
 Woonsocket, R. 1. 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 Yonkers, N. Y. 
 ■i'ork. Pa. ... 
 ^'oungstown, Ohi.i 
 Zanesville, Ohi'> 
 
 Page 
 
 182 
 182 
 
 183 
 186 
 
 187 
 187 
 
 188 
 
 188 
 188 
 189 
 190 
 
 191 
 192 
 
 192 
 
 193 
 
 194 
 198 
 203 
 
 List of 111 
 
 Perspective of Denver Civic Center, Frontispiece 
 
 Pla/a in Residence Park, San Francisco 4 
 
 Resilience Park Perspective, San Francisco 4 
 
 Reclaimed .Area Now a Public Park, .Akron 5 
 
 City Kntrance, Bridge and Quay, .Albany '> 
 
 Plaza, Central Park and Fountain, .Albany '> 
 
 Bridge Pylons and Quay, .Albany 7 
 
 RiveH'ront and I'ublic Buildings, .Albany 7 
 
 Playgrounds in City Blocks, .Allentown . 7 
 
 Building in Civic Center, Atascadero 8 
 
 .Administration Building in Civic Center, Atascadero 9 
 
 Plaza Over Railroad Right of Way, Atlanta . . 9 
 
 Plaza Plan Over Railroad Passenger Tunnels . . 10 
 
 Summer Capital Plan, Baguio 1 1 
 
 Civic Center, Baltimore ' - 
 
 River Basin and Treatment of Banks, Bangor 14 
 
 Marine Terminal and Industrial City, Bayonne. 15 
 
 F.ducational Group Plan, Berkeley 1^' 
 
 Open-.Air Theatre, Berkeley ' '' 
 
 Industrial Village Plan, Fairfield >7 
 
 Civic Center in Industrial Village, Fairfieki 1 f< 
 
 Metropolitan Park System, Boston 19 
 
 Opening Up a Former Railroad Property, Boston 19 
 
 FundaiTiental Data— Occupancy Map, Fast Boston 20 
 Conversion of Unsanitary and Congested Block, 
 
 Boston -' 
 
 Park Entrance, Boulder i- 
 
 Perspective of Civic Center, Bridgeport ii 
 
 Thoroughfares and Park System, Bridgeport :,; 
 
 Civic Circuit in Lieu of Civic Center, Brockton 24 
 
 Need of Set-back Restrictions, Brookline 25 
 .Apartment House Projecting Beyond .Accepted 
 
 Line, Brookline ^5 
 
 .A Restricted Residential Area, Brookline 25 
 Union Station, Waterfront, and Civic Center, Buf- 
 falo -^' 
 
 ustrations 
 
 Page 
 
 Civic Center About Niagara Square, Buffalo .... 27 
 
 Civic Center .About Niagara Square, Buffalo . ... 27 
 
 I'lavurounds and Radius of Usefulness, Cambridge. . 28 
 
 Island Civic Center, Cedar Rapids 30 
 
 Island, Bridges and Shore Development, Cedar Rapids 30 
 
 Riverfront fmprovement and Bridges, Cedar Rapids 31 
 
 System of Streets, Parks, Playgrounds, etc., Chicago 32 
 
 Lakefront and Lagoons, Chicago 33 
 
 Street in Need of Widening, Chicago 34 
 
 Widened Street as It Will .Appear, Chicago .... 34 
 
 Bascule Bridge with Two Levels, Chicago J,S 
 
 Union Station, Post Office, and Northwestern 
 
 Terminal, Chicago 35 
 
 New East Twelfth Street, Railway Terminal, and 
 
 Museum, Chicago 3^ 
 
 Central District and Lakefront, Chicago 36 
 
 Parkwav over Route of Canal, Cincinnati 37 
 
 Group Plan and Mall, Cleveland 3^ 
 
 High-Level Bridge over Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland 39 
 
 Plaza .Approach to Bridge, Cleveland 40 
 
 Civic Center, Columbia, S. C 4- 
 
 Civlc Center, Columbus 43 
 
 Skeleton of City Plan and Park System, Dallas . 45 
 
 Riverfront Reclamation, Davenport 4^ 
 
 Riverfront Reclamation, Showing Progress .... 46 
 
 Civic Center and Court of Honor, Denver 48 
 
 New Capitol Grounds, Des Moines 49 
 
 Unsiijhtlv Riverfront, Des Moines, 1910 5° 
 
 Reclaim d Riverfront and Civic Center, Des Moines 50 
 
 Civic Center Model, Des Moines 5' 
 
 Civic Center Model, Des Moines 5' 
 
 .Monumental Bridge to Island Pleasure Park, Detroit 51 
 Two-Level Traffic Separation Scheme, Detroit .52 
 Scheme of Proposed Parks, Parkways, and Fncirding 
 
 Boulevards, Detroit 53 
 
 Center of Arts and Letters, Detroit 53
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Proposed Civic Center, and I'mus dt'Traffic Arteries, 
 
 IJetroit . - - . . . , 54 
 
 Street Intersection on Steep (jrai.lient, Duliitli ^4 
 
 Iniliistrial Town Plan, Morgan Park, Dulutli ■; ^ 
 
 Playground on Site ot' Former Swamp, Hast Orange 56 
 Fundamental Data— Use ot" Property Maps, Hast 
 
 Orange >" 
 
 Fundamental Data — Street Wititlis, l-.ast Orange 57 
 
 Riverfront Treatment, Klgin 58 
 
 Pleasure Park and River, Klmira 59 
 
 Residence Street Parking, HI Paso fio 
 
 Lake Shore and Island Treatment, Kmmetsliurg . . 60 
 
 General City Plan, Erie 61 
 
 Model Residential Street, Fort Wayne 65 
 
 Park and Approach to Court-House as Proposal, 
 
 Fort Worth ')'' 
 
 Steel Mills Sh\itting OffTiiwnsjieople from l.akefront 
 
 at Gary 67 
 
 Riverfront Creditably Developed at Grand Rapids . 68 
 General Citv Plan and Park System Proposed for 
 
 Greenville 69 
 
 Riverfront Park and Promenade, 1 larrisburg . ... 71 
 General Citv Plan, Showing Relation ot Proposed 
 
 Development to Existing Conditions, Harttord 72 
 
 Park Entrance, Shelter House and Pool, Hohoken 73 
 
 BhifF Boulevard and City Gate Proposed for Holyoke . 74 
 City Center and Proposed Sanitarium and Resort, 
 
 Hot Springs, Ark 75 
 
 Playgrounds, Playfields and Parks, Present and 
 
 Proposed, Indianapolis 77 
 
 Recreation Center Proposed at junction ot Two 
 
 Rivers, Johnstown 79 
 
 Embellishment of the Paseo, Kansas City 80 
 
 Park System Proposed in 1893, Kansas City .... 80 
 
 Park System Today, Kansas City 80 
 
 Wading-Pool, a Feature of a Playground and Recrea- 
 tion Center, Kansas City 81 
 
 Five Civic Center Schemes Proposed tor Kansas 
 
 City, and their Relation to City Plan 82 
 
 The People's Playground, Swope Park, Kansas City 8j 
 Outlook Tower and Terrace in Reclaimed Area, 
 
 Kansas City 8,5 
 
 Penn \'allev Park, near Business Center, Kansas City 84 
 Chiliiren's Playground and Wading-Pool, KansasCity 84 
 Bath-house in Kansas City's Most Complete Park 
 
 and Playground 85 
 
 Levee Park as It Will .Appeal- When Completed, La 
 
 Crosse 87 
 
 Park, Playground and Boulevard System Proposed 
 
 for Little Rock 89 
 
 Modern Passenger Station at Macon 91 
 
 Wires, Poles and Unsightly Buildings in the X'ista ot 
 
 the Wisconsin State Capitol, Matiison 92 
 
 Vista of State Capitol with Wires and Poles Removed 
 
 and Dignified Buildings Erected, Madison ... 92 
 State Capitol and Portico Closing the Vista Along 
 
 One of the Diagonal Streets, Madison 92 
 
 Citv Plan, Park System and Diagonals I""ocusing on 
 
 the State Capitol, Madison 9j 
 
 New Plan of Manila and Important Public Buildings 
 
 Erected in Accordance Therewith During Last 
 
 Decade 9J 
 
 Vll 
 
 Pngc 
 
 Central Part of Manila, Bird's-F.ye View 95 
 
 New Civic Center, Memphis 96 
 
 Civic Center on Axis of Cedar Street, as Proposed, 
 
 Milwaukee 98 
 
 Lake Shore Drive and Parkway as Proposed, 
 
 Milwaukee ' ■ 98 
 
 Riverfront Treatment, Bridges and Bordering Drives 
 
 as Proposed, Milwaukee 99 
 
 Civic Center, Perspective View, Looking Toward 
 
 Plaza, as Proposed for Minneapolis 101 
 
 General Plan of Business Center and Proposed 
 Widenings and Additions to Street System, 
 
 Minneapolis 101 
 
 River Development and Bridges as Proposed, 
 
 Minneapolis 102 
 
 River Plan -Banks, Roadways, Parks, Railroad 
 
 Yards and Bridges, as Proposed, Minneapolis. . . 102 
 
 The Gateway, Minneapolis loj 
 
 Town Common, Proposed, Montclair . 104 
 
 Garden Theatre, Montclair ... ... 105 
 
 Garden \'illage, Mossmain . 106 
 
 Civic Center Plan, Mt. \'ernon 107 
 
 Poster Used in City Planning Campaign, Newark 108 
 
 Poster Used in City Planning Campaign, Newark . 108 
 
 Street Cutting and Extension, Newark . 109 
 
 Diagram of Daily Trolley TratTic, Newark 109 
 Proposed Extension of Radial TratHc Thoroughtare, 
 
 Newark 110 
 
 View of Interurban Trolley Terminal, Newark 110 
 Section Showing Various Levels of Interurban 
 
 Trolley Terminal, Newark 110 
 
 Plan of Proposed Wholesale .Auction Market, 
 
 Newark ' 1 ■ 
 
 Street Extension Proposed in a Section ot Newark 
 
 where Haphazard Planning Has Prevaileil 112 
 Scheme for the Rearrangement ot Portion ot Cen- 
 tral District of New Brunswick ii.i 
 
 Public Square and Approach to Railroad Statii>n, 
 
 New Haven, Proposed in 1908 114 
 
 Effective Range of Service of Local Parks and 
 
 Playgrounds, New Haven . . ''5 
 
 Plan of Town of New Holland . . 116 
 
 Cove with Low Shores and Mud l'"lats. New London . 117 
 
 Proposed Improvement of Cove as Recreation Center. 1 17 
 
 Harbor Development Proposed for Newport . 118 
 Thoroughfares and Park System in Proposeil Plan 
 
 for Newport 119 
 Boulevard in Metropolitan Park System, Boston, on 
 
 Border of Town of Newton 119 
 
 Boulevard, Looking Toward Newton, an Uncon- 
 nected Link in the City's Thoroughfare System 120 
 Tentative Use Districts in New York's Zoning Plan 121 
 Final and Adopted Use Districts, New '^'ork .... 121 
 Tentative Height Districts in Zoning Plan tor New 
 
 York ' 122 
 
 Final Height Districts, New "^'ork .** . . 122 
 
 Tentative Area Districts in Zoning Plan for New York 1 23 
 
 I'inal Area Districts, New York 123 
 
 Advertisement Inserted by New '\'ork Merchants to 
 
 Insure Success ot Zoning Measures 124 
 
 Seventh Avenue Extension and X'arick Street Widen- 
 ing, New York 125
 
 \111 
 
 TAHLK OK CON'I'KNTS 
 
 Bush 'rcrmiiKil and liukistrial City, New ^drk 
 Proposed Model Unit Retail Market . 
 
 Proposed Model Unit Terminal Market 
 
 Neighborhood Center Proposed for the Borouiih ot 
 
 the Bronx, New York 
 
 Water (Jate and Pleasure Boat Landing, Norfolk 
 Business District from Lakeside Park, Oaklaml 
 Proposeil Harbor and Industrial District, Oaklantl 
 Grand Boiilevanl and Railway Viaduct, Oklahoma 
 
 City .'•;;.■.. 
 
 Diagrammatic Representation of Kxisting Paving, 
 Omaha 
 
 Spot Map Showing Distribution of Population, 
 Omaha 
 
 Contours and Gradients, Omaha Street System 
 
 Parkwav, Looking Toward City Hall, Paris, Texas . 
 
 Industrial X'illaue Two-Lamily House, Allwood, near 
 Passaic 
 
 Recreation Center and Pool, Peoria 
 
 Open Space in Comjirehensive Plan tor South 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Pennvpack Creek Park Bridue in Lincoln Highway, 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Open Space at Intersection ot Important Streets 
 South Philadelphia Improvement 
 
 Plan of Kairniount Parkway, Philadelphia 
 
 Municipal Auditorium in Fairniount Parkwav, 
 Philadelphia ' 
 
 Plan ot South Philadelphia Improvement 
 
 Model ot Art Museum, Philadelphia 
 
 Proposed Central Traffic Circuit, Philadelphia . 
 
 Prize Plan for Model Workingmen's Home Develop- 
 ment, Philadelphia 
 
 Store and Dwelling in Model Development, Phila- 
 delphia 
 
 Distribution ot Public and Semi-Public Grounds and 
 Institutions 
 
 Plan tor Improvement ot Down-town District, Pitts- 
 burgh Civic Commission 
 
 Treatment ot Point District as Proposed by Art 
 Commission 
 
 (leneral Data Map of the Pittsburgh District 
 
 Plan for a Civic Center, Portland, Maine 
 
 V'iew from a Public Terrace in the Hills About 
 Portland, Ore., Showing Proposed Development . 
 
 Civic Center as Proposeil, Portland, Ore 
 
 Metropolitan District of Provitience and Park Sys- 
 tem 
 
 State House and "Public Gartlen" Area, Providence, 
 Showing Unsightly Condition 
 
 Improvement ot "Public Cjarden" Area Proposed by 
 City Plan Commission, Providence 
 
 Approach to State Capitol, Raleigh 
 
 General Plan Proposed by the Civic Association of 
 Reading, 1908 
 
 Proposed Civic Center, Rochester 
 
 25 Proposed Solution ot Problem m Land Subdivision, 
 
 26 Sacramento 
 
 26 A Natatorium, San Jose 
 
 Diagrammatic Scheme ot Arterial Thoroughfares . . 
 
 1(1 Forest Park Development Pro]iosed with Art Mu- 
 
 27 seum as Focal Point, St. Louis 
 
 29 .A Plan for the Realization of a Practical Thonmgh- 
 29 tare System, St. Louis 
 
 Plan ot Proposetl Development in F'orest Park, 
 .50 St. Louis 
 
 Proposed Development, F'orest Park, troni .Art Hill 
 ji to Lindell Drive, St. 1-ouis 
 
 Capitol .Approach, St. Paul 
 
 J2 Preliminary Plan, Central District of St. Paul . . 
 3,5 Group ot Low-Rent, Semi-detached Cottages, Salem. 
 .33 (ireat Bay F'ront and Plan Projected tor its Develop- 
 ment, San Diego 
 
 34 X'iew ot Fxposition Cirouji trom an .Aeroplane, San 
 
 35 Diego 
 
 Civic Center Site Before It was Cleared, San Francisco 
 
 36 Civic Center, Perspective \'iew, San F'rancisco . . 
 Telegraph Hill, Looking East, Showing Treatment 
 
 37 Proposed in Plan of 1915 
 
 Oglethorpe Avenue, with Center Parkway, Savannah 
 
 37 Development Proposed for the Rivertront and 
 
 38 Barge Canal, Schenectady 
 
 Proposed .Approach to Railroad Stati(jn and Court 
 
 38 Square Connection, Scranton , 
 
 39 Civic Center as Proposed, Seattle 
 
 40 View of Railroad Station .Along .Avenue trom Civic 
 
 41 Center as Proposed 
 
 Plan of Railway and Civic Center Area 
 
 42 Monroe Street Bridge and Falls, Spokane 
 
 The Survey Exhibition, Springfield, 111 
 
 42 The Civic Center, Springfield, Mass 
 
 Plan Commission's Scheme tor New Street System 
 
 43 .About Harbor Basin, Syracuse 
 
 Wright Park, Tacoma 
 
 44 Point Defiance Park and Puget Sound, Tacoma . . . 
 View of Olympic Range trom Point Defiance Park . 
 
 44 Proposed Neighborhood Center at the Entrance to 
 
 45 Ottawa Hills, Toledo 
 
 4(1 The .Art Muesum, Toledo 
 
 Plan tor a Civic Center, Troy 
 
 47 Beman Park, Troy 
 
 47 The L'l^nfant Plan of Washington 
 
 The Mall, Washington 
 
 48 Rock Creek Park Extension, Washington 
 
 Modification, Central Section VV'eston, Mass. . . . 
 
 49 Rivertront Improvement, VV'ilkes-Barre 
 
 Brandywine Park, Wilmington, Del 
 
 49 House in Indian Hill Garden Village, Worcester . . 
 
 50 Plan of Indian Hill Garden Village, Worcester . . . 
 Low-Priced Dwellings fc^rected by Modern Homes 
 
 51 Company, Youngstown 
 
 53 Treatment of Street Intersection, Pittsburgh . , . 
 
 I', 
 
 "54 
 15s 
 156 
 
 i5« 
 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 
 162 
 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 
 166 
 166 
 
 167 
 
 168 
 169 
 
 170 
 170 
 172 
 173 
 174 
 
 176 
 .76 
 
 177 
 177 
 
 178 
 178 
 180 
 181 
 
 i«J 
 184 
 
 185 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 190 
 191 
 
 192 
 19.5
 
 Introduction 
 
 Getting Started on City Planning 
 
 C\\'\ PLANNING is the name given to a science 
 and art which has existed since the l>eginning ot 
 civilization, Ixit which recently has been given new 
 direction and a much more vital and comprehensive pur- 
 pose. Cities and towns have always grown according to 
 some plan, hut in the past that plan has almost always 
 been one of immediate expediency, of a blind following of 
 precedent. It is only quite recently that we have realized 
 the urgent need of looking ahead in our planning with 
 intelligent and practical imagination; of preparing our 
 cities and towns to meet, in a logical way, the probable 
 future demands ot business, recreation, housing, and circu- 
 lation. We are awakening to the tact that enormous 
 sums of monev have been wasted in our cities in so- 
 called "improvements," which were constructed spasmodi- 
 cally, rather than according to a comprehensive, precon- 
 ceived plan for general expansion, with the result that 
 after a short time the city has been torced to tear them 
 out and start over again. 
 
 Finti a Leader. — The astonishing thing is that a large 
 proportion ot the cities and towns ot .American have, up 
 to this time, tailed to awaken to these glaring tacts, and 
 that there has not been a general demand trom the people 
 ot the various cities and towns tor city planning on a com- 
 prehensive scale. However, as in the case ot most other 
 obviously practical, but new, ideas, the actual undertaking 
 of the work has awaited the consecrated advocacy ot 
 some one man. Therefore, the first step in getting started 
 in city planning in any community is to find the man, or 
 men, or in some cases, the woman, who is prepared to 
 make any sacrifice to "see it through." In almost every 
 case this individual has not been a city official. It is 
 usually some citizen ot standing in the community who 
 is recognized as practical and not too much ot a "dreamer," 
 who can enthuse his fellows to the point of action. It 
 means patience and a superabounding faith which laughs 
 at rebuffs. It used to mean the willingness to endure the 
 sobriquet of "crank." It means that infinite and never- 
 ceasing tact by which divergent personal interests can be 
 concentrated harmoniously on the common object. F.very 
 town has at least one such person. It only remains to 
 convince him ot the tact that planning his town so that 
 it will be the itlcal place tor future generations to live, 
 work, and play in is probablv the noblest service that he 
 could render to the community. 
 
 Educating the Leaders. — The first thing a leader would 
 do would be to get together an informal group of men — 
 or men and women — to study conscientiously what c'ty 
 planning means and how it can be applied to their town. 
 It is sheer common-sense tor them to look around over 
 the country to see what other cities and towns ot about 
 their size have done, or are intending to tio, in the way ot 
 planning, scientifically and comprehensively, to take care 
 
 ot future growth. They ought to go to the annual National 
 Conference on City Planning. They ought to steep them- 
 selves in the literature ot the subject and, in particular, to 
 read the proceedings of the National Citv Planning Con- 
 ferences and the (^uarterlv Bulletin of the conference. 
 Furthermore, thev ought to make a point ot inducing the 
 leaders in city planning in other cities and various experts 
 to stop oH^ in their town, when they are in the vicinity, to 
 talk over the subject in an open way, before as representa- 
 tive a group ot citizens as can be brought together. In 
 that way they will secure the difl^erent points of view ami 
 will have an opportunity to iletermine tor themselves the 
 outstanding essentials in city planning. 
 
 Securing .ideriuale Isomers. — Meanwhile, it is important 
 that the informal committee ascertain whether the town 
 has the power to appoint a city planning commission ami 
 to grant to that commission certain advisory functions 
 essential to the attainment of practical results. If no 
 such powers exist, the informal committees should im- 
 mediately proceed to the drafting of the needed law or 
 ordinance, and then should present it before the proper 
 legislative bodies and see that it is enacted. Help in the 
 framing of such a law will be gladiv furnished bv the 
 National City Planning Conference, ot which Flavel 
 ShurtleflF, 19 Congress Street, Boston, Mass., is secretary, 
 or by the Town Planning Committee ot the ."Xmerican 
 Institute of Architects, or by almost any of those who are 
 active in city planning work throughout the country. 
 
 A Citizens' Co/nmittee. — The informal committee or 
 group could, to very good advantage, organize itself into 
 a general citizens' city planning committee. In many 
 communities such a committee has been a part of the 
 chamber of commerce or board of trade; in other com- 
 munities it has been organized by the real estate men; in 
 others, by a civic improvement as.sociation; in others, by 
 a women's club, but the best results have usually been 
 secured where these various interests and points of view 
 have been amalgamated into one live cooperative com- 
 mittee or association. This committee then becomes the 
 great energizing force tor city planning in the commu- 
 nity, and whether thev actually make the plans themselves 
 or not, they will, ot necessity, have great infiuence in 
 determining the character and the comprehensiveness of 
 the plans. More than that, thev will act as the "follow- 
 up" body, independent ot the vagaries ot politics, who will 
 see that the plans are gradually carried into effect, and 
 that no serious departuVe from them is made in any public 
 improvements undertaken by the city. 
 
 .-/w Official Commission. — In most communities the 
 next step is to have the citv council, civic commission, or 
 the mavor, as the case may be, appoint a city planning 
 commission, arm it with certain advisory powers, and let 
 it get to work. What the actual size or personnel of such
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 a commission should be is quite an important subject 
 in itself and depends to some extent on local conditions. 
 The organizations above referred to will be very glad to 
 advise on this subject, and, furthermore, we particularly 
 recommend reading the article by Robert H. Whitten on 
 the "Constitution and Powers of a City Planning Au- 
 thority," in the proceedings of the Seventh National Con- 
 ference on City Planning, held in Detroit, in June, 1915. 
 Private vs. Official Planning. — In some cities, notably 
 Chicago, they have felt that much better and quicker 
 results could be secured by having the citizens' committee 
 do all of the work, postponing the appointment of an 
 official commission until after the citizens' committee 
 had prepared complete plans. This has certain advantages, 
 particularly in a large city, as it tends to create personal 
 interest among the citizens in the development of the 
 plans in a way that an official commission is not quite so 
 likely to do, because in the largest cities the official com- 
 mission tends to be lost in the great organization of city 
 government, and, furthermore, it often fails to go out to 
 the citizens and secure their cooperation at each stage of 
 the proceedings. In the largest cities the citizens' commit- 
 tee hiis the further advantage of being able to enlist the 
 cooperation of those who are interested in city planning in 
 the surrounding communities, so that plans can be worked 
 out effectively for the whole metropolitan area and not 
 merely for the territory which happens to be within the 
 corporate limits of the city. This is a decided advantage. 
 It is most unfortunate that planning about the larger 
 cities stops frequently at arbitrarily prescribed limits. Yet 
 an official commission has difficulty in cooperating with 
 surrounding communities on account of the natural feel- 
 ing of these communities that the central city is trying to 
 exploit them to its own advantage. However, this dis- 
 cussion applies to only a few of the larger cities. Else- 
 where, experience has shown that unquestionably the 
 best results are secured by an official city plan commis- 
 sion as it can stamp its planning with an imperativeness 
 and finality to which the unofficial group could rarely 
 attain. 
 
 The Appropriation. — Planning costs money. Very 
 little adequate or satisfactory planning has been done 
 without the expenditure of reasonable sums. No planning 
 is permanently satisfactory that does not cover all of the 
 phases of the physical development of the city. For the 
 scope of city planning it is advisable to see "A City Plan- 
 ning Classification," by James Sturgis Pray and Theodora 
 Kimball, published by the Harvard University Press. 
 With such vital interests at stake, affecting the whole 
 welfare and success .of the community, it is absurd, and, 
 to say the least, extremely short-sighted, to treat the matter 
 of appropriation for city planning in a parsimonious or 
 niggardly manner. If possible, the city government should 
 be induced to make the whole appropriation, but in a 
 number of cities where this has proved too difficult, or 
 impossible, the chamber of commerce, or some other organ- 
 ization, or, in some cases, an individual or a small group 
 of individuals, have furnished the necessary funds. In 
 some cases the money has been raised partly by the city 
 and partly outside. 
 
 T/ie Amount Needed. — The amount of money necessary 
 for making complete comprehensive plans varies more or 
 
 less according to the size of the community, but it re- 
 quires somewhat more proportionally in a small com- 
 munity than it does in a large. No standard method of 
 charging tor city planning work has yet been determined 
 upon by the professional city planners, but, in general, 
 they determine how much time it is going to take them 
 and their helpers to do the work and estimate the total 
 cost ot the work accordingly. 
 
 Time Needed to Make Plans. — As to the time required 
 to make comprehensive plans, we find that it depends 
 somewhat upon the size of the community. One year 
 would be an absolute minimum, and three years should be 
 a maximum. The minimum is determined from the fact 
 that it takes a certain mmimum amount ot time to edu- 
 cate the public up to a point where they will cooper- 
 ate in the drafting of the plans, and the maximum limit 
 is based on the fact that public interest and enthusiasm 
 tends to dwindle when spread over a considerable period 
 of time, with a corresponding loss in the support of the 
 plans when finished. Thus, if complete plans would cost 
 350,000, it would be desirable to appropriate at least 
 $20,000 a year until they were finished. Upon the com- 
 pletion of the plans, a smaller appropriation — in the 
 example under consideration — of §10,000 a year would 
 provide tor the application of the plans and the making 
 of such amendments as time and changing conditions 
 proved necessary. 
 
 Retaining Experts. — With the funds available, the 
 commission is ready to get to work. City planning is a 
 highly technical subject, and one in which great responsi- 
 bility is involved. No commission has a right to impose 
 plans on a community until it is thoroughly convinced of 
 their practicalness, based on experience with similar proj- 
 ects in other cities. This can be learned from books to 
 only a very limited degree. The obvious way is to em- 
 ploy as experts and consultants to the commission, one or 
 more men who, from current practice, are thoroughly 
 familiar with the experience of other cities and towns 
 generally. There are a number of such men in the country, 
 some of them originally architects by training, some land- 
 scape architects, and some engineers. In most cases it is 
 necessary to have two, and sometimes more than two, of 
 them working together, each bringing into play his special 
 training and experience, each supplementing the other in 
 the work of investigation and planning, and together weigh- 
 ing their conclusions in the light of their common study. 
 City Planning is so vast in its scope that it is physically 
 impossible for anyone to be a safe adviser in all phases 
 of it. All of these experts will be glad to advise as to their 
 qualifications, methods, and charges. 
 
 E.\-perts' First IVork: the "Survey." — The first work ot 
 the experts, once appointed, would be to take account of 
 stock — to determine the assets and liabilities ot the town 
 from a city planning standpoint. They would show by 
 maps, charts, and tabulations just where the city stands, 
 relatively, in each and every phase of its physical develop- 
 ment. They would lay out a program of work and deter- 
 mine an order of relative urgency for the various problems 
 which need to be studied, so that those matters which call 
 for special attention could be studied first, while those of 
 more remote interest could be left until later. 
 
 Starting on a Small Sum. — If, in securing an appropria-
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 tion or raising money for city planning work, it was tound 
 impossible to secure adequate funds tor the work which 
 ought to be done during the first year, and only a nominal 
 sum could be secured, then it would be the work of the 
 experts to secure as much value as possible for the money 
 available and to concentrate particularly upon doing 
 those things which would show up graphically and strik- 
 ingly the urgency ot city planning, with a view to their 
 being used in a campaign to secure a reasonable appro- 
 priation the following year. 
 
 Educational Campaign. — Meanwhile, the citizens' com- 
 mittee will have enlisted the interest of all of the organiza- 
 tions of men or women in the community and, as far as 
 practicable, will have secured the appointment within 
 these organizations of cooperating city planning com- 
 mittees. Both for themselves and for the official com- 
 mission, they will have secured a live secretar) — pos- 
 sibly the same man for both bodies at the beginning — who 
 will be a first-class publicity man, oftentimes a newspaper 
 man by training. The committee will hold meetings in 
 every part of the town before groups of people represent- 
 ing all phases of the city's life; they will publish articles 
 as often as possible in the local newspapers and maga- 
 zines; they will hold conferences with those who have new 
 ideas about any phases ot city planning, so as to bring 
 out and make available for the use of the commission all 
 ot the suggestions which citizens can contribute from their 
 imagination and experience; they will hold exhibitions of 
 city planning and competitions tor ideas or suggestions; 
 they could, to good advantage, offer prizes for the best 
 short essays on the different subjects pertaining to city 
 planning; they could offer prizes among the school children 
 or boy scouts for the best photographs of good or bad 
 features of city planning locally; they could set groups of 
 people, especially boys and girls, at work making local 
 surveys of streets, housing, recreation, traffic conditions, 
 and the like. In other words, they could conduct a general 
 campaign tor arousing public interest and an understand- 
 ing of city planning. This campaign ot education is fully 
 half of city planning work. Without it the best of plans 
 are liable to fall flat, as has happened in a number of 
 instances. 
 
 Publishing the "Survey." — The preliminary stock-tak- 
 ing, or survey, with its accompanying program of work 
 should be given full publicity in the local newspapers and 
 magazines, and an attractive and graphic pamphlet should 
 be distributed generally throughout the town. Full dis- 
 cussion and criticism should be invited, so that the com- 
 mission, in proceeding with its work, would have the 
 benefit, not only of the suggestions of the citizen body, 
 but also ot their support. If the appropriation for con- 
 tinuing the work has not already been made, this cam- 
 paign of publicity should make it possible to secure the 
 necessary additional funds. 
 
 Detailed Studies. — Then the commission should be 
 ready to take up each of the items in the program and 
 study them intensively and in detail, securing in each case 
 
 the essential data necessary to a scientific solution of the 
 problem. Frequent conferences and hearings should be 
 held to bring forth all practicable suggestions and to 
 gain the confidence and enlist the support of the people. 
 The Comprehensive Plan. — After a number of months 
 of study of these details, such as transit, street-widening, 
 food-supply, housing, parks, civic art, building restric- 
 tions, and the like, they would be in a position where they 
 could weave the detailed plans together into one great 
 comprehensive plan for the future development ot the 
 whole city. Every feature would fit into its proper place 
 in the general plan, and there would be a certain amount 
 of give and take in adjusting the parts into the whole. 
 Then again, the commission would secure full discussion 
 before the public and, finally, after certain amendments, 
 they would be in a position to ask the city to adopt the 
 plans. 
 
 Application of the Plans. — This would mean that, in 
 the future, all public improvements undertaken by the 
 city, or any private improvements, in so far as the city 
 could control them, would be required to conform to these 
 plans. If new conditions should arise, the comprehensive 
 plans would be amended to embrace the new projects in 
 a way which would be in harmony with the underlying 
 principles on which the comprehensive plans were based. 
 
 Following Up the Plans. — The official commission would 
 continue as the custodian, or watch-dog, if you will, of 
 the comprehensive plan to see that all improvements did 
 conform to them. If variations from the original plans 
 were absolutely necessary, then the commission would 
 amend the general plans to include the new matter, so 
 that it would be consistent with the commission's general 
 policy. The citizens' committee would continue to serve as 
 the monitor of the commission, to see that the commis- 
 sion itself was consistent in its policy and did preserve the 
 integrity of the plans. 
 
 Cooperating with Neighboring Communities. — Mean- 
 while, both the commission and the committee would be 
 cooperating officially, or unofficially, as the case might 
 be, with the surrounding communities, with a view to 
 securing harmony and unity in the development of the 
 intervening area between the communities, or the whole 
 metropolitan area. 
 
 Conclusion. — There is no royal road to city planning. 
 Hardly anything that a city could undertake will more 
 vitally affect the welfare, prosperity, and happiness of 
 future generations. The responsibility that attaches to it 
 is correspondingly great. It is one of the most important 
 duties that confronts a city, and it should be undertaken 
 in all seriousness, with an earnest desire to accomplish the 
 best in the shortest time and in a way that will stand the 
 test of time. If done in a desultory, unsystematic, and 
 slipshod manner, it will cause great waste and endless 
 difficulties in years to come; but if carried out in a work- 
 manlike manner and with true foresight and vision, it 
 will be the most striking contribution that the citizens 
 of today can make to the welfare of those of tomorrow.
 
 San Francisco. — Plaza in Residence Park on the Site of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. \'iew from .1 Point South of the Plaza, 
 Looking toward Marine Boulevard and the Bay, with the Hilltops on the Other Side of the Bay in the Background. Water Color 
 Sketch by C. K. Bonestell, Jr. 
 
 ■^ii:^ 
 
 ^ -^ -ui^^2au:£ . ■•: 
 
 San tkANLisco. — Perspective of the Adopted Plan, Showing the Three Heritages of the Exposition, the Fine .Arts Palace, the Cali- 
 fornia Building, and the Column of Progress, Preserved Permanently through the Efforts of the Exposition Preservation League. 
 
 .An increased rnarine view is had by using diagonals as streets of entry to the Marine Boulevard. The broad avenue, the main 
 north and south axis of the plan (identical with the vertical center line of the picture) centers on the Column of Progress. The east and 
 west axis centers on the dome of the Palace of Fine .Arts at the west. The two business centers are shown in the lower right- and 
 left-hand corners.
 
 City Planning Progress 
 
 Akron 
 Ohio 
 
 One ot the rupulK' expanding industrial centers ot the 
 Middle West, Akron (85,6:5), has been brought face to 
 face with serious planning problems. The municipal 
 authorities and public-spirited citizens have made earnest 
 efforts to cope with the situation, and in August, 1916, 
 John Nolen, landscape architect, was engaged to prepare a 
 comprehensive citv plan for the City Improvement Com- 
 mittee of the Chamber of Commerce, funds for which 
 were provided by Frank Adams, a member of the Chamber 
 ot Commerce. .Akron also has an official Citv Planning 
 Commission organized in January, 1916, appointed by 
 ordinance of the Citv Council and under the Ohio plan- 
 ning law ot 1 91 5. The expenses ot the Commission are 
 paid by the city. 
 
 Housing. — The great problem that is confronting Akron 
 today is the more rational subdivision of acreage to provide 
 home-sites for workingmen. The influx of industrial work- 
 ers in the last vear or two has placed a heavy demand upon 
 the citv for suitable sites tor homes. Already the Goodyear 
 Tire and Rubber Companv has laid out a model working- 
 men's home district called "Goodyear Heights," contain- 
 ing about 400 acres and located about 2^ miles from 
 the city center. The landscape plans for this develop- 
 ment were prepared by Warren H. Manning, landscape 
 architect, of Boston, and the houses were designed by 
 Mann & McNeille, architects, of New York. Since that 
 time, the Firestone Tire and Rubber Companv has laid 
 out a site tor workingmen's houses called "Firestone Park" 
 
 and has erected many houses. The landscape planning 
 was done by Ailing S. de Forest, landscape architect, of 
 Rochester, and Trowbridge & .Ackerman, architects, of 
 New York, prepared plans tor some ot the houses. 
 
 General Plans. — According to Mr. Nolen, the four most 
 important things to be considered in connection with the 
 .Akron city plan are as follows: 
 
 1. The establishment of more and better streets for 
 
 direct communication. 
 
 2. More land tor public parks and open spaces. 
 
 .^. Better housing accomnioilations tor workingmen 
 (low-cost houses tor sale or rent). 
 
 4. The zoning ot the city, or setting apart certain areas 
 tor specific uses, as industrial, business or resi- 
 dential sections. 
 
 Alameda 
 
 California 
 
 A city planning commission was created by a re.solu- 
 tion of the City Council of .Alameda (27,7,12), July 2, 
 1916, under the California Citv Planning .Act of May 
 
 The ordinance provided tor a commission composed 
 ot tour citizens and members ot the Street Committee ot 
 the City Council. The terms of the ordinance were 
 explicit and tull, and the work which the commission 
 evidently had before it was sufficient in scope to keep 
 them occupied tor many years to come. It is now officially 
 stated that the commission has ceased to exist. 
 
 .Akron. — Giendale Park, One Block from Business Center, on the Site o( a Former Dum|iini; Ground, Converted to Park Usage 
 in iQio on Recommendation ot the Chamber ot Commerce. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce through its Civic Improvement Committee is now having a comprehensive city plan prepared, 
 
 5
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 K 'i^vv 
 
 
 fW'M^ 
 
 A?\l.; IJ .\ I'.KVNSER 
 A>"CI(lTtCr 
 
 Albany. — Proposed City Entrance. 
 Albany possesses not only a splendid waterfront but a real city entrance in a bridge across the Hudson. It is not too much to 
 expect that a dignified entrance to the city, like that suggested above, will be constructed in the future. 
 
 ! Albany 
 
 New York 
 
 Although the population ot Albany (104,199), is but 
 slightly more than that of .Akron, the fact that it is the 
 capital ot the Empire State, the oldest chartered city in 
 the United States, and a city with many historical tradi- 
 tions, makes the discussion ot city planning there ot more 
 than ordinary interest. The city has officially recognized 
 citv planning retaining Arnold W. Brunner, architect, and 
 Charles Downing Lay, landscape architect, of New York, 
 to make studies for the improvement of the city plan. 
 This action on the part of the city is largely the result of 
 public sentiment, aroused by the City Planning Associa- 
 tion, which was organized in 1912. This .Association was 
 an offspring of the Civic League and the Chamber ot 
 Commerce, which had previously energetically supported 
 all movements for the better planning ot .Albany. The 
 City Planning Association dissolved in 1914, when the 
 citv engaged Messrs. Brunner and Lay to make studies, 
 as noted above. The investigations and recommenda- 
 tions of these advisers were published in a charmingly 
 
 
 Albany. — Study for Plaza with Central Park and Fountain. 
 The construction of buildings is now under way, with high 
 tower seen from the river or from the city side.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 Albany. — Sketch for Bridge Pylons City Entrance, Sliuvving 
 also Archway Permitting Continuation of Quay Street. 
 
 illustrated report entitled "Studies for Albany," pub- 
 lished in 1914. The experts trankly state that they have 
 made no attempt to make a complete city planning survey 
 or to prepare comprehensive plans, and that their sug- 
 gestions apply only to the improvement ot those features 
 of the city plan which demand immediate consideration. 
 These cover a considerable number ot details of the exist- 
 ing plans, such as the improvement of Capitol Hill, State 
 Street, the waterfront, and of certain parks and squares, 
 the revision of certain details in the street system, and the 
 extension of the existing parks (of which there are now 
 about 300 acres). Many of the recommendations in the 
 "Studies for .Albany" are now being carried out by the 
 city, and some ot them have been completed. 
 
 Organization. — The city planning work ot .Albany is 
 now in charge of the Commissioners of Public Works and 
 the City Engineer, Frank R. Lanagan, who have the 
 benefit of the advice of the previously named experts. The 
 architects of .Albany have taken no part in city planning, 
 as a body, although there was recently formed the .Albany 
 .Architects' and Consulting Engineers' .Association, ot 
 which Charles V. Merrick is secretary. This Association 
 has recently promoted a friendly competition tor designs 
 for city gates for .Albany. With this beginning, the 
 .Association is expected to do much in the future to help 
 along city planning projects. 
 
 Housing. — Mention should be made here also of the 
 work of the Albany Home Building .Association and its 
 
 .Albany. — Sketch of Riverfront, Showing lower in Pl.i 
 
 two developments for workingmen. This association was 
 organized to help home-seekers and not to exploit them, 
 and it has succeeded in accomplishing much in providing 
 simple homes ot the detached type, each provided with 
 a lawn and garden. 
 
 Allentown 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 .Allentown (63,505) has a City Planning Commission 
 organized on June 24, 191 5, under the .Act of .Assembly of 
 1913. .A serious effort has been made by this Commis- 
 sion to solve some of the many planning problems. With 
 an appropriation ot ?i,950 to date, with the promise of 
 
 
 '".'//■ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *''*- — 
 
 < 
 
 — 0— 
 
 
 ^gt:Jfris[ 
 
 CHILDCENS 
 PLAY GCOUNO 
 
 ffiAROt-M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 - - 
 
 
 
 --'i 
 
 ^^Z^^J^^Z^ 
 
 DHD 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 lOCk^ 
 
 .ALLtMuwN'. — Proposed Modification of City Blocks to 
 Include Children's Playgrounds.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 further increase from time to time as needed, the Commis- 
 sion has centered its attention mainly on the preparation 
 of a comprehensive city plan, including territory extend- 
 ing J miles beyond the city limits. Frank Koester, con- 
 sulting engineer, of New York, has been engaged as 
 adviser and is now at work on a report which is soon to 
 be published. To the .support of this work, Colonel H. C. 
 Trexler, President of the City Planning Commission, 
 Malcolm W. Gross, City Solicitor and Secretary to the 
 Commission, and F. J. Lumley, of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, have given much thought and time. A local archi- 
 tect is serving as a member of the Commission. 
 
 Alton 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Alton (22,824) is one of the smaller cities that has 
 seized the opportunity for really constructive planning 
 which its limited size, population, and intensity of develop- 
 ment presents. Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, 
 N. Y., was engaged in 1913 to make a city planning study 
 for the Board of Trade. Mr. Robin.son submitted his 
 report, entitled "The .'\dvancement of .'\lton," in January, 
 1914. It is not only a worthy contribution to the solu- 
 tion of city planning problems, but it is interesting read- 
 ing, as all of Mr. Robinson's reports are. He presents his 
 recommendations by discussing, first, the results of his 
 survey of the situation in Alton, and takes up in order 
 the railroads, the riverfront, the street and park systems, 
 and concludes with a discussion of civic art and municipal 
 engineering. Although Mr. Robinson finds many things 
 to criticize in .Alton, he commends its picturesque site, 
 so wonderfully rich in natural beauty, its bright industrial 
 future, the view which it has taken in city planning, its 
 segregation of the industrial section, its splendid park, 
 and, best of all, the alert, forward-looking spirit which 
 has made even the Board of Trade ready to listen to 
 unpleasant facts if the advancement of the city may be 
 so secured. ."Mton has so plainly the making of a beautiful, 
 livable, and efficient city, and is so clearly on the threshold 
 of opportunity, that he devotes much of his report to 
 pointing out the untoward things that stand in the way 
 ot this progress. 
 
 Altoona 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 In March, 1916, the City Council of Altoona (58,659) 
 appointed a City Planning Commission under the .'\ct ot 
 19IJ for third class cities ot Pennsylvania. The appoint- 
 ment was the result of a strong public demand. A majority 
 of the City Commissioners were actually opposed to the 
 creation of a commission, and so no financial support has 
 been forthcoming. Nevertheless, the City Planning Com- 
 mission is gaining intluence, and several cases have been 
 referred to it for investigation and advice. So far, no 
 comprehensive plan for the entire city and the surround- 
 ing districts has been attempted, but the Commission will 
 take up this work as soon as the citizens can mduce the 
 City Commissioners to appropriate money for necessary 
 investigations and for the preparation ot such a plan. 
 
 Accomplishments. — There are at present three parks 
 owned by the city, having an aggregate area ot about 12 
 acres. Outside the city limits there is a city-owned park 
 of 19 acres. There are no boulevards in the city, and street 
 trees are lacking, but there is a strong movement to have 
 more trees planted and to secure the development of grass 
 strips along the sidewalks. In the downtown sections, 
 overhead wires, excepting trolley wires, have been entirely 
 eliminated, and lighting standards of good design have 
 been installed along the main thoroughtares. There are 
 tour grade crossings in the city on a branch line of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad but none on the main line. The 
 Pennsylvania Railroad is working on plans to make exten- 
 sive improvements in its passenger terminal facilities and 
 for a proper station building. 
 
 IVork of the Commission. — The first work that the City 
 Planning Commission undertook was to prepare plans for 
 the widening of certain streets. With no money appro- 
 priated to carry out these plans, they have merely been 
 placed on the accepted street map but will serve as a 
 guide for the future. .\ Pennsylvania law forbids build- 
 ing across an established street line, and so, whenever a 
 new building goes up, it will stand back from the present 
 street and within the lines established by the Commission. 
 Ultimately, therefore, the recommended widenings will 
 be accomplished throughout the length of the various 
 streets. In a similar way, the City Planning Commission 
 has also provided for the opening in the future of a neces- 
 sary thoroughfare. 
 
 Those Active in City Planning. — The Chamber of Com- 
 merce and the Real Estate Exchange are the organiza- 
 tions that have most actively pushed city planning in 
 .Altoona. In 1916 the City Planning Exhibit of the 
 •American City Bureau was brought to the city. S. J. Shol- 
 lar, architect, is president of the City Planning Commis- 
 sion, and R. Max Lewis is secretary. Henry E. Bodine, 
 manager of the Chamber ot Commerce, W. C. Westtall, 
 president of the Chamber of Commerce, F. Woods Beck- 
 man, secretary of the Chamber ot Commerce, and E. M. S. 
 McKee, president ot the .Altoona Real Estate Exchange, are 
 a few of those active in city planning work. 
 
 Atascadero 
 
 California 
 
 In July, 1913, the .Atascadero estate ot 23,000 acres, 
 located in San Luis Obispo County, Cal., was purchased 
 by the Colony Holding Corporation for approximately 
 ?i, 000,000. The corporation was chartered under the 
 
 Atascadf.ro. — The Printery in the Civic Center, Now Com- 
 pleted. The town is the home of a widely circulated magazine.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCURESS 
 
 Atlanta 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Atascadero. — Administration Building in the Civic Center, 
 Now Completed. 
 
 There are 23,000 acres in the entire development. 
 
 laws of California for the purpose of establishing a colony 
 providing ideal conditions for residence and industry. 
 
 Preliminary Work. — The entire community, covering 
 an area about twice the size of the island of Manhattan, 
 New York, with its residential district, its civic and 
 industrial centers, its agricultural and horticultural sec- 
 tions, its parks, roads, sanitarv system, and public insti- 
 tutions, was laid out in advance. The surveys of the prop- 
 erty occupied a year and a halt and cost over :?250,ooo, 
 including exhaustive soil, lineal, thermal, and mineral 
 surveys. The purpose of these surveys was to determine 
 the character and best use of the soil throughout the area, 
 and onlv such lands as were found to reach the standard 
 of qualitv which had been fixed are sold tor agricultural 
 or horticultural purposes. 
 
 The Site Plan. — The site is located on the coastline 
 of the Southern Pacific Railway, haltwav between San 
 Francisco and Los .Angeles, but a tew miles troni the 
 seashore. The civic and industrial centers were laid out 
 on plans drawn by Bliss & Faville, architects, of San 
 Francisco. The administration building and a printery 
 in the civic center are now completed, and a large depart- 
 ment store is being constructed. Surrounding the civic 
 and industrial centers is the residential district ot some 
 2,400 acres, and surrounding that, the orchard area ot 
 12,000 acres, ot which 3,000 acres have already been 
 planted. .Approximately 5,000 acres have been reserved 
 throughout the entire estate for parks. The banks of all 
 streams, and trom 20 to 70 acres surrounding each lake, 
 have also been reserved for parks. 
 
 Improvements. — Up to the present time, 60 miles of 
 roads and 17 miles of streets have been permanently 
 paved; 21 miles of permanent water mains have been 
 installed throughout the residential section; over 3,000 
 acres of the orchard planted; and nearly 1,000 dwellings 
 have been erected. The sum of $2,000,000 has been 
 expended on improvements, and the state of California 
 has recently authorized a bond issue of i\,-j ^0,000 tor 
 the completion of the permanent improvements. 
 
 E. G. Lewis is president ot the Colony Holding Cor- 
 poration. 
 
 The jKople of .Atlanta (190,558) have been vitally 
 interested for a number of vcars in a civic enterprise 
 which, it carried out, will be the largest ever undertaken 
 by them, namely, the construction of what is known as 
 "The Plaza." The city is now almost equally divided by 
 railroad tracks. In the heart of the business district these 
 tracks are spanned by three bridges. Such restricted routes 
 tor traffic across the railroad barrier, combined with the 
 tact that without other aggravating conditions, the city's 
 street system in this section is i]uite irregular anil likely to 
 produce congestion, make "The Plaza" plan ot peculiar 
 interest from the traffic standpoint. Further along the 
 railroad are unattractive wholesale houses and conditions 
 that are unsanitary and offensive to the eye. The freight 
 terminals and the old passenger station called "Union 
 Station," built in 1871, and a newer station built in 1904, 
 the two latter lying about five blocks apart, and the 
 depressed right of way, constitute the present transporta- 
 tional development which is causing, and has causetl, great 
 inconvenience to the city. 
 
 "The Plaza" Plan. — Early in 1909 .Atlanta's Chamber ot 
 Commerce requested the members of the .Atlanta Chapter 
 of the .American Institute of .Architects to submit to them 
 any tentative sketches which the architects might devise 
 for the improvement of the city. .A meeting of the Chapter 
 was called shortly after to consider the request, and the 
 members present were assigned to those problems which 
 most interested them. To Haralson Bleckley tell the 
 problem ot devising a solution for the conditions above out- 
 Hned. Mr. Bleckley had previously given much thought 
 and study to the railroad situation, even as early as 1895, 
 and his "Plaza" plan, submitted after careful study, con- 
 templated a street to be built over the tracks, level with 
 the viaduct grades and running parallel to and over the 
 rails. The area affected was to be all the land now occu- 
 pied by the railroad for a distance ot five blocks, or a 
 total length of 1,87? feet and varying in width from 125 to 
 
 Ari.ANrA. — The f-irstjl'la/a Flan, the Railroad I r.icks IJcckcd 
 Over in a Broad, Park-like .Approach to the Railroad rerminai.
 
 lO 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 250 feet. When this plan was presented to the Chamber of 
 Commerce it created considerable interest and was 
 endorsed by the Chamber and most of the other improve- 
 ment organizations of the city. Then the newspapers took 
 it up, the pubhc received it with enthusiasm, and, in 1910, 
 a bill calling for this improvement was presented to the 
 legislature but never came to a vote in the House. 
 
 Recent Studies for "The Plaza." — Early in 1916, the 
 city, jointly with the Chamber of Commerce, employed 
 Barclay Parsons and Klapp, consulting engineers, of New 
 York, to work out detailed plans along the lines proposed 
 by Mr. Bleckley. The report of the engineers, submitted 
 in the latter part of 1916, voices the opinion that the 
 Bleckley scheme is not drastic enough; that the existing 
 stations cannot be sufficiently enlarged on their pres- 
 ent sites, nor the right of way decked over except with 
 electrification; that the scheme would leave the freight 
 yards as a terminal nuisance barely outside of the best 
 business district. The engineers therefore recommend the 
 building of a new station tor all ot .'Atlanta's railroads about 
 five blocks northeast of the present terminal station, on 
 the site of the present freight yards, and the replacement 
 of these freight facilities bv others removed from the busi- 
 ness section. They also recommend the construction ot 
 a two-track tunnel for the use of passenger trains only; 
 the filling in of the entire railroad area around and above 
 these tunnels and its conversion into a park, the aban- 
 donment of the two existing stations; the construction ot 
 a street over the tunnel tracks, and the abandonment ot 
 all industrial tracks on the area. The new plans locate 
 the tunnel and Plaza slightly nearer the present Union 
 Station, otherwise the Plaza in the new scheme includes 
 all of the area contemplated in the Bleckley scheme and 
 a much larger area west, i. e., in the direction of the old 
 terminal station. The estimated cost of the project is 
 16,500,000 and for the Plaza alone $2,500,000. 
 
 LCCCND 
 ^^ Oull/nei of Pfooosed Plan 
 
 and fknf 5ir%e^s 
 
 Proposed Tracks 
 
 Tunnei Tracks 
 
 Oaf lines ofEtisting Pacilillci 
 
 hbe/^/ncnd 
 
 Atlanta. — Plaza Plan of 1916, with Proposed New Railroad 
 Station Adequate for Traffic of All Roads and Facing Directly 
 on the Plaza. 
 
 The plan calls for the removal of the freight facilities entirely 
 out of the district, the construction of a two-track entrance tunnel 
 for the use of passenger trains and the building of a street and 
 plaza on the earth fill. 
 
 Sanitation. — In 1910 the people of Atlanta voted a 
 bond issue to the amount of $3,000,000. This money was 
 used for various public improvements including the 
 extension of the sewer and water-supply systems, the con- 
 struction of an up-to-date sewage disposal plant costing 
 more than $1,000,000, and the erection of twelve modern 
 brick school buildings. 
 
 Parks and Recreation. — Atlanta is giving much atten- 
 tion to her system of parks. She has thirty-one parks in 
 all: Grant, Piedmont, Lakewood, and a number of small 
 ones. In 1909 the city employed a landscape architect to 
 come to Atlanta and make plans for a complete park sys- 
 tem. This was done, and the city is now systematically 
 at work carrying out these plans. There is no central park. 
 All of the parks are located in outlying sections, and the 
 plans for boulevard connections are now being worked out 
 in detail. In 1908 Atlanta commenced the work of provid- 
 ing playgrounds, and she now has an efficient system. The 
 proposal has been made that schools be used as social cen- 
 ters, but, so far, authority tor this has not been granted. 
 
 Chamber oj Commerce City Plan Committee. — The 
 Atlanta Chamber of Commerce has a City Plan Commit- 
 tee, but beyond the efforts of the Committee in working 
 out the Plaza plan, nothing tangible has been accomplished. 
 The city suffers considerably from congestion in the busi- 
 ness section, the older part of the town, and it is likely that 
 she will be forced to consider some comprehensive plan 
 which will reduce the difficulties in this particular area 
 at least. In 19IJ the Atlanta Improvement Commission 
 was appointed by the Mayor. Without support, nothing 
 has been accomplished by that body. 
 
 Board oJ Consulting Engineers. — Early in 1917 a Board 
 of Consulting Engineers was authorized by a city ordi- 
 nance, and five members have been appointed by the 
 Mayor on recommendation of affiliated technical societies 
 of Atlanta. The Board will serve without pay and will 
 advise and assist on the various city planning problems 
 that arise, whether of sanitation, street improvement and 
 extension, fire-protection laws and the like. It is the inten- 
 tion of the Board to call in the specialists, as occasion may 
 arise, to assist them in working out solutions tor problems 
 presented to them. Hal Hentz, member of the American 
 Institute of Architects, is a member of this Board. 
 
 Georgia Chapter American Institute oJ Architects. — In 
 191 5 the Georgia Chapter of the American Institute of 
 Architects, of which John Robert Dillon was then presi- 
 dent, took advantage of an unusual opportunity to assist 
 the city of .Atlanta in an important civic improvement, k 
 movement had been launched by the Chamber of Com- 
 merce for the institution of a permanent fair, represent- 
 ing the interests of all the southeastern states. In the 
 early stages the directors of the fair sought the counsel 
 of various chapter members, and as a result of their advice, 
 entrusted to the Chapter, in a large measure, the selection 
 of a site, the general outlining of procedure, and final 
 development of an architectural and landscape scheme tor 
 the institution. The Chapter members instituted a com- 
 petition among themselves, to be judged by themselves, 
 for the preliminary plan and design of a central group. 
 The members of the Chapter served the Fair Association 
 without pay and gave unsparingly of their time and ad- 
 vice. Aside from securing a design which would bare the
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 II 
 
 stamp and approval of the profession locally, it t'elt that this size, where ,100 or more acres is the modern rcquire- 
 
 the Chapter took a distinct step forward in the estima- ment, and shows that present needs in one direction at 
 
 tion of the public by its harmonious and generous parti- least, and wise foresight in others, demand that Auburn 
 
 cipation in a work ot such peculiar interest. undertake the work of comprehensive planning. 
 
 Atlantic City 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 A City Planning Commission was appointed in .Atlantic 
 City (57,660) several years ago. Dr. J. B. Thompson, a 
 member of the Commission, was particularly active in its 
 work. Carrere and Hastings, architects, of New York, 
 have prepared tentative plans for the improvement of 
 the city. There is a City Beautiful Committee, of which 
 William B. Bell is secretary. J. W. Hacknev, Citv 
 Engineer, is interested in comprehensive planning. 
 
 Auburn 
 
 New York. 
 
 Situated in the very heart ot the lake country of cen- 
 tral New York, and served by a network ot railroad and 
 trolley lines, .Auburn (37,385) has enjoyed a normal 
 physical development. Streets are bordered by fine shade 
 trees; slum districts are noticeably absent; there is excel- 
 lent natural drainage, and a splendid water-supply is 
 obtained from the Owasco Lake, which with its 7,400 
 acres of water surface borders the city. But the city has 
 taken no steps looking to the preparation of a rational 
 plan for its future growth. No comprehensive scheme has 
 been devised. The city is possessed of only 20 acres of 
 parks. This is an absurdly small proportion tor a citv ot 
 
 Austin 
 Texas 
 
 In Austin (34,814), the scat of the State University, 
 with two exceptions, namely, work on public parks and 
 recreation, the problems of city planning have not been 
 studied nor their solution attempted. The park system 
 consists of 43 acres ot city parks, 220 acres of state-owned 
 parks and public grounds, and 4K miles of park boule- 
 vards, the latter financed jointly by the city and abutting 
 property owners. Honorable A. P. Wooldridge, Mayor, 
 Prof. Herman James, Edward T. Paxton, Secretary of 
 the Bureau ot Municipal Research and Reference, Hugo 
 F. Kuhne, and F. F. Giesecke, the latter a member of the 
 .American Institute ot Architects' Committee on Town 
 Planning, are the persons actively interested in local 
 city planning. 
 
 Baguio 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 In 1902, soon after the inception of Civil Government 
 in the Philippine Islands, the Philippine Commission, of 
 which William Howard Taft was then chairman, felt the 
 pressing need of providing a mountain resort where, not 
 only the F'ilipinos, but Americans and foreigners, might 
 find ready means ot recuperation in a temperate climate. 
 
 
 ^.% 
 
 ^^,,sm-^m 
 
 < '^Ma 
 
 .'■ ^IsJi 
 
 n 
 
 ^ ,;'crn OF fivciio 
 
 I MMN I IM1 nillJIflM rsl. \NIM 
 
 i:t.Nt.ii\i. n.\N or iMPROM.'Mtxrs 
 
 ' </^ ^,#TT'''*'~- 
 
 
 Baguio. — Suiiinicr Cipit.il of the Philippines, Planned by the United States Government about 1905. 
 The plan shown has now been executed, including the roads and nearly all the public buildings.
 
 12 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 As soon as this idea was broached, many prospects revealed 
 themselves to the Commission. In the first phice, this 
 resort was to become the summer capital, where several 
 thousand officials and employees of the Government might 
 work to better advantage, especially during the three or 
 four months of extreme hot weather in Manila; it might 
 serve, also, as a general health resort with sanitaria and 
 hospitals, both public and private; again, it might provide 
 special opportunities for physical and mental development 
 for boys and girls at ages when development proceeds to 
 much better advantage in temperate rather than in tropi- 
 cal climates. .Also, it was expected that the United States 
 Army, as well as the United States Navy, would establish 
 military and naval posts, and that various social and 
 religious institutions would locate there. This great pro- 
 ject, conceived in 1902, has now been realized. The city 
 of Baguio, as the new town is called, lies at an eleva- 
 tion of about 5,000 feet, on a mountain plateau of ex- 
 tremely irregular topography. As soon as the site was 
 made accessible by the completion ot the Benguet road in 
 1905, the Philippine Commission sought the best possible 
 advice in planning the city and had the late Daniel H. 
 Burnham, after visiting the city, make a general pre- 
 liminary plan. At the end of the year 1905, William E. 
 Parsons arrived in the Philippines and took up the duties 
 of consulting architect for the Government. His first 
 work was to make a plan for actual and immediate execu- 
 tion, and, in doing so, he followed the general lines of the 
 Burnham preliminary plan, as far as topographical and 
 other conditions would permit, at the same time extending 
 the plan so as to include a much larger area. The plan 
 shown herewith has now been executed, including the 
 roads and nearly all of the public buildings. In addition to 
 the physical plan there was a complete districting or 
 zoning plan. The restrictions as to the use of land, both 
 for business and residence, as dratted by the consulting 
 architect in 1906, have been in successful operation since 
 that time. 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Maryland 
 
 .As in most other .American cities, early planning work 
 in Baltimore (589,621) had the serious defect that, in 
 attempting to provide completely for the future, it put 
 all streets upon substantially the same footing, regard- 
 less of their relative importance and probable character, 
 and entirely disregarded the best uses for lands of varying 
 character. In 1900, the Municipal .Art Society, of which 
 Theodore Marburg was president, called in Olmsted 
 Brothers, of Brookline, Mass., to undertake a careful 
 general examination of the suburban portion ot the city 
 and to report on the best treatment adapted to that area, 
 particularly with a view to the reservations ot park spaces 
 and to the development of main lines of communication. 
 In spite of the limited funds available for the studies out- 
 lined, the report, which was published in 1904, presented a 
 remarkably interesting and fairly complete analysis of 
 the city planning situation in Baltimore and outlined a 
 program for the acquisition of new park areas and boule- 
 vards. Shortly after the presentation of the report to the 
 city, $1,000,000 was authorized tor the acquisition of park 
 land. 
 
 Suburban Planning. — One important feature which it 
 was hoped to embody in the Olmsted report of 1904, but 
 which it was found impracticable to include because of 
 the expense involved in its preparation, was a plan tor 
 the extension of the city into the undeveloped suburbs to 
 replace the prevailing gridiron system. The cost ot such 
 a plan, involving minute topographical work, was so great 
 that it was postponed, but subsequently taken up by the 
 municipality under the direction of Mayor Joseph W. 
 Shirley, as noted hereafter. 
 
 Jones Falls and Civic Center Improvements. — The Olm- 
 sted park plan being well under way, the Municipal Art 
 Society and the Merchants' and Manufacturers' .Associa- 
 
 :^^Ar\ ^^, 
 
 Baltimore. — The Civic Center Now Being Constructed with .Appropriations Made .Annually by the Cit
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 1 
 
 tion presently telt that the time h;ul come to priiviile a 
 plan tor certam desirahle improvements in the city proper. 
 Accortlingly, in January, 1906, they jointly employed 
 John M. Carrere, Arnold W. Brimner, and Frederick Law 
 Olmsted to study the central section. In approaching 
 their problem the experts adopted the plan of considering 
 various pressing needs ot the city as they arose. The 
 results ot their studies are embodied in a volume entitled 
 "Partial Report on City Plan," published in 1910. This 
 was regarded simply as the first step toward a comprehen- 
 sive city plan. 
 
 The proposals submitted dealt with: 
 
 1. Moditication of the railway crossings in south 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 2. A project for a great union station tor all the railroatis. 
 
 3. A civic center project. 
 
 4. A boulevard development over Jones Falls, a stream 
 
 running through the heart of the city. 
 
 5. Plan for extension ot Howard Street as a new thor- 
 
 oughfare. 
 
 As a result of these studies, a portion ot the land neces- 
 sary for the civic center has already been acquired, the 
 city being required by ordinance to appropriate #ioo,oco 
 annually for this purpose. The treatment recommended 
 for Jones Falls has been carried out and is now completed. 
 The stream is carried in conduits, and a boulevard has 
 been built above it. Owing to insufficient public support, 
 the project for establishing a union station tailed ot realiza- 
 tion and is still far from being solved, although much more 
 attention is now being given by the city to the location of, 
 and approaches to, station buildings. 
 
 Official Citv P/aii Commission. — .After the submission 
 of the partial city plan report, a commission known as 
 the "Commission on City Plan" was appointed in 1910 
 under act of the Maryland Legislature (Chapter 114) and 
 is, still in existence. No fixed yearly appropriation for its 
 work is made, although from time to time appropriations 
 are made by the Mayor and City Council. Ot this Com- 
 mission, Josias Pennington, member ot the American In- 
 stitute of .Architects, is chairman. 
 
 General Slreel Plan of Topographical Survey Commis- 
 sion. — During the past five years, under the direction of 
 the Topographical Survey Commission, ot which Mayor 
 Joseph W. Shirley is Chief Engineer, a general street plan 
 for the layout ot undeveloped areas has been adopted, 
 and no street can be made public unless the same conforms 
 to this plan or this plan amended in accordance with the 
 provisions ot the law. An effort is made to gain the con- 
 fidence of all land-developers with a view to working out a 
 street system which will follow this general plan and at 
 the same time give to the owners the results they desire. 
 It has been found that much good can be accomplished 
 by this cooperation between the city's planning depart- 
 ment and the developers of private lands. 
 
 Streets. — .\. general study for the widening and extend- 
 ing of existing streets has also been made, and the plans 
 are being carried to completion as rapidly as the funds of 
 the city will permit. .A general system of grades has been 
 adopted for all existing and proposed streets, and on this 
 system of grades has been established the sanitary system 
 and a storm-water drain system. 
 
 Railroads. — There have been, up to the present time. 
 
 no plans adopted for the establishment of rapid-transit 
 facilities other than the ordinary electric surface cars. 
 The location of new railway lines anil the rerouting and 
 rescheduling of present lines are controlleii by the Public 
 Service Commission. In the liistribution of freight, a 
 belt-line railroatl, to be operated by the municipality, is 
 now being installed, and a project for the iniilding of a 
 tunnel tor all the through freight ot all the railroads is 
 being agitated. .\ general effort is being made to eliminate 
 all railroad crossings, and in the laying out of new streets 
 the prevention ot gratle crossings is an important objective. 
 
 Piers. — Nine municipal piers have recently been built, 
 costing over $9,000,000; the harbor has been deepeneil, and 
 a channel 35 feet deep maile tor outgoing ocean freight, at 
 a cost ot nearly ;f3,ooo,ooo. Certain local corporations are 
 proposing to spend about J7 5 ,000,000 on their terminals 
 in the harbor. 
 
 Housing. — The housing of the man ot very moderate 
 means is accomplished, as a rule, by the building of two- 
 story brick houses in rows. Certain large iniiustrial 
 plants, recently established in Baltimore and vicinity, 
 have been purchasing ground tor the housing ot their 
 employees. Baltimore has high-class residential develop- 
 ments known as Roland Park and (luilford, both of which 
 have been developed along the most motiern lines under 
 the direction of E. H. Bouton. 
 
 Recreation. — In the matter of recreation, distinct 
 progress is being made, but no plan has been establisheil 
 tor purchasing areas for playgrountis in a forehandeil 
 manner. , 
 
 Zoning. — Districting and zoning on a comprehensive 
 scale have not been attempted but are now being agitated. 
 A law (Chapter 42, Laws of Marylanti, 1904) regulates 
 the height ot buildings on Mount \ernon Place and Wash- 
 ington Place, surrounding the Washington Monument. 
 .\ law has also been passed restricting the height of build- 
 ings, so that no building shall be made more than 1 75 feet 
 high. No tenement or apartment house may be built 
 higher than ten stories and a basement, nor more than 125 
 feet high, and no tenement or apartment house may be 
 made more than five stories and a basement in height, 
 nor more than 70 feet high, without being made a fire- 
 proof building. Every building more than 85 feet in height 
 must be made a fireproof. 
 
 Bangor 
 
 Maine 
 
 When, in April, 1911, a sweeping fire destroyed 55 
 acres ot highly developeii property in Bangor (26,^59), 
 the citizens immediately held a mass meeting to consider 
 ways and means of building wisely in the destroyed dis- 
 trict. .As a result, the Mayor appointed a Civic Commis- 
 sion to study the burned district and to report on it with 
 suggestions for improvements. V . V . Bragg was appointed 
 secretary ot the Commission, of which P. H. Coombs was 
 chairman. The Commission retained Warren H. Manning, 
 of Boston, as adviser, and building permits were with- 
 held until his report could be publicly considereii and 
 acted upon. Mr. Manning's report, which was prepared in 
 record time, was printed in a small pamphlet of about a
 
 14 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 U!\] 
 
 ^ W 
 
 
 
 Bangor. — Kenduskeag Basin and Proposed Treatment, the 
 Most Important Recommendation in the Phm for the Burned 
 District. 
 
 dozen pages, and presents a brief analysis of the city plan 
 and its relation to the outlying districts, followed by ten 
 recommendations for improvement, each presented in one 
 definite sentence. Later, each recommendation is repeated 
 and amplified. As the success of the report depended on 
 the strong immediate support ot the public at large, and 
 as time did not allow the use ot photographs to attract the 
 eye, it was printed in this cheaper form so that it could 
 be widely distributed. The report recognizes that radial 
 streets and street-terminal vistas give Bangor its greatest 
 city plan distinction, and that the Penobscot and Ken- 
 duskeag Valleys are the city's greatest natural features. 
 The introduction emphasizes the great commercial future 
 of Bangor as a distributing center and makes recommenda- 
 tions for the improvements of these elements of the plan. 
 A civic center is recommended, and miscellanous matters 
 are discussed briefly. 
 
 Results. — The work of the Commission did not end 
 with the presentation of the report but began in earnest. 
 At a mass meeting the city was astonished at the enthusi- 
 asm which was displayed for the report. The City Com- 
 missioners were instructed to carry out the plan as far as 
 possible. Then it was presented to the city fathers, and, 
 though some opposition was found in that quarter, the 
 plan was eventually endorsed. Finally, a number of streets 
 were widened and straightened, and sites for public build- 
 ings were acquired in accordance with the plans. At the 
 present time, the continuation of the work is held in 
 check. 
 
 Battle Creek 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Among the definite aims of the Chamber of Commerce 
 of Battle Creek (29,480) for the year 1 917, is the organiza- 
 tion of forces for city planning work. The Chamber has 
 a Civic Committee of which A. L. Miller is chairman, and 
 this Committee, in addition to its interest in city planning 
 for Battle Creek, is endeavoring to secure needed street 
 improvements and betterment in street-car service, and 
 
 to provide for the relief of street congestion. It is also 
 planning to make a detailed study of grade crossings and 
 for adequate provisions for recreational facilities and 
 parks. E. W. Arnold, architect, and Willis H. Post, of 
 the Postum Cereal Company, are among the actively 
 interested persons. 
 
 Bay City 
 
 Michigan 
 
 The Board of Commerce of Bay City (47,942) is the 
 medium through which the citizens, and especially the 
 business and professional men, are working for the 
 upbuilding of the city, both from a commercial and a 
 civic standpoint. Comprehensive city planning has not 
 yet received attention. 
 
 The city has an area of over 11 square miles and 19J 
 miles of street, of which 50 miles are paved. There are 
 ten parks with a total area of 35 acres. Wenonah Park, 
 on the riverfront, is one of the city's chief assets. The 
 city has already expended $250,000 on it. Nevertheless, 
 there is urgent need for additional reservations for recrea- 
 tion and parks. In 1916 the Park Commission, of which 
 W. F. Jennison is president, had an allowance of 115,000. 
 James M. McCabe is secretary of the Board of Commerce. 
 
 Bayonne 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Following the initiatory work on a comprehensive 
 plan for a marine terminal and industrial city on the 
 waterfront of New York Bay, Bayonne (69,893) began 
 to realize that the proposed waterfront development was 
 but one, although an important, phase of city planning, 
 and that, if the city itself was to measure up to the oppor- 
 tunities which the new business and industry created at 
 its proposed new terminal would bring, it should have a 
 city planning commission to plan for the further develop- 
 ments of the central and suburban districts in the same 
 way as the waterfront was being planned. Such a com- 
 mission was officially appointed in 1916 with Preston H. 
 Smith, Chairman. The Commission is now studying the 
 work that has been done by city planning commissions 
 in various parts ot the country, and the near future will 
 see it started in preparing a comprehensive plan. 
 
 A Marine Terminal. — It is no secret that the upper New 
 York Bay frontage, a large part of which Bayonne possesses, 
 has long been regarded by many whose judgment in these 
 matters is unquestioned, as possessing possibilities for coor- 
 dinating docking and railroad facilities into a great indus- 
 trial development second to none at the port of New York. 
 The New Jersey Harbor Commission has made tentative 
 plans for the development of the waterfront and published 
 them in two of its reports. Previous to this, studies had 
 been made by capitalists from other cities in America, 
 and even in Europe, but the most recent and comprehen- 
 sive plans were promoted by the Chamber of Commerce 
 which furthered legislation and initiated proceedings 
 looking to active steps in development. As a result, the 
 New Jersey State Board of Commerce and Navigation
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRF.SS 
 
 15 
 
 Courtesy Tbe Amtricun City 
 
 Bayoxne. — Proposed Marine Terminal and Industrial City on the Upper New York Bay Frontage. 
 An example of modern industrial and transportational coordination, a primary principle of scientific city planning. 
 
 presented to the Commissioners of Bayonne, in the winter 
 of 191 6, a detailed report prepared under the immediate 
 direction of N. F. Cresson, Jr., Chief Engineer ot the 
 New Jersey State Board, and F. Van Z. Lane, Engineer ot 
 the Bayonne Chamber of Commerce. This report is 
 comprehensive and contains many original maps, detailed 
 drawings, and other matter. Recognizing the wisdom and 
 importance of planning in a big way tor the development 
 of the waterfront, Bayonne's existing civic assets are not, 
 however, commensurate with its increasing importance 
 and a rapidly growing population. It is now at work 
 enlarging and reconstructing its parks, and it has had a 
 playground survey made by the Playground and Recrea- 
 tion Association of America. But one of the greatest 
 needs today is a comprehensive city plan. 
 
 Beaumont 
 
 Texas 
 
 A complete and elaborate plan for Beaumont (27,711) 
 was laid down in 1836, providing for well-balanced civic 
 improvements and including, among other things, a 
 factory section laid out apart from the rest of the city- 
 With the coming ot the Mexican and Civil Wars these 
 far-seeing plans were completely upset. Later, that is in 
 the latter sixties, men began to erect sawmills, to cut vast 
 forests of yellow pine that stretched about the city. These 
 vast mills were erected where it was most convenient, and 
 the rest of the town was accommodated to them. Street- 
 lines were obliterated, whole blocks were preempted, and 
 public lands donated for ambitious civic projects passed 
 from the city under squatter's title. Then came the dis- 
 covery of oil. When this last event took place, the big 
 mills had begun to pass, and big corporations still held 
 claim to the city's land. Eleven railroads had come to 
 complicate conditions yet further. The influx of people 
 
 with the oil boom still more complicated matters, but it 
 lead to an awakening of the people. A city administration 
 was elected that succeeded in rescuing much of the property 
 withheld from the city, and the development of parks, 
 squares, and the riverfront were undertaken. 
 
 Results. — Today, in gradual steps, streets are being 
 opened and straightened as possession ot the land can be 
 obtained. There is a general awakening of civic pride, 
 extending even to the care of private property. In 1916 
 a Civic Bureau of the Chamber ot Commerce was organ- 
 ized, succeeding a former committee. This Bureau is 
 working on all of the general problems of city planning, 
 including a plan for a civic center on a block of land 14 
 acres in extent in the heart of the city. A particularly 
 noteworthy achievement are the plans by J. Mc. L. Hard- 
 ing, Consulting Engineer, of New York, which are being 
 carried out, for a waterfront and a railway tenninal, 
 equipped with wharves, quays, warehouses, and freight- 
 sheds, all municipally owned. 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 California 
 
 Ot the California cities none has evidenced a livelier 
 interest in, nor actually accomplished more in propor- 
 tion to size, than Berkeley (57,653). The basis of a city 
 plan has been laid in the "Report on a City Plan tor the 
 Municipalities of Oakland and Berkeley," by Dr. Werner 
 Hegeman. This is one of the most studious city planning 
 reports which America has produced. It was fathered 
 jointly by the authorities of the two cities and by local 
 civic and commercial organizations, including the Civic 
 Art Commission of Berkeley, appointed in .August, 191 5, 
 as provided in the citv charter. The latter body has 
 received small appropriations ranging from J500 to 
 $2,000 annuall) for the work of citv planning. The
 
 1 6 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 1.- J k..**.» x*™*^ 
 
 
 6 i'-f^ 
 
 
 ^- ». .J 
 
 Bi:KkLi.i.v. L'niversit) ol California Gruup Plan, the Outcome 
 of Two International Competitions. 
 The orderly grouping of public and semi-public structures in 
 which consideration is given to civic, architectural, and land- 
 scape requirements is an important objective of modern city 
 planning. 
 
 chief accomplishments of the Civic Art Commission, 
 aside from its cooperation in securing Dr. Hegeman's 
 report, has been the preparation ot a zoning ordinance 
 recently adopted by the city. In addition to this district- 
 ing work, the Commission is now undertaking a report 
 on street improvements and a survey of schools and play- 
 grounds. An amendment of the city charter now pro- 
 vides for a city plan commission instead of the Civic Art 
 Commission, as the old designation was misleading. 
 
 Practical Planning. — Other recent planning work in 
 Berkeley consists of the preparation of a model housing 
 code, the rerouting and rescheduling of transportation 
 
 Berkeley. — University ot California, Open Air Theatre, a 
 Necessary Klement of the Modern City's Recreational Plant. 
 
 lines, the preparation of a plan for a general park system, 
 the latter in a tentative stage. Two proposals to issue 
 bonds for the construction ot a civic center have been 
 defeated at the poles. In the work of general planning 
 and city extension, the report by Dr. Werner Hegeman, 
 referred to previously, will serve as a guide to the city 
 authorities in the future. In all of the above work the 
 City Club, of which Duncan McDuffie is president, has 
 been the leading influence. 
 
 Beverly 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Board of Beverly (21,645), appointed 
 under the Massachusetts Acts of 1913, Chap. 494, 
 engaged Arthur C. Comev, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1916, 
 to prepare a preliminary report with maps, covering the 
 foundation facts upon the knowledge and proper appli- 
 cation of which the rational development of Beverly's 
 city plan must depend. Mr. Comey has submitted a 
 report, which has not been published, under the title of 
 "Beverly's Civic Surveys," dealing with the use of prop- 
 erty, the distribution of population, and the range in 
 assessed land values. The data is superimposed on a topo- 
 graphic map prepared locally and at a scale of 800 feet to 
 an inch. Mr. Comey recommends that a more accurate 
 topographic map be prepared for future use, containing 
 full data as to the physical status of the city. His property 
 map shows areas devoted to industrial, commercial, and 
 residential uses. This map will be of service in many ways 
 — for example, in a study of thoroughfares and grade lines, 
 in locating schools and other public buildings or utilities 
 by stutiying their probable relation to existing public prop- 
 erties as well as to areas they should serve. 
 
 The distribution-of-population map will be of special 
 value in comparison with other maps of similar character 
 made in future years. The drift of population will he 
 graphically indicated — the most potent element affecting 
 the planning or extension of all public utilities. It indi- 
 cates at a glance the number of people to be served by
 
 CTTY PT,ANNING PROGRESS 
 
 17 
 
 jiiihlic utilities or the children to he serveii hv pl;ivi;roiiiuls 
 and the like. 
 
 By comparison with this map, the rangc-of-assessed- 
 laiui-valiie map shows the effect ot various degrees 
 ot urban congestion on land values. 
 
 -All ot these maps anil surveys indicate important tacts 
 graphicallv. The tlirection ot the growth ot the citv, the 
 location ot cheap land, and ot sites tor possible use as parks 
 and playgrounds, and opportunities tor more equitable 
 assessments on land values, viz., on the bases ot potential 
 torces indicated by the surveys, are but a few of the pos- 
 sible uses of the fundamental data which Beverly is 
 assembling. 
 
 Bingham ton 
 
 New York. 
 
 .-K Citv Planning Commission was appointed bv the 
 Mayor ot Binghaniton (53,973) in December, 1914, under 
 the provision ot the New York state law tor second class 
 cities (Chap. 699, Laws of 1913). The Commission 
 secured an appropriation of ?5,ooo in 1915 and the same 
 amount in 1916. It has published no reports. Its principal 
 activity has centered about playgrounds and small parks, 
 some ot which the Commission has purchased, improved, 
 and turned over to the Board ot Education. The Com- 
 mission established thirteen playgrounds in schoolyards 
 in 1915. These were supervised and gave excellent results. 
 They are now being put in charge ot the Board ot Educa- 
 tion. The Commission has improved three small parks 
 and is now working on a plan to improve the city's large 
 parks under a special appropriation trom the city. The 
 membership ot the Commission consists of Messrs. .'\sh, 
 Kellam, Brownlow, Rubin, Weller, Mrs. ToplifF, and Miss 
 
 McNamara. Unofficially, Mrs. R. T. Spalding and Miss 
 Mary Leverett have been active. The architects have not 
 taken any part in the work up to this time, but are organ- 
 izing, and as a body will lend support to citv planning. 
 Mr. Weller, city engineer, is working on a comprehensive 
 l>lan. 
 
 Rfcomnn-ntiii/iuiis hy tin Expert. — In Septendier, Myii, 
 Charles Multord Roliinson, of Rochester, New '^'ork, sub- 
 mitted to the Mercantile IVess Club, of which B. F. Welden 
 was president, a report on city planning and improvement. 
 The report was entitled "Better Binghamton." Mr. 
 Robinson divided his study into three parts: First, the 
 elementary needs or primary requirements, looking merely 
 to the present condition of the city; second, provisions for 
 future extension; thinl, a system of parks, playgrounds 
 and pleasure drives. He emphasizes the fact that Bing- 
 hamton's future must depend on the success of her indus- 
 tries, and that a city plan must therefore, primarily, give 
 consideration to those things that will tenti to attract indus- 
 trial activity, but that a healthy and efficient citizen- 
 ship is as important an element of industrial efficiency as 
 the purely industrial features, and Binghamton must be 
 planned with this in mind. 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 .Alabama 
 
 There has been no legislative action in the state of 
 .Alabama placing town planning on an official basis, and 
 the fact that there is only one city, Birmingham (181,762), 
 with over 100,000 inhabitants, and but one with over 
 50,000 population, probably accounts for the fact that 
 town planning problems have not been considered to any 
 
 Courtesy The Artltricutt City 
 
 BiRMi.NGHAM. — Plan ot Fairfielil, a -Satellite City, One ot the Most Successful Town Planning F.iucrprises Carried Out as a Part 
 of a Great Industrial Scheme.
 
 i8 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Courtesy Tbe American City 
 Birmingham. — Civic Center of Fairfield, an Industrial Village, the Central Feature abuut \Vhi( 
 
 I the Scheme of the Town Revolves. 
 
 large extent in the towns and cities of the state. The first 
 and most striking instance where town planning has been 
 actually applied is in the case of the model town ot Corey, 
 now called Fairfield, which is solely the result of private 
 enterprise. The land on which this model town is laid 
 out is the property ot the local branch of the United States 
 Steel Corporation, and the building and supervision of 
 this development and the building ot the houses has been 
 under the direction of a local real estate company. Much 
 has been written and published about the town of Fair- 
 field, its civic center, ample house plots, and comfortable 
 homes of the bungalow type. The scheme of the town 
 revolves about the central park area where are located a 
 civic center, plaza park, and business buildings. The 
 residential sections have been divided into zones in 
 order to insure a reasonable stability in the value of 
 properties. 
 
 Chy Plan in Preparation. — Town planning under pub- 
 lic authority had received little attention up to the year 
 1916. In 1912 a City Park Commission was appointed, 
 but without sufficient authority or financial support, and 
 without the cooperation of the City Commission, the 
 members of the Park Commission were able to achieve 
 very little. In 191 5, therefore, the City Park Commission 
 was dissolved and the work taken over by the City Com- 
 missioners. Since that time Warren H. Manning, land- 
 scape architect, of Boston, has been selected to prepare a 
 town plan, and this work is now proceeding under Mr. 
 Manning's direction. 
 
 Results. — While not parts of Mr. Manning's city plan, 
 certain improvements bearing on the city plan have 
 recently been taken up. Grade-crossing elimination is 
 now being carried out, the first of a number of modern 
 reinforced concrete viaducts has just been completed, and 
 the problem of finding access to water transportation 
 facilities is now being broached. Quite a little, also, has 
 been accomplished in the unification of the city's recrea- 
 
 tion facilities, in the development of parks and play- 
 grounds, and in the use of schools for community work. 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 Illinois 
 
 A city planning campaign was launched by the .'Asso- 
 ciation of Commerce, of Bloomington (27,258), in Septem- 
 ber, 1916. A Committee on City Planning was appointed, 
 with F. Mark Evans, a member ot the Association and 
 president of the Civic League, as chairman. This Com- 
 mittee has lost no time in giving publicity to their work and 
 has carefully investigated the work ot city planning in 
 other communities. In its first report to the .•Association 
 of Commerce, it recommends a course of action that will 
 immediately bring about needed improvements in the 
 city plan, while rounding out a comprehensive plan that 
 will provide for the city's growth. The Committee has 
 been corresponding with experts and has obtained figures 
 on the cost of preparing a comprehensive plan. It has 
 submitted proposals to the City Council for the employ- 
 ment ot competent citv planners and tor the appropria- 
 tion by the city, from the tax budget, ot funds sufficient 
 to carry on all, or part, of the work planned. It further 
 recommends that a public subscription list be opened to 
 give opportunity to citizens of Bloomington to participate 
 in the work. 
 
 Bloomington is essentially a residential city. It has 
 been fortunate in securing a number of fine civic improve- 
 ments which were not, however, traceable to any fore- 
 handed planning. The proposed citv plan will cover the 
 most important problems confronting the city at this 
 time, namely, better methods of communication and 
 transportation, elimination of grade crossings, improve- 
 ment of sanitary services, the designation of well-con- 
 sidered sites for public buildings, the preparation of a
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRESS 
 
 19 
 
 comprehensive plan of parks, playgrounds, etc. It is more 
 than probable that Bloomington will within the next year 
 engage in comprehensive city planning. A. I.. Fillsbury 
 and T. Simmons, architects, are actively interested in 
 city planning work. 
 
 Boston 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Twenty-five years ago, Boston (756,476) and its 
 environs suffered from three clearly recognized handi- 
 caps, two of which then endangered the health ot the 
 thirtv-nine cities and towns of the district, and one ot 
 which promised to endanger it at a later period. To 
 relieve the situation and to overcome the handicaps, three 
 great public works were undertaken. The city and its 
 environs provided themselves with the best system ot 
 water-supply, of drainage, and ot parks in the world. In 
 any great city in, or outside ot, .America, one may inquire 
 about these great works in metropolitan Boston and find 
 a ready answer. The success of this work was assured by 
 methodical and comprehensive plannning. Conditions 
 were mapped, methods of relief were studied, plans and 
 systems were prepared, separate municipalities were 
 united to secure powers and funds, executive authorities 
 were created and, finally, atter years ot consideration 
 and publication, these greater works were satistactorily 
 completed. Boston has learned, too, that it must deal with 
 its city planning problems in the same way that it dealt 
 with great plans for these metropolitan districts previously 
 mentioned. But it has not been so fortunate in its sub- 
 sequent city planning work as it was in its plans for parks, 
 water-supplv, and drainage. However, there has been a 
 steady and consistent torward movement through the 
 mtervening years, and the whole trend is now toward 
 more scientific city-building in all its branches. 
 
 Boston. — Metropolitan Park System, Showing the Complete 
 .ind Well-Distributed System ot Parks and Parkways. Open 
 spaces held by the Metropolitan Commission are in black. 
 
 Early Plauning. — It is interesting to note here that, 
 as early as 184,1, comprehensive city planning in Boston 
 had received painstaking and tarsighted consideration. 
 One has only to read the digest of the report of Robert 
 Fleming Gourlay's "Plans for Kniarging and Improving 
 the City ot Boston," in Landscape Architedure tor October, 
 1915 (Vol. \'I, No. I.), to realize the truth ot the saying, 
 "that events happening around us every day are but a 
 recurrence of similar events, which are now matters of his- 
 tory." Gourlay brought to his work in Boston, in 184J, an 
 experience gained through city planning work in London, 
 Kdinburgh, New York, Cleveland, and Kmgston, Canada. 
 Measured in the light of actual results, Gourlay's plan, 
 unfortunately for Boston, may have accomplished little, 
 but in the remarkable accuracy ot its prediction and the 
 toresight manitested in his recommendations, has given, 
 by later events, ample justification to the principles of 
 city planning. 
 
 Metropolitan District Planning. — Comprehensive plan- 
 ning in Boston did not get much beyond the propagandist 
 stage until 1892, when the metropolitan park movement 
 previously referred to got well under way. At that time 
 Boston had 1,900 acres of parks and a population of 
 470,000. The tact that every large tract ot natural 
 scenery and every large piece of seashore within the 
 metropolitan area was liable, sooner or later, to invasion 
 and despoilment by the spreading tide ot the suburbs, 
 roused the people to action. It was realized that the future 
 millions of the rapidly growing metropolis would desper- 
 ately need the kind of refreshment and recreation to be 
 found in spacious sylvan scenery and along the shores of a 
 great body ot water, and would be forever cut off trom 
 such recreation it the present generation did not act to 
 save the woodlands and river banks and ocean shores 
 upon a scale sufficient, not merely tor the people ot today, 
 but tor the swarming multitudes ot the tuture. .And so 
 
 Old FVovidenceRailRx)ad Property -Boston -1908 
 
 im 
 
 
 see 
 
 Developmlntof Providence RR Property- 19!r 
 
 ArrwL* * ^it-Ti-Lrr -L"«6Jc»'t *«X"iTWT- *<«. Tm Fa»h ;«*.»«t M>i- CMtTi TliusT 
 
 Boston. — Opening L'p a Former Railroad Property in the Heart 
 ot the City, IncKuling Extension of Arlington Street. 
 Dotted lines show work to be done.
 
 20 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Boston took hold of this problem, and during the ten 
 years following 1892, the area of public parkland in 
 Greater Boston was increased to more than 13,000 acres, 
 and the amount of ocean shore owned by the public tor 
 purposes of recreation increased to 19 miles in length. 
 This work was done by the Metropolitan Park Commission, 
 established in 1893, following the report ot the prelim- 
 inary Investigating Commission ot 1892. 
 
 Recent P/aiis. — But while Boston was engaged in the 
 great work ot developing a comprehensive system ot 
 water-supply, drainage, and parks tor the metropolitan 
 district, people in Boston, particularly the architects, 
 began to realize that Boston's own problems, those which 
 had to do with the intensively developed area within her 
 corporate limits, were not such as could be left to the 
 haphazard development of the future, as had been the 
 custom in the past, and in 1907 we find the Boston Society 
 ot Architects engaged in studying a large number ot 
 specific problems for the improvement of the central 
 sections. They published a report in that year, through 
 their Committee on Municipal Improvements, which 
 emphasized the lack of adequate cross-lines of communi- 
 cation and suggested an inner and an outer boulevard; 
 the development ot the tenway and the Charles River 
 bank; the extension and improvement of Arlington and 
 Commercial Streets; the improvement ot Copley Square; 
 the utilization of the site ot the old station ot the Boston 
 and Providence Railroad Company; and particularly 
 
 the improvement of the port of Boston, on the ground 
 that the people of Boston have only to avail themselves 
 ot the advantage offered to secure for the city commercial 
 preponderance in America. A number of these studies 
 have lead to actual accomplishments, or paved the way for 
 developments that will be realized in the near future. 
 
 Metropolitan Improvements Commission. — Increased 
 interest in city planning problems led next to a scientific 
 investigation ot the traffic, transportation, commercial 
 and industrial development ot Boston, and then to the 
 appointment in 1907 by legislative act of the Metropolitan 
 Improvements Commission. This Commission, after a 
 study ot their problem, declared that the question of 
 transportaion was the most urgent one to be studied, and 
 that the future commercial and industrial interests of the 
 community depended in a great measure upon its proper 
 solution, and that such transportation efficiency was 
 largely, it not altogether, a terminal problem. The 
 scientific character ot their investigation and the emphasis 
 placed on the economic factors, and the thoroughness in 
 which all ot the matters under their consideration were 
 studied, marked a new era. This report, a volume of 300 
 pages, was published in 1909. 
 
 Joint Board. — In 191 1 the so-called Joint Board of 
 Metropolitan Improvement, composed ot members of 
 the Board ot Railroad Commissioners, the Harbor and 
 Land Commissioners, the Boston Transit Commission, 
 and the Metropolitan Park Commission submitted its 
 
 CITY PLAHNIMG BO/iBD 
 
 SHOWING 0CCUB4NCY 
 
 Boston. — Occupancy Map, Showing Present Usage, Part ot a Survey for a Comprehensive Plan tor East Boston. 
 Storage and manutacturing, dark; residential areas, medium.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCiRKSS 
 
 Boston. — A Plan to Convert an Unsanitary and Congested Block by Removing a Portion of the Interior and Rebuilding tht; Remain- 
 ing Areas with More Ample Light and Air Space. 
 
 report, particularly with reference to the various matters 
 which seemed to it to call tor immediate action, i. e., 
 the harbor and terminals, highways, the tunnel between 
 the north and south station, and railway electrification. 
 
 Metropolilciu Plan Commission. — In 1912 we have the 
 report ot the Metropolitan Plan Commission appointed 
 by the Governor, in conformity to legislative act, to inves- 
 tigate the matter ot a metropolitan plan tor coordinat- 
 ing civic development. The Commission reported that 
 such a plan was feasible and recommended the establish- 
 ment of a metropolitan planning board, which should be 
 authorized to collect data tor a metropolitan plan through 
 a systematic consultation with all local authorities, and 
 that it should work out and publish troni time to time a 
 comprehensive serial plan for the metropolitan district. 
 However, Boston diti not succeed in the metropolitan 
 planning work, although public sentiment in Boston and 
 in the surrounding towns is strongly in favor of it, and it 
 is more than likely that the near future will see the begin- 
 ning ot this important phase of planning work. 
 
 Cily Planning Board. — In 1914 the City Planning 
 Board was appointed under the Massachusetts .Acts ot 
 1 913 (Chap. 494), with Ralph .'\dams Cram, architect, as 
 chairman and F.lisabeth M. Herlihy as secretary. The 
 Board received an appropriation ot ii,,ooo in its first year, 
 $i;,ooo the next year, and ?7,500 tor 1916. In that year, 
 George Gibbs, architect, was engaged to assist the Board 
 in making its investigations and reports. .As Boston is 
 made up practically of separate units, that is, East Boston, 
 South Boston, Roxbury, Charlestown, Dorchester, Hyde 
 Park, Brighton, West Roxbury, and Boston proper, each 
 of thpse districts is being studied by the City Planning 
 
 Board as an entity, keeping in mind at all times its rela- 
 tion to the other sections in matters ot transportation 
 and the like. On this basis the Board has, through George 
 Gibbs, prepared a comprehensive plan tor F.ast Boston, 
 published in 1916, and is now at work on a similar plan tor 
 the North Knd. .\ brief but suggestive report on the larger 
 aspects, including transportation in metropolitan Boston, 
 was published in 191 4, and two annual reports to the 
 Mayor, covering the work ot the Board in general, have 
 been made in 1915 and 1916, respectively. On the market 
 problem in Boston, the Board has submitted the most 
 careful and authoritative report on the local market 
 system that has yet been made. 
 
 Recent Traffic Studies. — The most recent plans sub- 
 mitted by the City Planning Board are first tho.sc for the 
 relief of congestion in the vicinity ot .Morton Street, North 
 End, providing tor the removal of buildings, widening of 
 Morton Street, and for connections between the two 
 streets, and second those for the development of the west- 
 erly and southerly end of the down-town district, pre- 
 pared at the request of the City Council, to relieve traffic 
 conditions and to afford a better chance for the further 
 extension of the business limits ot the city into the Back 
 Bay and South End. The latter report is accompanied 
 with a careful survey of existing conditions, gives strong 
 reasons for developing an adequate connection at this 
 point, and proposes definite steps tor realizing a much- 
 needed improvement. 
 
 Zoning. — Boston has re.sorted to both police power and 
 the power of eminent domain in controlling the develop- 
 ing of private property through districting. In 1892 the 
 legislature imposed stringent limitations on the heights
 
 22 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 ot buildings in Boston, under the Massachusetts Acts of 
 1892 (Chap. 419, Sec. 25), and in furtherance of the prin- 
 ciple, the legislature passed an act in 1904 (Chap, jjj) 
 providing tor the appointment of a Heights ot Buildings 
 Commission by the Mayor of the city. The Commission 
 had power to hold public hearings and to divide the city 
 into two districts, which were to be known respectively as 
 District A and District B. These boundaries were to 
 remain unchanged for a period of fifteen vears. In its 
 report ot December 3, 1904, the Commission made its 
 recommendations which, with a tew minor exceptions, 
 restrict the height ot buildings above the grade of the 
 street to 125 feet in District A and to 80 feet in District B. 
 
 In 1905 the legislature passed an amendatory act 
 slightly modifying the Commission's orders. With these 
 regulations in force, there followed a number of impor- 
 tant court decisions on the right ot the city to regulate 
 heights of buildings, which are among the most important 
 legal precedents on districting and zoning. A complete 
 statement on this matter is to be found in the report of 
 the Heights of Buildings Commission of New York City, 
 dated December 23, 1913. 
 
 A Commission on Heights of Buildings was created by 
 Chapter 3;^;} of the Special Acts of the year 191 5, to 
 determine and revise the boundaries of Districts A and B, 
 as heretofore designated by former Commissions. The 
 deliberations of this Commission have extended over nearly 
 a year. Their report, dated November 2, 1916, contains 
 a plan for revising the two areas in question, and the new 
 boundary lines have been carefully worked out. 
 
 Boulder. — Entrance to Chautauqua (CityJ Park. 
 Few cities of the size have accomplished so much. Achieve- 
 ments are traceable to the efforts of an improvement association. 
 
 Boulder 
 
 Colorado 
 
 The quite imposing list of achievements of Boulder 
 (11,669) in city planning and extension, equaled by few 
 cities of its size in .America, are traceable to the activities 
 of the City Improvement .Association, of which William 
 J. Baird is secretary. The Association was formed in 
 1903, and in 1909 engaged Frederick Law Olmsted, of 
 
 Brookline, Mass., to report on Boulder's city planning 
 problems. Mr. Olmsted, after a limited study of the city 
 and its needs and opportunities, presented a report full 
 of helpful suggestions bearing upon nearly all the broad 
 fundamental questions behind municipal development 
 and activity. The form of presentation adopted in the 
 report makes it of peculiar value to many other small 
 cities struggling with the issues of uncontrolled and 
 unscientific development. 
 
 Results. — Since the submission of the report and plan, 
 the City Improvement .Association has conducted a city- 
 wide campaign for improvement along the lines advocated 
 by Mr. Olmsted, with remarkable success. In fact, the 
 work of the .Association is completely making over the 
 city. Park lands and playgrounds have been acquired, 
 improved, and placed under supervision; all school- 
 grounds have been parked and equipped with playground 
 apparatus; land tor two athletic fields has been pur- 
 chased; courthouse grounds, the University campus and 
 the Chautauqua grounds have been put in more attrac- 
 tive condition; private citizens have been stimulated to 
 put their own lands in order; a complete storm sewer 
 system has been installed; alleys and streets have been 
 paved; sewage-disposal work has been started and plans 
 for sanitary drainage adopted. The latter were prepared 
 by Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, in 1912. Bridges have been 
 built, river-channels improved, the banks ot Boulder 
 Creek are being parked, as also are those of the drainage 
 canals, and measures looking to the preservation ot natural 
 scenery, such as mountain peaks and waterfalls in the 
 surrounding districts, have been forwarded and perfected. 
 •As the result of gift and purchase from the general fund 
 of the city, 3,600 acres of park reservation have been 
 added to the city's possessions — all in accordance with the 
 plan proposed by Mr. Olmsted in 1910. Street-tree and 
 grass-border planting have become city-wide. Street 
 paving, to the amount of J2oo,ooo, has been carried 
 through; a concrete river bridge has been erected; and 
 nineteen concrete bridges over irrigation canals are in the 
 course of construction. Schoolhouses are used as social 
 centers; many fountains have been installed in parks and 
 schoolgrounds and lighting and trolley wires have been 
 placed underground in the central districts and in alleys, 
 and the like. 
 
 Bridgeport 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Bridgeport had a population of 115,000 in 1914; today 
 it has a population of over 175,000, an increase ot over 
 60,000 in two years. Perhaps the nearest thing to a pre- 
 cedent for this remarkable growth was the case of Boulogne, 
 France, in the Napoleonic era. The phenomenal growth ot 
 the latter town, as in the case ot Bridgeport, more than a 
 century later, was due to the manufacturing of arms and 
 ammunition, but the significant point of difference between 
 Boulogne and Bridgeport is that the Connecticut city 
 intends to hold her gain by comprehensive city planning 
 and is enlarging herself tremenduously by building and 
 developing on a permanent basis. 
 
 One Million Dollars for Improved Dwellings. — The 
 Bridgeport Chamber of Commerce was recently organized
 
 CITY PLANNING PR0(;RKSS 
 
 23 
 
 Bridgei'ort. — Birii's-Eye View of Proposeii Civic Group, IikUuIiiil; .1 Siti_' tor the City Hall, Post Office, I'irc Hcaiiini.irtcrs, 
 Library, and Other Buildings. 
 
 The Library is the central feature in this view. Two of the intersecting streets are important downtown thoroughtares, which it is 
 proposed to widen. 
 
 by all the business meti ot the city — manuhicturers, mer- 
 chants, and bankers — to steer the city in the way it should 
 go it something more than a war boom, a prosperity flash- 
 in-the-pan, is to come from the development of the last 
 two years. The most tangible, perhaps, the most socially 
 vital thing that this Chamber has accomplished so far is 
 the organization of the Housing Committee, incorporated 
 
 with a capital ot 5i, 000,000, to see that there is as much 
 care and skill and thought for the future put into the 
 building ot the homes as into the construction ot the many 
 acres of industrial plants. In addition, the city has just 
 had a bond issue of 12,275,000, something unprecedented 
 in the history of the city, and every cent of which is to 
 be expended in making it a better town. 
 
 Bridgei'ort. — General Plan for Proposed Development. 
 Existing main traffic routes are shown in Wack lines; proposed new routes, in broken lines; dotted areas show existing and pro- 
 posed parks.
 
 24 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 A Cumprehensive Plan — igi6. — But it is Bridgeport's 
 peculiar good fortune that she has at this time a city 
 phmning conimission, created in August, igij, just a year 
 before the outbreak of the war, to undertake a study of 
 the problems of housing, health, recreation, street traffic, 
 civic and neighborhood centers, in a comprehensive way. 
 The funds for this study were contributed jointly by the 
 city and members of the Chamber of Commerce, a total 
 of about $ii,ooo. John Nolen, ot Cambridge, Mass., was 
 engaged to prepare the plans. In 1914 a preliminary 
 report containing the results of a survey ot existing con- 
 ditions was submitted. In October, 191 5, a special report 
 on East Bridgeport, as a suggestion for the guidance of 
 the city in the laying out of an actual tract of about 300 
 acres, was published, and in January, 1916, a final report 
 called "Better Planning for Bridgeport" was issued. This 
 report covers the main streets in the down-town district, 
 the platting of outlying land, the establishment of build- 
 ing districts, etc., and the development ot parks and play- 
 grounds. The report with its recommendations is backed 
 up by carefully prepared plans, sketches, diagrams, and 
 photographs. There is also an important supplement 
 and report prepared by Frank B. Williams, member of 
 the New York bar, dealing directly with the legal methods 
 of carrying out the city plan of Bridgeport. 
 
 MAP Nai 
 
 rUTUEE CIVIC CENTRE 
 
 Ml I UJU I I 
 
 Brockton. — Plan of Civic Circuit, in Lieu of a Civic Center, 
 Providing for the Extension of Important Streets or the Cutting 
 Through of New Streets to Form a Quadrangular Traffic Circuit. 
 
 Brockton 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Of the fifty-odd city planning boards organized in the 
 state of Massachusetts under the state law (Chap. 494 
 of the Acts of 1913), that in Brockton (67,449), of whicli 
 Willard F. Jackson, architect, is chairman, has results to 
 
 show comparing favorably with the accomplishments of 
 the most active of the other boards, particularly in con- 
 sidering the small appropriation which the Board has had 
 — only $700 in two years. The Board has published a 
 very interesting report for the year ending November 
 JO, 1915, in which are set forth the specific accomplish- 
 ments and certain recommendations for detailed improve- 
 ments. The report also contains some interesting matter 
 of a general character. Perhaps the most striking feature 
 ot the report is the plan for a system of main thorough- 
 fares and parks. Another very interesting proposal is 
 that for the development of a civic circuit in lieu of a 
 civic center. The circuit is in essence similar to that 
 proposed in Philadelphia by the Comprehensive Plans 
 Commission, which is there called a traffic circuit. The 
 civic circuit of Brockton is planned so as to link the 
 various civic buildings, which have now no connection 
 between them, and to provide frontage for future build- 
 ings ot public or semi-public importance. This scheme 
 involves the cutting through ot broad streets in the form 
 of a square in the heart of the city. The Board has had 
 the advice of Arthur C. Comey, landscape architect and 
 city planner, of Cambridge, in some of the matters which 
 it has had under consideration. 
 
 The Problem. — Notwithstanding its excellent natural 
 advantages, Brockton is today quite commonplace and in 
 some localities distinctly unsightly. It possesses prac- 
 tically no parks, an insufficient number of playgrounds, 
 although a recreational and playground survey was made 
 by the Playgrounds Association of America in 1916; no 
 plazas, no wide avenues, no segregated fine residence 
 sections, and very few public buildings ot distinction. 
 Little has been done to ameliorate congested traffic or trans- 
 portation conditions. The Chamber of Commerce is nov/ 
 giving its full support to the proposals of the Board, 
 particularly for the improvement of the central districts 
 of the city. 
 
 Brookline 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Brookline (32,730) has a planning board organized in 
 1914 in pursuance of Chapter 494 of the Massachusetts 
 .'^cts of 1913. The Board is fortunate in having among its 
 members Frederick Law Olmsted, Chairman of the 
 National City Planning Conference, J. Randolph Coolidge, 
 a member of the Committee on Town Planning ot the 
 American Institute of Architects, and Walter H. Kilham, 
 architect, of Boston. Two reports have been issued to 
 date. The last report, dated in 1915, contains a most 
 interesting survey of the matters pertaining to the estab- 
 lishment of building lines, with some very telling illus- 
 trations on the need of official action on this point. Cities 
 might well read this report for its valuable presentation 
 of this important aspect of modern city planning. The 
 crying need is for a more effective legal mechanism tor 
 determining betterments and damages in condemnation 
 of setbacks, and an effort is being made toward securing 
 legislation that will enable the town to deal effectively, 
 equitably, and economically with this aspect ot the build- 
 ing-line problem.
 
 CI 1'^ PI.ANNIN(; PK()(;KF.SS 
 
 Brookline. — Once a Model Suburb of Boston, now Con- 
 fronted with Serious Problems of Uncontrolled Growth; a Store 
 Projecting beyond the Accepted (Though not Legal) Build- 
 ing Line. 
 
 The Board has considered the improvement of the vil- 
 lage square and has requested suggestions for the improve- 
 ment ot the easterly entrance to the town. A start has 
 been made in investigations "with respect to conditions 
 which may be injurious to the public health or otherwise 
 injurious in and about rented dwellings." It has given 
 considerable study from time to time to the question ot 
 metropolitan thoroughfares as they affect the town ot 
 Brookline, and is cooperating with several committees ot 
 the metropolitan district. Study has also been given to 
 several street extensions and connections with the idea ot 
 improving the system ot primary and secondary thorough- 
 fares within the town. 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 New York 
 
 A recent report of the Civic Improvement Committee 
 of the Chamber ot Commerce of Buffalo (468,558) urges 
 the employment ot experts who, in cooperation with those 
 best informed on the city's needs, will make a survey ot the 
 city and devise a comprehensive plan for its physical de- 
 velopment. Quoting from this report — "Such a plan should 
 embrace the placing of public buildings, the furnishing ot 
 adequate railroad, harbor, and street railway facilities, the 
 establishment of parks, playgrounds and recreation places, 
 
 Brookhne. — .'\s the City Fathers Planned the Town; a Restricted 
 District which Gave Brookline Its Fame. 
 
 the creating ot residence and industrial zones, and the en- 
 suring ot proper housmg conditions tor all ot our people." 
 .Allen L. Hollaway is chairman, and Geo. Cary, Edward B. 
 Greene and James Walker, architects, ot Buffalo, are 
 among the members ot the Committee. 
 
 Bkooklixe. — .An .Apartment House I'roiectcd into the .Acccpteil 
 Set-back -Area. 
 The Planning Board is working for the control of such unrea- 
 sonable growth.
 
 26 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 IJiFFALO. — Cary Plan for Union Station and Docks, Triangular i'Li/a, anJ Cnic Center; \ lew Looking East. 
 The buildings of the Civic Center are shown fronting on Delaware Avenue, south of Niagara Square. 
 
 Early Planning — The Railroads. — Buffalo has been 
 making progress in the last five years and, coupled with 
 this progress, has had exceptionally substantial prosperity. 
 But the absence of a definite and comprehensive city plan 
 for the guidance of the city authorities has been a serious 
 handicap. The lack ot a definite program has resulted in 
 an improperly located post office, in a failure to have 
 proper railroad terminals and dockage facilities, in serious 
 breaks in the street and street railway system in the out- 
 skirts of the city, and a failure to provide sufficient play- 
 grounds and recreation places. It has meant that the 
 opportunity for long and beautiful drives along the lake 
 and riverfront has not been embraced, that adequate 
 inducements for important industries to come to Buffalo 
 have not been offered, that certain residence sections have 
 been greatly injured by the unnecessary encroachment of 
 factories or business establishments, and that a large part 
 of her foreign population are living under unsanitary and 
 overcrowded conditions. In these and many other ways 
 the absence of a city plan has retarded Buffalo's growth. 
 Buffalo has, however, an exceptionally good street sys- 
 tem, particularly in the central districts, which were laid 
 out according to plans by Joseph Ellicott, in 1804.* In 
 fact, there are few cities that have a more distinctly 
 modern and up-to-date arrangement of their major 
 thoroughfares in the central district than Buffalo. But 
 with the advent of the railroad, Buffalo was invaded to 
 such an extent that the city now has acquired the unusual 
 position of being the possessor of the greatest number of 
 
 'Joseph Ellicott was a brother of Andrew K. Ellicott, Surveyor- 
 General of the United States, and was employed at the time by the 
 owners of the Holland Land Company, as surveyor for their large pur- 
 chase in western New York. Later he became the Company's local 
 agent at New Amsterdam, which was the early name for Buffalo. 
 
 Joseph Ellicott began the survey of the entire Holland purchase in 
 western New York in 1798. He realized from the beginning that the 
 site upon which Buffalo now stands would be very important on account 
 of its harbor, and he therefore made his headquarters at the mouth of 
 Buffalo Creek. 
 
 The present plan of Buffalo is essentially Ellicott's original plan. 
 His plan embraced the area from the waterfront back as far as North 
 Street. All the streets on the west side of Main Street were laid out 
 exactly in accordance with the plan, and also the principal streets on 
 the east side. Many of them still retain the names he gave them. 
 
 railroads and greatest mileage of tracks within its limits 
 of any city in the Union, except Chicago. Yet, Buffalo 
 was known hardly a decade ago as having the most 
 inadequate and meanest railroad stations of any city in 
 the world. It was this situation that prompted George 
 Cary, member of the .American Institute of .'Architects, 
 to prepare, in 1904, a comprehensive plan for the grouping 
 of public buildings and gardens with adjoining water- 
 front, excursion docks, and a union station that would 
 adequately meet the needs from a city planning and 
 architectural standpoint of a city of the importance of 
 Buffalo. His plan was published in 190J and nearly put 
 into effect. It contained complete preliminary plans for re- 
 deeming the waterfront and adequately providing for the 
 railroads and public buildings ot Buffalo. 
 
 Civic Center Projects. — More recently Messrs. Green 
 and Wicks, members of the American Institute of Archi- 
 tects, made plans for a civic center around Niagara 
 Square. The plans show an economic adaptation of a 
 property which the original planner of the central section 
 of Buffalo designed for just this purpose. Plans for a 
 similar project have been presented by James Walker, 
 architect, and member of the Institute. Mr. W'alker's 
 plans for a civic center around Niagara Square were pre- 
 pared for the Civic Improvement Committee ot the Real 
 Estate .Association, of which John W. Gibbs is chairman. 
 The Chamber of Commerce has also recommended that 
 the city acquire the eight blocks around the square, with an 
 area of 9 acres, and that it build all its future buildings 
 
 Ellicott selected for himself his favorite lot, which embraced the 
 area between Eagle and Swan Streets on the east side of Main Street, 
 and ran back an indefinite distance. Here he intended to build a man- 
 sion in which to spend his declining years, but which should be given 
 to the town for a museum and park after his death. He therefore planned 
 the city with the view of giving this location the commanding position. 
 The principal streets radiated on the west from here. 
 
 Ellicott also planned Niagara Square upon which the city has re- 
 cently built the McKinley Monument, and around which it now wishes 
 to build all its public buildings to make a civic center. 
 
 Ellicott naturally did not have any conception of the future growth 
 of the city and therefore planned the city principally on the west side 
 of Main Street. However, the city has grown strictly in accordance 
 with his plan so far as it went, with few minor changes.
 
 CITY PLANNINCi FRCXiRESS 
 
 27 
 
 there. Buffalo is considering building a new courthouse, 
 a new municipal building, and a new fire and police head- 
 quarters. The state is also considering the erection ot a 
 state building. These buildings would pr()\idc the nucleus 
 tor a civic center. 
 
 Terminals. — The Chamber ol Commerce has, through 
 its Civic Improvement Committee, also given studv to the 
 industrial problem. The logical destinv of Buffalo is be- 
 lieved to be a great manufacturing center. With this in 
 view, the development ot the waterfront along com|irehen- 
 sive lines and under expert guidance is a fundamental re- 
 quirement. In order to make Buffalo what it ought to be, 
 terminal facilities by lake, by canal and by railroads should 
 be improved and correlated, and made adequate for 
 present and future demands. An appropriate development 
 ot the Niagara River will give to Buffalo one of the best 
 inland harbors in the world. 
 
 Parks and Parkways. — While the city has now 1,200 
 acres of parks, practically all of these were acquired and 
 laid out forty-five years ago. But Buffalo has grown to 
 such an extent since that time that twice this area should 
 now be provided in order to properly care for the recre- 
 ational needs ot the people. The Chamber of Commerce 
 proposes an outer park system that will connect with the 
 boulevards and parks ot Niagara Falls and, necessarilv, 
 with the splendid boulevard svstem now being developed by 
 the Canadian Government on the riverfront from Niagara 
 Falls to Fort Erie. The advantage of unitecf effort in this 
 respect is realized, and since Bufl^alo and Niagara Falls 
 have lost the opportunity of securing riverfrontage on 
 the American side, it is very much to the advantage ot 
 both sides to unite their park systems with that of their 
 Canadian neighbor in the development of what might be 
 called an International Park System, in order to take 
 advantage of the beautiful boulevard paralleling one ot 
 the most marvelous rivers in the world. 
 
 I^urliiifrton 
 
 \ eniionr 
 
 Burlington (21,617) '^•'■'* •' particularly noteworthy 
 location, bordering on Lake Chaniplain. Within a few 
 rods ot the Lake the land rises like an escarpment to a' 
 height sufficient to conmianil a view of the Lake and a 
 glimpse ot the mountains beyond. Thence there is a 
 
 Buffalo. — Civic Center I'lan ot the Re;il ['.state .Association, 
 by James Walker; View I.ookiny -South along Oelawarc .Avenue 
 and toward Railroad Terminal ami Waterfront. 
 
 
 -1, 
 
 DJLJION roi CIWC CC.MTtB.ANIITE6MI^ 
 
 CSf.S' AS? VICtt AlCniTLCTJ 
 
 of Messrs. Cirecn ami W icks; View Looking South on .Axis of Delaware .Avenue, toward Railroad 
 
 Buffalo. — Civi 
 Terminal. 
 
 The plan calls for the immediate acquisition of all the triangular areas facing Niagara Sijuarc ami tormcd by the streets 
 from that square; the division of the north and south triangles by two new streets; the sale of the tour additional blocks (not 
 the square) for business purposes; and the erection of various state and city buildings on the remaining triangles, beginning 
 city buildings on the two easterly triangles. 
 
 radiating 
 facing on 
 with two
 
 28 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 gradual rise, culminating a mile or more from the lake- 
 shore and more than joo feet above the waters ot Lake 
 Champlain. On this eminence is the University ot Ver- 
 mont; before it, the wonderful Champlain Valley and the 
 Adirondacks; to the east, the peaks of the Green Moun- 
 tains completing the rim of the cup. To the north ot the 
 city the Winooski River winds toward the Lake. A deep 
 ravine, zigzagging across the heart ot the city, issues at 
 the northern end in the Intervale. This is a low, almost 
 level, stretch of open country between the hills. 
 
 Housing. — Burlington is the largest city in Vermont 
 and has some characteristics usually associated with 
 cities of a larger growth. It is far more self-dependent 
 than cities of the same size located near first- or second- 
 class cities. Lfp to the present time the chief problem con- 
 tronting those who have been interested in the social and 
 civic advance of the city is the housing ot the people, 
 which is assuming increasing importance with the growth 
 of the industries of the town. In 1914 a Committee on 
 Social Survey was privately organized, ot which Prot. 
 G. G. Groat is chairman and Prof. .\. R. GifFord, secre- 
 tary. This Committee raised $1,500 and had two reports 
 prepared, one by Francis H. McLean, general secretary 
 of the American Association of Societies for Organized 
 Charity, and the other by Miss LIdetta D. Brown ot the 
 staff of the National Housing .'Association. Miss Brown's 
 report, which is bound in with that of Mr. McLean, pub- 
 lished under the title ot "Survey ot the City of Burling- 
 ton," contains the following statement: 
 
 "For a city of some twenty-one thousand people, 
 Burlington has a housing problem of unusual significance. 
 Unless precautions are taken to regulate the future growth 
 ot the city, the situation promises to become serious. As 
 this growth promises to be steadv and regular, rather than 
 
 spasmodic, the situation can be handled so as to control 
 the tendencies toward unwholesome development." 
 
 Olher Planning. — Evidently the time has come when 
 Burlington must undertake to plan for its development on 
 comprehensive lines and, particularly, to take measures 
 to district or zone the city. There are about three parks 
 today, with an area of only 75 acres, and no boulevards. 
 Notwithstanding its fine location on Lake Champlain, 
 no waterfront facilities for recreation have been estab- 
 lished, but a movement in this direction is on foot. 
 
 Butler 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 The Chamber ot Commerce ot Butler (27,632) has 
 shown some interest in citv planning and has made an 
 attempt to do educational work along this line by inviting 
 experts to make addresses in the city. William A. Duffy 
 has shown the liveliest interest in the work. 
 
 Butler has no public parks, only one small public 
 square, and there is only one playground, and that one 
 leased by the Playground Association. The paucity ot 
 civic accomplishment should soon be realized by leaders 
 in the communitv, and then it is hoped that steps will be 
 taken to prepare a comprehensive plan. 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Board of Cambridge (112,981), organized 
 in December, 1913, under Chapter 494 of the Massachu- 
 setts Acts of 1913, has devoted itself mainly to work of a 
 
 Heavy 
 
 I ?, served. 
 
 Cambridge. — Area Served by Playgrounds, 
 ircles are drawn with >4-mile radius, light circles with 3s-mile radius. Figures indicate number of children, ages 5 to
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCiRESS 
 
 29 
 
 fundamental character, looking to comprehensive plan- 
 ning as soon as Kinds are provided by the city. Its total 
 appropriation to date has been but }l,ooo. Prof. James 
 Sturgis Pray, Chairman of the School of Landscape Archi- 
 tecture of Harvard University, who was appointe^l In 
 President Lowell to assist the Planning Hoard in its work, 
 has made certain valuable reconiniemlations to the Board 
 as to methods ot procedure, which are containeii in the 
 report of the Planning Boartl for 1915. He particularly 
 emphasizes the need of a full and careful survey of exist- 
 ing conditions in the first place, and, secondly, that the 
 Planning Board work with the idea constantly in view 
 that Cambridge is not an isolated community, but merely 
 a small integral part ot the metropolitan district of Bost<in, 
 and that such planning as is done can only be intelligent, 
 efficient, and economical as a part ot a comprehensive 
 metropolitan plan. The Board has had the advice aiul 
 assistance ot .Arthur C. Comey, landscape architect, of 
 Cambridge, in carrying out its program. 
 
 Survey. — Among the things which the Board has com- 
 pleted is the preparation of a map showing the range of 
 land values as assessed in 1914, which is reproduced in 
 color in the 191 5 report, and a second map made under 
 the direction ot the Board, showing the development of 
 all property in the city. The study of these maps has 
 revealed many interesting relations, particularly in 
 regard to the effect ot city planning on land values and 
 of the need of adequate districting measures. 
 
 Parks and Squares. — Cambridge is well supplied with 
 parks, part ot an excellent system which is now practically 
 complete and which includes parks under local authority 
 and those under the jurisdiction ot the Metropolitan 
 Park Commission. Plans tor the improvement of one of 
 the open spaces in the city. Harvard Square, were made by 
 Professor Duquesne in 191 J, with a view to its architec- 
 tural development and its better arrangement tor traffic 
 currents. These plans were published in a pamphlet in 
 1 913 entitled, "Future Development of Harvard Square 
 and Its Neighborhood." 
 
 Housing and Transit. — Cambridge's housing problems 
 are well in hand, under the able direction ot the Cambridge 
 Housing Committee, organized in 1911, of which Dr. 
 James Ford is chairman and Arthur C. Comey is secre- 
 tary. The Committee has published a number ot reports 
 and has recently embarked on a project tor the erection ot 
 dwelling houses for workmen with small incomes. Cam- 
 bridge is intimately connected with the heart of Boston 
 by an excellent transit system which was planned as an 
 integral part of the Metropolitan Rapid Transit System. 
 
 Camden 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Camden (106,233) has a City Planning Commission, 
 authorized by Chapter 170 of the New Jersey state laws 
 of 1 913. The appointment of this Commission can be 
 directly traced to the influence of the Camden Board ot 
 Trade, and, particularly, to Ralph D. Childrey, presi- 
 dent of the Board in 1914. The favorable geographical 
 
 location o( Camden aiul the large manutacturinii plants 
 there portend that Camden is destined to rank as one of 
 the country's important industrial and shipping centers. 
 Associated with such increaseil importance and possibili- 
 ties will be increased municipal respojisibility and such 
 \ ital concurrent problems as improveii transit, shipping 
 and transportation tacilities, the location of manufacturing 
 areas, business and commercial sections, ami the protec- 
 tion of residential districts, as well as the development of a 
 park system and the grouping of buildings. 
 
 Survey. — The commission of which John .A. Mather, 
 Jr., is president and Lewis T. Derousse is secretary, 
 received an appropriation of ;? 5, 000 from the city in 19U 
 when the Commission was organized, and employed Dr. 
 Joseph Caccavajo, Consulting Kngineer, of New '\'ork, to 
 )irepare a compiehensive plan for the future growth of 
 the city. Maps, books, pamphlets, and other data relating 
 to Camden are being collected, and the Commission is 
 gradually accumulating a municipal reference library. 
 In order to arrive at a basis for comprehensive and etfectivc 
 study, a complete civic survey is being made. The basis 
 tor this survey, published in the first report of the Com- 
 mission, is reprinted from the proceedings of the National 
 Conterence on City Planning. 
 
 Study. — While the work of collating the facts ami liata 
 necessary to comprehensive planning is being conducted, 
 there are many practical improvements to which the Com- 
 mission is giving careful consideration. .Although the 
 work ot the first year was largely initiatory and founda- 
 tion work, the fruit trom this will materialize in the 
 subsequent investigations and reports. The Conmiission 
 is studying the commercial development ot the water- 
 front, street widening and paving problems, the removal 
 ot unsightly wires and poles, the location ot public build- 
 ings, the better and more artistic lighting of the city, and 
 is devoting particular attention to the preparation of a 
 new map ot the entire city, on a scale of 300 feet to the 
 inch, upon which will be shown, not only the streets, parks, 
 playgrounds, and riverfront, but also the usage of all 
 private property, the character ot paving, the transpor- 
 tation lines, the location and character ot the municipal 
 services, etc. 
 
 Canton 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Through the activity ot the Chamber ot Commerce 
 ami the Real F.state Association ot Canton (60,852), a 
 City Planning Committee was appointed by the Mayor 
 in the tall of 1916 (uniler the Ohio state law of I915). 
 Although the Commission has requested an appropriation 
 tor its work, no tunds have been allowed by the city as 
 yet. The Commission is considering the better platting 
 ot subdivisions, the extension and improvement of parks, 
 the straightening of streets laid out in recent years, the 
 elevation of railway tracks through the city, the widening 
 and repairing of business streets, and the like. Only a 
 suggestion for a comprehensive city plan has been made, 
 but a relief map ot the city is in preparation.
 
 30 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Cedar Rapids. — Civic Center on May's Island; New Bridges and General Riverfront Improvements. 
 The island has been acquired and its development for municipal purposes is being pushed; four of the bridges have been com- 
 pleted; river walls are in course of construction; and other improvements are being carried out or have been completed; all at a cost ot 
 over ?8oo,ooo. 
 
 Cedar Rapids 
 
 lowa 
 
 A general report on the improvement of Cedar Rapids 
 (37,308) was made in 1908 by Charles Mulford Robinson, 
 of Rochester, N. Y., to the Mayor and City Council. 
 Mr. Robinson recommended certain changes in the street 
 plan, the acquisition of specific areas for parks and park 
 connections, and certain improvements in details of the 
 
 city plan. His suggestions met with general tavor, and 
 most of them have since been carried out. 
 
 Riverfront Improvement Commission. — In 191 1, E. H. 
 Bennett, ot Chicago, made a survey and plan tor the 
 development of the river island and for the landscape and 
 architectutal treatment ot the riverfront tor the River- 
 front Improvement Commission. The work ot improving 
 the riverfront was first suggested by a communication, 
 dated March 29, 1901, from T. H. Simmons to the Board 
 of Directors of the Commercial Club, and unanimously 
 
 ]^ 
 
 =:;J , / 
 
 ) ■ L 
 
 
 
 Cedar Rapid.s. — Riverfront Improvement Commission's Plan, Showing Projects Completed or in Course of Completion.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 31 
 
 
 Cedar Rapids. — Sketch of the Riverfront, Showing River Wall ami Bridge. 
 A section of the wall is now complete and four bridges have been erected. 
 
 approved by them in April, 1901. Publicity was given to 
 the suggestions bv the issuance ot a supplement to the 
 daily newspapers, together with a view ot the unsightly 
 island and shores and proposed plans tor the suggested 
 improvement. The Riverfront Improvement Law was 
 drawn and approved March 14, 1902. The tirst commis- 
 sion was appointed by the Governor in May, 1902, with 
 T. H. Simmons, chairman. After a long legal battle and 
 much energetic work, particularly on the solution of 
 channel problems in which the United States Govern- 
 ment was interested, the Commission engaged Mr. Ben- 
 nett. The latter's studies included the whole citv as 
 an incident to the solution of the island and riverfront 
 problems. It was assumed that Mr. Bennett's plans would 
 be sufficiently near to the practicable to furnish an ideal 
 toward which the Commission could effectively work. 
 
 Accomplishments. — In the fourteen years of its exist- 
 ence, the Riverfront Improvement Commission has 
 made quite remarkable progress. Improvements com- 
 pleted as proposed in the general plan include the pur- 
 chase of the island; the construction of an island wall 
 (two blocks long on each side); the building of four con- 
 crete bridges, a concrete dam and mill-race and a wall and 
 walk on the west river wall for two blocks, all involving a 
 total expenditure of :p8oo,ooo. In 1917 the building of the 
 east-side river wall, walks, and driveways, for three anti 
 one-half blocks, was consummated at a cost of ?ioo,ooo. 
 Since the passage of the Riverfront Law, the work of con- 
 struction has been carried on by the City Council rather 
 than by the Commission. 
 
 Future Work. — Future improvements planned include 
 the construction of a plaza on the island; the completion of 
 the island wall and extension of the island by filling; the 
 development of banks and islands and the building of a 
 new bridge and dam. The river driveway and river bank 
 developments outside of the city center will be much less 
 costly. Instead of sheer concrete walls, a sloping bank will 
 be used. 
 
 Financing the Improvements. — The financing of all of 
 the above improvements, except the east and west river 
 walls, has been by appropriations of the City Council and 
 by bond issue. The cost of the east and west shore 
 improvements will be met generally by the abutting 
 property owners. The property owners pay in install- 
 ments, secured by special assessment or mortgage liens 
 on the abutting property. 
 
 Cedar Rapids owns over half of the water power fof 
 10 feet) at the new concrete dam which was built as a 
 part of the riverfront improvement. The dam was built 
 by the issue of bonds, and the water-power was leased to 
 the Iowa Railway and Light Company which owns the 
 other half ot the water-power. The rentals will pay inter- 
 est on the bonds and retire them in about twenty-five 
 years, at which time the city may acquire the Company's 
 electric power plant at the then appraised value and so 
 own the water-power, the dam, and the power-house. 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Funds for the employment of an expert city planner for 
 the city of Charlotte (39,823) are being raised by the 
 City Planning Committee of the Chamber of Commerce, 
 organized in 191 5. Interest in city planning has been 
 stimulated by the work done at Myers Parks, a heavily 
 restricted private real estate development laid out a few 
 years ago on plans prepared by John Nolen, landscape 
 architect. George Stephens, president of the Stephens 
 Company, developers of Myers Park, is an active supporter 
 of city planning and is keenly interested in the movement 
 looking tor the preparation of a comprehensive plan for 
 Charlotte. 
 
 Chattanooga 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Chattanooga (60,075) has great natural advantages. 
 Its noble river, its bold ridges, its unique Lookout Moun- 
 tain, its fertile land, are its real resources. In historic 
 associations it is equaled by few .American cities, and, as a 
 result, we have the great parks and their approaches 
 created by the I-'ederal Government.* 
 
 In his report of 191 1 to the Board ot Park Commis- 
 sioners, entitled "General Features ot a Park System for 
 Chattanooga," John Nolen, of Cambridge, Mass., f>oints 
 out that one of the greatest needs ot the city is a modern 
 city park system — a comprehensive plan for the prompt 
 
 *In the neighborhood of Chattanooga, the Federal Government has 
 acquired as parks or park approaches 6,875 acres at a total cost of 
 ^314,900, and appropriates for their maintenance nearly ;^ioo,ooo a 
 year.
 
 3^ 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 acquisition and orderly development of parks and other 
 pleasure grounds. The city's park possessions in 191 1 
 were sniaH. They included 60 acres in Jackson Park, given 
 by the Federal Government, and 100 acres acquired by 
 the city. It had no playgrounds at that time and, what 
 was more surprising, no parkways or pleasure drives con- 
 necting the city with the national parks in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 The Park Finn.':. — Mr. Nolen embodied in his report 
 a plan providing tairly adequately for every feature ot a 
 park system except city squares and large outlying scenic 
 reservations. The former it is too late to obtain; the latter 
 are unusually well provided for in the parks belonging 
 to the National Government. In particular the report 
 recommends that more attention be given to the detailed 
 planning of playgrounds about the schools in outlying 
 sections, now quite liberal in extent. .'\t the time the 
 report was made, reservations had been proposed on the 
 Tennessee River and on two small local streams. Here it 
 was recommended that playgrounds be set aside tor dif- 
 ferent neighborhoods throughout the city. One ot Chat- 
 tanooga's famous points. Moccasin Bend, it was urged 
 should not remain in private hands, but several hundred 
 acres or more should be acquired at the present time and 
 set aside for future development. Unfortunately, a sati.s- 
 factory parkway along the Tennessee River, in front ot the 
 built-up section of the city, cannot be secured. Mr. Nolen 
 recommended a narrow drive directly on the river, so 
 planned and constructed as not to interfere seriously with 
 the industrial and business interests of the riverfront. 
 This was one of the most practical improvements and was 
 urgently recommended. A parkway along Chattanooga 
 Creek, 1,000 feet in width and 6 miles in length, was 
 recommended, furnishing a location for drives and open 
 spaces which it would be hard to duplicate. In addition 
 to the parkways and drives, Mr. Nolen points out certain 
 city streets that should be developed as main avenues and 
 others, which it is not practical to widen, to be regulated 
 and rendered more attractive.* 
 
 Taking the actual average provision for parks and 
 public grounds for American cities as an acre for every 200 
 population, the actual cost of parks land (expensive and 
 inexpensive property together) $1,000 an acre, and the 
 average cost of construction $1,000 an acre, the average 
 outlay for maintenance Sioo or |i2o an acre per annum, 
 and assuming that Chattanooga will soon have a popula- 
 tion of 100,000, Mr. Nolen points out that these figures 
 would justify a city park system of at least 500 acres, 
 an outlay for land and construction of at least $5,000, and 
 an annual expenditure for maintenance of $25,000, rising 
 gradually as the system develops to $50,000. 
 
 Herman Ferger, member of the City Planning Com- 
 mittee of the American Civic .'Association, is interested in 
 the further development of Chattanooga's city plan. 
 
 *The lack of foresight displayed by Chattanooga's City Council in 
 1849 is illustrated in the adoption of ordinances reducing the width ot 
 streets. Several were reduced from loo feet to 60 feet. Market Street 
 was reduced to 100 feet. Others were reduced from 60 to 40 feet, or 
 from 66 to 44 feet. The ordinance states "that the ground taken fr^om 
 the street should be added to the lots respectively to which it adjoins, 
 and shall be taken and held as constituting a part of said lots and shall 
 belong to the owners thereof." 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Board ot Chelsea (46,192) organized 
 in January, 1914, under the Massachusetts .•Acts ot 191,?, 
 Chap. 494, is devoting itself to the collection ot data on 
 existing conditions in the city from which to make a com- 
 prehensive plan. Consideration has been given mainly 
 to housing and sanitary conditions. The Board has pre- 
 pared a housing code and building ordinance, but no ac- 
 tion has been taken as yet. VV. L. Bennett is secretary of 
 the Board. 
 
 Ch 
 
 icago 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Six of the major fundamentals of the magnificent plan 
 of Chicago (2,497,722) are about to culminate in actual 
 achievement, as a result of the six years' work ot the Chi- 
 cago Plan Commission. The plan of Chicago was created 
 
 
 is^ 
 
 
 
 r^i^ 
 
 Iff fi;r.-^i£fe*l.#ik^ . 
 
 r-*=^ ^TA ^ *< '91-—' -^ 
 
 ^rs> 
 
 f^i 
 
 1,-ViiS 
 
 
 H 3^. '2 
 
 'V 
 
 
 tCt.... 
 
 
 i 
 
 i __ 
 
 Chicago. — Plan ot a Complete System of Street Circulation 
 and System of Parks and Playgrounds, Presenting the City as an 
 Organism in Which .'\11 of the Functions are Related One to 
 .Another.
 
 CnV PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 33 
 
 Chicago. — View Looking South over the l.agoon on the Lakelront Alony; the South Shore. 
 The creation ot this and other laketront park lands valued at 550,000,000, will be made possible by the utilization of Chicago's 
 annual product ot approximately three million cubic yards of water material. 
 
 by the late Daniel Hudson Burnham, under the direction 
 of the Commercial Club ot Chicago, an organization ot one 
 hundred of the city's leading men in all branches ot busi- 
 ness. The Commercial Club turnished the original tund 
 of $85,000 for technical work in organizing the plan and 
 for the publication of its report entitled "Plan of Chicago," 
 to be found in all public and municipal libraries. The 
 Club also furnished $10,000 per annum for five years tor 
 the maintenance of a large staff of technical experts. 
 
 T/ie Plan Commission. — In 1909 the Commercial Club 
 presented the plan of Chicago to the city as a gitt, and, by 
 act of the City Council, the Chicago Plan Commission 
 was created to study and develop the plan. The Com- 
 mission is truly representative of the entire city and all 
 elements in it, as its personnel includes 328 citizens and 
 all the municipal authorities as well as one alderman from 
 each of Chicago's thirty-five wards. The work ot the 
 Chicago Plan Commission has been made possible by the 
 further contribution of members of the Commercial Club 
 of the sum of $140,000 and the appropriation ot $69,000 
 from the city's treasury. 
 
 The plan of Chicago, in briet, proposes the tollowing 
 public improvements; 
 
 {a) The widening, extension, and opening ot 198 miles 
 of streets for the purpose of creating a centralized street 
 system. 
 
 {b) An exterior highway system of gooii roatls radiating 
 
 trom Chicago and encircling the city in three great circuits, 
 now in existence with the exception ot about ; per cent. 
 
 ((■) The reclamation of 1,280 acres of park lands along 
 the shore ot Lake Michigan, from Grant Park in the center 
 of the city south tor 5 miles; the extension of Lincoln 
 Park northward along the laketront for an equal distance; 
 and the connection of these two park systems. 
 
 (d) The creation of parks and playgrounds in all sec- 
 tions of the city properly identified with the general street 
 and boulevard system. 
 
 {(■) The creation of 50,000 acres ot countrx' playgrounds, 
 or torest preserves, outside the city limits, but accessible 
 trom every section of Chicago. 
 
 (/) The complete rehabilitation ot transportation facili- 
 ties, both rail and water, including the passenger and 
 treight services of all railroads entering the city, and provi- 
 sion for a laketront harbor with 9 miles ot docks, in addi- 
 tion to the present harbor at the mouth of the Chicago 
 River. 
 
 (.1:) The proper, effective, and dignified location ot 
 pidilic builiiings. 
 
 Collaterally, it is identified with zoning and housing 
 and is aimed to jiromote the social, industrial, and com- 
 mercial advantages of all Chicago through the relict of 
 congestion, the facilitation of traffic, and the safeguarding 
 of the public health by the provision of ample means tor 
 healthful recreation. In its development there is a tenta-
 
 34 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 lIGARSpl^y^ 
 
 Chicago. — Michigan Avenue, the Base Line of the City's Traffic, 
 Narrowing at Randolph Street, trom i jo Feet to 66 Feet. 
 
 
 Chicago. — Michigan .Avenue, as It Will .Appear When Com- 
 pleted at a Cost of ^8,000,000, Forming One Side of the Inner 
 Traffic Circuit or Quadrangle. 
 
 five under.standing with the municipal authorities that 
 no major public improvements shall be initiated by the 
 citv without their being referred to the Chicago Plan Com- 
 mission in order that they may be coordinated with the 
 plan ot Chicago. 
 
 .-Idopling the "Plan." — Yesterday the plan of Chicago 
 was called a "talk plan and a picture plan" by "Doubting 
 Thomases," obstructionists, superficial thinkers, and citi- 
 zens of little vision. Then it was "Burnham's Plan," the 
 splendid project of a splendid man. Next it was the 
 "Commercial Club Plan," the hope and ambition of a 
 limited body of the city's most representative men, bring- 
 ing to its development the energies of minds which had 
 achieved success and distinction in their respective lines. 
 
 The Plan of All the People of Chicago. — Today, through 
 the work of the Chicago Plan Commission, supported by a 
 united and powerful press, approved by city authorities, 
 aided by the Board of Education, and endorsed by all 
 civic, social, and commercial organizations, it has become 
 the heart-and-soul plan of all Chicago, with scores of mil- 
 lions of dollars' worth of actual city improvements being 
 constructed or advanced to the point of construction. 
 
 Specific Accomplishments. — The specific accomplish- 
 ments to date cover the foUowmg phases of the general 
 plan of Chicago: 
 
 1. The foundation of the street circulatory system, 
 through the creation of a traffic quadrangle encircling the 
 heart ot the city, for the relief of congestion, the facilita- 
 tion ot traffic, and the expansion of the business district. 
 
 2. The $4,500,000 improvement of Twelfth Street for 
 2 miles from Michigan .'\venue on the east to Ashland 
 Avenue on the west. For approximately half this dis- 
 tance. Twelfth Street forms the southern boundary of the 
 traffic quadrangle encircling the business district. 
 
 3. The J8,ooo,ooo improvement of Michigan Avenue, 
 the eastern boundary of the quadrangle, for a distance of a 
 mile north from Randolph Street to Chicago Avenue. It is 
 expected that construction work upon the widening ard 
 extension ot Michigan Avenue will commence about July 
 I, 1917. 
 
 4. The creation of parkland, valued at $50,000,000, 
 upon the lakefront, through the utilization ot Chicago's 
 annual product of approximately three million cubic yards 
 of waste material. After years of discussions and hearings, 
 the whole matter is now receiving the active final considera- 
 tion of City Council committees, with prospects of an 
 early settlement. 
 
 5. The reconstruction of Chicago's railway terminals, 
 both passenger and freight. The development of the 
 proposed new Illinois Central terminal. 
 
 6. The widening of Canal Street from 80 to 100 feet for 
 i}i miles alongside the central business district. Its 
 development includes a complete rehabilitation of the 
 passenger and freight services of all roads using the 
 Union Station. 
 
 7. The establishment of a system of more than 50,000 
 acres ot forest preserves — country playgrounds for city 
 toilers — has been made possible by a state enactment 
 empowering the creation within counties of forest preserve 
 commissions. The Board of Forest Preserve District 
 Commissioners of Cook County has already purchased a 
 considerable amount of land and has other sites selected
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCURESS 
 
 I 
 
 35 
 
 lU 
 
 Chicago. — Two-level Bascule Bridge in Line with Michigiin Avenue and Across the Chicago River. 
 
 ready tor condemnation. Likewise, under a state enact- 
 ment, the County Board is extending good roads to 
 properly connect these preserves with each other and with 
 Chicago. The roads being constructed are 14-foot-wide 
 concrete roads. The forest preserves, for the most part, 
 are outside the city limits but are convenient and accessi- 
 ble from any part ot Chicago. 
 
 Collateral hnprovemetits. — Many collateral improve- 
 ments, such as the new Municipal Pier, new briiiges across 
 the Chicago River, the straightening ot the river, the 
 investigation ot the zoning and housing questions, and 
 other civic betterments, grew out of and are in line with 
 
 the plan of Chicago and the work of the Chicago Plan 
 Commission. 
 
 The latest recommendations ot the Chicago Plan Com- 
 mission have embraced ?8,ooo,ooo worth of street improve- 
 ments upon the west side of the city. Also, studies are 
 being made for the widening and improvement of three 
 leading west-side thoroughfares, each extending more 
 than 20 miles between the northern and southern city 
 limits. There is also under immediate consideration the 
 two-level improvement ot a riverbank street to extend 
 along the south line ot the main branch of the river from 
 Michigan .Avenue to Lake Street, a distance of approxi- 
 
 
 'ULi^iH.' 
 
 ,:.iJi^U 
 
 Chicago. — New Union Station, Post-Office Site, and Chicago and Northwestern Depot, Facing Widened Canal Street. 
 The reconstruction of Chicago's railway terminals, both passenger and freight, is one ot the major accomplishments of the Chicago 
 Plan Commission.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 X r^,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chicacjo. — New La.st Iwclttli Street, with New Field Museum (on the left) near the Lakefront, and New Illinois Central Pa 
 senger Station at Indiana Avenue, Extended. 
 
 mately a mile. The realization of this plan will wipe out 
 the famous South Water Street truit- and produce-market, 
 throwing that property into the area of the street and 
 making the thoroughfare approximately 1 40 feet wide. 
 
 Propaganda. — The work ot the Chicago Plan Commis- 
 sion has been carried on with the public through an exten- 
 sive literary propaganda, which has included a pamphlet 
 covering the whole plan, sent broadcast throughout the 
 city, a textbook entitled "Wacker's Manual ot the Plan 
 of Chicago," studied in the schools and published in several 
 
 editions, and many other brochures, as well as the delivery 
 of nearly 400 stereopticon lectures and the exhibition in 
 local theaters ot a motion-picture production. 
 
 The Chairman ot the Commission is Charles H. Wacker. 
 and the Managing Director is Walter D. Moody. Edward 
 H. Bennett is the consultant in charge of the technical 
 work. The headquarters of the Chicago Plan Commission 
 are in the Hotel Sherman. From the Commission's head- 
 quarters can be obtained more detailed information of 
 Chicago's city planning accomplishment. 
 
 □I I 
 
 ' "' inrinn H=rT\ Hr^N';innnnnn f,-.-j. 
 
 DDI 
 
 □□Ht!]aia±OT]Ud[!S^lgK,i^3a ' „ 
 
 :f„-HaBs^ 
 
 □czm 
 
 _^^ic:2n2r & 
 
 DC!aUlJUaaD-s«Mi.,i!,jfe! 
 ar3C3^^i3a3mcaracHcsr<jnii^p5v;^rar]^\ ^ 
 
 m 
 
 
 TOnrau3^HPPPDs:]nD^:vi[=]';^EDajBBBHDnnnsii.i 
 
 apoaQona-.aaoEnn ' 
 
 IDD 
 
 ^Q 
 
 ,./acx)G3[r3trya 
 
 DOBiiea^BB 
 
 zxz 
 
 cncz: incrji-aEvi cdi 
 
 acno[::z][\^'ZD 
 
 nimiricrnir? •'cac 
 
 
 Bl 
 
 iC3oc:z]%aD6,Nr:l , , 
 
 
 1 onnnr-innnnfTSiij.--- 
 
 1^ 
 
 m^ 
 
 5DDaDub'2i:?8Lj;jui2;i'/iaa^DpaDaQQSoaD 
 
 qoF — 
 
 fflDDaBijoni 
 
 gt^S^B 
 
 t7/inDo?MU. 
 
 
 ,«s 
 
 innnnnnnnnnN>rA\ 
 
 Chicago. — Plan of the Central District, as Proposed by the Chicago Plan Commission and Now Being Gradually Realized.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRESS 
 
 37 
 
 Chicopee 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Bnard ot Chicopee (29,,^ i <;) is endeavoring 
 to create conditions tavorahle to the initiation ot work on 
 a comprehensive phin. Pending the outcome ot its 
 efforts in this direction, it is exerting its energies in a study 
 ot housing and labor conditions in the city, in planning 
 tor new streets, new parks, and the widening ot the 
 main street. 
 
 Housing. — Chicopee, a manufacturing city, finds the 
 housing problem a serious question. Many three-deckers, 
 some ot flimsy and unsanitary construction, are built on 
 narrow streets. The Board ot Health has ordered a num- 
 ber ot these buildings vacated, or reconstructed and made 
 sanitary. 
 
 Reconimeniiatioiis. — The City Planning Board recom- 
 mends that a municipal labor bureau be appointed; that 
 overhead wires be placed underground; that the city adopt 
 measures for controlling the subdivision of land; and that 
 a systematic study of street lighting and street tree plant- 
 ing be undertaken. 
 
 In 1915, the city planning committees ot various civic 
 organizations in the city banded together in a Joint City 
 Planning Committee, with C. R. Hebble, manager of the 
 civic ami industrial tiepartment of the Chaml)er ot Com- 
 merce, as secretary. Thi.s Committee has acted as a 
 clearing-house ot ideas anil as the leader in the effort to 
 secure official support for city planning. Persistent efl^orts 
 on the part ot the Committee have up to this date tailed 
 to move the City Council to appoint a city planning com- 
 mission as provided under the Ohio permissive city plan- 
 ning law of 191 5. The Council took the stand that such 
 action would curtail the privileges accorded them at pres- 
 ent uniier the municipal code of Ohio. Instead of providing 
 for an official commission, the Council passed a resolution 
 asking the Mayor to appoint an unofficial commission to 
 act in an advisory cajiacitv to Council. The Mayor fol- 
 lowed this suggestion and appointed an unofficial commis- 
 sion several months ago. The personnel ot the Commission 
 was made up according to the rule laid down by the state 
 law. The present membership of the non-official Commis- 
 sion consists of L. .•\ult, president of the Board of Park 
 Commissioners, Prof. I,. S. Moore, W. S. S. Oskamp, K. L. 
 Heinsheimer, and Thomas C. Powell. Others backing city 
 
 
 
 
 Cinhssaii. Pnipcised Ccntr:il l',irk«.i\, Occupying the Route uf a Canal and Scrvum as a W'i.ii' I'.issa'jr intu tlu \\r\ llrart 
 of the Business Center. 
 
 This is the fundamental development upon which the success ot the plan tor the city's park system is based and is the most impor- 
 tant single teature ot the entire project. 
 
 Cincinnati 
 Ohio 
 
 Of the leading cities in .America, in point of size and 
 population, Cincinnati (410,476) is one of the few that has 
 been tardy in giving official recognition to city planning, 
 though the evidence of potential energy back of a move- 
 ment in this direction is more apparent now than before. 
 
 planning in an unofficial capacity are: A. Lincoln Fech- 
 heiirier, George .Anderson, A. V. Elzner, F. W. Garber, 
 all architects, .Alfred Bettman, attorney at law, certain 
 members of the Women's City Club, particularly Mrs. 
 Buckner Wallingford, and members ot the City Club, 
 notably -Alfred Knight. 
 
 No active steps have been taken to date in the prepara- 
 tion of a plan, but George F.. Kessler, of St. Louis, Mo., 
 and Thomas .Adams, Town Planning .Advisor to the Com-
 
 38 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 mission of Conservation of Canada, have met with the 
 Commission and given their views on procedure in initiat- 
 ing planning worii. 
 
 Planning fVork Done. — Much good worii has been done 
 in Cincinnati in the preparation and execution of plans for 
 features allied to comprehensive planning. In 1907 the 
 Board of Park Commissioners employed George E. Kess- 
 ler, of St. Louis, Mo., to prepare a plan for a comprehen- 
 sive system of parks. This has been adopted and is now 
 the official guide in the extension of the park system. 
 Notable progress has been made by the Park Board under 
 this plan. There are now 2,500 acres of parks and 2'-< 
 miles of boulevards which are constantly being increased. 
 The parks are paid for by bond issue authorized by public 
 vote, and $3,000,000 have been spent for this purpose 
 from funds raised in this way. Twenty-one public athletic 
 fields, seventeen tennis-courts, and twenty-four equipped 
 playgrounds with wading-pools and shelter-houses have 
 been established by the Park Commissioners. More play- 
 grounds are being added, some schools are used for social 
 centers, and there is general police supervision of dance- 
 halls, bowling-alleys, and the like. 
 
 Circulation. — Market and general terminal facilities 
 have not been progressively studied, but the abolition of 
 some of the most dangerous grade crossings, by means of 
 viaducts, has been accomplished. Terminal unification 
 is now being discussed, but nothing has been definitely 
 settled. Freight-yards are scattered and most inadequate. 
 h partial rerouting of street-car lines was made a tew years 
 ago, and a rapid transit system, municipally owned, and 
 an interurban entrance for the same, in the shape of a 
 loop connecting nearly all surburban points with the down- 
 town district, is now under consideration. This system 
 will bring to a central terminal most of the interurban lines 
 which have hitherto terminated near the outskirts of the 
 city. This plan, adopted by the Rapid Transit Commis- 
 sion, will cost between ?6,ooo,ooo and $10,000,000, and 
 was endorsed by public vote in 1915. The Rapid Transit 
 Commission is now studying the form of franchise and 
 lease, which is to be submitted to the public for approval 
 by vote on April 17, 1917, before being adopted. The 
 waterfront facilities have been left in a primitive stage with 
 no plans yet issued and no development of any sort car- 
 ried out. 
 
 Platting. — .'\11 subdivisions are made without any public 
 supervision. Before a new thoroughfare can become a city 
 street, however, it must be accepted by the city, although 
 there are no regulations defining acceptability, except 
 minimum width. 
 
 Housing. — The Model Homes Company of Cincinnati, 
 backed by J. G. Schmidlapp, a public-spirited citizen, has 
 built a number of groups of sanitary dwellings for work- 
 ing people. Probably $400,000 has been expended in this 
 way. 
 
 No community centers exist in the city proper, although 
 something in this line has been accomplished around the 
 town halls of suburban areas as thev have been annexed 
 by the city. 
 
 State Planning Law. — The Ohio state law, enacted in 
 1915, provides for city planning commissions in municipali- 
 ties, making city planning, regulation of building-lines, 
 heights and uses, etc., permissive, but nothing has been 
 
 done and no advantage taken of the statute. There is a 
 state law containing a clause on excess condemnation, but 
 the city has never taken advantage of it. The financing 
 ot local improvements is now accomplished by bond issues 
 and local assessments. 
 
 Cleveland 
 Ohio 
 
 Since the year 1796, when Moses Cleaveland laid out 
 the Public Square and the central section of the city, the 
 physical development of Cleveland (674,073) has been 
 more or less haphazard, the effort always being to keep 
 up with present requirements instead of planning for the 
 future. Cleveland has developed in a surprisingly suc- 
 cessful manner notwithstanding. Compare its broad 
 thoroughfares with the narrow, crooked streets of Boston 
 and Pittsburgh in their central district, or compare its 
 physical and social growth in general with the growth of 
 other great American cities, and the total of Cleveland's 
 accomplishments appear in a favorable light. However, 
 the time has come when the people of Cleveland have 
 taken the stand that their future development must be 
 carefully planned. 
 
 The New Commission. — The City Planning Commis- 
 sion, appointed by the Mayor in 1916, consists ot eleven 
 members — five citizen members and six directors of city 
 government departments. The citizen members are F. F. 
 Prentiss, chairman, Morris A. Black, H. M. Farnsworth, 
 William G. Mather, and O. P. Van Sweringen. The official 
 members are Messrs. Beeman, Bernstein, Farrell, Fitz- 
 gerald, Neal, and Sprosty. William Ganson Rose is 
 secretary. The City Council, in its budget for 1917, appro- 
 priated ?2o,ooo for the work of the City Planning Com- 
 
 Cleveland. — The Group Plan. 
 The plan clears out a rundown district in the heart of the 
 city. The city now owns most of the land and has completed four 
 of the buildings.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 39 
 
 mission which is now engaged in the selection ot experts 
 to advise them in the preparation ot a comprehensive 
 city plan. 
 
 Creating the Cumniissio)!. — In K^ii, tollowing the enact- 
 ment ot a state hiw permitting home rule to Ohio cities, 
 the Clevehind Chapter ot the American Institute of Archi- 
 tects undertook to secure a provision tor a City Planning 
 Commission in the new city charter which was then being 
 drafted. The Chapter, by grace ot the Mayor, Hon. 
 Newton B. Baker, now Secretary of War, was permitted 
 to write the actual law governing the appointment ot the 
 Commission. As prepared by the Chapter, the law pro- 
 vided for the appointment ot a commission composed ot 
 citizen members onlv, and it was so written into the 
 charter and adopted bv the electors in 1913. This provis- 
 ion was not acceptable to the city officials as a whole, and 
 the charter was amended to provide tor official members 
 only. In this torm the charter amendment was criticized 
 and eventually redratted to provide tor a commission com- 
 posed of official and citizen members. In that torm the 
 charter amendment has been adopted and the commission 
 appointed as noted above. 
 
 Earlier Civic Center Plan. — Nearly a score of years ago 
 the city of Cleveland, always public-spirited and progres- 
 sive, took steps toward the building of a great group of 
 civic buildings. At that time the city, the countv, and the 
 United States Government were all about to erect public 
 buildings, and the Cleveland Chapter ot the American 
 Institute of Architects made a plea tor an orderly and com- 
 prehensive group plan tor these buildings and other public 
 buildings to be erected in the future. Ordinarily, a city 
 is apt to realize its artistic possibilities only when it is too 
 late and the opportunity has been lost, but Cleveland, 
 with unbounded taith, born of deep conviction in its 
 ultimate development, and inspired by the magnificent 
 group plan of the World's Fair Buildings in Chicago, 
 
 erected in 189J, was anxious to meet the issue adequately. 
 The Board of Supervision for Public Buildings and 
 Grounils in the city of Cleveland, generally known as the 
 Group Plan Commission, was created by Governor Nash 
 on June 20, 1902. The Governor appointed Daniel H. 
 Burnham, John M. Carrere, and .Arnokl W. Brunner to 
 serve as members ot the Board. Their report was presenteti 
 to Mayor Johnson and the Director ot Public Surveys on 
 .August 17, lyo,3, and was tormally accepted by them tor 
 the city. Work was started and substantial progress was 
 made, but there came a period in the history of the group 
 plan when the progress of the work was interrupted by 
 what seemed unsurmountable legal obstacles. But after 
 much loss of time, these obstacles were removed. 
 
 Recent Civic Center Results. — In 191 1, Frank B. Meade, 
 architect, of Cleveland, anil PVederick Law Olmsted, 
 landscape architect, of Brookline, Mass., were appointed 
 to till vacancies on the Board. On the whole, the civic 
 pride ot Cleveland has manitested itselt splendidly in the 
 work on the group plan. The press has encouraged the 
 labors of the Commission, and the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, always efficient in such matters, has freely and 
 continuously lent its assistance and support to the Com- 
 mission. The plan clears out a large, rundown, backwater 
 district in the center of the city and replaces it by a great 
 plaza and esplanade, running from the Post Office and 
 Librarv at one end, to the new Union Station on the Lake 
 at the other. The city already owns almost all ot the land 
 and has built tour ot the most important buildings. The 
 group plan is now an assured part of Cleveland's city plan 
 and is identified with its history. 
 
 Belt Line Railroad. — To mention all of the advances 
 that have been made in Cleveland in details ot the city 
 plan would require much more space than we have availa- 
 ble, but, to refer to them briefly, mention should be made of 
 the belt line railwav and its correlated features. This 
 
 '' \. K ■■■ V-, ..,-■>* ■'' ",:t4 ; 
 
 -^ Aw>- .i£«- ^t±:>^'-^- 
 
 
 ..?^ 
 
 ?^^ 
 
 ^^' -V 
 
 <r- 
 
 ^^|K^|^t-.«'H-^oV -'" t|, f ^ b N "Z o^--k:}\^^~-. bridge^ ; 
 
 CHIUCtS' 
 
 _;,ertln;uN 
 
 D OHIO I 
 
 Cleveland. — the Liiy.ihnga \ \illey and a Suggestion tor a Higti-l.cvci iJcniiik'-Dcck Hruige witti MomiriR-ntal Approaches. 
 This problem is of peculiar importance to the city of Cleveland.
 
 40 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Cleveland. — Bridge Pylons und Phiza to High-Level Bridge. 
 
 scheme, which has been in operation for a number of 
 years, has done much to promote Cleveland's mdustrial 
 advance. It involved the comprehensive planning ot areas 
 especially adapted to manufacturing and industrial usage, 
 to suit the needs of various types of industry, and the 
 linking of such areas together by a general belt railroad, 
 serving all of the trunk line railroads in the Cleveland 
 district. 
 
 Bridges and Their Approaehes. — The design of bridges 
 and viaducts tor spannmg the wide and tortuous valley 
 of the navigable Cuyahoga River and its small tribu- 
 tary streams is a subject which has claimed the attention 
 ot the city for years. Such bridges are closely related to the 
 arterial street system of the city's plan. Cleveland has 
 learned from experience that the entire problem is one 
 which must be studied on a broad basis, particularly in 
 matters connected with approaches. Frederick Law 
 Olmsted is now engaged in preparing plans tor approaches 
 to a new high-level bridge, now about completed. The 
 miminent construction ot another bridge, similar in char- 
 acter, called the Huron-Lorain bridge, lends value and 
 interest to the studies by Messrs. Walker and Weeks, 
 architects, of Cleveland. The illustration produced here- 
 with is evidence of the fact that the need of proper terminal 
 features has not been overlooked. This study is one of a 
 number made by members of the Cleveland Chapter of 
 the American Institute of Architects for the development 
 and improvement of Cleveland's city plan, all of which 
 were exhibited at the National City Planning Conference 
 in Cleveland last June. 
 
 Of these latter studies special mention should be made 
 of that by B. S. Hubbell, member of the Committee on 
 Town Planning of the American Institute of Architects, 
 
 and a member ot the tirm of Hubbell and Benes, of Cleve- 
 land, who presented a valuable suggestion tor a University 
 of Cleveland group plan. 
 
 Transit. — Cleveland's long struggle with the transit 
 problem is well known throughout the country. Of 
 peculiar interest, however, is the remarkable rapid transit 
 scheme carried out by private interests for linking up what 
 was, a few years ago, a virgin tract of land, called Shaker 
 Heights, outlying from the city and, at that time, nearly 
 an hour by trolley from the city center. The rapid transit 
 line developed by a syndicate, of which O. P. \'an Swer- 
 ingen is the most active member, brings Shaker Heights 
 within twenty minutes ot the city center. The Shaker 
 Heights district has now been platted on modern town 
 planning lines and is rapidly becoming one of the tine 
 residential sections of the Middle West. But transit in 
 Cleveland has been developing so rapidly that the capacity 
 of the terminus of the majority of the radiating trolley 
 lines, namely, the Public Square, is being overtaxed; so 
 now Cleveland is about to begin the construction of a 
 $12,000,000 subway terminal beneath the Public Square 
 that will care tor most of the trolley traffic in the central 
 district. Street traffic congestion, too, is becoming more 
 intense, and, recently, E. P. Goodrich, of New York, has 
 made recommendations for its relief. 
 
 Markets. — Cleveland has already spent considerable 
 sums ot money in developing its market facilities. 
 Recently, a subcommittee ot the City Plan Commission, 
 of which O. P. Van Sweringen is chairman, submitted a 
 plan tor a great municipal central market costing Ji2,ooo,- 
 ooo, with railroad connections. The plan calls for the 
 expenditure of $1,000,000 for a site and J 1,000,000 for the 
 market building, which will be provided with storage 
 plants, 1,600 stalls, and space tor handling and storage of 
 food acquired by direct purchase by the city in the event 
 of a threatened shortage. 
 
 Housing. — Newton D. Baker, as Mayor of Cleveland, 
 gave serious consideration to a plan tor the development 
 ot a model suburb ot 500 houses on a municipally owned 
 tract of 93 acres. Paul Feiss, chairman of the Housing 
 Committee of the Chamber of Commerce, was one of the 
 chiet supporters ot this plan which, however, never actu- 
 ally came to realization. The scheme was unique, and, it 
 carried through, housing in America would have made a 
 long step forward. However, the Housing Committee of 
 the Chamber of Commerce and a similar committee of the 
 Real Estate Board are about to launch a $300,000 project 
 for the purchase ot land and erection thereon ot low- 
 priced houses. 
 
 Recreation. — The Cleveland Foundation, organized a 
 few years ago, of which Frederick H. GofF is chairman and 
 Allen T. Burns, formerly secretary of the Pittsburgh Civic 
 Commission, is director, has recently instituted a compre- 
 hensive survey and investigation ot Cleveland's recrea- 
 tional facilities, and Rowland Haynes, secretary of the 
 Committee on Recreation ot the Board of Estimate and 
 Apportionment of New York City, has been engaged to 
 direct this work. 
 
 The Beginnings of Comprehensive Planning. — In their 
 studies for the group plan for public buildings, referred 
 to above, the commission of experts were not unmindful 
 of the rest of the city. They had visions of a great compre-
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCXIRKSS 
 
 41 
 
 hensivc plan tor Clevchiiul, hut the time had not \ ct come 
 for its preparation. They recommended in their report 
 that attention be given, at the same time that the group 
 plan was being evolved, to outlying parks and other park 
 sections within the city itself, so that these might be 
 devclopcil with as much harmony as possible ami that a 
 study be made with a view to utilizing the most impor- 
 tant avenues as parkways to connect these parks. 
 
 The Inimciliati' Prublem. — Cleveland has now, very for- 
 tunately, reached the point where she is about to under- 
 take the work ot drafting comprehensive plans for the 
 entire city area, and it is not too much to expect that she 
 will exercise the same discrimination, attention to details, 
 and wise foresight in this work that she ditl in the study and 
 solution of her group plan problems. 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Inwa 
 
 .\ prehniuiarv citv plan for Clmton i27,;H6) is being 
 prepared bv Charles P. Chase, consulting engineer for the 
 Clinton Conmiercial Club, of which O. P. Roberts is secre- 
 tary. .\ draft of this plan accompanies the annual report 
 of the Commercial Club tor the year ending January Jl, 
 1917. A feature ot the work is an industrial survey now 
 being made which will give the necessary data on which to 
 plan for the commercial and industrial expansion ot 
 the city. 
 
 Railroads. — In line with the work of the Commercial 
 Club for a broad and well-considered plan for Clinton, 
 various committees of the Club have conferred with the 
 representatives of the several railroad companies entering 
 the city, in an effort to solve the transportation problem 
 in a big way and one that will serve for fifty years to come. 
 The Commercial Club takes the stand that in city build- 
 ing the way is open to great development in all lines once 
 a favorable solution of the transportation problem is 
 attained. The Club is making an effort to secure the 
 building of joint railroad facilities for all railroads enter- 
 ing the city, with proper surroundings and approaches. 
 The Northwestern Railway has already started on a plan 
 to make Clinton's railroad facilities second to none in the 
 state, and the other railroads are starting to improve their 
 facilities. The Northwestern is building a new dual sta- 
 tion, new freight depots, three subway grade crossing 
 eliminations, and is undertaking the betterment of the 
 whole freight railway situation. 
 
 Docks. — The Rivers and Harbors Committee ot the 
 Commercial Club is attempting to secure adequate dock- 
 age facilities for big modern river freight barges, the con- 
 struction of wharves, and the installation of handling 
 machinery. 
 
 Park Board. — While not a part ot the Commercial 
 Club organization, the Park Board is receiving its earnest 
 support. Through the activities ot this Board, a new river- 
 front park has been built on a former city dumping- 
 ground and developed into a modern recreational facility. 
 .\ plan of the new park, drawn by Charles P. Chase, is 
 shown in the annual report of the Commercial Club. For 
 park purposes, 18 acres have been secured directly north 
 of the present park in the township ot Lyons. 'I'he next 
 
 improvement that the Park Board plans to make will be a 
 120-acrc tract, recently donated, north of the present 
 
 riverfront park. 
 
 C>()loracI() Springs 
 Colorado 
 
 [n May, 191 2, Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, 
 N. v., submitted a report to the Department of Public 
 Works and Property (32,971) on a general plan for the 
 improvement of Colorado .Springs. The report was pub- 
 lished in an illustrated volume attractively printed and 
 bound. 
 
 Recommendations. — In presenting his report he groups 
 his recommendations under the following headint's: 
 steam railroads, city plan, street development, recreative 
 provisions, and miscellaneous details for the improvement 
 of the plan. He recommended a union station in which 
 one of the railroads will combine its facilities with another 
 on the site now used for terminal purposes. 
 
 Colorado Springs, as a tourist and health resort, .sought 
 for its scenery and climate, might be expected to have 
 three distinct foci, or types of foci: one, the railroad 
 station; another, the hotels; and a thirtl, the parks or 
 pleasure grounds. To anyone who looks at the street plan 
 of Colorado .Springs it is clear that these three groups of 
 foci have not been adequately emphasized. The original 
 town-site plat, laid out by Gen. William J. Palmer in 1871, 
 included wide streets on the conventional checkerboard 
 plan. This tiresome system is relieved by two diagonals, 
 each, however, with a useful length of only two blocks. 
 The only railroad station which has a situation civically 
 admissible is lacking in a direct street approach and 
 appears to be in the back yard of a hotel; the hotels are 
 located beside the gridiron streets; and the parks, with 
 two exceptions, are .so far out of the town as to be off the 
 map. Mr. Robinson lays down suggestions for the street 
 system of Colorado Springs which will give those strong 
 through lines which constitute the city's framework or 
 skeleton. 
 
 In the plat of the original central portion of Colorado 
 Springs, the narrowest streets are 100 feet wide. In tact, 
 in all of Colorado Springs, it is only occasionally that one 
 finds a street, or even a section of a street, that is less than 
 80 feet wide. In a majority of the streets there is an excess 
 of 20 to 60 feet in width for every traffic need and for a 
 normal amount of decoration. In that excess Mr. Robin- 
 son finds Colorado Springs' unusual opportunity; in the 
 utilization of it, the development of the city's most marked 
 characteristic. In a report made by Mr. Robinson for 
 Colorado Springs in 1905, when he was called upon to 
 ailvise with regard to the parking of the city's streets, he 
 went into the subject ot parking these broad streets with 
 much thoroughness, antl he discusses the development of 
 the city's streets with more brevity in the 1912 report 
 than would otherwise be the case. 
 
 \o Xeighborhood Parks. — Colorado Springs has proba- 
 bly the largest park acreage per capita of any city in the 
 United States. These great parks were largely acquired 
 through the munificence of General Palmer, who gave 
 1 ,500 acres of land for park purposes and hail it laid out at
 
 42 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 4n%i$» 
 
 fl: 
 
 
 CAPITOL PARK 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 AN© MALL «"^'^ 
 
 LAMJSO 
 
 Con'MBiA. — A Suggested Civic Center for the Grouviing ot 
 Columbia's Future Public Buildings; Part of a Comprehensive 
 Plan for the Improvement of the City. 
 
 his own expense with boulevards, driveways, and foot- 
 paths, on plans drawn by Olmsted Brothers, of Brookline, 
 Mass. Part of this land lay in the city and part extended 
 over mesas and the adjacent mountains. Perhaps the 
 most valuable of these gifts was that of Monument Valley 
 Park, bordering Monument Creek, which, before the 
 work was begun, was an unsightly 2-mile tract. Although 
 the city has the largest park acreage per capita ot any 
 
 city in the country, it has less than 182 acres of developed 
 park close enough to the built-up sections of the city, to 
 have neighborhood value. Mr. Robinson points out the 
 immediate practical bearing ot this situation in the city's 
 plan. The park system is plainly deficient as far as ser- 
 vice to the bulk ot people ot the city is concerned, but 
 the disproportion of financial resources to acreage repre- 
 sents one ot the given conditions with which the city 
 has to work. To solve this problem with the least addi- 
 tion to present possessions, and to supplement and de- 
 velop the park lands ot today so that these shall perform 
 tor Colorado Springs a social service, he recommends a 
 logical and natural extension of Monument Valley Park, 
 following the stream banks down to the principal cross 
 street, completing the only considerable park within the 
 built-up portion ot the city, destroying a slum, changing 
 an eyesore into a beauty spot, providing opportunity for 
 active and needed social service, and enhancing the value 
 (it a great deal of property. 
 
 Columbia 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Like Washington, Columbia (■54,611) had the remark- 
 able and unusual privilege ot "choosing its own site" and 
 the fortune to have had its plan laid out by those who 
 looked far enough into the future to provide streets wide 
 enough for a metropolis and capable, under proper treat- 
 ment, ot giving to the entire city a unique parklike effect 
 enjoyed by but few cities in America. Unfortunately, 
 however, the gridiron plan drafted and laid out for the site 
 of the capital in 1787 gave apparently little, if any, con- 
 sideration to topography. The site is on a broad, undu- 
 lating plateau with sudden depressions, so that the wide, 
 right-angled streets adopted often give almost impossible 
 grades or terminate altogether in dead ends. 
 
 Origifial Plan Disappearing. — Unfortunately, too, the 
 tendency has been to ignore entirely the original street- 
 plan on which the city was founded, for the seeming profit 
 or convenience of the moment. This has resulted in the 
 partial obliteration of some streets and the narrowing ot 
 others. Further, the only park within the corporate 
 limits — once a cool, natural forest of magnificent trees — 
 has already disappeared and is now being used as railroad 
 property. 
 
 A Va' Plans. — In devising a plan tor the extension and 
 improvement of the city for the Civic League, in 1905, 
 Messrs. Kelsey and Guild, ot Boston, gave consideration 
 to these and a number ot other urgent problems, with 
 particular emphasis on the necessity tor controlling the 
 subdivision of land beyond the broad lines ot Columbia as 
 originally planned. At present these plats promise to 
 hedge in the city with an iron-bound network of narrow, 
 inconvenient, alley-like streets and roads, totally unfit to 
 become an integral part of any city. The report entitled 
 "The Improvement of Columbia, S. C," presented a plan 
 for the grouping of the public buildings, with the capitol as 
 the chief feature, and especially recommends that con- 
 sideration be given to the development ot the Congaree 
 River, the best landscape feature in the city, and the preser- 
 vation of portions of its boundary tor public use.
 
 CITY PLANNING PR()(,RESS 
 
 43 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Ohio 
 
 The Chamber ot Commerce ot Columbus (214,878), 
 of which George W. Gillette is secretary, has a subcom- 
 mittee now at work on city planning problems. The 
 Chamber is at this writing considering the appointment 
 of experts to work out a comprehensive plan. 
 
 General Civic Improiemenl IVork to Dale. — The Muni- 
 cipal Recreation Division of the city is the only agenc\ 
 guiding playgrouml activities. This department super- 
 vises vacant-lot gardens and attempts to regulate com- 
 mercialized amusements. Three local civic organiza- 
 tions are now studying the rerouting of the local street 
 railway system. Plans are under way tor the abolishment 
 of all grade crossings within the city limits, and work is 
 being carried on with an appropriation from a bond issue 
 of $700,000. Nothing is being done to develop the water- 
 front, other than the flood protection measures in the 
 Scioto and Olentangy Rivers, tor which an expenditure 
 of ?,•!, 500,000 is to be made. The widening of North High 
 Street, the main north and south artery, is progressing. 
 About ?ioo,ooo has already been appropriated for this 
 work, and $300,000 additional will be needed to complete 
 the project. Two new bridges are to be constructed and 
 part of the flood improvement project referred to above. 
 
 The Civic Jvcakenin^. — The citv planning movement 
 began about 1900 in a systematic agitation by the Colum- 
 bus Board of Trade tor a "Better and Greater Columbus." 
 The Board represented 1,000 business men, including the 
 heaviest taxpayers, and its campaign was largely instru- 
 mental in starting the much-needed public works subse- 
 quently undertaken to provide a better water-supply, 
 improved sewerage, and sewage disposal. These were 
 the unromantic practical necessities of a rapidly growing 
 and prosperous manufacturing city. When this work was 
 under way, consideration was given to parks, parkways, 
 and playgrounds. Columbus occupied a humiliating posi- 
 tion among the other cities ot the country in this respect. 
 
 Getting Under Way — The Park Commission. — Public 
 lectures by outside authorities stirred many citizens to a 
 realization of the great need for improvement in this 
 field, yet the movement was slow. Largely, through the 
 influence of one man, however, the City Council passed, 
 in December, 1904, a resolution appointing a park com- 
 mission to consider plans for a general park system. But 
 the Council, yet timid, required that no expense attach 
 to the citv for the commission. In accordance with the 
 resolution, Mayor JefFry appointed a commission ot 
 eighteen, representative of the different sections ot 
 Columbus. .At the Commission's first meeting, George \V. 
 Lattimer was elected chairman. The Board of Trade 
 appropriated $350 for preliminary expenses and to 
 secure such professional advice as could be obtained with 
 the means available. ."Advice was secured from an archi- 
 tect, a landscape architect, and a general civic adviser, 
 who came independently from three distant cities. The 
 latter were unanimous in their conclusions and recom- 
 mendations that the park and improvement needs of 
 Columbus, not from the esthetic point of view only, but 
 for the comfort of the citizens and the betterment of 
 
 Coi.LMBis. — Scheme Proposed by the Columbus Plan Com- 
 mi.ssion for a State and Civic Center. 
 
 From the river the approach to the Capitol is along a mall. 
 On the east side of the Capitol a square was proposed around 
 which buildings were to be grouped. The whole problem is soon 
 to be restutiied by a special .State coinmission. 
 
 living conditions, were urgent; and that the opportuni- 
 ties were commensurate with the needs. These reports, 
 as separately rendered, were made public, increasing, 
 both in its extent and vigor, the popular interest. Then 
 the Commission made, as required by the resolution under 
 which it was appointed, a report to the City Council. 
 This report, based on the statistics and other information 
 that had been obtained, and on the reports of the experts, 
 reciteil the city's needs of parks and the arguments for 
 them. 
 
 .ippropriation for Preliminary Plan. — The Public 
 Improvement Committee ot the Board of Trade (Mr. 
 I.attimer had now become the president of the latter 
 body), the City Federation ot Women's Clubs, the Play- 
 ground -Association, and the newspapers endorsed the 
 report with its accompanying recommendation. On Sep- 
 tember 17, 1906, the City Council passed an ordinance 
 appropriating the maximum sum for which the Committee 
 had asked and authorizing and directing its expenditure 
 for the employment of experts "to make a study ot the 
 streets, alleys, parks, boulevards, and public grounds." 
 
 Composition 0/ the Plan Commission. — .Meanwhile, 
 the Park Commission, also perceiving how the project 
 had grown in importance and scope since the citizens.
 
 44 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 as a whole, had been aroused, concluded that a commis- 
 sion of' five would be able to handle so many-sided a pro- 
 ject to greater advantage than could one or two. After 
 deliberation, the appointees named were: Austin W. Lord, 
 architect, of" New York; Charles N. Lowrie, landscape 
 architect, of New York; Albert Kelsey, architect, of 
 Philadelphia; H. A. MacNeil, sculptor, of New York; 
 and Charles Mulford Robinson, civic adviser, of Rochester, 
 N. Y. Three of the five were those from whom the pre- 
 liminary reports had been previously secured, and the 
 other two had been associated in designing the McKinley 
 monument in Columbus. 
 
 M'ork of the Plan Commission. — On January 29, 1907, 
 the Columbus Plan Commission, as it was formally to 
 be known, composed of these five experts, held its first 
 meeting in Columbus, organized with Mr. Lord as chair- 
 man and Mr. Robinson as secretary. Their studies 
 included the whole city of Columbus and the contiguous 
 territory over which the growing city is spreading. In 
 aim their report submitted in February, 1908, attempts 
 to cover the broad field as comprehensively and care- 
 fully as possible. It outlined only a tentative scheme, sug- 
 gestive and inspiring, but needing subsequent amplifica- 
 tion and development in various details. The study, in 
 short, was preliminary. As such it divides the subjects of 
 its discussion into three main groups: (i) Those having 
 to do with the city as a whole — the general survey; (2) 
 those having to do with a park system; (3) those having 
 to do with a state or civic center. 
 
 The Problem. — As to the problem, the city of Columbus 
 represents the mingling of two distinct types of cities, 
 with a considerable injection of a third type. It is at once 
 a capital city and an industrial city, and, secondly, it is 
 an educational center. The three types are theoretically 
 antithetical, and, even in Columbus, join rather than 
 combine; they present diverse problems — the capital 
 city of a great state calling for spectacular effectiveness — 
 for the magnificent and splendid in its development; the 
 industrial community demanding the facilitation of com- 
 merce, and the utilitarian provision of ample recreative 
 facilities for a working population; and the educational 
 aspect of the city, inviting an exceedingly artistic develop- 
 ment of restful beauty and refinement. 
 
 Recommendations of the Plan Commission. — With all 
 its prosperity and wealth, Columbus is near the bottom 
 of the list in the matter of park provision, and no civic 
 center has been developed. The various institutions of 
 city and state are still unrelated, waiting to be tied 
 together in a comprehensive scheme. It is clear that a 
 first necessity is unification of the city plan. This does 
 not mean impracticable suggestions for a radical remaking 
 of the urban structure or street system. In creating this, 
 the first point, geographically, politically, and historically, 
 and from every point of view, is the State House as stated 
 in the report of the Plan Commission. It is here that a 
 civic center was located in the plan of the Commission. 
 Very briefly, the design worked out by the Commission 
 for Columbus proposed an approach to the Capitol from 
 the river — a mall, or dignified green, ultimately to be 
 adorned with sculpture. On the other, or east side of the 
 Capitol, a square was proposed, surrounded by public 
 buildings — municipal and county. From the foot of the 
 
 mall, trunk avenues, branching to the right and left, are 
 proposed, connecting with parkways, and these in turn 
 connect with scattered parks and extend through the city 
 to the suburbs and beyond to distant communities. 
 Within the three-mile zone, a girdle parkway, encircling 
 the city, was recommended. At the intersection of this 
 by the radial streets, oval spaces were proposed to be 
 developed as neighborhood centers for street-car trans- 
 fers, local shopping centers, and especially for the public 
 and semi-public buildings of the neighborhood. A scheme 
 for parks, supplementing the present small reserved areas 
 in the city, providing athletic and truly recreative spaces, 
 preserving beautiful natural scenery, utilizing the public 
 ownership of land at the great public works — such as the 
 storage dam and filter beds — was worked out in a general 
 way. The Commission also recommended a codification 
 of rules for the railway bridges and street depressions of 
 Columbus, these rules to include recommendations for 
 their design, painting, planting and ornamentation, this 
 coordination and systematizing of railroads to be made 
 the subject of a future report. 
 
 The Future. — If Columbus is to become a truly well- 
 planned city providing the conveniences and commercial 
 economies expected of the modern municipality; if it is to 
 be made up of that happy blending of city and country 
 which renders urban life healthful and enjoyable; and if 
 the taxpayers are to have the maximum of benefit from 
 their expenditure, it is absolutely necessary to prepare for 
 a gradual readjustment on cooperative lines. To over- 
 take the cities of her size, Columbus has not only to strike 
 their gait, but, being behind, she must do more than they 
 in order to get abreast of them. 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 Iowa 
 
 We hear so much about the beauty and attractiveness 
 of foreign cities and wonder why those of America are not 
 so fine. Citing Council Bluffs (31,484) as an example, 
 Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, in his "Report 
 on a Park System for Council Bluffs" says that natural 
 opportunities are not lacking there to equal any of the 
 foreign cities, but that there is a lack of courage and faith 
 in its own future — things which it is almost inexcusable 
 for an American city to want, situated like Council Bluffs. 
 The resulting timidity on the part of the city to appro- 
 priate even a moderate annual sum for the development of 
 open spaces and connecting boulevards accounts for the 
 poor showing which it now makes. The city is fortunate 
 in the possession of a Park Board which has a proper con- 
 ception of its duty to the public and a conscientious regard 
 for the city's future growth. Mr. Robinson's duty was to 
 point out the deficiencies and prepare an outline for a 
 complete park system to serve as a guide in future work. 
 
 Selection oj Park Lands. — The six general principles 
 which he states as the guide for the selection of park lands 
 for Council Bluffs are applicable to most other cities, 
 namely: 
 
 1. That the best typical scenery should be preserved. 
 
 2. Parks should be distributed so as to serve all parts 
 
 of the community.
 
 Cny PLANNING PROCiRESS 
 
 45 
 
 2- Thfir location and, to sutli an extent as practicable, 
 their size should anticipate the city's growth. 
 
 4. Other things being equal, lands which are not of 
 
 great value tor building should be selected. 
 
 5. The parks should invite use, in the sense of per- 
 
 forming an active social service — thev should be 
 created sparingly, if at all, for purely esthetic 
 purposes. 
 
 6. There must he due regani tor financial linntations. 
 Mr. Robinson says ot Council Bkitfs that, measuring 
 
 her park possessions by these principles, thay have extra- 
 ordinary merit. But he finds that there are certain desir- 
 able improvements and extensions. He sums up the situa- 
 tion by saying that "if there are few cities so well supplied 
 with park tracts, there are few that are getting so little 
 profit relatively out of what they have, and this is due, in a 
 large measure, to an insufficient annual appropriation for 
 improvement and extension." 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Texas 
 
 City planning in Dallas (124,527) is making steady 
 progress as a result ot the momentum imparted to it by 
 the great campaign ot education begun in 1909. .A park 
 system has been laid out, new streets are being opened and 
 old ones widened, terminal tacilities for railroads and 
 transit lines are being studied and improved, and well- 
 known engineers have recently proposed plans for a belt- 
 line railroad and grade-crossing elimination. 
 
 Gelling Started. — Back of this remarkable accomplish- 
 ment of the last seven years is an interesting story ot how 
 a city has been aroused by agencies that have brought 
 intelligent effort and liberal financial support to bear in 
 working on problems ot civic improvement. Located in 
 the most fertile agricultural region ot the United States, 
 the city had, from the very beginning, a great destiny. In 
 sixty years it grew from a mere cluster of houses to a city 
 of over 100,000 people. With the expansion into a great 
 city of a village at a temporary railroad terminus, no 
 apparent thought was given to the needs of the increasing 
 population. There were a tew who were not content to sit 
 idly by, leaving a raw, uncouth city as a heritage to their 
 children's children. In February, 1909, George B. Dealey, 
 Vice-president and General Manager of the Dallas News, 
 presented the first practical suggestion for a city plan for 
 Dallas. Four months later the First .'Annual Conference 
 on City' Planning was held in Washington, D. C, and Mr. 
 Dealey sent a representative to this Conference who was 
 commissioned to keep the people of Dallas thoroughly 
 acquainted with what went on at that time. How well 
 this was done and how keenly the News appreciated the 
 scope and intent of city planning is evidenced by the rapid 
 growth ot public sentiment in Dallas and other cities where 
 the News was read. Then followed a long and vigorous 
 campaign of education, explanatory ot the thought of 
 modern city planning and replanning. 
 
 Gelling Results. — The time soon arrived when something 
 tangible had to be done under the pressure of public senti- 
 ment. The Chamber ot Commerce cooperated with the 
 management of the .News. In January, 1910, it organized a 
 
 Dali.a.s. — Skeleton of Dallas City Plan and System of Outer 
 Boulevards and Interior Parks and Parkways. 
 
 practical city planning program, and the City Planning 
 and Improvement League ot forty members was formed. 
 \'arious subcommittees investigated and studied the 
 coordinate features ot the comprehensive plan. Henry D. 
 Lindley, since elected Mayor, was elected General Chair- 
 man and Geo. B. Dealey was elected Vice-chairman. In 
 May, 1 910, Geo. E. Kessler was chosen to prepare the city 
 plan. He submitted his plan in the same year to the Park 
 Board, which had the executive control ot the work. The 
 report, a very interesting document entitled ".\ City Plan 
 for Dallas," contained recommendations ot a preliminary 
 character but sufficiently detailed to make a comprehensive 
 plan tor the big features. .Attention was given especially 
 to the most urgent problems rather than to those which did 
 not concern the city so vitally at the time the investiga- 
 tion was made. The principle elements ot the plan investi- 
 gated were the treatment of the Trinity River banks, the 
 development of a belt railroad, the location ot the Union 
 Station, the arrangement of freight terminals, the selec- 
 tion ot site tor civic center, the elimination of grade cross- 
 ings, the revision ot street system, building a comprehen- 
 sive system of parks and boulevards, and the creating ot 
 additional playgrounds. .All these features were presented, 
 with diagrams and maps. 
 
 .■/cliofi. — In .April, 1910, the agitation in regard to city 
 planning was so pronounced that a bond issue tor public 
 improvement was undertaken, and Ji, 300,000 in bonds 
 were voted for the city planning work recommended by 
 Mr. Kessler. 
 
 How It M'as Done. —Dallas accomplished her real work 
 ot city planning in five months, and owes in a large measure 
 the success attending the movement to the Dallas News. 
 The Chamber of Commerce, however, has taken the 
 responsibility for carrying out the details ot the city plan. 
 Dallas has taught the cities of the country that large move- 
 ments involving the interests of all classes ot people must 
 be carefully planned, and that the mass ot city-dwellers 
 needs to be educated, and once this is accomplished, 
 endorsement ot city planning measures is certain to follow.
 
 46 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Courles\- Tbe American City 
 Davenport. — Reclamation of Riverfront with Park, Parkway, Union Station, and Public Building Sites, Landing Levee, and 
 Industrial Waterfront Terminal, Now Well under Way. 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Iowa 
 
 With a large part of its million dollar rivertroiit reclama- 
 tion project completed, Davenport (48,811) has taken a 
 great step in advance. This work has been in charge ot 
 the Levee Improvement Commission, authorized by state 
 law in 1909, and organized under an ordinance of the City 
 Council in 191 1. The organization of the Commission is 
 directly traceable to the activities of the Greater Daven- 
 port Committee, which, while primarily interested in the 
 commercial and industrial phases ot city development, has 
 had among its members those who saw in the undeveloped 
 riverfront a splendid opportunity for the city to acquire a 
 first-class recreational waterfront park. With the Greater 
 Davenport movement back ot the Levee Commmission's 
 recommendations, development of the riverfront proceeded 
 rapidly. In the fall of 19 14, the first part of the scheme was 
 completed, namely, the reclamation of approximately 
 7 acres for park purposes bordering the down-town dis- 
 
 trict. It is intended in the course ot time to use certain 
 lands obtained by the readjustment of the rights of way of 
 the railway companies tor sites tor public and semi-public 
 buildings, the exact plan tor these not having yet been 
 definitely decided upon, but it is proposed to locate an 
 academy of sciences, a municipal casino, and a new union 
 station upon part of this land. 
 
 Riverfro7it Development. — The ground reclaimed for park 
 purposes is but a portion of the entire project. A large part 
 of the work of the Commission lies back of the river and 
 above the present park area. During the summer ot 1916, 
 and in the current year, the Commission is building a 
 commercial levee, approximately 800 teet long and about 
 250 feet deep. This is part of the requirements of the 
 United States Government, and will provide no revenue. 
 It will serve merely as a landing tor ferry and excursion 
 boats. Further up the river, and beyond the Government 
 levee, lies the industrial section, which atfords the greatest 
 problem with which the Commission is dealing. When the 
 work of reclamation here is completed, the city will have 
 over 100 acres ot land for factories and warehouses, extend- 
 
 CouTtesy Tbe American City 
 Davenport. — Levee Wall, Showing Progress in the Work ot Reclamation; Riverfront Park Brought to Gr.ide.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 47 
 
 ing for tour blocks along the riverfront and back troni the 
 river to a depth of 1.55 to 250 feet. At this point the river- 
 front terminal, with its modern machinery and a municipal 
 warehouse, will be erected. 
 
 Paying the /i;7/.(.— While the cost ot the entire scheme 
 is estimated at f 1,000,000, the expenditure ot this sum will 
 add J_i,ooo,ooo worth of hind to the city's possessions. 'l"he 
 unique teature ot the work ot the Commission has been its 
 policy of paying interest on all bonds and the retirement ot 
 bonds serially from moneys raised as rent for property 
 under the jurisdiction of the Commission. .All improve- 
 ments have been, and will be, obtained without a cent ot 
 expense to the taxpayer. R. J. Clausen, architect, has 
 served for five years as a member ot the Levee Commission. 
 L. \V. Ramsey is landscape architect tor the Commission, 
 and Irving C. Norwood is secretary ot the Greater Daven- 
 port Committee. 
 
 Recently the City Council passed a resolution authoriz- 
 ing the preparation of a city plan by the City Engineer. 
 The resolution calls for "a comprehensive plan for the 
 orderly development and extension of the street system of 
 the city of Davenport, containing suggestions for the 
 correction of mistakes where the present plan is considered 
 defective, and recommendations tor controlling the plat- 
 ting and development ot tracts within and contiguous to 
 the city limits, minimum size ot lots, limitation ot number 
 of houses to the acre, the establishment ot building lines, 
 residential, retail and manutacturing districts, and contain- 
 ing other matters pertinent to such plan, same to be sub- 
 mitted to the city council for approval and adoption." 
 The City Engineer is authorized to employ such other 
 persons as may be needed in drafting the plan. 
 
 Dayton 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Under the plan adopted in 1914, the city of Dayton 
 (127,224) has made remarkable progress in bringing muni- 
 cipal administration and general civic improvement up to 
 a higher level than at any previous period in the history 
 of the city. .An oiTicial City Planning Board was appointed 
 about two years ago to serve as an auxiliary to the City 
 Service Director. The latter by virtue of his office has 
 official charge of city planning. The Planning Board is 
 now working on a general city plan. John F. Ohmer is 
 chairman of the Planning Board. Horace Irvin and Louis 
 Lott, member of the .American Institute ot .Architects, 
 are members. 
 
 Park System. — A short time ago the city published a 
 report submitteed in 191 1 by Olmsted Brothers, ot 
 Brookline, Mass., on a "Proposed Park System tor the 
 City of Dayton." .As the report points out, Dayton is 
 poorly divided with park areas. On the criterion that an 
 acre of park should be provided for every 100 persons, or 
 that one-tenth of the fairly well-built-up areas ot the city 
 should be set aside tor park uses, Dayton should have 971 
 acres of parks according to the first rule and 866 under 
 the second. The city has already made some progress in 
 the provision of parks of small size and has laid out some 
 pleasure drives, serving also as ordinary streets. .At the 
 time the report was made out, it had five small pleasure 
 
 grounds, having a total area of about 19 acres, located in 
 densely built-up portions of the city. The report recom- 
 mends that the city now concentrate its attention on large 
 parks and parkways, and that modern playgrounds be 
 laid out to be ailministratcii by the School Board. 
 
 The plan calls tcjr twenty-six playgrounds, with an 
 approximate total area of 2jo acres; nine small parks, 
 ranging from 12 to 26 acres each, with a total of 216 acres; 
 and four large parks, ranging from 86 to 510 acres, with 
 a total of 1,060 acres; or a grand total of 1,506 acres. 
 River parkways and circumferential parkways are pro- 
 posed having a length of 19 miles and a boulevard of 9 
 miles. The total outlay would be ? 1,968,000 for parks and 
 ;?jj4,ooo for parkways. 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Decatur (39,631) has joined the city planning move- 
 ment within the past year. The Association of Commerce 
 has appointed a city planning committee, with W. F. 
 Hardy as chairman. The other leaders in this movement 
 are Robert I. Hunt, E. P. Irving, and .Adolph Mueller. No 
 funds have been set aside yet tor actual studies and investi- 
 gations. The city is evidently much in need ot active city 
 planning endeavor. .Although there are 213 acres ot parks, 
 no boulevards have been hiid out, no waterfront improve- 
 ments planned, and the merest start has been made in 
 the development of a recreational system. The thorough- 
 fare system and the passenger station and approaches are 
 also in need of study , and, in general, there is every indication 
 that the new city planning committee has begun its 
 endeavors none too soon. Comprehensive planning is one 
 of Decatur's chiet needs at the present time. 
 
 Denver 
 
 Colorado 
 
 In 1905 the .Art Commission of Denver (260,800), with 
 the approval of the Mayor, invited Charles Mulford 
 Robinson to prepare schemes for the improvement of the 
 city. The results ot Mr. Robinson's investigations were 
 published in the form of a report entitled "Proposed Plans 
 tor the Improvement of the City of Denver." It became 
 an absorbing topic in the daily press and was favorably 
 received by the commercial and other organizations. 
 Action was delayed by an adverse vote on the issuance ot 
 bonds, but the .Art Commission and its friends began a 
 vigorous agitation for what they believed to be a pressing 
 need, namely, the planning of a civic center. .A small 
 group of men, united by a common purpose, succeeded in 
 gaining such support that the Mayor, Robert \V. Speer, 
 then, and now, the chief official supporter ot forward move-' 
 ments of this sort, appointed a special committee ot twelve 
 influential citizens to consider the advisibility of con- 
 demning property near the State Capitol. In February, 
 1907, the Committee made a report to the Mayor which 
 recommended a modification of the Robinson Plan. 
 .Although regarded as a step in the right direction, it was 
 open to serious objection and remained in abeyance for a
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 N C L N 
 
 
 
 
 '- SEN 
 
 
 '// ,/ /A- 
 
 CENTEP. 
 p. coLOP,Ar>n 
 
 -.:.'. ■■ • 
 
 
 • ? -: --JIlfMETT 
 
 :. T R r E T 
 
 R^:: 
 
 5 H C H M A N 
 
 ILiZ:. 
 
 i.ta 
 
 Denver Civic Center Plan. 
 (See frontispiece) 
 
 ■-'5 T RE E T
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRKSS 
 
 4'> 
 
 tew montlis until Kreilcnck MacMonnics came to tile city 
 ami inciiientally tlratted a new plan as a result of the 
 solicitation ot Henry Read, now president ot the Denver 
 Art Commission. This plan met with immediate accept- 
 ance. The Committee ot twelve agreed to substitute it 
 for the previous reports, and it became the basis for the 
 present civic center. A campaign of education followed, 
 and the land was tinally condemneii in 1909, the cost being 
 assessed against the F.ast Denver Park District. 
 
 Bitterlv contested legal battles intervened, and before 
 any practical steps could be taken to carry out the work, a 
 new administration came into office in 191 2. Then the 
 Park Board called in Frederick Law Olmsted and .Arnold 
 \V. Brunner to advise on the civic center project. Detailed 
 plans were prepared by them and were under con.sidera- 
 tion when the adoption ot a commission form of govern- 
 ment tor Denver and the subsequent abolition ot the Park 
 Board caused further delay and uncertaintv. The major 
 part ot the ground has, however, now been cleared and the 
 central area laid out in skeleton torm. In 1916, with the 
 reelection ot Robert \V. Speer as Mayor, the civic center 
 project took a new lease of lite, with the eniplovnient ot 
 E. H. Bennett, of Chicago, in May, 1916, to modify the 
 civic center plan. In February, 1917, Mr. Bennett sub- 
 mitted his proposals for the further development of the 
 civic center, and the three main features of the proposeti 
 plan having alreadv been accepted by the citv, and it is 
 expected that they will be put into execution during the 
 vear 1917. The central idea is a court of honor for civic 
 benetactors — and the basis for this is a semi-circular, 
 double colonnade — combined with an open-air theatre. 
 The names ot all Denver citizens, alive or dead, who con- 
 tribute gifts to beautify the city or to add to its educa- 
 tional advantages in a dignified and substantial manner, 
 are to be inscribed upon these columns in fitting form. 
 
 Parks. — Parks, parkways, boulevards, and plavgrounds 
 have occupied an important place in the civic scheme ot 
 Denver. In 1907 Geo. E. Kessler, landscape architect, of 
 St. Louis, was called in to systematize improvements in 
 this direction, and he remained in close touch with the 
 situation tor several years. In a general way, his policy 
 
 was to develop existing parks to the tullest extent anil to 
 connect them by a girdle ot boulevards and parkways encir- 
 cling the city, so designed as to afford a succession ot 
 scenic points that openeil upon the city or upon the snow- 
 capped peaks of the Rocky Mountain range." Playgrounds 
 received attention. Ornamental lighting was installed, 
 and various other improvements were carried out. Denver 
 now has four large and twenty-two minor parks, eighteen 
 playgrountis, and twenty-tour boulevards, or parkways. 
 The parks contain about 1,240 acres. 
 
 Mouiilaiii Parks. -More remotely bearing upon the 
 subject of city planning is the creation ot a mountain 
 park system for Denver. Under a recent state act, Denver 
 is permitted to establish parks and boulevards outside 
 of its corporate limits, and it has proceeded to secure a 
 chain of mountain parks, occupying various vantage 
 points from which magnificent panoramic views ot moun- 
 tain and plain stretch away to the horizon. The parks are 
 scattered over an area of about 70 square miles, at eleva- 
 tions of 7,000 to 10,000 feet above sea-level, and at dis- 
 tances of 15 to 30 miles trom Denver. They are opened up 
 and connected with each other and the city by more than 
 200 miles of roadway, of which important links have 
 already been improved or constructed. The Department 
 of the Interior (authorized by act of Congress) has with- 
 drawn from entry, in favor of Denver, an additional 7,000 
 acres for mountain park purposes, which the city can now 
 acquire at a nominal cost. The land already purchased 
 was secured on the advice ot Frederick I^aw Olmsted, who 
 planned the entire svstem in 191J. The enterprise is 
 financed bv a halt-mill levy tor a jierioti ot five years. 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Iowa 
 
 To the sustained, wide-awake, progressive work ot the 
 Civic Improvement Committee ot the Commercial Club, 
 and to the recent activities ot the Town Planning Com- 
 mittee, Des Moines (101,598) owes the advances she has 
 made in the city planning field. With the reorganization 
 
 
 2> 
 
 Dks MoiNKS. -New Capitol (Jroiiruls ot One Huruircii .-Xcre.s. 
 The scheme of improvement is closely rehiteil to that of the Civic Center on the riverfront. The approach Irom the west is 1 
 boulevard 120 feet wide, extending trom the Civic Center, seven blocks away, to the Capitol.
 
 50 
 
 CITY PLANNINC; PROGRESS 
 
 
 
 
 
 L. 
 
 l),qVI0'>ONS 
 
 M 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 v4^ 
 
 ■I'!," 
 
 ^^m n^^H 
 
 Des Moines. — Typical l\:\cit:iiMi \ ili\ about 19IO; State Capitol in Distan 
 
 of the Civic Improvement Committee in 1907 and the 
 addition of three architects to its membership, the work of 
 the Committee grew, and the character of its membership 
 changed to such an extent that its duties were eventually 
 merged into those of the Town Planning Committee (in- 
 corporated in 1916 under the laws ot Iowa). The latter 
 Committee now has in its membership two architects, one 
 landscape architect, and eleven persons in various lines of 
 activity. The secretary of this Committee is Frank. E. 
 Wetherell, a member of the American Institute of Archi- 
 tects. The Committee is now working in harmony with the 
 Citv Commission (in fact, an ordinance has been passed 
 making the Committee, in an advisory capacity, a part of 
 the city administration) and is now carrying on its work 
 under three main divisions: 
 
 1. Boulevards. 
 
 2. Riverfront improvements. 
 
 3. Capital extension. 
 
 Riverfront. — Prior to 1907 various committees and 
 organizations with civic interests had attempted to lay 
 down a program by which Des Moines could best improve 
 and conserve its natural opportunities, particularly with 
 respect to boulevards and park areas. One architect, 
 purely out ot the interest he felt in the subject, made, at his 
 own expense, several excellent plans tor a driveway system 
 and riverfront improvements. Finally, deeming that active 
 and concerted action alone would bring tangible results, 
 
 the Women's Club secured the cooperation ot all ot the 
 improvement leagues, the Commercial Club, and the real 
 estate men. They jointly went before the Council in a 
 body and secured the engagement ot Charles Multord 
 Robinson, of Rochester, N. Y., to make a study ot the 
 city and report on a rational city plan, particularly with 
 reference to a civic center, the capitol grounds, a park and 
 boulevard svstem, and the streets ot Des Moines. In due 
 time Mr. Robinson's report was submitted. One ot the 
 principal recommendations made was that tor a civic center 
 on the riverfront, a nucleus for which already existed. The 
 Civic Improvement Committee of the Commercial Club 
 agreed to make detailed studies of Mr. Robinson's pro- 
 posals and employed Ray Floyd Weirick to assist them. 
 When these studies were completed, the City Council 
 employed Mr. Weirick as resident landscape architect to 
 execute the civic center project and to work on the other 
 improvement plans. When the Civic Improvement Com- 
 mittee first inaugurated the movement tor a civic center 
 on the riverfront, both banks of the river were lined with 
 billboards, shacks, and accumulations of rubbish, but, 
 under the impetus given to the work by it, the city has 
 gone steadily ahead with the entire plan. Since the work 
 was begun, tour public buildings have been completed on 
 either side, and a Federal courthouse and art museum and 
 municipal court building are in contemplation. Two con- 
 crete bridges have been constructed, linking the two sides 
 
 Des Moines. — View of West Riverfront, as It Appears Today from Steps of New Municipal Building. 
 Two new bridges, at Locust and Walnut Streets, part of the riverfront improvement scheme, are shown; another bridge is nov 
 in course of construction.
 
 CITY PLANNING PRUCiRESS 
 
 5' 
 
 Des Moines. — Model of Rivertronr 
 Municipal Building, and Federal Court. 
 
 of the civic center, and contracts tor two more have just 
 been let. .-Ml the river banks have been graded, river walls 
 have been built, more are under construction, and consid- 
 erable landscape work has been done. .Aside from the con- 
 templated buildings and bridges, the riverfront improve- 
 ment is about 75 per cent completed and now stands as 
 the greatest accomplishment of the Civic Improvement 
 Committee of the Commercial Club and its successor, the 
 Town Planning Committee. 
 
 Boulevards. — Three of the architects serving on the 
 Town Planning Committee have been appointed to serve 
 with the City Commissioner ot Streets on a Boulevard 
 Commission which is now preparing maps, surveys, and 
 the like, ready for real work when the State Assembly 
 passes the legislation necessary to begin construction. The 
 Commission's program calls for 20 miles of boulevard 
 development. There are now about 800 acres ot public 
 park, all of which have been paid for and some ot which 
 have been improved. When the time comes the city will 
 improve all of its parks, connect them with scenic 
 boulevards, as provided in the program ot the Boulevard 
 Commission, and give to the people a place where they can 
 enjoy the good things ot outdoor lite. 
 
 Imprcivenu-nt and Civic Center, l.ookint; Kast, Showing Coliseum, l.ihrary, I'ost Drfice, 
 
 Capi/o/ Sci/iiix- I'he third notable work in Des Moines 
 is that of the Capitol Kxtension Commission. The Town 
 Planning Committee is represented on this Commission, 
 the secretary serving as a member ot the Commission, so 
 that the work of the two bodies has in a measure been 
 related. The state provided for the purchase of over 100 
 
 Dks M()Im>. Civic Center .ind Kiverlront, \'iew Looking 
 South. 
 
 acres of property surrounding the capitol building. This 
 propertv has been cleared ot obstruction and is now being 
 parked and landscaped. The scheme ot improvement is 
 closely related to that of the civic center on the rivertront. 
 The western approach to the new capitol development is 
 by way of a boulevard, 120 feet wide, extending from the 
 
 Detroit. — Proposed Bridge to Belle Isle, the City's Splendid Island Playground. Cass (Jilbert, .Architect. 
 A monumental structure which the city has an opportunity of realizing, now that the old truss bridge has been ilestroyed by fire.
 
 52 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 civic center, through the city proper, to the capitol build- 
 ing, seven blocks away. Edgar H. Harhin, secretary ot 
 the Allison Memorial Commission ot Des Moines, has 
 characterized the work ot the Capitol Extension Commis- 
 sion as "the most complete seizure of opportunity through 
 public law that an American Commonwealth has recently 
 made." 
 
 The Task Ahead. — The esthetic side of Des Moines 
 development has been remarkably well taken care of. It 
 remains to secure equal or even better results on the prac- 
 tical side of city planning. 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Probably no other city in America has had the benefit 
 of so much expert advice in city planning problems as 
 Detroit (571,784). Charles Mulford Robinson, Frederick 
 Law Olmsted, E. H. Bennett, T. Glenn Phillips, Cass Gil- 
 bert and Arthur C. Comey, not to mention specialists in 
 engineering who have studied specific problems such as 
 transportation, water-supply and sewage, and the like, 
 have made studies and contributed reports on various 
 phases of the Detroit city plan. 
 
 Early Piaiining. — Detroit was tortunate in the early 
 days in being built according to a studied plan. When the 
 city was burned in 1805, and while it was still a small heap 
 of ruins. Judge Augustus B. Woodward came trom Wash- 
 ington, under appointment trom the Federal Government, 
 as Circuit Judge tor Michigan. The city ot Washington 
 itself had been planned only a score of years before, and 
 
 with the vision ot L'Enfant's future city of Washington 
 before him. Judge Woodward immediately set to work to 
 draft a plan tor the new city according to L'Enfant's 
 ideas. This plan was adopted by the city fathers and used 
 to a large extent in replacing the burned city area. As a 
 result, some ot the best-known streets in Detroit today 
 were axes in the plan which Judge Woodward prepared. 
 Woodward Avenue, a great main axis, and Jefferson 
 Avenue, a good cross axis, the Campus Martius, Grand 
 Circus Park, and little parks dotted here and there, framed 
 the Woodward scheme. Detroit sutfered a great misfor- 
 tune in not developing in outlying sections according to 
 the Woodward plan. 
 
 Recent Plautiing. — Ot recent years, city planning 
 received a great impetus as a result of the activity of the 
 Board ot Commerce, and later ot the Official City Plan 
 and Improvement Commission, organized in 1910 by 
 ordinance of the City Council. Charles Multord Robinson 
 submitted a report to the Board ot Commerce on "Civic 
 Improvement in Detroit" over a decade ago, and this was 
 tollowed immediately by a report by Frederick Law 
 Olmsted, which was published in 1905, entitled "Improve- 
 ment of the City of Detroit." This report was reprinted 
 in 191 5, and although now ten years old it deserves a most 
 caretiil reading by students ot city planning. The great 
 civic opportunity, which Mr. Olmsted emphasized in 1905, 
 tor the preservation ot the Detroit watertront and tor a 
 broad handling of the big problem ot city development, 
 is yet unrealized, and the conclusion is borne out in this 
 instance in particular that unless cities do seize the oppor- 
 tunities which expert investigations reveal, they stand a 
 great chance of losing them forever. 
 
 Detroit. — Proposed Two-Level Tr.ifTic Separation Scheme at the Terminus ot the Proposed Belle Isle Bridge. 
 Trolley cars from the bridge or the debouching streets, circle the plaza on the surface; automobiles pass down an incline to the 
 subway level and then out.
 
 CITY PI.ANNIN(^ PK()(;RKSS 
 
 53 
 
 J.J<^' 
 
 Detroit. — Diagrammatic Scheme ot Proposed Parks, Parkways, and Encircling Boulevards. 
 
 Plan and Improvement Commission is that liv Arthur C 
 Comey, entitled "Detroit Suburban Planning," which was 
 submitted in May, 1915, and which extends the principles 
 
 Civic Center. — Then, in 191J, came the next significant 
 study in which was forecast a report to be mentioned 
 later. This was the report " .\ Center of .^rts and Letters," 
 published in 1913 and prepared for the City and Improve- 
 ment Commission by Edward H. Bennett and Frank 
 Miles Day. The report laid down a plan for a great educa- 
 tion and art center and discussed its relation to the city 
 plan in general. In accordance with this plan, 29 acres 
 were purchased and one unit in the group, the public 
 library, is under consideration. This marked the first large 
 public improvement undertaken by Detroit since the 
 earliest days of the city. 
 
 General Plan. — Several notable reports have since been 
 published by the City Plan and Improvement Commis- 
 sion, setting forth the results of studies by various experts. 
 The most important is that made by K. H. Bennett, of" 
 Chicago, on a comprehensive preliminary plan for thor- 
 oughfares, for the development of the riverfront, for 
 diagonal streets and street widening, and for new parks 
 and connecting boulevards. Of these studies, the largest 
 conception is embodied in the recommendations for the 
 development of the riverfront. Mr. Bennett's scheme has 
 as its fundamental feature a great park along the entire 
 Detroit River as it borders the city of Detroit. His other 
 recommendations are too numerous to mention here. They 
 are to be found in the report published by the City Plan 
 and Improvement Commission, the summary of which is 
 given in the Journal of the American Institute of Architects 
 for June, 191 J. 
 
 Suburbs. — One of the most instructive and interesting 
 of the smaller specialized reports published by the City 
 
 - .' ' i'-j' - ■ -•■ ■ ■■- I- 1 '^^ 
 
 advanced by Mr. Bennett tor the central districts into the 
 
 suburbs and provides a groundwork for the greater Detroit. 
 
 Relte Isle. — Frederick Law Olmsted's contribution to 
 
 city planning, in addition to that already referred to above, 
 
 is to be found in a report entitled "Conilitions in Detroit — 
 
 Detroit. — Center o( .^rts and Letters, in Course of Realiza- 
 tion.
 
 u 
 
 CITY PLANNIN(t progress 
 
 Detroit. — Proposed Civic Center, Adjacent to the Focus of 
 the City's Chief Arteries. 
 
 191 5," which deals with the landscape features of Detroit's 
 beautiful island park called Belle Isle and with the treat- 
 ment of her boulevards and small neighborhood open spaces. 
 
 T. Glenn Phillips, landscape architect, and secretary 
 ot the City Plan and Improvement Commission submitted 
 a report in 1910 on "City Tree Planting," the first pub- 
 lished by the Commission, which was revised and again 
 published in 1914. 
 
 The Board ot Commerce, the Michigan Chapter of the 
 American Institute ot Architects, and the Detroit Society 
 ot Civil Kngineers have been particularly active in pushing 
 the city planning movement, but Detroit is more than 
 ordinarily fortunate in having a chairman of its City Plan 
 and Improvement Commission, Charles Moore, an honor- 
 arv member of the American Institute ot .'\rchitects, whose 
 name is associated in a big way with one ot the outstand- 
 ing achievements in city planning in America, viz., the 
 work of the Senate Commission on the Improvement 
 of Washington. 
 
 Duluth 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 The City Planning Committee of the Commercial Club 
 of Duluth (94,495) has for several years been an active 
 promoter ot better planning for the city. In 1916 it was 
 reorganized as a committee of twenty-five members and 
 divided into subcommittees. This Committee has pre- 
 pared a number of maps of fundamental character and 
 has undertaken the study of certain pressing problems, the 
 solution ot which, as proposed, will, it is thought, articu- 
 late properly with such future planning as may be vmder- 
 taken on comprehensive lines. The Committee has been 
 quite fortunate in establishing a certain degree of coopera- 
 
 ted r'-jT^^r » CZ7 1- 
 
 
 n,*-'^ 
 
 11- TYPICAL STREET INTERSECTION ON STEEP GRADIENT. ( 
 
 IS; « : . . , J 
 
 Courtesy The AmeTican City 
 Duluth. — Typical Street Intersection on Steep Gradient in :i Hilly Cit)'; a Scientific Study of a Basic Street Problen
 
 CITY PLANNINCJ PRCXJRKSS 
 
 55 
 
 tion between all parts ot tlic citv I'V ailoptiiii; a sclienie tor 
 a cooperative census, in which chiklren ot the schools ami 
 voung people in the high school served as enumerators. 
 C(i>iuecling Upper and Lower Towns. — Duluth is a long, 
 narrow hillside town, ascending abruptly from the shores 
 of the Lake and Bay of Superior. The hill on which the 
 city is placed comes down to within a halt-mile ot the bay 
 front, over the bold, rocky shoulder that cuts the city into 
 two. On either side the slope gradually decreases until 
 there is a gentle acclivity from i to 2 miles wide, in which 
 a population ot fi\c or ten times the present proportions 
 
 Duluth. — Plan of Morgan Park, an Industrial Town of the 
 Minnesota Steel Company, Showing how the Housing .Areas are 
 Separated from the Factory Location by Broad Parked .Strips. 
 
 could find easy room. The engineering problem is to 
 bridge this point ot rocks economically. The highways in 
 the central portion of the city have been designed without 
 regard to topography or ease of communication. VV. B. 
 Patten, a member ot the City Planning Committee, who 
 was formerly City Kngineer of Duluth, has planned a 
 system of diagonal arterial highways, ascending the hill 
 above referred to, and linking certain proposed main and 
 secondary centers near the waterfront with the land lying 
 some distance inward. This plan was published in 
 Engi}!eerii!g News ot October 5, 1916. 
 
 Union Terminal. — The Committee is also studying the 
 terminal problem. Duluth is fortunate in this respect, in 
 that the railroad termmals were, by the conilitions ot the 
 site, necessarily forced into one area, and the inadeijuacy 
 
 of this area to accommodate all ot them in separate termi- 
 nals made one joint terminal the only practical solution. 
 The natural contour ot the grounds at the point in question 
 is such that the tracks must be located 20 feet below the 
 level of the main business street, so that Duluth has only 
 to run its streets over the tracks through the entire whole- 
 sale and terminal district. Kventually it may be possible 
 to have two track-levels, spanned by viaducts in the cen- 
 tral district. 
 
 'I'hc T/ans. -Briefly the larger work outlined by the city 
 planners in Duluth is to provide an adeipiate street system, 
 a comprehensive park system, and further unification of 
 railroad terminals. The leaders in the City Planning Com- 
 mittee of the Commercial Club arc Francis \V. Sullivan, 
 Chairman, W. B. Patten, former City Kngineer, and J. S. 
 Pardee, assistant secretary of the Commercial Club. 
 
 Housing. — Reference to Duluth's accomplishments 
 would not be complete without mention of the new 
 industrial town called Morgan Park, laid out in 1911; for 
 the Minnesota Steel Company, a subsidiary organization 
 ot the United States Steel Corporation. This development 
 is described in T/ie .imcrican City magazine tor February, 
 1916. 
 
 Durham 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 \ campaign for city planning was recently opened in 
 Durham (25,061). On October 5, 1916, the Housing Com- 
 nuttee ot the Chamber of Commerce was organized; on 
 January 15, the Board ot ."Aldermen appointed a committee 
 to consider the employment ot a city planner, and on 
 January 17, 1917, the Chamber of Commerce appointed a 
 City Planning Committee. W. J. Griswold is chairman of 
 the first ot these committees, M. F'.. Newson, Jr., is chair- 
 man of the .'Mdermanic Committee, and T. B. Fuller is 
 chairman of the City Planning Committee of the Chamber 
 ot Commerce. No special ordinances have been enacteti, 
 and no funds appropriated up to this time. John \olen, 
 of Cambridge, Mass., addressed a meeting of interested 
 citizens in February of this year. 
 
 Housing. — Hill C. Linthicum and H. Colvin I.inthi- 
 cum, architects, have furnished plans and specifications 
 for moderate-priced homes, which the Chamber of Com- 
 merce is distributing. Recently the latter organization 
 has offered a prize to architects in North Carolina for plans 
 and specifications tor moderate-priced homes, the archi 
 tects serving as a jury with a member of the Chamber of 
 Commerce. Designs are to be in by the first ot .April, 1917. 
 
 Other Pia>:s. — .A number of people in Durham are urg- 
 ing the adoption of zoning measures which will restrict 
 inciustrial plants to specific areas. Durham is also making 
 a serious effort to improve her park and playground system 
 which at the present time does not conform to the better 
 standards set by some other cities ot the same size. .At the 
 present time a charter amendment is being pushed which 
 will permit comprehensive street improvements involving 
 an expenditure of over Jl, 500,000. For this work, com- 
 petent expert advice is being sought, anti it is more than 
 likely that a city planner and traffic expert will be employed 
 sometime soon.
 
 S6 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 East Orange 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 The City Planning Commission ot East Orange (42,458) 
 was appointed early in 1916, under the New Jersey Act 
 (Laws of New Jersey 1913, Chap. 72). Col. George P. 
 Olcott is chairman of the Commission. In September, 
 1916, George B. Ford and E. P. Goodrich, of New York 
 City, were engaged to make a preliminary survey on which 
 to base a comprehensive city plan. 
 
 History. — Prior to i860, East Orange was a part of the 
 town of Orange, but, at that time, disagreement over taxa- 
 tion matters and municipal policy arose among the people 
 ot Orange, and three large sections of outlying territory 
 separated from the old town and organized themselves 
 into separate political units, now known as South Orange, 
 East Orange, and West Orange. When East Orange with- 
 drew from Orange to he a city with independent govern- 
 ment, she took 4 square miles ot rolling meadow land, 
 stretching the length of Orange and away to the Newark 
 border. In this section the old roads and streets were 
 already built with comfortable and often luxurious home- 
 steads, set in the midst of spacious gardens and well-kept 
 lawns. Many of these houses are still the landmarks of 
 the older town and lend what distinction there is to the 
 modern citv. 
 
 The Problem. — The population of East Orange, at the 
 time ot its separation, in 1863, was about 3,000 chiefly 
 
 East Orange. — Entrance to Municipal Playground. 
 The area in the foreground was a swamp when purchased in 
 1907. 
 
 well-to-do or wealthy families identified with the early 
 growth ot the community. From that time to the present 
 its growth in newcomers has been rapid and steady, until 
 its newly built-up rows of single and two-family houses, 
 apartments and tenements, stretch in more or less com- 
 pactly built areas to the Newark borders. Its population 
 today is nearly 43,000, largely made up ot commuters to 
 New York and Newark. There is probably no suburb of a 
 large city where families ot moderate income can find a 
 wider choice of comfortable and convenient small homes 
 with air, sunshine, and adequate elbow-room. The growth 
 of the town, however, has been so rapid and its natural 
 development so seemingly prosperous that certain unfor- 
 seen dangers have been allowed to develop into condi- 
 tions really serious from the standpoint of the permanent 
 prosperity and health ot the city. No precaution has 
 been taken to reserve sufficient park space tor present en- 
 joyment or tor future need, or to restrict the encroachment 
 ot speculative building in districts in which handsome 
 residences, demanding space and privacy, prevail. Much 
 ot the speculative building, while doubtless of sanitary 
 excellence, has little architectural charm or individuality 
 and is bound to depreciate surrounding property values. 
 Moreover, in a community where the possibility ot housing 
 its people in individual homes is nowhere nearly exhausted, 
 it is shortsighted to allow the rapid construction of tene- 
 ments which can only be a menace to the city's future 
 social health. East Orange at present has 369 congregate 
 houses. A certain number of these on the better streets 
 may now be classed as higher grade apartment houses, 
 but many of these are so flimsily built that they must in a 
 few years deteriorate to cheaper and less fastidious use. 
 
 A Report on Housing Conditions in the Oranges, cov- 
 ering some of the matters referred to above, was made 
 and submitted in 1915 by Edith Rockwell Hall, Field 
 Secretary of the Civic Committee of the Woman's Club 
 ot Orange, New Jersey. The Report calls attention to the 
 growmg Italian district in the Elm wood section of East 
 Orange as a section likely to develop slum conditions. 
 The Report urges the appointment of a permanent housing 
 committee for all of the Oranges, the functions of such 
 committee being to secure better living conditions in the 
 community, to arouse interest in securing a comprehensive 
 city plan upon which to base a harmonious development of 
 the whole community, looking ahead to the needed reserva- 
 tion of park spaces, necessary building restrictions for 
 given areas, extension of transportation facilities, creation 
 of community centers, and the like. 
 
 The Survey. — In taking up their work for the City Plan- 
 ning Commission, in 191 6, Messrs. Ford and Goodrich 
 made a pedestrian survey covering practically all ot the 
 streets of the city. They conducted their work on the 
 principle that if a man is going to make recommenda- 
 tions about the way a city ought to go, the obvious thing 
 to do is to know the town and to know it thoroughly. 
 Their observations were noted in the field. Special study 
 was made of the traffic on the main street and around the 
 principal railroad station. They made also a careful 
 investigation of sites for a new city hall, with estimates of 
 what each possible solution would cost. They have given 
 attention to the elimination of grade crossings on the two
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCURESS 
 
 57 
 
 USE OF PROPERTY 
 
 HViT OltvVCE 
 
 East Orange. — Fundamental Data for City Planning; Use East Orange. — Fundamental Data for City Planning, of 
 
 of Property Maps, of Special Value in Devising a Districting Special Value in Studying Improvements in Thoroughfare System. 
 Plan. Street widths of over 50 feet are shown in hiack. 
 
 railroad lines serving the city and the better handling of 
 street details and street lighting; to the rounding out and 
 extension ot the parks and playgrounds; to the prevention 
 ot unsanitary conditions and the correction ot existing 
 housing evils; to the possibility of restricting the use of 
 property by zoning and along the lines which are proving 
 so popular in New York City- In short, their program of 
 work was framed, not with a view to making a number ot 
 recommendations tor the spending ot large sums, with a 
 consequent increase in the tax rate, but rather to deter- 
 mine how the city might possibly spend to better advan- 
 tage the sums which are raised each year tor municipal 
 improvements. Their whole scheme of work at the present 
 is toward the preparation ot a preliminary report — a form 
 ot stock-taking — so the citizens of East Orange can see 
 where their community stands in respect to city planning, 
 as compared with other towns of about the same size. The 
 detailed recommendations for actual improvements will 
 come later. 
 
 Data Maps. — In presenting the data which thev have 
 collected, a number of large-scale maps have been pre- 
 pared, made so as to be easily reproduced in newspapers 
 and magazines. On one map they are showing all the street 
 grades that are over 5 per cent. This intormation is of 
 value in the determination of a system of north and south 
 thoroughfares. On another map they are showing the 
 street developments so that, in working out suggestions 
 for thoroughfares, advantage can be taken ot the best 
 
 paved streets. On another map they are showing by heavy 
 black lines all streets with a width ot over 50 teet. On 
 another map they have indicatetl (with one dot tor every 
 twenty-five people) the distribution ot population. This is 
 of value in ascertaining the possibilities of spreading the 
 population and in determining the need of transit lines 
 and the like. Another map shows the through automobile, 
 trucking, and transit routes. These show, graphically, 
 how circuitous are the routes some of the traffic must take. 
 On another map they are showing freight facilities from 
 which one can, by comparing with the intormation that 
 other maps contain, iletermine whether the freight ter- 
 minals are conveniently located. On another map they are 
 showing the characteristics ot the use ot property; on 
 another, the height of buildings; on .still another, the pro- 
 portion of lot which the buildings occupy; and on another, 
 the character of building material used. Many of the 
 last-mentioned maps are essential to any plan tor dis- 
 tricting or zoning the city. The whole report will be pub- 
 lished by the Commission during May or June, 1917. 
 
 East St. Louis 
 
 Illinois 
 
 The term "east side" has become almost synony- 
 mous with social and civic problems. St. Louis applies 
 the term to the string of towns sprawled along the opposite
 
 58 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 bank of the Mississippi River, and it is appropriate in its 
 civic as well as its geographical connection.* These Illinois 
 towns are linked to the larger city by four big coupling- 
 pins — the bridges across the broad, brown Mississippi. 
 Directly facing St. Louis, and as close to the river bank 
 as a network of railway terminals will permit, is an 
 agglomeration of business buildings, dwellings, and 
 industrial plants. This is East St. Louis (74,078), linked 
 to the city proper by two bridges on its northern edge. 
 
 Essential Social and Civic Unity Should Be Recognized. — 
 East St. Louis and her neighboring towns are "out in the 
 cold," so far as the civic plan and social progress of St. 
 Louis are concerned. Of course there is little initiative on 
 the part of these communities to "join in," and the 
 inspiration which St. Louis extends to its western suburbs 
 — identified with it in the same county and state govern- 
 ments — is entirely lacking in its relation to the east-side 
 towns, whose volume of business and industrial output 
 nevertheless it now claims as swelling the greatness of the 
 St. Louis district. Naturally, the broad river and the 
 state boundaries break the identity of interests depend- 
 ing upon state, county, or municipal legislation. It is 
 easy, therefore, to understand why a city plan for St. 
 Louis and its environs has nothing to do with the region 
 across the river, although it does not fail to present 
 detailed schemes tor the growth and improvement ot 
 areas much farther distant on the western side. Yet 
 arbitrary governmental boundaries of political units 
 almost fade out in our modern conception of the "indus- 
 trial district" or "metropolitan area" and its develop- 
 ment as a whole. The essential social and civic unity of 
 the same district should similarly be recognized. Much 
 might be gained through cooperating and coordinating 
 action on the part of the several governmental authorities 
 having jurisdiction in such a "district," and on the part 
 of the volunteer social and civic agencies concerned. 
 
 Comprehensive Park Plans. — While East St. Louis 
 could gain by working with the bigger city on the other 
 side of the river on large problems of civic improvement, 
 she has shown surprising foresight and determination to 
 grapple with her own civic problems in an intelligent 
 way by engaging Geo. E. Kessler, of St. Louis, to prepare 
 comprehensive plans for a park and recreation system. 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce of Elizabeth (86,690), of 
 which Vance C. Roberts is secretary, is at the present time 
 advocating the appointment of a city planning commis- 
 sion by the Mayor. It is probable that the appointmer.t 
 will be made in the near future. The Chamber is also tak- 
 ing up the housing problem with a view to securing needed 
 homes for employees ot industrial plants in Elizabeth. 
 The study and improvement of existing housing condi- 
 tions is in the hands of a standing committee of the 
 Charity Organization Society, organized in 1914. No 
 funds have been provided for the committee, and no 
 definite policy is being pursued at the present time. 
 
 Recreation is in charge of an official commission, of 
 
 *See "Satellite Cities," by Graham R. Taylor, D. .^ppleton & 
 Company, 1915. 
 
 which Mr. Otis is secretary. The Board of Public Works 
 ha.s within their jurisdiction the park and boulevard sys- 
 tem. Funds for its development are furnished by the city 
 administration. No public markets have yet been erected, 
 but the Housewives' League, in cooperation with the 
 Bureau ot Markets of the State ."Agricultural Depart- 
 ment, is planning to inaugurate such a market in the near 
 future. The adjustment ot railroad facilities, the improve- 
 ment of the waterfront, and the execution of street im- 
 provement are in the hands ot the Board of Public Works. 
 The Chamber of Commerce and the city administration 
 are actively engaged in securing better and more conven- 
 ient trolley transportation service. .\ civic center plan is 
 being jointly studied by the Chamber of Commerce and 
 the city administration. 
 
 Elgin 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Early in 1916 the Elgin Commercial Club of Elgin 
 (28,203) secured the services of E. H. Bennett, of Chicago, 
 to make a comprehensive survey and plan for the city. 
 
 ron RIVER 
 
 Elgin. — The Two Dominant Features of the New City Plan 
 are the Treatment of the River Banks and the Reorganization 
 and Simplification of the Railroad Lines.
 
 eil'V IM.ANNINC; PROCiRKSS 
 
 59 
 
 This action was miulc piissihlc tliroiigli the gcncrositv ot 
 Charles I-. Hiillnird, presiiicnt ot the Klgin National 
 Watch Conipanv. Mr. Bennett presented his phin in the 
 latter part of 191 6, and immediately an unofficial Citv 
 Plan Commission, composed ot eleven working groups, 
 was organized. F.ach group consisted ot a committee 
 charged with the solution ot one ot the several problems 
 given consideration in the report ot Mr. Bennett. The Citv 
 Planning Commission, composed ot more than 100 repre- 
 sentative men and women, is hacked up in all ot its work hv 
 the Elgin Commercial Club, through whom the Commis- 
 sion came into existence. Large public gatherings have 
 been addressed, and slides ot the tirawings are being 
 screened in the moving-picture theatres. .A very attractive 
 booklet ot titty pages has been published, giving the 
 iletails ot the plan, and this is being used by the Committee 
 on Publicity in bringing the recommendations to the peo- 
 ple ot Klgin. 
 
 Commission .-/i/visory Only. — .As the state ot Ilhnois 
 has no city planning legislation authorizing the appoint- 
 ment ot a citv planning commission, or in anv other wav 
 aiding city planning movements, the Klgin Commercial 
 Club is making the plan ot Klgin the people's move- 
 ment and is appealing to community interests to carry out 
 the features ot the plan. .An effort is being made to secure 
 the cooperation of the City Commissioners, the railroads, 
 the interurban lines, and the people generallv in the execu- 
 tion ot the plan. 
 
 The- Plans. — The plan ol Klgin makes no attempt to 
 
 |iaint a tuture ol cxtraoniinary development but deals 
 with normal contlitions ot growth and considerations of 
 fineness and real worth, rather than mere size. The two 
 dominant features of the plan are the treatment of the 
 river banks and the reorganization and simplification of 
 the railroad lines. Taken together, they present a great 
 opportunity for Klgin to set a standard of improvement 
 and to remove from its future the menace of intolerable 
 conilitions prevalent in cities of larger size. The control 
 ot inilustrial development by districting, the establish- 
 ment ot a civic center on the heights overlooking the 
 river, the cutting and extension of streets in a moilerate 
 degree, the building ot new briilges, and the rounding out 
 of the park and playground systems are briefly treated. 
 
 Flmira 
 
 New ^'ork 
 
 ■A City Planning Commission was organized in Klmira 
 (.58,121) on .August I, 1916, uniier the New York law for 
 second-class cities (Chap. 699, Laws of 191,'?). Funds have 
 been provided by the city tor organization purposes, and 
 the city authorities have expressed their intention of mak- 
 ing ample provision for the future work of the Commission 
 as it develops. .A bill enlarging the area over which the 
 Commission will have jurisdiction is now before the legis- 
 lature. This will give the Conmiission control over ter- 
 ritory lying _5 miles beyond the citv limits. 
 
 Ki.MiRA. — Korick's Glen Hark, the Center of the City's Outdoor Recreational Life. 
 To make tuture provision lor such features of community life and to broaden all lines of the city's development, 
 mission has Just been appointed anil is about to draft a comprehensive plan. 
 
 I'lanninjj Com-
 
 6o 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Recreation. — Elniira has seven parks, with an area ot 
 loo acres, paid tor by public funds, with one exception. 
 Playgrounds were developed in schoolyards in four of the 
 city schools in the past year, and they are in charge ot a 
 supervisor. .A 17-acre plot has recently been purchased for 
 an athletic field, to be used by pupils of the high and 
 grammar schools ot the city. The Rotary Club has under- 
 taken to provide skating-ponds and rinks in the public 
 parks and upon the river. 
 
 Other Improvements. — The Chamber ot Commerce, 
 which has supported the movement for city planning, has 
 recently, through its Home Building Corporation, laid 
 out a plot of 150 lots and has erected fifty houses with all 
 modern conveniences. Immediately adjacent to this 
 housing development, a park ot 20 acres has been donated. 
 The plans tor the development of this area, which are 
 about to be carried out, provide tor a boulevard a mile in 
 length, surrounding a lake — the chief feature of the site. 
 No definite plan for a civic center has been devised. All 
 ot the public buildings are located within an area cover- 
 ing three blocks. A building code has been prepared and 
 submitted to the Common Council, and its adoption is 
 pending. 
 
 Philip E. Lonergan is secretary of the City Planning 
 Commission. The Chamber of Commerce, the Mayor, 
 Harry M. Hoffman, and J. H. Pierce, fellow of the 
 American Institute of .'\rchitects, have actively sup- 
 ported city planning. 
 
 El Paso 
 
 Texas 
 
 Promotional work tor city planning in El Paso (63,705) 
 has been largely in the hands ot an organization known as 
 the Civic Improvement League, organized, but not 
 incorporated, in 1906, and supported by private subscrip- 
 tions. Agitation by the League tor the parking ot streets 
 
 , t>. 
 
 El Paso. — Residence Street Parking. 
 
 was so successful that efforts were directed to securing an 
 increase in the number ot neighborhood play-places and 
 breathing-spots. This resulted in the-city's acquiring a 
 number of such places in districts formerly unsupplied. 
 The Civic Improvement League now has in mind the con- 
 version of several miles ot the riverfront, used for com- 
 mercial purposes, into a public recreation park. There 
 are now fourteen parks within the city limits, having a 
 total area of 143 acres, paid tor by assessment on abutting 
 property. This is, however, much too small a park area for 
 a city of this size. The city has 12 miles of park streets, 
 and agitation is now on tor the construction ot a boulevard 
 around the rim of a high mesa to the northward of, and 
 overlooking, the city. If this proposal is carried through. 
 El Paso will possess one of the most attractive scenic 
 driveways in America. 
 
 Railroads. — One of the most pressing problems today 
 is the removal ot the railroads from the heart ot the city. 
 El Paso is practically divided into two sections by these. 
 So far, the only result of attempts to improve the situa- 
 tion has been an offer by the railroad to remove the grade 
 crossings along this portion ot their lines. 
 
 Streets. — Housing, community work, improvement of 
 transit lines, and other phases of city planning are receiv- 
 
 
 V 
 
 EMMETSBVRC- IO«',-.-ClT;''-PLAN 
 
 « i.v.EROVEMEfjr Cf L"J;l ..'hore <3f IJL^WDJ 
 
 C1T.1- Pl_ArJlNE.R.J 
 
 Emmetsburg. — Portion of City Plan Showing Park Treatment about thciLake.
 
 Crr^ IM.ANNING PRCXJRKSS 
 
 6i 
 
 ing some attention. One ot the projects in which the citi- 
 zens are most interested is the extension ot Oregon Street 
 ami the principal business streets of the city into Juarez, 
 Mex., over an ornamental international britige. 
 
 The architects in the city have had much to do in creat- 
 ing favorable public sentiment for civic improvements 
 and city planning. A number ot them have already sub- 
 mitted plans, more or less comprehensive in character, 
 tor large areas in the city. P.dward Kneezell, a member 
 ot the .American Institute of .Architects, is prominentlv 
 identified with this work. 
 
 l^mmctshuro; 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Emmetsburg, a city in Iowa ot less than j,ooo popu- 
 lation, atfords an unusual illustration of the value of town 
 planning for the smaller communities. There the move- 
 ment had its inception at a meeting ot the Emmetsburg 
 Commercial Club, in February, 1914, when a committee 
 was appointed to devise a plan tor future action. .After an 
 active campaign this Committee raised, among the vari- 
 ous boards and organizations in the city, funds sufficient 
 to employ advisers. The City Council, in May, 1914, 
 passed an ordinance creating the Emmetsburg City Plan 
 Commission. Ray Floyd Weirick, landscape architect, 
 and Sawyer and Watrous, architects, all of Des Moines, 
 were appointed to prepare the town plan. .A survey of the 
 town was made, and atter a careful study of local condi- 
 tions, plans were preparetl by the advisers and officially 
 adopted. The new plan contemplates improvements cov- 
 
 ering a period of tifty years. The plan gives special con- 
 sideration to the creation ot civic, recreation, anil educa- 
 tional centers, ami to the development of a lakefront park. 
 Results. — Many of the proposals have already been 
 carried our, and others, requiring more time to complete, 
 have been begun under the most auspicious circumstances. 
 The entire enterprise stands as a most inspiring example 
 of what the small town ami village can do in the way 
 ot initiating town planning ami carrying it to a successful 
 issue. 
 
 Kric 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Plans tor the extension and improvement of Erie 
 (75>79**) were prepared in 1913 for the Chamber of Com- 
 merce and Board ot Trade. Those portions of the plan 
 having to do with the street system, the railroads, water- 
 front, building development, ami open spaces were drafted 
 by John Nolen, ot Cambridge, Mass.; with street trans- 
 portation facilities, by E. P. Goodrich, of New York, 
 assisted by V. \'an Z. Lane; and with the development of 
 commerce in Erie by Henry C. Eong, of Boston. The 
 legal aspects ot the plan were presentetl by a subcommittee 
 ot the City Planning Committee. .About :?5,ooo was con- 
 tributed by what is now the Board of Commerce and by 
 various private citizens for the preparation of the plans and 
 the report thereon. The publication of the report occurred 
 simultaneously with the appointment of the official City 
 Planning Commission (under provisions of the law for 
 third class cities signed by the (iovernor on July i^, 
 1913). Ill attempting to accomplish results along the lines 
 
 Courtesy The AjneTicaii Cilx 
 
 Erie.— General Plan (if 191 4, .Showint; Frciposeii Park System (shaded) ami Thdroughfares and P.irkvv.iys. 
 The original street plan of Erie was made in 1 795 by .Andrew Kllicott, the man who completed the plan of Washington, D. C, on 
 the designs of L'Enfant.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 outlined in the report, friction arose between the city 
 government and the Citv Planning Commission, particu- 
 larly when efforts were made by the local friends of city 
 planning to have a bill passed in the state legislature mak- 
 ing mandatory the assignment to the Planning Commis- 
 sion, of a small annual assessment on the city's taxable 
 values, thus giving larger opportunities to cities of the 
 third class to carry on their investigations. The official 
 commission resigned in 1915, but efforts are again being 
 made by members of the Board of Commerce to put city 
 planning on a stable footing in the city. The influence of 
 the National Citv Planning Conference has been a factor 
 in this new movement. 
 
 Housing and Parks. — Some industrial housing work 
 has been accomplished bv the General Electric Company 
 of Erie. The existing housing laws, however, are out of 
 date. Erie has now but a meager provision of open spaces, 
 even for its present population. 
 
 Engineering JVork. — In transit and transportation, 
 plans for a new union station are under way and grade 
 crossing elimination is now being carried out. One public 
 dock was constructed several years ago to take advantage 
 of a wonderful bay and waterfront which has never been 
 adequately developed. A Si, 000,000 project was started 
 late in 1916 for lifting the flood menace from Mill Creek. 
 The plans, which are now well under way, provide for the 
 carriage of the waters of the creek in a concrete conduit ; 
 miles long. 
 
 Good Original Plan. — The original street plan of Erie 
 was made in 1795 by Andrew EUicott, the first Surveyor 
 General of the United States and the man who com- 
 pleted the city of Washington on the designs of L'Enfant. 
 The streets in the portion of the city laid out according to 
 his plan are platted on a rectangular system. They are 
 generally of good width, the principal thoroughfares being 
 100 feet wide and the majority of other streets 60 feet wide. 
 .AH streets run either parallel with or at right angles to the 
 lake shore. The blocks are about 3J0 feet by 660 feet. 
 Notwithstanding Ellicott's familiarity with the plan of 
 Washington, no radial or diagonal streets were included in 
 the original city plan. The streets are most numerous in 
 the direction in which traffic is greatest. Beyond the 
 limits of the original city, control of the location and 
 width of streets has not yet been exercised in the interest 
 of a good plan. The serious evils of this lack of control 
 are already apparent. 
 
 Evanston 
 
 Illinois 
 
 .\ comprehensive city plan has now been made for 
 Evanston (28,591) and was published in March, 1917. 
 This plan is a work of the City Plan Committee of the 
 Small Parks and Playgrounds Commission of Evanston, 
 Illinois. The Committee was appointed in the spring of 
 1 91 6 and has been working for the past year on the plans. 
 They include a complete playground, park, and boulevard 
 system and provide for adequate railroad station build- 
 ings and approaches, bridges, waterfront development 
 (with lagoons and pleasure harbor), street widening and 
 extension, the platting of new districts and a civic center. 
 
 The report has been presented to the City Council of 
 Evanston for its adoption and will be widely distributed 
 locally. The work has been supported by a private sub- 
 scription. Messrs. D. H. Burnham II, Hubert Burnham, 
 Thomas E. Tallmadge, and Dwight H. Perkins, members of 
 the .American Institute of .Architects, have given profes- 
 sional advice and assistance in the preparation of 
 the report. 
 
 Evansville 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Housing reform, under the able leadership of Mrs. 
 .Albion Fellows Bacon, is the subject of the outstanding 
 civic advance in Evansville (76,078) in recent years. Mrs. 
 Bacon has not limited her activities to her own town but 
 has waged a campaign for housing reform throughout the 
 state, and it was largely through her energy- and enthu- 
 siasm that the present Indiana State Tenement House 
 Law was put on the books. The law is well enforced, and 
 health officers now have control of all dangerous and 
 unsanitary dwellings. In Evansville, since these laws were 
 put into effect, 300 old houses have been torn down and 
 streets are being cut through the old rundown sections of 
 the town, chiefly where the negro quarters are located and 
 where the streets and alleys run into dead ends and pockets. 
 
 General City Planning. — However, city planning, 
 strictly speaking, has never received any general atten- 
 tion. Furthermore, in March, 191 7, with the defeat of a 
 bill introduced into the state legislature, providing for the 
 appointment of planning commissions in cities and towns, 
 city planning has received a serious setback. The forward 
 movement has begun, however, and there is a strong pre- 
 sumption that the bill will pass the legislature at its next 
 session in 1919. 
 
 Subdivisions. — Forest Hills, a restricted residence dis- 
 trict, is the most interesting example of a local development 
 with town planning interest. Roads have been adapted to 
 the contour of the land, and much of the wooded land 
 in the site reserved for park spaces. 
 
 Parks. — There is a large stadium, the largest in that 
 section of the country. It is located in a public park which 
 is also provided with recreational facilities, such as wading- 
 and swimming-pools. Another park along the riverfront, 
 called Mesper Park, a beautiful oak forest, is being care- 
 fully improved, and in the center of the city is another 
 attractive open space. Bayard's Park. .An Art League, now 
 in its infancy, is laying out a program for the improvement 
 of details of the existing plan. The parks are in charge of 
 the Park Board, of which Gilmore Haynie is president. 
 
 Everett 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Board of Everett (39,233) (appointed 
 under Chap. 494 of Massachusetts Acts of 1913) has found 
 its chief opportunity for service in educating the public in 
 city planning. In this effort it has laid special stress on 
 work among the school children. John Nolen, of Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., has lectured on city planning, at the request 
 of the Board, before interested people in the city.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 63 
 
 Teihuiciil IVork. -The Board's technical work has 
 included the collection of data on unsanitary conditions 
 in tenement or rundown districts and on the distribution 
 of open spaces and unused areas. It has made recom- 
 mendations covering the planting of street trees, the 
 redemption of disease-breeding spots, the control ot un- 
 sightly billboard advertising, and the provision ot more 
 ample facilities tor recreation. It has consulted with the 
 officials ot the Boston i!>: Maine Railroad in an endeavor 
 to secure their cooperation in improving conditions at the 
 railroad station fronting on the city's chief thoroughfare. 
 
 Fall River 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 No work on comprehensive city planning has yet been 
 attempted in Fall River (i28,.^66). In 1912 ".\ Survey 
 of Housing Conditions m Fall River" was published. The 
 Committee in charge ot this survey stated that its desire 
 was to ascertain general conditions rather than to find 
 startling abuses. The Committee therefore studied sec- 
 tions rather than houses and recorded both sanitary and 
 unsanitary conditions, basing its conclusions upon aver- 
 ages and not what might be found in individual dwellings. 
 The areas covered by this report contained houses in 
 which less than 5 per cent of the entire population lived. 
 Some activity followed the publication of the housing 
 activities report, and some ot the worst conditions were 
 improved. 
 
 River PoUulion and Industrial Problems. — TheQueque- 
 chan River, along which many mills in Fall River are 
 located, has been allowed to decline to such a condition 
 that the mills can make only partial use of the river and 
 of the great storage capacity of the ponds. Further, the 
 river itself has been polluted to such an extent that it is a 
 nuisance and a menace to the welfare of the whole com- 
 munity. 
 
 As the result of long agitation bv the Chamber of 
 Commerce of the city, the state legislature in 1913 author- 
 ized Fall River to appoint the VVatuppa Ponds and Que- 
 quechan River Commission. This Commission subse- 
 quently retained Messrs. Fay, Spofford & Thorndike, of 
 Boston, as consulting engineers. As the result of their 
 joint report, the city bids fair to accomplish some remark- 
 able civic improvements. 
 
 A Novel Three-Level Conduit. — The novel feature of the 
 plan devised by Fay, SpofFord & Thorndike is a three- 
 level conduit to run from the sand bar to the Watuppa 
 Dam. It has three distinct functions: the lowest channel 
 carries cold water and is the foundation for the other 
 canals; hot water from the condensers is returned to the 
 pond in the upper channel; the middle channel is used tor 
 surface or storm water from the adjacent shops, ami a 
 .separate sewer is installed alongside the cold-water chan- 
 nel. With these proposed improvements the mills will 
 have available a supply of clean, cold water, almost 
 unlimited in extent. The conduit will supply from two 
 and a halt to three times as much water to the mills as 
 they use today. The hot water returned to the pond will 
 have the oil separated from it before it passes into the 
 pond. 
 
 Financing the Improvement. — The engineers estimate 
 the cost ot construction at ?2,6oo,ooo. This amount 
 includes not only the cost of building the required con- 
 duits but the cost of filling in the entire area of the Que- 
 quechan flats. It does not include the items of damages 
 and general expenses, but it is estimated that these will 
 be offset twice over by the value of the filled fiats remain- 
 ing in possession of the city when the project is com- 
 pleted. .As a further reduction, a part of the expense is 
 assessable upon interests especially benefited by the 
 undertaking. The net estimated expense to the city, 
 therefore, is less than i\,lt,o,ooo. 
 
 Reclamation Possibilities. — The usable land reclaimed 
 from the present shallow submerged river banks includes 
 about 146 acres and is particularly suitable for manufac- 
 turing plants. It is expected that this new land will 
 attract to Fall River industries of varying character, thus 
 changing somewhat the industrial complexion of the city 
 from one in which practically everything is devoted to 
 cotton manufacturing. This would act as a sort of bal- 
 ance-wheel and make the city less dependent for its gen- 
 eral prosperity upon the state of the cotton market. The 
 improvement of the sanitary conditions, so greatly needed, 
 will benefit not only this particular locality, but the 
 entire city as well. 
 
 The execution of an enterprise of such magnitude as 
 this, effecting the transformation of an unsightly and 
 unsanitary district into one exceptionally well fitted for 
 industrial and civic development, will demonstrate the 
 progressiveness and breadth of view of the city of Fall 
 River. The report of the Commission is now in the hands 
 of the City Council. 
 
 Fitchburg 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 .A preiiniinary study of the thoroughfare system of 
 Fitchburg (41,781) was made by Arthur Coleman Comey 
 tor the Municipal Development Commission, established 
 under the provisions of Chapter 327 of the Massachusetts 
 .Acts of 191J. This Commission was organized in June, 
 1 913, with Alvah M. Levy as chairman, and \t. has made 
 three annual reports to date. Its functions, according to 
 the law under which it was organized, are very broad and 
 include investigations in city planning and, particularly, 
 such as relate to highways and traffic. 
 
 Scientific Study. — With insufficient financial support, 
 its first two years were devoid of any real accomplish- 
 ments, but with the employment of Mr. Comey, studies 
 and plans were made which included the development of 
 property, the distribution and density of population, the 
 range of assessed land values, and the thoroughfare sys- 
 tem. Mr. Comey submitted his report on November 30, 
 1 91 5, under the title of ".\ Preliminary Plan of the 
 Thoroughfare System of Fitchburg, Mass." His report is 
 chiefly valuable in that it illustrates many of the newer 
 methods which have come to the front within the last 
 three or tour years for studying problems of city exten- 
 sion. He has based his recommendations for new thorough- 
 fares on fundamental data which he has compiled and 
 charted on large maps, copies of which are published with
 
 64 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 his report. He has sketched briefly Fitchburg's traffic 
 needs and has outlined in a broad way those things which 
 will serve as a basis for more intensive study. 
 
 Flint 
 
 Michigan 
 
 The interesting story ot what has happened to the city 
 of Flint (54,772), "a village grown over night into a city," 
 is told by John Ihlder, in The Survey of September 1, 191 6. 
 As a village it had "wide, tree-shaded streets lined with 
 comfortable frame houses separated by yards." Today 
 the automobile industry has added nearly 50,000 people 
 to the 1 j,ooo of fifteen years ago, and there has developed 
 the inevitable acute rise in land values, with a corres- 
 ponding shrinkage in the size of lots and dwindling in the 
 size of rooms. This in turn, means the inevitable neces- 
 sity of crowding more people into the smaller rooms, with 
 a corresponding lowering of human standards. There is, 
 it is said, indignation over the hundreds of flimsy shacks 
 and a welcome for the so-called "improvements," in the 
 form of apartment houses, which parade impressive fronts, 
 borrow their light and air from their neighbors, and hide 
 dark rooms. "Flint looks at the outside." 
 
 City Planning Begun. — We all know the rest ot the 
 story. It does not distinguish Flint, except in the rapidity 
 of the process. It is the process which ever accompanies 
 centralized industry. Without attempting here to place 
 the responsibility for the conditions in Flint, it is sufficient 
 to note that Flint is beginning to see a new light, and 
 under the leadership ot disinterested public-spirited citi- 
 zens, the people of Flint are going to plan tor a future city 
 that will measure up to a higher standard of civic worth. 
 
 Early in 1917 the Common Council adopted a report of 
 its City Planning Committee (consisting ot a subcommittee 
 of the Council, acting with three members ot the Flint 
 Board of Commerce), which Committee, after an exten- 
 sive study of the needs ot the city with respect to its future 
 growth recommended definite action toward preparing a 
 city plan and building according to it in the tuture, and 
 the employment ot two experts to prepare a comprehen- 
 sive plan for the Flint of the tuture, namely John Nolen, 
 landscape architect, ot Cambridge, and Bion J. .Arnold, 
 engineer, of Chicago. J. Dallas Dort was chairman and 
 Rev. J. Bradford Pengelly, secretary, of the joint commit- 
 tee of the Board of Commerce and the Common Council. 
 
 A special election has since been held at which the 
 people of Flint were asked to vote on an amendment to 
 the city charter, providing for the appointment of a city 
 planning commission. The question submitted was: 
 
 "Do you favor creating a city planning board who shall 
 have power and whose duty it shall be to consider and 
 report upon the plan of all new public ways, parks and 
 streets, openings, vacating and closing ot streets, lanes, 
 and public places, the design of public buildings, bridges 
 and other public structures, and of the extension of pave- 
 ments, sewers and water-mains, the approval of all plats 
 and subdivisions and of all other public improvements in 
 the city of Flint." 
 
 By a large majority the people voted in tavor ot 
 the amendment. 
 
 Fort Smith 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 The Noon Civic Club of Fort Smith (28,6j8), organ- 
 izetl in 1911, is the active supporter of city planning. The 
 Business Men's Club, the .Advertising Club, the Rotary 
 Club, the Motor Club, and the Park and Playground 
 .Association are also backing the city planning movement. 
 
 Recently a number of slum properties have been 
 removed to improve sanitary and housing conditions; 
 plans for repaving and tor the construction of a bridge 
 across the river to Oklahoma are being dratted; orna- 
 mental street lighting is being carried out; and grade 
 crossing elimmation is under way. 
 
 Recreation and playground work is in charge of the 
 Y. M. C. A. and School Board, and vacant lots, school- 
 grounds, and certain buildings are used tor this purpose. 
 Community center work is conducted at the high school 
 and in one of the grade schools. Three hundred acres of 
 parks have been set aside, and part of a 35-mile boulevard 
 system around the city has been completed, the land 
 being given by the city and the actual cost ot construction 
 being paid by the county. Two waterfront parks are to 
 be built according to plans now prepared. An important 
 commercial waterway can be made of the Oklahoma 
 River when dredged. There are no public or model 
 private retail markets, but four or five good wholesale 
 terminal markets, handling all classes ot food supplies, 
 are conducted under private management. 
 
 Improvements are financed through "improvement 
 districts," and a new state constitution will give cities an 
 opportunity to finance their civic improvements by means 
 ot long-term bonds. 
 
 Fort Wayne 
 
 Indiana 
 
 A unique city planning campaign, one of the most 
 energetic that has been conducted in a short time in any 
 ot the smaller cities ot America, was maugurated in Fort 
 Wayne (76,183) in the latter part of 1916. Lee J. Ninde, 
 of Fort Wayne, and chairman of the City Planning Com- 
 mittee ot the American Civic .Association; .Albert Schaat, 
 chairman of the City Planning Committee of the Indiana 
 Real Estate Association, also resident in Fort Wayne; 
 Mrs. F. A. Fauve, president, and Mrs. Fred H. McCul- 
 loch, chairman, of the Civic Department of the Women's 
 Club League, were the leaders of the movement. They 
 appointed a committee of thirtv-eight on which one 
 member ot each important local organization — civic, com- 
 mercial, educational, social, and the like, served. This com- 
 mittee engaged the .American City Bureau's Planning Exhi- 
 bition, John E. Lathrop, Director. With Mr. Lathrop's 
 assistance, the joint committee conducted a schedule ot 
 meetings and a general newspaper campaign by which the 
 interest of all groups and classes of people in the city was 
 gained and city planning presented from every angle. In 
 some instances it was arranged that the various organiza- 
 tions which the committee reached should meet at the 
 Exhibition auditorium to listen to lectures and to see the
 
 Cl'I^i PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 65 
 
 Courtesy The American City 
 Fort Wavne. — Shawnee Place, a Model Residential Street with Wide Center Parlvway and Grasi Strips on Sid;w.ilk>; Ri.i.lA'.iy 
 Adapted to Traffic Requirements. 
 
 City Plan?iirig Kxhihition. This plan worked like a charm. 
 Organized Fort Wayne hearti and saw city planning; 
 civic, religious and business forces of the city were drawn 
 together, and a sense of unity among the various groups 
 was developed, such as the city had rarely experienced 
 before. 
 
 State Campaign. — Out of these activities came the 
 thought that if city planning could be brought before a 
 whole city in this way, why could it not be brought before 
 an entire state? This query once raised received immediate 
 answer. Lee J. Ninde, who was also president of the 
 Indiana Real F.state .'\ssociation, arranged what he called 
 a "Presidential City Planning Tour." He called various 
 people who were interested in city planning and conducted 
 an automobile tour of sixteen cities of Indiana. Group 
 meetings were held with a number of real estate boards, 
 chambers of commerce, city officials, and others repre- 
 senting various phases of life and activity in each city. 
 The next step was to form the Indiana City Planning Com- 
 mittee, with official and civic representation from each of 
 the twenty-five cities in Indiana that had 10,000 or more 
 population. Albert H. Schaaf, of Fort Wayne, was made 
 chairman. Invitations to serve on the Committee were 
 received with cordiality and enthusiasm. The chairman 
 of the Committee had drafted a city planning bill to offer 
 to the legislature when it should meet in January of this 
 year. This bill was widely distributed, and support was 
 proffered from many quarters. The third step was to 
 arrange for city planning exhibitions in several cities of 
 
 Indiana. .At the convention of the Indiana Real Kstate 
 .'\ssociation, held about this time, the exhibition was 
 shown and the .Association adopted a formal resolution 
 endorsing the bill drafted by the chairman of the City 
 Planning Committee. In January, 1917, the bill was intro- 
 duced into the legislature. Some opposition was encoun- 
 tered. The bill failed to pass one house and was laid over 
 for the next meeting of the legislature. But a volume of 
 sentiment has been aroused that will force the passage of 
 the city planning bill at the next session — and what is 
 equally, if not more important — will see that the law once 
 enacted is enforced throughout the state. 
 
 Report of /poS. — In 1908, Charles Mulford Robinson, 
 of Rochester, presented a report on "The Improvement of 
 Fort Wayne" to the Civic Improvement Association, of 
 which Charles H. Worden was president and Robert B. 
 Hanna was secretary. Mr. Robinson first discussed ways 
 and means of increasuig the street capacity of the business 
 ilistrict. With a city so compactly built, he limited his 
 recommendations to the removal of unnecessary obstruc- 
 tions, to the better subdivision of the existing street cross- 
 sections, and the development of parallel streets. His 
 second group of recommendations hinged about the 
 official quarter, which is located without any of the effec- 
 tiveness which comes from a well-studieii grouping of 
 civic buildings. He proposed apian for a civic center, with 
 the existing courthouse on the main axis, and running 
 through a central parkway, or mall, laid out on the site of 
 old and inexpensive structures. The third recomnienda-
 
 66 
 
 CITY PLANNTNCi PROCiRKSS 
 
 tion, dealing with the union station problem, has already 
 been partly solved bv the building of a new and modern 
 terminal, opened in 1915. His fourth proposal had to do 
 with an industrial district lying just outside of the city. 
 This is a matter which is being studied by many other 
 cities today and has been already admirably solved by 
 Minneapolis and Saint Paul jointly. For Fort Wayne it is 
 a matter of vital importance. His other proposals dealt 
 with the arrangement and treatment ot' residential streets 
 and with the improvement of parks and the extension of 
 the existing park system. 
 
 Port Worth 
 
 Texas 
 
 In 1909, as a result of the activity of the Park League, 
 the people of Fort Worth (104,562) were awakened to the 
 need of a more comprehensive provision for the recreational 
 and social life of the city. The membership of this League, 
 which was drawn largely from the Federation of Women's 
 Clubs, has under its control JJ acres of park land. The 
 members of the League had no funds to expend on the 
 improvement of these park areas, but in 1909 they were 
 successful in securing an amendment to the city charter 
 providing for the appointment of a Board of Park Com- 
 missioners which should take over the existing open spaces 
 and draft plans for future extensions. The first Board 
 was appomted in .April, 1909. Meantime, the Park League 
 had engaged George P.. Kessler, landscape architect, of 
 St. Louis, to prepare a preliminary plan for the develop- 
 ment of the park system. Mr. Kessler's report, which was 
 never published, emphasized the unusual opportunity 
 which Fort Worth possessed to develop a park system along 
 
 the winding river and upon the bluffs. His plan provided 
 a long river drive and numerous sightly terraces over the 
 city and surrounding country, especially at lookout points. 
 
 Parks. — As a result of the park movement in Fort 
 Worth, the city has twenty-three parks, with a total 
 area of 427 acres, requiring an outlay of 8166,785. These 
 parks are valued today at $785,350. The Park Commis- 
 sion has paid for these parks by an assessment amounting 
 to 10 cents on every Sioo of taxable property per annum. 
 
 Recreation. — Playgrounds and pla\ground supervision 
 have also been advanced by the City Federation of Women's 
 Clubs and the Park Board. The Federation of Women's 
 Clubs were instrumental in the engagement of Rowland 
 Haynes, field secretary of the Playground and Recreation 
 Association of .'\merica, in January, 191 5. Mr. Haynes 
 made a comprehensive recreation survey of the c'ty. 
 After several abortive attempts to induce the Park Board 
 and School Board to undertake the work jointly, as recom- 
 mended by Mr. Haynes, the Federation of Women's 
 Clubs and other organizations in Fort Worth banded 
 together and secured from the School Board, in .April, 
 1916, the privilege to use and develop schoolgrounds and 
 buildings tor recreation purposes. In this work the Park 
 Board appropriated $2,000 tor the expense tor one year of 
 a system ot supervised play, and the Women's Clubs a 
 like amount. In April, 1916, Albert M. Vail, of Alameda, 
 Cal., was appointed Recreation Secretary of Fort Worth. 
 The recreation system now consists of ten playgrounds and 
 is in charge of seventeen supervisors. 
 
 Special Surveys. — .\ sanitary survey ot Fort Worth was 
 made by Messrs. Hering and Gregory, of New York, in 
 iQii;, through the efforts of the Federation of Women's 
 Clubs and other civic organizations. In the same year, a 
 water survey was made by Messrs. Holman and Ladd, of 
 
 I'wRi WiiRiH. — Hird's-L>c \'icu i;l Pruposcd P.irk :unj .Ai'i'i ...n n \iiiii] ..i i^..urt Huuse.
 
 CITY P1.ANNIN(; l^ROCiRKSS 
 
 67 
 
 St. Louis, and in 1916, Dr. S. M. (nmn ot the Massachu- 
 setts Institute ot Technology prepareil a report on the use 
 of I, alee Worth tor recreation purposes. None ot the 
 reports above referred to have been published. 
 
 Housing. — \ housing survey was conducted by the 
 Federation of Women's Clubs under the direction ot the 
 University of Texas. The object of this survey was to pro- 
 cure the necessary data on which to frame a housing law. 
 A housing bill has been prepared and will be introduced 
 into the legislature at the present session. 
 
 Markets. — An effort is now being made to have the City 
 Commissioners appoint a market commission to inquire 
 into the possibilities ot establishing a wholesale municipal 
 market and cold-storage plant. 
 
 Railroads. — Twelve railroads enter Fort Worth, and the 
 city is now actively engaged in an effort to induce them to 
 eliminate all grade crossings by tunnels, viaducts, or 
 bridges, and a bill has been introduced into the legis- 
 lature compelling the railroads to carry out such work. 
 .An effort is now being made by the Chamber of Com- 
 merce to compel all the railroads to build a union station 
 and to eliminate main street crossings. Glen Walker is 
 president ot the Park League, and Charles Scheuber is 
 secretary. Miss Mary L. Wright is president ot the 
 Federation of Women's Clubs, and Mrs. K. H. Katcliffe 
 is secretary. 
 
 Fresno 
 
 California 
 
 In F'ebruary, 1917, the City Plan Commission (jt 
 Fresno (34,958) engaged Charles H. Cheney, architect 
 and city planner, of San F'rancisco, and a member ot the 
 Town Planning Committee of the xAmerican Institute of 
 .Architects, to make a survey of Fresno's city planning 
 needs and opportunities and to present a city plan. Mr. 
 Cheney is now engaged on this work. 
 
 Gary 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Probably the greatest single calculated achievement 
 ot the steel industry in .America is Gary (about 60,000). 
 Industrial power has perhaps never before had a simpler 
 civic opportunity than when it brought, in 1906, vast 
 resources to an uninhabited wilderness at Lake Michigan's 
 southern end. In .April, 1906, the site on which Gary is 
 laid out was a waste of rolling sand-dunes sparsely covered 
 with scrub oak and interspersed with ponds and marshes. 
 Three years later, in 1909, there was a great steel plant, 
 capable ot employing 14,000 men and covering approxi- 
 mately a square mile, equipped with a made-to-order 
 harbor tor great ore freighters, and a town ot 12,000 
 inhabitants. Today, eleven years after the project was 
 started, a population of 60,000 dwells within the city ot 
 Gary. Property valuation has reached fl5,ooo,ooo, and 
 taxes amount to nearly J500,ooo a year.* 
 
 Zones. — .All the plants now at Gary occupy a strip 
 between the Lake Michigan shore and the Grand Calu- 
 
 *See "Satellite Cities" by Gratiam R. Taylor, for a full discussicin 
 of the planning and development of Gary. 
 
 LAKE . MICMIOAN 
 
 CouTlefiy D. Appleton t* Co. 
 
 Gary. — The Great Steel Mills Occupy the Area Ijerween the 
 Lake Front and the Grand Calumet River. The Town Lies 
 South ot the River and Its People Have No Convenient .Access 
 to the Lake Michigan Shore. 
 
 met River, running parallel to the shore-line, a mile or 
 more to the .south. The residential subdivisions laid out 
 and developed by the United States Steel Corporation 
 through its subsidiary, the Gary Land Company, occupy 
 a strip inland from the river and flanking the south banks 
 of the river. Still further south are subdivisions which 
 real estate promoters are booming. The Grand Calumet 
 River separates all the plants, except one, throughout the 
 town. The industrial site of Gary and the manufacturing 
 features were planned at the outset on an enormous scale, 
 and every opportunity was seized that would tend to 
 increase the efficiency and safety of manufacturing 
 processes. 
 
 Chance for an Ideal Plan. — The unhampered oppor- 
 tunity to develop the industrial end ot the town on the 
 most efficient basis was equaled by the opportunity, 
 likewise unhampered, to plan the streets, provide funda- 
 mental necessities for community life, determine the char- 
 acter of its houses, and predestine the lines ot growth, all 
 in the best and most intelligent way. But such intelligent 
 and forehanded consiileration in the building of the city 
 under the direction ot city planning experts was not accom- 
 plisheii. That this failure has been recognized by the 
 directors ot the L'nited States Steel Corporation is evi- 
 denced by the plans tor the development of the two latest 
 steel towns, Morgan Park, near Duluth, and Ojibway, 
 near Detroit, which show considerable improvement. 
 
 Waterjront. — The street plan of Gary is the old-fash- 
 ioned rectangular gridiron. There are no diagonal thor- 
 oughfares. The steel plant is a major feature, and the 
 town is incidental. Broadway is the main street today, 
 and is now laid out 6 miles south from the mill entrance, 
 and for well over 3 miles it is built up more or less con- 
 tinuously. The preoccupation ot 8 consecutive miles of 
 the laketront tor the plants has blocked the chance tor the
 
 68 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 coniniunitv to secure an accessible laketront park. Par- 
 ticularly the sand-dunes on the shores ot Lake Michigan, 
 not far from Gary, should be preserved ior the use ot the 
 great and growing metropolitan population. The people 
 of Gary are working in this direction now and trying to 
 have the sand-dunes regions, 6 miles east of Gary, set 
 aside as a natural park. It would seem that the needs of 
 the future population ot Gary in this respect might have 
 been recognized by the steel corporation, but only two 
 small parks, one two blocks in area, and the other one 
 block, were provided in the residential subdivision laid 
 out by the Gary Land Company. 
 
 Do?ninaled by the Plant. — The outstanding tact of Gary's 
 creation and growth is that the industrial arrangement 
 had the right of way. In so far as the city's interests have 
 not conflicted with industrial plans, or in so far as they 
 were essential to those plans, they have received attention 
 as the largely self-contained civic enlightenment ot steel- 
 makers suggested. The great industrial power let slip 
 through its giant fingers a chance to work out a civic 
 achievement the like of which the country has not known. 
 The opportunity was exceptional enough to have re- 
 quired the thought and services of men whose civic pur- 
 pose and ability would have commanded the respect and 
 confidence ot the nation. Gary, the community, could 
 have been better planned. Larger civic responsibility, 
 at less exacting costs of time, could have been shouldered 
 by the industrial leaders through U planning com- 
 mission. 
 
 Needs to Start Over. — It is evident that if Gary is ever 
 going to secure the full measure ot civic development which 
 she needs today, enormous sums must be expended by the 
 city officials; and, even now, groups of persons in Gary are 
 looking forward to the time when a city planning commis- 
 sion will take hold of Gary's problems and try to guard 
 against those omissions in future developments which have 
 made the existing town, laid out only ten years ago, a 
 rebuke to the great captains ot industry. In the last three 
 or tour months there has been a state-wide campaign 
 looking to the passage of a law by the legislature, making 
 mandatory the appointment of a city planning commis- 
 sion. But, unfortunately, the latest reports are that the 
 legislature has failed to make the city planning bill a law. 
 Gary, which some persons believe is destmed to become 
 the second largest city in Indiana, has undoubtedly suf- 
 fered a serious loss by the failure ot the legislature to put 
 city planning on an official basis. 
 
 Plans. — Members of the Gary Real Estate Board and 
 .\. V. Wickes, architect, are among those who are support- 
 ing the movement for city planning. 
 
 There is now a state housing law in Indiana which is 
 effective in Gary, but there are no restrictions of residential 
 districts. The city has large playgrounds in connection 
 with its public schools and a municipal playground. There 
 are 60 acres of parks, acquired since the original town was 
 laid out. Gary's notable school system, under the direc- 
 tion of William .\. Wirt, is known throughout the length 
 and breadth ot America. There are no community centers, 
 but the Library is attempting this service in its branches. 
 There are no civic centers or educational centers, but 
 there is a nominal grouping of the Federal Building the 
 Library, and the Y. M. C. .A. There are three elevated 
 
 crossings out ot a total of nine. The rearrangement of 
 the city car system is now in progress. 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 In .spite of serious endeavors to arouse the city to a 
 need of adequate support tor city planning, the City 
 Council remains apathetic, according to Frederick W. 
 Tibbets, chairman of the Citv Planning Board ot Glou- 
 cester (24,398). 
 
 Mr. Tibbets believes that the city authorities take the 
 wrong view of the function of the Board, by failing to 
 realize what city planning means and what it could accom- 
 plish. He believes that if only a moderate amount of 
 money were appropriated annually, even though no tan- 
 gible result would be immediately obtained, a vast amount 
 ot good work could be done through educational methods. 
 
 Grand Rapids 
 
 Michigan 
 
 The first organized effort tor city planning in Grand 
 Rapids {128,291) was started in 1907 by the Municipal 
 .Affairs Committee of the Board of Trade, ot which John 
 Ihlder was then secretary. After a year ot agitation, the 
 Committee was successful in securing the appointment by 
 the City Council of a City Planning Commission, with 
 John Ihlder as secretary. Without an appropriation, and 
 confronted by a city-wide indifference to the work ot city 
 planning, the Commission accomplished nothing. To 
 reach the mass of people, a civic revival was started by the 
 Municipal .Affairs Commission, and with John Ihlder as 
 executive manager, and Prof. Charles Zueblin as leader of 
 the meetings, considerable enthusiasm was developed 
 among the business men of the city. Immediately after 
 the close ot the revival, the Council voted money to em- 
 ploy experts to prepare a plan. As a result, the City Plan- 
 
 -\ I'. 
 
 inint Creiiitaliiv 
 
 Developed. 
 
 The treatment of other portions of the riverfront is one ol the 
 most debated city planning problems now confronting the muni- 
 cipality.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 69 
 
 ning Commission engaged the late John M. Carrere and 
 Arnold N\'. Brimner, of New York, to come to Grand 
 Rapids and make a study of its problems at first hand. 
 While this study was going on, another effect of the revival 
 became evident. Private citizens ot means began to 
 bestow gifts on the city in the torni ot playgrounds, park 
 lands, and the like. The Municipal .Affairs Committee 
 continued its propaganda tor general civic advance, and 
 in .April, 1909, Messrs. Brunner and Carrere submitted 
 their report entitled "Preliminary Report for a City Plan 
 for Grand Rapids, Michigan." The report made recom- 
 mendations for a number ot street widenings and exten- 
 tions, tor the regulation ot building heights, the provision 
 ot adequate approaches to the railroad station, a plan for 
 a civic center, the creation ot a riverside park, the develop- 
 ment ot a comprehensive system ot parks, boulevards and 
 play-spaces, and tor financing the improvements. .As a 
 result ot the publication ot this report, the Commission 
 recommended that a permanent city planning commission 
 be appointed, with three citizens as members and the 
 balance officials in the city administration. 
 
 Park and Boulevard Association. — The City Planning 
 Commission, having ceased its activities, went out ot 
 existence, and the Park and Boulevard Association 
 assumed active charge ot the city planning work. Under 
 this latter organization, and as a direct result ot the publi- 
 cation ot the city plan report, park extension was carried 
 out in a large way, and playgrounds were established within 
 a half-mile of every home in the city. Later the Park and 
 Boulevard .Association established a parkway almost 
 entirely around the city. 
 
 Housing, etc. — Grand Rapids has a complete housing 
 ordmance, the result ot exhaustive research work by the 
 Social Weltare .Association. This code has been enforced 
 and still remains, alter more than three years, one of the 
 very best in the country. There is a Commission at work 
 studying problems of grade crossings and railway facilities 
 in general. The riverfront development, as proposed in 
 the city plan, remains a bone of contention. Charles 
 Garfield, Lewis R. Wilmarth, and Clay H. Hollister are 
 interested in city planning. 
 
 Green Bay 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 .A city planning commission is about to be appointed in 
 Green Bay (29,353). Mayor Elmer Stephenson is thor- 
 oughly aroused to the need of a comprehensive plan for 
 the city. A subcommittee of the Commercial Club, of 
 which Henry .A. Foeller, member ot the .American Insti- 
 tute ot .Architects, is chairman, has repeatedly urged on 
 the Commercial Club and on the citizens generally, the 
 importance ot working out a comprehensive plan right 
 away. A movement is now on toot to secure trom the state 
 legislature a law providing tor the appointment of plan- 
 ning commissions in cities and towns. 
 
 IVaterJront. — Green Bay stands at the head ot a deep, 
 navigable indentation, 50 miles long and 10 miles wide, 
 connecting with Lake Michigan. Yet, in spite of this loca- 
 tion, its tacihties tor waterfront commerce and recreation 
 have only begun to be exploited. The city has IJ5 acres 
 
 of parks and no boulevards, and only ? 1,500 a year is 
 appropriated for the upkeep of its recreational facilities. 
 Civic Center. — .An attempt has been made to create a 
 civic center and the grouping of educatioiialj^buihlings is 
 now being considered. 
 
 Greenville 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 The first difficulty in considering a city plan for a 
 southern city is the large negro population. In their report 
 to the Municipal League of Greenville (18,181), submittcii 
 in 1907, Kelsey & Guild, ot Boston, Mass., have recog- 
 nized this as one ot the first and most vital problems. They 
 do not pretend to have solved it, but from the experience 
 ot other cities and from a study of local conditions, they 
 recommend that the wisest course to adopt is the deter- 
 mination of fairly large residential units for the different 
 classes ot population and such as will permit no encroach- 
 ment by the different races. 
 
 Accomplishments. — Greenville's plan, as a result of 
 haphazard growth, shows no diagonal or encircling streets, 
 or rather too tew ot these, and those that do exist are much 
 too narrow. The experts have given consideration to a 
 plan tor the revision ot the street system; to the construc- 
 tion of an inner belt or ring boulevard; an outer belt or 
 ring boulevard (the latter at a distance of ij^ to 3 miles 
 from the center of the city); the elimination of grade cross- 
 ings; the construction of a park and plaza at the union 
 station; the grouping ot public buildings; the arrangement 
 and design of street turnishings; the planting of street 
 trees; and the improvement ot sanitary conditions. Green- 
 ville, at the time the report was submitted, was in greater 
 need ot real playgrounds than ot parks, and so sites for 
 
 (iREENvii.i.E. — Proposed City Plan, Showing 
 Parks and Parkways and New or Widened Streets. 
 
 Kncircling
 
 70 
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCKiRESS 
 
 playgrounds and neighborhood parks are given special 
 consideration, but a modest park scheme is oiitHned, a 
 feature of which is the redemption of the banks ot the 
 Reedy River. 
 
 Greensboro 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 The city of Greensboro (19,577) has recently engaged 
 Charles Mulford Robinson to prepare a plan. Commenting 
 upon the appointment of Mr. Robinson, the Daily News 
 of that city says: 
 
 "More than one man, possessed of both intelligence and 
 the desire to help along any community enterprise that is 
 worth while, has of late raised the question, 'What does 
 Greensboro want with a city plan.'' The city is built now, 
 and is it not forever too late?' 
 
 "Is the citv in fact built? Greensboro has a population 
 of approximately 30,000. In the year, let us say, 1942, 
 will the population ot Greensboro remain approximately 
 ,;o,ooo? If we admit that it will, we may be wasting our 
 time in sending for a city planner; but if we think as the 
 Daily News thinks, that twenty-five years hence Greens- 
 boro will have a population of 100,000, then the city, in- 
 stead of being built, is less than one-third built; and the 
 fact that the first third was built at haphazard is certainly 
 no excuse for building the rest the same way. 
 
 "(ireensboro is a live town, therefore a changing town. 
 The value of getting an expert's advice is that by following 
 it we may make every change a change for the better. 
 It is probable that the adoption ot a city plan would not 
 do the town much good this year, nor next year; but in 
 the course ot ten years the improvement would be marked; 
 and in the course ot a generation the whole city would 
 have felt its beneficial effects." 
 
 Hamilton 
 Ohio 
 
 Like scores of growing cities, Hamilton (40,496) is in 
 the throes of agitation for city planning. Public-spirited 
 citizens in Hamilton feel that the city is not planned in 
 accordance with the better standards for city building. 
 Her park system is inadequate, with only three small 
 parks, aggregating about 12 acres, where adequate plan- 
 ning would call tor about 400 acres in a city of this size. 
 There are no boulevards, no public playgrounds, no water- 
 front parks, no community centers, and still less any study 
 ot traffic, transit, or transportation problems, and, in 
 general, tew of these elements of the city plan that make 
 for the best interests of the citizens of a modern com- 
 munity. 
 
 Realizing that the situation was not as it should be, the 
 Chamber ot Commerce, of which C. R. Greer is secretary, 
 has repeatedly agitated the question of preparing a com- 
 prehensive plan for the city. In May, 1913, Werner 
 Hegeman, city planner, visited Hamilton and consulted 
 with officials and others on the problems centering mainly 
 about the development of the waterfront. Nothing fur- 
 
 ther was done. It is believed, however, that Hamilton 
 will, in time, undertake comprehensive citv planning. 
 Frederick D. Meuller and George Barkman, architects, 
 are interested in the problems of city planning and in 
 civic improvement in general. 
 
 Harrisbur^ 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 "LInparalleled liy any city, large or small, in .America," 
 is what J. Horace McKarland, president ot the American 
 Civic Association and secretary ot the Municipal League 
 of Harrisburg, says of the municipal improvements which 
 have been carried to completion in that city during the 
 last decade. And to none ot the citizens ot Harrisburg 
 (72,015) is more credit due for this progress than to Vance 
 C. McCormick, president of the Municipal League of 
 Harrisburg, and J. Horace McFarland, its secretary. Per- 
 haps the most notable and spectacular ot the improve- 
 ments made in recent years is the beautiful three-mile 
 waterfront park, which is probably much more impressive 
 and in much greater use proportionally than any other 
 similar front in the United States, not even excepting the 
 Charles River bank improvement in Boston. With this 
 there should be mentioned the new general recreation and 
 park system, consisting ot 950 acres of parks and play- 
 grounds and 18 miles of parkway, about one-half of which 
 is finished and more ot which is in service. .All ot these 
 park improvements were paid tor by bond issue and were 
 planned according to designs submitted by Warren H. 
 Manning, landscape architect, of Boston. 
 
 .i Record of Accomplishmenls — Roads and Sanitation. — 
 The improvement of Harrisburg began with the prepara- 
 tion of reports, in 1901, by James H. Fuertes upon sewer- 
 age and water-supply, by M. R. Sherrerd on road con- 
 struction and paving, and by Warren H. Manning on 
 park improvement. Previous to that time city roads were 
 at times almost impassable and nowhere very good. They 
 have since been nearly all paved in an up-to-date, substan- 
 tial manner. The sewerage system has been greatly 
 improved and extended to an intercepting sewer at the 
 river's edge, with its discharge below the city. Over this 
 intercepting sewer, a wide concrete path has been carried 
 all along the city front, with steps leading down to the 
 water's edge, and with sockets tor lights to be put in place 
 between high-water periods. 
 
 Flood-Prevention. — By a dam across the river, a great 
 river water basin has been formed where formerly there 
 was only a bare river-bed during the dry season. .A system 
 of parks has been carried around the city, with the excep- 
 tion of a small section that has not yet been acquired. 
 In this system, to the north of the built-up area, is a great 
 country park filled with beautiful trees. In this park a 
 great swamp area has been developed in such a way that 
 floods formerly causing great damage in the Paxton Creek 
 Valley (extending the entire length ot the city) are now 
 permanently controlled. The riverfront has been acquired, 
 from the shore drive to the water's edge, tor several miles, 
 including a section ot rather unattractive buildings which 
 will soon be destroyed. 
 
 The Park System. — The park system includes a high
 
 CI'IV 1M.A\NIN(; PROCiRKSS 
 
 7J 
 
 Hakri-sburg. — Riverfront, Luukiiiy; Nurth truiii W .limit Street. 
 The city has made remarkable progress in recent years in many lines of civic improvement, but in none more than in the reclama- 
 tion and development of" the riverfront for park purposes. An intercepting sewer is built below the w-ide concrete promenatie at the 
 water's edge, shown above. 
 
 ridge in the center of the great valley within which the 
 cit)' and its adjacent territory lies. From this park ridge a 
 .superb view is to be secured of the valleys and rivers, 
 al.so of the mountains, with the great Cumberland Moun- 
 tain gap. 
 
 Lunti Siibtiivision. — In the work of development, about 
 1,000 acres have been subdivided tor residential purposes, 
 with roads and reservations, all made to fit into the plan 
 of the city and its park systems. The deep cuts and fills 
 on the irregular land, for which the old rectilinear plan was 
 responsible in many places, have been avoided. 
 
 Cooperation oj the People. — In practically all this work 
 of park planning and real estate subdivision, the land that 
 was acquired for wide thoroughfares and parks has been 
 given bv the owners or sold at a nominal or very reasona- 
 ble price. The small-lot owners with property along the 
 riverfront have given up their frontage rights tor the bene- 
 fit of the public quite as readily as did the citizens with 
 greater resources and with large estates. In very tew 
 cities have the citizens shown a broader spirit of coopera- 
 tion or a higher degree of civic responsibility than those 
 of Harrisburg in connection with these improvements. 
 
 The Commission. — Harrisburg has also an official City 
 Planning Commission, organized in 1913 under the Penn- 
 sylvania city planning law. Kdwin S. Herman is president. 
 Unfortunately, the official City Planning Commission is 
 not as active as it should be. The support it has received 
 from the Council is so limited as to stultify its work to 
 a large extent, and the city is obliged to look to unofficial 
 action, particularly in the direction of the .Municipal 
 League, for the development of plans. 
 
 Transit.— Qx\\s recently the Municipal League has 
 
 presented the authorities with a report on the transit 
 system, giving results of an investigation by Hion J. 
 .Arnold, of Chicago. 
 
 Civic Center. — In March, 1917, the city of Harrisburg, 
 and the state of Pennsylvania started a cooperative uniier- 
 taking tor the development ot a splendid civic center, with 
 the state capitol building as the nucleus. .Arnold W. 
 Brunner, of New York, and Warren H. Manning, ot 
 Boston, have been engaged to prepare plans. In this 
 study the future needs of the city are being provided for by 
 laying down a direct and wide thoroughfare between the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Station, one ot the great city units, 
 and the Capitol and its park extension, the other great 
 unit. The plan provides tor a viaduct above the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad tracks and Paxton Creek X'allev, with a 
 .separation of grades at the most important up and down 
 valley street thoroughfare. This viaduct is on the great 
 central thoroughfare ot the city, .State Street, 120 feet 
 wide, now interrupted by the Capitol Grounds. On this 
 street, to the east of the Capitol, lies the city playground, 
 and further on, at its summit, the Reservoir Park entrance, 
 where a great circle is planned upon which there should be 
 a notable monumental structure to form the street 
 terminus, as seen from the State House. To the west ot 
 the Capitol, this street extentls to the river, over which :i 
 bridge is projected that will lead to a great natural 
 ainphitheatre, out of which main thoroughfares will 
 follow existing valleys toward the west, north and south. 
 
 Steellon — /I Satellite City. — .After the Harrisburg plan 
 was laid down and well advanced toward completion, 
 Steelton, the great steel manufacturing center, a satellite 
 of Harrisburg, called tor a town plan. Here, again, all
 
 72 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRt:SS 
 
 the outlying regions were planned with a system of main 
 thoroughfares following the lines of least resistance and 
 connecting with the Harrisburg road and reservoir dis- 
 trict. Places of recreation at frequent intervals are pro- 
 viiied, some of the land for which has already been given 
 to the city by owners. 
 
 The Problems. — Harrisburg is badly in need of improved 
 housing for workingmen and of the control of building 
 development by districting or zoning. Market conditions 
 should be improved, and neighborhood life should be 
 fostered by the creation of community centers, which are 
 now lacking. Street furnishings should be designed accord- 
 ing to modern standards. These and many other matters 
 point to the need of a comprehensive plan for the entire 
 city and its tributary areas to supplement the splendid 
 progress in detailed planning which has already been made. 
 
 Hartford 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Hartford (110,900) was the first American city to have 
 a permanent city planning commission authorized by 
 legislative act. Prior to this time the city had been develop- 
 ing, as most other American cities have done in the past. 
 
 without any definite plan, but Harttord was beginning to 
 feel, about 1905, that if it was to maintain its prestige 
 among American cities of its class, it must keep alert and 
 abreast with the times. The people gradually came to 
 realize that however competent and experienced their 
 citv officials might be, there was need ot having a compre- 
 hensive city plan as a guide to future developments and 
 improvements, and that that plan must be based on a 
 thorough and exhaustive study of the city by disinterested 
 expert advisers. 
 
 The First Citv Planning Commission in .-/merica. — In 
 March, 1907, the charter of Hartford was amended, and in 
 May of the same year the City Planning Commission was 
 appointed, with five officials and two citizen members. 
 The Commission immediately gave its attention to the 
 matter of selecting experts to assist the Commission in the 
 preparation of a comprehensive plan and report. Over a 
 year elapsed before definite action was taken. Meantime, 
 the Commission devoted its attention to the subjects 
 defined in the resolution covering its appointment. Such 
 matters as the location of public buildings, the widening 
 and extension of streets, the consideration of matters re- 
 ferred to it by the Council and the Department of Public 
 Works, including plans submitted by real estate developers 
 for new subdivisions, were studied. 
 
 ItLATlON OF rtOPOlID DEVEtOPUINT TO EXIJTING CONDITIONS 
 
 Courtesy Ctty Parks Association, Philadelphia 
 
 Hartford. — General Plan, Showing Relation of Proposed Development to Existing Conditions. 
 .Special features are the schemes for improvement about the State Capitol and for the subdivision of workingtnen's districts in 
 the suburbs.
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCKJRKSS 
 
 73 
 
 Gelling Started. — On October 20, 1908, the Commission 
 employed Carrere & Hastings, ot New York, as advisory 
 architects. An appropriation of about f 2,800 was made 
 to finance their investigations. Meantime, the Commis- 
 sion continued active study ot ail matters referred to it 
 by the officials and by private developers ot real estate, 
 giving consideration also to suggestions submitted bv 
 citizens throughout the city. With Frederick I,. Ford, at 
 that time City F^ngineer, serving as a member of the Com- 
 mission, the Commission was ot great service in its capac- 
 ity as an advi.sory body to the city officials. 
 
 The Report. — The report of Carrere & Hastings was 
 tielayed until 191 1, and was then published in a volume 
 entitled "Plan of the City of Hartford." Of the report, the 
 F"itth Annual Report ot the City Planning Commission of 
 the city ot Hartford says: 
 
 "Idealistic though the plan seems, whatever difficulties 
 may interfere in carrying them out in detail, and however 
 strongly they may be objected to, they yet illustrate the 
 important principles of city planning, and afford a broader 
 and clearer vision of what our city needs. 
 
 "Plans tor the development ot large tracts of land in 
 the northern and southern sections ot the city have been 
 prepared along lines suggested by this report, and these 
 results alone are worth more to Hartford than the expense 
 of procuring a report." 
 
 ./ Basis for Further Study. — The report urged that a 
 bureau of statistics be founded to collect and tabulate 
 exact knowledge on city planning, and that a board of 
 experts be established, to which all technical matters 
 connected with the development of the city be referred. 
 It also recommended that legislation be enacted tor accom- 
 plishing the work proposed m the report. 
 
 Parks. — (Jf George A. Parker, Superintendent ot Parks, 
 whose work is well known among landscape architects and 
 park superintendents in America, much could be said. It 
 is interesting to note that Hartford is supposed to have 
 been the first city in the United States to buy a sizeable 
 park by vote of the people. Progress in this direction has 
 been steady, for the city today has 1,335 acres. 
 
 Roscoe W. Clark is now secretary of the City Planning 
 Commission. Charles Noel Flagg, president of the Muni- 
 cipal .Art Society, is actively engaged in community and 
 civic center work. The Civic Club, Mrs. Frederick \V. 
 Davis, president, and the Chamber of Commerce, W. L. 
 Mead, secretary, are also interested in city planning, and 
 have given their support to it. 
 
 Haverhill 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 On February 5, 1917, a city planning board was organ- 
 ized in Haverhill (48,477) under ordinance ot the City 
 Council of January 26, 1917, and in conformity with the 
 state law of Massachusetts (Chap. 494, .Acts of 1913). The 
 City Council appropriated |ioo for the work of the Board, 
 ot which Francis W. Holden is clerk. 
 
 Function of the Commission. — The City Council has also 
 had under consideration the appointment ot a Board ot 
 Survey under a recent Massachusetts act. The Boartl is 
 
 to consist of three members, and the city engineer is to 
 act as clerk. As provided in the act referred to, the Board 
 will have charge of the laying out of streets. .Any person, 
 firm, or corporation proposing to lay out, relocate, or con- 
 struct t<ir public use any private street or way, shall sub- 
 mit to the Hoard plans and jirofiles tor its approval. The 
 Board may also, by vote of the City Council, cause plans 
 ot undeveloped territory to lie maiie by the city engineer, 
 showing the location of streets, whether laid out or not, 
 giving the direction and widths ot streets and plans of 
 drainage, as the interest of the public may require in such 
 territory. 
 
 Hazel ton 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 .A City Planning Commission was appointed in Hazleton 
 (28,491) on February 23, 1916, by orilinance ot the City 
 Council under the State .Act approved July 16, 1913. 
 B. E. Youngman is secretary. The Commission has received 
 no financial support whatever from the City Council, so 
 there have been no reports prepared and no real accom- 
 plishments other than the work done in the preparation 
 ot plans for an athletic field and for certain public parks 
 and playgrounds. 
 
 Hoboken 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Hoboken (77,214) is best known as an entrepot for the 
 great commercial activities of the metropolitan district of 
 New York. Lying just across the Hudson River from the 
 Island of Manhattan, it has long served as the .American 
 base for some ot the great steamship lines of the world. 
 Its nearness to New York City and its facilities for dock- 
 age have made its waterfront a center of activity. Hoboken 
 has also been brought into close association with the 
 metropolis by the "Tubes" under the Hudson River. All 
 ot these matters make city planning in Hoboken a problem 
 which the city can ill afford to neglect, but there are few 
 cities of its size which have done so little. No effective 
 study has been made of docks, terminals, transportation, 
 
 AilhuT Ware, .Architect 
 Hoboken. — Entrance, Hinlson County Park. 
 None too well supplied with thc),se things that appeal to the 
 higher sensibilities of her citizens, the city is fortunate in possess- 
 ing this refreshing bit of landscape and architectural enihellish- 
 nient.
 
 74 
 
 CITY PLANNING PRO(;RESS 
 
 
 -CiTT Or ttOLTORC MAO/-^ 
 
 ■fciLDytYt- YiEW Of pu5poyED Qrr GAjt- Amo 
 p!L;:':'oyE.D fticitt /y- Ex|E;iyio.i Alo/k; The &LUTf 
 
 Hoi.voKE. — Bird's-eye View of Proposed City Gate (in L'pper Center ot Picture) and Proposed High Street Kxtensiun alunt; the 
 
 HKiff. 
 
 and streets. There are only tour small parks, mere breath- 
 ing-spaces, one of which is on the waterfront. There are 
 tew trees and but little care is given to them. One hopetiil 
 aspect ot the park situation, however, is the good work 
 which IS being done by the Hudson County Park Com- 
 mission. One large park in particular, which serves 
 jointly Hoboken and Jersey City, is a special teature ot 
 the city plan. Housing conditions have become so press- 
 ing that the Hoboken Housing Association was organized 
 in 1916 under private auspices, and with the support ot a 
 city ordinance. No city tunds have been provided. Dr. 
 Hugo Alexander is an active participant in the work of 
 this .'\ssociation in its efforts to better conditions in un- 
 sanitary dwellings in slum districts. Charles Fall, archi- 
 tect, and Palmer Campbell, ot the Hoboken Land and 
 Improvement Company, are active in work tor better 
 planning. 
 
 Holyoke 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 A city plan was prepared tor Holyoke (65,286) by 
 Warren H. Manning, ot Boston, Mass. The plan was pre- 
 sented in the form of a reliet map. It included, not only 
 the city, but also such adjacent dominant landscape tea- 
 tures as Mt. Tom, the great sweep of the Connecticut 
 River surrounding it, the outlying reservoirs, and a wide 
 range of open land that will come into the residential dis- 
 tricts. The plan provided for riverside parkways, for 
 connecting links between existing state and city parks, for 
 forest holdings, tor the broadening and extension ot main 
 thoroughtares, the location ot bridges, freight yards, a 
 city gate, and the like. It was found that an unusually 
 large part ot the city was already set aside for public 
 uses. It therefore did not seem advisable to recommend 
 the acquirement ot any considerable areas of new park land. 
 
 riioirjujihfiircs. — As the existing thoroughtares now 
 stand, a very large share of all the automobile tourist 
 travel passes around the city on its way up the Connecticut 
 Valley. One of the principal city planning problems, there- 
 fore, was to make a more direct, convenient, and attractive 
 way through the city tor such tratTic. The conditions at 
 the south ot the manutacturing and business districts ot 
 the city were peculiarly tavorable tor opening such a 
 thoroughfare. .A new road could be established trom the 
 existing main tourist road along a bluff at some distance 
 back of the riverfront, sweeping in a great semi-circle to- 
 ward the city and the river. The proposed new road would 
 pass up to a bluff edge, otFering a superb opportunity for 
 a city gateway. From this point, comparatively short con- 
 necting roads, cutting through undeveloped territor)' 
 owned in part by the city, could be extended, like the 
 spokes ot a wheel, to connect with several ot the main city 
 streets. One ot these main streets was planned to cross 
 the river by a new bridge above the existing dam and to 
 connect with roads passing up the Valley. It would have 
 every advantage over the present tourists' thoroughfare. 
 
 Referring again to the city gate location at the top ot 
 the bluff, its position is such that it would be seen tor a 
 long distance from the river, trom the stream and electric 
 roads, and trom the highways that lead to Holyoke trom 
 Springfield and other cities to the south. No report was 
 presented with this plan, but the dominant features were 
 indicated on placarils that accompanied the model. 
 
 Honolulu 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 In his report on Honolulu (52,183), submitted to the 
 Board of -Supervisors of the County of Oahu in 1906, 
 Charles Mulford Robinson makes a plea for the preserva-
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCXiRKSS 
 
 75 
 
 tion ot the individuality ot Honolulu. "Cut through 
 broad avenues and boulevards, build a hot and sunnv 
 quav, widen vour streets and straighten them, spend 
 money enough to bankrupt your city in such measures, 
 and when the work is all done, the winsf)meness ot Hono- 
 lulu will have departed." He urges that the distinction 
 ot Honolulu will rest upon the preservation ot its natural 
 and characteristic charm. Changes and improvements in 
 the street system were recommended in the nature ot 
 developments rather than a remaking of the old. A num- 
 ber of extensions and widenings were proposed, however, 
 in accordance with the principles advised above. 
 
 If'iiler Gale and Civic Center. — The railroad station 
 problem, in the case ot Honolulu, is altogether overshad- 
 owed bv the greater significance ot the water-gate. Big, 
 new slips, built at the time the report was made, deter- 
 mine the location ot this gate. Mr. Robinson urgeii the 
 acquisition ot a spacious approach, with proper architect- 
 ural acces.sories, presenting an imposing entrance to the 
 
 city. .Another focal point ot the city, the administrative 
 or official center, was discu.ssed. Few cities of the United 
 States arc so fortunate as Honolulu in the early grouping 
 ot public buildings around a single open space. Mr. 
 Robinson made certain recommendations tor their 
 modification in the district where thcv are located, incluii- 
 ing the cutting through ot a new street and the introiiuc- 
 tion ot sites tor new public structures. 
 
 Parks. — In a city like Honolulu, with no large class ot 
 tactory operatives, and with abuntlant natural scenery, 
 one large park is sufficient for a pleasure ground. At the 
 time the report was maile, the city already possesseti an 
 area sufficient tor this purpose, it proper measures for 
 improvement were taken. The citv's great need is for 
 scenic reservations that great viewpoints tor all the people 
 may be made available. I""or this purpose, Mr. Robinson 
 recommends the setting asiiie ot certain hill districts on 
 the outskirts of the citv. 
 
 Sei^hbijrhooii Parks and Boulei'ards. "Si-i park sys- 
 
 HoT Springs. — City Center and Proposed Sanitarium and Kesort. 
 The new sanitarium fronts on the principal business thoroughfare. .A terrace, ,^5 feet high and 1,100 feet long, extends along the 
 entire street frontage. Wtien the new development is complete, Hot Springs will rank near the top of the list of great lialh resorts 
 ot the world.
 
 76 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 teni, however well worth while, could lay claim to com- 
 pleteness if it had only pleasure grounds and scenic 
 reservations. Mr. Robinson devoted considerable space 
 to the central sections ot" Honolulu and suggested the 
 setting aside of areas of cheap land and the improvement 
 of existing spaces in the possession ot the city. The 
 boulevards of Honolulu should be one of the city's chief 
 a.ssets, as the climate provides delightful weather for out- 
 door motoring and driving from year's end to year's end. 
 Mr. Robinson noted several fine possibilities for realiz- 
 ing adequate connections between the parks by the con- 
 struction ot broad driveways. 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 The site of Hot Springs (17,238) lies in the valley that 
 nestles against the gigantic hills of the Ozark range and 
 then overflows upon a pleasant, broad plain. It takes its 
 name from the tortv-six hot springs which rise at the base 
 of the mountains. In 1832 nearly i,coo acres ot mountain 
 woodland in and around the city were reserved by the 
 Federal Government as a national forest reservation. This 
 was one of the earliest essays of the Government in a policy 
 now so urgently agitated, for the conservation of natural 
 resources. In the years which have elapsed, the Govern- 
 ment has worked to make the hot springs of greater service. 
 It has expended large sums in protecting the springs and 
 bringing their waters to the city; in the construction ot 
 boulevards and walks among the mountains; and in the 
 establishment ot a military and naval hospital. 
 
 Recovery from the Conflagration. — In September, 191 J, 
 a disastrous fire destroyed twenty blocks in the heart ot 
 Hot Springs, including schools, hotels, the courthouse, 
 and many houses. Undaunted, the people ot Hot Springs 
 began the rebuilding of their city on newer and broader 
 lines. The Business Men's League, an organization of 
 active and enthusiastic supporters for Hot Springs, has 
 been particularly active in this direction. They realize 
 that Hot Springs has an opportunity to become a really 
 attractive city, much more attractive than it has ever 
 been before, particularly if advantage is taken of the 
 opportunity to build wisely in the pleasant low-lying land 
 to the east of the present heart of the city. Here is an 
 unusual opportunity for the application of city planning 
 principles. The city is undoubtedly destined to come 
 rapidly to the front in both commerce and manutacturing. 
 Now is the time for the people ot Hot Springs to seize the 
 opportunity for comprehensive planning. 
 
 Private enterprise has not been backward in placing 
 Hot Springs in the forefront of cities ot her class. In fact, 
 in 1917, a movement was placed on a firm basis to make 
 Hot Springs one of the great health resorts of the world. 
 Col. R. I. OnfTroy, of New York, has completed plans, 
 drawn by George B. Post & Sons, of New York, for a 
 huge sanitarium and resort. Only the final details of 
 incorporating The American Thermae Company, which is 
 to finance the enterprise, are in the way of beginning work 
 on the project. The plans call for the erection of a sani- 
 tarium to cover IJ/^ acres. It will require about two years 
 to complete the entire project. 
 
 The site for the new baths has strong natural advan- 
 tages. The entire plant is to be located in the heart of the 
 city. The disadvantage of the main frontage on the prin- 
 cipal business thoroughfare. Central Street, is obviated by 
 an arrangement which calls tor a terrace 35 feet in height 
 and more than 1,100 feet in length, extending along the 
 entire front. The buildings are in tour distinct groups, 
 enclosing a large central court, developed with a big 
 natatorium, tennis-courts, and gardens. The principal 
 buildings are the hotel, administration club, theatre build- 
 ings, bathhouse group, rest-house, hospital, medical college, 
 employees' living quarters, power-plant, and service build- 
 ings. The bathhouses will be in three parts: one for the 
 use ot the patients from the rest-house; one tor the use of 
 afflicted guests of the hotel; and the third tor the use of 
 the public. .A big gymnasium will be part of the bath- 
 house group and will provide ample floor-space to adapt 
 it to the use of conventions and other events requiring 
 large seating capacity. 
 
 Houston 
 
 Texas 
 
 In 1 913, Arthur C. Comey, of Cambridge, Mass., pre- 
 pared tentative plans for the development ot Houston 
 (112,307) for the Houston Park Commission. In the pub- 
 lished report of ninety pages are two chapters devoted, 
 respectively, to general principles ot city planning and to 
 the results ot a city-wide survey of physical conditions, 
 and the others present preliminary plans for parks, streets, 
 transit lines and railways and a scheme for handling the 
 legal and financial aspects ot the plan. The particular 
 merit of the report is that, with its illustrations, it does 
 give consideration to the fundamental data necessary to 
 thoroughgoing city planning. Since Mr. Comey submitted 
 his report, the Park Board, of which E. B. Parker is chair- 
 man, has engaged George E. Kessler, landscape architect, 
 of St. Louis, to make plans for them. 
 
 Civic Art. — Houston has about 700 acres ot parks and 
 many miles of boulevards, as yet very barren. Its chief 
 asset, from the standpoint ot art and building, is the great 
 educational group of the Rice Institute which, in the 
 course of the past six years, has erected six buildings of a 
 total of thirty-four, plans for which were drawn by Ralph 
 .'^damsCram. The buildings, the grounds, and the faculty 
 have done more to advance the conception of the city 
 orderly and beautiful than anv other factor in Houston 
 today. William Ward Watkin, Professor ot .-Architecture 
 in the Rice Institute, and a member of the firm ot Endress 
 & Watkin ot Houston, at the suggestion of the Texas 
 Chapter of the .American Institute ot .Architects, has sub- 
 mitted plans tor a civic center. 
 
 Ship Canal. — Without doubt, the greatest factor in the 
 development of Houston as a commercial and industrial 
 center in the South is the ship canal, a natural deep water- 
 way, 50 miles in length, connecting Houston with the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and terminating at Houston in a great 
 series of municipal docks and railway terminals. It is 
 undergoing improvement by Government engineers, from 
 the city to Galveston Bay, underan appropriation of 
 ^2,500,000.
 
 CITY Pl.ANNlNCJ PROCiRKSS 
 
 77 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Indiana 
 
 The Real Estate Board ot" Indianapolis (271,708) has 
 both a City Planning Committee and a Housing Com- 
 mittee. These committees have awakened a very real and 
 intelligent interest in all problems pertaining to city plan- 
 ning withm the last two years. The city has never recog- 
 nized city planning officially, but a housing law which was 
 passed by the legislature in 1916, following a state-wide 
 campaign, puts the control ot housing on a thoroughly 
 
 two weeks, during February, 1917, under the auspices of 
 the Indianapolis Real Kstate Board, the Chamber ot 
 Commerce, the Boarti ot Trade, the .Architectural .Asso- 
 ciation, and other organizations, and ilid much to extend 
 an understanding ot city planning throughout the city. 
 Parks and Methods of Financing. — Indianapolis has 
 over 1,700 acres of parks. Plans are being carried out 
 gradually, which will ultimately make the city the pos- 
 sessor ot a fine encircling boulevard system, following the 
 course ot tour streams on either side ot the built-uji district. 
 Indianapolis' park plans were started with official backing 
 HI iS(;;, In iSiyt> the general assembly ot the state ot 
 
 Courlef.\ The Americun Cily 
 
 Indianapolis. — Plan ot Present and Proposed Phiygrounds ami Playfieids, Showing Their Relation to Cuniprchcnsive Park System. 
 
 effective basis. The city ot Indianapolis also has building 
 ordinances which are ot value in preventing the construc- 
 tion or use ot unsanitary dwellings. There has never been 
 any attempt to district or zone the city. 
 
 Effort to Secure State City Platining Law. — The Indiana 
 Real Estate Association was instrumental in the intro- 
 duction of a city planning bill into the legislature early 
 in 1917. The bill provided for the appointment of plan- 
 ning commissions in all cities and towns, and passed one 
 house but tailed ot passage in the other. However, the 
 Real Estate .Association is continuing its campaign of 
 education and expects to have a similar bill introduceil 
 in 191 9. 
 
 The City Planning Exhibit of the American City 
 Bureau ol New York was exhibited in Indianapolis for 
 
 Indiana passed an act establishing a Department of Parks 
 and creating a Board ot Park Commissioners. In lgo8 
 George E. Kessler, of St. Louis, was appointed land- 
 scape architect, and he served in that capacity until 
 December 31, 1915. Mr. Kessler prepared a compre- 
 hensive plan for the development of a park system, in the 
 development ot which steady progress has been made. 
 In this connection the financial methods employed are of 
 interest. In 191 1 the legislature passed a park law which 
 provided for the acquisition ot land required for park pur- 
 poses by special assessment. Under the provisions of the 
 act the entire area ot Indianapolis is divided into four 
 districts, administered by a commission ot tour appointed 
 by the Mayor. The combination ot simplified legal pro- 
 cedure, wise business practice, and an equitable method
 
 78 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 of distributing the cost of improvement, has made it 
 possible for the city of Indianapohs to take land needed 
 for parks at a fair price and with little delay. 
 
 Playgrounds. — In playground work, Indianapolis has 
 taken an important place. .\ comprehensive report on 
 a survey of the city's recreational facilities was made by 
 Francis R. North, field secretary of the Playground and 
 Recreation Association of America, in 1915. During the 
 summer, all school playgrounds arejn charge of a city 
 playground director. 
 
 Transpoi-lation. — The city has no waterfront usable tor 
 commercial purposes. Transportation facilities are well 
 developed. Trackage in the central mile-square district 
 is now being elevated. .■\ union station, providing facilities 
 for seventeen different roads, most of them trunk lines, is 
 a feature. The city has also a union interurban transit 
 and trolley station, entered by twelve interurban lines, 
 connecting: Indianapolis with practically every citv in the 
 state. 
 
 The Indianapolis Real Kstate Board, the Indianapolis 
 .•\rchitects' .Association, the Indianapolis Chamber of 
 Commerce, and the .Architectural Club, have assisted in 
 giving support to citv planning in the past two years. 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Michigan 
 
 There is no organization, private or official, engaged in 
 city planning in Jackson (30,530). The city has 575 
 acres of parks and no boulevards. Playground work is 
 being carried on bv the Playground .Association. The city 
 is giving some support to this latter work, and plans are 
 under way for widening its scope in 1917. -About 
 $250,000 worth of new street-paving is to be laid. Boule- 
 vard lighting is provided on the main street. The city 
 manager, Gaylord C. Cummin, is the person most inter- 
 ested in city planning in Jackson. 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Morida 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce of Jack.sonville (76,101) is 
 about to appoint a committee on city planning. Up to 
 this time no committee or commission has given thought 
 to the problem of planning comprehensively for the future 
 growth of the city. 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 New York 
 
 The big need of Jamestown (36,580), according to 
 Glenn .A. Bowers, formerly assistant secretary to the 
 Jamestown Chamber of Commerce, in charge of civic 
 affairs, is a comprehensive plan tor the city and its trib- 
 utary areas. Hardly anything has been done to forward 
 the industrial or business needs of the town. The total 
 park area is only 95 acres, and there are no boulevards and 
 no waterfront parks. Present plans for extension are ex- 
 tremely meager. The need for play-space was so urgent 
 that the School Park .Association recently raised the funds 
 
 necessary to buy a 55-acre lot and presented it to the 
 School Board. To control building development, a com- 
 mittee of the Board of Commerce has drawn up a building 
 code and will later draft a housing law. 
 
 Jersey City 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 In an address on "The Survey tor a City Plan," de- 
 livered at Auburn, N. Y., before the fifth annual conference 
 of Mayors and other officials ot the state of New York in 
 .April, 1914, and published in the proceedings ot the con- 
 ference for that year, Prof. James Sturgis Pray, chairman 
 of the School of Landscape .Architecture of Harvard 
 L'niversitv, said: 
 
 "The well-nigh universal prime need ot our cities today 
 is the making of systematic surveys in the broad sense, not 
 only engineers' land and topographical surveys, but . . . 
 surveys touching all the important departments of the 
 city's activities and the need of keeping these records 
 reasonably up to date in all important respects. . . . The 
 making and maintaining ot a proper survey offers a par- 
 ticularly fruitful field for the development of modern scien- 
 tific method, . . . characteristic of modern business, 
 wherever conducted, on a scale comparable to the admini- 
 stration of a municipal corporation, but . . . unhappily 
 by no means universally characteristic ot the conduct ot 
 municipal administration. The most striking and iilu- 
 minating investigation yet made known ot this question 
 of method is that recently made by E. P. Goodrich and 
 Geo. B. Ford, for the city of Jersey City, N. J." 
 
 T/ie" Survey." — The accomplishment to which Professor 
 Pray refers was the first step in the plan tor organizing, on 
 a scientific basis, the future work of the City Planning 
 Commission of Jersey City (306,345). The Commission 
 was organized .April 14, 191 i (under Chap. 71, Laws of 
 New Jersey, 191 0) with Frank Stevens as chairman and 
 Hugh Kelly as secretary. The aim of the experts engaged 
 by the Commission was to standardize the making ot 
 investigations and recommendations so as to get the most 
 complete and valuable results at the least cost to the com- 
 munity. Cognizance was taken ot the tact that no two 
 cities are alike in their problems and that the individuality 
 of a city studied must be preserved. In Jersey City the 
 whole field was covered with a view to omitting no im- 
 portant phase of city planning. It was recognized that 
 planning without a full knowledge of the facts would be 
 absurd. -A city planner must, injustice to his clients, know 
 every part of the city and every phase ot its physical lite, 
 including streets, transit, transportation, waterfront 
 tlevelopmcnt, food-supply, housing, education and recre- 
 ation, parks, public buildings, laws and finance. Such was 
 the problem, and it was all carried along at the same time, 
 so that the proper sense of proportion was preserved. The 
 only way in which a thorough knowledge of conditions 
 could be obtained was by making a pedestrian survey. 
 The experts set out to "know the city." They covered on 
 foot every part of the city and the outskirts in a series ot 
 fifteen one-hour to five-hour tramps — some 64 miles in 
 all. They made memoranda covering all ot the various 
 phases of the subjects mentioned above.
 
 CI'IV PI.ANNINC; I'KCK.RI.SS 
 
 79 
 
 The Report. — When satisfied that thev really did "know 
 the city, " the investigators grouped their memoranda 
 under various heads. I'niier each heaii the main tacts 
 with regard to existing conditions were grouped under the 
 heading "Data;" the main objects and ideals to he striven 
 tor were then grouped under the heading "Desiderata;" 
 and, lastly, the methods ot getting to work in each case 
 were grouped under the head "Procedure." This latter 
 head, in each case, contained many suggestions for inten- 
 sive investigations as required hv particular problems. .\t 
 the close of the report, entitled a "Program ot Procedure," 
 there was a summing up ot the facts and recommenda- 
 tions presented under the intiividual heads and an analysis 
 of the relative importance ot the various items, trom which 
 was worked out a logical sequence ot urgency. Thus, a 
 comprehensive program was prepared in pursuance ot 
 which the Commission could do just as much or just as 
 little as it desired or could afford in any given year. 
 
 Term!>ia/ Plans. — Since the City Planning Commission 
 took up its study of Jersey City's planning needs, the 
 movement for a broader treatment ot the commercial and 
 industrial assets ot the city plan has gained impetus, largely 
 as a result of the efforts ot the Jersey City Chamber ot 
 Commerce. In January, 1915, a report was submitted by 
 F. Van Z. Lane, resident engineer tor the Chamber ot 
 Commerce. Mr. Lane's recommendations hinge on the 
 industrial use of the waterfront of the city. The vast 
 railroad properties and extensive waterfront facilities in 
 Jersey City point to the need ot a great municipally con- 
 trolled industrial area as recommended by Mr. Lane. In 
 May, igi6, the Chamber ot Commerce prepared a report 
 covering the Lehigh \'alley Railroad's proposed project to 
 construct a terminal tor its own use in Jersey City. The 
 Chamber of Commerce takes the stand that the Company 
 should be required to cooperate in the development ot its 
 industrial and commercial terminal tacilities with all other 
 railroads in the city, and that the joint terminal should be 
 under nninicipal control. 
 
 Parks. — Jersey City is notably lacking in parks, play- 
 grounds, and open spaces, but much good work has been 
 done in this direction by the Hudson County Park Com- 
 missions, of which Walter (i. Muirhead is secretary. This 
 Commission has been responsible tor a large amount ot 
 greatly diversifietl park work in the towns lying in Hudson 
 Countx , in which Jersey City has shared. 
 
 Johnstown 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 In 1900, the city of Johnstown (6X,529) celebrateil the 
 centennial of its founding by John Johns, who planned 
 what is now the geographical center of the city. His plan 
 bears a striking resemblance to those ot older cities in the 
 eastern part of Pennsylvania, and especially to Phila- 
 delphia, and was no doubt influenced by Penn's ideas. 
 This old plan included a recreation ground, still existing 
 at the intersection of the two rivers which flow through 
 the city, a central park, a city hall square, and one or two 
 other open spaces. 
 
 Recent Plan. — The great industrial activities which are 
 a feature of the city's life today have brought new prob- 
 lems which the city officials have sought to solve by hav- 
 ing a comprehensive plan prepared for the entire city. A 
 City Planning Commission was appointed in October, 
 1914, under the act of assembly ot Pennsylvania of 191J. 
 Henry Hornbostel, architect, of New York, was engaged to 
 prepare a plan. Since that time the city has appropriated 
 a total of 35,000, Jji.ooo of which have been useil tor expert 
 services. Mr. Hornbostel has been assisted by George 
 Wild, architect, of Johnstown, and X'ictor .\. Rigaumont, 
 as resident representative. .\ special feature of the plan, 
 and one which has been very favorably received by the 
 people of Johnstown, is the suggestion tor improving the 
 "point district" one of the original public spaces reserved 
 b\' the founder of the city as a recreation park. Johns- 
 
 
 :.-^^&^'^^^. 
 
 
 IS^'* 
 
 ^^& 
 
 '-•r^^i0't 
 
 -^rqK», 
 
 Johnstown. — Treatment of "The Point," ;is Proposed in Comprehensive Plan Just Completed. 
 .At the intersection of two rivers, this area was reserved for the piitilic in the original plan of 1800.
 
 8o 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 town is deficient in park spaces, only slightly more than 
 60 acres ot land being devoted to this purpose. 
 
 The Recommendations. — Other features of the plan, 
 which is to be published this year, are the development 
 of new traffic ways for the relief of the down-town busi- 
 ness streets, the improvement of the waterfront, the 
 development of new boulevards, the segregation of indus- 
 trial plants, the construction of new bridges, the arrange- 
 ment of civic and recreational centers, and a plan for a 
 rapid transit route for workingmen, between factories 
 and home districts. 
 
 Improvements in Transportation. — Johnstown has al- 
 ready made considerable progress in the improvement of 
 her transportational facilities. A new railroad terminal 
 has been opened, two new bridges have been constructed, 
 and a freight terminal has been developed. Of particular 
 interest is a notable group centering about the William 
 A. Cochran, Jr., High School, now being completed. 
 
 F.dmund OverdorfT is president of the City Planning 
 Commission, and Leo. G. Buettner is secretary. 
 
 Courlesy The Arcbilecturat Record 
 Kansas City. — ^Improvement at 12th Street on the Paseo, a 
 Parkway 9 miles long and from 100 to 565 feet wide, and the 
 Main .Artery of the Boulevard System. 
 
 Joplin 
 
 Missouri 
 
 With a park acreage that conforms to the best stan- 
 dards of today, Joplin (33,216) has a good foundation on 
 which to awaken public interest in city planning. There 
 are two parks, one of 160 acres and two smaller ones with 
 a total of 14 acres. There are four playgrounds, two or 
 three of which are on vacant lots and schoolgrounds. 
 Evidently there is great demand for larger and better 
 recreation facilities for neighborhood use. Little con- 
 scious city planning has been done to date, but the loi.al 
 architects have been interested and active, including 
 Austin Allen, A. C. Michaelis, Dieter & VVenzel, and 
 Charles H. Sudhoelter. 
 
 Kalamazoo 
 
 Michigan 
 
 As the principal industrial and commercial center 
 of southwestern Michigan and the fourth city in the 
 state, Kalamazoo (48,886) must give attention to city 
 planning if the city is to meet its growing responsibilities 
 
 Courtesy The Arcbileclural Record 
 Kansas City. — Original Study for the Park System of the Year 
 189J, outlining 9.85 miles of Boulevard and 323 .Acres of Parks. 
 
 Courtesy Tbe .Arcbttectural Record 
 
 Kansas City. — The Park System of Today, Now Compris- 
 ing 2,576 Acres of Park and Parkway, 61 miles ot Boulevard, 
 Improved, and 52 miles Owned but not Improved. 
 
 Further plans provide for the acquisition of 761 acres of park- 
 ways with a roadway system of 26 miles.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCiRKSS 
 
 8i 
 
 adequately. Representing, as it does, every interest in 
 the citv, the Chamber of Commerce, of which O. B. 
 Towne is secretary, stands foremost among Kalamazoo's 
 organizations in the promotion of the civic, industrial, 
 and commercial lite ot the city, and it is the logical body 
 to give support to a movement for citv planning. Work 
 on city planning is held in abeyance, however, pending the 
 outcome ot the campaign tor a new city charter in which 
 powers more tavorable to city planning work are to be 
 provided. Kalamazoo was settled in 1829 and was 
 organized as a city in 1883. It has 294 industries. 
 
 Parks. — Municipal provision for recreation consists 
 of seven parks with a total area ot 85 acres, augmented 
 by 225 acres ot parking around the State Hospital, a 
 playground and athletic field around each school, and 
 several areas especially reserved tor plav. Boulevards 
 
 are being laid out at the present time according to a 
 general plan which involves the improvement of the 
 rivertront. 
 
 Kansas City 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Kansas City (297,847) has a country-wide reputation 
 for its remarkable park system. It is, perhaps, the most 
 complete and well-organized system existing in America 
 today. The steps by which it was realized make one of 
 the interesting chapters in the history of civic advance 
 in .America. The work began in 1892 when, through the 
 agitation of a group of public-spirited citizens, the city 
 employed Cieo. K. Kessler, of St. Louis, to devise and 
 prepare a plan for a system of parks. In 1895 a law was 
 
 Courtt&y The Artbileclural Rtcord 
 
 Kansas Citv. — Wading Pool in the Grove. 
 About 500 children use the pool daily in mild weather.
 
 82 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 nnnnnnnnnnDDi 
 
 nHDDDBBDnnDD 
 
 nil 
 
 D 
 
 nnnDDDonnnnr 
 
 nnDDDiifflDDnr 
 
 iDDL 
 
 nDBannnDnnnnnnDngefflDDDL 
 
 nnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnr— ^nr 
 
 en di CD □ □ nz] czj czi Lzi C3 n [=1 D c 
 I ^rn r~ir~imr~ir~ir~ii irnnmn'r 
 
 H t rt IT T K/IT 
 
 
 iDnnngnnDpn 
 BDDDOOnDDD 
 
 Ti — Ti — 1 1 — II — II— nr1 — II II I ■ ' 
 
 3B 
 
 in 
 
 t/^T S / I I n I A^ 
 
 jintni - B 
 
 
 ii^rs^— — 
 
 
 \ \ \ N 
 
 W!^ 
 
 ii»--;,-''C/^ i 
 
 "-^y^ 
 
 ^=^\ \f)e \ 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 ^^\ 
 
 P 
 
 7 
 
 M 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 is 
 
 U / 1 1 1 
 
 \y^:v.:\\v:-:;:;.i~~ 
 
 
 ^.-L^ 
 
 
 
 ^^l! 
 
 ^ .^ 
 
 JJilKiy Hkt^T 
 
 /( HE fl t - C 
 
 yuuuuuuguu 
 
 DHaDDDaan 
 DnnaDQnag 
 
 □nn 
 DDD 
 
 W M PVAA e BCI 
 
 /CHE HE - 
 
 l< AKfLC e N (A I. 
 
 C^flPAHATlYE /TUDY iJ'F CIVIC CE/ITER. /CHE/IE/ F^S^R. KA/I/A/ CITY - DRAW/^ BY BEfl J. LVB/CHEZ - F-A-I-A 
 
 Kansas City. — Comparative Study of Five Civic Center Schemes, and General Diagram Sliowing Their Rehition to Each Other 
 and to the General Park and Street System. 
 
 The arrangement of the approach to and surroundings of a new railway terminal are pressing matters. Two of the schemes sug- 
 gest solutions for this problem and involve the treatment of a plaza, a small park, adjacent thereto, and a connection with the boule 
 vard svstem. 
 
 enacted which gave the city and its Park Board the 
 means for actively pursuing its plan for enlarging and 
 improving the first plans. With a gift of a park contam- 
 ing i>33^ acres, about this time, the whole movement was 
 greatly accelerated, so that today there are 1,985 acres 
 in parks and 590 acres in parkways. Other reservations 
 are planned which will bring the grand total up to 3,337 
 acres, or almost one acre of park space to nearlv every 
 hundred persons in the community, a showing equaled bv 
 hardly any city in the country, except Washington, D. C. 
 The total cost of land improvements and maintenance 
 since 1895 has been a little over 115,000,000. Perhaps the 
 most interesting feature of this entire development has 
 been the method of paying for the new parks and park- 
 ways. A plan has been worked out and adopted with 
 
 great success by which the cost ot parks is assessed upon 
 the abutting and neighboring property. The results of 
 this remarkable development have shown themselves in 
 hundreds of ways that make for city betterment in 
 general. 
 
 Railway Terminals. — At the present time the city is 
 interested in the developing of the district of which the 
 fine new railway terminal station is the center. It is 
 hoped that some plan will be adopted that will provide 
 an adequate plaza, a park, and a worthy setting for impor- 
 tant public buildings in the vicinity of the station. Ben. 
 J. Lubschez, a member of the Board of Directors of the 
 American Institute of Architects, has been particularly 
 interested in studying ways and means for the solution 
 of this problem and, in fact, for many other matters
 
 CITY I>I.ANNIN(; FROCiRKSS 
 
 83 
 
 Courtesy Tbe ArcbitectuTal Record 
 
 Kansas Citv. — Swope Park in the Southeast Part of the City, the People's Great Playground, Acquired in 1896 by Gift; 1,332 Acres. 
 
 involving the comprehensive treatment of" planning traffic and terminal problems of the city. If such a corn- 
 problems, mission had drafted a comprehensive plan, one that 
 The Needs. — One ot the greatest needs of Kansas City would have given consideration to all phases of the city's 
 today is a city planning commission that will solve the development present and future, the park and boulevard 
 
 Courtesy Tbe Arcbitectural Record 
 
 Kansas Citv. — West Terrace Park and Outlook Tower at Tenth .Street. 
 The shacks and ugliness that pervaded the site of this improvement have been eradicated, and a tine drive, and points for magnif- 
 icent panoramic views, opened up.
 
 84 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCURESS 
 
 system, justly praised and extremely picturesque and ser- 
 viceable as it is, would not have usurped all practical 
 locations tor traffic ways as it actually has done. The 
 easiest grades have been taken for boulevards and thus 
 preempted the routes that should really be assigned to 
 business and commercial traffic. 
 
 that have met with city-wide approval. William Buch- 
 holz is president of the Board of Park Commissioners, and 
 W. H. Dunn is resident landscape architect. 
 
 Housing. — In private enterprises with unusual plan 
 ning interest, the Country Club residence subdivision of 
 1,000 acres, laid out and developed by J. C. Nichols, is 
 
 Cour/CM /'" \i.lH:,.Un„l Rmnd 
 Kansas City. — Pcnn Vallc> I'.iik (1,52 acres), a Rugged Picturesque Reservation Near the Union Station and the Business Sec- 
 tion of the City, Acquired in 1900 ami Completed in 190J; Cost $1,300,000. 
 
 Courtesy The Architectural Record 
 
 Kansas City. — Wading Pool in Washington Square, a Playground for Children of 2.07 Acres, Costing, Complete, $128,000, 
 Equipped with Outdoor Gymnasium and Shelter Building. 
 
 This playground has the second largest attendance, 15,000 during the season. In line with its policy of selecting school sites on the 
 park and boulevard system, the Board of Education has constructed a modern ward school just south of and facing the playground. 
 
 Citizen Interest. — The City Club has among its mem- 
 bers many who are vitally interested in these and other 
 city planning problems, and they have contributed from 
 time to time suggestions tor their solution. The Kansas 
 City Chapter ot the .American Institute of Architects, 
 including Geo. M. Siemens, Henry F. Hoyt, and Ben J. 
 Lubschez, have contributed valuable sketches and plans 
 
 particularly noteworthy. Mr. Nichols has not only per- 
 formed a great service to the community in introducing 
 the most advanced ideas in town planning in the develop- 
 ment of the residence property under his control, but he 
 has, in numerous ways and at various times, given support 
 to the movement for more rational methods of land sub- 
 division, particularly in his address before the American
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCURESS 
 
 85 
 
 Civic Association several years ago, which has been printed 
 in pamphlet form and distributed by the Association in 
 all of the cities ot the countrv. 
 
 Kenosha 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Homes tor workingmen ! This has been the greatest 
 problem ot our American industrial cities during the past 
 two years. For the last tive years Kenosha (,11,576) has 
 taced a house famine. During the year ending May i, 
 1916, the total increase in employees was 2,918, while 
 the number ot houses built in the same period was only 
 245. Conditions betore this new increase had already 
 been bad and with this new condition Kenosha taced an 
 undeniable housing problem. 
 
 surroundings, value, the extent of water, gas, and sewer 
 connections, and the convenience of transportation tacili- 
 ties. These results were shown on diagrammatic maps. The 
 prevailing stantlards ot workmen's houses were investi- 
 gated, lot ami block liimensions were ascertained, street 
 widths and other related questions were studieii. State 
 ami city laws relating to housing were combed trom the 
 voluminous records ot the city clerk and the city attor- 
 ney, and many other details relating to the housing prob- 
 lem of Kenosha were ascertained for the purpose of ac- 
 curately gauging the neeiis and opportunities. 
 
 The Report arid the Result. — \ir. Nolen's report and 
 recommendations were based absolutely upon this sur- 
 vey ot conditions. In his report he took up methods of 
 wholesale housing and building in other sections ot the 
 country, and ways and means especially applicable to 
 Kenosha were suggested. As a result ot this report, a 
 
 Kansas Crrv. — Bathhouse in the Grove; the Most Complete Combined Park and l^laygroimii in the Ciry. .Area ot Park, 11 
 .Acres; Entire Cost, $283,000. 
 
 In its completeness, its pervasiveness, in the way it reaches every quarter and section ot the city, the park system ot Kansas City is 
 unexcelled by any other in the world. 
 
 Industrial Housing,. — Realizing that such conditions 
 could only result in inefficient employees, the Manufac- 
 turers' .As.sociation last May determined to take the in- 
 itiative in meeting the issue, .^t least 1,000 new houses 
 were needed immediately. To obtain plans embodying 
 the best modern features of city planning, house construc- 
 tion, and financing, John Nolen, ot Cambridge, Mass., 
 was engaged to make recommendations. A questionnaire 
 was prepared and sent to all the local manufacturers. 
 The answers were summarized, and a clear-cut estimate 
 of the housing situation was thus made. The customary 
 local methods of providing houses for sale and the financ- 
 ing of building operations were investigated. Definite in- 
 formation was obtained with regard to open areas avail- 
 able for low-cost housing with respect to their character, 
 
 most remarkable undertaking, involving the building of 
 about 1,000 houses, is now in progress. 
 
 Manufacturing Homes. — Space does not permit a 
 detailed explanation ot the organization of the entire 
 work. Briefly, it is the adaptation to the building ot 
 houses ot the same principles that guide our large indus- 
 trial plants in their conversion of raw material into the 
 finished product. In other words, Kenosha is not build- 
 ing houses, it is manufacturing houses. 
 
 Parks. — Kenosha has hitherto accomplished prac- 
 tically nothing in the way of comprehensive planning 
 for its future physical growth. However, the .American 
 Park Builders, of Chicago, Myron H. West, president, 
 were engaged early in the current year to develop the 
 park and playground system.
 
 86 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Iowa 
 
 On the initiative and, largely, at the expense of the 
 Industrial Association ot Keokuk (14,008), John Nolen, 
 of Cambridge, Mass., prepared a preliminary plan for 
 the city in 191J. The report submitted by Mr. Nolen 
 covered only the essential elements for improving and 
 extending the city, including an analysis ot the system of 
 main highways, a list of the important properties to be 
 acquired sooner or later for public use, and a definition 
 of the genera! purposes which such properties were 
 intended to serve. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — Keokuk has an unusually good 
 location for a city. It is admirably situated on the Missis- 
 sippi River and is surrounded by broad areas ot rich and 
 relatively inexpensive land; it has a large "back country," 
 and possesses convenient connection by railroad to Chi- 
 cago, St. Louis, and other large neighboring cities. With 
 these facilities there has now been added the great dam 
 for the Mississippi River, the construction ot which has 
 recently been completed, at a cost of many hundreds of 
 thousands of dollars, by the Mississippi River Power 
 Company, and which will provide 200,000 electric 
 horsepower. Yet with all these advantages, Keokuk has 
 heretofore been seriously handicapped in its growth by 
 certain unfavorable characteristics of its plan, which Mr. 
 Nolen points out and for which he makes certain definite 
 recommendations. 
 
 Kingston 
 
 New York 
 
 The Mayor ot Kingston (26,771) Palmer Canfield, Jr., 
 introduced an ordinance in 1916 for the appointment of a 
 city planning commission, but the motion was voted down 
 by the Common Council. Up to this time, Kingston has 
 had neither a city planning commission, improvement 
 commission, nor housing commission. With the impetus 
 given to city planning by the State Bureau of Municipal 
 Information, ot which William P. Capes is secretary, 
 Kingston should soon adopt some measure for pushing 
 this most important phase of municipal activity. 
 
 Knoxville 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 The organization of forces for comprehensive citv 
 planning work in Knoxville (38,676) is now under way, 
 with the City Planning Committee of the Knoxville Board 
 of Commerce as the leader. The latter Committee, organ- 
 ized originally in 1914, was reorganized in 1917. Charles 
 Zueblin, publicist, and Dwight H. Perkins, member of 
 the American Institute of .Architects, have delivered lec- 
 tures under the auspices of the City Beautiful League, 
 and John Ihlder, now secretary of the Philadelphia Hous- 
 ing Association, recently lectured for the Russell Sage 
 Foundation in Knoxville. One of the results directly 
 traceable to this publicity was the purchase of park plots 
 for which the city appropriated $50,000 in 1916. 
 
 Knoxville has just enlarged her boundaries and become 
 "Greater Knoxvdle" — following the passage ot a bill 
 through the legislature and signed by the Governor in 
 March, 1917. The population of the city, it is estimated, 
 is more than doubled, and new problems of city extension 
 must be .solved, which make the need for comprehensive 
 city planning even more urgent. 
 
 There is a Social Survey Committee and a Housing 
 Committee of the Board of Commerce which are giving 
 their support to movements for social betterment. Mrs. 
 T. D. Tyson is president of the City Beautiful League, and 
 Charles .A. Barber and Benjamin McMurray, architects, 
 are serving on the Citv Plannmg Committee ot the 
 Chamber of Commerce, ot which Joseph Bowles is 
 secretary. 
 
 La Crosse 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 The most striking and characteristic features of the site 
 ot La Crosse (31,677) are the Mississippi River on the east 
 and the high and rugged bluffs on the west affording un- 
 usual opportunities for the creation of a park system. In 
 1908 the city had made no organized effort to provide 
 parks, yet today it has a substantial framework for a 
 comprehensive park system that is equaled by few, if 
 any, cities of the same size. The first park acquisition 
 resulted from the generosity of a citizen who gave to the 
 city a beautiful and picturesque island in the Mississippi 
 Ri\-er, which might easily rival the famous Belle Isle Park 
 ot Detroit when fully developed. In 1908, with the 
 appointment of a Park Commission, John Nolen of Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., was employed to lay out a comprehensive 
 plan of parks, playgrounds, and connecting boulevards. 
 With the submission of his report, a real nucleus for a 
 park system was immediately secured through the gener- 
 osity of citizens in La Crosse, supported by the City 
 Council. The procedure in La Crosse in developing the 
 system is one that should interest all communities in the 
 country who are contemplatmg a campaign tor the develop- 
 ment or improvement ot their parks. It is well described 
 in a little book published by the Park Commission in 191 1 
 entitled "The Making ot a Park System tor La Crosse." 
 There has been a noticeable awakening of civic pride and 
 of interest in civic affairs generally since the Parks have 
 been established, which has more than compensated those 
 who have headed the movement with money and personal 
 effort. In 1916 a Bureau for Civic Improvement was 
 organized as a part of the activity of the new Chamber of 
 Commerce. H. N. Hixon, chairman of the Park Board, is 
 a leader in city planning and park improvement. 
 
 .Aside from its parks, however. La Crosse has done 
 almost nothing to plan tor its future growth. Desirable 
 as the parks are they are only a small part of what is 
 necessary for a scientifically rounded out plan. 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Civic organizations ot Lancaster (50,853) are consider- 
 ing the employment of a city planning expert to prepare a
 
 CITY PLANNINC; PRCKiRESS 
 
 87 
 
 La Crosse. — Levee Park, as It Will Appear When Completed. 
 The methods adopted by LaCrosse in acquiring and developing a park system are ot special interest and value to the sm.dl 
 cities at work on the park problem. 
 
 general comprehensive plan nt the city and its environs. 
 C. Enilen L'rban, member of the .'\merican Institute ot 
 Architects, is chairman of one of the committees having 
 the matter in charge. Lancaster is one of the third class 
 cities of Pennsylvania and would thus come under the 
 Pennsylvania Law of 191,), authorizing the appointment 
 of city planning commissions in such cities and defining 
 their powers. The city has, however, an old and special 
 charter under which it is impossible to create a planning 
 body in accordance with this act, and it is likely that steps 
 will be taken to secure a change in the charter or the pas- 
 sage of an act that will permit the city to engage in city 
 planning, as provided for other third class cities. The 
 Chamber of Commerce is back of the new city planning 
 movement, and others actively supporting it are M. T. 
 Garvin and Charles Newbold. 
 
 Terminals. — Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, 
 N. Y., has been consulted recently and has submitted a 
 report on a site tor the proposed new Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road passenger terminal, and an effort is now being made 
 to get the people of the city to endorse his plan. The 
 problem involves the unification ot two railroads in one 
 station and the construction ot a bridge over the right of 
 way. 
 
 Recreation. — One ot the field secretaries of the Play- 
 ground and Recreation Association of America has re- 
 cently been engaged to study the recreation problem in 
 Lancaster and is now preparmg his report. The city has 
 
 three parks, two acquired by private donations and one 
 by purchase. 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The original plan of Lawrence (100,560), laid out by the 
 Kssex Company in 1845, showed unusual foresight, par- 
 ticularly in the provision of highways for local traffic, but 
 today a complete schedule ot street-widths made by the 
 Planning Board shows that nowhere are they closely re- 
 lated to the probable requirements ot traffic. Then, too, 
 Lawrence is hampered by its restricted city limits. It has 
 a very small territory, comprising about yj/j square miles. 
 This restricted area has its manifest disadvantages for a 
 city growing as rapidly as Lawrence has grown in the past. 
 Over one-third of the population of the city lives on one- 
 third of its area. The reputation of the city has not been 
 bettered by the situation in regard to housing. The 
 crowded portions of the central part of the city, with their 
 four-story wooden blocks, introduce serious problems 
 afl^ecting a large proportion of the residents and workers 
 in the city. In fact, it was this situation that led to the 
 making of an exhaustive "survey of Lawrence," in 191 2, 
 with the so-called "White Fund." 
 
 Housing Law. — It was natural that the first activities 
 of the City Planning Board (organized under the Massa- 
 chusetts -Acts of 191,1, Chap. 494) should hinge about the
 
 88 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 preparation of a Iniilding code. On this subject Charles 
 W. Killam, memher of the Commission to investigate 
 building regulations in Massachusetts, advised the Board, 
 and the Commission's recommendations have been adopted 
 by the city and are now law. 
 
 Thoroughfares. — The next logical step the City Planning 
 Board took was a study of the thoroughfare system of 
 Lawrence. The Board employed Arthur C. Comey, 
 landscape architect, of Cambridge, Mass., to submit a 
 program of city planning work and to make a study ot the 
 thoroughfare system. This report contains information 
 which should be ot value to commissions in different parts 
 of the country who are seeking light on a plan ot action. 
 Its contribution to the study ot thoroughtare problems is 
 of real value, particularly in connection with the improve- 
 ment of traffic conditions, the preservation of natural 
 routes for pleasure driving, and in reducing the cost of 
 street construction in general. 
 
 River Development. — One improvement in the city plan 
 of Lawrence which is especially emphasized in the report 
 is the development ot the Spicket River tor the length ot 
 a mile within the city. This particular project can be 
 easily realized. The program for a new park system and 
 for connecting boulevards, to be developed jointly with 
 adjacent towns, is one that should commend itself to the 
 people of Lawrence, who are unfortunately deprived ot 
 the opportunity to acquire adequate open spaces within 
 the present restricted limits of the city. 
 
 Lexington 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Recent civic achievements in Lexington (41,097) have 
 centered about the maintenance of a system of sanitation. 
 The lack of provisions for adequate sewage disposal be- 
 came rapidly more dangerous year by year until it reached 
 a point where something had to be done, not only for the 
 protection ot the health ot the people ot Lexington, but 
 for the welfare of the neighboring townships. The Board 
 ot Commerce, composed ot nearly 1,000 business men, has 
 cooperated in a city-wide movement in this direction. 
 The people of Lexington voted in November, 191 5, to 
 issue bonds for the purpose of constructing a modern sew- 
 age disposal system which was the one thing above all 
 which was needed to place Lexington in the rank of pro- 
 gressive cities of America. By 1918 Lexington will have a 
 modern system of sewage purification. 
 
 Housing. — Lexington is extremely fortunate in that it 
 does not possess the harrassing tenement problem which 
 many of the eastern cities have to contend with. It fias, 
 however, a housing problem ot sufficient gravity to be of 
 vital concern to the health and efficiency of the entire 
 community. In place of the tenements, we find the single- 
 family house, but built in such close proximity that its 
 fundamentals — light, fresh-air, and privacy — have been 
 suppressed, and in their place many evils of the large tene- 
 ments have found a foothold. Today the city is housing 
 about one-third of her population in buildings which re- 
 quire immediate remodelling or complete demolition. 
 About two years ago there was a revival of interest in 
 housing, and a housing inspector was employed who had 
 
 done excellent work in Cincinnati. This work did not 
 meet with the favor ot the city officials, and housing work 
 was dropped. Dr. N. R. Simmons is the present health 
 officer. Among those interested in the civic advance of 
 Lexington are Mrs. W. Lafferty, president ot the Wom- 
 en's Club, Prof. C. R. Mulcher, Harry S. Brower, presi- 
 dent of the Board of Commerce, and Dr. W. O. Bullock, 
 president of the Clean City Club. 
 
 Lima 
 
 Ohio 
 
 A tentative plan for the lievelopment of Lima (35,384) 
 was prepared in 1915 byWilhelm Bernhard,ot Chicago, 111. 
 This plan, in addition to providing tor a civic center, park 
 reservations, and thoroughfares, is intimately linked with 
 a garden city site located 2 miles southwest of the heart 
 of the city, in what is known as the Country Club District, 
 and at the highest altitude around the city. The latter 
 development is being carried out through private initiative 
 and tor the purpose of providing homes tor employees in 
 various industrial plants in Lima. It embraces nearly 500 
 acres ot rolling land. Ravines, cutting through the site, 
 afford excellent natural drainage, and attractive valleys 
 provide exceptional opportunities for a pleasing and in- 
 formal layout of residential sites and open spaces. A dis- 
 tinctive feature in the scheme — a neighborhood center — 
 is to be built around a public square near the entrance to 
 the tract, where will be provided space for several stores, 
 accommodations tor the social activities ot the community, 
 a library, and a number ot modern apartments. Another 
 feature is a central garage and dairy constructed on modern 
 lines around a court in one of the ravines. Liberal areas 
 for parks have been set aside. 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Lincoln (46,516), the capital city, has a Municipal Plan 
 Commission, organized in 1912, by ordinance ot the City 
 Council, which employed the American Park Builders 
 Association of Chicago, of which Myron H. West is presi- 
 dent, to prepare plans for the park system and playgrounds 
 and other general improvements related thereto. These 
 plans were submitted to the Plan Commission but were 
 not officially accepted. The Plan Commission has not 
 been particularly active tor the past year. 
 
 Little Rock 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 The Parkways Association of Little Rock (57,343), of 
 which W. L. Hemingway is president, employed John 
 Nolen, landscape architect, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1908, 
 to prepare plans tor a system of parks and boulevards for 
 the city. A fund of $3,500 for this work was raised by pub- 
 lic subscription and by the appropriations ot city and county 
 officials. The report which Mr. Nolen submitted is a 
 30-page document, with a number ot interesting illustra-
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 89 
 
 tions, and contains a program tor progressive acquire- 
 ments for park and lK)ulevard purposes. In its initial 
 stages this program calls tor an outlay of ^400,000, to be 
 raised bv bond issue. The areas recommended for acqui- 
 sition and development are classified as: (c/) city squares, 
 civic center and capitol grounds; (i) schoolgrounils and 
 athletic tields; (c) route for main avenue; (</) encircling 
 parks and parkways; (c) reservations. .As a result ot this 
 effort playgrounds about the schools have been put on a 
 basis of efficiency, two parks have been acquired, ot which 
 one has been improved, and the park movement has been 
 given a eieciilcd impetus which shows no sign of abatement. 
 
 resultant tax on existing public services will bring about 
 some action, public or private, to secure a broad plan for 
 
 future development. 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 California 
 
 The first real effort to bring about an improvement in 
 the city plan of Los .'\ngeles (50.3,812) was made by the 
 Municipal .■\rt Commission in 1909. The Commission, of 
 which h. \V. Hlanchard was chairman, secured an appro- 
 
 CITYOF LITTLE ROCK 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 C,ENEr<AL FEATURL5 OT A PARK SYSTEM 
 
 fOR Tut OTY AND trJVIHONS 
 
 Little Rock.. — General Features ot 
 
 Lorain 
 
 Ohio 
 
 The Board of Commerce of Lorain (36,964) has gone 
 into certain phases ot city planning through its Housing 
 Committee, organized in January, 1917. This Committee 
 is engaged in a campaign to secure more houses for em- 
 ployees in the rapidly developing industries in the city. 
 
 Parks. — The city has 40 acres of parks, quite inadequate 
 for a city ot its size — 300 acres is a reasonable requirement. 
 The purchase of a lakefront park in 1916 is evidence of an 
 awakening in this direction. 
 
 Port. — There is a good harbor with 4 miles of navigable 
 river frontage and some wharfage. It is only a question of 
 time before the rapidly increasing population and the 
 
 vards with 
 
 Ian for Ci\tc CLiircr. 
 
 priation from the City Council permitting them to engage 
 Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, to prepare a plan. 
 Mr. Robinson came to Los Angeles and made a very care- 
 ful studv and examination of existing conditions, and frf)m 
 that formulated and prepared a very broad and practical 
 plan. This report was approved by the Municipal .Art 
 Commission and presented to the City Council and was 
 officiallv approved bv that body. Mr. Robinson's report 
 contained minor suggestions as to details of the plan, but 
 the principal features of his report dealt with tour great 
 schemes: (i) .\ union station and its approaches; (2) an 
 administrative center; (3) an intellectual, artistic and 
 scientific center; and (4) a comprehensive park and boule- 
 vard system. Unfortunately, the approval of the plan by 
 the City Council meant nothing more than an endorsement 
 of Mr. Robinson's proposals. His plan was not ratitieii by
 
 90 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 the citv authorities in a manner that meant an irrevocable 
 commitment to its provisions or any ot them. Hardly had 
 the plan been made public before part ot it was made im- 
 possible by the action ot the county authorities in con- 
 structing a building tor administrative otTices, which dis- 
 arranged the whole scheme for the administrative center. 
 One or two ot the suggestions, however, have been carried 
 out, but with these exceptions the plan has never been 
 followed. 
 
 Cil\ Planning .issociation. — Mr. Robinson's studies and 
 proposals have served to quicken the interest and enthu- 
 siasm of all those who have given thought to the city plan- 
 ning needs of Los .Angeles, and particularly to those who 
 have been backing a more recent movement under the 
 City Planning .Association, an unofficial organization 
 formed in 1914. This Association serves as a clearing- 
 house for civic ideas. C. J. Colden is president; Siegfried 
 Goetze, a member of the American Institute ot Architects, 
 is vice-president; and G. Gordon Whitnall is corresponding 
 secretary. With this Association the Southern California 
 Chapter of the .American Institute of .Architects is cooperat- 
 ing. Efforts are being directed to secure the appointment 
 of an official commission provided with sufficient funds to 
 enable it to carry on comprehensive city planning as pro- 
 vided in the Calitornia state law. From time to time sepa- 
 rate organizations have suggested and obtained certain 
 improvements in the building of the city, but for compre- 
 hensive work it seems necessary to secure the joint efforts 
 of all the organizations that are working for city planning, 
 under the leadership of the City Plan Association, and 
 that is the direction in which city planning in Los Angeles 
 is tending. It is anticipated that in the present year the 
 machinery for obtaining a broad survey and comprehensive 
 city plan will be put in motion. 
 
 Remarkable Gro'wtli 0/ City. — But a little more than a 
 quarter of a centurv ago, Los .Angeles was an adobe pueblo. 
 Today it is a metropolis with over a halt million population. 
 Its rapid growth in area and population is unparalleled in 
 city building. In twenty-five years 450 miles of new streets 
 have been constructed; systems and schemes ot health and 
 sanitation carefully planned tor future generations have 
 been abandoned or enlarged and multiplied many times. 
 .A water-supply that seemed adequate tor almost all future 
 growth has long since proven inadequate, and in its place 
 a system has been substituted, bringing water from sources 
 240 miles away. Once an inland city, the city is now a 
 seaport ot the Pacific. By a procedure, unparalleled in 
 .America there has been annexed contiguous territory, 
 running to the harbor city of Wilmington and the harbor 
 and ocean front city of San Pedro, 18 miles distant. The 
 latter cities, abandoning their corporate entity, have be- 
 come an integral part of a great Pacific coast harbor, of 
 which Los Angeles is the nucleus. Thus, in a little over a 
 century ago, from a Mexican settlement of a few hundred 
 inhabitants, Los Angeles has grown until it covers an area 
 of nearly 100 square miles, running from the San Ber- 
 nardino baseline to the sea, more than 35 miles distant. 
 The only cities in this country exceeding it in area are 
 New York, Chicago, New Orleans, and Philadelphia. It 
 is the great tasks above described with which the city has 
 been coping that has made it difficult for the authorities, 
 to give serious thought to the problem ot planning in a 
 
 comprehensive way for the improvement of the existing 
 plan and for the future extension of the city along rational 
 lines. Los Angeles is badly in need ot a comprehensive 
 plan of this character, and it is the aim of the City Plan 
 .Association and others interested to create sentiment that 
 will force the adoption ot measures designed to accom- 
 plish this end. 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 The City Improvement Commission ot Louisville 
 (238,910) was organized under an ordinance of the City 
 Council in February, 1913, with J. C. Murphy, member ot 
 the .American Institute of Architects, as chairman. Mr. 
 Murphv has for many years consistently advocated the 
 comprehensive planning of Louisville. 
 
 The fVork 0/ the Commission. — The City Improvement 
 Commission has never received an appropriation from the 
 City Council but continues in existence under the guidance 
 of the Engineers' and Architects' Club of Louisville. The 
 Commission's chief aim is to secure an appropriation of 
 530,000 to conduct a comprehensive survey and to make 
 from this survey practical recommendations tor the 
 development of thoroughfares, the elimination ot grade 
 crossings, the location and development of the Union 
 Station, the allocation of parks, playgrounds, and small 
 recreation centers, the grouping ot public buildings, the 
 development of the waterfront for commercial and recre- 
 ational usage, and the like. 
 
 Parks and Thoroughjares. — Louisville has a considerable 
 park acreage. There are three large outlying parks con- 
 taining about 1,300 acres and ten containing 85 acres. 
 There are nearly 1 1 miles of parkway completed and about 
 3 miles in contemplation. Louisville is particularly back- 
 ward in the planning of streets and street improvements 
 on a comprehensive scale. 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The city of Lowell (i 13,245) has not yet participated in 
 the movement for comprehensive city planning. The city 
 is situated 26 miles from Boston, with frequent communica- 
 tion, both by railroad and electric car service. In the manu- 
 facturing establishments there were, in 1914, an average 
 of 30,000 persons employed with average earnings of I9 
 per week, but the numbers of these workers and their 
 wages have increased since the beginning of the European 
 war. The growing population, the higher cost of living, and 
 the difficulty of obtaining wholesome homes are serious 
 problems for all of the working people. However, the city 
 is not so much afflicted with the tenement evil as are many 
 other cities in the state. The density of population, 11.8 
 persons per acre, is low enough to indicate that there is 
 a considerable amount of available unoccupied land within 
 the city limits. Actually, there are at least 4,000 acres 
 unused, or about 44 per cent of the total area within the 
 city limit. The asking price for these vacant lands suit- 
 able for building purposes within the city limits varies 
 from S450 to 5s,ooo per acre.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRF.SS 
 
 91 
 
 Honic'steud Commission Experiment. — Consitieration <>t 
 the foregoing conditions influenced the Massachusetts 
 Homestead Commission, in 1916, to select Lowell as a 
 suitable place in which to make a demonstration of an 
 experiment to ascertain the teasiliility and desirability of 
 state encouragement to increase the supply ot homesteads 
 tor workins; people. The Commission had no authority 
 and no tunds to take options on land, so it did not com- 
 mit itself or the Commonwealth to any obligation whatso- 
 ever. Three parcels ot land were selected tor examination 
 and study. The tract chosen in urban Lowell is inter- 
 mediate between the central portion and the larger vacant 
 tracts in the suburbs. It is convenient to the center of the 
 city by trolley lines and to manufacturing districts. The 
 tract lies well within the area in which workingmen arc 
 seeking homes, and was selected atter a careful study ot 
 the topography, the average amount which could be used 
 tor the purchase ot land, based on the earnings ot the 
 workingmen, the probable requirements in respect to 
 rooms and garden space, and the needs ot traffic. CaretuI 
 study was given to all of the fundamental problems ot 
 housing and subdivision. The plans for this area and the 
 other tracts studied are fully explained in the Fourth 
 .Annual Report of the Massachusetts Homestead Com- 
 mission (1916) and present an interesting solution of the 
 problem ot land subdivision and house construction which 
 should prove ot value to hundreds of other cities in .America. 
 While they may not be entirely beyond criticism, it is be- 
 lieved that they are feasible and practical. The Commis- 
 sion does not recommend that the Commonwealth enter 
 the real estate business for the purpose of supplying whole- 
 some homes for workers, no matter how great the social or 
 mdividual need may be, but only recommends the applica- 
 tion for a single experiment or demonstration to learn 
 whether it is financially possible to supply such homes for 
 such workers, what are the prices and policies upon which 
 such an undertaking should proceed, what are the dangers, 
 what should be the limitations. The recommendations 
 are embodied in a bill which has been submitted to the 
 legislature. 
 
 Lynchburg 
 
 Virginia 
 
 The city of Lynchburg (32,940) has made great prog- 
 ress in recent years in providing modern municipal 
 improvements and those things which go to make tor 
 industrial and commercial advance. Grades have been 
 modified, ravines bridged, streets widened, paved ami 
 sewered, and most ot the conveniences installed which a 
 modern city requires. 
 
 The Hills. — The city has the reputation ot being one ot 
 the hilliest cities in America. For many years this unusual 
 topography was considered a handicap to development 
 because of the added cost and peculiar difficulties that it 
 placed in the way ot paving, sewering, and the like. But 
 even the hills are rapidly becoming an asset by enabling 
 the plans tor several improvements to be carried out on a 
 scale impossible where the topography ot the outlying 
 country of the city itself is level. 
 
 Water-Supply. — In 1908 Lynchburg completed a 
 modern waterworks system at a cost of over ?i, 000,000. 
 
 Water is brought by gravity from a mountain stream 17 
 miles west. 
 
 Notwithstanding the very creditable progress which 
 the city has made, there is no city planning or civic 
 improvement commission at work to keep pace with its 
 rapidly increasing needs and growths. 
 
 Lynn 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Chamber ot Commerce of Lynn (102,425), of 
 which Wm. H. Day, Jr., is secretary, has for several 
 years urged that a city planning board be appointed, but 
 the spirit ot coi'iperation on the part of the city govern- 
 ment has been lacking. In recent years little has been 
 accomplished by the city in effective city planning. 
 
 Parks. — .\ beautiful ocean-front park, about a mile 
 long, is one of the features of Lynn. It is under the 
 authority of the Boston Metropolitan Park Commission- 
 ers and is a part of the great metropolitan park system 
 of Boston. The city owns 2,200 acres of park land, part 
 acquired by purchase and part by donation. The parks 
 were not laid out according to any preconceived plan. 
 
 Harbor and Reclamation IVork. — .A general develop- 
 ment of the harbor of Lynn is now under way, and the 
 material excavated from the channels and harbor dis- 
 trict is being used to reclaim flats for industrial purposes. 
 .Already ,?q acres of land have been acquired in this way. 
 
 Grade Crossings and Streets. — Grade crossing elimina- 
 tion was undertaken in 1913 at a cost of 32,000,000. No. 
 regular plans have been devised for the extension of the 
 street systems or the development of the central district. 
 
 Macon 
 
 Georgia 
 
 In Macon (45,757), streets are wide, parks are abun- 
 dantly supplied with trees and shrubbery, and problems of 
 congestion of traffic or people have not been pressing. The 
 number and size of parks for a city of its population are, 
 
 "aKSL y^a s ia g;; 
 
 ,'.^'^K 
 
 Macon. — New Passenger Terminal, with Well-Oniereii 
 .Approaches and .Attractive .Architectural 'I'reatment. 
 
 however, very limited. There is one park, 18 acres, called 
 Tatnall Square Park, and there is also what is called 
 Central Park, which is used as the state fair grounds. 
 These are quite inadequate for a modern city. There are 
 four playgrounds, one of them occupying a section in the
 
 92 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Madison. 
 is Today. 
 
 -State Street, One of the Capitol Approaclies as It 
 
 Madison. — State Street, as Proposed witli Poles and Wires 
 Removed and Dignified Business Buildings Lining the Sidewalks. 
 
 Tatnall Square Park. .All ot these playgrounds have 
 up-to-date apparatus. 
 
 Termiua/ Station. — Macon is not an industrial city, 
 strictly speaking, but depends tor its livelihood on the 
 surrounding rural districts. There is, however, every 
 evidence that the city will, in time, become a producer 
 and a real industrial community. The new million dollar 
 terminal station, covering two city blocks, opened for 
 inspection on December i, 1916, is one sign of the increas- 
 ing importance of the commercial and industrial life of the 
 city. 
 
 Institutions. — Macon is also the seat of Mercer Uni- 
 versity, with spacious grounds well cared tor. There is 
 also the Wesleyan Female College, the oldest chartered 
 female college in the world, with fine grounds. With the 
 rapid development of the industrial life of the community, 
 which is now going on particularly in the pottery indus- 
 try, the population of Macon will, in all probability, jump 
 by leaps and bounds in the next decade. Macon needs a 
 comprehensive plan now, a broad program for meeting the 
 anticipated needs ot a growing city, and there is every 
 evidence that there are among her people those who are 
 fitted to serve as leaders in this work. 
 
 Madison 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 The Parks and Pleasure Grounds .Association is, and 
 has been, the active supporter ot all movements tor a 
 broader development ot Madison (30,699) along city plan- 
 ning lines. Under the inspiring and compelling leadership 
 of John N. Olin, this .Association established a splendid 
 rect)rd. For twenty-two years, with steadily increasing 
 success, it has secured donations and raised yearly tunds 
 tor the development ot a first-class park system. It has 
 organized its work with all the effectiveness characteristic 
 ot the best private business enterprises. Today the city is 
 possessed of 269 acres of parks and about 8 miles of front- 
 age, for park purposes, on lakes, almost exclusively the 
 result ot the work ot the Association in securing donations 
 and raising subscriptions. 
 
 City Plan Committee. — In 1909 the .Association was 
 instrumental in organizing the Citizen's City Plan Com- 
 mittee which, through private subscriptions, raised tunds 
 to employ John Nolen, ot Cambridge, to prepare a plan 
 tor the future development of the city along comprehen- 
 sive lines. This plan was published in a report of 168 
 pages, with many illustrations, under the tile ot "Madison, 
 a Model City." Mr. Nolen discussed the big topographical 
 features ot the city site and the shortcoming ot the existing 
 plan. The original plan ol Madison was dratted in l8j6 
 and gave no consideration to the real requirements ot a 
 peculiar topography. It provided the usual gridiron system 
 
 I 
 
 Madison. — State Capitol, Located on a Square Set aside tor 
 the Purpose in the Original City Plan of i8j6. 
 
 The building is so planned that a fine portico terminates the 
 vista along each of the diagonal avenues.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRKSS 
 
 93 
 
 of streets. It contained, however, one commendable fea- 
 ture, probably inspired by the work of L'Knfant in Wash- 
 ington a quarter-centurv earlier, viz., tour radial streets of 
 inadequate width cutting across the gridiron and center- 
 ing in the square reserved tor the State Capitol. There 
 was no provision tor open spaces, triangles, circles, and, 
 strangest of all, the laketronts, the prime and only legiti- 
 mate factor to justify the selection of Madison as the 
 capital city, were ignored altogether .so far as public 
 utilization was concerned. 
 
 The Propose'// Plans. — The Nolen plan sought to remedy, 
 as far as the existing conditions permitted, some of the 
 conditions which this neglect of the city's real opportuni- 
 ties entailed. The problem ot securing an adequate setting 
 tor the great State Capitol is given special consideration. 
 This latter building was designed by Geo. B. Post & Sons, 
 and stands on the ground which was set aside tor it in the 
 original plan ot the city. Mr. Nolen points out that, out- 
 side of this one limited block of ground, the state has 
 taken no steps whatever to control or improve the sur- 
 roundings ot its great building or the approach to it. In 
 discussing the University ot Wisconsin as a tactor in the 
 growth ot Madison, he makes a plea for better treatment 
 ot the landscape in the 350 acres which are reserved for 
 University purposes. A special plea is made for adequate 
 support by the state of measures designed to properly 
 provide for the civic needs of the capital city. .A city park 
 system and the planning ot other civic teatures for the 
 city demand an official park commission, and large and 
 permanent results, it is pointed out, will be possible onl\- 
 when the regular machinery ot the city government is 
 called into play and when the city no longer relies solely on 
 voluntary action by public-spirited citizens. In this con- 
 nection it is interesting to note that by act of the legisla- 
 ture of Wisconsin (Chap. 180, Laws of 1915) there was 
 provided a comprehensive plan for the organization of the 
 city of Madison into a park district and a method for 
 adding outside the city to the park district for park pur- 
 poses. The law is permissive in nature and made effective 
 only upon the adoption by the City Council of an ordinance 
 to carry it into effect. .'Mthough the law has been upon the 
 statute books for more than a year, it has not yet been 
 taken advantage of, and so the Park and Pleasure Drives 
 .•Xssociation is still charged with the duties and responsi- 
 bility ot administering Madison's park program. 
 
 Recirational Survey. — A recreational survey was con- 
 ducted by the Board ot Commerce of Madison in 1914-15. 
 This is the first survey of recreation ever made by a com- 
 mercial organization. The work was done by a representa- 
 tive committee appointed by the Madison Board of Com- 
 merce, including every social and civic interest in the city, 
 under the leadership of Clark W. Hetherington, Professor 
 of Physical Education in the University of Wisconsin. 
 The survey is scientific in method, comprehensive in its 
 investigation of social and educational aspects and is of 
 great practical value in its constructive program for en- 
 larging the recreational facilities of the city. 
 
 Housing. — .\ housing committee ot the Boarti of Com- 
 merce is now working on plans for the improvement of 
 local housing conditions, and a committee of the Civic 
 Club is building a number of dwellings for workingmen 
 at this time. 
 
 Madison. — City Plan and Park System, -Showing Capitol 
 .Square on Which the Four Diagonals Converge. 
 
 Without official support, Madison has developed one ot the 
 finest small park systems in the country. The original plan of 
 1836 gave no consideration to the fine opportunities for lakefront 
 parks, logically the only reason for the selection o( Madison as 
 the capital city.
 
 94 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Markets. — The new municipal market in the eastern proper city authorities; and in establishing building lines 
 
 part of the town is extensively used by the inhabitants. on all main thoroughfares to provide for the gradual widen- 
 
 Comparative prices show that it has had a material effect ing of streets to meet anticipated future needs. R. M. 
 
 on the cost of living in Madison. Shove is secretary of the Maiden City Planning Board. 
 
 Maiden 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Board of Maiden (51,155), appointed 
 under authority of the Massachusetts .'\cts of Legislature 
 of 1 913, Chap. 494, has given special consideration to rail- 
 way, transit, and water transportation facilities. As the 
 Boston Port Directors have ruled that Maiden River is a 
 part of Boston, future work of the Port Directors will pro- 
 vide greatly improved water-shipping facilities for the 
 citv. The Board has strongly recommended the use of 
 the right of way of the local branch of the Boston & Maine 
 Railroad for the trains of the Boston elevated rapid transit, 
 and that railroad freight be moved on this branch at night. 
 This plan insures an economic adaptation of the existing 
 railroad roadbed, an efficient connecting link for through 
 service between all elevated stations in Boston, Maiden, 
 and other stations on the branch line, and freedom from 
 street traffic blocks. It would enable the surface car lines 
 to serve as feeders to rapid transit trains running on the 
 branch line. The Board particularly asks tor the city's 
 support in the planting of shade trees in the residential 
 streets; in compelling owners ot vacant land, when they 
 are ready to subdivide, to lay out all streets and sidewalks 
 in such manner and in such width as will be ordered by the 
 
 Manila 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 Soon after the close of the insurrection, the Philippine 
 Commission proceeded to improve general living condi- 
 tions in Manila (234,409). In the course of the next few 
 years, the antiquated, one-horse tramway line was replaced 
 and extended by a system of electric lines; an abundant 
 supply of water was brought from the mountains by 
 gravity; and a complete system of sanitary sewerage was 
 installed. Primarily for the purpose of locating proposed 
 public buildings, the Philippine Commission, on the advice 
 of Mr. Taft, then Secretary of War, induced Mr. Burn- 
 ham to visit Manila. He, with Peirce Anderson, sub- 
 mitted, in 1905, general recommendations, not only as to 
 the location of buildings, but as to extensions of streets 
 and parks and other improvements. The general plan of 
 improvement was adopted and, during the following years, 
 from 1906 to 1914, many features of the plan, including 
 streets, parks and buildings, were executed under the 
 direction of \Vm. E. Parsons, consulting architect. 
 
 Improvements. — Among the improvements executed is 
 the reclamation of a large public garden on the waterfront, 
 called the New Luneta, the dredging of the harbor ot 
 Manila providing filling material, ."^t the same time, sites 
 
 Ma.n-ila. — General Plan, with Important Public Buildings Erected During the Period from 1906 to 1914 Indicated in Black.
 
 CITY PLANNING 1>R()(;RKSS 
 
 95 
 
 tor a large hotel and tor clubs were provided. In similar 
 manner, a strip 250 teet wide, for over a mile along the 
 waterfront, was reclaimed, torming the beginning ot a 
 bay-shore boulevard intended to be extended to Cavite, 
 skirting the shore ot Manila Bay tor a distance ot 2<; miles. 
 The unsanitary moats surrounding the old .Spanish tbrti- 
 tications ot the original Intramuros were converted into 
 public play and recreation grounds, affording more than 
 100 acres in the center of the city and making provision tor 
 amateur athletic sports, including a municipal golf-course. 
 Public Buildings. — The public and semi-public build- 
 ings constructed in accordance with the city plan include 
 a large general hospital, university buildings, a group of 
 
 normal school buildings, an a(]uariuni, a large hotel facing 
 the Luncta, and several clubs. Definite plans were also 
 made tor the Capitol buildings. 
 
 Streets.- The boulevard system was exteniled, with the 
 construction of Tatt .Avenue and ot a radial line leading to 
 the new railway station for the southern lines ot Luzon, 
 in the business section the congestion was to be relieved 
 by the cutting through of a new street parallel with the 
 Escolta, the principal business street. This was more 
 than half accomplished but was abaniioned in 19I4 with 
 the change of atlministration. Up to that time all of these 
 projects were actively pushed by the Civil (iovernment 
 under (Jov. Gen. W. Cameron I"'orbes. 
 
 CoiLTtesy The Arcbitectural Record 
 Manila. — Bird's-Eye View of the Central Part of Manila, Showing in the p'oregrounj the Public Gardens, Hotel and Clubs Fxecutcd 
 on Reclaimed Land, and the Proposed Capitol Buildings Beyond.
 
 96 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Mansfield (22,734) has a City Planning Commission of 
 five citizens, with the Mayor and Service Director as ex- 
 officio members, appointed and confirmed in 1916 (under 
 the Ohio law, House Bill No. 660, 191 5). A working fund 
 of f 10,000 has been provided by the city for the work ot 
 the Commission. In December, 1916, George B. Ford and 
 K. P. Goodrich, ot New York City, were engaged by the 
 City Planning Commission to prepare a comprehensive 
 plan and to submit with their plans supporting data, the 
 whole including: 
 
 I. The making ot a survey in detail tor the purpose ot 
 showing how far the present city plan conforms to modern 
 
 Chamber of Commerce Activity. — The City Planning 
 Commission owes its existence largely to the activity and 
 energy of the Chamber ot Commerce, organized early in 
 1 91 6, with Henry L. Goemann as president and C. S. Wil- 
 liams as secretary. In its brief existence the Chamber has 
 played an important part in the affairs of the city and its 
 people. It has standing committees dealing with all forms 
 of civic activitv, and it has very recently concentrated 
 much ot its energy in bringing about the appointment ot 
 the City Planning Commission. The Chamber ot Com- 
 merce takes the stand that once a practicable, broad and 
 far-seeing program tor tuture city building is laid down 
 under expert advice, and as a guide for the city officials, it 
 will be in a much better position to work intelligentlv and 
 successfully for the civic advance of the city. 
 
 Other Work. — New municipal improvements of one 
 
 Courtesy Missouri Pacific Railway 
 
 Memphis. — New Civic Center, with Police StiUion .ind Court House. 
 
 scientific requirements, to be illustrated by maps, charts, 
 and photographs. 
 
 2. An investigation of the problem of transportation, 
 including all freight and passenger handling tacilities, and 
 a general studv of the Union Station. 
 
 3. An investigation of transit problems with recom- 
 mendations tor extensions, rerouting, and rescheduling. 
 
 4. An investigation of street problems with recom- 
 mendations for widening, extension, straightening, paving, 
 regrading, and the like. 
 
 5. Recommendations with regard to disposal of sew- 
 age, water-supply, and other public service matters. 
 
 6. The drafting ot a building code including control 
 over the hygienic and sanitary features of dwelling house 
 construction; an ordinance for the regulation of advertis- 
 ing signs; and a complete plan tor districting and zoning. 
 
 7. Preparation of plans for a complete park and play- 
 ground system. 
 
 The Comprehensive Plan. — The comprehensive plan 
 would weave all ot these elements together and eliminate 
 waste. It will be accompanied by a complete annual pro- 
 gram for improvements, according to their relative urgency 
 and in conformitv with the general plan. 
 
 kind or another are continually being made in Mansfield. 
 An average yearly expenditure of ^80,000 is made for this 
 purpose. There are about 37 miles of improved streets 
 and about 36 miles ot unimproved highways, alleys, and 
 partially improved streets. Mansfield's chiet civic accom- 
 plishment to date is an excellent sanitary system. In 1897 
 the people ot Mansfield spent about Sioo,ooo in providing 
 for a sewage-disposal plant, a model one ot its kind. With 
 extensions of the sewerage system it has now become 
 necessary to increase the capacity of the plant, ^100,000 
 being recently voted by the people for this purpose, and 
 the addition to the disposal plant will be completed by 
 the middle of 1917. The city engineer, W. J. Hazeltine, 
 has set an exceptional standard for the assembling, tabu- 
 lation, and presentation ot the city's engineering data. 
 
 McKeesport 
 
 PennsyK'ania 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce ot McKeesport (47,521) is 
 giving support to city planning propaganda. The Penn- 
 sylvania law for third class cities provides for the appoint-
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRKSS 
 
 97 
 
 nu'iit ot city planning commissions in cities such as 
 McKeesport, Init up to this time the city has taken no 
 official action. The Mayor, Hon. George L. Lysle, and 
 Conrad Hohnian, Superintendent of Parks, are the leaders 
 in such work ot civic improvement as is now being carried 
 on. Housing has received attention trom the directors of 
 the Chamber ot Commerce. There have been some pur- 
 chases ot areas tor playgrounds m advance ot use, and the 
 city has accomplished something in the improvement of 
 its waterfront tor park purposes. Railroad and transpor- 
 tation problems are studied in advance by the Chamber of 
 Commerce, as are also the tacilities tor local transportation. 
 Nothing has been accomplished in the provision of com- 
 munity centers or civic centers, and practically nothing in 
 the way of art exists. One of the objectives for which the 
 Chamber ot Commerce is working is the development ot 
 a comprehensive plan under expert advice. 
 
 Medford 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Board of Medtord (26,234), appointed 
 under authority of the Acts of 1913 of the Massachusetts 
 Legislature (Chap. 494), has given consideration to the 
 demolition ot old and dilapidated structures on the 
 ground that they constitute a fire menace, the removal of 
 old school buildmgs no longer in use, the better subdivision 
 ot undeveloped territory, and the general clean-up ot 
 vacant land m the city. 
 
 Memphis 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 A movement is on toot in Memphis (148,995) to con- 
 solidate the interests of all civic organizations by banding 
 various committees from these groups into a larger com- 
 mittee that will take the steps necessary to secure the prep- 
 aration and adoption ot a comprehensive city plan. A 
 City Beautiful Committee, composed of members ot the 
 
 Courle^^ \/isMitiM I'oiilii- Railway 
 
 Mkmi'IHs. \'icw in One ot the l^iiiks. 
 Nearly 10 per cent of the city's ;irea is in improved parks 
 
 Kotars Ciuli and ot the Architects' League ot Memphis, 
 was organized in 1915 and has raised a small sum by dona- 
 tions from members. M. H. Kurbringer, member of the 
 American Institute of Architects, i.s chairman of the Com- 
 mittee. Kdwaril H. Bennett, of Chicago, has consulted 
 with the members ot the Rotary Club and Citv Beautiful 
 Committee on a program for city planning. 
 
 Parks. — Memphis has made her most notable civic 
 advance in the lievelopment ot her parks, of which she has 
 S55 acres, a very good showing. Ot this area over 400 
 acres are in Riverside Park and .!.!5 in Overton Park, with 
 the balance distributed among fourteen small parks rang- 
 ing trom y-i acre to 1 2 acres, all in charge of the Park Com- 
 mission, of which R. (jalloway is chairman. George K. 
 Kessler, ot St. Louis, was consulting landscape architect 
 to the Board of Park Commissioners. The plavgnninds in 
 the city are in charge of the Park Commission, and school 
 buildings are used for community purposes. 
 
 TriDispurlalio)!. — In matters pertaining to transporta- 
 tion and intlustrv, mention shoulil be maile ot the recent 
 rerouting of the transit lines in the center of the city, of 
 the elimination of grade crossings now rapidly progressing, 
 and of the plan for the development of terminal facilities 
 on the waterfront, bonds for which are about to be issued. 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 .A small tract platted on a checkerboard plan in iSj5 
 forms the nucleus ot the present city plan of Milwaukee 
 (436,5,35). This small section was served by a system of 
 diagonal streets radiating into the open country. Later 
 these highways were wiped from the map by the thought- 
 less extension of the checkerboard streets. From these 
 early days to the present time, Milwaukee's growth has 
 been an incessant struggle with citv planning problems 
 raised by the unscientific methods of early ilevelopmenr. 
 The honor of awakening the city to the need of something 
 better largely belongs to an architect, Albert C. Clas. 
 
 Park Cummission. — In April, 1907, the City Council 
 passed a resolution providing tor a Metropolitan Park 
 Commission. This Commission confined its attention at 
 the outset to the elaboration ot a system of parks, boule- 
 vards, and driveways. -As the work progressed, it became 
 evident that the problem upon which the Commission was 
 engaged could not properly be solved without taking into 
 account a great many correlated problems, such as rail- 
 road transportation, the location ot thoroutihtares, a civic 
 center, and the like. When the original appointment 
 expired in 1 910, the lite ot the Commission was extended 
 by resolution to 191 2. Recognizing the greatly increased 
 scope of the work of the Park Commission, the Common 
 Council in 191 1 changed the name of the Commission to 
 "City Planning Commission" and authorized it to make 
 extensive investigations into all phases of the city's life 
 and to prepare a comprehensive plan tor future improve- 
 ment and growth. 
 
 Reports. The first tentative report of the Metropolitan 
 Park Commission was published on January 28, 1909, ami 
 was devoted mainly to the solution ot problems of streets 
 and main thoroughfares. On July 27, 1909, a report on the
 
 98 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Milwaukee. — Plan for the Civic Center on the Axis of Cedar Street as Recommended by the Metropolitan Park Commission 
 in 1909. 
 
 The civic center, together with the parks, is that feature of city planning which so far has been emphasized in public discussions 
 in Milwaukee. 
 
 grouping of public buildings, prepared by Frederick Law on the improvement of the banks of three rivers lying 
 
 Olmsted and John Nolen, was published. On November within the confines of the city. About the same time a 
 
 II, 1909, the Commission's second tentative report on report was submitted on parkways and a civic center, 
 
 neighborhood parks, playgrounds, and recreational centers Owing to local opposition and the refusal of the Common 
 
 was published. On April 14, 1910, a report was submitted Council to provide funds, the Park Commission, later the 
 
 pPiH m«m >. 
 
 
 r: -»v".-^l: • c<H" "^"-iv \'**-, 
 
 Milwaukee. — Bird's-Eye View of Proposed Lake Shore Drive and Parkway.
 
 Crr^ Pl.ANNTNCJ PROC.RKSS 
 
 99 
 
 City Planning Commission, was unable to secure action 
 on its proposals or to carry out its work. Nevertheless, 
 the work ot the two Commissions taught the people of 
 Milwaukee that the city was not plannetl as it ought to 
 be, and that if Milwaukee was to take its place among the 
 really great cities of the country it must take more 
 thought tor the future. 
 
 Board of Public Land Commisnoners. — In 191 1 city 
 planning took a new start, with the enactment by the 
 legislature of a law (Chap. 486, .Acts of 191 1) providing 
 for the appointment ot a Board ot Public Land Commis- 
 sioners with authority to carry out public improvements 
 planned by them, with funds provided by the city. By 
 thus making the Land Commission a body with consider- 
 able authority, the difficulty attending the work of the 
 earlier City Planning Commission, which was without 
 legislative authority, was partially avoided. The Land 
 Commission was appointed in 1912, and a budget appro- 
 priation of $10,000 was made by the city to enable it to 
 carry on its work. 
 
 New City Playming Commission. — Recently, the Mayor 
 has appointed a City Planning Commission, reorganized 
 on the lines of the commission appointed in 1910 and re- 
 ferred to above, ot which A. Stoelting is secretary. No 
 reports have been published, but the Commission has been 
 active in passing upon plats tor the subdivision of unde- 
 veloped land and has under consideration a report on 
 housing conditions. 
 
 Housing Commission. — There is also a Housing Com- 
 mission ot which William H. Schuchardt, member of the 
 American Institute of .Architects, is a member. 
 
 Park Board. — The Park Board of Milwaukee, holding 
 honorary appointments by the Mayor arid with a paid 
 secretary, have under their control 952 acres of parks and 
 13 miles of boulevard. Plans have been prepared, and work 
 is going ahead in the extension of the city's lake front parks 
 on an area reclaimed by filling in for a distance ot 600 teet 
 out into Lake Michigan. This improvement is in line with 
 the recommendations of the Metropolitan Park Com- 
 mission. Under the direction ot the School Board, with 
 Harold O. Berg in charge, playground and general recrea- 
 tion development is being carried forward. School build- 
 ings are being used for community center work. 
 
 Transportation. — Transportation facilities are being 
 developed along modern lines. The rights of way of rail- 
 roads on the east side ot the city have been depressed; 
 those on the south side are now being elevated; and those 
 on the southwest and northwest sides are to be either 
 depressed or elevated in line with orders of the State Rail- 
 road Commission. In port development, the work of con- 
 demning land for an outer harbor has been approved by 
 the United States Government. In street improvements 
 the City Planning Commission has submitted for the 
 approval of the Common Council certain plans for the 
 platting of new areas, and ordinances are now under con- 
 sideration for the widening of some streets. 
 
 Zoning. — Perhaps the most notable recent endeavor ot 
 those interested in city planning is the framing of a reso- 
 lution, for consideration by the Common Council, which 
 will authorize the City Attorney to prepare a bill tor 
 presentation to the legislature at its present session, to 
 permit the districting or zoning of Milwaukee along lines 
 
 similar to tho.se followed in the New ^'ork districting 
 work. 
 
 Rfcenl Survey. -Mention sliouki be maile of a valuable 
 preliminary report on cit\' planning prepared tor and sub- 
 mitted to the Wisconsin Chapter ot the .American Insti- 
 tute of .Architects, the City Club, the Real Kstate .Asso- 
 ciation, and other civic organizations by Werner Hege- 
 mann in February, igi6. This report goes into the eco- 
 nomic as well as the social and esthetic problems now con- 
 fronting the city and discusses them in a broad and intelli- 
 gent manner. Since this report was published, efforts 
 have been made to secure funds for the appointment of a 
 resident city planner. 
 
 a!^ 
 
 Mii.wAiKKL. 1'niposi.ii Rmrlnmt hiipniM URnt, Lciokini; 
 North, with .Streets on Uotli .Sides ut the Kiver and with Location 
 for the Interburban Service under the Pavement.
 
 lOO 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 1^ 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■:,-^-ft 
 
 
 
 'n 
 
 .:^ 
 
 
 
 ^3^-" 
 
 »"'-'- 
 
 Minneapolis. — \ itw Slmwini; I'mimsLiI Cixn Center, Looking between Proposed Courts nt justice Buildings to the VXwi.w Be\ond. 
 
 Minneapolis 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 It was about igo8 that a movement was started to 
 obtain a city plan for Minneapolis (363,454). There had 
 been considerable agitation on the part of certain clubs in 
 the city, among them the Woman's Club, which, early in 
 this campaign, sought the advice of certain architects who 
 might be supposed to have experience enough to advise 
 them in this matter. Of course, the natural impulse of the 
 layman was to secure drawings at once without any par- 
 ticular study of vital conditions. Much time, therefore, 
 was saved at the commencement by starting in the right 
 direction. At practically the same time two other events 
 occurred which precipitated a vigorous demand on the part 
 of the public for a comprehensive city plan. One was the 
 conception on the part of the Park Board of the project 
 known as the Gateway Park and the other the need of 
 properly locating a new Federal building. 
 
 Getting Started. — As a result of this agitation, a series 
 of committees were appointed by the improvement socie- 
 ties, the Real Estate Board, clubs, and other organizations. 
 These committees were assembled, a permanent chairman 
 appointed to preside over the meetings, and general dis- 
 cussion was had as to the best means of appointing a city 
 plan commission. As is usual in such voluntary move- 
 ments, there were no funds, no authority, no sanction of 
 any kind tor the creation of such a commission. 
 
 Civic Commission. — Not to be deterred, however, the 
 general committee appointed, finally, a Civic Commission, 
 of which E. C. Gale is now secretary, composed of about a 
 
 dozen public-spirited citizens. Thev were selected after a 
 most careful canvass and with the faith that, when notified 
 of their selection and informed as to their responsibilities, 
 they would undoubtedly undertake the entire task, in- 
 cluding defraying the expenses, without question. It is 
 one of the most gratifying things connected with the enter- 
 prise to remember the splendid spirit with which these 
 men entered upon the unknown difficulties of their work. 
 
 Reports. — They organized at once and, after due con- 
 sideration, appointed Edward H. Bennett, of Chicago, as 
 consultant. Mr. Bennett at once entered upon his duties 
 and, after several years of study, produced a comprehen- 
 sive plan for the city. A preliminary report on the plan 
 was published in 191 1, and the final report, with illustra- 
 tions, will be issued in 191 7. 
 
 The Plans. — In brief, Mr. Bennett's plan recognized 
 the fact that Minneapolis must provide for a population of 
 1 ,500,000 people not many years hence, and that this 
 growth will mean a more intense occupation of territory 
 now built upon, a spreading of the city limits, and the ex- 
 tension in every manner and direction of all business and 
 public utilities. This growth, in turn, will impose a heavy 
 burden on the arterial street system and will require a 
 definite scheme for the allocation of the various elements 
 of city life — manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, 
 financial and residential districts, railroad property and 
 terminals, and areas used for public purposes. Instead of 
 52 square miles, which is now the area of the city, the city 
 limits are expected to include a territory of nearly 150 
 square miles when the present plan is fully developed. 
 In addition, the city is expected to include within its daily 
 life the population of all of the centers surrounding it.
 
 CI TY PLANNING PROCiRESS 
 
 lOI 
 
 within a radius of at least 2o miles, and the city of St. 
 Paul, lying on the east side of the Missisippi River. 
 Whether the latter citv will ever come under a single 
 government with Minneapolis cannot now be foreseen, hut 
 the plan points out the advantages of common facilities 
 and lines ot communication and seeks to create those close 
 connections and inter-relations which experience has shown 
 to be necessary. 
 
 Thoroughfare System. — ^The key to the main structural 
 lines used as the basis of the plan are highways running 
 
 Minneapolis. — Pl.in of Proposed Civic Plaza Surrounded hy 
 Public Buildings. 
 
 It is recommended that the present City Hall and Court 
 House be retained for the exclusive use of the municipal offices 
 and that the courts be housed in the two buildings symmetrically 
 placed on either side of the fore-court in the Civic Center, that 
 an auditorium be placed near 14th Street and a library on the site 
 balancing it on the main general axis, which is that of 6th Avenue 
 extended. 
 
 north ami south and east and west. These axes aireaily 
 exist, not in complete torm, however, and the plan supple- 
 ments them with others of greater efficiency and, in addi- 
 tion, with diagonal arteries and traffic circuits, the latter 
 forming the seconti great structural element of the plan. 
 
 It'alt-rjrunl. — .A general treatment of the river banks is 
 outlined. The ultimate aim will be to carry a roadway 
 trom the city limits on the north to the city limits on the 
 south, skirting the shore of the river wherever possible, 
 and, in sections of the city now preempted by industry and 
 commerce, to coordinate such use as far as possible with 
 that for public enjoyment. 
 
 Park .S'v.f/f//;.— While Minneapolis compares most 
 favorably with other cities of the country, not only in 
 regard to the amount of park area, but also in respect of 
 the quality of its parks — thanks to the zeal of F.dmund J. 
 Phelps and others — it is proposed, in view of the great 
 population of i ,500,000 which the future is expected to 
 bring, to increase the present park area of over 1,200 
 acres by great woodland reservations, to be purchased as 
 time anci money permit and to be maintained as forest pre- 
 serves. .Atlditional small parks ami spaces in the center 
 of the city, in touch with the circuit road, and other areas 
 serving the congested districts are planned. 
 
 Progress is being made steadily in the execution of 
 various parts of the .Minneapolis plan, as outlined .above. 
 
 
 -r'. \t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^f[^j^...^.^:^^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 1. 
 
 
 r : il 
 
 li 'i ,/ilhl 
 
 f^r^ 
 
 , r I'lp.'.f.fjfiii^t 
 
 l^i.Wtl^ir^ 111 Irii 
 
 iiirSri, I 
 
 
 Minneapolis. — General Plan, .Showing Business Center and 
 Surrounding Residential .Areas, also the Proposed Widenings and 
 .Additions to the Street System in Periods of Execution. 
 
 Improvements proposed in the first period are shown in black 
 dotted lines; tho.se in solid black are street widenings and exten- 
 sions actually executed or pending early in iqi6. 
 
 .At ".A" is the new Northern Pacific Terminal which may 
 become a part ot the Lnion Station, and at "B" the site of the 
 .Art Museum, an important section ot which is completed.
 
 I02 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 
 '■^B 
 
 ^ 
 
 jL;::^-:: \ Tv 
 
 > >S^#S^^ 
 
 Minneapolis. — View Showing Proposed River Development and Present and Proposed Railroad and General Traffic Bridges. 
 
 The suspension bridge in the middle distance will be an extension of the proposed main axis. Passing under it at a lower level 
 is the notable stone arch railroad bridge, and just beyond it is the 3rd .'\ venue bridge now executed in accordance with the plan. In 
 the foreground is the 14th .•\venue bridge, the location and general design of which have been approved in accordance with the plan. 
 
 and certain portions are in process ot realization at the 
 present time. A block ot buildings at the junction ot the 
 Hennepin and Nicollet .Avenues has been removed, and a 
 gateway, illustrated herewith, located at the most impor- 
 tant entrance to the city, has been erected in accordance 
 with the plan. As to the diagonals for which the plan 
 provides, they are expected to be realized in the near fu- 
 ture. Certain portions of the minor diagonals are already 
 in process ot development. 
 
 Housiitj^. — While the Civic Commission was at work, 
 other movements were germinating, among them the very 
 important housing movement. This was undertaken at 
 the instance ot the Civic and Commerce .Association, ot 
 which Howard Strong is secretary, a voluntary association 
 ot citizens whose concentration ot efforts can bring to 
 
 truition many public movements which otherwise might 
 take exhaustive effort to achieve. The .Association ap- 
 pointed a committee ot men, instructing it to make a 
 thorough investigation ot the housing difficulties ot Minne- 
 apolis. A secretary. Otto Davis, a man ot wide experience 
 in other cities, was obtained to guide the movement, and 
 a survey was made and results presented to the .Associa- 
 tion. The usual dreadful conditions were unearthed. As 
 a result of the agitation, a housing code tor cities of the 
 first class in Minnesota was formulated, largely based 
 upon the work ot Lawrence ^'eiller, ot New York. An 
 attempt was made at the legislature ot IQ14-15 to secure 
 its passage, but it taileci, tor political reasons. Since then, 
 public opinion has had greater opportunity to observe the 
 workings ot unrestricted housing, and there is every rea- 
 
 MlNNEAPOLIs. — General Plan of the River, Showing Proposed Development of its Banks, Roadways, Parks, Railroad Yards, etc., 
 and Bridges both Existing and Proposed. 
 
 The 14th Avenue bridge is the one shown in the foreground of illustration above.
 
 CITY PLANNIX(; PK()(ikKSS 
 
 1 0,1 
 
 son to hope thiit the coming legislature will pass the neeiied 
 legislation. 
 
 Zoning. — While this work was proceeding, the Civic 
 and Commerce Association, through its Committee on 
 Heights of Buildings, ot which Victor F. V. de Brauwere is 
 chairman, also secured the passage of the Heights of 
 Building Ordinance, and at the present time another com- 
 mittee is working upon the all-important question of 
 zoning. 
 
 hiiiiislry. — Meanwhile, Mmneapolis tound itself in an 
 unfortunate situation in regard to her i^rowmg industries. 
 
 land hought hv citizens under the name ot the Industries 
 .■\ssociation ot Minnea[X)lis, in October, 1914. .A great 
 manv subscriptions were obtained, so that the benetits 
 accruing might be witiespread. I.. H. Brittin is general 
 manager and in active charge ot the Minneapolis Indus- 
 trial District. 
 
 Garden Suburb. — Immediately adjacent to this indus- 
 trial tract lies a beautiful upland country which interested 
 the Housing Commission. Permission was obtained troni 
 the owners to studv the platting of this land, looking 
 toward a garden suburb development. There is every 
 
 Minneapolis. — The CJ.itcway, Located at the Principal 
 Proposed in the plan ot the 
 
 It was becoming increasingly difficult to find sites advan- 
 tageously located. At the same time, Mr. Bennett had 
 made an investigation ot this subject for the Civic Com- 
 mission and had tentatively located a new industrial area. 
 The Civic Commission had also instituted an Industries 
 Committee, the primary purpose of which was to induce 
 the location ot new industrial concerns in the city. It was 
 very fortunate that the chairman of this Committee early 
 recognized the difficulties involved in locating new indus- 
 tries — problems relating not only to locality but to housing 
 of operatives — for the Housing Commission and the In- 
 dustries Commission soon found their work running along 
 parallel lines. 
 
 Industries Association. — As a result ot this, and with the 
 work of certain public-spirited real estate men, it was 
 possible for the Industries Committee to obtain options on 
 land lying within the industrial district designated by the 
 Civic Commission. The options were exercised, and the 
 
 Kntrance to the City; Hewitt and liruwn 
 Civic Commission. 
 
 Ar^hilcct.-.. 
 
 reason to expect that, sooner or later, development here 
 will be begun according to the lines laid down bv the 
 Housing Commission. 
 
 Meantime work was also going along on other lines too 
 numerous to mention. It is sufficient, however, to state 
 that, wherever possible, the plan ot the Civic Commission 
 has been followed where necessary to cut through new 
 streets, build bridges, or make similar rearrangements. All 
 of this in advance ot publishing the report. 
 
 The Work of the Architects. — Throughout these years 
 the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of .Archi- 
 tects has been constantly occupieii with this work. It has 
 been prominently identified in the matter ot the great 
 bridge in process of construction and spanning the Missis- 
 sippi just above the Falls ot St. .Anthony. It has never 
 failed to respond when called upon to take up the fight in 
 the City Council. Its members have been active in the 
 preparation ot the housing code, in the entire revision of
 
 I04 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 the building ordinances, in the heights ot Iniildings con- 
 troversy, in zoning and, in fact, in all movements where its 
 expert assistance could he ot value to the city. 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Alabama 
 
 There has recently been a general awakening in Mobile 
 (58,221) in all civic matters, following the adoption ot the 
 commission form of government. Noteworthy progress 
 has been made in the development of parks. The task ot 
 arousing active interest in general city betterment, how- 
 ever, has been more difficult. 
 
 Parks. — Of the three City Commissioners, one has 
 charge of park development, and his continuing interest 
 in the advancement of this phase of municipal activity is 
 beginning to show results. The first steps looking to the 
 extension and improvement of the city's recreational 
 facilities were taken about four years ago. A number ot 
 playgrounds were laid out then on a fairly well-considered 
 scheme, but no definite plan has been devised tor future 
 development. The Park Commissioner has, however, 
 been quite active in making forehanded purchases ot 
 areas tor this purpose. The combined areas of the parks 
 of Mobile proper is approximately 1 25 acres, hardly a 
 third of the reservation required according to modern 
 standards. \ tract of land ot about 80 acres, with a front- 
 age on Mobile Bay equal to a third ot a mile, has recently 
 been acquired and is being developed. This is located in 
 the southern part of the city. In the northwestern dis- 
 trict there is a park of 9 acres, beautifully developed on 
 formal lines and well supplied with recreational facilities. 
 The other parks and .squares are scattered and are com- 
 paratively small in area, ranging from I to 4 acres. 
 
 Boulevards. — Mobile has no real boulevards, but some 
 of the streets have been beautifully developed, notably 
 
 (lovernment Street, justlv considered one ot the most 
 attractive thoroughfares in the South. .\ fine boulevard 
 along Mobile Bay was damaged by a severe storm several 
 years ago and practically destroyed. Plans now call for 
 the restoration of this at an early date. 
 
 Other Improvemeyits. — Markets, railroad terminals and 
 rights of way, transit facilities, the grouping of civic and 
 neighborhood structures, and the improvement of street 
 furnishings have received practically no attention, but 
 street widening, extension and regrading, and the sub- 
 division ot new areas are being studied. Mobile has several 
 miles of splendid waterfront which can be extended almost 
 indefinitely along the river- and bay-fronts. Ships sail 
 from this port to all parts of the world, and the City Com- 
 mission and a State Board are considering several large 
 projects as a part of a port plan which they have devised. 
 Geo. B. Rogers, architect, is back of the city planning 
 movement. 
 
 Moline 
 
 Illinois 
 
 The Commercial Club of Moline (27,451), of which 
 M. J. Duryea is executive secretary, is making efforts to 
 secure the cooperation of the city government and the 
 citizens generally in preparing some comprehensive scheme 
 that will serve as a guide for future municipal development. 
 Messrs. Whitsitt & Schulzke, architects, are cooperating 
 with the committees ot the Commercial Club to this end. 
 
 Work Under Way. — A committee of the Commercial 
 Club is now studying a proposition for the building ot 
 workmen's houses; another committee is to study the 
 development of the waterfront tor commercial purposes; 
 while still another committee is now holding meetings 
 with the officials of the railway companies with a view to 
 devising some plan for the elimination of grade crossings. 
 The city has a nominal park equipment, some ot which was 
 
 MoNTCLAiR. — Proposed Town Common, around Which Would be Grouped Many of the Public Buildings Required for Public 
 Business, .^rt. Recreation, and Education.
 
 CITY Pi.ANNiN(j im<()(;ri;ss 
 
 105 
 
 
 MiiNHLAiK. ti.ir*icii rhcirur. 
 A natural amphitheater, terraced to provide places tor removable benches and planted 
 background of evergreens, and is separated from the latter by a brook. 
 
 rrr -C V'ah Vt cciV.y 
 
 1th Vines, overlooks the stage with its 
 
 donated and the balance acquired through taxation. .A 
 plan is on foot to connect the small parks with boulevards. 
 The first school to provide a place for communitv center 
 work and recreation is now being built. 
 
 Montclair 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 The Municipal .Art Commission ot Montclair (26,318), 
 appointed bv the Montclair Civic Association, had pre- 
 pared and publisheci at its own expense, in 1910, a report 
 on the preservation ot the natural beauties ot Montclair 
 and its improvement as a residence town, .•\bout ?4,ooo 
 was raised privately tor the investigation. Edmond B. 
 Osborne, Michel M. Le Brun, and William B. Dickson 
 were active in this work. The studies and report were 
 made tor the Commission by John Nolen, of Cambridge, 
 Mass. 
 
 -Although Montclair is generallv considered one ot the 
 most attractive of the New York suburbs, it is not nearly 
 as attractive as it would have been it wise plans tor the 
 town's development had been made thirty years ago and 
 consistently followed to this time. The town plan is 
 largely the result ot a slow evolution rather than conscious 
 planning for anticipated growth on rational lines. The 
 Essex Countv Park Commission's activities have brought 
 to the people a number ot fine outdoor recreational spaces, 
 and a beginning has been made bv the town in the build- 
 ing of local parks, but the principal needs at the time the 
 studv was undertaken were a more adequate provision tor 
 local business; a suitable town common, around which to 
 cluster new educational, art, and recreation features; 
 
 widened anil improved streets; thoroughfares for traffic 
 and pleasure driving; a more thoughtful method of plant- 
 ing and maintaining street trees; a rational system for 
 opening streets; a decidedly better housing ot the poor; a 
 more comprehensive, modern, and significant develop- 
 ment of open spaces, local parks, and playgrounds; and 
 suitable railroad approaches. These, and particularly 
 the railroad station problem, were the principal sub- 
 jects of the investigation, and tor these recommendations 
 tor improvement were made. 
 
 Since the report was submitted the Delaware, Lacka- 
 wanna & Western Railroad has built at Montclair one 
 ot the most modern and attractive suburban railroad 
 stations in .America, with ample anil well-planned 
 approaches. 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Progress in citv planning in Montgomery (43,285) and 
 neighboring cities has been slow. The cities are old, well 
 established, and new ideas move slowlv. Mimtgomery's 
 outstanding civic assets today include a union railway 
 station providing terminal facilities for six railroads, a 
 river terminal with a unique floating wharf, owned by the 
 municipality, and a fountain by Frederick Mac.Monnies in 
 Court Square. K. J. Drinney, City Clerk of Montgomery, 
 can supply information on these subjects. Frank Lock- 
 wood, Edward Okel, Frederick .Ausfeld, and B. B. Smith, 
 architects, are interested. Dr. Thomas M. Owen is in 
 charge of the civic department of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce.
 
 io6 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCiRKSS 
 
 Mossmain 
 
 Monranii 
 
 l^lans tor a new town site at the junction ot the Great 
 Northern and Northern Pacific Railways, in Yellowstone 
 County, Mont., near the city ot Billings, have been pre- 
 pared by Walter Burley Griffin, of Chicago, town plan- 
 ning adviser to the Federal Capital Commission ot Aus- 
 tralia, and winner of the competition tor a plan tor the 
 new Australian capital, Canberra. The new city, which is 
 called Mossmain, is promoted by Preston B. Moss, ot 
 Billings, Mont., president of the Yellowstone Garden City 
 Holding Corporation. 
 
 The Plan. — The scheme involves the acquisition ot 
 5,000 acres of irrigated land, now under cultivation, and 
 the development of this property along modern garden 
 city lines for farming, residential, and trade purposes. 
 The plans provide for "suitable terminal warehouse facili- 
 ties, stockyards, packing-houses, cold-storage and creamery 
 plants, municipal theater and club houses, administrative 
 and store buildings, and other conveniences and essentials 
 of a modern city," and call for the development of only a 
 small portion of the total acreage at the present time, the 
 remainder to be leased as farm land, pending development. 
 
 Mount Vernon 
 
 New York 
 
 Speaking before the American Civic .Association at 
 their meeting at Washington m December, 1915, the Hon. 
 
 Kdwin W. Kiske, Mayor ot Mount Vernon (37,009), urged 
 that attention lie given to methods ot propagandizing city 
 planning in smaller cities. He said that he knew from 
 experience that it was much more difficult to inculcate 
 planning principles in small communities than in a large 
 city, and that the people of the larger cities interfered less 
 directly with the broader plans tor improvement than they 
 do in the smaller communities. Mount Vernon's progress 
 in improvement works ot a general character, however, 
 promises much tor the success ot city planning on a com- 
 prehensive scale. The remarkable showing as regards 
 healthfulness and low mortality are evidences ot the atten- 
 tion which has been given to public hygiene and sanitary 
 problems. 
 
 Civic Center. — Considerable progress has been made 
 toward creating what is called a civic center, in which all 
 of the conditions, such as location, ease ot access, and sur- 
 roundings were taken in consideration before the city took 
 the first step in development. One building in the group 
 has been erected in accordance with the plan that was 
 drawn bv Geo. M. Bartlett, architect, and before long it 
 is believed that the city will undertake the erection of a 
 suitable city hall. 
 
 Urgent Problems. — An awakened public sentiment is 
 demanding more and better recreation facilities, adequate 
 traffic regulations, and improvements in the design and 
 layout of streets. One serious problem is the development 
 ot isolated sections by real estate speculators without 
 regard to the plans followed in the remainder ot the city. 
 
 Getting a Commission. — The drafting ot a practical and 
 comprehensive plan is now in the hands of the City Plan- 
 ning Commission, appomteil under the Act ot 19IJ. A 
 
 CouTlesy The AmeTnan City 
 Mossmain. — General Town Plan with Civic and Recreation^il Centers, the Latter 011 the Bluff' Overlooking the Town; also Phi; 
 grounds, Parks, Factory District, Railroad Terminal, etc.
 
 CITY PLANNING PR(K;RKSS 
 
 lOl 
 
 way was prepared for its appoinrmciit by the general 
 distribution ot a message entitled "Know Your Citv," 
 outlining the plan, sumnianzing the progress made in the 
 various municipal departments, and appealing to the 
 civic pride ot residents. The questions, with information 
 following, did much to prepare the wav tor effective city 
 
 Mount Vernon. — Civic Center Plan. 
 One building in the group is now completed. 
 
 planning work. The present Commission, ot which J. R. 
 Rockart is chairman and H. F. .Angell is secretary, is now 
 endeavoring to work out a comprehensive and yet reason- 
 able and simple plan tor gradual realization. 
 
 Muskegon 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Muskegon (26,100) has an Advisory City Planning 
 Commission, created by ordinance of the City Council. 
 The principal work of this Commission, up to the present 
 time, has been the preparation ot plans tor a park and tor 
 a joint freight and passenger terminal for all steam and 
 electric railroads entering the city. The latter plans were 
 made under expert advice, with Bion J. Arnold, ot Chicago, 
 as consultant, and are now in the hands of the transporta- 
 tion companies for their consideration. The proposed 
 terminal plans include a union freight yard on the lake- 
 tront, in proximity to the docks, with spur tracks running 
 along the latter and affording quick and easy transfer of 
 goods between the rail and water carriers. The park plans 
 
 tor the improvement of a natural park <>t aiiout to acres 
 reterred to were maile tor the Citv Plan Conut)issi<in by 
 (). C. Simonds, landscape architect, ot Chicago, and the 
 work is being carried out now. Part ot the cost of the 
 preparation ot these plans has l>een borne by the city, 
 part by private subscription. 
 
 /.fining iDiti Hrjiisifii^. —The City Planning Commission 
 is now studying the regulation of building heights. It has 
 not gone into the housing problem, but this phase of plan- 
 ning has been largely fathered bv manutacturing concerns 
 in the city who have recently been conducting extensive 
 building operations to provitie accommodations tor the 
 employees in rapidly expaniiing industries. The prepara- 
 tion of a comprehensive citv plan has not vet been under- 
 taken, and no reports ot the work ot the Commission have 
 been published up to this time. Harry .Sawyer is chair- 
 man ot the City Planning Commission. 
 
 Muskogee 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 A start in a city planning campaign has been made by 
 the Greater Muskogee .Association ot Muskogee (44,218), 
 of which K. D. Bevitt is secretary. It is expected that the 
 Association will soon appoint a committee to consider the 
 preparation of a comprehensive plan. 
 
 Civic Assets. — The city now has 40 acres of improveii 
 public land. There are 2 miles of improved boulevards, 
 with grass-plots, trees and shrubs. The Board of Kduca- 
 tion has taken steps to develop a number of playgrounds. 
 There is a decided tendency to use schools tor community 
 centers. .A project is on toot to obtain for the citv a section 
 of the waterfront on the Arkansas River, lying about 4 
 miles from the city center. Cjrade crossing elimination 
 has been agitated for a number of years. The Missouri, 
 Kansas & Texas Railway has had plans prepared for the 
 latter work, but up to this time no steps have been taken 
 to put them into effect. C. W. Dawson, member of the 
 .American Institute of .Architects, is interested in many of 
 these matters. 
 
 Newark 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 A complete and tar-seeing program for the growth and 
 needs of Newark (408,894) was completed in the latter 
 part of 191 5 by the City Planning Commission. It covers 
 the desirable changes and modifications in the plan of 
 Newark tor the next half-century and is the result of 
 five years' intensive study by the Commission and its 
 experts. The plan and recommendations are divided into 
 four parts: 
 
 1. Streets and transportation of all kinds. 
 
 2. Housing and public control of private property. 
 ,5. Planning of the greater city. 
 
 4. Program tor future work. 
 
 Prior to the publication of this comprehensive plan, 
 twenty-one reports were issued bv the Commission. 
 .Among the most important ot these are the Market Report 
 submitted by George B. I'ord ami K. P. Goodrich, experts
 
 io8 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 to the Commission, in 1912, in which plans for a whole- 
 sale auction market were presented; the Housing Report 
 published in 191,;, which was prepared by Dr. James Ford, 
 of Harvard University, tor Nlessrs. Ford and Goodrich, 
 and gives the result ot intensive studies of selected dis- 
 tricts in the citv and lays down a broad program tor the 
 control of housing in built-up areas and tor a more rational 
 development in undeveloped sections; a report on transit 
 
 district, particularly at the intersection of two broad and 
 heavily traveled streets, namely, Broad and Market 
 Streets. This was one ot the vital problems with which 
 the Commission and its experts had to grapple at the out- 
 set ot their work. Traffic counts throughout the city were 
 made in an effort to arrive at an exact knowledge of the 
 capacity and use of thoroughfares. A large corps of men 
 were employed in this work. One direct result of this 
 
 Why Newark has a City 
 Plan Commission 
 
 Dl D you ever consider the fact 
 that you are a part owner of 
 g50,000,000 worth of property 
 in the City of Newark? This includes 
 your water supply, parks, schools, pub- 
 lic buildings, etc. ?500 is the cash 
 value of all this to every voter in the 
 city. A large institution, isn't it ? 
 
 Worth looking after ? 
 
 But we lack several things. For 
 instance, better transportation, a more 
 efficient street system, new suburbs, 
 and opportunity for commercial de- 
 velopment along the bay and meadows. 
 
 These cannot be had for the asking. 
 They can only be had by united 
 effort. The City Plan Commission 
 is preparing a COMPREHENSIVE 
 PLAN for METROPOLITAN 
 NEWARK which will tell of the 
 specific needs of your great city. 
 
 YOU CAN HELP 
 
 N'e\v.\rk. — Bringing the Issue Home. 
 Only by making city planning personal and vital 
 citizens be reached. 
 
 can the 
 
 (which was not printed) containing over 100 charts, illus- 
 trations, and tables and giving the results of exhaustive 
 investigations into the routing, scheduling, and physical 
 condition of the transit lines in Newark, with recommen- 
 dations for a revision ot the entire system; a printed report, 
 entitled "City Planning tor Newark," of 200 pages, with 
 illustrations, and containing a report of the work and plans 
 of the Commission up to December 31, 1913; a Recrea- 
 tion Report in which were sketched the outlines of a 
 modern recreation system for Newark, and a number of 
 others. 
 
 Traffic Studies. — The comprehensive plan of Newark, 
 as outlined in the report published in December, 191 ?, 
 touched upon the entire work of the Commission and its 
 experts, and covered the heavy congestion in the business 
 
 Six Improvements 
 
 IMPROVEMENT 
 
 APPROXIMATE COST 
 
 I. 
 11. 
 
 111. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Diagonal St. $2 
 
 Straightening' Washing- 
 ton St. at Market St. .. 1 
 Extension of Freling- 
 
 huysen Ave. 
 
 Belmont Ave. and Nor- 
 folk St. connection 1 
 Lafayette and William 
 Sts. improvement 1 
 Beaver St. Extension 1 
 
 ,000,000 
 
 ,500,000 
 
 750,000 
 
 ,000,000 
 
 .500,000 
 .000,000 
 
 TOTAL._... 
 
 g7,750,000 
 
 What They Will Do 
 for Ne'wark 
 
 Solve the trolley problem. 
 
 Obviate the necessity of subways 
 and elevated tracks. 
 
 Create five new business thorough- 
 fares. 
 
 Make a "City" of a "four cornered 
 town." 
 
 Increase rataWes by $5,000,000. 
 
 ARE THEY WORTH WHILE? 
 
 Newark.. — Getting Public Support. 
 The Commission's proposals are fundamentally such as 
 appeal to any reasonable citizen. 
 
 study was the city's adoption of measures which provided 
 for a distribution of traffic highly advantageous to the 
 general conduct of business in the central section of New- 
 ark. The Commission, through its experts, recommended, 
 in this connection, the extension and straightening ot a 
 number of thoroughfares through which traffic could be 
 diverted to the advantage of business in the heart ot New- 
 ark. 
 
 Thoroughfares. — A study of the arterial thoroughfare 
 system of the entire district outside ot the congested 
 central section was undertaken and recommendations 
 made for its improvement and development. Of par- 
 ticular interest was the plan tor the meadow district, a 
 large low-lying tract bordering New York Bay and the 
 Hackensack River, on a part of which a comprehensive
 
 crrv PLANNiNc; progress 
 
 109 
 
 plan tor a great dock and iniiiistrial center on the water- 
 front is being developed. 
 
 Transit. — The trolley system, which radiates out into 
 a dozen communities lying within the metropolitan dis- 
 trict ot" Newark, is one of the vital elements in the plan. 
 The Citv Planning Commission, soon after its organiza- 
 tion, undertook a comprehensive study ot this system 
 based on methods simdar to those followed in the study of 
 the problem of street congestion. Intensive counts were 
 made on certain days to determine just how and to what 
 extent the street-cars were used in all parts of the city, 
 and how the street car company distributed its cars in the 
 course of the day. As the result, the Commission sub- 
 mitted a report recommending a rerouting ot lines to 
 relieve congestion at the "tour corners," the important 
 downtown intersection referred to, and the general coor- 
 dination ot local and suburban traffic lines in a way that 
 would insure a more easy and expeditious movement 
 between the outlying sections and the heart of Newark. 
 Most of the recommendations of the Commission and 
 their experts have been put into effect. One result in par- 
 ticular which, while not directly traceable to the Com- 
 mission's studies, may be said, nevertheless, to be due to 
 the broader and more comprehensive view of the transit 
 situation which resulted from the Commission's studies, 
 
 viz., the construction ot a great interurban three-level 
 trolley terminal for which (ieo. H. Post & .Sons, of New 
 York, were the architects. The terminal is located in the 
 heart ot Newark's business district ami cars from the out- 
 lying section enter on subways or on elevated tracks. 
 
 The Port. — For many years Newark had been backward 
 in taking advantage of its waterfront opportunities. 
 However, the demand tor easy access to water carriers, on 
 the part ot industries located in the great section ot which 
 New York is the center, has, in recent years, become more 
 insistent. Newark, along with other communities in the 
 district, was one of those that grappled with this problem 
 in a big way. The city issued bonds for the work of plan- 
 ning and ileveloping a great port terminal ami mikistrial 
 district inckuling a series ot slips, piers, and quays linked 
 with ample industrial sites on the adjacent meadowland. 
 The City Planning Commission, taking up the problem as 
 an integral part ot the comprehensive plan of Newark, 
 laid out a scheme for residential sites and industrial dis- 
 tricts with thoroughfares linking up with the waterfront 
 and with the general city plan. 
 
 Parks. — Newark is well known tor its aiimirable parks. 
 Those controlled by the Kssex Park Commission include 
 Branch Brook and Weequahic, located within the city 
 limits. Plans were drawn by Olmsted Brothers, ot Brook- 
 line, Mass. In 191 5 the Essex County Park Commission 
 published a comprehensive scheme for a system of parks 
 and boulevards in Newark and adjacent towns lying within 
 Essex County, prepared by Olmsted Brothers, of Brookline. 
 
 Newark. — Diagonal Street, an Extension of Central .Avenue, 
 the Most Needeii Improvement in the City Today; Exhaustively 
 •Studied by the Plan Commission. 
 
 Its construction will do more than anything else to relieve con- 
 gestion, open a direct connection between important sections, and 
 raise values in a poorly developed district. 
 
 Newark. — Daily I'rolley Traffic trom the City's Center on 
 Each of the Routes, Showing General Radial Thoroughfares, Lack 
 of Cross-Town Lines, and Peculiar Centralization ot the Eour 
 Corners. 
 
 Transit development has been scientitically studied by the 
 Plan Commission and comprehensive improvements proposed.
 
 no 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 Newark. — Frfl)nghu>,scn .\\cmul, .in Kxcellcnt Radial 
 Thoroughfare, Ineffective Through Its Lack of Connection with a 
 Traffic Artery in the Center of the City. 
 
 A connection, as shown, and proposed by the Plan Commis- 
 sion would give the city its best cross-town thoroughfare. 
 
 Newark. — Interurban Trolley Terminal. 
 The building is the focus of all of the radial transit lines. 
 
 The report in itself is not only of interest to persons living 
 in Essex County, but it contains information of general 
 value and interest wherever the problem of city planning, 
 and recreation, in particular is being studied. 
 
 Playgrounds. — There are at present twenty-one school 
 playgrounds, nine special playgrounds, and twenty-five 
 small parks. There are five neighborhood parks with a 
 total area of 50 acres, two large parks with a total of 58 ^ 
 acres, and two large outlying reservations, not within the 
 city limits but readily accessible and much used, with an 
 acreage of 1,983. One of the first steps that was taken by 
 the City Planning Commission was a study of the use and 
 accessibility of existing playgrounds and need of further 
 acquisitions. In 19IJ, with the assistance of Seymour 
 Barnard, of New York, an intensive study was made and 
 some particularly interesting data was acquired on the 
 effective radius of usefulness of playgrounds for children 
 of varying ages. 
 
 The City Planning Commission of Newark did not 
 give as much attention to the grouping of public build- 
 ings as it did to some of the economic features of the city 
 plan. The public buildings of Newark have been recently 
 built and will be located on their present sites tor many 
 years to come. The Commission, however, finds that there 
 
 s^^^^s^^^ 
 
 
 Newark. — Interurban Trolley Terminal Near the Business Center of the City with Two .Approaches, One a Subway Leading to 
 an Underground Floor, the Other an Elevated Structure Leading from an Opposite Direction to an LIpper Floor.
 
 cnv I'LWNiNc; procirkss 
 
 1 II 
 
 is opportunit)' tur tin.- creation ot a center ot considerable 
 importance anci architectural interest by locating a new 
 post office building near the site of the proposed Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad station, and through Mr. Bigelow has pre- 
 pared a plan taking advantage of this opportunity The 
 important feature is a circular plaza with the railroad 
 station in the center and the post office on the periphery. 
 Zoning. — While tentative and suggestive studies ha\-e 
 been made by the Commission tor districting in Newark, 
 actually little has been done to control the height and area 
 of buildings and the character of occupancy of land under 
 private ownership. One ot the things which the Newark 
 Citv Planning Commission has now under consideration 
 
 the phuming ol public improvements in the metropolitan 
 area and of making such improvements a part of a general 
 scheme or metropolitan plan. Such matters as streets and 
 thoroughfares, water-supply systems, subdivision of 
 unbuilt-up districts, waterways, urban and interurban 
 transit, sanitary t'acilities, and the drafting of laws have 
 been under consideration. 
 
 Mt'lropoliliDi /-'/itnniiij^. The Citv Planning Commis- 
 sion feels that a great need is the preparation of a plan for 
 the metropolitan district based upon careful investiga- 
 tions. The studies made by the Interurban Conference, 
 while tentative, are the outgrowth of the thought and 
 experience of persons who are fully acquainted with the 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ., 
 
 
 Cr 
 
 c 
 
 
 P 
 
 > 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 n 
 
 CC 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 -J 
 
 
 
 o 
 a 
 or 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 < 
 > 
 
 
 PLAN 
 
 or 
 
 PROPOSED RELOCATION 
 
 CENTRE MARKET 
 
 THE NEi/VFIRK: CITY PLi^N COMMISSION 
 
 Newark. — Wholesale .Auction .Market, 
 ."^s pro]inseil, produce will be sold directly from cars, at auction and under municipal supervision. 
 
 is the preparation ot a scientific plan tor districting, as has 
 been done in New York City. 
 
 Interurban Conference. — Newark is thecenterof the met- 
 ropolitan district of New Jersey. This district includes not 
 less than eighteen separate municipal subdivisions in three 
 different counties. It has a population ot about 700,000 
 and an area of approximately 60 square miles. While 
 several communities have made improvement plans in 
 general, these have been made from the standpoint ot 
 local needs rather than those of the district at large. The 
 City Planning Commission ot Newark through its Secre- 
 tary, Harland Bartholomew, was directly responsible tor 
 the organization, in 1914, of"The Conference on Inter- 
 urban Improvements of Newark and .Adjacent Munici- 
 palities" for the purpose of encouraging cooperation in 
 
 existing conditions throughuut the entire tlistrict. It is 
 one of the most hopieful signs of progress in the city plan- 
 ning movement that these towns ot the metropolitan area 
 have come together to consider ways and means of estab- 
 lishing a plan in so vast and complex an area. 
 
 Carrvini; Out the Plans. — In preparing the compre- 
 hensive plan published in 191 5 the City Planning Com- 
 mission of Newark has realizeii that what is needed is 
 liefiniteness in proposals it results are to be reacheil. They 
 have submitted, therefore, a chronological and financial 
 program for the execution of the comprehensive plan pub- 
 lished in 191 <;. Fifty years is the time limit set tor the 
 completion of the plan. The projects are divided into 
 ten groups, each project to be undertaken in the five- 
 year period in which it falls. .An annual expenditure of
 
 ii: 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 ?i,ooo,ooo is proposed to complete the entire phin within 
 the fifty-year period. 
 
 Results. — One ot" the particularly strong features ot the 
 work ot the Newark City Planning Commission is the 
 results which haye followed from the studies and recom- 
 mendations made in the fiye years ot its existence. Traffic 
 congestion has been relieved; trolley transportation has 
 
 Newark. — Showing Recommendations in Street Extension 
 and Widening, for Overcoming the Handicaps of Haphazard 
 Growth in a Residential Section on the Outskirts of the City. 
 
 The advantage of cooperation between Newark and the towns 
 on the border is in this instance well illustrated. 
 
 been made much more expeditious and convenient; proj- 
 ects involving the expenditure ot several million dollars, 
 notably in the extension and cutting through of streets, 
 have been completed or are now under way; plans for 
 port and terminal facilities have been advanced to a stage 
 where they are now actually serving the industries of 
 Newark; and the whole trend of. municipal activity has 
 been placed on a scientific and orderly basis due to the 
 educational work which the Commission has carried on. 
 Great credit is due to the Newark City Plan Commis- 
 sion, as a whole, for the accomplishment outlined above, 
 particularly to David Grotta, the first president; to .Austin 
 H. McGregor, who succeeded Mr. Grotta as president, 
 and to Frederick J. Keer, the present incumbent in the 
 latter office; to John Cotton Dana, a former member of 
 the Commission and director of the Newark Public Library; 
 to Christian W. Feigenspan, a member of the Commission 
 who recently gave to Newark the splendid replica of the 
 Colleoni equestrian statue, and to Harland Bartholomew, 
 former secretary and resident engineer to the Commission, 
 now engineer to the St. Louis City Plan Commission; to 
 A. B. Cozzens, the present secretary of the Commission; 
 to Morris R. Sherrerd, Chief Engineer of the Board of 
 
 Street and Water Commissioners of the city of Newark, 
 and to many others. 
 
 New Bedford 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 No steps have been taken in New Bedford (118,158) 
 to put city planning on a proper footing, although au- 
 thority for the appointment of an official commission 
 exists under the Massachusetts .Act of 191.3. The Park 
 Board, of which Samuel P. Richmond is chairman, realizes 
 that there is need ot comprehensive planning, of park 
 facilities at least, and in a recent report it makes a plea 
 tor a real park system with parkways, small squares and 
 playgrounds, and larger reservations laid out and designed 
 in accordance with a comprehensive city plan. There are 
 but 221 acres ot park space in the city at this time, divided 
 among seven parks ranging in area from 1 acre to 94 acres. 
 The School Board of New Bedford has charge of play- 
 grounds maintained in connection with the public school 
 system. 
 
 New Britain 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 At the session of the state legislature of Connecticut 
 in 1 91 5, the charter of New Britain (53,749) was amended 
 to provide tor the creation of a City Planning Commission. 
 The Commission, which was appointed shortly after, has 
 not yet taken up city planning work in a broad way, but 
 it has given consideration to certain revisions in the street 
 system, not however as part ot a comprehensive plan. The 
 Commission has been badly handicapped in the past by 
 its failure to secure appropriations. The legislature of 1917 
 was petitioned for a change in the city charter that would 
 insure an annual appropriation to the Commission, with 
 power to carry on its work. 
 
 Unofficial Activities. — The Chamber of Commerce ot 
 New Britain, ot which A. H. Andrews is executive secre- 
 tary, is a new organization and has not yet taken up city 
 planning as a whole. It has created two committees on 
 which have devolved the preparation ot a tentative plan 
 for the improvement ot freight and terminal conditions 
 and the provision of waiting-rooms for street railway 
 passengers. The secretary of the new Chamber is actively 
 interested in city planning, and, with his support. New 
 Britain city planning should receive a decided impetus in 
 the near future. 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 .-^s an outgrowth of the movement in New Brunswick 
 (25,512) to build a new city hall, the city has secured, 
 through a subcommittee of the Board of Trade (appointed 
 in March, 1916), a comprehensive scheme for the rearrange- 
 ment of a portion of the central district in the vicinity of 
 the Middlesex County buildings. The new plan involves 
 the taking ot an area equivalent to about two city blocks, 
 south of the Pennsylvania Railroad Station building and
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 "3 
 
 between the latter Iniilding and the three county IniiKiings, 
 and the demolition of the old frame buildings thereon. 
 In the center ot these blocks the site tor the new city hall 
 is located, and on two sides ot the cleareti area the con- 
 struction ot one new street and the widening ot an exist- 
 ing street is proposed. Beyond the cleared area, and run- 
 ning southward, the plan calls tor a parkway running into 
 and through the length ot an old cemetery which, under 
 the scheme, will be converted into a public park. This 
 scheme has been recognized by the county authorities, 
 who have modified the plan tor the location of" a new countv 
 jail so as to permit of the construction ot one of the new 
 streets bordering the proposed city hall grounds. 
 
 Waterjront. — .\ second proposal ot the Board of Trade, 
 tor which plans have been drawn, is that for a new dam in 
 the Raritan River, below the city, which if carried out 
 would give the city a flood-tide river harbor for shipping. 
 The plan would permit of the reclamation of additional 
 waterfront and would minimize all difficulties now con- 
 fronting the city in respect to a sewage-disposal plant. 
 The Board of Trade, ot which T. M. Yorston is secretary, 
 has consistently supported city planning, and Austin 
 Scott, former Mayor, is actively interested. Charles 
 McCormack is chairman of the Housing Committee of 
 the Board. No official commission has yet been appointed 
 to do general city planning, but the projects above des- 
 cribed, when realized, will doubtless awaken public senti- 
 ment and secure the support necessary to bring about the 
 appointment of an official commission. 
 
 Newbur^h 
 
 New York 
 
 Newburgh-on-the-Hudson (29,603) was settled in 1708 
 and was the headquarters ot Washington in the Revolution- 
 
 ary War. It is a point to which tourists passing up the Hud- 
 son \'alley resort. But N'ewburgh is remembered l>v all land- 
 scape architects in .America as the home of .-Xntirew Jackson 
 Downing, the tounder (jf .American lantiscapc architecture. 
 Prof'. F. .A. Waugh has well described the relation existing 
 between Calvert V'aux, the young English architect who 
 came to .America in 1850, and Downing. Upon the hitter's 
 lieath, Vaux formed a professional partnership with the 
 late Frederick Law Olmsted. Downing Park, Newburgh's 
 only large reservation, is named in memory of Downing, 
 and was planneil by Messrs. \'aux antl Olmsted for the 
 city ot Newburgh, as a mark ot respect for the memory 
 ot Downing. 
 
 Little Use of Natural Advantages. While, however, 
 nature has done her best for Newburgh, the community 
 has not taken great advantage of what she offers. For 
 example, although the city has 2 miles of waterfront along 
 one of the finest rivers of the world, it has not a single foot 
 that has been made available tor public recreational uses. 
 
 Social Survey. — Newburgh has also her serious social 
 problems, which recently have been carefully investigated 
 by the people ot the city; in tact, Newburgh is among the 
 first dozen cities of the country to be "socially surveyed" 
 and is one of a smaller number to solve the project itself. 
 The Newburgh survey, made in 191J by the Department 
 of Surveys and Exhibits of the Russell Sage Foundation, 
 with Zenas 1.. Potter as director of field work, was started 
 i)y Newburgh people. The purpose of this survey was and 
 is constructive; it was not aimed to humiliate the city but 
 to impress it. The project was undertaken in order to 
 learn significant tacts ot living conditions in the com- 
 munity, to make recommendations where corrective action 
 is needed, and to acquaint the citizens with both tacts ami 
 needs. The report on this survey was published in a volume 
 entitled "The Newburgh Survey," published in June, 1913. 
 While this survey, as a whole, did not take into consider- 
 
 PR0P05a> 
 AND 
 
 B^RK. ADDTT30N5 
 rt» 
 
 NTVy BRUNSWICK, M J. 
 
 ,>JKE BIS SCAIX- 
 
 New Brunswick. — .A Comprehensive Scheme for the Rearrangement ot a Portion ot the Central District ot the City, Involving the 
 Clearance of Two City Blocks Near the Railroad Station, the Location ot Civic Buildinys Thereon, the Cutting-through ot New .Streets, 
 and the Construction of a Parkway, etc.
 
 114 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 ation the problems ot physical development of the city to 
 any large extent, it did cover the park and recreational 
 system. With this beginning, Newburgh should now 
 undertake to develop a plan for its future growth along 
 lines that will, in the future, prevent the conditions in 
 undeveloped areas which the survey reveals in the exist- 
 ing town. 
 
 New Haven 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 From i6j8, when th© first plan (the historic "nine 
 square" plan) was laid out, up to the middle of the nine- 
 teenth century, we find New Haven (149,685) a pleasing 
 little New England town with a population of relatively 
 independent, individualistic, self-sufficing householders. 
 But with the opening ot the industrial era, about 1850, a 
 rapid and profound change has taken place. Long known 
 as the "City of Elms," that appellation is no longer con- 
 sonant with conditions in the city. Two- and three-family 
 houses and tenement blocks are increasing, the open 
 country is being driven beyond ordinary walking distance, 
 street travel is increasing much faster than the population, 
 and the dependence ot the people upon street railway 
 facilities has already become almost as complete as in 
 the great centers of population. 
 
 Civic Impro'oement Committee. — About 1907 certain pub- 
 lic spirited citizens ot New Haven began to awaken to the 
 urgent need of some comprehensive plan for directing the 
 future growth of the city along rational lines. It was 
 (Jeorge Dudley Seymour, ot New Haven, who took the 
 initiative in bringing about constructive action. He was 
 successful m securing the appointment by the Mayor, of the 
 New Haven Civic Improvement Committee of thirteen 
 members. The Committee met for the first time in July, 
 1907, and at that time decided to invite Cass Gilbert and 
 Frederick Law Olmsted to prepare a report upon the im- 
 provement of the city. A campaign was organized for 
 raising J 10,000. This appeal was made through circulars 
 and the press, and about |8,ooo was subscribed by firms 
 and individuals. 
 
 The Report. — Messrs. Gilbert and Olmsted were en- 
 gaged and collected material tor their report, prepared 
 plans and maps, and submitted their findings in February, 
 1910. This report was in the nature of a preliminary study, 
 detailed studies not being presented at the time. The 
 problems considered covered those ot immediate and future 
 improvements and revolved mainly about the railroad 
 terminals, main thoroughfares, sewage disposal, local parks 
 and playgrounds, and rural parks. This general discus- 
 sion was followed by a detailed discussion ot many specific 
 problems, the whole constituting a general scheme ot 
 
 New Haven. — Bird's-Eye View ot ."^ venue 120 Feet Wide, 
 Leading from New Railroad Station to a Public Square or Second- 
 ary Civic Center and thence to College Green, as Proposed by the 
 New Haven Improvement Commission in 1910. 
 
 The reasonableness of this proposal was evident at the time 
 the Commission's recommendations were made. In February, 
 lyi", six years later, an alternate scheme was devised, involving 
 the widening ot Orange Street at a cost ot ^500,000, which now 
 seems assured.
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCXJRKSS 
 
 IK 
 
 improvement, leaving final definite plans ti> he worked out 
 as the local needs and engineering necessities or econo- 
 mies dictated. Accompanying the report as an Appendix, 
 there was given the results of a statistical investigation 
 into the social and economic tendencies of the citv, matie 
 at the request of the experts, by Ronald M. Byrnes. The 
 report was published in a large volume, with a number of 
 beautiful illustrations, ami attracted witle attention 
 
 Cily Plaiiiiiii^ Cummissiuii. — Following the submission 
 ot the report, and as a result of the solicitation of members 
 ot the Chamber of Commerce, an amendment to the city 
 charter was secured, providing tor the appointment of an 
 official city planning commission. This Commission was 
 appointeil and has been in existence since that time, 
 (ieorge Dudley Seymour has served as secretary. Up until 
 the present year, the Commission has been obliged to 
 
 L-J: 
 m\4i»^ IS 
 
 41011 Ji 306 tS 
 
 :ijf.'ur 3ob\u J 
 smjfif 306' ir 
 m4rttt4j'_ s ' 
 forano SB. j^ 
 yj*J3jiw' loil Jt 
 443 !6:o .'«.•; tr _l 
 
 IPIsiu:.' 332[ 33'^ 
 
 39; !4.\\ 361^ a''] 
 
 114,5731^416 It I 
 13 ^3*3lt3^3b4\ IT 
 J4_J30!d4il\ 
 
 New Haven. — Diagram, Showing in Black, .Areas in Which are Needed More .Small Parks tor Local Purpiiscs 
 Graded areas represent the practical limit of effective range of existing parks for local purposes. 
 
 throughout the countrv. But the citizens ot New Haven 
 remained apathetic. 
 
 Results. — However, the Chamber ot Commerce, through 
 its president, Colonel Ullman, and those members par- 
 ticularly interested in city planning, have remained loyal 
 to the movement, and a number ot improvements ulti- 
 mately carried out are directly traceable to the report, 
 particularly the purchase by the city of larger playground 
 facilities, the use of schoolhouses as recreational centers, 
 and the development of the Green as a civic center. 
 
 remain practically inactive, owing to lack of funds and to 
 the attitude of the city administration which held office 
 up to the close of 1916. With the inauguration of a new- 
 administration, ot which Mavor .Samuel Campner is the 
 head, the outlook tor city planning is bright; in tact, earlv 
 in March of this year a project in modified form, which the 
 Civic Improvement Commission strongly recommended in 
 its report, was brought forward and seems likely to be 
 adopted. This is the plan to open up an approach to the 
 new r'aiiroad station, involving an outlay of half a million
 
 ii6 
 
 CITY PLANNING PR(3GRESS 
 
 dollars. This approach, as laid out by the Civic Improve- 
 nicnt Commission, was recognized as a much needed, prac- 
 tical, ami esthetic improvement, and was carefully studied. 
 The new plan which the city is about to adopt is the crys- 
 tallization of the tormer studies and has been worked out 
 by Frederick L. Ford, City Engineer, formerly a member 
 of the City Planning Commission of Hartford, and a sup- 
 porter of rational city planning in the latter city as well as 
 in New Haven. In the new form the plan for the approach 
 involves the extension of an important thoroughfare, 
 (Jrange Street. Ot this improvement Mayor Campner has 
 said that it will cost about a halt million dollars, but the 
 city will reap many times over that amount in benefits. 
 The situation is well summed up by a statement made at 
 a hearing on the subject by David E. Fitzgerald, a mem- 
 ber of the Chamber of Commerce, who said: 
 
 "We have reached a position in our civic life in New 
 Haven where we must part from our old ideas of economy. 
 That spirit has kept us backward instead of allowing the 
 city to push forward. Whatever the cost ot this propo- 
 sition to the city, it will be returned to New Haven mani- 
 fold." 
 
 New Holland 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 In Hyde County, N. C, where, a few years ago, a great 
 lake called Mattamuskeet, with 50,000 acres of water sur- 
 face, existed, there are today hundreds of model farming 
 tracts clustering about a model town. The tormer Lake 
 Mattamuskeet lay 8 miles from the .Atlantic Ocean, in the 
 
 heart of a splendid farming country. As the lake-bottom 
 lay about ;i feet below sea-level, it was necessary to pump 
 all water out of the lake to begin the work of reclamation. 
 A great system of canals was constructed to carry the sur- 
 face water from every part of the district to a mammoth 
 pumping plant, capable of raising this water up and pump- 
 ing it over into a great outfall canal, 70 feet wide, whence 
 it flowed to the sea, 8 miles away. This outfall canal was 
 constructed broad enough and deep enough for transpor- 
 tation purposes, and boats carrying freight and passengers 
 already go and come on it every day. Over two years were 
 consumed in this drainage and reclamation work, requiring 
 the construction of a great pumping plant, costing ?2oo,ooo. 
 As a part of the development, Harlan P. Kelsey, land- 
 scape architect, of Salem, Mass., prepared a comprehen- 
 sive plan for the central feature of the entire development, 
 namely, the town of New Holland. This town is laid out 
 on the most modern lines, with radiating and circumfer- 
 ential arteries and boulevards. Traversing the main axis 
 of the layout, and leading to the ocean outfall, is the central 
 canal referred to. 
 
 The total outlay for each acre reclaimed in the entire 
 district is remarkably small — $§. When it is remembered 
 that the reclamation of lands in Holland lying under Lake 
 Haarlem cost |i20 an acre, the reclamation of the New 
 Holland lands is a remarkable commentary on modern 
 scientific methods. 
 
 The original plan tor this improvement was suggested 
 by the Drainage Division of the Department of Agricul- 
 ture of Washington, which worked out the details for the 
 system of canals. Besides this, the engineering features ot 
 
 
 New Hoi-L.-iND. — Plan of Town, the Focus ot" the New Holland Farms. 
 On the main axis, is the great outfall canal and pumping station, the delivery point of a system of canals running through the 
 entire area of 50,000 acres.
 
 CITY PLANNIN(; PR()(;RKSS 
 
 117 
 
 this district have been passed updii by some of tile emin- 
 ent engineering firms of this country, inchiding the J. (i. 
 White F.ngineering Corporation, ot New '\'ork Citv. 
 
 Today, in the shallow bed of old Lake Mattamuskeet, 
 there is a fertile land with not a tree or stone to impede 
 cultivation, now ready for the plow, and nearby there is 
 being laid out a scientifically planned town with modern 
 provisions tor social, educational, and recreational life — 
 with schoolhouses, playgrounds, churches, public builii- 
 ings, parks, community centers, anil public and semi- 
 public buildings attractively grouped. 
 
 New London 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Its age, its picturesque situation between Long Island 
 Sound and the Thames River, and its irregular topography 
 have combined to make New London (20,985) one of the 
 most interesting cities on the Atlantic coast. With this it 
 has a remarkable commercial harbor and a strategic situ- 
 ation between New York and Boston. All these matters 
 justify it in planning and building confidently for the 
 future. The existing plan of the city is very irregular and 
 the street system in the older parts quite mconvenient. 
 .•\ great deal ot study will have to be given to the working 
 out ot a better thoroughtare system. Like other small 
 American cities, it has given little attention to the syste- 
 matic acquisition anci development ot open spaces, parks, 
 and playgrounds. 
 
 Parks and Playground Plan. — The first step in the direc- 
 tion of city planning was taken in 1913 by the Municipal 
 .Art Society of New London in employing John Nolen ot 
 Cambridge, Mass., to prepare a plan tor a park and play- 
 ground system. It was not intended that a comprehensive 
 plan should be prepared, or one that would be immediately 
 put into effect. The purpose ot the report submitted by 
 Mr. Nolen, entitled "General Plan ot a Park and Play- 
 ground System," was to give something concrete to work 
 to and for and especially to furnish to the Park Commis- 
 sioners a plan for the future acquisition of land for the 
 development of new streets, squares, playgrounds, and 
 parks. The report treats of the need of parks for New 
 
 
 
 .aSi. 
 
 
 New London. — Children's I'laygroumI, Tennis-Courts, anj 
 Bo:ithouse in Shaw Cove. .Surroumlini; Dwellings Hiililcn liy 
 trees and Shrubs. 
 
 London anil discusses, in oriler, the citv sipiares and small 
 f)pen spaces, schoolgrounds, playgrounds and athletic 
 fields, neighborhood parks, large outlying reservations, and 
 inner and outer parkway system. 
 
 Results. — Charles S. Palmer, a public-spirited citizen 
 in New London, has promoted the park work there tor a 
 number ot years and has at last succeeded in getting the 
 people of New London to see the importance of a compre- 
 hensive park program. The legislature has authorized 
 the city to issue bonds tor the amount ot Jioo.coo, and 
 the Park Board has already acquired certain areas sug- 
 gested tor purpose ot improvement. 
 
 New London. — Low Shores and Mud Mats in Shaw Cove. 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 I,()iiisian;i 
 
 The .'Association ot Commerce ot New Orleans (_i7 1 ,747) 
 one of the most active commercial organizations in the 
 South, is planning an active campaign tor city planning 
 tluring the current year through its civic division, ot which 
 Charles .Allen Pavrot, a member ot the Hoard ot Directors 
 of the .American Institute ot .Architects, is chairman. It 
 is anticipated that a sufficient appropriation trom the 
 budget of the Association will be made to actually begin a 
 preliminary survey of the city. With this as a foundation, 
 it is hoped to arouse public sentiment to a point where an 
 official commission will be demanded to undertake com- 
 prehensive city planning. 
 
 Port Terminal. — New Orleans has alread\' shown that 
 she is capable of carrying through civic improvements in 
 a large wav once she is aroused. The remarkable success 
 that has attended the work of port and terminal ilevelop- 
 ment in New Orleans is well known throughout .America. 
 The city ranked second among the ports ot the country in 
 the value of foreign trade in the year ended June ,?o, 1914. 
 This, perhaps, is due in a large part to the high degree of 
 success which has characterized the public ownership and 
 operation of her port tacilities uniler the direction ot the 
 Board of Commissioners of the Port ot New Orleans. .A 
 full description of this work is containeii in "Ports ot the 
 I'nited States," Bulletin .5,5, Miscellaneous Scries, Bureau 
 of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, and in the many
 
 ii8 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Newport. — Proposed Development of Newport Harbor in Connection with Docks ot New England Navigation Company and 
 Railroad Terminals. Geo. B. Post & Sons, Architects. 
 
 publications of the Port Commissioners who had as their 
 engineers, Messrs. Ford, Bacon and Davis, of New Yorl<. 
 Transit. — The Association of Commerce is starting 
 (March, 1917) a thorough study of the whole transit and 
 transportation system ot the city. 
 
 Newport 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 During the two years past, Newport (30,108) has car- 
 ried through two notable public improvements. One is the 
 complete widening of Third Street from 33 feet to 55 feet, 
 and the other is the widening of Bath Road from about 
 45 feet to 112 feet. Third Street now affords a much more 
 attractive approach to the most important and interest- 
 ing part of Newport, the Naval Station. Bath Road 
 widening now extends for a distance of 1,000 feet. The 
 sum of 135,000 has been appropriated for the purpose of 
 improving this section. Recently a |ioo,ooo bond issue 
 was authorized for the purchase of land to carry out the 
 further widening over the entire length of the street, a 
 total of 3,500 feet. It seems to be but a question of time 
 when the widening will extend to the harbor. Newport will 
 then have one of the finest boulevards in the country. 
 
 Newport has also acquired land along the harbor shore, 
 providing a connection 60 feet wide and 1,000 feet in 
 length. It is supposed that at some future time this road 
 will be a part of a boulevard formed out of three streets. 
 
 Balh Road and Easton Beach. — The Bath Road widen- 
 ing has been the subject of discussion for a numberof years, 
 and it has been particularly urged by Richard C. Derby, 
 of Newport, who has probably done more than anyone 
 else in the city to bring about the acquisition of this fine 
 approach to Easton Beach. The latter district was the 
 subject of a report submitted by the late Frederick Law 
 Olmsted, Sr., in 1893, who urged at that time that meas- 
 ures be taken to safeguard and develop this important 
 recreational asset. Unfortunately, up to this time, very 
 little has been done to put these suggestions into effect. 
 
 Plan of igiz. — About 191 2, the Newport Improve- 
 
 ment Association engaged Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., 
 to come to Newport and make a report. The plans for 
 Newport were published in pamphlet form and contained 
 recommendations for new thoroughfares and for a park 
 system. 
 
 Civic Organizations. — Newport has had a number ot 
 associations which have accomplished more or less of 
 value and made recommendations tor improvements, be- 
 ginning with the Sanitary Protective Association, organ- 
 ized in 1778, and of which Richard C. Derby is now an 
 active member; the Improvement Association, organized 
 1889, "°w dissolved; the Civic League, organized in 1904, 
 in which Mrs. John Nicholas Brown is active; the Board 
 of Trade, organized in 1904; the Newport Improvement 
 Association, organized in 191 1, in which J. T. Spencer is 
 active; the .'\rt Association, organized in 191 2; and the 
 Housing Association, organized in 1916, which has for its 
 purpose the construction of small cottages for employees 
 of the United States Naval Training Station and Hospital. 
 There has never been a city planning association or com- 
 mission. The architects have taken no part in plans for 
 improvement. 
 
 Recreation. — The Public School Board has recently 
 provided an excellent and efficient supervisor ot recrea- 
 tion. A few years ago, the city purchased land for a 
 recreational park in the northerly part of the city and land 
 tor another park in the southerly part. No use has been 
 made of school buildings for community center purposes. 
 
 New Rochelle 
 
 New York 
 
 One of the important cities in the metropolitan dis- 
 trict of New York, and essentially a home city closely con- 
 nected with New York in its life and activities, is New 
 Rochelle (37,759). In 1916 the Mayor of New Rochelle, 
 Edward Stetson Gritfing, appointed a Board of City 
 Development, consisting of three city officials, six citizens, 
 and the secretary to the Mayor, N. H. Halsted, as secre- 
 tary. The Board met with the Westchester County Plan-
 
 CITY PLANNING PR()(;RF,SS 
 
 1 19 
 
 To Atco'^PAKY "Rj-poRT or 
 
 Newport. — Plan of the Newport Improvement Association 
 {191J), Showing Existing antl Proposed Thoroughfares, Parks^ 
 and Parkways. 
 
 Heavy dotted Hnes show proposed thoroughfares. Bath Road, 
 shown in the plan leading to Easton Beach, is now being wid- 
 ened from 55 to 112 feet for its length of ,3,500 feet. 
 
 ning Commission in White Plains last June and partici- 
 pated in a general discussion of those matters which apper- 
 tain to general planning throughout the county, as well 
 as matters of local interest. It also took an active part in 
 the great conference of all the city planning workers 
 throughout the whole of the New York metropolitan dis- 
 trict, held in March, 1917. 
 
 No public improvements have been under construction 
 
 since the appointment of the Board, other than the routine 
 matters of the engineering staff ot the city, so that no 
 matters have been presented for the consideration of the 
 Board. Up to this date no steps have been taken to insti- 
 tute a study of city development along comprehensive 
 lines. 
 
 Newton 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The risk in adopting the details of a city plan before 
 the whole is stutiied in a preliminary way, at least, is well 
 understooil by the City Planning Board of Newton 
 (4'i,7l5). The Board has, however, maile detailed studies 
 
 Newton. — Termusu., u: Ml;: >;-..:;. i:. I'.i:!. L :.. Mission's 
 Boulevard to Boston on the Outskirts of the City. 
 
 .An adequate connection with this drive is one of the recent 
 recommendations of the Planning Board. Incidentally it involves 
 the relief of traffic at the city center. 
 
 and recommendations in regartl to two important items 
 in the plan of Newton which, obviously, will be compriseii 
 in whatever larger plan may be adopted. The Board has 
 presented its recommendations in the two reports issued 
 in December, 191 4, and December, 191 6. The two vital 
 problems studied are the widening of what is destined to 
 become an important main artery in the city and the im- 
 provement of traffic conditions at the central square, 
 called Nonantum Square. In its study of the latter prob- 
 lem, the Board was authori/.eii by the Board of .Alderman 
 to engage .Arthur A. .ShurtlefF, of Boston, Mass., and they 
 have had the benefit of his experience and advice on this 
 special problem. The Board, with the advice of their 
 expert, has prepared a map showing various by-passes by 
 means of which through traffic may be diverted from the 
 Square and at the same time connection made with the 
 boulevard leading to Boston, built by the Metropolitan 
 Commission. The Board feels that it is wise to make an 
 immediate beginning upon a portion of its plan, which con- 
 sists in widening ami improving an unaccepted and partly
 
 I20 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRF.SS 
 
 passable road that would link up to the improved boule- 
 vard connection referred to above. 
 
 Problems of a Residence Town. — The Board has been 
 unable to derive suggestions from work that has been done 
 by planning boards in different parts of the country in 
 recent years, owing to the peculiar conditions with which 
 the city is confronted. Newton is essentially a residential 
 city. It does not present problems connected with mer- 
 cantile business, with manufacturing centers and housing 
 of large numbers of workers. Newton appears likely to 
 be a citv of homes, and the Planning Board believes that 
 
 Newton. — Another View ot the Metropolitan Parte Ltinimis- 
 sion's Boulevard Looking Toward Newton, an Important Link in 
 the Radial System of Thoroughfares, not Now Properly Coordi- 
 nated with the Town Plan. 
 
 the city should provide for its very best development 
 along that line. 
 
 Need oj Thorough Study. — The Board believes that an 
 extended investigation of the city's present and future 
 needs by a professional city planner will give it an oppor- 
 tunity to be useful to the city and enable it sooner to ful- 
 fil the purpose for which it was created. It recognizes that 
 its task is one that cannot be undertaken lightly, and that, 
 if rightly done under expert guidance, a comprehensive 
 plan will be an important element in the growth and 
 development of Newton for many generations. Charles 
 F. Gibson is chairman of the Board and Vernon B. Swett 
 is secretary. 
 
 New York 
 
 New York 
 
 It has been stated that the greatest single achievement 
 in city planning in America and "the greatest thing New 
 York City (5,602,841) has ever done," to quote George 
 McAneny, ex-president of the Board of Aldermen, is the 
 comprehensive zoning law which was put into effect on 
 July 25, 1916, by a virtually unanimous vote of the Board 
 of Estimate and Apportionment. All future buildings 
 are restricted as to their height, size, and use, and the 
 
 restrictions vary in different parts of the 327 square miles 
 of the city. The first step in this direction was taken by 
 Mr. McAneny, then president of the Borough of Man- 
 hattan, when, early in 1913, he proposed the appointment 
 of a commission to study the limitation of the height, size, 
 and arrangement of buildings. This resulted in the ap- 
 pointment by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, 
 in March, 1913, of the Heights of Buildings Commission, 
 which consisted of nineteen members, with Edward M. 
 Bassett, formerly Public Service Commissioner, as chair- 
 man, and George B. Ford as secretary and director of 
 investigations, and Robert H. Whitten as special investi- 
 gator and editor of the report. An appropriation of I15,- 
 000 was secured, and with a competent staff, consisting 
 of some thirty-six members in all, data were collected, 
 more detailed perhaps than had ever been assembled in 
 ."America before for the study of a specific city planning 
 problem. The result of the work of this Commission was 
 the submission ot a voluminous report to the Board of 
 Estimate and Apportionment in 1913, in which they rec- 
 ommended a general height limitation for the whole city, 
 and particularly that the city should be restricted with 
 different height, area, and character of occupancy regula- 
 tions for different parts of the city. Realizing that the 
 city charter probably would not permit such districting, 
 the Commission framed two charter amendments which 
 would give the city this power. These two amendments 
 were passed by the state legislature and became a law in 
 May, 1914. 
 
 Zoning. — In June, 1914, the Board of Estimate and 
 .'Apportionment, upon the report ot its recently organized 
 Committee on the City Plan, of which Mr. McAneny was 
 chairman, appointed a Commission on Building Districts 
 and Restrictions again, with Edward H. Bassett as chair- 
 man and with seventeen members, many ot whom were 
 on the former Commission. Robert H. Whitten, the 
 secretary of the Committee on the City Plan, also served 
 as secretary to this new Commission, and George B. Ford 
 as its consultant. With a large staff, the Commission began 
 active work, first determining a proper method of pro- 
 cedure and plan of action. As there was almost no prec- 
 edent for an undertaking of this sort, it was very difficult 
 to find a point of departure. The first thing it decided to 
 do was to become thoroughly conversant with the existing 
 tendencies with regard to all phases ot the city's develop- 
 ment. An intensive study of building development and ot 
 present and future conditions with regard to transit and 
 the distribution of population in New York was made tor 
 the Commission by John P. Fox, Herbert S. Swan, Geo. 
 W. Tuttle, E. M. Law and others. Frank B. Williams, 
 Chairman of the City Plan Committee of the City Club, 
 made two trips to Europe to study the effect of the dis- 
 tricting and zoning laws there. .\ detailed study was made 
 of what other American cities have done toward controll- 
 ing the height, size, or use ot their buildings, but as no 
 city had begun to approach the subject in a comprehensive 
 way, the Commission found it necessary to go back to 
 fundamentals. The first year was spent, therefore, in 
 collecting this data and in getting it into form for use. 
 
 The Commission held innumerable conferences and, in 
 all, some sixty public hearings. The law, as passed, is not 
 the work of a limited group of men but is the tesult ot the
 
 CITY PI.ANNIN'C; PR()(;RKSS 
 
 121 
 
 CriY OF NEW YORK 
 BOARD or ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT 
 
 COMMISSION ON BUILDING DISTRICTS AND RESTRICTIONS 
 MAP 
 
 ACCOMPANVING TENTATIVE REPORT OF MARCH I0« 1916 
 
 New York. — Use Districts in tliL B( r imli ot M inh itt in ill 
 Part of the Borough of Brooklyn, as haul IJown in the tentative 
 Report to the Board of Estimate. 
 
 The unrestricted districts are chiefly located along the rail- 
 way terminals and the navigable waterfront. Business districts, 
 except in the main centers, are for the most part maiie up ot 
 frontage on both sides of the traffic thoroughfares. 
 
 combineii thought of thousamis of people from all parts of 
 the citv. The work of the two commissions is summed up 
 in a final report which was issued in .April, 1917. Mean- 
 while, the law as enacted has been in force throughout the 
 city since July 25, \t)\h. 
 
 Early P/tiniiing.-WucU good work in planning tor the 
 physical needs of New York City has been done at various 
 times in the past. That the street system of Manhattan is 
 not of the crazy-tjuilt design that some cities have, is the 
 result of con.scious planning by special commissions, and, 
 since 1902, by permanent borough topographic bureaus. 
 The first commission with planning powers was that 
 appointed by the legislature in 1807 to draft and lay down 
 a plan for the Island of Manhattan. With all the faults of 
 the gridiron plan which was evolved, we can not but 
 admire the vision of the men who planned (or a great city, 
 exteiuiing for about S miles northward, along the Island 
 of Manhattan, through undeveloped territory. The sub- 
 sequent commissions, particularly the one appointed in 
 1S60 to plan out the northern portions of Manhattan and 
 
 New York. — Section of Final Districting Plan in Korce in 
 the City of New York, Showing U.se Zones in that Part of the 
 Borough of Manhattan just South of Central Park. 
 
 Note restrictions added since the issue of the Tentative Map. 
 Streets left white are restricted to residence use only. In streets 
 in black residence and business uses are permitted. Streets with 
 black dots are unrestricted.
 
 122 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 CnV OF NEW YORK 
 BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT 
 
 COMMISSION ON BUILDING DISTRICTS AND RESTRICTIONS 
 MAP 
 
 ACCOMPANYING TENTATIVE DEPORT OF MARCH IC 1916 
 SHOWING 
 
 TENTATIVE HEIGHT DISTRICTS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 BOROUGH or MANHATTAN 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 1 • I hmtt jtrid uijtti M nol mori than lOO (*«l 
 
 TA-i* les ■ 
 
 l)*-Ui ISO • 
 
 2-z mo ' 
 
 Z)i'ZH Z5Q ■ 
 
 M 
 
 
 '4 
 
 ^B- Hi "^ 
 
 ti 
 
 -<?■ 
 
 4 
 
 ii-' 
 <Il^i 
 
 '/ 
 
 ;^ 
 
 y 
 
 Ki 
 
 
 
 parts of the Bronx, also performed quite remarkable work. 
 When, in 1871, the powers of this commission were trans- 
 ferred to the Department of the Public Parks, Frederick 
 Law Olmsted, Sr., was one of those who helped in the 
 work, particularly in the west Bronx, he having previously 
 been engaged in planning Central Park in New York City, 
 beginning in 1856. Thus it is seen that New York City has 
 in the past tried various administrative methods of plan- 
 ning the layout of undeveloped areas. Generally the plan 
 remained with no provision for future development or tor 
 a change in the slightest detail without a special act of the 
 legislature. But the work ot the Central Park Commission 
 and its successor, the Department of Public Works, was 
 a distinct step in advance. 
 
 Present Planning Methods. — In 1898, with the adoption 
 of a new charter, which provided for the present Greater 
 New York borough system in which Brooklyn, Queens, 
 Richmond, The Bronx, and the Island of Manhattan were 
 all included under a single administrative government, the 
 machinery for the laying out of the street system was 
 primarily vested in the borough presidents, and the legali- 
 zation of all these plans requires specific approval on the 
 part of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. Since 
 January I, 1902, the city has adopted final maps for most 
 of the city area, aggregating approximately 33, 5j6 acres, 
 while a total of approximately 45,438 additional acres in 
 these boroughs has been tentatively mapped and is await- 
 
 '■(.■ 
 
 Ne\ \_kk. hL.^I.. D t, 
 
 and Part of the Borough of Brooklyn. 
 
 The charter amendment, under which the 2one plan was 
 adopted, directed the Distributing Commission, before submit" 
 ting its final report to the Board of Estimate, to make a tentative 
 report and plan and hold public hearings thereon. A part of the 
 tentative map is shown above. 
 
 New York. — Section of Final Zone Plan Put into Effect by 
 the City of New York on July, 1916, Showing Height Restric- 
 tions in Force in That Part of the Borough of Manhattan just 
 South of Central Park. 
 
 In the center of areas enclosed with heavy black lines are 
 large figures. The height limit in such areas is the width of the 
 street multiplied by the corresponding figure.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCRl'.SS 
 
 CFTY OF NEW YORK 
 BOARD OF ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT 
 
 COMMISSION ON BUILDING DISTRICTS AND RESTRICTIONS 
 MAP 
 
 ACC0MPAWY1NG TCMTATIVt RCPORT OF MARCH 10' 1916 
 SHOWING 
 
 TENTATIVE AREA DISTRICTS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 BOROUGH or MANHATTAN 
 
 ing conversion into tlu- final maps. Only almut io per 
 cent of the city is yet lacking a street plan. 
 
 First Improirnii-iil Comnii.<sion.^\' unoiis schemes have 
 been put torwani for modifying the plans of those portions 
 of the city already mapped, but none of them have had the 
 official character of those proposed i>y the New 'i'ork City 
 Improvement Commission, created by ordinance in 190.I, 
 in its report which was submitted January, 1907. This 
 report was accompanied by a number ot plans, many of 
 which were commendable, but some of which were ambi- 
 tious and extravagant beyond possibility ot realization, 
 while some of them also ignoreii conditions which then 
 existed or improvements then under way which would 
 have rendered their execution impossible. Some ot the 
 projects suggested in this report have already been carrieil 
 out, however, or are under way, including the widening ot 
 I'ifth Avenue roadway, the southerly extension of Seventh 
 .Avenue, and the like. The projects were confined mostly 
 to the built-up portions of the city where the cost of acquir- 
 ing land needed for them would have been so great that 
 few of them could be imdertakcn. One notable exception 
 was the admirable recommendation ot the Commission 
 for the establishment of a svstem of parks in the boroughs 
 
 New York.— .Arci District in Manhattan and Part of 
 Brooklyn, as Shown in Tentative Report to the Board of Estimate. 
 
 The maximum beneficial use of any given city area is depend- 
 ent on a certain measure of uniformity in its development as 
 regards private open spaces. The New York districting plan 
 accordingly establishes zones for the purpose of regulatmg the 
 areas of yards, courts, and open spaces. 
 
 New Y'ork.— Section of Final Zone Plan Adopted by the City 
 of New York, Showing .Area Restrictions in a Section of Brooklyn. 
 
 The area districts are, A — es,sentially a warehouse district; 
 B and C — residence sections in which a tenement or apartment 
 house development is anticipated; O— sections in which de- 
 t.iched or terraced houses will be allowed; F— areas where a 
 high-class villa development seems appropriate.
 
 124 
 
 CnV PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 ot Brooklyn and Queens, and it is to be regretted that 
 nothing was done to carry out this suggestion. 
 
 Brooklyn Committee on the City Plan. — The next notable 
 movement for comprehensive planning was that started 
 and consummated by the Brooklyn Committee on City 
 Plan, organized in December, 191 1, with Frederick B. 
 
 the rapid transit system and the surface car system as 
 fixed. Diagrams and charts were made and, as a result, 
 plans were submitted for the solution of the traffic prob- 
 lems, the development of thoroughfares, the location of 
 parks and playgrounds, the improvement of the water- 
 front, and the location of an educational and civic center, 
 
 Tlir rVtMNC POIT VEW VOBf MOMIAV. »IM«CR 1 
 
 SHALL WE SAVE NEW YORK? 
 
 A Vital Question To Every One 
 Who Has Pride In This Great City 
 
 SHALL v\c save New ^'ork from what' Shall we save it from unnatuTBl and 
 uniicressary crowding, from dcpopulaicH sections, from bemg a cily unbeau- 
 tiful.from high rents, from excessive and illy distribntcxJ taxation? We can save 
 It from all of these, so far at least as they arc caused by one specified mdustnal 
 evil— the erection of factories in the residential and famous retail section. 
 
 The Factory Invasion of the Shopping District 
 
 The taiton.s nukini^ ili.ihing. rloaks, suits, furs, (vrii- 
 roais, eir , H.'m toned ihi- large stores from one s«tic>ri 
 and (ollovifd ih'-ni 10 a new one. dcpleling ir of irs nornirtl 
 roidciii^ and filling ii u iih bui- lofi buildings displacing homes- 
 
 Thc (ale ol ihc -^ctinns d^'iA-n town now rhr^atens rhc fine 
 residential and chopping distiitl of Fiflh Avenue. Broadway, 
 upper Sixih and Madison A\cnues and the cross strecta It 
 requires cone enif.i red co-oper,iiivr anion to stem ihi^ invading 
 tide The e\il i-. i-onstunlly mcrcdsing. it IS grou-mg more 
 serious and more difficult 10 liandic It needs instant aci.on 
 
 The Trail of Vacant Bu3dingt 
 
 Shall rhr lim-sr rei.iil and retidcntial sections in the vorld. 
 from Thiny-iliird Sircrl iiDriit, become blighted ihe way .the 
 old parts of NcwYork h.ive br«n? 
 
 The lower "lioii-salc aiid r-jiail disfricfs are desencd. and 
 Iherr IS now rnoiigh \arani S[^ince to ac^rommodaic man^ 
 times over ilic luaiiiiljciurntg plants of the city. (/ n^r 
 liii)i!rrii [o> turn l-uiliiint^s fii'- r. guirrt/, why not encouraffr 
 III.- ,i,.u-"i ■■/ ,((/'/( \ir-7i. riirr\ HI thai section instrad '\f 
 • 'xftiiiC Jii'l"ii/ hiii/(/iri£' in fliir mtdil of our homeS Ord 
 llii- rrl'ii/ ^11 liniis 
 
 NOTICE TO ALL INTERESTED 
 
 IN View nf the factt herein $et forth u*e uiith to give publicity to the following nofice.-— We, tht under- 
 ligned merchiinU and uich otheri a> may later join with ui, will give the prefereoce in our purchates 
 or tuils, cloaki, fur*, ckithioj, pettkoaU, rtc , to rirrru whose manufacturing plant* are located outside 
 of a zone bounded by) e upper aide of Thirty -third Street, Fifty -ninth Street, Third artd Seventh Avenue*, 
 alio irtduHing thirty-* j^md and thirty-third Streets, from Sixth to Seventh Avenue* 
 
 February 1«l. 1917, it the time that thi* notice goe& into effect, bo as lo enable manufacturer* now 
 located in thi* zone to aecure other quarter* Coniideration will be given to those firms that 
 remove their plants from this rot»e. This plan will ultimntely be for the benefit of the different manufac- 
 turer* in the above mentioned Hne*, as amon^ other reasons they will have the benefit of lower rentslf. 
 
 How it Affects the City and its Citizens 
 
 li IS impossible to have a city beautiful, comtonablf or sate 
 iini1<i su( h conditions The unnatural rongesfion sacrifices 
 fine residence blot Its for factories. whK ti remain lor a time and 
 (hen move on to devastate or depreciaff another sei tion,leB%- 
 mg iiply St ars ol blocks o( empr\' buildings unused by business 
 and ufiadapled lor residence thus unsettling real estate valuer 
 
 How it Affects the Tax-payer 
 
 Every man tn the city pays taxes either as owner or tenanL 
 The w idc area ol vacant or depreciated property in the lower 
 rniddle part of lown means reduced laxe^s. leaving s deficit 
 made up by extra assessment on ottier se' Hems Taxe* have 
 £iouT> to startling figures and this affects alt micrests. 
 
 The Need of Co-operative Action 
 
 In order that the impending menace to all interests may be 
 checked and to prevents destruction similar to ihatwhichhas 
 occurri'H below Twenty-third Street 
 
 II > 
 
 ^0, iht 
 
 (0 cip^rnf-.i 
 
 'ifUv vmou 
 
 \£aTyn^nr ai 
 
 "naOoru 
 
 
 n> 
 
 ■ik Ihr 
 
 r-oopf'oUv 
 
 tflhe aisnciation! 
 
 dfarg. 
 
 f,ued labm^ 
 
 
 
 III- Iht 
 
 
 <if firry finirnnal 
 
 
 
 
 He 
 
 ■ 'klhfc 
 
 o-fperalinn 
 
 of every man 7 
 
 ^ooir 
 
 n^ahrmur.TTtiaian 
 
 aptjrtmen/ 
 
 He 
 
 "tli rV 
 
 
 efetrrynan 
 
 md 
 
 wmnn 
 
 ,n Vn,. Kn 
 
 Tk a-Ao Aas 
 
 prui 
 
 r rn ihl futurf dntlxpm^nl lif Oi 
 
 .^grt 
 
 ten, 
 
 
 
 B ALTMAN A CO 
 
 ARNOLD, CONSTABLE & CO. 
 
 BEST & CO 
 
 BONWIT TELLER * CO 
 
 J. M CIDDIWC & CO 
 CIMBEL BROTHERS 
 L P. HOLLANDER ft CO 
 
 Thr uodnvifTMd mdoTie ihb it 
 
 HMd B'lif«'> 
 
 WiMv4 Alio"* 
 Si ttir> Hoi'l 
 
 Hoti' blnan' 
 Hetrl MinUlOn 
 HMtl N.ll»rUlll 
 HM'I l»rTU» 
 
 Coliml... Trwl Ca 
 FVth Atcdh Bank 
 CuiTSfitK TnM Ca 
 
 MiCoc^Jk^ a o> 
 
 K.W Jahii>-Mu»JlF C« 
 r.1. a Ttn. Mil c 
 
 SopQ a Fovb. Ca. 
 
 LORD ft TAYLOR 
 JAMES McCREERY* CO 
 R. H. MACY ft CO- 
 
 rcnnt for ifie benefit of Ihc Gty of NetrYorli 
 
 W. « J Sl«n 
 
 BUck. Sun A Fmi 
 nwdm B. S>.n. In 
 Dtac^t a Ca 
 MiRu. a Ca 
 L M Ciol. a Ca 
 
 MiUtaxT. 
 
 C C. CuKlhcn Sor 
 A Juckel a Cs 
 Trffanr Sta^m 
 
 d1^ CaB.m»t a ' 
 The EdiHin St«» 
 
 FRANKUN SIMON ft CO. 
 SAKS ft CO. 
 STERN BROTHERS 
 
 Km KaiCa 
 
 Tk~. Haidiito a C» 
 
 Ju» IXiCwkkRM a Ca 
 
 J a J sui.>. 1-H. 
 
 rnrfanmr M.. p/ai 
 
 CouTlesy Tbc .American City 
 
 New York.. — A Full Page Advertisement Which Appeared in All of the New York Papers on March 5 and 6, 1916. 
 Fifth Avenue, New York's finest shopping street, has been partially ruined as such, in certain sections by the hordes ot factory 
 operatives which swarm into it at noon from the garment factories on the intersecting streets; and other portions are threatened with 
 the same fate. The merchants of Fifth Avenue banded together not only to secure the adoption of the New York Zoning Law but to 
 make its principles retroactive by forcing the factory operators out of the Fifth Avenue region into other sections. 
 
 Pratt as chairman. Edward H. Bennett of Chicago was and the like. Upon receiving the plan, the Committee 
 
 appointed consultant, and he, with his staff, spent about undertook a borough-wide publicity campaign and con- 
 
 a year and a half in studying Brooklyn's city planning tinued to study, and is now studying, in the order of their 
 
 problems and in devising a scheme for betterment and for urgency, the problems confronting Brooklyn and is making 
 
 future development. The Committee did not study the definite recommendations from time to time concerning 
 
 housing problem or the districting problem, and it accepted them.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRF.SS 
 
 Mi 
 
 Port iiiui Teniiiiui/ Progress. — Port anil terminal facili- 
 ties in New York have received study Ijy the various Dock 
 Commissioners, by the head of the city's finance depart- 
 ment, and by E. P. Goodrich, former consulting engineer 
 to the Board of F^stimate and Apportionment. A strong 
 sentiment exists for the appointment of a special commis- 
 sion, with an ample appropriation, to devise a comprehen- 
 sive plan tor the improvement and development of New 
 ^'ork's watertront tor commercial ;ind industrial pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Transit System. —Manhattan, The Bronx, Hrooklvn, 
 Queens, and Richmond, the five boroughs which consti- 
 tute the greater city, although separate from each other 
 phvsically, form a city approximately included in a semi- 
 circle of 1 8 miles radius. The objective point for most of 
 the travelers on the transit systems in Greater New York 
 is the lower portion ot Manhattan. The great dual sys- 
 tem of rapid transit lines, which is now nearing completion, 
 is based on this condition. The public service along this 
 new system will be nearly five times as great as the present 
 subway service. The city is in control ot the entire system. 
 Never before, in any other city in this country, has an 
 attempt been made to develop the transit facilities in a 
 way that is as comprehensive as the method followed in the 
 development ot the dual system. There is one thing, how- 
 ever, to be said ot this system, tor the benefit ot other 
 cities; that is, notwithstanding the numerous benefits which 
 are accruing, and will accrue, to the city ot New York In 
 its comprehensive planning ot rapid transit lines, it has 
 
 New York. — Seventh Avenue Improvement Recommended by 
 New York Improvement Commission (1907), Showing Cutting- 
 through of a New Street and Widening of an Existing Street to 
 Form a Traffic .'\rtery 100 Feet Wide. 
 
 A four-track rapid transit subway is now being constructed in 
 the route ol the new street. 
 
 Courtesy Nelsi 
 
 IsiS^^^x 
 
 /'. Lc 
 
 New York.— Bush Terminal and Industrial City, a Fine Example of Coordinated Development, Kstahlisheil by Private l-.nte 
 prise in 1895 °" What was Then a Remote and Neglected Section of the South Brooklyn Waterfront. 
 
 The property covers 200 acres. The piers, with an area of over 1)4 million feet, are among the longest in the worl 
 warehouses, 10 reinforced concrete loft buildings six stories in height for manufacturing purposes, a termina 
 track and yard space for 2,000 cars. 
 
 There are ijo 
 railroad with 2s miles of
 
 126 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 New York. — View of Propuseil Model Unit Retail Public- 
 Market, Prepared for the Executive Committee of the National 
 Housewives' League. 
 
 not, and cannot, realize all ot the advantages of its enor- 
 mous investment ot these lines because the problem ol 
 transportation was studied independently of many of the 
 other great features of the city plan. The result today 
 begins to show much that might have been improved. 
 To cover in outline all of the great projects of a city 
 planning character which have been consummated in 
 recent years in the city of New York would require a 
 volume, but reference at least should be made to the 
 report of Messrs. Olmsted and Brunner on the extension of 
 
 New York. — View ot Portion of Proposed Model Unit Ter- 
 minal Market, Prepared for the P.xecutive Committee ot the 
 National Housewives' League, in which the Coordination ot Rail, 
 Horse, and Motor Deliveries with Sales, Storage, and Manufac- 
 turing Departments Has Been Carefully Studied. 
 
 Riverside Drive; to the great west side improvement pro- 
 ject for facilitation of freight movements into lower Man- 
 hattan, which has been studied by numerous commissions, 
 engineers and city authorities in the last ten years; to the 
 great barge canal project with its terminals in various 
 parts of New York City; to the Grand Central terminal 
 
 BIRD'SJYE FERSFECTIVE OF A NEIGHBORHOOD CENTRE 
 
 New York. — Scheme tor a .Neighborhood Center on a Hillside Overlooking the Harlem River Near Washington Bridge. 
 This plan was awarded the first prize in the Chicago City Club's Neighborhood Center Competition. Schenck and Mead, .Architects.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 12- 
 
 passenger development, which is unique in America; to 
 the great terminal Uy which the Pennsylvania lines, run- 
 ning in tubes under the Hudson, reach the heart of New 
 York; to the New York Connecting railway, and to manv 
 other schemes of great size and importance. 
 
 Street Traffic. — The most urgent problem in New York 
 today is the handling of street traffic. So acute has this 
 become that a number ot the leading organizations in the 
 city have petitioned the Boaril of F.stimate and .Appor- 
 tionment to appoint a traffic commission to thoroughly 
 study the problem tor the whole city. It is probable that 
 such a commission will have been appointed before the 
 publication ot this book. Robert H. Whitten will be secre- 
 tary to the commission and George B. Ford, consultant. 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 New York 
 
 With the adoption ot the commission manager form of 
 government, Niagara Falls (J7,J53) has taken up the work 
 of comprehensive city planning. In January, 1917, the 
 city employed John Nolen, ot Cambridge, Mass., to pre- 
 pare a plan for the city. A former City Planning Com- 
 mission (appointed in 1914 under the State City Planning 
 Law ot 191,5, Chap. 699) was abolished on January i, 1916, 
 with the niitiation ot the commission manager govern- 
 ment, and the work taken over by the City Council, as 
 provided in the new city charter. 
 
 Parks. — Niagara F'alls is in need of a comprehensive 
 plan, particularly from the standpoint ot parks, open 
 spaces, and recreation facilities. The city has two parks 
 ot about jj acres each, one waterfront park of 2 acres, anil 
 no boulevards. There is, however, a reservation arounil 
 
 
 <-^-?>!r^- 
 
 Norfolk. — The Water Gate at The Hague. 
 
 Niagara Falls, accessible to the people of the city, under 
 the ownership of the state of New ^"ork. Plavgroumls arc 
 much needed. With the exception of the land used for 
 play around the high school, there arc virtually no reser- 
 vations tor this purpose. Grade crossing elimination is 
 being studied by an advisory commission. The develop- 
 ment ot the waterfront of the city, of which about 600 feet 
 trontage is now in the possession of the municipality, is 
 being studied by a Harbor .Advisory Commission. An 
 ordinance has been passed restricting the location of stores 
 anil manufacturing plants to specified areas in the city. 
 This has been sustained by the Supreme Court ot the state. 
 The need ot city planning has long been realized by 
 certain groups in the city. .\ subcommittee on the city 
 plan ot the Municipal Development Committee, ot which 
 A. .\. Richardson is secretary, has given publicity to and 
 made studies for city planning in Niagara Falls, (i. W. 
 Knox, the Commissioner of Industrial .Affairs, Harrv 
 Highland, member of the Park Commission, and various 
 architects, including Messrs. Larke, Obenbach, Phelps, 
 White, and Featherly have taken an active interest in 
 city planning promotional work. 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Steady progress has been made by the Commission on 
 Beautifying the city of Norfolk (89,61;), appointed in 
 October, 1908, under onlinance ot the City Council. The 
 work ot this Commission is not limiteil to esthetic matters 
 only, but extends to problems of a more general city plan- 
 ning character. The Commission has improved certain 
 areas along the waterfront, particularly the point called 
 The Hague. It has filled in lowlands, thereby greatly 
 improving the low-lying districts and making them avail- 
 able tor roadways, parks, business and residential pur- 
 poses. It has secured for the city all available spaces fitted 
 tor park usage and has enjoyed the cooperation ot owners 
 in extending and improving the city's recreational facili- 
 ties in general. Nurseries have been established; work on 
 the preparation ot a city tree map, index, and atlas has 
 gone forward; street trees have been assigned, according 
 to their adaptability, to different streets in the city, and, 
 in general, a thorough and scientific campaign ot street 
 tree improvement has been carried on. This latter field 
 is perhaps that in which the Commission has accom]ilished 
 the greatest amount ot good. 
 
 Subdivisions. — In none ot the fields noted has the Com- 
 mission completed its work. Much remains to be done. 
 In particular, the Commission is confronted with the task 
 of preparing a map of the territory ailjacent to the Norfolk 
 bouniiary lines and covering all territory likel)' to be platted 
 within the next twenty-five years, and ultimately to be- 
 come a part ot the city, and securing such uniformity in 
 the future platting and provision tor open spaces and park- 
 ways as will conform to a general plan tor the city, and 
 its tributary areas. Obviously, the Commission is not 
 engaged merely in city beautification but has before it a 
 program that embodies some of the most important phases 
 of city planning. The Commission has issued three reports 
 to date.
 
 128 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Unofficial IVork. — In all of this work the Chamber of 
 Commerce, the Civic Improvement Committee, and, par- 
 ticularly, architects, have shown a great interest. Rossel 
 Edward Mitchell published, in 191 2, a comprehensive 
 scheme for a civic center for Norfolk. A new and modern 
 building ordinance, on which the architects, particularly 
 Rossel Edward Mitchell and K. J. Peebles, were especially 
 active, has been framed by the Committee and has been 
 adopted by the city. 
 
 Results. — There is a Playground Committee, using 
 schoolgrounds and vacant lots largely, and a Park Depart- 
 ment which has a very small area under its charge, con- 
 sidering the size of the city. An extensive boulevard sys- 
 tem, is now in course of construction. It is over 50 miles 
 in length ami will cost $500,000 which will be paid 
 jointly by the city and two counties. Grade crossing elim- 
 ination is proceeding gradually, and terminal improve- 
 ments are being pushed. Transit developments are now 
 being studied by the City Couucil, and final plans are 
 being evolved. Tremendous improvements, aggregating 
 117,000,000, are under way tor commercial waterfront 
 developments by private companies and by the Govern- 
 ment of the United States. The city committees ot the 
 Chamber of Commerce are at work on a program for street 
 improvement. A bill which will give to the city full con- 
 trol over the platting of land in private ownership and 
 authority to restrict private property to specified uses is 
 now before the state legislature. 
 
 N orris town 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 The unimportance of legal boundaries in the discussion 
 of the welfare ot communities is well illustrated by the 
 case of Norris town (31,401). The city is one of the satellites 
 of Philadelphia, being within what is termed by the United 
 States Census Bureau "the metropolitan area" ot Phila- 
 delphia. An opportunity for the city to participate in a 
 great program of urban and suburban planning, with 
 Philadelphia as the center, presented itself when, under 
 the terms of a law passed several years ago, a Metropolitan 
 Suburban Planning Commission was constituted. This 
 Commission was to be composed ot representatives trom 
 all of the cities around Philadelphia, including Norristown, 
 and was authorized to lay out interurban highways, parks, 
 and boulevards and to plan in other ways tor the rapidly 
 growing needs of Philadelphia and her suburbs. But 
 Norristown, like many of the other towns and townships 
 around Philadelphia, did not receive the idea ot metro- 
 politan planning, as provided in the law, with anv great 
 favor. The chief objection among cities like Norristown 
 was that the cost ot maintaining a staff to cooperate with 
 one to be appointed by Philadelphia was prohibitive, and 
 so the movement waned. However, the City Parks Asso- 
 ciation ot Philadelphia continues to bring its influence to 
 bear in a movement for metropolitan planning in which 
 cities and towns like Norristown would participate and is 
 urging the desirability ot vesting the authority for metro- 
 politan planning in the Comprehensive Plans Commission 
 ot Philadelphia, whose suggestions would, in this case, be 
 merely recommendatory and would depend for their effec- 
 
 tiveness upon their essential validity. Cooperation under 
 such conditions is most desirable. 
 
 As it stands, Norristown is without any plan tor its 
 future growth of any sort whatsoever, lacking a thorough- 
 fare system, an adequate plan for transit lines, and a 
 scheme for districting or zoning. There are no established 
 playgrounds, and there have been no purchases of ground 
 for that purpose. There are but 34 acres ot park, 1^2 miles 
 of boulevards, and a watertront solely devoted to indus- 
 trial purposes. The Civic Club and the Business Men's 
 Association are most active in movements looking to 
 comprehensive city planning. 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce of Norwich (29,419) is 
 lending its support to civic improvement and housing 
 enterprises. A Housing Committee was organized and 
 incorporated by the members of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce in 1 91 6, and twenty-five modern two-tamily houses 
 have been built by the Committee. There is also a City 
 Beautiful Association which has accomplished much good 
 work in civic improvement and the care ot private prop- 
 erty. The city of Norwich now has extensive improve- 
 ments under way, particularly in street widening and 
 jiaving. It has a fairly efficient park system and well- 
 organized municipal services, but to the actual work ot 
 comprehensive city planning no consideration has been 
 given up to this time. 
 
 Oakland 
 
 California 
 
 A report on the city planning problems ot Oakland 
 (198,604) was prepared by Werner Hegeman in 1915. 
 The report included a study of the planning needs ot 
 Berkeley, which borders on the north. The studies and 
 recommendations were published in a volume of 156 
 pages, entitled "Report on a City Plan for the Municipali- 
 ties of Oakland and Berkeley." It was prepared and pub- 
 lished under the auspices of the municipal governments ot 
 the two cities, the Chamber of Commerce and Commercial 
 Club of Oakland, the Civic .Art Commission and the City 
 Club of Berkeley. Mr. Hegeman's report treats in an au- 
 thoritative manner all the most pressing problems ot the 
 two cities, but a number of phases of city planning ot 
 importance were more or less slightly touched upon, many 
 cf which are of vital importance to the East Bay cities. 
 In the study, the different factors that make up the city 
 map of Oakland and Berkeley, and which require com- 
 prehensive planning, are considered in the following order: 
 the city economic, the city recreational, and the city 
 beautiful. Special study is given to the harbor. Plans 
 drawn for its development tor commercial and industrial 
 usage, embodying the best modern practice and the best 
 features of previous suggestions made by the engineers ot 
 the United States Government are discussed and corre- 
 lated with the schemes proposed by the expert. The rail- 
 road problem is discussed, with a view to showing in what
 
 CI'I'^ I'l.ANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 129 
 
 way :i city plan may best serve railroad development and, 
 therefore, industrial and commercial interests. Railroad 
 highways at grade are studied and recommendations made 
 for their rearrangement. Emphasis is laid on the need for 
 liifFerentiating the grades ot main lines and for separatini; 
 all belt-line tracks from the main line. The ideal belt line 
 in connection with the harbor plan is proposed, and loca- 
 tion for factory sites served by the belt line noted. A 
 clearing system tor all lines is considered, and a general 
 terminal policy worked out. The principles of passenger 
 transportation are given study, both with respect to rail- 
 road main lines and to suburban and urban passenger 
 routes. 
 
 The development of a modern street system with 
 model radial thoroughfares, including the widening and 
 extension of streets and special study of the traffic neeiis 
 o\ the down-town district and ot approaches to important 
 centers, are fully discussed. In residential sections, the 
 distinction between main thoroughfares and minor streets 
 is urged, and a proper platting ot new areas, in a way that 
 will reduce the cost of development in workingmen's dis- 
 tricts, are presented from many points of view. 
 
 Oakland has but 190 acres of parks. There are numer- 
 ous possibilities tor development of a park system, but 
 practically nothing of miportance has been accomplished. 
 The city owns only about one-tenth of the park area it 
 should have accordmg to good American standards. In 
 1866, Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., made suggestions regard- 
 ing the park possibilities of the East Bay cities which are 
 still of great value for the whole region. In 1906, Charles 
 Mulford Robinson made a splendid survey of the park pos- 
 sibilities in Oakland, slightly touching also the neighbor- 
 ing cities, and, after him, the landscape architect of the 
 Oakland Park Board, Oscar Pragar, gave much thought 
 to the matter and has in papers and addresses advocated 
 the necessity of comprehensive park development. A few 
 of the suggestions of Mr. Robinson have been carried out. 
 Others, which have been disregarded, it is now too late to 
 bring to realization. By far the largest part of Mr. Robin- 
 son's park program, however, stands today, as it did nine 
 years ago, as the very best advice that could be given under 
 the circumstances. Today, however, it would be much 
 more expensive to carry out. Mr. Robinson's recom- 
 mendations are presented in a report entitled "A 
 
 Plan ot Civic Improvement lor the City of Oakland, 
 California." 
 
 Mr. Hegeman points out that a park system consist- 
 ing ot the essential features ot the Olmsted and Robinson 
 plans would still be tar from exhausting the marvelous 
 pcissibilirifs of the East Bay rcuion. He discusses certain 
 
 CtiuTlesv W . ii. Wtrilbye. 
 
 Oakland. — Business District trom l.^ikesijc I'ark. 
 This fine "many- towered Camelot" appearance will be de- 
 stroyed unless logical regulations of height and arrangement of 
 buildings are adopted. Already two types of improvements 
 appear: the first, architecturally well-developed towers; the 
 second, party walls, water-tanks, and a jungle of steel and iron. 
 
 CuUTltS 
 
 Tbt AmeTtcan Cily. 
 
 Oakland. — Model of Proposed Harbor anil 
 
 Industrial District.
 
 I JO 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Oklahoma City. — Grand Boulevard at Deep Fork Valley, the Backbone ot the Proposed Outer Park SxMcm .ind >uLiw,i> uii 
 Railroad Tracks. 
 
 additional reservations that would complete a chain ot 
 pleasure grounds throughout the territory and urges the 
 adoption of a comprehensive program that will enable the 
 Park Board to use a much treer hand tor buying property 
 tor park purposes. 
 
 He also recommends that the playgrounds, so far as 
 possible, be worked into the park system, that they be 
 laid out within walking distance of every home, and as a 
 part of the East Bay City scheme for industrial efficiency. 
 
 Unfortunately, the architectural phases of city plan- 
 ning in Oakland and Berkeley were not comprehensively 
 studied by architects, nor were funds available to obtain 
 perspective drawings that might give some idea of how 
 the proposals suggested would appear it carried out. 
 
 Mr. Hegeman urges that a city planning commission 
 be appointed at once in each of the East Bay Cities, and 
 that they confer as frequently as possible on all plans for 
 improvement. 
 
 The City Planning Committee of the Oakland Cham- 
 ber of Commerce and Commercial Club, W. H. Weilbye, 
 chairman, H. A. LafFler, secretary, and C. H. Cheney, 
 executive secretary; the City Club ot Berkeley; the 
 Civic Art Commission ot Berkeley, C. H. Cheney secretary 
 and consultant, were all very active in planning and work- 
 ing for the preparation of the plan by iVlr. Hegeman. 
 
 Ogden 
 
 Utah 
 
 The Association of Architects of Utah have repeatedly 
 made efforts to secure legislation that would enable them 
 to put city planning on a firm footing in the state. Eben 
 F. Piers, architect, of Ogden (31,404), has been much in- 
 terested in this movement and has urged the preparation 
 of a city plan for Ogden, the second city in population in 
 the state. Up to this time there has never been a citv plan- 
 ning committee or commission in the city or any ordinance 
 looking to city improvement work. John L. Scudder, 
 
 landscape architect, is actively interested in city planning 
 and civic improvement locally. The Women's Club, and 
 particularly the Federation of Women's Clubs, has made 
 an effort to secure playgrounds on public property. The 
 Park Commissioners have accomplished quite a little in 
 developing a system of parks and boulevards, although 
 the total area of parks — 55 acres — is small for a city of its 
 size. The railroad companies have been especially active 
 in unifying freight terminals and in enlarging their yards, 
 which are said to be the largest west of Omaha. Transit 
 development has received consideration. The grouping ot 
 city and county buildings is being actively agitated. 
 
 Oklahoma City 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 A plan for a great outer parkway and outlying reserva- 
 tion was presented by W. H. Dunn, of Kansas City, Mo., 
 to the Board of Park Commissioners ot Oklahoma City 
 (90,943), in 1910. The study for the outer parkway and 
 parks was made after the Board had obtained options 
 upon certain lands and before work had been begun in an 
 interior system ot parks and boulevards. Mr. Dunn points 
 out that the acquisition of these areas in the beginning of 
 park work reverses the usual plan of acquiring park 
 properties. The ideal way would be to adopt a plan cover- 
 ing the whole city, and to extend it so as to include the 
 greater park system. 
 
 The Outer Park System. — The plan involved a con- 
 nected parkway completely surrounding the city, rect- 
 angular in shape, and approximately 6 miles square. 
 Connecting with this parkway three parks were proposed, 
 one of 720 acres, another of 620 acres, and the third of 160 
 acres. Mr. Dunn points out that at least one large park 
 is desirable, but the maintenance and improvement of 
 more than one park would eventually become burden- 
 .some and would not afford the same service as would the 
 same number of acres more generally distributed. Mr.
 
 crrv PLANNING pr()c;rkss 
 
 131 
 
 Dunn advised the sale of considerable portions of the large 
 reservations, retaining the picturesque valleys and such 
 uplands as would be selected in a more thorough stuiiv by 
 the landscape architect. 
 
 Griitid Boulevard. — The route tor the connecting boule- 
 vard, or grand boulevard, is approximately 26 miles in 
 length and affords a splendid view ot the city for almost 
 the entire length. .A teature o\ this plan is that all lines of 
 railroads entering the city will, for a distance, pass through 
 or by some portion of the park system, thus giving the 
 traveling public a favorable first impression of the citv. 
 
 Neighborhood Parks Recommended. — The general topog- 
 raphy ot Oklahoma City, now being subdivided for resi- 
 dence districts, shows many deep ravines, sharp bends, 
 and low wooded places where shrubs and plants thrive 
 best. Mr. Dunn recommends that the Park Board take 
 certain ot those areas tor the establishment and building of 
 little neighborhood parks with natural surroundings. 
 
 Traffic Arteries vs. Pleasure Drives. — In comparison 
 with other cities, Oklahoma City has grown so rapidlv, 
 its streets have been extended radially such distances into 
 the suburbs, that the immediate value of the boulevard 
 system is not easdy comprehended. Many ot the streets 
 have such attractive grades that they will doubtless 
 become, in time, important traffic thoroughtares. The 
 aim should be to select such streets as are not so attrac- 
 tive to business vehicles tor boulevards and to develop 
 these accordingly. Other boulevards should be located 
 now, on areas not yet subdivided. Such a plan of boule- 
 vards would enable the people to reach the main park sys- 
 tem trom the city's center as conveniently and along as 
 attractive routes as possible. 
 
 Central Areas for Recreation. — In providing a great 
 outer park system only, a city fails to serve those who 
 have neither the leisure nor the means of reaching such a 
 system, and so Mr. Dunn urges the setting aside of a large 
 area near the heart of the city tor park purposes. Numer- 
 ous other improvements are proposed, including a river- 
 side park. 
 
 Areas Involved. — Under the proposed plan, the outer 
 parkway boulevard, with three roadways, will contain 66j 
 acres and will be 27 miles in length. The outer parks con- 
 necting with this boulevard would contain over 1,000 
 acres. The mterior connecting system would include 190 
 acres of park land and 42 miles of boulevard. At the time 
 Mr. Dunn made his plan, the city owned about 90 acres 
 of parks. 
 
 Omaha 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 .A City Planning Commission was appouited in Omaha 
 ( 165,470) the latter part of 1915, under an act of the legis- 
 lature granting additional powers to cities ot the metro- 
 politan class. The Commission began active work in 
 May, 1916, with the employment of a permanent secretary 
 and the retention of E. P. Goodrich and George B. Ford, 
 of New York, and Charles Multord Robinson, ot Roches- 
 ter, as consulting experts. 
 
 Grade Crossings. — The first problem which called tor 
 immediate attention was the elimination of grade cross- 
 
 ings on the belt-line railroad. .A comprehensive study of 
 the situation resulteii in recommendations to the City 
 Council by the Planning Commission tor the elevation of 
 the tracks. The Commission's plan has been accepteil by 
 the railroads. 
 
 Immediate Problems. — \ local problem ot importance 
 to which the experts have given some attention is the 
 widening of Twenty-fourth or Twenty-second Street, for 
 which a number of alternative plans and estimates cover- 
 ing the various possible solutions of the problem have been 
 prepared and are now before the public tor their criti- 
 cism. The reduction of the Dodge Street grade is another 
 problem to which attention is being given. 
 
 Various corrections in street intersection arrangements 
 have been devised, anti .some ot these have already been 
 executed by the city's engineering department, notably 
 on Howard Street. Other detailed plans tor the extension 
 of important thoroughfares have been under consideration 
 tor several months. Walter J. Jardine, Superintendent of 
 Public Improvements, and John \. Bruce, City Engineer, 
 
 (.)maii.'V. — Map Showing hxisting Paving, Prepared by the 
 Planning Commission. .Asphalt and Concrete, Hatched; Brick, 
 Black; Stone Block, Black Dots. 
 
 Of particular value for study ot traffic and thoroughfares.
 
 132 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 have taken an active interest and officially aided in this 
 work. 
 
 Legislation. — The City Planning Commission and its 
 experts have worked with the City Attorney in the fram- 
 
 _J;'--'T..i-.tw<-':;;v-: 
 
 •^'.':^■■<n'.'^. \ 
 
 
 ^ ": ■■..I,.'. ^T=^V+' -Ml til — 
 
 Omaha. — Map Showing Population Density, Prepared by the 
 Planning Commission. Each Dot Represents 50 People. 
 
 Such a map is of special value in studying the proper distri- 
 bution of transit facilities and of many other types of public 
 utilities. 
 
 ing of legislation to facilitate the work of the City Plan- 
 ning Commission, a part of which was presented at the 
 last session of the legislature. This work is still in progress, 
 and a campaign of public education to secure sufficient 
 backing to insure the early passage of the bills is now going 
 on. 
 
 Planning Exhibition. — In December, iyi6, the City 
 Planning Commission held in the courthouse a most 
 attractive city planning exhibition consisting ot three 
 parts: 
 
 I. A big exhibition of general city planning prepared 
 by the American City Bureau, of New York, arranged so 
 as to cover the important subdivisions ot the subject ot 
 city planning, with John A. Lathrop, representative ot the 
 American City Bureau, as lecturer. 
 
 1. The exhibition of the Committee on Town Planning 
 of the American Institute of Architects, arranged to show 
 what has been accomplished or is projected in the way ot 
 city planning in cities throughout America and Europe. 
 3. An exhibition of the graphic portions ot the work 
 done by the Planning Commission under the guidance of 
 its experts. 
 
 The "Sursew" — The notable accomplishment of the 
 City Planning Commission, and the one to which the 
 experts and staff have devoted the major part of their 
 time, is the preparation of data maps for the whole ot 
 Greater Omaha. These maps cover such matters as the 
 distribution of residence, working, and school population; 
 the use of property and property values; the height and 
 area of buildings; the distribution of rear dwellings and 
 unsanitary houses; the characteristics of street gradients; 
 location of streets requiring extension or widening; the 
 width of streets and roadways; the extent and character of 
 setbacks; routes of transit lines and the preparation ot 
 time zones for such routes; principal existing routes for 
 automobiles and trucking vehicles; the location of auto- 
 mobile parking space; the distribution of facilities for 
 supplying food; the characteristics and extent ot the sani- 
 tary system; the location of grade crossings; the distribu- 
 tion of public buildings; characteristics of street lighting; 
 and, finally, the extent and character of parks, playgrounds, 
 schools, and boulevards. The collection ot this necessary 
 data and its delineation in the simplest terms on graphic 
 charts is now almost completed. Its value has been 
 demonstrated wherever city planning has been undertaken, 
 and it must be secured at the start if city planning is to 
 be carried on in a workmanlike manner. 
 
 The Problem. — The Omaha City Planning Commission 
 is now at a point where it is undertaking constructive work 
 in a comprehensive way. Omaha is no longer a village. 
 It is rapidly becoming one of the great metropolitan cities 
 of the country. Statistics show that within thirty years 
 it will have a population of at least 500,000. The city 
 must be prepared to meet this growth with an adequate 
 system of thoroughfares and transit lines, with generous 
 railroad and waterfront facilities, with adequate and well- 
 distributed spaces for recreation, and with reasonable con- 
 trol over private property in the interest ot the com.munity 
 as a whole. The city departments are doing excellent work, 
 each in its respective line, but the problems are multi- 
 plying rapidly and becoming constantly more complex and 
 interdependent. It is becoming daily more obvious that
 
 CnV PLANNING PKUCiRESS 
 
 133 
 
 Omaha. — Map Showing Cimtdur.s and Gradients, Prepared 
 by City Planning Commission. Grades from 5 Per Cent to 10 
 Per Cent Shown in Broken Lines; Grades of 10 Per Cent and 
 More in Bhick. 
 
 Necessary (or proper study ot traffic thoroughfares. 
 
 there is a great field tor usefulness for the City Planning 
 Commission, in serving as a clearing-house for proposals 
 and ideas affecting the plan ot the city and in weaving 
 such as have merit into a great comprehensive plan. Such 
 a plan is the great need of Omaha today. The city can no 
 longer afford to fritter away its energy on petty details. 
 The Planning Commission is making a start in working 
 out a broad, far-seemg, practical plan for the develop- 
 ment of the city, in which use will be made ot the data 
 maps now in hand. 
 
 Zoning. — In preparing a comprehensive plan, the Com- 
 mission is making a start in a direction in which there is 
 urgent need tor action right away, viz., in the drafting ot 
 
 a scheme for districting and 7oning, with different restric- 
 tions as to height of buildings, size of yards and courts, and 
 the character of usage in different parts of the city. The 
 Commission is doing this, not onlv l)ecause of its evident 
 value in preserving ami stabilizing real estate values, but 
 because it is one of the things which the people of Omaha 
 are demanding and will, therefore, serve as a lever with 
 which to raise up the necessary demand for comprehen- 
 sive planning along all lines of municipal activity. 
 
 George T. Morton is chairman of the City Planning 
 Commission, and B. Kvenild is secretary. 
 
 Paris 
 
 Texas 
 
 I'ollowing the almost complete destruction of Paris 
 (12,469) by fire in 1916, the officials of the city have been 
 actively engaged in remodeling the old plans and laying 
 out parks, roads, and fire districts in such a way as to 
 greatly increase the city's attractiveness. \V. H. Dunn, of 
 Kansas City, has been retaineii to assist the citv adminis- 
 tration in the work of replanning and rebuilding. 
 
 The Plan Bring Camfii Out. — .\ general plan of Paris 
 was prepared by Mr. Dunn for the City Council in 1915, 
 a short time before the catastrophe overtook the city. 
 This plan gave consideration to the development of a 
 new public square and the improvement of the existing 
 city plaza or .square; it recommended a uniform width of 
 80 to 90 feet for the principal thoroughfares, and it pro- 
 vided for the opening and widening of streets in the central 
 district; it proposed a plan for a civic center; a scheme for 
 a diagonal parkway, and provision for interior parks and 
 outer boulevards and parks. .Since the fire, Mavor Mc- 
 Cuiston, who is now serving his tenth year as Mayor, has 
 succeeded in arousing the people to the importance of the 
 Dunn plan. The first step has been taken in the improve- 
 ment of the public square and the widening of streets in 
 the business center in accordance therewith. Main thor- 
 oughfares will be made So feet instead of 60 feet, as before, 
 and all other streets will have a minimum width of 50 feet, 
 as compared with the old width of 40 feet. .About 4 miles 
 of new streets will be opened up, the square will be parked, 
 and a new market square has been purchased by the city. 
 Two plans are under consideration for a new civic center. 
 Building lines are being set for all types of buildings, and 
 the State Fire Insurance Commission Code has been 
 
 Paris — General \ lew ot Parkway, l.ookuig Toward City 
 Hall. Part of a Comprehensive Plan for the City.
 
 134 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 adopted. Every building within the fire limits will be 
 required to be virtually fireproof. 
 
 Jdopling the Plan. — The city of Paris has voted on 
 charter amendments that would permit the adoption ot 
 the Dunn plan as a whole as the official guide, but both 
 have been defeated. They were lost by only 133 votes. 
 With the support of the Mayor, it is believed that the 
 plan will eventually he adopted in its entirety. 
 
 a campaign in which the support of all the other organiza- 
 tions in the city will be enlisted. 
 
 Housing Committee. — The outstanding civic accom- 
 plishment by private organizations in Passaic is that in- 
 augurated and carried through by the Housing Committee 
 of the Board of Trade, organized in 1913. This Committee 
 has been very active since its organization, and in 191 5 
 was successful in bringing the State Housing Conference 
 
 Pasadena 
 
 California 
 
 Although one of the smaller California cities, Pasa- 
 dena (46,450) has developed a surprising amount of en- 
 thusiasm for city planning. The City Planning Com- 
 mittee, of which George A. Damon of the Throop College 
 of Technology is technical director, was organized in 
 January, 1915, and received a small appropriation from 
 the City Commission. In 1916, one-half of the expenses of 
 the Committee were borne by the city. The Committee 
 meets frequently with the city officials and enjoys most 
 cordial relations with them. The work of the Committee 
 was well described in the American City magazine for 
 October, 1916. No reports have been issued, but a per- 
 manent exhibition has been prepared which has attracted 
 a larger number of people and which, it is believed, has 
 been the means of educating the public tar better than 
 printed reports could have done. Each architect in the 
 city has an exhibit of his latest work in the permanent 
 exhibition. While no comprehensive plan has been evolved, 
 a number of civic improvements have been carried through, 
 or are now being promulgated, which have a decided 
 bearing on the rational development of the city plan. 
 
 Problems Being Studied. — A comprehensive park system 
 and a financial scheme for carrying it out are now being 
 studied. Street tree planting has been successfully carried 
 out; plans for the elimination ot every grade crossing have 
 been submitted to the State Railroad Commission; a 
 campaign for a union terminal tor freight and passenger 
 service is being waged; a program for street widening and 
 extension is being gradually developed; and plans tor civic 
 and neighborhood centers are now in a tentative stage. 
 No attempt has been made up to this time to draft a com- 
 prehensive plan. 
 
 Passaic 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 The Board of Trade of Passaic (71,755), the most in- 
 fluential organization in the city with civic interests, has 
 given strong support to a movement for the appointment 
 of a city planning commission within the past three years, 
 largely as a result of the activities of Charles F. H. John- 
 son, president of the Board, and a real estate man. Al- 
 though a state law ot permissive character provides for 
 the appointment of a city plannmg commission, nothing 
 has been done to take advantage ot the act. Two years 
 ago, the Mayor was on the point of appointing a com- 
 mission, but the whole matter tell through. It is probable 
 that the Board of Trade will soon appoint a special com- 
 mittee to work out a program of procedure and to conduct 
 
 
 
 
 Passaic. — .'\llwood Garden Village. Two Family House. 
 
 The village plan and general development will conform to the 
 best modern practice of town planning, as exemplified in Europe 
 and .America. 
 
 to Passaic. Its chief initial accomplishment was a revision 
 of the building code and the addition of regulations cover- 
 ing housing conditions. The Committee has done an ex- 
 cellent piece of work in this connection, but it has met with 
 some difficulty in making its code legally effective. The 
 new code must, according to law, be advertised in a cer- 
 tain way in certain newspapers, and the city does not feel 
 that it can afford to undertake this work. The question 
 now before the Housing Committee is how to comply 
 with these conditions. Samuel Ginsburg, architect, has 
 served on the Housing Committee of the Board of Trade. 
 Industrial Housing. — One of the direct results of the 
 agitation for better housing in Passaic is the new enter- 
 prise of the Brighton Mills Company, well-known manu- 
 facturers ot silk. This company has just started the 
 development of a remarkable industrial village. The entire 
 scheme includes a large mill, homes tor superintendents 
 and workingmen, schools, churches, a recreation center, a 
 hospital, and other structures. In the course of the past 
 two years 320 acres of land have been purchased for the 
 development, following extended negotiations with a 
 large number ot land-owners whose properties lay within 
 the site selected. John Nolen, landscape architect, ot 
 Cambridge, Mass., is in full charge of the landscape fea- 
 tures; Murphv & Dana, architects, of New York, have 
 prepared plans tor the houses; Morris Knowles, consulting 
 engineer, of Pittsburgh, has charge of the sanitary features 
 of the scheme; and John Ihlder, formerly field secretary of 
 the National Housing Association, and now secretary of
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 135 
 
 the Philadelphia Housing Association, will assist in direct- 
 ing the comnuinity features. The plan now being carried 
 out is due largely to the vision ot' William I,, l.yall, presi- 
 dent ot" the company. At Mr. Lyall's suggestion, an officer 
 of the company visited Bourneville, Port Sunlight, Hamp- 
 stead, and other model English garden villages, two vears 
 ago, and the important features of these well-known enter- 
 prises were closely studied, in order to formulate a pro- 
 gram tor carrying through the project now under wav at 
 .AHwood. 
 
 Parks. — In 1911 the Board of Trade, by public sub- 
 scription, inaugurated a movement tor public plaverounds, 
 rented spaces, equipped them, and later, by tanning public 
 opinion, made it possible for the Citv Commissioners to 
 take over the care and upkeep ot the plavgrounds. .\ 
 Playground Commission was then appointed, which has 
 been caring for the property since that time. Park land 
 owned by the city was acquired as a result of agitation 
 begun by the Board of Trade. Little was done to utilize 
 or improve this land until John R. Johnson was appointed 
 Superintendent ot Parks in 1914, since which time develop- 
 ment has been moving rapidly. Excellent work is being 
 done by the Street Department under the supervision ot 
 Commissioner William A. Reid and Colin R. Wise, City 
 Engineer. 
 
 tary, John J. l-'itzgeraid, has urged the adoption of meas- 
 ures that woukl leaii to constructive action iiy the city, 
 through the appointment ot a city planning commission. 
 
 The Charitv Organization Societv recentiv had a hous- 
 ing survey made, more or less superficial in character. .'\ 
 really intelligent appreciation of housing problems among 
 the people is being brought about by W'. 1,. Kineaid, the 
 father ot the New Jersey Housing Association, who is a 
 resident of Paterson. 
 
 There is a Recreation Commission which is making an 
 attempt to use schoolgrounds for play purposes. .A Park 
 Commission has jurisdiction over three parks of consider- 
 able size and a nundier of small parks. Other matters, 
 such as a better arrangement of railroad tracks and ter- 
 minals, the tlevelopment ot the waterfront tor commercial 
 [>urposes (linking it up by way of the Passaic River with 
 New York Harbor), anil the promotion of community 
 centers, are now in the hands of the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Pavvtucket 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 .\ tew miles north ot ProNuience, and the chief cit\' in 
 the metropolitan district ot the latter cit\, Pawtucket 
 
 Peoria. — The Pool in the Proctcir I-(ccrcation Center. .A Fine Kx.imple nt' Minlern I'rovision for Leisure 'llnic Pursuits. 
 
 (59,411) shares in the good work being carried on by the 
 Metropolitan Park Commission which has its headquarters 
 in Providence. The latter Commission, which was organ- 
 ized under the state law in 1904, in laying out a compre- 
 hensive system of parkways, boulevards, and large reser- 
 vations in and about Providence and the neighboring 
 cities, is bringing to Pawtucket many ot the advantages 
 
 Paterson 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 For the past three years the Chamber of Commerce ot 
 Paterson (138,433) has displayed more than ordinary in- 
 terest in problems pertaining to city planning. Its secre-
 
 136 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 which comprehensive planning procures. From the stand- 
 point ot local interest in city planning, however, there is 
 at the present time no real force actually at work. The 
 Business Men's ."Association has a Civic Center Committee, 
 appointed about tour years ago, in which A. J. Thornlev 
 has been particularly active. A plan was formulated for 
 a civic center and a sketch prepared, but nothing has yet 
 resulted from this movement. The city has one large 
 park, called Slater Park, and three or four small green 
 spaces. A large park for recreation purposes was recently 
 donated to the city, but the latter has taken no steps to 
 make it of service. Grade crossings have recently been 
 eliminated, and a new union station for Pawtucket and 
 Central Falls has recently been constructed. 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Illinois 
 
 The site of Peoria (71,458) was laid out about a hundred 
 years ago as a quarter-section on plans supposed to have 
 been suggested by Alexander Hamilton and providing for 
 a riverfront or levee park, thoroughfares 100 feet wide, and 
 a public square around which civic buildings might be 
 grouped. Unfortunately, later planning was not in har- 
 mony with the earlier scheme. In recent years, steady 
 progress has been made in the provision of community 
 features, such as parks and boulevards, and a growing 
 sentiment in favor of comprehensive city planning that 
 will give consideration in a big way to all of the needs of 
 the community is in evidence. The existing parks have 
 an area of over 400 acres. There is a splendid boulevard 
 overlooking the Illinois River. The people of Peoria are 
 justly proud of what has been accomplished up to this 
 time, but there is a vast amount of city planning to be 
 done. In particular, a real park system needs to be created 
 by linking up the existing parks with boulevards and by 
 reclaiming the waterfront. The present unsightly railroad 
 entrance to the city must be converted into an attractive 
 city gate with a plaza and fine street approaches. The 
 thoroughfares in business districts must be widened; 
 radial arteries leading to the surrounding towns and 
 country must be laid out and existing ones improved; more 
 ample playgrounds and recreation facilities must be de- 
 veloped along the line of the splendid Proctor Recreation 
 Center. 
 
 The Forming, of a Commission. — Peoria needs a com- 
 prehensive plan, and the citizens are strongly in favor of 
 official action along this line. The City Planning Com- 
 mittee of the Association of Commerce, of which Mr. Frank 
 N. F^merson, architect, is chairman, and George ^ltch, 
 well-known author, is vice-chairman, is the most active 
 supporter of the movement to secure a comprehensive 
 plan. This Committee has already placed the problems 
 of city planning before the people in the form of tentative 
 sketches and by means of articles in newspapers and maga- 
 zines. It has reached the point in its agitation for com- 
 prehensive planning where the City Council is giving 
 serious consideration to the problem of financing the 
 enterprise. Charles Mulford Robinson has visited the 
 city and conferred with the City Council and the City 
 Planning Committee, and an ordinance has recently been 
 
 introduced, providing for the appointment of such a 
 commission. 
 
 Perth Amboy 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 About 25 miles from the tip (jf Manhattan Island, by 
 the water route, is Perth Amboy (41,185)1 one of the in- 
 dustrial satellites of New York. Movements for civic 
 betterment have never been conspicuous there, but the 
 Board of Trade has agitated for a subdivision for working- 
 men's homes. There is a park system of fair proportions 
 now in course of development, including three waterfront 
 parks, and a fair playground system now in operation. 
 Perth Amboy's chief asset is her 6 miles of navigable 
 waterfront, a portion of which the city owns and which it 
 is holding for the development of terminals. It may be 
 that in time the city will do as Bayonne is doing and 
 provide for extensive facilities for transfer between water 
 and rail and for sites for industrial plants near these carriers. 
 
 Philadelphia. — Open .Space .it Intersection ot Thirty-fourth 
 Street and Snyder .'\veniie. Part of the Comprehensive Plan for 
 South Philadelphia. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 For over two centuries the checkerboard plan of Phila- 
 delphia, drafted and laid down by William Penn in 1682, 
 was the accepted basis for the extension ot the city. The 
 Penn plan provided for 50-foot streets at right angles, 
 bounding blocks 4C0 feet square, and, what is of special 
 interest, a comparatively large number of small squares 
 reserved for park purposes. In subsequent additions and 
 extensions, however, there was this important difference, 
 that the open spaces or squares for public use were entirely 
 omitted. In the early eighties, however, an awakened civic 
 consciousness began to manifest itself. In 1888 the City 
 Parks Association was formed to direct the attention of
 
 CITY PLANNING PK(H;RKSS 
 
 137 
 
 Philadelphia. — New Pennypack Creek Park Bridge in Lincoln Highway. 
 I'ennypack Creek Park, (> miles long, covering 1,148 acres, is one of'the larger parks, among the hiindreci-ixUI acqiiireii since the City 
 Parks -Association began its work twent\'-seven \'ears ago. 
 
 the people to the problem ot providing more open spaces 
 in congested sections. At that time there were twelve 
 parks with an area of 3,000 acres. For twenty-seven years 
 the Association, of which Andrew Wright Crawford is 
 secretary, has conducted a campaign tor more comprehen- 
 sive provision of open spaces and tor better city planning. 
 The area of the parks has been increased and, in addition, 
 upwanl of one hundred new parks have been acquired, 
 including city squares, generally ot about 4 acres in extent, 
 and important large parks. In September, 1915, the citv 
 had a total of 6,005 acres of parks and 77 acres of play- 
 grounds. The general scheme of park extension involves 
 two main circuits: an inner one, about 23 miles in length, 
 more than halt of which has been opened; and an outer 
 one, about ^J miles in length, a considerable part of which 
 lies outside the citv limits. 
 
 T/ie City Planning Movement — ig02. — The park move- 
 ment, under the guidance of the City Parks .Association, 
 was the natural precursor of the city planning movement. 
 Parks are but functions of the city plan. In 1902, the 
 Citv Parks Association issued a report severely condemn- 
 ing the rigidity of Philadelphia's street system. Since the 
 publication of that report, the Board of Surveyors, ot 
 which Chester E. Albright is now president, and which is 
 the legally constituted body charged with the develop- 
 ment and improvement of the city's street system, has 
 
 adopted the policies urged by the .Association. In tact, 
 the City Parks Association and the Fairmount Park 
 Association, referred to later, may fairly be said to be the 
 two organizations that have most furthered the city 
 phmning movement in Phihuielphia. Iiuleeii the City 
 Parks .Association might fairly be calleil the City Planning 
 .Association ot Philadelphia. 
 
 Rational Street Phntnin); — Fairmoioil Parkway. — The 
 movement, started in 1902, by the City Parks .Associa- 
 tion, has lead to more rational planning ot the street sys- 
 tem in suburban districts, the widening and improving of 
 old roads, and the laying out of atlditional diagonal 
 avenues to provide direct communications between local 
 business centers or detached suburban communities. The 
 most important of the new diagonals and the one which has 
 attracted attention generally throughout the country, is 
 the Fairmount Parkway between the City Hall, at the 
 city center, and the entrance to Fairmount Park. The 
 total length of this parkway is i '4 miles. The city has 
 spent over J6,ooo,ooo on this project and, by a vote of 
 the people in May, 1916, $9,000,000 was made available 
 for its further prosecution. .At the northwestern terminus, 
 on a hill dominating the parkway, the .Art Museum is to 
 be erected, facing a plaza around which various public 
 buildings are to be grouped. Fronting the parkway at a 
 point on its route called Logan Sijuare, a public library is 
 
 Philadelphia.— Open Space Planned at Intersection ot' Important Streets, .Arturduig Opporiiinit) I..1 I- 111c .Architectural Kffcct 
 and Serving as Center of Community Interests and as Traffic Distributer.
 
 138 
 
 Crr^' PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 THE PARKWAY 
 
 FROM 
 
 CITY HALL TO FAIRMOUMT PARK 
 
 PHILAOCLPMrA 
 
 1" City Kali 
 
 2' Sit k%ioi foo uit of AMtaiUN PniLOiOPriickL SootTT *t ORDitt&NCti July Ii.l91l wid DtcEwBts 1 , 1911 
 
 3'5tuTeLEPtiONt Building 
 
 4'R C CikTMtoBfcL or 5t PtitR AHP 5t Paul 
 
 5 WilliEyeHojpjt*l 
 
 6-AC(HJttttD lb JlTt fOK pRkNULlM iMSTJTl^t 
 7Ac»Pt*«V0f NkTuBJlL bcitMCtS 
 
 8-AfrBOPRI*,TtDM*DDiTlCnTpLo6Ali !wu»Ke BY OfiPIM».MCt.M*Y 20 I9IS 
 S-pRO^OJtP iiTt f OR SoLPitRS JlMP ^kiLORS MoNuMCNI 
 
 I&S(LtCTtD«HTtfoafAuNmrw.CouRTi Building BY Ofti>iM*j<ces btPTiMfttR Z3,I9I4 AHoJuNt 4 l9lS 
 llSn*iiot'o«y«oF Ffltt L'WURY or PwiLfcoeLPM* by Oroi/^anci ^prilS.IS! 
 125o*$fiUD5iTt fOR Municipal Auditorium 
 IWtTAiiDEAi jiTt roR MonicipalVt Gallery by ORoiNAMce.Aj-RiL 10 1911. 
 
 UW*SHlh&TOH Mbnumemt 
 
 Philadelphia. — Fairmount Parkway, 1/4 Miles Long, Connecting the City Hall with the Entrance to Fairmount Park. 
 
 At the latter terminus the Art Museum is about to be erected. 
 
 Philadelphia. — Municipal Auditorium in Fairmount Parkway, Funds for the Erection <>t W huh were Recently \'oted. 
 The auditorium is to be located on the stretch between the Library (on the north sitie of Logan Square) and the Art Museum 
 (at the northwestern terminus of the parkway).
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCRKSS 
 
 KV) 
 
 F'ropowd (ItvjFfd lino 
 
 Propowd Surface tmti 
 
 Quilt upjrcj 
 
 P^c^€nt afidpropo^d ynjil parki jodpk,raufl4\ 
 
 Philadelphia. — Plan of South Philadelphia Improvement, Showing Main Avenues, Secomlary ami Minor Streets, Open Spaces at 
 Important Intersections, Belt-I,ine Railroad, and Delaware Avenue Now Being Widened. 
 
 about to be erected, and between the latter square and the 
 Museum a municipal auditorium. This great project was 
 conceived by the Fairmount Park Art Association which 
 engaged Paul P. Cret, Clarence C. Zantzinger, and Charles 
 L. Borie, Jr., members of the American Institute of 
 .•Architects, to prepare plans and drawings, about 1908. 
 
 River Embankments. — One of the great needs of the 
 city which the Fairmount Park Art Association is now 
 urging and has urged for a number of years is the build- 
 ing of the Schuylkill embankments, involving the exten- 
 sion of Fairmount Park southward along both sides of the 
 Schuylkill River to Bartram's Garden, a distance of 
 
 more than j miles, by a system of embankments. .A similar 
 scheme has been proposed tor a park along the Delaware 
 River for a distance of about "!'; miles, practicallv all of 
 which is now owned by the city. 
 
 \'orlheast Boulevard. —.Another great biiule\arii, the 
 creation of which is traceable to the movement tor more 
 comprehensive planning, is the Northeast Boulevard, 6 
 miles in length and .100 feet wide throughout, a mile of 
 which is now in use and the remainder nearing the last 
 steps of construction, including the construction of its 
 three branches beyond its northeast terminus, each 150 
 feet wide.
 
 140 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 South Broad Street also has been completed as a park- 
 way of a width ofjoo teet from the Plaza to League Island, 
 and the improvement of the Plaza and Park is partly 
 completed. 
 
 Soulh Philadelphia Improvement. ^T\\e last-mentioned 
 improvements form part of the general scheme of compre- 
 hensive replanning for an area of about 5,000 acres in 
 South Philadelphia. This undertaking is probably the 
 largest project dealing with the revision of the street 
 system and appurtenances yet officially authorized in 
 its entirety by any city in the United States. The plan 
 for this section was worked out by the Comprehensive 
 Plans Division of the Bureau of Surveys, under the direc- 
 tion of B. A. Haldeman. An ordinance, approved Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1914, authorized the rearrangement and coor- 
 dination of the railroad and freight terminal facilities in 
 
 Philadelphia. — Model ot the .Art Museum (upon which 
 work is about to be commenced), Dominating the Plaza at the 
 Northwestern Terminus of Fairmount Parkway and the Center 
 of a Future .'\rt and Educational Center. 
 
 this section; the acquisition by the city ot large areas 
 along the Delaware River for the establishment of a 
 system of municipal piers; and a general revision of the 
 street system. The cost of the work immediately author- 
 ized is estimated at about $25,000,000, and sufficient 
 funds have been appropriated to complete it. 
 
 Modern Planning Principles Applied. — The street sys- 
 tem previously established was a severely rectangular 
 one with few streets exceeding 60 feet in width. The 
 revision contemplates a very material breaking up of the 
 old system and the adoption ot a system based on gen- 
 erally accepted modern city planning practice, with marked 
 differentiation between main, secondary, and residential 
 thoroughfares. The standardization of the cross-section 
 subdivisions of the streets and the application ot the 
 elastic principle ot street construction are teatures ot the 
 work. 
 
 The preparation of the South Philadelphia plans has 
 involved the consideration of all the elements ol city 
 planning, and efforts have been made to anticipate and 
 encourage both public and private development along 
 liberal and broadly progressive lines. 
 
 New and Progressive Forms oj City Extension. — The 
 revision and extension of the street system in South 
 Philadelphia is an example of the changes made by the 
 Board of Surveyors as the result ot the city planning 
 awakening referred to above. Such revisions are con- 
 stantly being made in areas not yet built up, as new city 
 planning needs become apparent to meet new and progres- 
 sive forms of city development. In this connection, the 
 
 revision and extension of the street system over an area 
 of about 20 square miles of undeveloped territory in the 
 northeastern part of the city has been authorized, and 
 preliminary surveys and studies are being made. 
 
 Street IFidenings and Cuttings. — Several important 
 street widenings and cuttings are under way, or are likely 
 to be consummated in the near future. In connection 
 with the South Philadelphia improvement referred to 
 above, there is the widening ot the marginal ways along 
 the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers to give better facilities 
 to commercial and shipping interests at the port. The 
 Delaware riverfront improvement has been confirmed, 
 and a street varying from 150 to 200 feet wide is now in 
 course of construction, .'^bout half a mile has already been 
 completed, and 2 miles additional are now being built. 
 ."Xnother important project gradually being realized is the 
 widening of Chestnut Street from 50 to 60 teet. This 
 widening proceeds only as rapidly as buildings abutting 
 upon the street are rebuilt. 
 
 Traffic Circuit. — Mention should also be made ot a 
 project, now under consideration by the city authorities, 
 which has been proposed by the Comprehensive Plans 
 Commission, an official body organized in 1912 as the 
 result of the agitation carried on by various non-officia! 
 organizations for comprehensive city planning. The plan 
 involves the construction of a quadrangular, broad 
 avenue encircling the principal business district and has 
 been urged by the Comprehensive Plans Commission tor a 
 number of years. While it will involve an outlay of 
 between ^30,000,000 and $40,000,000, the relief which it 
 is expected to bring to traffic in the central district and 
 the fact that a large part of its cost, perhaps 50 per cent, 
 will be met by assessments on the benefited districts, more 
 than justify its construction. Moreover, a considerable 
 share of the cost will later be realized by the city 
 through an increase in taxable values in the route ot 
 the circuit. John Hall Rankin, member ot the Com- 
 mittee on Town Planning of the American Institute 
 of Architects, is chairman of the Comprehensive Plans 
 Commission. 
 
 "Comprehensive Plans" — igil. — The Comprehensive 
 Plans Commission was officially organized the year fol- 
 lowing the preparation of plans designated "Philadelphia's 
 Comprehensive Plans." This latter work was performed 
 by various committees appointed by Mayor Reyburn, in 
 October, 1909, to investigate and make reports on certain 
 features of the city plan with a view to devising some com- 
 prehensive plan of action in the development of Phila- 
 delphia. No special report was ever published giving 
 the results of the studies by the various committees, but a 
 special illustrated number of Philadelphia (Vol. IV, No. 
 3, March, 191 1), a magazine published by the city govern- 
 ment, "was given over to summarizing the work done and 
 the proposals recommended by the committees. There 
 were over seventv citizens serving on the various com- 
 mittees, among them John H. Windrim, member ot the 
 .American Institute of .'\rchitects. Since 191 1, official 
 progress in carrying the comprehensive plans into effect, 
 particularly in the South Philadelphia improvement, has 
 been noted in the Annual Reports of the Bureau of Sur- 
 veys. The most important of the plans submitted by the 
 committees was one of the entire city, showing proposed
 
 CITY PLANNING IM^CKJRKSS 
 
 141 
 
 improvements, which has been officially used as the base 
 map tor preparing detailed plans. 
 
 Trunsil Plans. — In May, 1 91 6, the people, by an over- 
 whelming vote, approved a total loan of $1 14,000,000 for 
 improvement purposes. This is the biggest sum that the 
 citizens have ever voted tor improvement work. .Amonu 
 the matters which are to be cared for under this loan is a 
 rapid transit system, to be constructed and owned by the 
 city, for which ^57,000,000 was provided, including the 
 Broad Street Subway and an elevated line running north- 
 eastwardly to Frankford. The investigations for the rapid 
 
 carried out by the Dejiartment of Wharves, Docks and 
 Ferries, ot which (ieorge S. Wciistcr is now director. The 
 same loan provideii a fund of #S,oco,ooo for the elimina- 
 tion ot grade crossings. I'hiladelphia, with the possilile 
 exception ot Chicago, is doing more actual grade cross- 
 ing elimination than any other city. Much of this work 
 is being done in South Philadelphia in connection with the 
 comprehensive improvement referred to above. 
 
 '/.rjni>is Cotiimission. — In May, 1915, the legislature of 
 Pennsylvania authorized cities of the first class to under- 
 take districting and zonini; work. Bv ordinance of the 
 
 iiii ||-||tt||||ii|g^ 
 
 cfsiiasi 
 
 119 BBIMEBeiii |h : I 
 
 ■ PPOPOSED • CE.NTRAL • TRAFFIC ■ CIKCI 1 1 • AND- \PI'l)0\CH[ -S' 
 
 Philadelphia. — Proposed Central Traffic Circuit ami .Approaches. .•X Plan Invii 
 trict to Relieve Congestion and to Increase Taxable Values. 
 
 : the \\ iilenini; ii( .Streets in the Central Dis- 
 
 transit system were begun in 1912, under .\. Merritt 
 Taylor, Transit Commissioner, and are among the most 
 exhaustive that have been made in this field by any city 
 in the country. The lull report on Mr. Tavlor's studies are 
 given in two large volumes published in Julv, 191J, one ot 
 which contains many maps of suggestive value to tho,se 
 studying the problems of transit in relation to the city 
 plan. Mr. Taylor was succeeded in I9i'i by William B. 
 Twining. 
 
 Docks and Piers — Grade Crossings. — Under the loan 
 above reterred to, ? 10,000,000 was voted for a modern 
 system of docks and piers to be located on the south 
 Delaware waterfront. This and a number of other com- 
 prehensive waterfront projects and port plans have been 
 
 Citv Council (it Julv 20, \')\(i, the Mavor appointed the 
 I'hiladelphia Zonini; Commission, ot which Chester K. 
 .Albright is chairman. Kiigar V. Seeler, member of the 
 .American Institute ot .Architects, is serving on this Com- 
 mission. B. .A. Haliieman, assistant engineer ot the Com- 
 prehensive Plans Division of the Bureau ot Surveys, is 
 serving as advisory engineer to the Commission. The 
 Zoning Commission is now at work. 
 
 .■/!■! Jury. — The remarkable accomplishments of art 
 commissions in certain .American cities is nowhere better 
 exemplified than in Philadelphia where the Art Jury, of 
 which .Andrew Wright Crawtord is secretary, is per- 
 torminn a great service to the community in exercising 
 critical judgment on the design ot all public works and on
 
 142 
 
 CITY P LANNING PROGRESS 
 
 all private works that extend over streets, rivers, and 
 similar public property. In the second year of its existence 
 it passed upon projects involving over ^9,000,000, at a cost 
 to the city at less than $4,000. 
 
 Housing. — The work that has been done in the improve- 
 ment of housing conditions in Philadelphia by various 
 organizations deserves a much broader discussion than 
 our space permits. In particular, the Philadelphia Housing 
 
 
 Philadelphia. — Prize Plan for Model Workingmen's Devel- 
 opment on a Tract of 2.7 Acres in the Philadelphia Industrial 
 District. 
 
 Philadelphia. — Store and Dwelling in Model Industrial 
 District. Prize Plan. 
 
 .'\ssociation, of which Bernard J. Newman was until 
 recently executive secretary, and of which John Ihlder, 
 formerly field secretary of the National Housing Associa- 
 tion, is now the director, is the active body for the improve- 
 ment of housing conditions. It was privately organized by 
 delegates from forty social and charitable organizations to 
 promote programs for housing betterment in Philadelphia. 
 The Association has published numerous reports, and its 
 efforts have resulted in the enactment of a comprehensive 
 housing law; the passage of numerous ordinances relating 
 to the planning and sewerage of streets, the control of sta- 
 bles, sanitation, vacant lots, and numerous other similar 
 housing and sanitary improvements; the creation of a 
 
 zoning law and the organization of the Zoning Commis- 
 sion. There is also the Octavia Hill .Association, a 4 per 
 cent philanthropy. The .'\ssociation buys old properties, 
 renovates them, and rents them to tenants, keeping super- 
 vision over such tenants. Recently it has built a number 
 of properties which it also has under its own management. 
 There is also a Division ot Housing and Sanitation in the 
 municipal government which has the supervision of plans 
 and is in charge ot official investigations ot properties. 
 
 Suburbn)! Planning. — There was tormerly a Suburban 
 Planning .Association, ot which Carol Aronovici was 
 secretary, privately organized in 191 2 to promote coopera- 
 tion between the towns and boroughs of suburban Phila- 
 delphia on town planning matters. There was also a 
 Metropolitan Suburban Planning Commission, organized 
 in 1 913, of which George R. Sullivan, of Merion, Pa., was 
 secretary, to do officially what the Suburban Planning 
 .Association was doing unofficially, and which had charge 
 ot the suburban districts within 25 miles of the limits of 
 Philadelphia. Neither ot these latter organizations are 
 now in existence. 
 
 Conclusion. — The actual advance, which is briefly 
 recorded above, is due to those organizations and indi- 
 viduals specifically referred to, working in conjunction 
 with many other powerful organizations, such as the 
 Chamber ot Commerce, the Academy ot Fine Arts, the 
 New Century Club, the Board ot Trade, and the Phila- 
 delphia Chapter ot the .American Institute of .Architects. 
 Of the last-mentioned organization, those particularly 
 active are C. L. Borie, Jr., D. Knickerbacker Boyd, Paul 
 P. Cret, Frank Miles Day, William Copeland Furber, 
 .Albert Kelsey, Milton B. Medary, Jr., John Molitor, John 
 Hall Rankin, Edgar V. Seeler, Horace Wells Sellers, C. C. 
 Zantzinger, and many others. 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 There is a strange mingling ot opposites, of great oppor- 
 tunities and great handicaps, both in the physical and 
 social aspects of the life of Pittsburgh (579,090). One of the 
 finest settings for a city in the world is besmirched by the 
 smoke, grime, and refuse originating in the great steel 
 plants. 
 
 The Awakening. — The first evidence of a new point ot 
 view is shown in Charles Mulford Robinson's pioneer 
 report for the Pittsburgh survey, brought out in February, 
 1909. Mr. Robinson made a plea tor comprehensive city 
 planning by an outside commission. .A short time atter 
 this the Pittsburgh Civic Commission, of which Allen R. 
 Burns was secretary, retained Bion J. .Arnold, John R. 
 Freeman and Frederick Law Olmsted as experts to outline 
 constructive investigations into "the needs and limitations 
 ot the Pittsburgh Industrial District — in so far as its 
 physical development can be effectively controlled by the 
 action ot the community." The outline, a 30-page docu- 
 ment, covers transportation, construction ot thorough- 
 fares and parks, water-supply, sewage-disposal, smoke- 
 prevention, and building regulation, and is one ot the 
 first and most interesting outlines for a broad program tor 
 city planning study and investigation. Each subject is
 
 CITY PLANNING FkCX.RKSS 
 
 14.^ 
 
 treated from the point ot view of the needs of" the whole 
 district. 
 
 Results. — Following this preliminary report, detailed 
 studies were prepared. The most notable, by Frederick 
 Law Olmsted, dealt with a comprehensive system of 
 thoroughfares to knit more closely every section ot the 
 civic and industrial area at the headwaters ot the Ohio. 
 This was published in 1910 by the Civic Commission in a 
 report entitled "Pittsburgh — Main Thoroughfares and the 
 Downtown District." The key to Mr. Olmsted's plan has 
 already been turned by Pittsburgh. He proposed a group 
 location of all down-town buildings, both county and citv, 
 and this scheme has been finally adopted by both au- 
 thorities. From this center can easily radiate a complete 
 and adequate system ot main thoroughfares. Practical 
 beginnings have been made by the city in cutting down 
 the "hump," as the hill is called, which has cramped the 
 business district since Revolutionary times; in opening new 
 streets and in widening alleys into streets. His recom- 
 mendations for outlying thoroughfares are now before a 
 City Planning Commission, created in 191 1, and the 
 direct outgrowth of the planning movement begun by the 
 Civic Commission. The most important of these recom- 
 mendations is one to open up, by means of a tunnel, 
 thousands of acres within a mile of the down-town dis- 
 trict, now isolated by cliffs and ravines. The plan tor such 
 a tunnel, the city's most needed physical improvement, 
 has had to contend with rival plans advanced by the 
 county authorities and is a much-discussed project. 
 
 Puiiil Dislriil. -Next in importance to the plan tor 
 a civic center with radiating streets and the south hills 
 tunnel is that for the "point district" and for an improved 
 riverfront with a belt-drive around the down-town liis- 
 trict. The same subject has nicjre recently been treateii 
 by Kdward H. Bennett, ot Chicago, who submitted to the 
 .Art Commission of Pittsburgh, on March 25, 1914, de- 
 tailed schemes for development of the "point district." 
 It is here, at the confluence of the Ohio, Monongahela 
 and Allegheny Rivers, that all the most inspiring associa- 
 tions ot the city are chiefly centered. 
 
 F/ood-Prnention. Connecteil with riverfront improve- 
 ment work are the studies of the Pittsburgh Flood Com- 
 mission, which submitted an exhaustive report, calling tor 
 a system of .seventeen reservoirs situated in the head- 
 waters ot the two rivers, and costing #20,000,000. 
 
 Sewerage System. — Bound up with the joint program 
 outlined above is the projection ot water-supply and sewer- 
 age facilities for the entire metropolitan district, irrespec- 
 tive of artificial legal boundaries. The report on an ade- 
 quate sewer system, made to the city by .Allen Hazen, ot 
 New York, recommended trunk sewers under the river- 
 front wM and drive, all to be built at the same time, thus 
 gaining minimum utility at an expense which is but a 
 traction of what the citv hati anticipated tor a sewerage 
 system alone. The whole enterprise is one ot the most 
 striking illustrations ot the interlocking of large plans for 
 public improvements. 
 
 Transit. — In regard to that part ot the work ot com- 
 
 E!S PAKKS;FwnciMT;iPLl\Y<;RO\MDI 
 ■ CEA\ETEKie5 
 
 O SCAGOLS^RAKOCHlALSCflOi 
 
 + C^STKCHES 
 
 ■ COLLEQES 
 
 * /\OSPITALS 
 
 • TMKATERS 
 
 ■» NICKELODEONS 
 
 o SALOONS 
 =^= STREET CAR LINES 
 =^ BOVLEVARDS 
 
 PITTSBURGH 
 
 1908 
 
 Pitts BLRc— Map Showing Distribution of Public and Semi-public Grounds and Institutions, Prepared by the Pittsburgh Survey 
 1908. 
 In city planning or social survey work, knowledge with regard to the location and extent of existing community assets is essential.
 
 JnVs>v' v 
 
 GKNLHAL PLAN 
 
 or THE 
 
 DOWN TOWN DISTRICr 
 
 SCALE 
 
 H 1 V K K 
 
 k 
 
 Pittsburgh. — Plan tor Improving Downtown District. 
 Streets lined in heavy black indicate proposed changes and widenings. Location for group of public buildings at right. 
 
 "*rHE AR.r COMMISSION Of PMT.SB\'!LGH 
 
 Pli.OtOStll DHTI.DPMr.ST OF THt POIVT OlSTtlCT 
 Ell BF.SSETI ALCHITECT CHKAI.d 
 
 1^^^:^.% 
 
 PER-SPECTIVE VIIW 1.00SJNC tASI 
 
 Pittsburgh. — .Art Commission's Proposal for the Treatment of the Point District. 
 It is here that all of the most inspiring associations ot the city are chiefly centered. 
 
 144
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 '45 
 
 prehensive planning haxing to do witli street transit, an 
 extensive report was made to the city officials by Bion J. 
 Arnold, who recommended an immediate rehabilitation ot' 
 the whole service at an expense of Jio,ooo,ooo and a reor- 
 ganization of the company, and laid down a mcthotl of 
 procedure tor securing rapid transit. 
 
 Ship Canal. — A still more ambitious and far-reachint; 
 physical improvement is the ship canal, now authorized, 
 providing a water connection with the (ireat Lakes. 
 
 City Plan Commission. — Unfortunately, the existing 
 City Planning Commission, officially appointed, of which 
 (jeneral .Albert Logan is chairman, is receiving meager 
 financial support under the present administration, and 
 
 
 Prrr.sBL'RCH. — Part of General Mapof the Pittsburgh Di.strict, 
 Prepared for the Pittsburgh Civic Commis.sion, .Showiny: the Point 
 District at the Confluence ot Three Rivers. 
 
 One dot represents 200 people. Manufacturing property is 
 shown in black; parks and cemeteries in dark dotted areas; rail- 
 road property in cross-hatched areas; and slopes steeper than 
 25 per cent in light-shaded areas. 
 
 the organization is, as a whole, not so well equipped tor 
 work. 
 
 Citizen Committees. — The Municipal Planning Com- 
 mittee of the Civic Club, of which William Boyd, Jr., is 
 chairman, is an active group ot men ot whom considerable 
 accomplishment is expecteti. The Housing Conference ot 
 Pittsburgh, of which Frederick Bigger, Jr., a member of 
 the .American Institute of Architects, is secretary, has 
 attempted to build up a strong and influential organization 
 
 tor improving housing conditions and civic matters gen- 
 erally. The Conference is interested in city planning and 
 is anticipating active work along these lines. Mr. Bigger 
 is the chairman of the Town Planning Committee ot the 
 Pittsburgh Chapter of the .American institute of Architects. 
 
 Pittsticlci 
 Massachusetts 
 
 In the Berkshire Hills region in western Massachusetts, 
 best known as a famous and attractive vacation resort, 
 Pittsfield (38,629) is the chief city, a lively industrial 
 center in addition to being the focus of the main routes 
 trom the attractive summer resorts distributed through- 
 out this district. The city has manufacturing establish- 
 ments, giving employment to nearly S,ooo operatives, ami 
 there is every promise that the inilustrial development ot 
 the city will continue. 
 
 Planning anil Park Boanls.— Pittstield has a Planning 
 lioard, organized under the Nhissachusetts act, but which 
 has received practically no support trom the city and has 
 been obliged to curtail its activities to such an extent that 
 it has accomplished almost nothing. There is also a 
 Park Commission which supervises the development of 
 local parks and playgroumis, whose work is steadily in- 
 creasing in importance, but at the present time the park 
 system of Pittsfield is a negligible quantity in the total ot 
 the city's assets. In Burbank Park, however, with a halt 
 mile of lake frontage, Pittstield has a really Iteautitul 
 natural park. There is no question but that Pittsfiekl 
 would be vastly benefited by a comprehensive city plan, 
 providing a program tor future development commen- 
 surate with the increasing industrial and social activities 
 ot the citv and with its importance as the commercial 
 center ot the entire Berkshire region. 
 
 Portland 
 Maine 
 
 The most active organization in city planning in Port- 
 land (63,876) is the Committee on City Planning of the 
 new Chamber of Commerce,ot which John Calvin Stevens, 
 a member of the .American Institute ot .Architects, is 
 chairman, and Seth .A. Moulton, consulting engineer, is a 
 very active member. Mr. .Stevens ami his colleagues have 
 conducted a persistent campaign to arouse public interest 
 in city planning for I^)rtland by publishing articles in the 
 newspapers, bv bringing lecturers to the city, and liy using 
 the influence of the Chamber ot Commerce to foster better 
 ways of city building. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce Committee. — .A few years ago the 
 active members of the old Board of Trade, now the 
 Chamber of Commerce, including Mr. Stevens, succeeded 
 in gettini; an ordinance through the City Council providing 
 for the appointment of a City Planning Commission by the 
 Mayor. The ordinance was not maniiatory, and as the 
 Mayor telt that to appropriate money lor the work ot the 
 commission was not a desirable step to take at the time, 
 no commission was appointed. With the awakened senti- 
 ment in the community resultinu trom the activities ot the
 
 146 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Committee on City Planning of th(e Chamber of Commerce, 
 city planning is again coming to the forefront. However, 
 a movement is on foot looking to a change in the city 
 charter, and the Committee feels that until final settle- 
 ment is made on the type of city government to be estab- 
 lished and the form of the city charter to be adopted, a 
 permanent city planning commission would not be of great 
 service. 
 
 Civic Center. — City Planning, in some of its phases, has 
 received serious consideration in Portland. In 1907, fol- 
 lowing the burning of the old City Hall building, a com- 
 mission was appointed to study the question of location 
 for the new building. The report of this commission pre- 
 sented five possible solutions of the problem. It partic- 
 ularly emphasized the fine opportunity which existed for 
 
 
 
 
 
 Portland, Me. — Plan for Civic Center about Enlarged Lin- 
 coln Square, as Proposed by a Commission .Appointed to Con- 
 sider the Rebuilding of a City Hall. 
 
 Five solutions were presented. The one shown provided for a 
 City Hall on the main axis, dominating Lincoln Park and the 
 other civic buildmgs, 
 
 the creation of a civic center of which the city might be 
 proud and recommended the placing of the City Hall on 
 a site where it would be one of a group of buildings, notably 
 the County Court, the Federal Court, and others, all to 
 center about Lincoln Park. The entire plan which was 
 urged by the Commission had many desirable features, 
 but owing to local objections, a referendum was ordered 
 and, as a result, the scheme was defeated, and the City 
 Hall, a very beautiful building by the way, was erected 
 on the old site without relation to any other public build- 
 ing. The Commission did succeed in securing an addition 
 to Lincoln Park as proposed in their recommended plans. 
 Terminal Station. — Again, in 191 2, a proposition was 
 presented by a terminal company for a new track location. 
 The architects of the city banded together to defeat this 
 project, urging that the location proposed was neither 
 beneficial to the railroad nor to the city's development. 
 They presented their case to the city and urged the em- 
 ployment of a city planning expert. This proposition 
 appealed to the city government and to the business men 
 
 of the city. When the question had reached this stage, 
 the whole matter was dropped. 
 
 Commission Needed. — Portland needs a city planning 
 commission, one that can arouse it to its great oppor- 
 tunities. The city is developing, not rapidly, but along 
 normal lines and in many ways in a manner that will 
 prove costly to future generations unless comprehensive 
 plans are prepared now and followed out. 
 
 Portland 
 
 Oregon 
 
 At the head of navigation on the Willamette River, 12 
 miles from its confluence with the Columbia River, and 
 distant 1 10 miles from the sea, is Portland (295,463), 
 the sole distributing center for a great, potentially pro- 
 ductive territory, connected with the city by water grade 
 transportation. For each ten years preceding 1910, the 
 city had more than doubled its population. The streets 
 had become overburdened with traffic because of narrow- 
 ness, frequent intersections and awkward circulation; 
 the harbor had become outgrown; the limitations of park 
 area were being seriously felt. Portland had been con- 
 tent to build as building was forced by growth. No truly 
 great thing in municipal composition had been attempted. 
 
 Greater Portland Plan Association. — In 1 91 2 the Greater 
 Portland Plan Association was organized, gathering into 
 its membership all of the more important organizations 
 within the city. In this movement the architects, through 
 their committees, played an important part. Within the 
 Plan Association a larger membership was gathered than 
 were enrolled in any other Portland organization. The 
 outcome was a subscription of j2o,ooo to meet the initial 
 cost of preparing a comprehensive plan. Edward H. 
 Bennett, of Chicago, was engaged to make investigations 
 and draft a plan. After about a year's work, the plan was 
 completed. It provided for a population of 2,000,000 
 people, which number the city was expected to house in 
 the year 1940. Street circulation, municipal centers, parks 
 and boulevards, railway and water terminals, and the 
 like, to be developed in progressive stages, were outlined. 
 Instead of a city within the existing area of 54 square 
 miles, the plan provided for a district of 150 square miles 
 to accommodate the future population. To carry the life 
 and business of the city, the principle of traffic circuits, 
 combined with axial and radial arteries, was extended 
 throughout the plan. A broad park development policy 
 was proposed, with an ultimate area for parks of nearly 
 8,000 acres. Special study was given to the development 
 of a number of important centers, including a civic center, 
 a transportation center, and a recreation center, and to 
 the problems of freight transportation and passenger 
 terminals. The development of the river was outlined in 
 a program to be continuously and definitely followed out. 
 
 Getting the Plan Over — Following the completion ot the 
 plans, the Greater Portland Plans Association persuaded 
 the City Council to appropriate a fund for the publica- 
 tion of 25,000 copies of the preliminary report, in a book- 
 let entitled "The Greater Portland Plan and Municipal 
 Facts." With a city-wide distribution ot this document, a 
 campaign ot publicity was carried on through the official
 
 CITY PLANNINCi PKCXikKSS 
 
 u: 
 
 PoRiLANU, Ukl. I'rupuinl Dc;vclijpiiicnt ut the Cit>. Nicw lioiii .1 I'ublic Terrace in the Hills, I.cHjkuiy Noiiheast. 
 The Greater Portland Plan calls for three great focal points — the Railway Center near the riverfront (upper center of the illus- 
 tration), the Recreationl Center (on left center), and the Civic Center (on right center); the two latter connected hy a hroad tree- 
 planted street or parkway. 
 
 organ of the Association, called the Greiiler Portland Plan 
 Monthly, in which were discussed in detail the various 
 problems presented in the Bennett plan. Public lectures, 
 newspaper articles, and rallies were used to impress the 
 people with the vital character of the proposed plans. At 
 the polls the people voted their approval of the Bennett 
 plan and made it the official guide tor future improve- 
 ments. The Council passed an ordinance accepting the 
 plan for this purpose, ."^s yet, results directly traceable to 
 the Greater Portland Plan have been limited. One impor- 
 tant traffic artery has been widened, the new Federal Post 
 
 Office has been locateil in accordance with the recom- 
 mendations, anti a civic center has been established, 
 including a city hall, and the courthouse. Unfortunately, 
 the great auditorium was not located as provided in the 
 plan. Ellis F. Lawrence, a member of the Comniittc on 
 Town Planning ot the .American Institute ot .Architects, 
 has been an active supporter in all ot this work, and 
 Marshall M. Dana, secretary and general manager of the 
 Greater Portland Plans -Association, has been the execu- 
 tive force back of the active propaganda for the prepara- 
 tion ami execution ot the plan. 
 
 Portland, Ore. — Ci\u i.i.i 
 
 liposCil. 
 
 .\ city hall and courthouse have been erected in accordance with the plan.
 
 ^20 
 
 ^ -= i 
 
 " S £ 
 
 OJ -C 
 
 
 :~-^ 
 
 
 z i ^ 
 
 >-<(=^ 
 
 
 
 s s -= 
 
 
 c O *-- 
 
 
 he ce 
 reat c 
 emen 
 
 r 
 
 ^-i'l 
 
 \ 
 
 •- Cl 
 
 ^ 
 
 C 5Jj .= 
 
 
 " C 
 
 r 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 1^ .i; ^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'liiMiJ^iMw 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- .:t5;Klii^^^^V\'^.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 ^V) 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Ohio 
 
 The civic awakening ot' Portsmouth (28,741) is evi- 
 denced by the recent creation ot" a Bureau of Community 
 Service, with H. D. Wehrly as director. One department 
 of the Bureau is to he entrusted with the solution of the 
 local housing problem. .A large percentage of rear houses 
 and alley houses is one ot the complex problems which 
 the Bureau has betore it. 
 
 Poughkeepsie 
 
 New York 
 
 There is a City Plannmg Committee ot the Chamber ot 
 Commerce of Poughkeepsie (30,390). Others actively 
 interested are Hon. D. \V. Wilbur, Mavor ot the city. 
 
 ttnLOPOllTM ULLT ULUH K(^Y 1 LIP ^^ 
 ■■ PLOPOJIP >y^////^ 
 
 ciTv Htu Hi oTBtL t,i;E 0)11101/ mmsg 
 
 Providence. — Map of the Metropolitan District of Provi- 
 dence, Showing Existing and Proposed System of Parks and 
 Public Reservations Laid Out .According to the Plan of 190H and 
 Now Comprising 1,022 Acres. 
 
 James Sague, former Public Service Commissioner of the 
 second district of New York State, and a member of the 
 .'\merican Industrial Commission to France in 191'), and 
 C. -A. Simmons, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Providence 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 The more modern manifestations of civic conscious- 
 ness in Providence (254,960) are traceable to the influence 
 of the late .Mtred Stone, member of the American Insti- 
 tute of Architects. Through the inspiration imparted by 
 him to the Rhode Island Chapter of the .American Insti- 
 titue of Architects, movements were started for the reclam- 
 ation of areas which had long proveii an eyesore to citizens 
 of Providence and for the acijuisition of large tracts out- 
 lying (which later became a part of the Metropolitan 
 Park System ot Providence). As has iieen stated by 
 Charles K. Lincoln,* who tor years has been closely 
 affiliated with forward movements in city planning and 
 civic improvement in Providence, 
 
 "Anything advocated by Alfred Stone has since borne 
 the test of public opinion, and has either come to be, or is 
 in a fair way to be, realized, except in those directions 
 where opportunities were torever lost by delay. He had 
 imagination, and, as a brilliant architect, could vizualize 
 and present finished pictures ot things that did not yet 
 exist." 
 
 Park Syslem. — It was in 1904 that the movement for 
 more parks and better parks took firm root. From the 
 early eighties up until that time, the Public Park .Associa- 
 tion had agitated civic improvement, and especially park 
 development, without success. This Association was prac- 
 tically revived as a result of the persistent series ot re- 
 markable "Letters to the Editor," particularly the editor 
 of the Providence Journal, in which there was sketched 
 for the people of Providence a vision ot the things which 
 the Park Association had but taintly drawn. The letters 
 in this series, written by .Alfred Stone, were particularly 
 convincing. Emulating the example ot the Boston Metro- 
 politan Commission, there was organized a similar com- 
 mission, under legislative authority, to deal with the open 
 spaces in Providence and in the surrounding towns, in 
 what is termed the metropolitan district. From a few 
 hundred acres of scattered public open spaces, the Metro- 
 politan Park System has grown to be a comprehensive 
 one with boulevards, playgrounds, and large parks, 
 totaling 1,022 acres. Henry .A. Barker, secretary of the 
 Metropolitan Park Commission tor many years, is now, 
 and has been, a staunch supporter in this big movement. 
 The plans for the Metropolitan Park System were pre- 
 pared by Olmsted Brothers in 1908. 
 
 City P/aiining Commission. — An official City Plan- 
 ning Commission was appointed in 1914, with Eleazer 
 B. Homer as chairman. Without adequate support from 
 the city, the Commission has been badly hampered in its 
 program of city planning. It has been unable to study and 
 devise a comprehensive city plan, but it has undertaken 
 the solution of some ot the most pressing problems. Its 
 particular achievement has been its work in replanning 
 
 *In the Proi'idemt Magazine, .August, 1916.
 
 I50 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 and improving the area immediately adjacent to the new 
 State Capitol. The Commission has had the advice of 
 some ot the best-known landscape architects and city 
 planners in the country in its work in this area, and the 
 rearrangement, according to its plan, has received the 
 strong support ot" public-spirited citizens and city officials. 
 The Commission has also drawn plans for a number ot 
 main thoroughfares, linking up with districts now isolated. 
 In the present year, Theodore B. Greene is chairman ot 
 the Commission. 
 
 Other fi'ork.—A city planning study of special inter- 
 est from the street and traffic standpoint is that prepared 
 by John R. Freeman in May, 1912, for the Commission 
 on East Side Approach, relating to improved highways 
 and parkways for the east side of Providence. A more 
 recent report relating to transit, and particularly rapid 
 transit, was that submitted by William W. Lewis to the 
 Joint Special Committee on Subways in 1914. Perhaps 
 one of the most notable of the recent achievements was 
 that undertaken for the development of the waterfront 
 at Providence, which was carried through in record time. 
 
 Pueblo 
 
 Colorado 
 
 At the confluence of the .Arkansas and Fountain Rivers, 
 and the third city in size in a territory of almost 900,000 
 square miles (the "Mountain States Division of the U. S. 
 Census"), Pueblo (54,462) occupies a strategic industrial 
 location, due to her permanent natural advantages and 
 particularly her nearness to certain raw products capable 
 
 RaleicjH. Appru.icli tu State Capitol, with Confederate 
 Monument Spoiling a Fine View of the Capitol Building. 
 
 of feeding a host of factories. Her position is also for- 
 tunately at the junction of a natural line of travel east 
 and west with a north and south route along the eastern 
 base of the Rocky Mountains. These natural routes, used 
 in trading-post days, are today used by transcontinental 
 railroad lines. The city has reached the size where it can 
 easily make corrections in its plan at a comparatively 
 
 small expense, which in alter years could be accomplished 
 only at a prohibitive outlay. She is entering a period of 
 greater growth and prosperity. 
 
 Civic Improvement Committee. — In October, 1914, the 
 Commercial Club appointed a Civic Improvement Com- 
 mittee to consider the preparation of a comprehensive 
 plan of improvements for the city. A western landscape 
 architect, Irvin J. McCrary, was selected by the Commer- 
 cial Club, the City Commissioners, and the Rotary Club, 
 to prepare a report and plan for the city, and ?i,ooo was 
 paid for this work. This plan was completed in January, 
 1916, and was given a wide circulation in a campaign of 
 education. The first step in the plan, that of the location 
 of a municipal auditorium and city hall, has already been 
 consummated. Other features of the plan, calling tor the 
 improvement, enlargement, and coordination of the parks 
 and playgrounds, the extension, widening, and cutting 
 through of streets, and the like, are being undertaken 
 gradually. Unlike most cities of the plains, the topog- 
 raphy is comparatively hilly, so that the possibilties for 
 the realization of beautitul parks and outlook points 
 around the city are unusually good. W. W. Stickney, an 
 architect, of Pueblo, is an active and enthusiastic sup- 
 porter of all ot this work. 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Illinois 
 
 The Civic Improvement League, the Civic League, the 
 Park and Boulevarci Association, and the Chamber of 
 Commerce of Quincy (36,798) are all working for a com- 
 prehensive city plan. The city has already established a 
 fine park system of joo acres, with 12 miles of roadway, 
 and a waterfront park is now being laid out. C. L. Wells, 
 secretary of the Civic Improvement League, is one of the 
 active promoters of city planning. 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Raleigh (20,127) had a city planning survey and report 
 by Charles Mulford Robinson, ot Rochester, New York, 
 in I9'I3. The money for this report was raised by the 
 City Planning Committee of the Civics Department of 
 the Women's Club of Raleigh. In taking up his study, Mr. 
 Robinson points to two antithetical conditions: one is the 
 rapid growth of the city at the present time, due to both 
 public and private initiative, and the other, the restric- 
 tive character of the city's charter and ordinances, and 
 the evident backwardness in some features ot city admin- 
 istration. In reporting on the results of his investigation, 
 he divides his findings into two parts: (i) the improve- 
 ment of the city that is, and (2) the preparation for the 
 city that will be. His report, a document of loo-pages, is 
 especially valuable in its discussion of the details of the 
 city plan. A great many of the suggestions made by Mr. 
 Robinson have already been carried out. Raleigh has 
 now a City Planning Committee of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, of which R. E. Seawell is chairman. It is particu- 
 larly active in the study of transportation problems. A
 
 CnV PLANNING PKUCiRESS 
 
 151 
 
 bill is now before the state legislature, which is certain to 
 be adopted, for city planning commissions in cities 
 
 throughout North Carolina. 
 
 Reading 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Reading (109,381) is the third city in the Keystone 
 State in industrial records, being outranked only by 
 Philadelphia and Pittsburgh; it is fourth in population, 
 Scranton only ranking aheaii on this point. 
 
 The Commission. — Its planning commission of five 
 citizens was appointed March II, 1914, and took office 
 April 2, 1914, so that it has served nearlv three years. 
 It has made comparatively few formal recommendations 
 tor vast projects, but has busied itselt with informing the 
 taxpayers about practical details which can be carried 
 out at small cost. It has asked the people to consider the 
 value of public improvements in terms of mills, not mil- 
 lions. It showed how, far from being an expensive official 
 body, its administrative work, it continued at the same 
 average rate ot expense per year until 1924, or an entire 
 ten years, would aggregate one cent per inhabitant. No 
 one has sought to accuse the Commission ot extravagance 
 since that statement was uttered. 
 
 Work oj the Commission. — Its first recommendation to 
 be approved by Council and carried into effect was the 
 mstallation of a uniform system of parking along Centre 
 Avenue, the city's most beautiful residential thorough- 
 fare. From this the public learned that the Commis- 
 sion's recommendation had not only beautified the avenue, 
 saved the trees, and resulted in uniform 8-inch cement 
 coping being installed, but had saved the taxpayers 
 J1.88 for every step of the way along the whole improve- 
 ment. The fact that resetting sewer inlets to meet the 
 new curb-line cost something additional did not alter the 
 good impression in the public mind, but only emphasized 
 that if all improvements are carried out at one time, the 
 taxpayer profits more than in piecemeal work. 
 
 Parks. — The Commission's first and main project is a 
 riverfront park along the entire Schuykill River frontage. 
 Though officiallv nothing has been done by the Council 
 to adopt this plan, the city has received from private 
 donors two fine strips ot riverfront land north of the city 
 and has condemned another section nearby, while other 
 portions have been given under certain conditions of 
 municipal improvement within five years. The Commis- 
 sion has pending before Council its recommendations for 
 the city planning ot a newly annexed section of 1,164 
 acres, including a monumental new bridge and southern 
 plaza entrance to the city. 
 
 Transportation. — Grade crossing elimination and bridge 
 consideration have been under the direction of the State 
 Public Service Commission. Transit problems were 
 studied locally for the Chamber of Commerce by John 
 P. Fox, traffic expert, of New York, who submitted his 
 views in a report published in 1916. 
 
 The Original Plan. — The city of Reading celebrated 
 its sesquicentennial in 1898. ."Although one of the oldest 
 American cities, it did not grow casually or without 
 direction, like so many old towns, but was definitely 
 
 planned in the beginning, and its present plan is merely a 
 mechanical extension of the original. The first "town 
 plan" of Reading was made in 1748 by Nicholas Scull, 
 the surveyor-general of Thomas ami Richard Penn, who 
 were the sons of William Penn. That plan bears a strik- 
 ing similarity to William Penn's "Plan tor I'liiladelphia." 
 It provideil tor two mam streets of extra width at right 
 
 i(i;tTx-'\ 
 
 I'm: ■■ - :'l 
 
 " ■m.-hmi-t-- ' 
 
 Re.41)Ing. — General Plan Proposed by the Civic .Association, 
 in 1908, tor the Improvement of the City. 
 
 Reading was definitely planned for the sons of William Penn, 
 founder and planner of Philadelphia, in 1748. The original plan 
 had little to commend it. The present City Planning Commis- 
 sion is energetically working to solve the problems of the older 
 districts and to protect newer sections against a repetition of the 
 mistakes made in the early days of the city. 
 
 angles to each other, a central square, and a location of 
 some distinction for the courthouse, the only public 
 building at the time, and for markets. The unyiekling 
 and ugly rectangular system ot streets, which is so char- 
 acteristic of Philadelphia, was reproduced at Reading, 
 notwithstanding the fact that, while the site of Phila- 
 delphia is comparatively flat, that in Reading is hilly, 
 with surroundings that warrant the term "mountainous," 
 but the admirable feature ot open green spaces at regular 
 intervals, which Penn provided tor, is altogether lacking 
 in the plan tor Reacting. 
 
 Civic Association Report. — In 1910, John Nolen, of 
 Cambridge, Mass., was engaged to prepare a plan for the 
 city by the Civic A.ssociation of Reading. Mr. Nolen 
 presented his report in a volume entitled "Replanning 
 Reading." He treats of the major features of the city 
 plan and devotes several successive chapters to a discus- 
 sion of such matters as the city center anil its develop-
 
 I 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 iiicnt aliout Fciiii Square, tlic location of public and semi- 
 pulilic luiildings, the planning of boulevards and main 
 arteries, of playgrounds and parks, the improvement ot 
 the homes of the people, and concludes with urgent 
 definite recommendations. Unquestionably, the report 
 of Mr. Nolen has done much to educate the people ot 
 Reading in the meaning and importance ot city planning 
 and thereby enabling them to cope with the problems that 
 the City Planning Commission is now investigating and 
 for which thev are making plans and recommendations. 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Virginia 
 
 There has never been a city planning committee or 
 commission in Richmond (156,687). The streets, parks, 
 and playgrounds are in charge of the administrative board, 
 and the planning work is in the hands of the City Engineer. 
 But Mayor George Ainslie has given strong support to 
 city planning and was instrumental in having the American 
 Citv Bureau's city planning exhibit there about two 
 years ago. 
 
 Very effective housmg work has been done by Gustavus 
 A. Weber, secretary ot the Society tor the Betterment ot 
 Housing and Living Conditions in Richmond, ot which F. 
 Randolph Williams is president. Mr. Weber presented a 
 valuable survey and report on housing and living con- 
 ditions in Richmond in October, 1913. 
 
 Richmond is in a transitional stage. It is becoming a 
 large city, perhaps a tuture metropolis ot the South. With 
 this growth, new civic problems and responsibilities, such 
 as its citizens have never taced before, are coming to the 
 front. The density ot population, in particular, is excessive. 
 
 Owing to the large blocks in some sections ot Richmond, 
 the lots are so deep that much land-space is taken up in 
 large back yards which might be shortened. In such cases, 
 it minor streets were run through the blocks, building 
 frontage would be doubled and, by the erection of shallow 
 two-story houses of two, or at the most, three rooms deep, 
 there would be plenty of air and light and much better 
 conditions could be maintained. It the private land-space 
 was thus economically utilized, the actual population 
 within the present limits of Richmond could be very 
 materially increased without necessarily overcrowding. 
 
 The problem of betterment of housing and living con- 
 ditions in Richmond can be effectively dealt with as Mr. 
 Weber points out: 
 
 1. By arousing public sentiment and appealing to 
 
 civic pride, so that citizens may do their part in 
 keeping the streets, alleys, back yards, and other 
 exposed places clean and free from rubbish. 
 
 2. By enacting and enforcing model housing laws and 
 
 better regulations tor the maintenance of clean 
 streets and alleys and the removal and disposal 
 ot rubbish. 
 
 3. By making liberal appropriations for the completion 
 
 of the water and sewerage system, the extension 
 of the street paving, and for the enforcement of 
 housing, street-cleaning, and other sanitary laws 
 and regulations. 
 
 4. By providing proper and adequate housing accom- 
 modations for the working people. 
 
 Roanoke 
 
 Virginia 
 
 .As a guide tor the broader phases ot city planning in 
 Roanoke (43,284) the city plan submitted by John Nolen 
 in 1907 is serving a very usetui purpose. It is embodied 
 in a report entitled "Remodeling Roanoke," submitted 
 to the Civic Betterment Club along with another report 
 covering the sanitary features ot the city plan by C. E. 
 Emerson, Jr., and Ezra B. Whitman, of Baltimore. Mr. 
 Nolen's recommendations are intended to be merely tenta- 
 tive, as no complete data was secured on which to base 
 final conclusions. The chief recommendations mentioned 
 in the report are: the widening of main streets in the cen- 
 tral district, the grouping ot public buildings, the more 
 rational arrangement of city streets, and the preservation 
 ot the most valuable and beautiful of the natural landscape 
 teatures of the district. 
 
 T/ie Opporlunity. — Charmingly situated on a high 
 plateau, 1,000 teet above the sea, Roanoke is surrounded 
 at a convenient distance by the glorious peaks ot the 
 Blue Ridge Mountains. The climate is unusually agree- 
 able — the summers cool, the winters mild, the air always 
 invigorating. The center of the city is topographically 
 well adapted for business, and the outskirts are admirably 
 fitted tor residential districts; but, notwithstanding its 
 superior natural advantages, Roanoke is today, in common 
 with most .'American cities, plain, commonplace, and, in 
 some localities, distinctly unsightly. Her people are now, 
 however, reaching that stage where an active interest in 
 city planning and housing is developing. The secretary 
 ot the Chamber ot Commerce, John Wood, is interested 
 in the further development ot Roanoke's city plan. 
 
 Rochester 
 
 New York 
 
 Rochester (256,417) is exceptionally agreeable as com- 
 pared with many .American cities of its size; it is both pros- 
 perous and growing. Its park equipment of 1,634 acres is 
 a remarkably admirable one. There is much to be proud 
 of in the way of local street development, of which there 
 are many splendid examples. A high standard ot living, 
 together with a correspondingly high standard ot efficiency 
 in work, are certainly illustrated in the industrial history 
 of the city, but just because it is prosperous and growing, 
 those interested in city planning have sought to bring 
 about action that will adequately meet the changing con- 
 ditions torced upon it by its growth. In 1908 a group ot 
 public-spirited citizens was organized, under the auspices 
 ot the Chamber of Commerce, into the Rochester Civic 
 Improvement Committee, of which Charles Multord 
 Robinson has served continuously as secretary. .Approxi- 
 mately 914,000 was raised by private subscription for the 
 purpose ot conducting a study of Rochester's city plan- 
 ning problems and for making preliminary suggestions in 
 regard to them. Arnold W. Brunner, of New York,
 
 CITY PLANNIN(i PRCXJRKSS 
 
 153 
 
 I'Vederick Law OlmstcJ, ot Brciiikliiic, ami Hion J. Arnoiil, 
 of Chicago, were employed to undertake these studies and 
 to submit a report. After an extended study by these 
 experts, a report was submitted which contained recom- 
 mendations and suggestions dealing, first, with certain 
 specific improvements, more or less in the central part ot" 
 the city; second, with the general question ot" improvinu 
 the street system of the city, illustrated by a number 
 of specific suggestions; and, third, with the question of 
 public lands other than highways, especially those to be 
 used tor park purposes, also illustrateti liv a number of 
 
 ^4 
 
 
 -<%ia 
 
 
 Rochester. — Proposed Civic Center. 
 
 specific suggestions. The result of the work of the Roches- 
 ter Improvement Committee in thus presenting a plan tor 
 the guidance ot the city's growth was mainly to create a 
 broader vision and more definiteness in community ideals. 
 The Commission. — But the city has gone further than 
 this by adopting, in 1916, a City Planning Ordinance for a 
 city plan commission composed of city officials. This 
 Commission has not yet undertaken the preparation ot a 
 comprehensive plan. Moreover, on September i, 1916, the 
 Bureau ot Mimicipal Research ot Rochester adopted a 
 resolution otFernig to cooperate with the Mayor and City 
 Council in arranging a program for the creation of a 
 "Permanent City Planning Commission," whose person- 
 nel, not entirely made up of ex-officio members, should 
 provide continuity of policy and special planning 
 knowledge. 
 
 Rockford 
 
 Illinois 
 
 A Planning Committee was organized by the Chamber 
 ot Commerce of Rockford (55,185) in April, 1915. The 
 sum ot S5,ioo was raised by general subscription. The 
 .American Park Builders' .Association was engaged to dratt 
 plans for a system of parks, boulevards, and parkways and 
 is now at work studying the problem. Rocktord has two 
 public markets, open during the summer months only, 
 and the city is making its plans now for the elimination 
 ot grade crossings and for a new union station. \n attempt 
 is being made to secure a new street railway franchise 
 giving the city new trackage and service. Two new 
 bridges are now being built and another is in view. A 
 building ordinance is being urged, which will give the city 
 more adequate control over the development ot private 
 
 property, (ieorge 1). Rojier is president of the Planning 
 Committee of the Chamber of Commerce, and William H. 
 Kulton is secretary. The president of the Rock Island 
 Park District is Levin Faust. 
 
 Rock Lslaiitl 
 
 I llllKll.S 
 
 With rive parks quite carefull) planned, f<jur play- 
 grounds, a paved levee for commerce along the riverfront, 
 and partial ornamental lighting in the business area, Rock 
 Island's (28,926) civic improvement and city planning 
 endeavor are summed up. The .secretary of the Rock 
 Island Club is interested in the planning and develop- 
 ment of the city. 
 
 Rome 
 
 New ^'ork 
 
 .A City Planning Commission was appointed in Rcjnic 
 (23.737) in '9'4> under authority of the City Council. A 
 small appropriation has been allowed each year for office 
 expenses. The Commission has had no opportunity to 
 do any large work in planning and has served merely as 
 an advisory body, giving its attention to details of the city 
 plan. K. M. Potter is chairman, and Moss Kent is secre- 
 tary. The Chamber ot Commerce ot Rome has been 
 cooperating with the Commission. The latter has been 
 instrumental in the preparation of a modern building code 
 and has made a few suggestions looking to the improve- 
 ment and extension of the parks of Rome. 
 
 Transit and Transportation. — A Chamber of Commerce 
 committee is now at work with the Common Council 
 Committee on Public Retail Markets. .Another committee 
 is working out a plan with the trolley company for a 
 general rerouting and rescheduling of their lines. With 
 the barge canal harbor at Rome complete, the Chamber 
 ot Commerce committee is laying out a plan for terminal 
 tacilities to be placed in operation during 1917. The same 
 body is dratting a scheme tor a community house. 
 
 Rome has two large city playgrounds, put in operation 
 several years ago, and has just completed another one. 
 
 Housing. — The Rome Brass and Copper Company has 
 just completed a plan tor a model workingmen's village, 
 providing comtortable and attractive living quarters at a 
 rent well within the means of their employees. -Special 
 inducements are given to those who wish to purchase their 
 property. The Standard Buildings, Incorporated, of N'ew 
 York, have been employed to build the village, in coopera- 
 tion with Mann & McNeille, architects, of New York, 
 who have charge of the design. The streets are laid out 
 in a picturesque way, and playgrounds for children and 
 parking places tor decorative shrubs and other plantint; 
 are provided. 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 California 
 
 The moderm period of city planning in Sacramento 
 (66,895) W''* inaugurated by a series of five town planning 
 lectures given by Prof. Charles Zueblin, under the aus-
 
 154 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 OCJt 
 
 39e*.^4^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^^' 
 
 V 
 
 s 
 
 ■Srx££r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •5 
 1 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 au>at 
 
 MO^tDC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Srcoff^^^y 5 Stkxmt 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 /"Ci.MSS /f£S/DeNn/U. 
 
 Ai.ocM a^O'*-tt> 
 
 Z" CiAss Xea/oEAfrmJL 
 
 a A 
 
 n.._L. 
 
 ID 
 
 JifC<Wi3t>4«>- 
 
 
 
 A.OCM i^o'aoo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 eg 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 Ul 
 
 H 
 
 rti 
 
 
 3UN3/U.OIV O/STK/Cr 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^/.vo* 
 
 
 s 
 
 ■ST9r£T 
 
 
 
 
 
 §1 
 
 f 
 % 
 
 l| 
 
 QBE) 
 
 
 y>f/x£D o/smxr 
 
 1 
 
 SJ.OCJC £-f-a » i,4o 
 
 D=3C 
 
 >c=a 
 
 
 \F' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Gf?OUf^ HOUS/A/G 
 
 3i.ocM etoM 7XO 
 
 S£CO*fOJUKr 
 
 :?3':X 
 
 
 3o/vGALOw Lot 
 
 
 
 
 'm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'lb 
 
 
 
 
 ~i r 
 
 BCNGALOW 3LOCK 
 
 L 
 
 n 
 
 3i/fJ6Ai.oiv lor 
 
 /.ana i^'fTt ensi'on ivnfa/ot* 
 oerpcni^i'cu/ar fo street— 
 
 CITY OF SACRAMENTO 
 
 Prelimih\ry ciri- planning studies 
 
 JOHN NOLEN CITY PLANNER 
 CAMBHIDGE MA55 
 
 PROPOSED BLOCKS &LOT5 IN ANNEXED TERRITORY 
 
 Cour/csv' The Ami:r\<:an Cily 
 
 Sacramento. — A Proposed Solution of a Problem in Land Suhtlivision. Dinit;n!>ions of Blocks, Width of Streets, and Size of Lots 
 Mutually Dependent. 
 
 pices of the Women's Council. As a result, an organiza- 
 tion of business men was effected which secured, in 1908, 
 from Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, a city 
 planning report. Due largely to the newspaper campaign 
 that followed Mr. Robinson's report, Sacramento acquired 
 one of its best assets from a city planning standpoint, Del 
 Paso Park, of over 800 acres. 
 
 Chamber of Commerce Report. — Mr. Robinson's report 
 was earnestly studied by an ever-widening group of citi- 
 zens. The Chamber of Commerce took the leadership in 
 
 crystalizing the growing sentiment tor a definite city plan. 
 The first step was to secure the advice of Dr. Werner 
 Hegeman, of Berlin. His coming was of great value, not 
 only to Sacramento, but to all California. His recom- 
 inendation to Sacramento was to undertake an educa- 
 tional campaign, including systematic newspaper pub- 
 licity through short, newsy paragraphs, with a view to 
 teaching all the citizens the benefits of city planning. 
 The expenses of bringing Dr. Hegeman to Sacramento 
 were met by a group of private citizens. The city govern-
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRKSS 
 
 !<;<; 
 
 ment at that time would not approve as little as J25 for 
 what they considered a visionary matter. 
 
 The Campaign. — In accordance with Dr. Hegcman's 
 suggestions, a city planning committee of 150 was organ- 
 ized by the Chamber of Commerce. These were divided 
 into fifteen groups ot ten people each, and each group 
 tackled some job that could be connected with the wortl 
 "city planning." This meant practically daily meetings 
 at the Chamber of Cf)mmerce of at least one group. The 
 papers were supplied with stories of work actually accom- 
 plished bv these groups as the work progressed. Its aim 
 was, within three years, to so create public sentiment 
 favorable to city planning that the City Commissioners, 
 who had hitherto refused to spend any public money on 
 city planning, might be induced to engage an expert for 
 the drafting of a definite city plan. 
 
 The Adoption of the Plan. — Before a year was over, the 
 city made a contract with John Nolen, of Cambridge, 
 Mass., for a complete city plan. From the time of the 
 filing of Mr. Nolen's preliminary report on the city plan, 
 efforts were made repeatedly by members of the State 
 Capital Planning Commission, which was appointed about 
 this time by Governor Johnson, to get the City Commis- 
 sioners of Sacramento to adopt the Nolen plan. It was 
 not, however, until the crisis was precipitated by the 
 threatened invasion of a high-grade residence district by a 
 manufacturing plant that the City Commissioners were 
 moved to act. Residents of this section appealed to the 
 State Capital Planning Commission, as well as to the 
 Chamber of Commerce committee of 150, to join them in a 
 forceful request to the City Commissioners ot Sacramento 
 that the Nolen plan be immediately adopted to settle 
 this question of municipal zones. On the day the request 
 was made, the Nolen plan was written into the city stat- 
 utes by a unanimous vote. 
 
 The Value of Publicity. — In Sacramento the people 
 are convinced that the way to get started in city planning 
 is primarily to enlist newspaper support by supplying 
 short stories which keep the actual accomplishments ot 
 the city planning group before the public. The notable 
 accomplishment is the making of the Nolen plan a part of 
 the municipal law. Certainly Sacramento is the first city 
 on the Pacific coast, if not the first city in the country, to 
 do this. Copies of the report of the State Capital Plan- 
 ning Commission, describing in detail the various steps 
 above outlined, may be had by writing the State Librarian, 
 Sacramento, Cal. 
 
 San Jose 
 
 California 
 
 Situated in one of the most fertile and beautiful val- 
 leys, with mountains seeming to close it on three sides, 
 within easy commuting distance of San Francisco, San 
 Jose (,38,902) has exceptional opportunities. In fact, it is 
 a common saying in San Jose that "Nature has done much 
 for us," but as Charles Mulford Robinson says in his 
 report of 1909 to the Outdoor Art League of San Jose, 
 "Nature has done much, but the people have done 
 little. ... To make San Jose attractive is work for her 
 own citizens, which Nature will not do for them." 
 
 Beautifying San Jose. — Mr. Robinson's report, which 
 
 was submitted in 1909, is called "The Beautifying of San 
 Jose," and deals mainly with details of the city plan, 
 although there is a section on the better planning of the 
 city's streets and on the planning of arterial routes con- 
 necting with the surrounding country. 
 
 .i Conimi.'.iion ./ppoinleil. — The opportunities for 
 civic improvement ami planning in a big way for the 
 future commercial and industrial lite of the city are well 
 understood by the city manager, Thomas R. Reed, who 
 was recently installed under a new and progressive charter, 
 and who appointed a City Planning Commission on 
 September 15, 1916. The City Council has appropriated 
 ?2,ooo for the current fiscal year to provide for the work of 
 the Commission. The problems which have been studied 
 or solved to date include the relocation of the railroad 
 right-ot-way, the separation of grade crossings, the district- 
 ing of the city, and the establishment ot building set-back 
 lines. The Commission is working on an onlinance for the 
 control of street tree and border planting. .\ campaign 
 tor the issuance ot $1,500,000 in bonds, to proviiie for 
 street and road paving, is being carried on at this writing. 
 The rerouting and rescheduling of street-car lines is now 
 under way. 
 
 The City Phinnmg Commission is laying out a program 
 for the preparation ot a comprehensive city plan. 
 
 Joseph T. Brooks, secretary of the Chamber ot Com- 
 merce, and William Bintier, member ot the .American 
 Institute of .Architects, are supporting the work ot the 
 City Planning Commission. 
 
 ^^^^SC^fl^HuU ' ^^S^^OlHw^^f^rTnHTnpTT^r ^^^^^^^^^^^^n 
 
 
 .San Jcim:. —A \Mt;itii 
 
 Saginaw 
 
 Michigan 
 
 planning and civic 
 is so meager as to 
 
 Our report on general city 
 improvement in Saginaw (55,642) 
 
 indicate that the city has actually accomplished very 
 little in providing for community welfare and for the 
 future expansion of the city. Most actively interested in 
 providing improved dwellings for workingmen is F,. C. 
 Mershon; in developing parks, boulevards and play- 
 grounds, W. S. Ijnton anil Miss Kate Carlisle; in organizing 
 community centers. Dr. \V. F. F.nglish; and in the prepara- 
 tion of a comprehensive plan, the Saginaw Boarii of Trade. 
 
 St. Joseph 
 
 Missouri 
 
 St. Joseph (85,2,36), familiarly known as St. Joe, is 
 one of the oldest of the midwestern cities. First an
 
 u6 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Indian trading-post, then an oiittitting station tor Forty- 
 niners, then the eastern terminus ot" the famous Pony 
 Express, it became definitely linked to communities 
 farther east when the first railroad built west of the Mis- 
 sissippi fixed its western terminus at St. Joseph. From 
 an outfitting center the transition into a wholesale center 
 was both easy and rapid, and this continues as one ot the 
 chief activities of the city. Under the pressure of rapidly 
 expanding and increasing population, the Commerce 
 Club is endeavoring to arouse interest in city planning. 
 
 Parks. — The nearest to comprehensive planning ot any 
 sort that has been done is the work of the Park Board, 
 an otiiciai organization first appointed in 1890, of which 
 Milton Tootle is president. The Board has the power to 
 levy taxes for improving and maintaining parks and boule- 
 vards. For a city of its size, the present acreage ot parks, 
 100, and the miles ot boulevard too, are a very small per- 
 centage of the total required. Realizing this shortcom- 
 ing, the Park Board has engaged the services of a land- 
 scape architect to prepare a comprehensive plan. 
 
 Transportalion. — Studies are now being made tor 
 cooperative terminals and for the elimination ot grade 
 crossings. The city has now five general terminals and a 
 union passenger station. The city is also contemplating 
 the development of the waterfront, of which it owns a 
 considerable section. 
 
 in the appointment ot a Public Building Commission 
 which made its investigations and prepared a report con- 
 taining illustrated plans for an elaborate and dignified 
 group ot buildings, including a citv hall and proposed 
 public library. 
 
 Civic League Report. — This was followed in 1907 by the 
 Civic League's appointment ot a committee to prepare a 
 city plan for St. Louis. After eighteen months of serious 
 labor, the Committee issued their report containing recom- 
 mendations tor the grouping ot public buildings, for the 
 creation ot neighborhood centers, for an extensive inner 
 and outer park system, and unique plans for a riverfront 
 
 I 
 
 .Si. I, cm |v. — Diagram m.-itic Scheme ot .'\rterial Thumuyhtares. 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Missouri 
 
 St. Louis (757,309) dates her municipal renaissance 
 from the days of the World's Fair in 1904. Her citizens 
 saw in the Exposition a model city, with its magnificent 
 group plan, its clean streets, its quietness and culture — a 
 strange contrast to the city on its borders. Before 1900, 
 civic spirit was at its lowest ebb, but, with the Exposition, 
 a new spirit asserted itself. Before the gates ot the Exposi- 
 tion had closed, the agitation was begun tor a plan pro- 
 viding for the grouping of public buildings. This resulted 
 
 plaza. This plan was enthusiastically received and is 
 serving as a basis for many suggested improvements. 
 
 Results. — One year later (1908) followed a bond issue 
 of 111,500,000 for public improvements, many of which 
 were recommended in the city plan report. 
 
 City Plan Association. — During the winter of 1909, a 
 number of citizens formed themselves into a voluntary 
 organization called the City Plan .Association, and sub- 
 mitted a report in the fall of 191 I, the chief feature of 
 which was a suggestion tor a broad parkway leading west 
 from the business to the residential district. 
 
 City Plan Commission. — This .'Association disbanded 
 upon the creation of an official City Plan Commission in 
 
 St. Louis. — Proposed Development in Forest Park, with the -Art Museum as the Focal Point.
 
 CITY PLAWINC; PkCXiKKSS 
 
 > / 
 
 T911. This latter Commission t'lirthcr developed the cen- 
 tral parkway project without making an effort to perfect a 
 comprehensive city plan. It was through the stutiics ot 
 city conditions made by the disinterestetl architects ot' 
 St. Louis that the discovery was maiie that the park- 
 way scheme was out ot relation with the probable future 
 direction which a comprehensive plan would take. The 
 St. Louis Chapter of the .American Institute of .Archi- 
 tects, after a very thorough discussion, determined that, 
 in the light of what they knew from the studies which had 
 been made, it could not endorse the Commission's scheme, 
 and the effect ot their stand was reflected by the deteat at 
 the polls ot the parkway project. 
 
 Citizens' City P/ii>i?ii>ig Committee. — Immediately after 
 the parkway project was shelved, the architects determined 
 that it was the duty ot the profession to give constructive 
 aid in such future planning work as the official Commis- 
 sion might undertake. A Citizens' City Planning Com- 
 
 St. Louis. — A Plan lor the Realization ot a Practical Thor- 
 oughfare System. 
 
 mittee was organized, with Luther Ely Smith, attornev- 
 at-law, as the leading spirit, to promote and popularize 
 the work of the official Commission. The local Chapter 
 ot the American Institute ot .Architects also appointed .1 
 City Planning Committee, and these committees have 
 worked with the official Commission. Owing to the tact 
 that the city was not prepared to provide funds tor the 
 investigations on city planning, which it was felt should 
 precede further work, the Chapter of the American 
 Institute of Architects and the Citizens' City Planning 
 Committee, jointly provided funds necessary to engage a 
 competent investigator and engineer, and Harland Bar- 
 tholomew, who had formerly been the secretary and en- 
 gineer ot the City Planning Commission of Newark, N. J., 
 was engaged for this purpose. 
 
 T/ie Commission's Work. — The City Plan Commis- 
 sion has now been working with Mr. Bartholomew and 
 with the various non-official organizations for over a year 
 and a half, and, in 1916 it received from the city an 
 appropriation of ^15,000. It has devoted itself to the 
 study of a number of specific projects that will ultimately 
 articulate with a comprehensive plan tor the future city. 
 One of its most recent and valuable contributions is the 
 plan for the treatment of the River des Peres, which was 
 
 St. Loiis. — Plan of Proposed Development in Forest Park, 
 Showing .Art Museum, .Amphitheater, Grand Basin, River des 
 Peres, Grand Canal, and Louisiana Purchase Monument.
 
 1^8 
 
 CI'I'Y PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 published in a report the latter part ot 1916. This stream, 
 which meanders through the western and southwestern 
 portions of the city, has long proved a menace to health 
 and an eyesore, and it has held back the development ot a 
 large district through which it runs. The Commission's 
 plan provides tor the restoration of the river banks and 
 the construction ot driveways thereon; the removal of 
 sewage from the river by the construction of an intercept- 
 ing sewer; the provision of sites for industries linked up by a 
 belt-line railway; and the proper articulation ot the street 
 system of the new district with the thoroughfares leading 
 to the heart of the city. The total outlay involved amounts 
 to $8,000,000. The plan has received the endorsement ot 
 the city government. .Another important work on which 
 the Commission is engaged is that dealing with the main 
 arterial street system, for which it is now making exten- 
 sive traffic counts. It has just started zoning work. 
 St. Louis is now well embarked on a program of city 
 planning that insures the ultimate realization of a logical, 
 cohesive city plan, looking to the needs of the future. 
 
 Louis La Beaume, member of the Committee on Town 
 Planning ot the .'\merican Institute of .'Architects, repre- 
 sented the architectural profession on the official City 
 Planning Commission up to the present year. E. J. Rus- 
 sell, also a member of the Institute's Committee on Town 
 Planning, has succeeded Mr. La Beaume. 
 
 While not a part of the work of the City Planning Com- 
 mission, the project, now practically assured of execution, 
 for the reclamation of a portion of the World's Fair 
 development in Forest Park, illustrated herewith, is of 
 special interest in a survey ot Saint Louis' civic advance. 
 The scheme is the conception of Nelson Cunliff, Com- 
 missioner ot Parks and Recreation, and has been planned 
 by Cass Gilbert, architect, of New York. 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Various movements have occurred in St. Paul (247,- 
 2J2) in the decade just past, backed by civic organiza- 
 tions in the city, toward realizing certain desirable or 
 much-needed improvements in the city plan. One of the 
 most notable of these was that which had as its object the 
 planning of adequate approaches to the new State Capitol 
 building, erected in 190J by the Commonwealth of Minne- 
 sota as its official home. It was at a popular meeting held 
 at the Commercial Club on December 12, 1903, that the 
 first tentative suggestions for adequate approaches were 
 presented, and it was largely due to the zeal of the Com- 
 mercial Club that an official Capitol Approaches Com- 
 mission was appointed by resolution of the Common 
 Council ot February 9, 191 6. That Commission labored 
 continuously for several years, and, in 1910, with the 
 advice and counsel of Cass Gilbert, the architect of the 
 Capitol, a plan was submitted involving the creation of an 
 entirely new boulevard or great mall leading to Capitol 
 Hill, and at right angles to the main entrance, extending 
 from a point of great general traffic, now known as 
 "Seven Corners." About midway between the Capitol 
 and the starting-point, the boulevard passed through a 
 great square formed by the converging of several streets, 
 in the center of which it was proposed to erect a monument 
 to the memory ot Minneapolis soldiers and sailors of the 
 Civil War. The plan, when carried out, will entail an 
 expenditure ot several million dollars and will require 
 years tor its completion. 
 
 Comprehensive Planning. — There have been various 
 efforts by different civic bodies in St. Paul toward com- 
 
 St. Louis. — I'mpcsiJ l)c\ cIciDiunt nf Ftirest Park fnmi Art Hill to Liiulell Dri\c. \'iew Looking Northciist.
 
 St. Paii.. — Capitol Approach. A BriKul Boulevard, Cut Tliruugh a Run-ilown District, Starting 
 Intersection, and Continuing Toward the Capitol. At a Halt-Way Point is a Plaza and a Memorial C 
 
 at "Seven Corners," a Busy 
 oluinn. 
 
 159
 
 i6o 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 prehensive city planning. In April, 1911, John Nolen, ot 
 Cambridge, Mass., submitted a preliminary report to the 
 City Club, of which Louis Betz was president, on a plan 
 tor St. Paul. This report was a very brief one and was 
 accompanied bv two additional iletailed field reports and 
 preliminary plans prepared on the ground by Arthur C. 
 Comey. The plans included a complete preliminary plan 
 of the central district, iliagrams tor proposed street widen- 
 ing, and a special plan for the Capitol .Approach. Mr. 
 
 saint" PAUL. 
 
 St. Pail. — Preliminary Plan (191 1) for Centr.il District 
 (including Capitol Approach). 
 
 At the right, running diagonally, is Robert Street, which as 
 recommended was recently widened from 55 feet to 75 feet by 
 cutting on one side only. Now Robert Street is the finest thor- 
 oughfare in the central district. 
 
 Nolen states that St. Paul as a city suffers today, and 
 will suffer increasingly in the future, from two severe 
 handicaps, namely: uniformly narrow streets and an 
 utter failure, all too common in America, to consider the 
 city as an organic unit and properly and thoughtfully to 
 coordinate the various phases of the city's activities. It is 
 only natural that Mr. Nolen should begin the study of the 
 central district with the Capitol Approach and the plan 
 prepared by Cass Gilbert the year before for its approaches 
 and environment. It was found that this could be adjusted, 
 with very slight modifications, to the needs of traffic and 
 the requirements of the grouping of city as well as state 
 buildings. A union station was another big problem. 
 Street Widening. — Out of the city planning studies 
 
 undertaken by Mr. Nolen came a clearer vision of the 
 needs of traffic in the central district, and particularly the 
 widening of Robert Street, an important down-town 
 shopping street and thoroughfare for which Mr. Nolen 
 submitted a plan. The street, as laid out at the time the 
 city was established, was only 55 feet in width. It is one 
 of the chief north and south thoroughfares in the busi- 
 ness district. It is also an office building center. In 1912 
 the property owners petitioned the Board of Public 
 Works to widen Robert Street from 55 feet to 7? feet. 
 1 1 was at first suggested that the street be arcaded on both 
 sides, but finally it was decided that the cheapest as well 
 as the best method was to widen the street 20 feet on the 
 west side; buildings were not so costly as those on the east 
 side. The plan adopted to meet the cost is to distribute 
 the expenses over the property immediately abutting on 
 Robert Street and within 100 feet of the intersecting 
 streets. For financing the assessments, the city has issued 
 6 per cent bonds which the property owners affected are 
 to pay in five yearly instalments. The carrying out of 
 the widening project occupied two years and has now given 
 the city its only business street ot 75 .feet in width. It 
 has enabled the city to relieve to a great extent the conges- 
 tion ot traffic in the down-town district, and since it con- 
 nects on the north end with a street 125 feet wide, it is 
 now being used as a thoroughfare to Minneapolis. The 
 value of this city planning improvement tor retail busi- 
 ness purposes and tor local and through traffic will 
 undoubtedly justify the cost. Unfortunately, efforts to 
 have the plans submitted by Mr. Nolen adopted as a 
 whole were unavailing, there being no established rela- 
 tion between the City Club, the organization which 
 engaged Mr. Nolen, and the city officials of St. Paul. 
 
 Park Plans. — About the same time Mr. Nolen sub- 
 mitted his report, A. B. Stickney, chairman of the Citi- 
 zens' Committee ot One-hundred-fitty, submitted a report 
 in which a definite scheme was proposed for the rounding 
 out of the present and contemplated park system of St. 
 Paul. The parks and boulevards ot Minneapolis supple- 
 ment the parks and boulevards of St. Paul, and Mr. 
 Stickney made a plea tor constructive work, pointing to 
 the accomplishments of Minneapolis and contrasting 
 them with the small accomplishments of St. Paul. He 
 submitted a carefully studied plan with his report. 
 
 City Planning Commission. — The City Club having 
 ceased to exist, those persons in St. Paul who were inter- 
 ested in the projects at the time Mr. Nolen's report 
 was submitted, have continued spasmodically to arouse 
 the city officials to the importance of doing some compre- 
 hensive city planning, but without either much success or 
 encouragement. On September 1, 1914, Mayor Powers, 
 at the suggestion of the local division ot the Association 
 ot Commerce, appointed a City Planning Commission to 
 study the needs of the city and, in time, prepare com- 
 prehensive plans. At the first meeting ot this body, at the 
 Mayor's office, in October, 1914, it was unanimously 
 agreed that no move should be made or actual work of any 
 kind done until a proper ordinance was prepared by the 
 Commission and passed by the Council. It was recog- 
 nized that no effective city planning could be accomplished 
 without the cooperation of the Council and official sup- 
 port of the municipal government. The drafting ot this
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 i6i 
 
 ordinance was placed in the hands of a subcommittee, 
 and after several weeks of labor, which included the 
 reviewing of many similar ordinances in force in other 
 cities and correspondence with various city planning 
 authorities, a good workable ordinance was devised, and 
 one under which much can be done. The vital section of 
 this ordinance made it absolutely necessary that all 
 matters pertaining "to the planning and replanning of the 
 city shall be referred to the planning board, for its con- 
 sideration and report at such times as the Council may 
 direct, before final action is taken on the same bv the 
 Council." In this way any proposed improvement, any 
 conflict with the city plan in its early stages of develop- 
 ment, would be brought to the attention of the Council, 
 and by it either altered to fit the plan or eliminated 
 altogether. It was the opinion ot the Planning Board that 
 any arrangement making it optional on the part of the 
 Council whether these things were referred to the Board or 
 not, would without question destroy the efficiency of the 
 planning body. When the ordinance, as submitted by the 
 Planning Board, came betore the Council for second read- 
 ing, this clause was eliminated so as to read, that matters 
 pertaining to city planning "may" be referred to the Board, 
 thereby serving notice on the Board that it would be 
 recognized onlv when the Council telt tlisposed to recog- 
 nize it. To work under an ordinance ot this kind would, 
 the members of the Planning Boartl thought, mean that 
 some members ot the Board would be obliged to attend 
 every meeting ot the Council in order to prevent some- 
 thing trom coming through that might be out of harmony 
 with its plan, and such procedure would be impossible. 
 The amended ordinance referred to above, in its present 
 form, IS believed to be absolutelv worthless, and those who 
 are interested in city planning feel that gooil work under 
 it is impossible ot accomplishment. 
 
 Need for Action. — St. Paul has reached a stage in its 
 
 development when much of the down-town section must 
 be made over. .At least two of its main streets must l>c 
 widened in oriier to take care of the increaseil traffic of 
 the next few years. Builiiing lines shouki be immeiliatelv 
 established on some of the streets to lie widened, so that 
 the cost of the ultimate result will be tar less than if new 
 structures are allowed to be created without regard to the 
 future. There is hardly a city in .America where 'intelli- 
 gent, comprehensive city planning could he done with 
 so much promise of good results as in St. Paul today. 
 Business men realize it, and it will not be long before they 
 will insist that some attention be paiii to this all-inijiortant 
 matter by the City Council. 
 
 Association oj Commerce. — Last year .some notable 
 progress along city planning lines was made by the St. 
 Paul .Association of Commerce through its City Planning 
 Committee. .A program laid down by this body is to be 
 continued by this year's director-chairman, Louis Betz, 
 who was president of the Citv Club at the time Mr. No- 
 len submitted his report in n^i i. 
 
 Salem 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Salem (48,56:) was the first city in Nhissachusetts to 
 appoint a permanent City Plans Commission. An ordi- 
 nance of the City Council provided for a commission, which 
 was appointed in May, 191 1, with Harlan P. Kelsey as 
 chairman, and later reorganized as the Salem Planning 
 Board, under the Massachusetts state law, (Chap. 494, 
 .Acts of 1913). The Commission published a comprehen- 
 sive plan in 19 12. Some of the chief recommentlations 
 were tor new thoroughfares, a shore drive, the redemjition 
 of the "decayed waterfront 20 miles long," the elimination 
 of grade crossings, a connecting boulevard or "ring street," 
 
 Salem. — Group of Low-Rent, Semi-detached Cottaije.s for the Salem Kt-lnnKiliiL: Trust. Kilham ;iiul Hopkins, Arcliiticts. 
 The wooden three deckers had heen the predominant type of dwellini; tor the waijc earner in Salem up t<i the time (it the devasta- 
 ting tire of 1914.
 
 i6: 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 building zones, and a system of connected parks and 
 neiehborhood centers. This plan had been in existence 
 hardlv more than a year before the city suffered a pro- 
 found shock from a disastrous fire which swept over large 
 areas occupied by frame dwellings. Here was another 
 instance of' the advantage which a city enjoys in possessing 
 a comprehensive plan. A unique opportunity presented 
 itself for the realization of many of the recommendations 
 contained in this plan, which, under ordinary conditions, 
 would probably have been impracticable owing to their 
 great cost. As it happened, the city did not take advantage 
 of its opportunity to the extent that was to be expected, 
 although a considerable number of detailed improvements, 
 directlv traceable to the original plan, have been adopted. 
 .A number of streets have been widened and extended, 
 building lines have been adopted, a shore boulevard is 
 being constructed, and an improved housing code, pro- 
 viding for a more permanent and healthful type of dwell- 
 ing construction, is in force. Of more recent city planning 
 work, there has been prepared a study and report on 
 trolley transportation and tentative plans for the develop- 
 ment of the entire Salem waterfront on commercial, 
 industrial, and recreational lines. 
 
 Salt Lake City 
 Utah 
 
 A Civic Planning and Art Commission was created 
 by ordinance of the Board of Commissioners of Salt Lake 
 City (117,399) on July 2j, 1914. This Commission is still 
 active and is giving consideration to the employment of an 
 expert adviser to draft a comprehensive development 
 scheme for the citv, later to be submitted to the voters tor 
 approval. The duties of the Commission are of an advisory 
 character and relate to all matters, plans, and proposals 
 affecting the development or artistic adornment of the 
 city. It has already proposed a scheme for a civic center, 
 and it recommends the utilization of the Jordan River, 
 where it winds through the western part of the city, for 
 
 commercial and industrial purposes. The completion of 
 the drainage canal is urged as a means of securing a water- 
 course to Great Salt Lake. The movement for city plan- 
 ning has had the constant support of J. L. Fairbanks, 
 sculptor, A. V. Treganza, architect, and the members of 
 the Civic Improvement Committee of the Commer- 
 cial Club. 
 
 Parks. — Salt Lake City has but eighteen parks, with a 
 total area of 160 acres, and loyi miles of boulevard. A 
 movement for playgrounds and recreational facilities was 
 started several years ago but has never reached a stage of 
 constructive development. Nothing could point more to 
 the need of adequate planning in the interest of the people 
 than this poor showing in regard to parks and recreation. 
 A movement for legislative action, giving to the Civic 
 Planning Commission larger powers, is being agitated. 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 Texas 
 
 To most persons the mention of San Antonio (123,831) 
 recalls stories of the great Catholic missions founded by 
 the Franciscan Fathers who came from Mexico and 
 established a Christian civilization in what was then a 
 wilderness north of the Rio Grande. Half American — 
 half Spanish — in its atmosphere, San Antonio is today 
 engaged in extensive preparation for a great Pan-Ameri- 
 can Exposition, to be opened in 1918, at which time it is 
 expected that the ancient missions built two hundred 
 years ago by the Franciscan pioneers will be completely 
 rehabilitated. 
 
 The City Planning Committee. — The city government, 
 in recent years, has been keenly alive to some of the im- 
 mediate needs of the central districts and has liberally 
 provided for certain forms of municipal services. Sec- 
 tions of three principal thoroughfares in the heart of the 
 business district have been widened, on the initiative of 
 the property owners affected. The entire cost was borne 
 by the latter. The benefit to the retail business section as 
 
 JAn'X»IEGO-<:AL- 
 
 Sa.\ Diego. — The Great Bay Front and Plan (1908), Projected for Railroad and Water .Approaclies, Including an Esplanade, Arr 
 and Pleasure Center at the Foot of Date Street, and Paseo Connecting the Bay with the City Park.
 
 CITY PI,ANNING PROCJRKSS 
 
 1 6.^ 
 
 Courtesy Fl\ine As^oiialioi] 
 
 San Diego. — View o( Exposition Group trom an Aeroplane. 
 The one outstanding civic accomplishment of San Diego is the creation of the Exposition. Some of the buildings are permanent, 
 Hreproot structures, and others will last for years with proper care. Most of these are to be used in the creation of museums and civic 
 halls of various kinds. 
 
 a result ot these widenings is now being realized, and those 
 who have borne the cost consider that they have made an 
 excellent investment. 
 
 But comprehensive planning — the long look ahead — 
 has received but feeble recognition. About three years 
 ago, the Mayor of the city appointed a City Planning 
 Committee ot twenty members with .Atlee B. .Ayres, a 
 member ot the American Institute ot Architects, as chair- 
 man. After the Committee had served for a short time, 
 the Mayor, the official supporter of its work, died. With- 
 out funds tor carrying on its work, the Committee actually 
 accomplished little ot constructive value. It met at fre- 
 quent intervals, however, and advocated the preparation 
 of a comprehensive city plan by expert advisers. To Mr. 
 .Ayres was delegated the task of recommending experts to 
 be employed, and he went to Boston to consult with Mr. 
 Olmsted, among others. Without funds, however, the 
 Commission was unable to enter into a contract tor a 
 plan. The Committee earnestly advocated the widening 
 of certain streets, the development of the riverfront, and 
 the extension and improvement of the city's parks. The 
 location of San Antonio, surrounded as it is with a fine 
 rolling country, offers unusual opportunities tor the 
 acquisition of reservations ot remarkable natural charm. 
 Although the City Plan Committee has not disbanded, it 
 is not now actively working on city planning problems, 
 lacking the support of the present city authorities. How- 
 ever, the Chamber ot Commerce, an active organization, 
 is giving its support to all city planning proposals. 
 
 San Diego 
 
 California 
 
 A general plan for the improvement of San Diego 
 (5J,3Jo) was prepared in 1908 by John \olen for the Civic 
 Improvement Committee, ot which Julius Wangen- 
 heim was chairman. San Diego is unique in its climate, 
 situation, and scenery. The bay, on which it directly 
 fronts, is one of the safest and most beautiful harbors in 
 the world. Not only the bay, but every type of scenery — 
 beach and promontory, mesa and cafion — unite in never- 
 ending variety to form a city that is strikingly individual 
 in character and of great lieauty. Notwithstanding the 
 advantages of its environment, San Diego is, as a whole, 
 neither interesting nor beautiful. It has done little or 
 nothing to secure tor its people the benefits of any of its 
 great natural resources. 
 
 The Report. — The report to the Civic Improvement 
 Committee, entitled "A Comprehensive Plan for the 
 Improvement of San Diego," contains recommendations 
 under five major heads: a public square and civic center, 
 a great bayfront improvement, small open spaces, streets 
 and boulevards, and a system of parks. I.ittle has been 
 done since this report was made, although the city did an 
 excellent piece of work in the creation of the San Diego 
 F,x]iosition and buihiings. Some ot the latter are of perma- 
 nent fireproof construction, and several of the others will 
 last tor years with proper care. Most of these are to
 
 1 64 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 be used in the creation ot a museum ot archeology, 
 ethnology, sociology, and fine arts. The whole group ot 
 buildings has become a community center during the 
 two years since the Exposition and is destined to be even 
 more so, tor public entertainments, banil concerts and the 
 like. In July, 1916, a City Planning C\)mmission was 
 created by City Ordinance, but no appointments have 
 been made nor has an appropriation been allowed. VV. 
 Templeton Johnson, architect, is particulary active in 
 promotmg comprehensive planning. 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Calitnrnia 
 
 In 1904 the Association tor the Improvement and 
 .'\dornment ot .San Francisco (463,516) was formed for 
 the purpose ot devising a city plan. Former Mayor, John 
 1). Phelan, now United States Senator trom Calitornia, 
 was the chief supporter of this movement. Mr. Phelan 
 was fortunate in enlisting the interest and enthusiasm of 
 the late Daniel H. Burnham, of Chicago, who came to 
 San Francisco, with Kdward H. Bennett as his assistant 
 and collaborator, and made a very careful study of the 
 entire city and its environment. In the course of two or 
 three years a very beautitul and interesting scheme for the 
 development ot the city was presented and published in a 
 handsome report. The major proposals in this plan dwelt 
 with the i)utl\ing districts, and one scheme in particular, 
 
 a civic center in the down-town section at the intersec- 
 tion of two principal traffic arteries, was subsequently 
 laid before the people tor adoption, although without suc- 
 cess. Then came the earthquake and fire which impover- 
 ished many of the citizens and forced the city to go heavily 
 into debt in order to provide public buildings and utilities. 
 The city was not in a position to take up the monumental 
 work which the new plan involved. Recuperation from 
 this terrible disaster, however, followed rapidly, and about 
 November i, 191 1, a new administration was elected, 
 pledged to bring about the development of a new civic 
 center, not on the site selected by Mr. Burnham, but in 
 neighboring blocks near what is known as the old city 
 hall site. On F'ebruary, 191 2, a board of three architects, 
 consisting of John Galen Howard, Frederick H. Meyer, 
 and John Reid, Jr., was appointed by the city to formu- 
 late plans for the development ot the entire civic center 
 scheme within the determined area, and on March 29 of 
 the same year the peopile voted a bond issue ot J8,oco,ooo 
 to carry the scheme through. Within the last five years 
 the civic center has become a reality, and only a small 
 portion of the undertaking remains to be realized. The 
 same city administrators were elected at the last election, 
 and this and similar enterprises of a city planning charac- 
 ter are to be carried on or put into shape for ultimate 
 completion. 
 
 Rt'stdls. — On the whole, San Francisco's experience in 
 city planning should encourage hundreds of other cities. 
 Though nothing has been carried out in accordance with 
 
 B£-^a.^' ■■ ■ -■■ ■' fr'r :>■-;' fryi^-^^'.
 
 cri'v pi.AXNiNc; PK(x;Rt:ss 
 
 165 
 
 I 
 
 San I'RANCi.sfc). — I he Civic CcntL-r in which the Cit; Hall ami Aiulitonum have lieen Conipietcil. 
 
 the original Burnham plan, nevertheless, what has been 
 accomplished has been due to the existence of the Burn- 
 ham plan. To quote Mr. John Galen Howard, "The 
 seed was sown and it lay in the dark for a long time; sud- 
 denly the moment came and, almost in an instant, San 
 Francisco realized a civic center." 
 
 The Panama Exposition. — The recovery of San Fran- 
 cisco trom the earthquake and fire is one of the marvels ot 
 the world. In a less period than eight years, monumental 
 buildings have been erected on a comprehensive plan; 
 
 parks and boulevards have been laid out; and in 11^14, the 
 city came before the nation tor the privilege ot celebrating 
 the greatest ot all engineering teats ot our time, the 
 I'anama-Pacific International F.xposition. .And, whereas, 
 but ten years before 250,000 men and women were in the 
 bread-line, in 191 5 that same city entertained at its 
 boarti the nations ot the world. 
 
 Exposition Presi'ivalion /.cagiie. In Hyi; the i'.xposi- 
 tion Preservation League, in reality a city planning organi- 
 zation, was launched, with representatives from seventy
 
 1 66 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 civic bodies in San Francisco. The purpose of the League 
 is to preserve for the city something ot permanent benefit 
 from the great Exposition. The League had strong back- 
 ing trom the first and raised a fund ot Ji7,ooo for its work. 
 It has succeeded, not only in planning, but in carrying out 
 a program involving about jj,ooo,ooo ot permanent 
 
 
 San Francisco. — Telegraph Hill, Looking East, Showing 
 Suggested .Architectural Treatment as Proposed in Compre- 
 hensive Plan of 1905. 
 
 improvements tor the city ot San Francisco. Briefly, the 
 League has secured the opening ot a new boulevard cost- 
 ing $700,000, with a length of lyi miles, extending from 
 the end of Van Ness Avenue along the waterfront to the 
 Presidio, a military reservation of 1,500 acres. It accom- 
 plished the purchase of the Marina Park and yacht harbor 
 in the bay ot San Francisco, the only piece of waterfront 
 owned by the city, with donations of stock of the 
 Exposition. 
 
 Preserving the Exposition s Monuments. — Through its 
 efforts the Column of Progress of the Exposition is being 
 built permanently on its present site from funds now avail- 
 able (See p. 4). This preserves to San Francisco a monu- 
 ment of unusual merit and dignity of design. Also, through 
 persistent efforts with the legislature, the California Build- 
 ing of the Exposition is to be preserved as a state normal 
 school, more permanently built upon its present site, at a 
 cost ot $500,000. A group ot buildings, including the Ex- 
 positionPalace of Fine Arts with its lagoon (See p. 4), is to 
 be preserved as a center of arts and letters, adjacent to 
 Marina Park and Boulevard. Through the efforts of the 
 League the owners of the other property on which the 
 Exposition stood have practically agreed to merge their 
 land to form a high-class restricted residence district, 
 plans (See p. 4) for which have been drawn by Daniels & 
 VVilhelm, landscape architects, of San Francisco, a full 
 account of which is given in the Journal of the American 
 Institute oj Architects for May, 1917. 
 
 Ferry Approaches. — The approach from the Ferry- 
 house to Market Street is of enormous importance, not 
 only from the point of view of beauty, but primarily as a 
 matter of convenience to traffic, and is one of the pressing 
 problems today. 
 
 Official City Planning. — .An ordinance authorizing the 
 Mayor to appoint a city planning commission was passed 
 by the Board of Supervisors of San Francisco in March, 
 
 1914, but the Mayor has not as yet officially named the 
 commissioners. .About January i, 1917, the Mayor 
 named Mrs. .Abbie F. Krebs special commissioner to 
 investigate city planning in the East and report to him. 
 She is at this writing absent trom the city on this work. 
 Unofficial City Planning — Zoning. — The Common- 
 wealth Club ot California has a most active city planning 
 section, organized in 1913, ot which Henry G. Meyer 
 is chairman and C. H. Cheney, secretary, with a member- 
 ship of about 300 persons. This section is making investi- 
 gations to determine the need of districting or zoning in 
 .San PVancisco and vicinity. Their report was published 
 in .April, 1917. The same group was instrumental m 
 organizing the California Conference on City Planning 
 in 1914. It brought trom New York the American City 
 Bureau's City Planning Exhibit in 1914, was one of the 
 principal organizers of the Exposition Preservation League 
 in 1 91 5, and has had active interest and representation 
 in the San Francisco Housing Association since 1909. 
 
 Savannah 
 Georgia 
 
 Geographically, Savannah (68,805) enjoys a position 
 ot unusual advantage. Her location on the banks ot the 
 Savannah River, on a plateau 50 feet above sea-level and 
 18 miles from the .Atlantic, has facilitated both ocean and 
 coastwise traffic, so that the city is today one of the most 
 prosperous of our .Atlantic ports. 
 
 The Oglethorpe Plan. — Savannah was settletl in 1733 
 by a band ot i 20 colonists under the leadership of Governor 
 James F.dward Oglethorpe, the English general and phil- 
 anthropist, whose wisdom and foresight are responsible for 
 the city's excellent plan. The basic aim of the founder was 
 to provide a town in the New World which would afford 
 new economic and social opportunities for unfortunate 
 
 Savannah. — Oglethorpe .Avenue, One of the Numerous 
 Thoroughfares with Center Parkway Laid Out 180 Years Ago.
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRKSS 
 
 i6- 
 
 debtors who had suffered indefinite imprisonment under 
 the English laws. In the case of" Savannah, the social as 
 well as the economic factor was given deep consideration 
 in the planning of the city. Oglethorpe, knowing the 
 disastrous effects of overcrowding in the cities in the old 
 country, was careful in guarding against such a defect in 
 the new. The broad streets, the numerous small parks 
 provided, which exist to the glory and comfort of Savannah 
 today, were undoubtedly set aside as the means of pre- 
 venting congestion of housing and traffic, their esthetic 
 value being altogether a secondary consideration. .Ample 
 street width likewise showed foresight for the future 
 growth and needs of the population. In the portion of the 
 existing plan laid out by Oglethorpe, Bull Street divideil 
 
 mission is kept out of politics and is not hampered in pur- 
 suing a fixed policy. 
 
 Recfttl City Planning. — Savannah, in common with 
 many other cities, has taken on new life within the past 
 tiecatie. This rejuvenescence is due largely to the active 
 cooperation of the tratle bodies and the municipality. In 
 '907. John Nolen, of Cambridge, Mass., submitted a 
 report on the "Improvement of Savannah," which has not 
 been printed. Mr. Nolen recognizes the merit of the 
 Oglethorpe plan as it exists today and the ease with which 
 the present plan of Savannah could in some respects be 
 modihed. He comments also on the necessitv for prompt 
 action it the jieople of the city are to secure the advantages 
 of changes in the olil city and of planning in a vigorous. 
 
 City or Sc//f:\'AcrAoY 
 
 ScHENECiAUV. — Pl.ui Piupusei! and Partly Carried Out for the 
 The scheme for a dignified western gateway ami bridge, illustrated 
 
 the city east from west, ami on all alternating streets 
 parallel to Bull Street there is a series of parks two blocks 
 apart. On the other alternating streets, parallel to Bull 
 Street, there are no parks, and these streets are used 
 more particularly for traffic. The Strand at Bay Street 
 on the north antl Forsvthe Street Park (at Gaston Street 
 on the south) bound the original city. .'\ system similar 
 to that described is employed in planning the new sec- 
 tions of the city. Oglethorpe .Avenue and Liberty Street, 
 two of the oldest thoroughfares in Savannah, have hand- 
 some center parkways with 30-foot driveways on each 
 side and, though laid out over one hundred years ago, 
 are models now. 
 
 Parks. — There were, in 1910, 167 acres of park area iii 
 the city and 376 acres of public grounds, this being one 
 of the leading cities in the United States in point of park 
 area. The parks are not under the supervision or control 
 of the City Council but of the Park and Tree Commission. 
 The powers of this Commission are. absolute. The Com- 
 
 Development of the Waterfront and B.iryc Canal Icrniin.il. 
 
 , is an important problem and is now being intensively studied. 
 
 common-sense and beautiful way tor the city of the future. 
 Mr. Nolen submitted plans tor only four of the recom- 
 mendations which he presented: the grouping of public 
 buildings, the modification of Bull Street, the improve- 
 ment of the approaches to the railroad station, and the 
 more adequate provision for commerce on the waterfront 
 and the de\-elopnient ot parts of the same for recreation 
 and pleasure, with a broad esplanade under which busi- 
 ness and traffic could be carried on. Clarence (Joette is 
 tiirector ot playgrounds in the city, P. I). Datfin is chair- 
 man ot the Park ami Tree Commi.ssion, ami Thomas Purse 
 is secretary ot the Board of Trade. 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 New "^'ork 
 It is said of Schenectady (99,519) that she "lights and 
 hauls the world." Her tame rests on the great electrical 
 and locomotive plants which employ thousands of workers.
 
 1 68 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 But from the city planning standpoint, and particularly 
 in respect to the social and recreational facilities of the 
 city plan, her light has shone all too dimly and her ener- 
 gies have been of a feeble sort. It is only within the past 
 five years that influences have asserted themselves mak- 
 ing for improvement in this direction. 
 
 Board of Parks and City Plantiing. — In 1912 the Board 
 of Parks and City Planning, of which Dr. C. P. Steinmetz 
 was chairman, engaged John Nolen, of Cambridge, Mass., 
 to prepare a preliminarv plan tor city improvement and 
 extension. In his report, which has not been printed, 
 entitled "Planning a City for the People," Mr. Nolen 
 expresses astonishment at the meagerness of the lands 
 owned by the city. Beyond the barest necessities for 
 buildings required for immediate purposes, there was 
 practicallv no provision (or those things, upon which the 
 welfare of the people rests. The urgent need in city plan- 
 ning, it is pointed out, is to give greater consideration to 
 the benefits which come to the whole bodv of the people 
 through improvements that concern everybody, and to 
 
 the west. There are now practicallv no continuous streets 
 extending around the city, but the city is fortunate in 
 possessing a number of good radial thoroughfares. The 
 bridging of the deep ravines which cut through the bluflfs 
 that surround the old town, and the connecting up and 
 completing of the encircling system of streets are recom- 
 mended. 
 
 Results. — Since the report was submitted the city has 
 been particularly active in acquiring park lands, the most 
 interesting achievements followuig the lines suggested in 
 the plan being the acquisition of the Cotton Factory Hol- 
 low for park purposes, and of a part of the waterfront for 
 recreation 
 
 Scranton 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 A report on the "Improvement of Scranton" was sub- 
 mitted to the City Improvement Committee of Scranton 
 (146,811) in 191 2 bv John Nolen, of Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 (M^.f^ 
 
 Scranton. — Proposed .Approach to Railroad Terminal and Direct Connection with Court Square, the Focus of the City's Life. 
 
 work for a higher ideal of homes and recreation. Mr. 
 Nolen urged that immediate steps be taken to gain pos- 
 session of the riverfront and of the ravines and valleys, 
 particularly the Cotton Factory Hollow property, and 
 he indicated the provision that should be made for more 
 ample schoolgrounds for school children; for larger play- 
 fields for the older children in the school and for the young 
 men and women at work; for parks located in different 
 neighborhoods for the use of the entire population and 
 adults alike; and for outlying reservations — all united 
 into one comprehensive design by means of connecting 
 parkways, boulevards, and park streets. 
 
 Thoroughfares. — The next most urgent problem in the 
 replanning of Schenectady is that of designing a complete 
 and adequate street system. One feature of special inter- 
 est, to which Mr. Nolen refers, and which is close to realiza- 
 tion now, is that for a satisfactory and dignified western 
 gateway for Schenectady, plans for which are being pre- 
 pared by William Barclay Parsons and the city engineers. 
 It is proposed to span the terminal basin with an impos- 
 ing concrete bridge, leading out in two directions toward 
 
 The city has now completed the fiftieth year of its cor- 
 porate existence, and while that very fact may be urged, 
 and reasonably, as an excuse for the lack of development, 
 still the city has reached a point when the welfare of its 
 150,000 people demands that rational development along 
 the lines suggested by Mr. Nolen be expedited and, if 
 necessary, forced. 
 
 The Recommendations. — In investigating Scranton's 
 city planning problems, Mr. Nolen emphasizes the impor- 
 tance of the central district or focus of the city life. Court- 
 house Square, a tract of 420 by 500 feet, and the need for 
 improving its appearance and making it thoroughly acces- 
 sible. He recommends that prompt steps be taken to 
 establish new building lines and proper building restric- 
 tions around the Square and throughout the central sec- 
 tion of Scranton. He proposes that direct connection be 
 made between the Lackawanna Terminal and the Court- 
 house Square, and he urges the improvement of the sys- 
 tem of main streets and thoroughfares, both within the 
 city and county. He submits, as an illustration of more 
 modern methods of city extension and land subdivision, a
 
 CITY PLANNIN(; PR()(;RKSS 
 
 169 
 
 plan tor the "South Side." Finally, he makes recommenda- 
 tions tor the acquisition of well-located land for parks, 
 boulevards, and playgrounds, and to this end he urges the 
 appointment of a park commission. Mr. Nolcn's pro- 
 posals have not been printed, hut the report submitted to 
 the City Improvement Commission is well rounded out, 
 illustrated with diagrams ami plans, and contains many 
 valuable suggestions which the city authorities cannot 
 afford to overlook. 
 
 The Cenlury Club M^'ork. — In lyij the Citv Improve- 
 ment Department of the Century Club of Scranton 
 engaged the Department of Surveys and Flxhibits of the 
 
 much o( the city, and the problem of alley ilwcllings are 
 pointed to as requiring immediate attention. 
 
 Seattle 
 
 \\ ashington 
 
 The site of -Seattle (.U'j/'.W). I>etween the shores of 
 I'uget Sound ami Lake Washington, is interrupted by 
 rivers, canals, lakes, and by many hills, some with precipi- 
 tous slopes rising to heights of .100 to 400 feet. During 
 the period of rapid growth of population, which began 
 
 
 A 
 
 ^^■*- 
 
 
 Seattle. — Proposed Civic Center at Fourth and Blancliard .Streets with a .Mayniticcnt Stttini; Visiliic from all the Knvironiny 
 Hills and from the Harbor and Puget Sound. 
 
 Dividing the center is Central .Avenue, leading to the railroad station. Leading off to the right is the proposed (.)lympian .Mall, 
 whose axis pierces the loftiest peak of the Olympic Range, and which will serve as an approach from the .Sea. 
 
 Russell Sage Foundation ot New York to make a pre- 
 liminary diagnosis, or pathfinder survey, ot general social 
 conditions. Zenas L. Potter, Franz Schneider, and Shelby 
 M. Harrison, director ot the Department, made the 
 investigations which covered a wide range ot subjects. 
 These were published in a little pamphlet entitled "Scran- 
 ton in Quick Review." Ot special interest here is the 
 section in the report on civic improvement. The report 
 recommends that the work of John Nolen be carried 
 ahead to a point of fruition and that turther data be 
 gathered to show the importance ot adopting some plan 
 at least for the guidance of city growth. It emphasizes 
 the serious grade crossing problem which confronts 
 Scranton; the desirability of adequately bridging the 
 numerous streams that run through the main section of the 
 city; and the need for improvement of the banks of the 
 stream. The billboard nuisance, the lack of paving in 
 
 about I S90, engineering projects, designeii to overcome 
 some of the obstacles in the way of city extension, were 
 carried out on a large scale, particularly in the wholesale 
 cutting away ot hills and the filling of valleys. .\ compre- 
 hensive park, playground, ami boulevard system was also 
 prepared under the direction of Olmsted Brothers. Year by 
 year, under the direction ot a Park Commission, this latter 
 plan, occupying ravines wooded with giant firs, skirting 
 botiies of salt and fresh water, or crowning hills with com- 
 manding prospects, has gone torwarii till now; while in no 
 sense complete, it has come to stand, in a large measure, for 
 the high purposes and ideals ot the citv. These experiences 
 doubtless had their effect when, in \()0<), untler the initia- 
 tive of the Washington State Chapter ot the .American 
 Institute of .Architects, and with the cooperation of the 
 Chamber of Commerce and the Commercial Clvib, a 
 charter amendment authorizing a municipal plans com-
 
 Seattle. — Kailmcul Station. View .^long Central (Dexter) Avenue, from Civic Center as Proposed. 
 Central Avenue will provide a direct and inviting boulevard approach from the railway gateway to the Civic Center. 
 
 a Mile Long, Viaduct 
 
 170
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 171 
 
 mission to prepare a cuniprchensivc plan ot the city and 
 its environs, at a cost not to exceed $60,000, was submitted 
 to the voters and adopted by the largest favorable vote 
 ever recorded for a similar measure in the history of the 
 city. 
 
 The Mii>ii(ip<il P/tiiis Co ni m is. tin 11. -'I'he Commission, 
 numbering twent\-one, and selected trom leading orcaniza- 
 tions throughout the city, was appointcil in 1910. W. R. 
 B. W'illcox, teilow ot the American Institute of Architects, 
 served as a member ot the Commission. N'irgil Bogue, of 
 New York, was engaged to take charge of their planning 
 work. Mr. Bogue had never previously been engaged in 
 the planning of cities but had had fruitful experience in 
 connection with the problems ot railway and marine traffic. 
 
 T/ie Report. — The Commission published its final 
 report on September 7, 191 1. It dealt with arterial high- 
 wavs, rapid transit, civic art, harbor improvements, rail- 
 way transportation, and the civic center, and contained 
 general and detailed maps with appendices, giving the 
 engineering data for the construction ot the various 
 projects considered. The plan developeil inward from the 
 periphery coordinating the highway, rapid transit, rail- 
 way and water grades. The civic center, in its form and 
 location, was the outcome ot the solution ot these prac- 
 tical problems, rather than the point of departure. 
 
 T/ie Referene/um. — When the proposals of the Municipal 
 I'lans Commission were submitted to the voters tor 
 adoption, it developed that, while they favored the making 
 of a plan tor the city as a general principle, they viewed its 
 adoption in concrete form from the narrower, though 
 quite natural, point ot view of individuals who feared 
 their properties were likely to be disturbed by the improve- 
 ments suggested; consequently the sum of individual 
 objections accomplished the rejection of the plan as a 
 definite plan ot procedure, under the prescribed two- 
 thirds vote, although, be it said, the plan was approved by 
 a majority ot the voters. However, the motive which 
 actuated the voters in the rejection of the plan in its 
 entirety was amusingly illustrated at the same election 
 when, as a separate measure, under the title of a com- 
 prehensive plan of port development, that portion of the 
 Bogue plan relating to the improvement ot the extended 
 waterfront of the city was submitted by the Port Com- 
 mission and adopted by the voters as a definite program. 
 Since then #6,000,000 has been expended in accordance 
 therewith. 
 
 Recent Results. — Improvements and extensions to the 
 highway, rapid transit and a railway system have since 
 been undertaken in accordance with the Bogue plan, but 
 the civic center project will doubtless remain in abeyance 
 for some years, while the more vital commercial develop- 
 ments are being pushed to the utmost. 
 
 C. H. Alden, member of the Committee on Town Plan- 
 ning of the .•\merican Institute of .Architects, is one ot 
 those active in promoting better and more comprehensive 
 planning in Seattle. 
 
 Sheboygan 
 Wisconsin 
 
 The City Planning Commission of Sheboygan (28,559), 
 the successor of the City Park Commission, has been 
 
 restricted in its opportunities tor service by the limitcil 
 powers granted it by the City Council and the failure ot 
 the Council to cooperate with it in projects in hand. 
 Nevertheless, the Commission has given serious considera- 
 tion to the employment of experts, and expects that 
 additional powers will be granted it such as will give the 
 Commission an opportunity to be ot real service to the 
 city along lines which the Commission has mapped out. 
 \V. J. Hollingsworth is an active member ot the City 
 Planning Commission. 
 
 Industrial Housing. — Near Sheboygan is the new vil- 
 lage of Kohler, now being developed by the Kohler Com- 
 pany, of which Walter J. Kohler is president. Extensive 
 plans have been made for the village embodying the most 
 advanced principles of town planning. .A separate improve- 
 ment company, independent ot the Kohler Company, 
 has been incorporated to buy and sell lanil, build houses, 
 and assist in developing the community. Phillips & 
 Brust, architects, have prepared plans tor the houses and 
 community building, and the first group of houses is now 
 in process of construction. .\ comprehensive plan has 
 been prepared dividing the village into industrial, commer- 
 cial, and residential zones and providing for playgrounds, 
 parks, athletic fields, and recreation centers. .\ unique 
 feature is a building to be erecteil as a home for single 
 men of modest means. The building is exceedingly attrac- 
 tive and will be set in pleasant, spacious grounds. Kach 
 man will have a separate outsiile room, and there will be 
 baths, reading- and billiard-rooms, and bowling-alleys. 
 
 Shenandoah 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 .\ report on city planning and ci\'ic improvement in 
 Shenandoah (29,201) from the Shade Tree Commission 
 would seem to indicate that the city was very backward 
 in general planning tor future growth. The Shade Tree 
 Commission, of which J. F. Brown is secretary, appears to 
 be the only organization engaged in the work ot city 
 improvement. 
 
 Shreveport 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Without funds, the City Planning Commission ot 
 Shreveport (55,230), appointed in 1915 by the City Com- 
 missioners, has been able to accomplish little in the way ot 
 actual improvement. This Commission has been sup- 
 ported in many ways, however, by a committee ot citizens 
 which has suggested numerous lines in which the official 
 Commission could be of service. There is also a Civic 
 League, a Clean-Up League, and many other organiza- 
 tions that are interested in city planning and civic improve- 
 ment. Numerous suggestions have been made tor the 
 grouping of public buililings. Plans are on foot for exten- 
 sive ornamental lighting in the city. There is a well- 
 organized Playgrouml Committee using vacant lots, and a 
 Park .Association which has accomplished much that is 
 worth while with small funds. The planting of trees is 
 encouraged by neighborhood associations, but the city 
 is in need of further advice as to the best method ot
 
 172 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 accomplishment in this field. F^xtensive plans have been 
 prepared tor the development ot" the waterfront tor com- 
 mercial and industrial uses. Good progress has been made 
 in street improvement. The Commissioner ot Public 
 I'tilities, I-em J. Kahn, is interested particularly in 
 information pertaining to park systems, the grouping of 
 public buildings, laws tor city planning, and procedure 
 in preparing a comprehensive citv plan. 
 
 Sioux City 
 
 Iowa 
 
 .■X tew years ago a privately organized body was active 
 in city planning in .Sioux Citv (57,078), but its accomplish- 
 ments were limited. Sioux City has twenty parks with 
 over 1,000 acres, cSoo of which are in Stone Park. The 
 remaining parks have an area varying from a fourth of an 
 acre up to 38 acres. There are about i,^ acres of water- 
 front in possession of the city, which are leased for com- 
 mercial purposes until 1924. There is a playground super- 
 intendent employed by the city; at least ten pieces of 
 property have been purchased by the School Board, and a 
 portion of four parks has been set aside for recreational 
 purposes. The schools are used as community centers to 
 quite an extent. The city possesses a very good building 
 code, but it embodies few housing restrictions. 
 
 Somerville 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The Planning Hoard of Somerville (87,039), appointed 
 under authority of the Massachusetts Acts of Legislature 
 (Chap. 494, 191J), has had only minimum appropriations 
 sufficient to meet its office expense, so that it has been 
 unable to engage experts or the services of anv assistants 
 
 "^i"!--- I ■ Mniiroe .Street Bridge ami Spokane Fall 
 
 competent to investigate conditions as proposed in the 
 .\ct. The Board has held regular meetings, and, as a 
 result ot the limited studv which it has been able to give to 
 the city's planning problems, it recommended the removal 
 of certain unsanitary and run-down buildings, the plant- 
 ing ot street trees, the acquisition of areas for playgrounds, 
 the construction of a boulevard connecting Somerville 
 and Cambridge by the widening of one of the present 
 narrow connecting streets, the construction of a cross- 
 town transit line, and the like. 
 
 The Board has given special consideration to housing 
 problems within the limits ot its small appropriation. The 
 more stringent regulation of sanitarv and social features 
 ot tenement house lite and construction, and the devel- 
 opment ot unused land along the Mystic River as sites 
 tor industrial plants are urged. The chief need of the 
 Board is a more adequate appropriation by the city for 
 its work. 
 
 Malcolm F. Sturtevant is chairman of the Boaril. 
 
 South Bend 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Comprehensive city planning in South Bend (68,946) 
 has not yet been agitated. Civic improvement endeavors 
 have centered about the development of the park system 
 and the recreational and playground features of the city 
 plan. More recently, housing, under private enterprise, 
 has received a decided impetus. In 191";, 103 acres were 
 added to the park system by the purchase of the Rum Vil- 
 lage Woods. These beautiful woody hills immediately 
 ailjoining the city are, with the river, its chief civic asset. 
 They serve a section where previously there had been no 
 publicly owned property. This purchase, with a smaller 
 area recently acquired on West Division Street, now com- 
 pletes a chain ot parks around the city, which will event- 
 ually be connected by boulevards. With the recent pur- 
 chases, the city now has 366 acres of parks, which, in 
 point of acreage, is nearly adequate for the present. A 
 boulevard system is being developed. The entire plan for 
 the park system is being carried out in accordance with a 
 scheme laid out by George K. Kessler, landscape archi- 
 tect, ot St. Louis, in 1912. 
 
 Recreation. — In a little over two years, South Bend took 
 first rank among cities ot its class in Indiana for up-to- 
 date, supervised recreation. This recreational develop- 
 ment is largely the result of the social center work begun 
 five years ago by the Social Welfare Committee of the 
 Chamber ot Commerce. This Committee decided that it 
 was atlvisable to have an expert investigation and report. 
 Funds tor a recreational survey were donated bv a number 
 of citizens, and Francis R. North, field secretary of the 
 Playground Association ot America, made a careful sur- 
 vey of the needs and facilities of the city and a detailed 
 report, including recommendations for a city-wide sys- 
 tem ot recreational and educational activities. As a result 
 ot Mr. North's survey, a permanent advisory body called 
 "The Municipal Recreation Committee," was appointed 
 in 1914, whose membership represented all the leading 
 organizations in the city. F. W. Barnes, of Kansas City, 
 was selected as director of recreation. The activities ot this
 
 CITY im.anntnk; pr()(;rf.ss 
 
 17.3 
 
 Cfmr(e^\ The ,Anttrn(i7i ( i/i 
 
 Sl'KlM.HF.l I).- Tlic SurxLV l-,\liiliili(in. 
 
 The social- atui sanitary factors in the civic life of Springfield were accented in this investigation. Cit\ I'lannini; surveys, on the 
 
 ither hand, deal to a much larger extent with the physical foundations of the city's life. 
 
 Committee have more than measured up to the expecta- 
 tions of the citizens of South Bend. A new element has 
 been introduced into the life and activity of the city. Some 
 idea of the extent to which this new recreational move- 
 ment has reacted on the lives ot the adults and children 
 of the city is gained by the total tabulated attendance at 
 all the municipal recreational activities throughout the 
 year 1916, namely, one-third ot a million per.sons. 
 
 Housing. — The most recent civic movement is the 
 organization ot a Housing Committee known as the South 
 Bend Homes Company, consisting ot public-spirited 
 citizens whose interests were affected by economic con- 
 ditions. This Committee was organized in February, 
 1917. Krnest VV. Young, architect, of South Bend, has 
 made a report and prepared a tentative scheme tor a gen- 
 eral housing development involving collective purchase, 
 design, development and control, and an expenditure ot 
 f)ver $500,000. 
 
 Olhe?- Results. — The State Housing Law enacted two 
 years ago is in force, and there is also a new building code 
 which was recently presented and adopted. Plans are now 
 being completed for the elimination ot grade crossings, 
 and the actual work of elevation of the New York Central 
 tracks will be begun within the current year. This will 
 make possible the imification ot railroad stations, a fea- 
 ture South Bend has long needed. There is no commercial 
 waterfront, but the river, which flows through the city 
 and is now in a neglected state, is to be useful in creating 
 the boulevard system hiiil down in the Kcssler plan. 
 
 Spokane 
 
 Washington 
 
 By public vote, at the next election, the people of 
 Spokane (150,^23) will determine whether a city planning 
 
 commission is to be appointed. The city officials have 
 carefully considered the proposition for the establish- 
 ment of a city planning commission and have concluded 
 that legal difficulties will be solved ami public sentiment 
 more accurately gauged in this way. It the people favor 
 the proposal, the new commission will have powers similar 
 to those held by the present Park Boarii, except that it 
 will not have the authority to spenil or appropriate money 
 tor improvements, but it will, however, be authorized to 
 employ city planning experts to prepare a compre- 
 hensive plan. 
 
 Parks. — Spokane has been fortunate in the acquisition 
 of a splendid group of parks within the past ten years, 
 aggregating i,9,H acres. In 1907 there were only 17 j acres; 
 but about that time the public demand tor systematic 
 planning ot public parks, by an authority tree from political 
 influence, leil to the organization of a City Beautiful Com- 
 mittee, umler the leadershiji ot .A. I.. \\ hite. The efforts 
 of this Committee resulted in the atioption, by popular 
 vote, in May, 1907, of a charter amendment placing park 
 matters under an independent, non-political Board of 
 Park Commissioners. .\. I.. White was appointed chair- 
 man and has served in that capacity since that time. 
 Immediately after organization, the Park Board employed 
 Olmsted Brothers, of Brookline, Mass., to devise a plan 
 for a complete system ot parks and boulevards. Their 
 plan anti report has served as a basis tor the development 
 of the parks ot .Spokane, anil many acres have since been 
 acquired in accordance therewith. Much remains to be 
 done, however, in the improvement of undeveloped parks 
 and playgrounds and in linking the parks and open spaces 
 together with a comprehensive system of boulevartls, as 
 outlined in the original Olmsted plan. This latter work is 
 now being carried out gradually. 
 
 The Park Repurl. The report of Olmsted Brothers,
 
 ■74 
 
 CITY PLANNING FR0C;RP:SS 
 
 which covers the work done from 1891 to 191J, is pub- 
 hshed in a document distributed by the Park Board of 
 Spokane. The Olmsted report is interesting as a city plan- 
 ning document as well as a study for a park system. It 
 takes up matters having to do with the development ot the 
 city plan along broad lines, particularly in the construc- 
 tion of diagonal avenues, the rerouting of street railway 
 lines, the adjustment of steam railroad terminals to the 
 city plan, better subdivision of land, the provision ot 
 building-line setbacks, the limitation of the height ot 
 buildings, and the like. Unfortunately, only those pro- 
 posals relating to the park system have been followed. 
 Now the citizens of Spokane are beginning to realize that 
 park development was but one step in the direction of 
 comprehensive city planning, and the Chamber ot Com- 
 merce, the Realty Board, the Advertising Club, and other 
 organizations have appointed committees to aid the move- 
 ment for the appointment of a comprehensive city plan- 
 ning commission as outlined above. 
 
 Springfield. — The Civic Center, Facing Court Square, from 
 the Inception of Which the Civic .'\wakening Dates. 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Illinois 
 
 The survey, as a prerequisite to city planning and civic 
 improvement, is now generally recognized in America. 
 In no instance has it received a more thorough trial than 
 in Springfield (59,618), the capital city of Illinois. Here, 
 however, the investigation and findings were confined 
 solely to the social and sanitary aspects of the city's lite, 
 rather than to the strictly physical aspects of city building. 
 
 In 19IJ, the Springfield Improvement League and the 
 Springfield Survey Committee joined in engaging the 
 
 Department of Surveys and Exhibits ot the Russell Sage 
 Foundation to survey the city. The sum of $6,000 was 
 raised locally and the Foundation itself made an appro- 
 priation for this purpose. Nearly one dozen small pam- 
 phlets were issued, covering the results of the survey. These 
 reports cover many matters ot vital importance, but the 
 two most interesting, from a city planning standpoint, are 
 on housing (by John Ihlder) and on sanitation (by Franz 
 Schneider). The membership of the Improvement League 
 has since been increased to 2,000, and its usefulness for the 
 advancement of the best interests of the city along social 
 and sanitary lines has been greatly augmented. 
 
 C/'/v Beaulificalioti. — .A movement is now on toot for 
 the grouping ot state buildings, tor which purpose J r 00,000 
 has been raised by private subscriptions to be applied to 
 the purchase of land. This movement is part of a general 
 program for city beautification in connection with the 
 Centennial Celebration to be held in 1918. .A statue of 
 .Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas will be unveiled 
 on the capitol grounds. The state will begin the erection of 
 a Centennial Memorial Building which will cost about 
 J 1,000,000. There will be many other features ot the cele- 
 bration, extensive preparations tor which are being made, 
 including repaving of streets, erection ot an ornamental 
 lighting system, placing underground all wires in the 
 down-town district, and a general program tor the beau- 
 tification of the city. The plans involve expenditure on the 
 part of the city government, private corporations, and 
 individual owners, of about |i, 500,000. George H. 
 Helmle, architect, is active in both housing and city 
 planning work, and Dr, and Mrs. Geo. T. Palmer are 
 leaders in the social survey activities. 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Springfield (105,942) has long been recognized as one of 
 the most attractive of the eastern cities. It underwent a 
 civic awakening about five years ago when, by a vote of 
 the people, a bond issue for a group ot civic buildings was 
 authorized. .An architectural competition was held tor 
 the selection of an architect and, as a result, a plan was 
 adopted and carried out which has given to the city one ot 
 the most charming groups ot civic structures possessed by 
 any municipality in the country. Later a City Planning 
 Board was appointed under the Massachusetts Act of 
 1913, which has been one of the most active ot the fifty- 
 odd boards established in Massachusetts under this law. 
 It has issued four reports, the first of which shows a broad 
 appreciation of the scope ot city planning work and the 
 importance ot basing work on souml fundamental data. 
 The Board has not received support from the city admin- 
 istration in keeping with the importance ot the work which 
 it has in hand. It has been striving, therefore, to secure the 
 backing of the people in order that the authorities may be 
 induced to cooperate with it in carrying out its proposals. 
 The Commission secured a small appropriation in 1915 
 and engaged F"rederick Law Olmsted to cooperate with it 
 in devising adequate approaches to the city, in preparing 
 plans for the redemption of public squares, and tor the 
 improvement ot the waterfront.
 
 CITY Pl.ANNINC. PKlX.RKSS 
 
 175 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Ohio 
 
 A slumbering spirit has been awakened in Springfieki 
 (51,550), since the beginning of the new year, that prom- 
 ises to develop into constructive action, looking to the 
 preparation ot some comprehensive plan for the t(jwn. Thf 
 Chamber ot Commerce, ot which Don Siddle is secretary, 
 has appointed a Committee to consider the detailed organi- 
 zation ot an effort tor city planning. Up to this time, city 
 planning in Springfield and investigations along these lines 
 have not been undertaken, Init it is believed that the work 
 will progress with the backing ot the Chamber of Com- 
 merce. Harry S. Kissel, member of the City Planning 
 Committee of the American Civic Association, is one of the 
 live and interested supporters ot city planning. 
 
 Stamford 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 A movement to secure an ofHcuil city planning com- 
 mission in Stamford (35,119) has been vigorously agitated 
 by members ot the Civic Federation ot Stamford, ot which 
 Herbert F. Sherwood is president. For two years the 
 Mayor of the city, also, has urged upon the City Council 
 the desirability ot its taking favorable action on this 
 matter, and it would seem that Stamford was actually 
 going to begin city planning work before long. 
 
 Housing. — There has been organized recently a Housing 
 Committee, under the auspices of the Associated Charities, 
 which is now raising funds to enable it to engage advisers 
 for the work it has in view. The Committee, with the 
 cooperation of local capitalists, is directing its efforts 
 toward the erection of about 100 model cottages for work- 
 men, a site tor which has been secured. 
 
 Parks and Rearalion. — Stamford has only 89 acres ot 
 parks, an area quite inadequate for a city of its size. The 
 chief park fronts on the Sound, and the city is considering 
 the acquisition of another riverside reservation with con- 
 necting boulevards. \'arious associations of the city are 
 using the schoolhouses as social centers, giving plays and 
 dances. At the expense of the city, also, several summer 
 playgrounds have been maintained on school premises 
 under trained direction. A recreation center, with a paid 
 director, is maintained by the Associated Charities in its 
 own building, and it is intended to extend this by utilizing 
 the schoolhouses also. 
 
 Transportation. — The grade crossing problem in Stam- 
 ford is not serious. There is a very good station and 
 approaches on the main line of the New Haven Railroad. 
 Waterfront facilities for commercial purposes have been 
 developed to some extent, the boat plying daily between 
 New York and Stamford carrying freight chiefly for local 
 manufacturers. The restriction of building heights is now 
 under consideration. 
 
 Stockton 
 
 California 
 
 In his recent message to the Cit\' Council, the Mayor 
 of Stockton (35,358) urged that the council take action 
 
 towaril having a comprtherisivc plan nl the city prepared. 
 Supporting the Mayor is the Stockton Chaml)er of Com- 
 merce, of which J. P. Irish, Jr., is secretary, one ot the 
 live commercial organizations on the Pacific Coast. The 
 California State Law of 1915 on city planning permits 
 cities in the state to undertake city planning on a broaii 
 scale. 
 
 The project with which Stockton is most conccVned at 
 the present time and on which the Chamber of Com- 
 merce has been working is the deepening and widening ot 
 Stockton Channel and the San Joaquin River, with the 
 ultimate object of providing a channel 20 feet deep and 
 300 feet wide from Stockton to the sea. This route is 50 
 miles long, and its terminus is at the Golden Ciate entrance 
 of San Francisco Bay. .\ full description of this problem 
 is contained in "Ports of the United States," Bulletin 
 No. 23, Miscellaneous Series, Bureau ot Foreign and 
 Domestic Commerce. 
 
 Stockton has a limited park area — about 50 acres in 
 all — which is much too small for a city of its size. Its 
 playground system is under the control of a Playground 
 Commission, of which Mrs. C. M. Jackson is president. 
 The schoolgrounds and buildings are extensively used tor 
 this purpose. The housing situation in Stockton is not 
 under any direct control, but is, of course, under the super- 
 vision of the State Commission on Immigration and Hous- 
 ing. Joseph Losekann, president of the San Joaquin \"ailey 
 .■\ssociation of .Architects, was largely responsible for the 
 present building ordinance. 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 New York 
 
 "The City Sensible," has been the watchword ot the 
 City Planning Commission of Syracuse (155,624). The 
 Commission has tried throughout its existence to work 
 hand in hand with the city fathers, the men who must 
 furnish the money for the things they desire to see carried 
 through. The Commission has taken the stand, also, that 
 the business man in the community, the man interested in 
 making the city a good and comfortable place to live in 
 and to do business in, was the one whom the Conmiission 
 should interest. 
 
 Chamber of Comment- Committee. — .About five years 
 ago, the City Planning Committee of the Chamber ot 
 Commerce was the active body in city planning work. 
 This Committee, of which .Albert 1.. Brockway was chair- 
 man, found that one of the problems which needed 
 immediate attention was the bad and uncontrolled sub- 
 division of land — the fact that districts in the outlying 
 portions of the city and in the territory immediately 
 adjoining the central built-up areas were being subdivided 
 by real estate speculators without regard to the extension 
 of main avenues or arteries ot circulation. The Committee 
 went to work and had a bill prepared and passed i>y the 
 legislature, which made it obligatory tor those subdividing 
 land to submit a map in order to have their subdivisions 
 accepted by the city, and not only within the city limits, 
 but within 3 miles of those limits; that map to be tiled 
 with the Count) Clerk, subject to the approval of the 
 city engineer.
 
 176 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 
 <f.^ •• -^ 
 
 Courtesy Tbe Munictjial Journal 
 
 Syracuse. — Plan Commission's Scheme tor New Thorough- 
 fare and Street System about the Harlior Basin. 
 
 Thf Comniisjioa. — In igij, the City Planning Com- 
 mittee ot the Chamber ol Commerce submitted to the 
 Mayor a proposed bill providing for the creation of a city 
 planning commission as a new department of the municipal 
 government. This bill was approved by the Mayor, was 
 taken to the legislature and made into a law. The city ot 
 Syracuse thereupon appointed a City Planning Commis- 
 sion. Now matters referring to the subdivision of land 
 are submitted to the City Planning Commission, and the 
 latter now has the extension ot the city completely under 
 its control. 
 
 The Commission on its appointment was authorized to 
 employ an expert. The Commission engaged Clarence E. 
 Howard, of Chicago, who had formerly been working with 
 Daniel H. Burnham and E. H. Bennett. Mr. Howard has 
 been with the Commission for the past three years, study- 
 ing the various problems that have come up and working 
 out plans tor their solution. 
 
 Work of the Commission. — The Commission, among 
 other things, has been preparing an official map of the city 
 and has been studying the questions ot rapid transit, 
 playgrounds, the extension of the park system (plans of 
 which were originally drawn by George E. Kessler of St. 
 Louis), and the revision of the layout of railway property 
 in the city. Syracuse is known to those who have been 
 there as the city in the United States where the principal 
 railroad right of way runs through the main street at the 
 level ot the pavement, and this is one of the problems to 
 which the Commission has given earnest consideration. 
 It has submitted plans to the city officials for opening new 
 streets and extending old ones in a district which is to be 
 served by the new barge canal terminal, with proper 
 
 street connections with the city center. This plan has 
 been officially approved by the Commission and city 
 officials. The whole scheme is part ot a program tor the 
 industrial development ot the terminal section and has 
 the active hacking ot commercial organizations in the city. 
 
 Work in Phoenix. — In November, 191^1, the Commis- 
 sion cooperated with the officials ot the town ot Phoenix, 
 N. Y., in the replanning ot the burned section ot the city, 
 and Mr. Howard prepared a unique scheme for the 
 rebuilding of a central area in which all property owners 
 have been asked to cooperate. This scheme calls for the 
 entire revision of the present lot lines and has the unusual 
 feature of providing a central court, accessible to traffic 
 from the surrouniling streets, on which stores and shops 
 will front. 
 
 Railroads. — Bion J. Arnold, of Chicago, recently sub- 
 mitted a report on the elimination ot railroad grade cross- 
 ings which, as noted above, is one of the most pressing 
 problems with which the city is confronted. A feature of 
 Mr. .Arnold's recommendations is a plan for the revision 
 of street lines and ot transportation rights ot way, to 
 accommodate expected city growth. This includes the 
 placing of the New York Central Railroad tracks from the 
 east in the bed ot the old Erie Canal and from the west on 
 the West Shore Railroad right of way. The plan calls for 
 a new station for the New York Central Railroad and the 
 conversion of the present New York Central Station into 
 an interurban trolley station and public market. The cost 
 ot the New York Central work is estimated at S6,ooo,ooo. 
 
 The City Planning Commission now finds that the 
 Mayor and the Common Council heartily endorse such 
 projects as it submits for approval, and that the authori- 
 ties call upon the Commission tor advice betore taking 
 steps in carrying out municipal improvements ot city- 
 wide importance. 
 
 Tacoma 
 
 Washington 
 
 Tacoma (112,770) is called "The City of Parks." 
 She is, in fact, set in a vast natural park, with America's 
 highest and most majestic mountain in its immediate 
 foreground. The beautiful waters ot Puget Sound form 
 the boundary ot part ot the city, and the rugged wall of 
 the mighty Olympic range serves as a background. There 
 
 Tacoma. — Wright Park, Occupying about 2X -'Kcres at the 
 Crest of a Gentle Rise in the Heart of the City.
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCKJRKSS 
 
 I 
 
 // 
 
 are twenty-thrcL- parks under control of' the metropolitan 
 park district of Tacoma, a board of five commissioners, of 
 which Frederick Heath, architect, is president. The parks 
 have a total acreage of 1,114. Point Defiance Park, 
 
 I'jt "HI oothurtKHr 
 11NM wrwAd RWK 
 
 
 ■ r" I.' 
 
 
 Tacoma. — Point Defiance Park (638 acres), Bounded on Three 
 Sides by Puget Sound. 
 
 Tacoma is set in a vast natural park, ot which the rugged wall 
 of the mighty Olympic Range forms the background. 
 
 formerly a Government reservation, with over 6j8 acres 
 and a waterfront ot approximately 4 miles, is a natural 
 park bounded on three sides by Puget Sound. From it, 
 views of sea and mountain and harbor stretch out in a 
 never-ending panorama. But the park system of Tacoma 
 has never been fully developed, and no plans tor the 
 extension of the system are under consideration. No 
 boulevards or parkways connecting the various parks 
 now laid out or proposed have been constructed, although 
 plans for about 18 miles ot parkway have been drawn. 
 
 Tacoma. — View of Olympic Range from Point Defiance P.irk. 
 
 There are 1,114 acres of parks in the possession ot the city, but 
 there is a large amount of work yet to be done to create a real 
 park system. 
 
 A comprehensive city plan, the so-called Olmsted plan, 
 was adopted by the Tacoma Land Company which laid 
 out the city. This plan, while admirable in many respects, 
 was practically abandoned in the course of actual develop- 
 ment. Spaces left for public use were built upon and prac- 
 tically no provisions for future development that might 
 
 in any way be called comprehensive have since been made, 
 except in certain industrial and commercial areas where 
 considerable foresight has iieen shown. Today there is 
 no commission, committee, or improvement society 
 engaged in city planning or projiagandist work tor citv 
 planning. 
 
 Tacoma is a sinpping, commercial and industrial citv, 
 and the terminus ot several important transcontinental 
 lines. She has one ot the really fine harbors of the world 
 and is gradually developing needed facilities there, as 
 commerce and industry require and in accordance with a 
 comprehensive port plan laid down many years ago. With 
 the coming of new industrial concerns to the city, streets 
 must be extended and utilities provided. .Already a 
 reclamation project of large proportions is being carricti 
 out in the area known as the Tide Flats. A water trans- 
 portation project between Tacoma and Seattle, pro- 
 viding tor the deepening, straightening, and revetting of 
 the Puyallup River tor 20 miles is being pushed forward. 
 I'reight railroad terminals are generously planned, with 
 provision tor immense extensions; grade crossings are 
 being eliminated, and large sums have been spent on 
 buildings and grounds tor passenger terminals, but there 
 has been no real unification or coordination of such 
 tacilities. 
 
 I'rederick Heath and (ieorge (jove, architects, the 
 former, president of the Board of Park Commissioners, 
 have consistently fostered the movement tor better city 
 planning. 
 
 Taunton 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 The City Planning Board of Taunton (56,28!) 
 appointed by the Mayor in January, 1914, under the 
 Massachusetts .Act of 191.I, has made several contribu- 
 tions to constructive planning, notably in securing the 
 widening ot the principal avenue approach from the rail- 
 way station to the center of the city and by the establish- 
 ment of a huilding-linc. The Board has been working under 
 various handicaps, and with an appropriation of only 
 3700 a year, ;?4Cxd of which has been expended for expert 
 advice, the sum of its accomplishments is not very large. 
 It is absolutely essential to the proper performance of the 
 work of the Board that it have the cooperation of the 
 officials and of the general public, and a more specific 
 definition ot its duties. 
 
 lerre Haute 
 
 Iiiiliana 
 
 The <me step that has been taken in Terre Haute 
 (6(),o8j) toward comprehensive planning was started 
 about three years ago when George K. Kessler, of St. 
 I.ouis, made a tentative plan tor the ilevelopment of a 
 riverside park, but the work has never progressed beyond 
 that stage. The Chamber of Commerce, of which K. H. 
 Clifford is secretary, is interested in the furtherance of 
 citv planning work.
 
 178 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRP:SS 
 
 Toledo. — \eighL>orhoud Center as Proposed, at the Entrance 
 1,280 Acres, of Which 400 Acres Have Been Set Aside for Parks an 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Under a provision ot the charter ot the city of Toledo 
 (191,554), the Mayor has authority to appoint a city plan- 
 ning commission with power to control the design and 
 location of works of art, to advise on the planning, design 
 and location of public buildings and other public struc- 
 tures, and to pass upon the platting of streets and other 
 
 to Ottawa Hills, a Heavily Restricted Residential Development ot 
 d Playgrounds. 
 
 pare general plans tor submission to the public. This 
 Commission did a great deal ot intelligent work and finally 
 called upon Arnold W. Brunner, ot New York, and Mills, 
 Rhines, Bellman, & NordhofF, architects, ot Toledo, to 
 prepare plans tor a city hall to be placed within the area 
 later to be designated by the Commission as the proper 
 place tor a civic center. The city has not yet acquired the 
 ground recommended by the Commission, though there 
 is more likelihood ot its doing so at the present time than 
 at any time in the past. The plans for the city hall were 
 
 Courtesy The American City 
 
 Toledo. — The .Art Museum. Green and Wicks, .Architects. 
 A building such as this will stir civic pride and exert an Influence toward higher ideals of civic accomplishment. 
 
 public places. The duties of the Commission also include 
 the preparation ot a plan for the future physical develop- 
 ment of the city. The Planning Commission was appointed 
 in 1915. 
 
 Civic Center. — About 1910, under former Mayor Brantl 
 Whitlock, a commission was appointed to make recom- 
 mendations on the location of a civic center and to pre- 
 
 made in detail, and the city has already paid approxi- 
 mately 5(30,000 in architectural fees, but at no time was a 
 printed report of the proceedings of this Committee sub- 
 mitted, nor any drawings of the proposed civic center and 
 the grouping ot buildings therein made. Recently, how- 
 ever, Mills, Rhines, Bellman & NordhofF have made a 
 tentative civic center plan, tor the purpose ot assisting
 
 CITY PLANNING PRUCiRKSS 
 
 179 
 
 the present City Flan Commission in determining cer- 
 tain points in connection with the erection of public 
 buildings. 
 
 Parks. — Parks, phiygroiinds, and comnumitv center 
 work have recently been placed in charge ot a new depart- 
 ment of the city government, the Department of Public 
 Welfare, and this Department is now constructing a por- 
 tion ot the park system according to definite plans laid 
 out for this purpose. 
 
 Housing. — The Ottawa Hills development, which is 
 being carried out by the E. H. Close Realty Company, ot" 
 which Paul A. Harsch, a member of the City Planning 
 Commission, is vice-president, is one of the most interest- 
 ing planning enterprises in Toledo. The whole tract con- 
 tains 1,280 acres and 400 acres have been dedicated to 
 public purposes and will be equipped as parks, playgrounds, 
 golt-courses, athletic fields, and the like. The plan was 
 carefully drawn, and restrictions are imposeti, so that 
 eventually Ottawa Hills will rank with Roland Park, 
 Baltimore, the Country Club District in Kansas City, 
 Forest Hills Gardens on Long Island, and Shaker Heights 
 in Cleveland, as an example of modern principles of town 
 plannmg applied to private developments. John North 
 Willys is the promoter of the Ottawa Hills undertaking. 
 John J. Watson is supervising the work ot development 
 and has had the advice of Frederick Law Olmsted as 
 consultant. 
 
 Topeka 
 
 Kansas 
 
 A partial city plan for Topeka (48,726) was made in 
 lyij by Charles Mulford Robinson, ot Rochester, N. Y., 
 tor the Civic Improvement Committee of the Chamber of 
 Commerce. .Although the report has never been published, 
 and no large projects have been carried out in accordance 
 with the plans submitted, certain greatly needed improve- 
 ments in details of the city plan as proposed in the repor, 
 have been consummated; namely, the installation ot a 
 boulevard lighting system, the paving ot certain streets, 
 and the establishment and maintenance of park spaces. 
 The Chamber ot Commerce is planning to publish the 
 report and then to distribute copies of it among the people 
 of Topeka. It is believed that the big recommendaticjns 
 will appeal to the citizens of Topeka and that, it they are 
 given a chance to study them, they will cooperate in some 
 constructive movement for comprehensive planning. 
 
 Topeka is the capital of Kansas. The State House 
 Square, a very attractive reservation of 20 acres, lies close 
 to the business section and is surrounded on three sides 
 by the residential district. The streets generally are 
 lined with fine shade trees, and have sidewalks with 
 ample grass-plots. The city has 240 acres of city-owned 
 parks and playgrounds. 
 
 In Mav, 1914, the Department ot Surveys and F,x- 
 hibits of the Russell Sage Foundation submitted a report 
 on the public health situation in Topeka, made by Franz 
 Schneider, Jr., of the staff of the Department, with the 
 cooperation of state and city governmental departments, 
 in which numerous diagrams, illustrations and full sta- 
 tistical data were used to illustrate and support the find- 
 ings. The evidence is convincing that Topeka needs to 
 
 eliminate a number of objectional and unsanitary condi- 
 tions by the extension and improvement o( the sewer 
 system, the eradication of wells arul privies through police 
 restriction, condenuiation, publicity, and so on. The 
 public health situation in Topeka is, according to the 
 report, one of gooil natural resources, fair development ot 
 material sanitary improvements, and the neglect ot 
 modern methods ot administrative control. 
 
 Trenton 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 A City Planning Commission was appointed in Tren- 
 ton (1 I i,5Ty) by the Mayor, Hon. Frederick W. Donnelly, 
 in Kjii. This Conmiission was composed ot twenty-five 
 representative citizens, of whom at least fifteen were ex- 
 perienced in one or more of the technical phases ot city 
 [ilanning. \V. F. Sadler, deceased, was chairman, and 
 Kdmund C. Hill, secretary. The Commission held fre- 
 quent meetings, made investigations into a number of 
 problems submitted for its consideration, and undertook, 
 on its own initiative, the preparation of plans tor the 
 solution ot other important problems, notably those hav- 
 ing to do with transportational facilities. Mayor DonnelU' 
 appreciated the work of the Planning Commission and 
 gave his support to it, but the City Commissioners as a 
 whole were not in favor ot its proposals, ami so practically 
 all of these were vetoed. The Commission has since dis- 
 solved. 
 
 Results. — Out (it the interest aroused by the activities 
 ot the City Planning Commission, there have come cer- 
 tain desirable improvements and plans tor improvement. 
 Charles W. Leavitt, of New York, was engaged by the 
 city, in 1914, to make studies and recommendations on 
 specific projects. His plans were submitted in a report 
 which has not yet been pulilished, antl which dealt with 
 the improvement of the riverfront, the acquisition ot land 
 on Assanpink Creek, the improvement ot the site ot an 
 abandoned city reservoir by converting it into a recre- 
 ation field, and so on. On the whole, the city has accom- 
 plished a great amount ot good work since the City Plan- 
 ning Commission ceased its activities. The riverfront now 
 belongs entirely to the city, and much ot it has been im- 
 proved. .About a mile of land on one side of .Assanpink 
 Creek, belonging to the city, is being laid out tor park 
 purposes under the direction ot John W. Thomp.son, ot 
 Trenton. 
 
 Civic Center and Traffic Square. — .A civic center project 
 is being agitated by various bodies. It is proposed that 
 the creek above referred to be arched over in the central 
 section of the city and that a general civic center project 
 be developed above. City Commissioner (jeorge B. La- 
 Barre, Director of Public Safety, has made a detailed and 
 exhaustive study ot plans tor the rebel ot congestion in the 
 central business liistrict. In January of this year he sub- 
 mitted a plan for a great city square. His plan requires 
 the purchase of all property privately owned within an 
 area forming a rectangle, 195 feet by .i.io feet. The cost 
 of this improvement will be ;?8oo,ooo. It would involve 
 the clearance of land which, with buildings, has a value ot 
 #500,000. The I.aBarre plan would provide a terminus
 
 i8o 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 and turning-place tor sulnirban trolley lines, a site for 
 two public comfort stations, a trolley waiting-room So 
 feet square, a trolley station platform 250 feet long, a 
 driveway, ample sidewalk space, ami a cabstand. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce has been a steady supporter 
 of every movement of this sort, and William A. Klea- 
 mann, architect and former member of the City Planning 
 Commission, and other architects, have rendered service. 
 
 Troy 
 
 New York 
 
 A complete reorganization of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Troy in 1916 is expected to result in giving new 
 vigor to the city planning movement in that city. In 
 19IJ, the Chamber was ail but successful when it started 
 a campaign for general civic improvement and city plan- 
 ning. At that time various committees gathered full 
 information on city planning progress from more than forty 
 cities in .America to determine their best line of action. 
 Then the Municipal .Affairs and Civic Arts Committee 
 of the Chamber conducted an "Ask the People Campaign" 
 in which selected questions, embracing many forms of 
 city welfare and city planning, were mailed to thousands 
 of people. The answers to them were tabulated to obtain 
 a full analysis of public opinion on matters pertaining to 
 civic improvement and city planning. As a result of this 
 
 opinion, but the people of Troy were given a new view of 
 the possibilities for civic advance, which it is the intention 
 of the reorganized Chamber of Commerce to capitalize 
 in the new program referred to above. 
 
 Public Improvement Cammissioii. — Quite the most re- 
 markable constructive city planning effort that Troy has 
 known is that undertaken in 1889 by the Public Improve- 
 ment Commission, authorized by an act of the Legisla- 
 ture. This was composed of five citizens appointed by the 
 Mayor. Palmer C. Ricketts, now president of the Rens- 
 selaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, was the chairman. 
 This Commission drew plans for large areas and made 
 provisions for streets, sewers and other public improve- 
 ments, and filed maps with the city. These have ever since 
 been followed and have served as valuable guides for all 
 succeeding administrations. Unfortunately, however, the 
 Commission was short-lived, owing largely to political 
 conditions. It was a pioneer movement. 
 
 Housing and Building. — In housing for workingmen, 
 nothing has been accomplished in Troy. There is one 
 interesting subdivision now being completed on a 75-acre 
 tract, under private control, which will provide homes for 
 people of moderate means and will contain park features 
 similar to the best layouts in other cities. However, fol- 
 lowing the 1913 movement for a better city building, the 
 authorities appointed a committee on which Edward B. 
 Loth, architect, served, to prepare a complete building 
 code and one which would include adequate provision for 
 
 Trov.— Pla.i f( 
 
 or a V-ivic 
 
 Cente 
 
 survey, a very interesting report, emphasizing the various 
 needs and opportunities for city development in Troy, 
 was published and definite recommendations presented 
 therein on which to begin a big and constructive move- 
 ment. The principal recommendation called for the ap- 
 pointment by the city officials of a committee of fifteen 
 to be known as the "New Troy Committee," to serve for 
 a period of five years and to study the better planning and 
 development of the city along social, recreational, civic, 
 and industrial lines. Various difficulties arose that pre- 
 vented a full development of this expression of public 
 
 housing control. The code as prepared, adoptetl, and now 
 in force contains a number of notable provisions, particu- 
 larly with reference to the restriction of neighborhoods to 
 certain uses, with the joint action of property owners, the 
 prevention of tvpes of building construction architectu- 
 rally inferior to the surrounding structures, and the like. 
 Tj'oy Housing Associatioyi. — The appointment of the 
 Committee which drafted the present code was partly the 
 outgrowth of agitation for a state housing law. About 
 five years ago an organization known as the Troy Hous- 
 ing Association was formed and cooperated with similar
 
 CITY PLANNING i'RCX.RhSS 
 
 iSl 
 
 organizations which had been organized in other second 
 class cities in New York state under the guidance of the 
 National Housing Association. The Troy Housing Asso- 
 ciation raised ^500 to prosecute the work ot" securing ade- 
 quate laws for the control ot" housing. The state law that 
 was passed was subsequently repealed, and it was ini- 
 nieiliatcly following that repeal that the citv of Trov 
 
 
 
 
 
 "<C. "•%3^|^^| 
 
 
 fROV. — Bcliia:i I'.uL. 
 The city's parks are loosely connected and widely scattereil. 
 Houlevards have been projected but not laid out. 
 
 proceeded to revise its building and housing code. Many 
 ot the material requirements of the State Housing Law 
 were adopted in the Committee's building code. 
 
 Recreation. — Recreation facilities and parks have not 
 been laid out according to any big or comprehensive plan. 
 Playgrounds have been instituted in various parts of the 
 city under the auspices ot the Civic League, a women's 
 organization. Schools are used to a limited extent for 
 meetings and recreation. .\ beginning has been made in 
 the use ot vacant lots for school gardens. The city has 
 not yet made any forehanded purchases of areas tor 
 
 Parks. — Trov has made only limited reservations for 
 park properties, and those that exist are loosely connected 
 and widely scattered; boulevards have been planned and 
 projected but are not yet developed. There are no water- 
 front parks. Prospect Park, on an elevation in the heart 
 ot the city, has 80 acres, and there are a number of smaller 
 parks and five playgrounds. G. D. Baltimore, who was 
 very active on the Municipal Affairs and Civic .'^rts Com- 
 mittee of the Chamber of Commerce, was for many years 
 actively in charge of the parks. 
 
 The Problems. — Suggestions have been made for a 
 civic center plan, but these have not yet merited official 
 favor. No scheme has been worked out tor the unification 
 of railroad terminals or for the elimination of grade cross- 
 ings. A Dock Commission has been organized antl is 
 planning to expend several millions of dollars in the im- 
 provement of the waterfront. Public terminals have been 
 planned, and the land for the construction of these has 
 been condemned. The time is ripe for beginning a cam- 
 paign that will lead to the appointment ot an official city 
 planning commission. 
 
 Tulsa 
 Oklahoma 
 
 In October, iyl6, the City Club of Tulsa (.!0,575) 
 appointed a committee on city planning to determine a 
 program ot action for securing a comprehensive citv plan. 
 It has found its chief task, however, to be that of awaken- 
 ing local interest in city planning. Incidentally, it has 
 made a study of and submitted recommendations for the 
 acquirement of certain properties to be useil as a public 
 square or common. George Winkler, member of the 
 .American Institute of .Architects, is interested in this work. 
 
 The city has a commission known as the Park Boanl, 
 supported by public appropriations. This Board has 
 under its protection five public parks and playgrounds 
 developed with little of landscape or architectural inter- 
 est. Emulating the example of a number of western 
 cities, like Des Moines and Davenport, Tulsa is in the 
 miilst of agitation for the building of a boulevard along 
 the riverfront for a distance of about 5 miles. 
 
 The railroad situation is particularly bad, the water- 
 front is undeveloped, streets receive a fair amount of 
 attention, and civic art and coninuinity centers are in a 
 feeble state ot development. Tulsa is a new city. Many 
 ot its residents are temporary, and the task of accomplish- 
 ing anything that is worth while in citv plannint; is 
 especially difficult. 
 
 Utica 
 
 New "^'ork 
 
 .As a result ot an active city plannmg campaign uniier- 
 taken by Utica (85,692) about eight years ago, the city 
 has made notable progress in the improvement of its 
 railroad terminals and trackage facilities ami in the 
 development ot a comprehensive park scheme. 
 
 Early Beauli/ying Committee. — In June, 1906, a com- 
 mittee called the "Committee on Improving and Beautify- 
 ing the City of Utica" was appointed by the Chamber of 
 Commerce to study certain urgent problems, with authori- 
 ity to engage an expert. To the Committee it became 
 evident that their problem was of such scope that it 
 atfectetl nearly every part of the city ami all the elements 
 of the city plan. The Committee employed Krederick 
 Law Olmsted, Jr., of Brookline, Mass., to undertake the 
 study ot the technical problems involved and to give 
 .special attention to park and railway improvements. Mr. 
 Olmsted submitted his report in February, 1907. It out- 
 lined a program of work that would help shape the future 
 public policy ot Utica and to meet squarely and satis- 
 factorily the anticipated problems ot increased popula- 
 tion anil industrial growth. His report, which was pub- 
 lished by the Chandler of Commerce, outlineil a ueneral 
 scheme lor traffic thoroughfares and arterial roads, and 
 especially for the solution of the pressing problem center- 
 ing about the elimination ot the grade crossing at a point 
 called Baggs Square. It was largely through the findings 
 ot Mr. Olmsted that the railroad and the city agreed on 
 adopting a plan for this location that insured for the 
 future ample provision tor traffic safety and a reasonable 
 protection of esthetic values.
 
 l82 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Railroads. — Since igoS the railroad company has been 
 iniiuceJ to undertake work in grade crossing elimination 
 which has involved an outhiy by the company of over 
 ;?5,ooo,ooo, by the city of 3i, 000,000 and by private citi- 
 zens of about $250,000. Utica now has one of the finest 
 railroad stations in the United States for a city of its size. 
 Its freight terminal facilities have also been impVoved as a 
 result of moving the channel of the Mohawk River for a 
 distance of over a mile to a point 2,000 feet from its 
 former location, and the consequent straightening o\ the 
 right of way of the railwav lines. Much ot this work was 
 accomplished about 1910, two years after the city plan- 
 ning studies were made. 
 
 Parks. — The Olmsted report was of great value also 
 in bringing the public to a realization of the need of more 
 park lands and boulevard connections. A short time after 
 its publication, certain citizens of Utica presented the city 
 with some extremelv fine park areas, and a notable advance 
 was made in a direction in which it had previously been 
 greatly deficient. At the present time the city has a good 
 park system ot about 600 acres. The plan ot Mr. Olmsted 
 is being tollowed in the development ot the park system, 
 and an annual appropriation is made tor this purpose. 
 
 Walla Walla 
 
 Washington 
 
 The Park and Civic Arts Club, formerly the Woman's 
 Club, organized in iyo8 has been the active backer of a 
 movement for the preparation ot a comprehensive city 
 plan for Walla Walla (25,136). There is another Com- 
 mittee, appointed by the Mayor in 1916, which is investi- 
 gating the general civic needs of the town. The Park 
 Club referred to has raised by private subscription, and 
 expended, about |io,ooo in the improvement of parks and 
 playgrounds. 
 
 Parks. — There are two parks, with a total area of <;o 
 acres, at opposite ends of the town. Two hundred acres of 
 land, irregularly distributed along the banks of a local 
 stream and ideally situated for park purposes, are in the 
 possession ot the city. In the parks are 16 acres reserved 
 for playgrounds, supported and supervised by the Park 
 and Arts Club. The School Board is showing interest 
 in plans for recreation and has made some progress in 
 developing play-spaces around the schools. 
 
 Housing and '/^oning. — The building of better dwellings, 
 the improvement and enforcement of housing laws, and 
 the zoning ot the city are being agitated, but the city is 
 not ready for such measures. The City Commissioners 
 have been interested in the plans and accomplishments 
 noted but have provided no funds for constructive work. 
 
 Streets. — Street improvements are not carried out in a 
 broad way. The city engineer, Walter Rehorn, has 
 advocated measures that would put such work on an 
 orderly basis, but the Commissioners have failed to pro- 
 vide the money needed for the realization of his plans. 
 Lighting and telephone wires are gradually being placed 
 underground in the business district, but they seriously 
 disfigure the residence sections, and are a constant menace 
 to the city's trees. 
 
 Financing Improvements.— h city ordinance provides 
 
 tor the financing of city improvements through assess- 
 ment on benefited districts up to 50 per cent of the value 
 ot real estate, exclusive ot improvements. Miss Grace G. 
 Isaacs is president of the Park and Civic .Arts Club, and 
 O. C. Soots is secretary of the Commercial Club. 
 
 Walpole 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Walpole (5,490), a little rural industrial town in the 
 eastern section ot Massachusetts, has won tor itselt con- 
 siderable distinction tor its enterprise in town planning 
 work. Charles S. Bird, Jr., chairman ot the Massachusetts 
 Federation ot Planning Boards, is the chairman of the local 
 Town Planning Committee, which engaged John Nolen, 
 landscape architect, of Cambridge, Mass., in 1913 to 
 prepare a general town plan as a guide for all future 
 planning. Mr. Nolen's plan, which was published in a 
 bulletin and distributed among the people ot the town 
 in the spring ot 1914, shows thirty-nine specific improve- 
 ments, which are numbered on the plan and then described 
 by number in the bulletin. 
 
 The town plan was adopted in March, 1914, by vote of 
 the town, and an educational campaign carried on to 
 promote general interest. Safeguarding regulations were 
 adopted, including the betterment act, the board of sur- 
 vey act, the reserve space act, concurrent jurisdiction, 
 authority tor the town planning board to act as park com- 
 mission, and the tenement house act. A compilation ot 
 laws was also made, and the preparation ot a topographical 
 survey carried through. 
 
 There were some nineteen or twenty physical improve- 
 ments executed, including the widening of the main 
 streets, the establishment of building lines, the acquisition 
 ot park lands, the inauguration ot an improved civic center 
 development, the enlargement and improvement ot school- 
 grounds, the development ot playgrounds, and a five-year 
 program ot systematic street changes. 
 
 One notable town planning improvement came through 
 the gitt of 175 acres adjoining the high school, as a town 
 forest. The town appropriated #9,500 toward develop- 
 ment, and 16,000 trees have been planted, 1,000 being 
 set by school children. The complete plan includes an 
 amphitheatre, swimming-pool, plavgrounds, and the like. 
 
 Organization and administration have not been neg- 
 lected. A competent civil engineer has been engaged; 
 a Walpole 1920 committee formed; the study of town 
 government begun; the activity ot the Board of Trade 
 increased, and the cooperation ot a real estate association 
 secured. This program ot town planning and town devel- 
 opment by Walpole, with a population a little over 5,000, 
 is an illustration of what a small town can do. 
 
 Waltham 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 A Planning Board, organized under the Massachusetts 
 Law (Chap. 494, .'\cts of 1913), and a Board of Survey, 
 organized in 1909, are the active agents in city planning 
 in Waltham (30,570). The function of the latter Board
 
 CITY PLANNINCi PROCiRl-.SS 
 
 183 
 
 has to do more particularly with the control of laml siih- 
 division, with authority over new plats laid out liy real 
 estate developers. A law similar in scope to that under 
 which the W'alrhani Board ot' Survey was organized has 
 since been passed as a general law In the leijislature, suli- 
 ject to adoption by any citv. 
 
 A number of new streets proposed by the Board of 
 Survey have been constructed by the city according to 
 the plans submitted by them, and in other cases property 
 owners have been persuaded to cooperate for the common 
 good. In all, the Board has planned nearly 11 miles of 
 streets and approved nearly 7 miles, petitions for which 
 were submitted by various parties. The complete street 
 plan ot the whole city and abundant data for action in any 
 district improvement is now on hand, but no comprehen- 
 sive plan tor the whole city has yet been undertaken. The 
 latter work is being considered by the City Planning Board 
 of Waltham which has in hand three lines of investiga- 
 tions: the study of congestion, a study of the tenement 
 house problem, and the platting of new districts. \\'al- 
 tham has an adequate system of local plavgrounds, includ- 
 ing two large athletic tields, all under the direction of a 
 recreational commission, and about 250 acres of parks, 
 which, tor a city ot its size, is quite satisfactory. 
 
 Washington* 
 
 District ot Columbia 
 
 Out ot the chaos that followed the American War of 
 the Revolution came the idea for a permanent .seat ot 
 government for the Confederate Colonies. That there 
 was need for a capital no one doubted. Yet, when the 
 time came to select a capital, a violent controversy arose. 
 The claims of many cities were presented. The problem 
 was solved by a political-play which resulted in fixing the 
 location on the banks ot the Potomac. The Potomac site, 
 around which such a fierce legislative contlict raged, had a 
 primitive and uncultivated beauty. To project there a 
 city which would fittingly symbolize the sovereignty of 
 the young Republic was the huge task that confronted 
 President Washington. When the Congress had finally 
 authorized the location on the Potomac, President Wash- 
 ington took active charge and appointed L'F.ntant, 
 an educated French army engineer, to cooperate with 
 him in the selection of the site, and when that was 
 done, to lay out the Capital City. L'Entant planned and 
 prepared a framework tor its development which the 
 ablest architects and artists now, more than one hundred 
 years after the plan was drawn and its execution begun, 
 have confessed themselves unable to improve. The trou- 
 ble that grew out of the temperament of Major L'Entant 
 and the necessity of his dismissal in 1792, and the cause 
 of his differences with the Capitol Commissioners, it is 
 quite unnecessary to dwell upon here. It is sufficient to say 
 that L'Enfant's plan was carried out with excellent judg- 
 ment by Andrew Ellicott, seconded by Washington. It is 
 worth noting here that, while the initiation and toresight 
 ot Washington were indispensable to the plan, Jefferson, 
 
 ♦."Acknowledgment is due to Wm. Howard Taft for the free use in 
 this outline of portions of a paper by him on "Washington, Its Growth 
 and Its Future," appearing in the National Geographic Magazine for 
 March, 1915. 
 
 who entered heartily into the project, was most useful in 
 its development. He showed his active s\nipathy I'V 
 seniiing to Major l.'Kntant on .April 10, I7<yl, the plans of 
 I'ranktort-on-the-Main, Carlsruhe, .Amsterdam, Stras- 
 burg, Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpelier, 
 .Marseilles, Turin, and Milan, on a large and accurate 
 scale, which he saiti had been securetl by him while in 
 those cities. Jefferson, like Washington, had an adeipiate 
 conception of the future of the Federal city. 
 
 Early Deirlopmeiil tif the Plan. In its history, the city 
 of Washington (,i'>.!,9Ho) has had to live through the day 
 ot small things. The plan of L'F.ntant met the obstinacy 
 and lack ot artistic sense of certain legislators who closed 
 the vista between the White llnuse and the Capitol bv 
 
 Washington. — The L'Enfant Plan. 
 
 insisting on the erection of the Treasury across the line of 
 Pennsylvania .Avenue. Then, later on, when Congress 
 seemed determineii to minimize everything national, it 
 retrocedeii to Virginia the part ot the lo-mile square on 
 the south side ot the Potomac River and furnished sub- 
 stantial proof ot its contracted view ot Washington's 
 future. This was quite a departure from the broad, 
 liberal attitude of Jefferson. It was a day ot little .Ameri- 
 cans, and whenever they are in control the National 
 Capitol always suffers. 
 
 Posl-Bclluni Perioil. — Then there was a period after 
 the Civil War, that period when art and architecture in 
 this country was at a low ebb and buildings erected 
 were without form and void. When we think of the mil- 
 lions that were spent in the construction ot the State War 
 and N'avv Department Buihlings in Washington, which, 
 like the Treasury Department, cut off another vista from 
 aiyi to the White House, we ought to rejoice that we have 
 returned to better day.s. It has been a struggle with the 
 Philistines, but we now have come under the elevating 
 influence of men like McKini, Hunt, Post, Burnham, St. 
 Gaudens, Olmsted, and other leaders among .American 
 architects and artists.
 
 1 8. 
 
 CI TV PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Washington. — The Mall, a Great Parkway Extending for a 
 Distance of Two and Two-thirds Miles from the Library ot Con- 
 gress to the Potomac River Lined by Sites for Public Buildings, a 
 Main Feature in the Plan of L'Enfant and the Cherished Core of 
 the Great Development ot Washington, Recommended by the 
 Park Commission in its Report to the Senate Committee of the 
 District of Columbia in lyoi. 
 
 The Senate Commission. — Since 1895 there have lieen 
 in public life and in positions of authority men in whom 
 innate and artistic sense has been united with energy and 
 disinterested effort, men who have shown a pride and 
 anxiety that the country uphold and follow accepted 
 canons of art, and who have had the practical ability to 
 compass their patriotic purposes. Such a man was Senator 
 James A. McMillan, of Michigan. For years he was at the 
 head of a Committee on the District of Columbia in the 
 Senate. To him is due the revival of interest in the proper 
 development of our country's capital. For twelve years 
 he gave a very considerable portion ot his time and thought 
 to putting in good order the District of Columbia. With 
 him the development of the District of Columbia was a 
 constantly expanding idea. By the time ot the centennial 
 of the removal of the seat ot government to Washington, 
 he had his ideal clearly in mind, and before the architects 
 were called in, he had planned to make Washington a 
 model capital. He organized the Commission consisting 
 of Burnham, Olmsted, St. Gaudens, and McKim, who 
 made the report to his Senate Committee in the Fifty- 
 seventh Congress entitled "The Improvement ot the Park 
 System ot the District of Columbia." 
 
 Work oj the Commission. — When Mr. Burnham sug- 
 gested that the Commission should go abroad, Mr. McMil- 
 lan promptly furnished the money; when it was necessary 
 to have expensive models made of the Mall system, he 
 again aided the project financially; and when, in the last 
 stages of the work, Mr. McKim insisted that the archi- 
 tectural drawings be presented adequately, Mr. McMil- 
 lan told him that he might go ahead, and that if the 
 (jovernment would not pay he would. The work of 
 enlarging and renovating the White House, which is now, 
 in its simple dignity and beauty, a monument to the bril- 
 lant genius of Charles FoUen McKim, was due to the 
 initiation and insistence ot Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt and 
 the assistance which Senator McMillan and Senator Alli- 
 son rendered in securing, in the spring of 1902, the neces- 
 sary appropriations. 
 
 Senator McMillan. — Senator McMillan reported the 
 new plans for the improvement of Washington to the 
 Senate on January 15, 1902, and on August 11 ot that 
 year he died. After his death, between |io,ocio and 
 ?i 5,000 of money that he had advanced was paid back to 
 his estate. The park next to the Soldiers' Home, in which 
 is the filtration plan of the waterworks of Washington, is 
 now called McMillan Park, in honor of Senator McMillan, 
 and is only a small recognition ot the debt ot gratitude 
 which the people of the United States owe to this earnest 
 and disinterested public servant. 
 
 Results. — Since the revival of interest in the capital, 
 which for convenience we may date from the celebration ot 
 its centennial in 1902, many steps of a substantial charac- 
 ter have been taken that make for the proper growth of 
 Washington substantially in accordance with the original 
 plans. The movement for the clearing of obstructions in 
 the Mall and the erection of that great monumental en- 
 trance to Washington, the L'nion Station, were the result 
 of cooperation between Senator McMillan, James Cas- 
 satt, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and Daniel 
 H. Burnham. The erection of the Columbus statue and 
 fountain in the plaza before the Union Station, and the
 
 CITY PLANNINC; I'RiKJRI.SS 
 
 i8^ 
 
 appropriation ot the land between the Station and the 
 Senate Building and the Capitol, so as to make that all 
 an open park, is an accomplishment, the difficulties ot' 
 which are rapidly being forgotten, but which at the time 
 seemed well-nigh insurmountable. The House and Senate 
 Office buildings fill important links in the plans tor Capi- 
 tol Hill; the removal ot the Botanical Gardens anti the 
 consequent improvement ot the lower end ot the Mall ha\e 
 been provided tor; the National Museum and the Depart- 
 ment ot Agriculture buildings have been located in 
 accordance with the Park Commission's recommenda- 
 tions; the Bureau ot Engraving and Printing has been 
 fitted into the general scheme; Potomac Island and Po- 
 tomac Park are coming to be dreams realized; the Lin- 
 coln Memorial is now taking phvsical shape; the buikl- 
 ings on the west side o( Seventeenth Street, facing the 
 White Lot, have all been erected but one, and that one 
 is under construction; the ground on the east side of 
 Fitteenth Street, facing the same park, has been acquireti. 
 
 Commission of Fine Arts. — In 1910 Congress provided 
 tor a permanent Commission of Fine Arts, to be composed 
 ot seven or more qualified judges of fine arts, appointed 
 bv the President and serving for a period of four years each. 
 The law provided that it should be the duty of such a 
 commission to advise upon the location of statues, foun- 
 tains, and monuments in the mdilic squares, streets, and 
 parks ot the District ot Columbia, and on the selection ot 
 models tor statues, fountains, and monuments erected by 
 the Government, and upon the selection of artists for 
 the execution of the same, and that it should be the duty 
 of the officers authorized by law to determine such ques- 
 tions, in each case to call tor the advice of the Commission. 
 It was also provided that the Commission should advise 
 generallv upon questions ot art when required to do so by 
 the President or by any committee ot the Senate. 
 
 The Members. — The first appointees upon this Com- 
 mission included all the members ot the first Park Com- 
 mission, organized by Senator McMillan, and others ot 
 high artistic achievement who sympathized with the pur- 
 poses of the law, including a gentleman who had been the 
 most active and useful in all this work, and at one time 
 Senator McMillan's private secretary, Charles Moore, ot 
 Detroit. In this way it was considered that continuity 
 and consistency could be given to the architectural progress 
 (jf Washington, and that the spirit ot the report ot the 
 Burnham Commission would be made vital and energizing 
 in everything that was done thereafter. 
 
 Their Work. — The Mall was the axis upon which hung 
 most of the recommendations of the Park Commission, 
 and it is pleasant to note that, in spite of great opposition 
 at times, the report and recommendations ot the Burnham 
 Commission have ultimately prevailed. Thus, we shall 
 have the great axis of the Mall beginning with the Capitol 
 Dome, running through the Grant Monument at the toot 
 of the Capitol Hill and the Washington Monument, two- 
 thirds of the distance to the Potomac, and ending in the 
 Lincoln Memorial on the banks of the Potomac, high 
 above the river, where it will suitably crown a memorial 
 bridge uniting the North and South, and leading to 
 Arlington, the Valhalla of the nation's patriotic dead. 
 
 Park System. — No one can read the report of the Park 
 Commission, however, without realizing the great amount 
 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 W \vHi ',.. MIS. U.uk (.rrik I'. Ilk I xrension Recently 
 .Authorized, I'rovitlint; tor the 1 ranslormation of Rock Creek 
 \'alley into a Beautiful Wiiulini; I'arkway, of over Ui2 .■\cres ami 
 Two and One-half Miles I-ong, Connecting the Potomac Park on 
 the Riverfront with Rock Creek Park in the Interior. Cost for 
 Land only $1,300,000. 
 
 This is one of a number of improvements recently instituted 
 and based upon the plans of the Park Commission of it>oi, which 
 extended so appropriately the original plan of Washington as 
 laid out by Major L'Lntant in l/yi.
 
 i86 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 of work that remains to be done. The park system now 
 covers about ,1,^65 acres. The total acreage of the Dis- 
 trict, exclusive ot water surface, is 38,400 acres. Of this, 
 part ot it ought to be done at once — the sooner the better. 
 The great addition to the L'Entant plan made by the 
 Park Commission was the development ot the park system 
 ot Washington outside of its original limits. The heat ot 
 Washington in the summer was a circumstance that figured 
 much in the deliberations ot the Commission. They 
 thought that the high ridges and hills all about the city 
 has not been sufficiently improved as places ot summer 
 resort. Thev sought to impress upon Congress the neces- 
 sity for the acquisition of these tracts for park purposes 
 now, when the land could be bought at a comparatively 
 cheap price. They wished to secure a circular zone run- 
 ning clear from the hills overlooking the upper Potomac 
 beyond the Tennallytown Pike, and following the line of 
 the abandoned, but picturesque and historically interesting, 
 fortifications erected during the Civil War for the defense 
 of Washington, extending southeastwardly clear around 
 to the hills above Anacostia and reaching down to the 
 Potomac below the Eastern Branch. It is hoped that some 
 executive agency will be given power to act and to acquire 
 this park zone bordering the perimeter of the District, 
 from the hills that command the beautiful Virginia 
 Palisades of the Potomac around to the Anacostia hills 
 that look across toward the home of Washington at Mount 
 Vernon. 
 
 Rock Cj-eek I'alley Reclamation. — During the last ses- 
 sion of Congress (1915-16) two notable additions have 
 been made in the park system of Washington. The 
 greater of these contemplates the transformation of Rock 
 Creek Valley into a beautiful winding parkway connecting 
 Potomac Park on the riverfront with the Zoological Park 
 and Rock Creek in the interior. A carefully designed 
 scheme has been elaborated for the construction of this 
 parkway, which will be about 2^^ miles in length and will 
 comprise over 162 acres in its area. When completed it 
 will be provided with macadam roads, bridle-paths, foot- 
 paths, and other park features. The estimated cost of this 
 work includes Si,joo,ooo for land alone. 
 
 East Potomac Park — ^i Recreation Center. — The next 
 most important development of Washington, adopted by 
 Congress very largely through the efforts of the Committee 
 on .Appropriations of the House of Representatives, is the 
 improvement of East Potomac Park, lying along the 
 southwestern waterfront of the city and formed from a 
 part of the area reclaimed from the river in former years. 
 It comprises an island of 327 acres which it is now pro- 
 posed to convert into a great public recreation center. This 
 locality was for many years occupied by semi-submerged 
 river flats which were a source of malaria, noxious odors, 
 and unsanitary conditions of all sorts until it was inclosed 
 by a sea-wall and filled with earth dredged from the 
 navigable channels of the river. Congress has already 
 appropriated §65,000 for commencing work upon this 
 great enterprise, which will be expended in erecting a por- 
 tion of the proposed field-house and in clearing and seed- 
 ing portions of the golf-courses. 
 
 Reclamation of Banks of Anacostia River. — Plans have 
 been adopted for the reclamation of the banks of the upper 
 .■\nacostia River, on the eastern side of the city, to pro- 
 
 vide for a large aquatic park. This will be an extension 
 up-stream of the reclamation of the banks upon the lower 
 stretches ot the river where it flows into the Potomac, and 
 is being carried on from year to year uniler annual appro- 
 priations by Congress. The plans contemplate the im- 
 provement ot the banks of this river in the same manner as 
 the Potomac River, and the addition of the resulting areas 
 of land to the park system of the District of Columbia. 
 The reclamation work alone upon this project will cost 
 over |2,ooo,ooo. 
 
 The purchase and development, at great cost, of 
 Meridian Hill Park, on Sixteenth Street, and of Montrose 
 Park, in Georgetown, are further evidences of the desire 
 of Congress to add to the beauty and comfort of other 
 sections of the city. 
 
 Heights of Buildings Restrictions. — The heights of 
 buildings has been limited under act of Congress in the 
 District of Columbia since 1899. The regulations, which 
 have been amended from time to time, are more stringent 
 than those of any other city in this country, with the 
 exception ot New York and Boston. No building may be 
 erected to a greater height than the width ot the street, 
 increased by 20 feet. On residence streets buildings may 
 not exceed 80 feet in height. The Commissioners of the 
 District are also authorized to regulate the maximum 
 height of buildings on such blocks as are immediately 
 adjacent to public buildings or to the side of any public 
 building. The Commissioners of the District are not only 
 authorized, but directed, to denominate portions of streets 
 as business streets, and all streets in the district not so 
 designated are considered residence streets, but there is 
 no statutory provision that restricts the development of 
 residence streets to residence purposes and vice versa. 
 Every owner is free to develop his own property, whether it 
 is located on a business street or on a residence street, as 
 he sees fit. 
 
 Waterbury 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Two workmgmen's housing enterprises have recently 
 been completed in Waterbury (86,973) which have 
 attracted attention, not only in the city and state, but 
 among people interested in social welfare and economic 
 housing in other sections of the country. These develop- 
 ments were undertaken by the Scoville Manufacturing 
 Company and the American Brass Company. They in- 
 volved, in all, a total outlay of about ^400,000. The more 
 extensive development is that of the Scoville Manufac- 
 turing Company. That Waterbury should take so prom- 
 inent a place in the matter ot housing working people is 
 not surprising, since, as a result of great activities in its 
 factories, the city's population has increased by about 
 20,000 in the past year. This rapid increase led to a 
 movement among the manufacturers of the city for im- 
 proving and increasing housing accommodations, and this 
 resulted in the engagement of John Nolen, of Cambridge, 
 Mass., in 1916, to study the situation and report on the 
 best solutions of the problem of caring tor the newcomers. 
 Mr. Nolen's recommendations were published and con- 
 tained suggestions tor improving the character ot hous- 
 ing for employees and a survey of conditions in other
 
 CITY PLANNING PROt.RKSS 
 
 187 
 
 localities. The expense of this investigation was paid for 
 liy the nianiitacturers. The report of Mr. Nolcn was 
 pulilished as a supplement to a .Sunilav edition of 77;,- 
 Rrpiil/lic. 
 
 Outside ot this effort, no measures allieii to city plan- 
 ning have been taken in Waterliury. In the field of recre- 
 ation, Waterhury has a limited park area, and that which 
 exists was donated by citizens. Several playgrounds have 
 also been provided through the generosity of private 
 citizens. 
 
 There is an excellent railroad station designed by 
 McKim, Mead & White, and grade crossings elimina- 
 tion is now completed. Waterbtiry has reached a point 
 where she should take steps to plan wiseK' and in a biij 
 way for her future growth. 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Iowa 
 
 In his report, entitled "The VVell-Being of Waterloo," 
 made in 1910 to the Civic Society of Waterloo (35,559), 
 Charles Multord Robinson credits the city with being 
 unusually well built when measured by the standard set 
 by other cities of its size in America. He points out cer- 
 tain deficiencies in the details of the existing plan which 
 need correction, and a number of larger single problems, 
 the solution ot which would tend to stamp with more 
 tangible self-assertion the general aspect of the city. Of 
 these latter problems the first is the development of an 
 adequate civic center and the next the railroads, a most 
 serious one for the city. Phvsicallv, Waterloo is strapped 
 and bound by these in an exceptionally trymg fashion, and 
 he proposes a scheme which will relieve the city of the 
 worst phases of this situation. The dominating feature of 
 Waterloo is the river, and to the proper improvement of 
 the river banks and their reclamation from the present 
 unsightly conditions it is urged that the city give imme- 
 diate attention. Mr. Robinson proposes the employ- 
 ment of three experts, an engineer, a landscape architect, 
 and a city planner, to devise ways and means for general 
 improvement, such as is now being carried out at Daven- 
 port in the same state. In the meantime he proposes a 
 general clearing up of the river banks. 
 
 Parks. — In the acquirement of land for parks, Water- 
 loo has made a good start, but Mr. Robinson sees some 
 remarkable opportunities for realizing a system that will 
 serve all parts of the city in a comprehensive manner. 
 
 Little Result. — It is unfortunate that, with the exception 
 of Mr. Robinson's report and the immediate interest ex- 
 cited by its publications, there has been no determined 
 city planning effort, although the ever-changing municipal 
 officers have tried spasmodically to follow some of the 
 recommendations. 
 
 Railroads, — In one direction, at least, the city is mak- 
 ing progress along the lines suggested by Mr. Robin,son. 
 In 1916 the city secured the services of H. J. Slifer, of 
 Chicago, and at considerable expense prepared an elabo- 
 rate report of the railroad situation in Waterloo, along 
 with recommendations for a union depot. This report 
 is about to be be presented to the railroads for their 
 consideration. 
 
 ^P>^ 
 
 1912 
 
 ^tw TtfWM Haul 
 
 /<Ew Ttfwrt Haul 
 
 I9I8 
 
 Improvei^ientj in The Town ofWejton- 
 
 AUTHUI^ A- jHURTLTrf UhOXAPL A>,CitlTtCT ■io.SfO" '^•■'J- 
 
 \\t;.-.ro\. — Showint! Moilificatiuji;. ot I'l.in of Ci.iur.ii .Sec- 
 tion and Development of Civic Center ami Town Common. 
 
 Weston 
 
 Mas.sachusftts 
 
 The accompanying three plans indicate the fundamental 
 changes which have been made in the center of the town 
 of Weston (2,34;) to avoid any possibility of the creation 
 of a slum in the brook valley adjoining the ancient town 
 square, and at the same time give a proper site for th'e 
 new large Town Hall. The little triangular square adjoin- 
 ing the church and the old Town Hall served its purpo.sc 
 for many generations, but the town authorities saw clearly 
 that it was entirely out of scale with modern requirements. 
 The town took the meadow, built a road around its nor- 
 therly side, and has already built a new Town Hall. Dur-
 
 i88 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRESS 
 
 ing the coming twelve months the old grocery stores, the 
 old Town Hall, and the old carriage-sheds are to be re- 
 moved. This important work was executed in part hy 
 the assistance ot One ot the citizens who gave a portion of 
 the land tor the new Town Common, and also contributed 
 toward the building ot the new Town Hall. The replan- 
 ning of this portion of the town was done by Arthur A. 
 ShurtlefF, landscape architect, in cooperation with the 
 Weston Improvement Committee and the Weston Board 
 ot Selectmen. 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 \N'est Virginia 
 
 Perhaps the largest problem with which the officials ot 
 Wheeling (43,^77) are confronted is that ot obtaining 
 additional areas for the expansion ot the central district 
 of the city. The city is situated in a river-bottom, or 
 long, narrow, elliptical plateau, running parallel to the 
 
 Wilkes-Barre. — A Rivertront Improvement. 
 For 135 years the city owned the land and did nothing to make 
 it of service to the people. 
 
 Ohio River, with steep, precipitous bluffs to the east. 
 This hilly district, called Wheeling Hill, presents an ob- 
 stacle to transportation and to the cohesive expansion of 
 the city. It has been estimated that the razing of this 
 hill and depositing the earth in what is known as Wheeling 
 Creek, a broad expanse of low river-bottom land to the 
 east of Wheeling Hill, would make available for city 
 development several hundred acres of land. It has also 
 been estimated that the sandstone and limestone taken 
 trom this hill could be used in erecting a t^ood-wall on the 
 riverside of the city. The project would probably cost in 
 the neighborhood of $10,000,000, but it is believed that 
 it would open up property which in ten years or more 
 would be worth from $20,000,000 to $25,000,000. 
 
 While no definite plans have been laid out for the 
 carrying out of this great project, the city is conserving 
 its title to Wheeling Hill in order not to be handicapped 
 with individual ownership in case the project should be 
 carried out. Engineers are now at work making a careful 
 survey as a basis for the study of the problem of extend- 
 ing the city plan into the Wheeling Hill district. 
 
 Wilkes- Barre 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 The City Planning Commission of Wilkes-Barre 
 (76,776), appointed by the City Council under the Penn- 
 sylvania State Law of 191 J, has served mainly in advising 
 the City Commissioners on projects for municipal improve- 
 ment laid down in the engineering bureaus of the city 
 government. Its appropriations have amounted to but 
 $500 a year. .As in all of the Pennsylvania cities of the 
 third class, hopes are pinned to the state legislature for 
 action on measures now before it, designed to increase 
 the powers of commissions and to make mandatory a 
 specific annual assessment on city property for the pur- 
 poses of such commissions, such as will enable them to 
 pursue investigations along more comprehensive lines. 
 The Wilkes-Barre Commission has prepared an excellent 
 map of the territory under the jurisdiction of the Com- 
 mission, including the land within 3 miles of the city's 
 boundaries. While it has not accomplished much in the 
 recreational field, it has been instrumental in the appoint- 
 ment ot a recreation commission. 
 
 General Civic Advance. — Apart trom the work of the 
 City Planning Commission, Wilkes-Barre has made con- 
 siderable progress in the improvement of its riverfront. 
 When the city was laid out in 1769, the founders reserved 
 a strip of land, fronting on the Susquehanna, with a total 
 area of j8 acres, and, also, a large diamond-shaped plot 
 in the center ot the town. For one hundred and thirty- 
 five years no attempt was made to improve either ot 
 these reservations. In 1906, however, as a result of a 
 campaign by the Chamber ot Commerce, a tax levy was 
 imposed tor the improvement ot this common land. The 
 result has more than justified the anticipation ot the pro- 
 jectors. A waterfront park has been developed that is 
 one of the show places of the city. The latest step forward 
 in this connection has been the extension ot the river- 
 common. The city now controls the banks on both sides 
 of the stream and has condemned jo acres of additional 
 land for a municipal athletic field. But more than this, 
 the work on the waterfront has stimulated the park move- 
 ment as nothing could have done, and gifts of land for 
 park purposes have since been received from many sources, 
 so that the total acreage has been raised from 38 acres (in 
 1906) to 160. This latter figure, however, shows that 
 much remains to be done. The prime movers in city 
 planning in Wilkes-Barre are John C. Bridgman, chair- 
 man ot the City Planning Commission, and R. W. Ferrell, 
 secretary of the Chamber ot Commerce. 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Delaware 
 
 The only organization in Wilmington, Del. (94,265), at 
 present giving consideration to the larger phases ot city 
 planning is the Board of Park Commissioners. Ot the 
 members of this Board, William P. Bancroft has been the 
 most consistent student and advocate ot city planning. 
 The Board has laid out an improved park system ot 267 
 acres and has now an undeveloped area ot woodland with
 
 CITY PLANNINCi PROCRKSS 
 
 1 89 
 
 119 acres. They have uiuier their jurisdiction, also, nine 
 small parks and eight small squares, unimproved, with a 
 total acreage of 76 acres. The natural features ot the prin- 
 cipal parks along and near the Brandvwine are very heau- 
 titul, though ot their architectural features liftle can he 
 saiil. The I'ark Hoard has plans tor extensions which thev 
 are constantly urging upon the city authorities. There is 
 little to which the term boulevard can be applied. There 
 is a Playground Association, but this has acconiplishcil 
 very little. There have been some attempts at forehanded 
 purchases of areas tor .play, but the city has done little in 
 support of this movement. 
 
 Grouping of Builiiings. — .•\ group ot builiiings, includ- 
 ing the new city and county buildings, is now being 
 erected around the center square. Hornbostel &: Jones 
 
 lUVPMI ■i'^CHPI 
 
 and it is likely that in time this improvement will be car- 
 ried through. 
 
 Cij»ipnJii-n.<iiY /Vrtw. -The only attempt at drafting a 
 general citv plan was that maile by a Committee of the 
 Board of Trade of Wilmington, the actual value ot which, 
 however, was not sufficient to make it ot permanent 
 interest. Walter I'. Hrown, architect, coiiperateil with the 
 Board ot Traile Cuinmittee in drafting these plans. 
 
 Woonsockct 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Woonsocket (44,j,f)o) is greatly in need of a recreation 
 system and ot adequate housing laws, but first ot all it 
 
 Wilmington. — 
 
 Wilmington's outstanding civic iniprovemenrs are her parks 
 
 of New York, with John I). Thompson, Jr., of Wilmington, 
 associate, are the architects for the new group. 
 
 Housing. — Housing in Wilmington is practically 
 unrestricted. There are no housing laws anil no restric- 
 tion of areas to residential use. The Woodland C'ompan\' 
 has built houses with accommodations for about Jyo 
 families, but in so far as architectural attractiveness and 
 community features are involved, these have little to 
 make them noteworthy. 
 
 Transit and Transportation. — Transit and transporta- 
 tion have received some attention. The Christiana Creek 
 has been, and remains, practically the only waterfront 
 usable for commercial purposes. There has been much 
 talk of getting water connection with the Delaware River, 
 
 Bran<lywine Park. 
 
 n<l a recently complereii gniup of city and cininM hiiikiings. 
 
 needs thoroughfares if it is to continue tugrow and prosper. 
 It is still doing business in the same tew, crooked, narrow 
 ways, with steep gradients, laid out fifty or one hundred 
 years ago. Owing to its steep hills and winding rivers and 
 creek valleys, however, there are few alternative routes for 
 the increasing city tratfic. 
 
 Prelimiiuiry City P/iinning Invfsligiilion. In January, 
 Hyi ^, .Arthur C. Comey, of Cambriilge, Mass., subnutted a 
 report in which he recommended the widening anil straight- 
 ening ot the main streets, the opening ot such alternative 
 routes as the topography allows, and the creation ot cer- 
 tain radial routes. 
 
 Thoroughjares. — The heaviest through traffic is down 
 and up the river valley, toward Providence in one direc-
 
 190 
 
 CITY PLANNING PRCXJRESS 
 
 tion and towani Worcester in the other, and the widening 
 of' the waterfront levee at these points to 86 feet is recom- 
 mended. Certain other important street widenings, 
 straightenings, and cuttings are mentioned in detail. 
 The steep hills make a complete system of diagonals 
 impossible. A certain amount of through traffic can be 
 diverted through the outskirts of the city by means of 
 by-pass roads and circumferential parkways not less than 
 80 feet wide, the latter serving also as connections between 
 the principal parks. 
 
 Parks. — Progressive .American cities provide an acre 
 for every 150 to 200 people. On this basis, as Mr. Comey 
 points out, Woonsocket should have now 250 or 300 acres 
 in parks, forming a complete system for all sorts of 
 recreation for all the people. The present parks, three in 
 all, will afford valuable links in such a series of more or 
 less natural parks. Rivers and brooks demand special 
 attention and should W preserved as open channels 
 between two roadways. 
 
 Grouping of Buildings. — Among the many other civic 
 improvements which Mr. Comey recommends, and which 
 must be provided for in the development of the compre- 
 hensive citv plan, is the grouping of public and quasi- 
 public buildings, including a new railroad station planned, 
 possibly, in conjunction with other civic buildings. 
 
 Housing Restrictions. — But Woonsocket needs ade- 
 quate housing laws. Even the most perfect of thorough- 
 fares and recreation systems will not avail if the housing 
 of the people is bad. Fortunately, a study of housing in 
 five of the largest cities of Rhode Island, including Woon- 
 socket, was made in 1910, by Carol Aronovici, at that 
 time director of the Rhode Island Bureau of Research. 
 Little progress has been made since then, and Mr. Comey 
 summarizes Mr. Aronovici's recommendations. Woon- 
 socket's housing problem is found to be serious, and, while 
 education is believed to be a necessary element in improv- 
 ing conditions, an adequate housing law is most important. 
 .\ law was recommended by Mr. Aronovici in his report 
 of 1 910 but failed of passage. It is even more urgent today 
 that such a law should be passed. 
 
 City Planning Commission Needed. — One of the chief 
 recommendations which Mr. Comey makes is the appoint- 
 ment of a city plan commission along the lines of the com- 
 missions for third-class cities in Pennsylvania. As a basis 
 
 Kl^ ^h 
 
 i^f'BF^W^''"'^ 
 
 ^'^I'-^.d^r^- ^■' -i^- 
 
 
 m 
 
 l«a«ija».j \ 'S|l 
 
 I hljX^ \ ill 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 WOR 
 
 -lmli:in Hill House, .Selling at Sj,ooo 
 
 for a comprehensive plan prepared by such a commission, 
 Mr. Comey states that certain surveys are essential as 
 furnishing the one reliable foundation for Woonsocket's 
 future development and improvement. The first require- 
 ment is an adequate topographic map. Then, there should 
 be surveys of the city's natural resources, such as water- 
 power, of the development of property, and of the range 
 of land values, and the like. In short, the commission may 
 well undertake as a part of its duties the functions of a 
 bureau of research to which all other officials and any 
 citizens may come for information. 
 
 It sane, conservative plans along the lines recom- 
 mended by Mr. Comey are adopted, Woonsocket should 
 gradually develop into a more convenient, healthful, and 
 beautiful city, and continue to progress indefinitely. 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 As a result of the work of the City Planning Board of 
 Worcester (163,314), appointed by the Mayor in June, 
 1915, a number of new streets have recently been laid out, 
 safety zones have been established, the movement for a 
 zoning system is well under way, new life has been given 
 to the movement for the establishment of a civic center, 
 and certain details in the improvement of the city plan 
 have been carried out. The Commission, of which Mark 
 M. Skerrett is secretary, has received but a very small 
 appropriation and has published two reports of its work 
 to date. 
 
 Commission on Relief of Street Congestion. — In 1907 the 
 Common Council and the Board of Aldermen appointed 
 a Commission on the Relief of Street Congestion, with 
 Arthur Willard F"rench as chairman, and C. W. Fisher as 
 secretary. The duties of the Commission were simply to 
 make suggestions and recommendations for the relief of 
 street congestion. The Commission felt that such an 
 extensive and complete study as was required to ade- 
 quately solve the problem with which it was confronted 
 required the employment of an expert city planner, and 
 that ?io,ooo could be well spent for expert advice. The 
 employment of such expert assistance was not authorized 
 by the City Council. However, the Commission did spend 
 considerable time in studying the city as a whole, and 
 certain sections of the City in particular, not only with a 
 view to relieving congestion of traffic, but also to the 
 development of the city and its outlying sections. In its 
 report, published on December 12, 191 1, the Commission 
 urged more absolute and particular control by the city of 
 all street development. It presented a plan for a circum- 
 ferential street and strongly advocated the preparation of a 
 comprehensive plan for those sections partly developed. 
 It made constructive recommendations for the present 
 business sections of the city, practically embraced within 
 a half-mile circle with the center at the City Hall, includ- 
 ing a new diagonal street, not less than 80 feet wide, and 
 parallel with a part of the main street; also the widening 
 and extension of a number of other important streets; the 
 improvement of Washington Square, which is, in a sense, 
 the gateway of the city; and the location of a civic center 
 properly correlated with the street system. All of these
 
 Crr^- PLANNING PROCRl.SS 
 
 101 
 
 Worcester. — Indian Hill Garden Village. 
 A recent application ot modern town planning principles to a development providing home sites for employees in a nearliy factory. 
 
 improvements were carefully studied and planned, and 
 maps, photographs, and diagrams were used to illustrate 
 the proposals. 
 
 The City Gate. — In 1910, as the new union station in 
 Worcester approached completion, the Board of Trade, 
 responding to a very general public sentiment, appointed 
 a Committee to again consider the development ot Wor- 
 cester's city gate, namely Washington Square. .\t the 
 suggestion ot a committee ot the Board of Trade, the 
 Board engaged Olmsted Brothers, of Brookline, Mass., who 
 made a report and detailed plans tor the development ot 
 the city entrance. Owing to the financial condition with 
 which the city is confronted, this improvement still 
 remains in abeyance. 
 
 Recreation and Transportation. — Worcester has 1,1 iiS 
 acres of parks, divided into eighteen different tracts, with 
 two waterfront parks and a beautiful lakeshore drive. 
 The city has several playgrounds, and during the summer 
 the schoolyards are used for play purposes. The trans- 
 portation and transit systems have been carefullv studied; 
 grade crossings have been eliminated on two ot the rail- 
 road systems entering the city, and there is a new union 
 terminal passenger station with fairly adequate approaches. 
 The street-car service is good and reaches out- tar into the 
 suburban territory. .All cars pass the City Hall, which is 
 the main transfer station, but here great congestion 
 exists which it is hoped will be eliminated in time. The 
 City Engineer is now at work on a comprehensive street 
 plan ot Worcester. 
 
 Housing. — One ot the most interesting phases ot city 
 planning in Worcester is the new Indian Hill Garden \'il- 
 lage for employees in the plant of the Norton (jrinding 
 
 Company, which has financed the enterprise. This is 
 described in the "Journal of the .-//neriran hislilKte oj 
 .Irchitects tor January, 1917. 
 
 In all the work that has been carried on to promote 
 city planning in Worcester, the Worcester Chapter of the 
 .American Institute ot .Architects, the Chamber ot Com- 
 merce, the Automobile Club, and the Rotary Club, in 
 addition to the City Planning Boanl, have taken active 
 parts. 
 
 Yonkcrs 
 
 New York 
 Tlie City Planning Committee ot the Chamber of Com- 
 merce of Vonkers (99,838) has been the sponsor for city 
 planning in that city. In its first report it urges the 
 appropriation of the sum of ^1,500 with which to begin 
 work, this amount to be used to pay tor the preliminary 
 survev by experts, honkers is one ot the big communities 
 in the metropolitan district ot New York. Its .southern 
 boundary follows the line ot the northern boundary of the 
 Borough of The Bronx of New '\'ork Cit\'. I'or a city ot 
 its size it is remarkably deficient in all ot those good things 
 which go to make tor wholesome community lite. The 
 city has a number of large industrial plants, employing 
 thousands of immigrant laborers whose families are in 
 need of those things which only the community can sup- 
 ply. For the well-to-do whose homes line the more 
 attractive streets and occupy the many fine sites which the 
 topography affords, there is no need for better city plan- 
 ning. The citv must, however, take account of the large 
 population which is in need ot parks, waterfront recrea- 
 tion grounds, playgrounds, and community centers.
 
 192 
 
 CITY PLANNING PROGRESS 
 
 Chamber of Conimeire Committee. — The City Planning 
 Committee ot the Chamher of Commerce, organized in 
 191.S, realizes that its chief duty is to support measures tor 
 the improvement of the parks, the abolition of dangerous 
 urade crossings, the reclamation ot the beautiful Nep- 
 perhan River, the location of public buildings, the improve- 
 ment of the waterfront, the extension ot sanitary facilities, 
 and the like. Dr. N. .\. Warren, William F. Schneider, 
 and Henry G. Issertell, with H. Lansing Quick, and 
 Norman G. Nims, architects, are among the active per- 
 sons, members of the Chamber of Commerce, who are 
 interested in comprehensive city planning. The City has a 
 Recreation Commissioner. The Chamber of Commerce 
 has a special committee on the elimination ot grade cross- 
 ings, and the Chamber is also at work on a plan to develop 
 4^ miles of water frontage for commercial purposes. 
 
 YouNCSTOWN. — Low-Priced Dwellings Erected by Modern 
 Homes Company. 
 
 York 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 With the completion of the foundation work with 
 which it has been occupied tor the past two years, the 
 City Planning Commission of York (1:1,656) expects to 
 engage experts to prepare a comprehensive plan. The 
 Commission was organized in September, 1914, under the 
 Clarke Act governing third-class cities in Pennsylvania, 
 and has received an annual allowance of $250. A. B. 
 Farquhar has served as president of the Commission, 
 and John B. Hamme, member of the .American Institute 
 ot .Architects, as secretary. The Commission has been 
 assisted to a certain extent by members of the Chamber of 
 Commerce and is now engaged in the preparation of an 
 accurate topographical map of the city and its tributary 
 areas. As a result of the Commission's work to date, the 
 city has acquired a small area of park land and has passed 
 special ordinances regulating the laying out of streets, 
 fixing curb-lines, establishing building-lines, providing 
 for a shade tree commission, and city forester, and author- 
 izing the employment of expert advisers. No reports have 
 been published to date. 
 
 Housing and Recreation. — Sections of the city where 
 
 housing conditions are unusually bad have received 
 attention, and, in a number ot instances, conditions have 
 been improved by the abolishment ot unsanitary dwellings. 
 The provision ot modern homes tor workingmen has not 
 been attempted. Proposals for the preparation of housing 
 laws have received considerable attention, however, and 
 plans are under consideration tor the restriction of areas 
 to residential use. No attempt has been made to develop 
 a system of playgrounds on a scientific plan. In several 
 sections of the city, playgrounds have been laid out under 
 the direction of the Civic Committee of the Women's 
 Club, of which Miss Katherine R. Schmidt is chairman. 
 These grounds have been equipped with apparatus and 
 have served a very good purpose. .\ land company has 
 donated 28 acres of additional grounds to the School 
 Board to be laid out as a public playground. The School 
 Board has refused to permit the use of schools and build- 
 ings for recreation and community-center work. \'acant 
 lots and temporary reservations for playgrounds have not 
 been considered up to this time. 
 
 Parks. — The city possesses about 85 acres ot parks, 
 divided into a number of small tracts, a tew containing 
 playground features. .Additional areas amounting to 
 approximately J5 acres, have been set aside by the Plan- 
 ning Commission for future acquisition and development. 
 These will be purchased as soon as funds are available. 
 Between j and 4 miles of boulevard, ranging in width 
 from 100 to 150 feet, have been projected and planned, 
 but not yet opened. These sections, as now laid out, will 
 form links in a prospective system about 15 miles in 
 length encircling the city. The Codorus Creek, flowing 
 through the city, is being surveyed with a view to laying 
 out waterfront parks and broad drives on both sides of the 
 stream. Plans are now being laid tor the extension of the 
 city limits into suburban districts, which will permit con- 
 trol over the layout of streets and avenues. The City 
 Planning Commission has found the public slow to appre- 
 ciate the benefits of its work and, in some instances, it has 
 opposed the expenditure of money for such purposes. 
 Progress, however, is being made, and sentiment in favor 
 of city planning is growing. 
 
 Youngstown 
 Ohio 
 
 F.fforts have been made in Youngstown (108,385) to 
 secure the appointment of an official City Planning Com- 
 mission, under the provisions of the Ohio city planning 
 law (Special .Acts, 191 5). The city officials are cooperating 
 in an intelligent way in the solution of some ot the most 
 urgent problems, and a special committee of the Chamber 
 of Commerce, of which Charles F. Owsley, member ot the 
 .American Institute of .Architects and of the National City 
 Planning Conference, is chairman, is preparing a more or 
 less comprehensive street plan, involving the develop- 
 ment of boulevards and main highways about the city, 
 which is to be submitted in a report ot the Chamber ot 
 Commerce in May. The plan is intended to provide tor a 
 large future increase in traffic and is based on the require- 
 ments of a population three times that of the city at the 
 present time.
 
 CITY PLANNINC; PROGRESS 
 
 193 
 
 The work of city phiiiniiig in its various phases is well 
 appreciated In main u\ Voungstown's leading citi/ens 
 and is a live issue in the city. Mr. Owslev has given lec- 
 tures on the suhject from time to time and, in addition to 
 the work tor the Chamber of Commerce on which he is 
 engaged, has preparetl tentative plans tor a iniion station 
 ami plaza, soon to be carried out, and is now cngageil in 
 drawing plans tor a large industrial village tor emplovees 
 in a local manufacturing plant. 
 
 .■/cionip/is/imeiits. — There is a housing company oper- 
 ating in Youngstown, known as the Modern Homes Com- 
 pany. They have developed a considerable area with 
 comfortable and convenient low-priced dwellings. Mr. 
 George Huggins is secretary ot the companv. There is a 
 Playground .'\ssociation actively engaged in the develop- 
 ment ot playgrounds, and also a Park Commission. Grade 
 crossings elinunation is receiving attention trom the com- 
 mittee ot the Chamber <>t Commerce, ot which Mr. 
 Owsley is chairman, and the railroads are expected to 
 present a tentative plan tor this work in the course ot the 
 current year. 
 
 Zancs\ illc 
 
 Ohio 
 
 l-'ollowing a disastrous tlood in I'yl.i. -^ ^-i') Planning 
 Conunittee was privately organized by various civic 
 bodies in Zanesville (,iO,6S_!), including the Chamber of 
 Conuiierce, the Rotary Club, and the Public Welfare 
 .Association. The Committee had limited tunds but, 
 nevertheless, it did submit plans which were given pub- 
 licity in local newspapers anil which ultimately led to a 
 general civic awakening and, constructively, to the issu- 
 ance of bonds to provide for a more attractive arrange- 
 ment and laniiscape treatment of the city's public grounds, 
 park places, and bridge approaches. Zanesville has 75 
 acres ot public parks, all donateii to the city by private 
 owners, but improved with roaiis, shelter-houses and gen- 
 eral landscaping by public bond issue. This quota is still 
 too small in proportion to the population ot the city. 
 The city is planning to remodel one large public market 
 and is looking forward to the building of a new railroad 
 station. 
 
 Ij, SVBMITTED BY ICTINVS l{|l 
 Pittsburgh Beaux-.Arts Salon Competition, 1916 — Prize-Winning Design for Treatment ol Street Intersections.
 
 Summary 
 
 F.ven a glance over the foregoing statements tor indi- 
 vidual cities affords convincing evidence that the past 
 year has heen one of great significance to the city plan- 
 ning movement. Of the fifty-odd cities in the United 
 States having over ioo,cxx3 population, twenty-two have 
 made a distinct and notable contribution during the past 
 year. Of the cities from 25,000 to 100,000 population, of 
 which there are nearly 100, at least thirty have made 
 important and constructive advances in city planning 
 during the same period. In the cities and towns of lesser 
 .size, where normally it is difficult to arouse interest in city 
 planning, a sufficiently large number have made contribu- 
 tions of one kind or another to show that the movement is 
 making headway. The accomplishments of a few of the 
 most important of the latter are listed in this book. 
 
 Progress Abroad. — In Canada, despite the war, there 
 has been widespread interest in city planning. Notable 
 progress has been made in the framing and passage of laws 
 providing cities with necessary powers tor constructive 
 work. In England zeal for city planning work shows no 
 signs of abatement. Convincing evidence ot this is the 
 great comprehensive plan which is now being made tor the 
 whole metropolitan district ot London (some 2,000 square 
 miles). In France all-inclusive plans tor the development 
 of the entire district around Paris are being dratted, and 
 comprehensive plans tor other cities, particularly Lyons, 
 are well under way. Perhaps more striking still are the 
 plans which are being made tor the reconstruction of the 
 bombarded cities, all according to modern scientific prin- 
 ciples of city planning. F.urope has come to realize the 
 fact that city planning ot this sort is an important part 
 of the great lesson in efficiency which it has been obliged 
 to learn at so dear a cost. 
 
 Significant Facts. — In going through the statements in 
 this book, one is struck with the fact that the larger a city 
 the more apt it is to take up city planning. The reason for 
 this is obvious, namely, that in the large cities the troubles 
 which spring trom unguided and unscientific growth have 
 become more and more evident, so that even the least 
 imaginative are easily aroused to the importance ot 
 adopting measures designed to prevent the recurrence ot 
 such troubles in the tuture. It only the smaller cities would 
 profit by the hard-learned lessons of the larger cities, they 
 would save themselves enormous inconvenience and 
 untold expense. 
 
 The Leading Accomplishments of the Year. — It is gen- 
 erally recognized that the most important forward step 
 in city planning in the country during the last year was 
 the passage ot the New York Building Zone Law. Drastic 
 as it is, the law, which restricts the height, area, and use 
 of every building within the whole 327 square miles of the 
 city, was put into effect by the Board of Estimate and 
 Apportionment on July 25, 1916, by a virtually unani- 
 mous vote. In the seven months since the law has been in 
 force, it has taken deep root, and property owners, gen- 
 erally, are cooperating with the city in preventing infrac- 
 tions of the law. The restrictions have proved a popular 
 success, due largely to the thorough and unremitting 
 campaign ot education which was carried on and for the 
 lack of which city planning in America has so often failed. 
 
 Zoning Elsen'here. — .'^s a result of the success of the 
 New York movement, zoning work is under way or is 
 being agitated in the tollowing municipalities; 
 
 .Akron Elgin Philadelphia 
 
 Baltimore Little Rock Sacramento 
 
 Berkeley Los .Angeles .St. Louis 
 
 Chicago Milwaukee San Francisco 
 
 Cleveland Minneapolis Seattle 
 
 Des Moines Newark Springfield 
 
 F.ast Orange Omaha Washington, D. C. 
 
 This certainly is a remarkable showing considering the 
 space of time in which the movement has been gaining 
 impetus. 
 
 Comprehensive City Plans. — It is particularly interest- 
 ing to note that in the past year comprehensive city plans, 
 varying enormously, however, in their intrinsic merit and 
 practical adaptability to local conditions, were inaugu- 
 rated, or have been prepared for the following cities: 
 
 .Akron East Orange Minneapolis 
 
 .Allentown Elgin Mount V'ernon 
 
 Bayonne Elmira Newark 
 
 Berkeley East Boston Niagara Falls 
 
 Birmingham Evanston Omaha 
 
 Boston Fitchburg Oakland 
 
 Bridgeport Flint Pasadena 
 
 Brockton Greensboro Pueblo 
 
 ButTalo Johnstown Reading 
 
 Charlotte Lancaster Rockford 
 
 Cleveland Lawrence Sacramento 
 
 Davenport Lima St. Louis 
 
 Detroit Mansfield South Philadelphia 
 
 Duluth Milwaukee Walpole 
 Durham 
 
 This list does not include plans ot a comprehensive 
 character prepared prior to 1916. 
 
 Industrial Housing. — A significant feature of plan- 
 ning during the past year was the work in industrial 
 housing, the result of an unprecedented increase in indus- 
 trial activities in various parts of the country. Some of the 
 towns in which work of more than ordinary interest has 
 been accomplished in this field are: 
 
 .Akron Kohler, Wis. Ojibway, Canada 
 
 Beloit Lorain Passaic 
 
 Birmingham Marcus Hook, Pa. Rome, N. Y. 
 
 Bridgeport McDonald, Ohio Sparrow's Point, Md 
 
 Duluth Meriden Stamford 
 
 Erie Midland, Pa. Waterbury 
 
 Flint New Haven W^ishington, D. C. 
 
 Gloucester, N. J. New Britain Worcester 
 
 Kenosha Norwich Youngstown, Ohio 
 
 City Planning Enabling Acts. — During the past year 
 California has passed a permissive law tor the appoint- 
 ment of City Planning Commissions, making five states in 
 all which have recognized city planning, the others being 
 Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio. A 
 state-wide campaign was carried on in Indiana in 1916 
 to secure the passage of a bill providing for city plan- 
 ning commissions in cities in the state. .Although the bill 
 failed to pass the legislature, there is every expectation that 
 it will be made a law at the next session, two years hence. 
 In Michigan, North Carolina, Texas, and Utah campaigns 
 for state recognition of city planning are now being waged. 
 Massachusetts has recently passed a law providing tor the 
 appointment of boards of survey with control over plat- 
 
 194
 
 CITY PLAWIXC; PRCXiRKSS 
 
 '95 
 
 ting. Pennsylvania has passed a law permitting the 
 appointment ot zoning commissions in cities ot the first 
 class. 
 
 Local City Planuing Ordinances. — In the course of the 
 year ordinances have been passed in .Akr<>n, .Altoona, 
 Bayonne, Kast Orange, Klmira, Hazelton, Johnstown, 
 Mansfield, Niagara Falls, Toledo, ami in a niimher of 
 California cities, notably, .Alameda, Fresno, l.os .Angeles, 
 Palo Alto, San Diego, San Jose, Santa Monica and San 
 Rafael, creating city planning commissions under state 
 permissive laws. Special ordinances have been passed in 
 Cincinnati, Durham, Flint, Milwaukee, Muskegon, and 
 New Britain creating planning commissions. 
 
 Zoning Ordinances. — Ordinances making zoning con- 
 trol efl^ective have been passed in Berkelev, New York, 
 and Sacramento. Ordinances creating zoning commis- 
 sions have been passed in Philadelphia and Minneapolis. 
 Similar steps are being taken in Chicago, St. Louis, Cleve- 
 land, Baltimore, San Francisco, Milwaukee, Newark, 
 Washington, D. C, Omaha, Springfield, Des Moines, 
 .Akron, East Orange, and Mansfield. 
 
 Interurban Co>iJerences. — It has become more and more 
 obvious that city planning in the case ot larger cities must 
 not stop at the corporate limits of the city. It is to the 
 advantage ot the entire tributary area, as well as to the 
 central city, that all ot the communities within the 
 metropolitan area should come together tor a unified 
 solution ot their common problems. It was the vital 
 importance ot this idea that prompted Newark, N. J., 
 after four years ot struggle with her plans, to take steps 
 to organize the Conference on Interurban Improvement, 
 with Harland Bartholomew as secretary. -At regular 
 intervals the city engineers or other representatives (jt 
 some eighteen neighboring towns came together to dis- 
 cuss frankly their common problems. This "clearing- 
 house" has been ot the greatest value. It has served not 
 onlv to settle difficulties arising where towns touched one 
 another, but has made it feasible to work out compre- 
 hensive plans for the development of the whole Newark 
 metropolitan area. More than that, it has served to 
 arouse from their lethargy the more backward towns, and 
 all have had an opportunity to become familiar with the 
 best planning practice. 
 
 Philadelphia had similar difficulties, and to solve them 
 created, two years ago, the Metropolitan Suburban Plan- 
 ning Commission, of which Geo. R. Sullivan, ot Merion, 
 Pa., was secretary. The jurisdiction of this Commission 
 was supposed to extend over all of the suburban area 
 surrounding Philadelphia. Unfortunately, it was declared 
 unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the state. Since 
 then, however, the Citv Parks Association has endeavored 
 to secure voluntarv action, with much the same efl^ect, 
 through a semi-official conmiittee, known as the Compre- 
 hensive Plans Committee, of which John Hall Rankin, 
 member of the .American Institute of .Architects, is 
 chairman. 
 
 In 1915 there was organized in Boston what was known 
 as the Council of Fifty, with \V. R. Greeley as chairman 
 and E. B. Mero as secretary, composed of representatives 
 of civic and social organizations interested in an adequate 
 and practical plan for the development ot the Boston dis- 
 trict. In November, lyif, they held a great exhibition ot 
 
 city planning at the State House. The chief object of the 
 Council was to conduct a campaign of education through- 
 out the metropolitan Boston district as to the meaning 
 and need of city planning. 
 
 Cintnty Planning. — One of the most important steps 
 in planning that has yet been taken in this country is in 
 the creation of the Westchester County (New York) 
 Planning Commission, of which Chas. H. Tibbits is chair- 
 man, and Herbert E. Angell, of White Plains, is secretary. 
 It has become more and more obvious that there is great 
 need for planning between towns, anil that it is only hv 
 carrying out comprehensive schemes for these inter- 
 vening areas, while planning is still easy and cheap, that 
 great trouble is going to be saved in the future. This Com- 
 mission is making comprehensive plans for the whole 
 county, laying particular emphasis on thoroughfares, 
 transit lines, parks, and parkways. 
 
 New York Metrnpolilan Conference. — On March 10, 
 1917, at the instigation of the Westchester County Plan- 
 ning Commission, and at the invitation of the City Club 
 of New York, there was held in New York a conference of 
 ninety-six individuals, with Nelson L. Lewis and Frank 
 B. Williams presiding, representing over fiftv different 
 cities and towns within the New York metropolitan area. 
 The sentiment was unanimous that they should organize 
 permanently tor the consideration of their common prob- 
 lems. It was felt, however, that it would be much more 
 practicable to make this organization unofficial rather 
 than official. It is expected that monthly conferences, at 
 least, will be held as soon as the organization is completed. 
 
 State Planni>ig Conferences. — In 191 5 there was formed 
 in Massachusetts a State Federation ot Planning Boards, 
 of which Charles S. Bird, Jr., of Walpole, is chairman, 
 whose function is to aid the town planning bodies of the 
 individual communities and to help to bring together 
 neighboring towns for harmonious action. This Federa- 
 tion has held two important conferences which have been 
 very generally attended and have been productive of 
 splendid results. 
 
 In California, the State Commission of Immigration 
 and Housing has served to propagandize city planning 
 throughout the state, and more than that, has served as a 
 bureau of advice and information to all the cities and towns 
 that are interested in city planning. 
 
 Particularlv active in citv planning, however, has been 
 the California Conference on City Planning, which is a 
 state-wide organization tor the promulgation ot city 
 planning information and for the guidance ot the new 
 citv planning commissions of the state. F. C. Wheeler, 
 of Los Angeles, is president, and Charles H. Cheney, of 
 San Francisco, secretary. The Conference has been hold- 
 ing lectures in a number of cities since 1914. As a result 
 of its activities, the state legislature passed a City Plan- 
 ning Law in I915, under which eighteen California cities 
 have already appointed city planning commissions. The 
 Commonwealth Club ot California has also helped actively 
 in this work through its City Planning Section, of which 
 Henry G. Meyer is chairman, and C. H. Cheney, member 
 of the Committee on Town Planning ot the .American 
 Institute of .Architects, is secretary. 
 
 The Texas Town and City Planning .Association, of 
 which E. H. McCuistion, of Paris, is president, and J. V.
 
 196 
 
 cnv PLANNiNc; pr()(;rkss 
 
 Surratt, of Sherman, secretary, has already held several 
 annual conferences which have been largely attended and 
 which have served to disseminate city planning knowledge 
 and interest throughout the state. They have also pro- 
 moted a number ot good bills affecting city planning. 
 
 The State .Association of Planning Boards of Pennsyl- 
 vania, which was formed in July, 1916, and ot which A. B. 
 Farquhar, of New York, is chairman, and John L. Rockey, 
 of Harrisburg, secretary, is similar in character to the 
 Massachusetts Federation of Planning Boards. Its func- 
 tion is to advance work of the various city planning com- 
 missions of the state by cooperative effort with the legis- 
 lature and by a study of their common problems. 
 
 The Massachusetts Homestead Commission, of which 
 Charles F. Gettemy is chairman, and Henry Sterling is 
 secretary, was organized according to Chapter 607 of the 
 Acts of 191 1, and is almost a state-wide planning com- 
 mission. While its duties relate primarily to housing, it has 
 been found that its work overlaps general city planning at 
 so many points that it has had to consider planning as an 
 integral part of its work. The Commission is very care- 
 ful, however, not to interfere in any way with the work ot 
 the local city planning commissions. Its aim is rather to 
 cooperate at every point where it comes in contact with 
 the local bodies. 
 
 Stiite Bureaus of Mutiicipal Information. — The State 
 Bureau of Municipal Information ot the New York State 
 Conference of Mayors, of which William P. Capes is 
 director, came into existence about two years ago. The 
 State Conference ot Mayors has an important advisory 
 committee on city planning, and it has been the function 
 of the Bureau of Information to compile and disseminate 
 among the cities of the state information directly bearing 
 on city planning. It has proved of the greatest value in 
 helping to standardize practice and in saving waste. It has, 
 furthermore, served as a strong propagandizing medium. 
 Slate Leagues of Municipalities. — The majority of 
 states throughout the country have state leagues ot munici- 
 palities, similar in character to the New York State Con- 
 ference of Mayors. While no other state besides New York 
 has a paid permanent bureau of information, they are all, 
 in so far as they are able, distributing city planning intor- 
 mation among their own cities. 
 
 State Planning Co?nmissions. — It is becoming more and 
 more apparent that there is need in every state tor a con- 
 trolling body with powers similar to those ot the Local 
 Government Board in England. Under English town 
 planning laws, every item ot city replanning or extension 
 has to be passed upon by the Local Government Board, a 
 national institution. While bearing in mind the neces- 
 sity ot preserving the individuality ot towns, a state con- 
 trolling board helps materially to standardize practice 
 and prevent waste. 
 
 National City Planning Conferences. — The Ninth 
 Annual National Conference in City Planning was held 
 on May 7, 8 and 9, at Kansas City. These conferences, 
 held in a different city each year, have been ot inestimable 
 value in spreading the gospel of city planning and in 
 standardizing practice. The Conference, of which Flavel 
 Shurtleff, ot Boston, is secretary, numbers among its 
 members persons in various lines of activity who are 
 interested in city planning. The annual dues are $s a year. 
 
 Members receive each year a copy ot the "Proceedings" ot 
 the annual meeting and the Quarterly Bulletin "The 
 Citv Plan." The Conference can accomplish, however, 
 only a small part of the work that it is called upon to do 
 on account of its present limited resources. 
 
 National Bureau of City Planning. — At the meeting ot 
 the National City Planning Conference in Detroit, in 
 June, 1915, and again in Cleveland, on June, 1916, dele- 
 gates from fifteen prominent national organizations came 
 together to consider how they could cooperate in city 
 planning work. George B. Ford, of New York, pre- 
 sided. A Committee on Plan and Scope was appointed, 
 with A. W. Crawford, of Philadelphia, as chairman. .After 
 a survey of the field, and with the experience ot the State 
 Federation of Planning Boards, and particularly the work 
 of the State Bureaus of Municipal Information in mind, the 
 Committee concluded that the educational work should be 
 national rather than state; in other words, that there 
 could be a very considerable saving ot effort it all the col- 
 lecting and disseminating of planning information were 
 concentrated in a national bureau, located preferably at 
 W'ashington, in connection with the Bureau ot Education 
 of the Department of the Interior. This matter has 
 already been presented to various authorities in Wash- 
 ington by Messrs. Crawford, Ford, and Richard B. 
 Watrous, and has been received favorably. It is generally 
 felt that it is only a matter of time before such a federal 
 bureau of municipal information will be formed, particu- 
 larlv if it should be made to include city administration, 
 management, health, and social welfare, instead of con- 
 fining its eftbrts solely to city planning. 
 
 Instruction in City Planning. — In the work of instruc- 
 tion in city planning in our universities and colleges, it is 
 encouraging to note that great progress is being made. 
 Nine schools are giving full courses of lectures in this 
 field. At the University of Illinois there is a chair of civic 
 design held by Charles Mulford Robinson. Harvard 
 University gives courses in city planning at the School ot 
 Landscape .Architecture, with Prof. James Sturgis Pray 
 in charge. Full courses, or lectures, are also given at the 
 University of Michigan by .Aubrey Tealdi; at Cornell 
 University in the Department of Landscape .Architecture 
 under the leadership particularly of Prof. Clarence Martin, 
 member of the American Institute of Architects; at the 
 University of Wisconsin in the Engineering Department; 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, where the studies 
 include, also, housing and landscape architecture; at 
 Throop College of Technology, with George A. Damon in 
 charge; at the University of Minnesota; and at the Chi- 
 cago School of Civics and Philanthropy, of which Graham 
 Taylor is the director. .At Columbia University courses 
 were given for several years by George B. F'ord. 
 
 Nation Planning. — .A step has even been taken toward 
 nation planning in the formation of a Joint Board of 
 Nation Planning, whose primary object is to devise a plan 
 for national routes similar to the Routes Nationales in 
 France. Cyrus Kehr, landscape architect, of Knoxville, 
 Tenn., is the chief backer of this movement. 
 
 National Planning Abroad. — In the Dominion of 
 Canada there is what may be termed a bureau of town 
 planning, organized in 191J, and supported by the Com- 
 mission of Conservation, with offices at Ottawa. Thomas
 
 CITY H.ANNING PKOC.KKSS 
 
 197 
 
 Adams, formerly Town Planning Advisfr to the Local 
 Government Board of England, is head of the Bureau, 
 in the capacity ot town planning adviser to the Commis- 
 sion. This bureau is taking a very important part in the 
 work of propagandizing city planning throughout the 
 Dominion. In the issues of the quarterlv bulletin of the 
 Commission, entitled "The Conservation of Life," there 
 is given an impressive record of what has been accom- 
 plished under Mr. .Adams' leadershiji during the three 
 years ot his incumbency. 
 
 In England there is the well-known Institute of Town 
 Planning, ot which Raymond Unwin, of Hampstead, is 
 president. The Institute is a technical body, the chief 
 function ot which is the determmation ot better methoiis 
 ot work, and mcludes in its membership almost all of the 
 leaders in city planning. There is also the Garden Cities 
 and Town Planning .Association, of which Ewart G. 
 Culpin, ot London, is secretary. This is the great city 
 planning propagandizing body ot the country, and there is 
 also the National Housing and Town Planning Council, ot 
 which Henry R. .Aldridge is the director. This Councd 
 has been instrumental in securmg many badly needed 
 retorms in housing. .At Liverpool is the School ot Civic 
 Design, in connection with the L'niversity of Liverpool, 
 with Prot. Patrick .Abercrombie in charge. The quarterly 
 Town Pianiii)!^ Review, read throughout the world, and a 
 valuable source ot information to all interested in city 
 planning, is edited by Protessor Abercrombie and pub- 
 lished at Liverpool. 
 
 In France there has recently been organized a Town 
 Planning Institute, with Eugene Henard as president. .\ 
 Garden Citv .Association, modeled after the British .Asso- 
 ciation and performing a similar work, is also active. 
 George Benoit-Levi is secretary. 
 
 Germany has strong associations whose interests center 
 on citv planning and which have been active tor years. 
 Dr. J. StiJbben, the doyen of city planning, has long been 
 one of the great moving spirits. .An organ of great service 
 to German city planners and others is Der Staedtebau, a 
 monthly magazine published at Berlin and founded by 
 Theodore Goecke and Caniillo Sitte, two eminent leaders 
 in the city planning movement in Germany and .Austria. 
 The German Garden City Society, of which Dr. Kaniptf- 
 meyer is the leader, has had great success. Other Euro- 
 pean countries have followed in the same line. 
 
 International Planning Associations. — There is even 
 an International Garden Cities and Town Planning 
 .Association, formed in July, 1914, just before the outbreak 
 of hostilities. Ebenezer Howard is president, and Ewart 
 G. Culpin, secretary. P'rank B. Williams, of New York, 
 and Richard B. VVatrous, of Washington, D. C, are the 
 .American members of the General Committee of the 
 -Association. There is also an organization called the 
 International Union of Cities, organized in Belgivim in 
 19IJ to serve as an international center tor the tlistribu- 
 tion of information on city planning. Emile Braun, 
 Burgomaster of the city of Ghent, is president ot the 
 Executive Committee; Paul Saintenoy, architect, ot 
 Brussels, is general secretary of the Section on Construc- 
 tion; Emile \'inck is general secretary of the Section on 
 .Administration; and Paul Otlet is general secretary of the 
 Section on Exhibition. 
 
 EJfeil of the It'ar on City P/aniiinx. The advent of war 
 has made citv planning of tar more vital ami pressing 
 imjiortance than it has ever been before. City planners in 
 Europe are takini; an active part in war planning by help- 
 ing to solve, for example, the haril problems which arise 
 in the hamiling of large boilies ot men or huge quantics of 
 supplies; or in the planning of through routes in or around 
 cities or across the intervening country. Every city, state, 
 and nation must, for its own safety, if for no other reason, 
 give attention to the location of adequate thoroughfares in 
 all liirections. France, for example, is today one vast 
 network of inter-communicating military routes. 
 
 With regard to transit lines and railroad connections 
 the same needs and opportunities exist. The cities of 
 France have generally doubled, trebled, and even quad- 
 rupled their passenger and freight handling facilities 
 since the outbreak of the war, antl even now they are 
 enlarging and extending them continuously. 
 
 .Aeroplane landing fields and training fields are impor- 
 tant requirements in time of war. Every city of any 
 importance in France has today large fields (,^0 acres as a 
 minimum) for these purposes, located as near the city 
 center as practicable. They expect to continue anti ile- 
 velop this use commercially after the war. 
 
 Making waterways and canals more usable has proved 
 a great feature of the work in France. In the carriage of 
 great quantities of supplies of large bulk and heavy 
 weight, water transportation has proven much cheaper 
 than railroad transportation. .At the same time, it relieves 
 the railroads from heavy burdens which, in the exigencies 
 of war, is a factor no country can atFord to discount. 
 
 The location and preparation ot sites for mobilization, 
 training, detention, and prison camps also furnishes great 
 opportunities for city planners to be ot service. 
 
 .A most important phase of war planning is the housing 
 of industrial workers. In Europe great workingmen's 
 housing developments have sprung up around all ot the 
 munition and supply plants. .A number of the European 
 city planners are devoting all their attention now to 
 industrial housing. .As a result ot their investigations and 
 ingenious solutions of difficult problems, it has been pos- 
 sible for the governments at war to save huge sums by 
 providing, for example, buildings readily convertible to 
 other uses after the war and, at the same time, furnish- 
 ing healthful and agreeable homes for munition workers. 
 
 Ihe war in Europe has brought out overwhelming 
 evidence of the necessity ot "Preparedness for Peace," 
 and in no other direction so much as in city planning. 
 Everywhere one finds growing evidence of the realiza- 
 tion on the part ot city aciministrators that the economic 
 competition of the future can be met only by planning 
 immediately on a broad scale and on the most efficient 
 basis to offset such conqietition. Cities have found that 
 they must be planned in a most convenient, healthful, 
 and businesslike way -that all waste must be eliminated 
 — if they are successfully to adjust themselves to the new 
 and more intensive phases of life and business which are 
 certain to follow the termination ot the war. This is the 
 great lesson that the war has taught the cities and the 
 nations of Europe. .America, and her cities in particular, 
 must profit by this lesson, or else be left tar behind in the 
 great economic race of the future.
 
 Brief List of References on City Planning' 
 
 By THEODORA KIMBALL 
 
 Lilirarian, School of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 Abercrombie, Patrick. Town planning literature; a 
 brief summary of its present extent. A paper read at a 
 meeting of the Town Planning Institute. (Town plan- 
 ning review, Oct. 1915, v. 6, p. 77-100.) 
 
 .American City. List of .American city^lanning reports. 
 (American city, Dec. 1914, v. 11, p. 490-497.) Also 
 reprinted as .American City Pamphlet no. 124. 
 
 Check List of references on city planning. Compiled by 
 the Division of Bibliography, Library of Congress, and 
 the Department of Landscape .Architecture, Harvard 
 University. 
 
 (Special libraries. May, 1912, v. 3, No. 5, p. 61-123.) 
 Both general and local references. 
 
 Kimball, Theodora. Classified selected list of references 
 on citv planning. Boston, National Conference on City 
 Planning, 1915. 48 p. 
 
 For the student and practitioner of city planning, repre- 
 senting both .American and foreign literature. 
 
 Periodicals 
 
 American Citv. New York, The American City Pub- 
 lishing Co., v. I, Sept. 1909, to date, illus. plans. 
 
 Citv Plan; published quarterly as the official organ of the 
 National Conference on City Planning. Boston, v. i. 
 Mar. 1915, to date. 
 
 Garden Cities and town planning. London, Garden 
 Cities and Town Plannuig .Association, v. i, Oct. 1904, 
 to date, illus. plans. 
 
 Town Planning Review. The journal of the Depart- 
 ment of Civic Design at the School of Architecture of 
 the University of Liverpool. Liverpool, v. i, Apr. 1910, 
 to date, illus. plans. 
 
 General Works 
 
 American .Academv of Political and Social Science. 
 Housing and town planning. Philadelphia, The Acad- 
 emy, 1914. 296 p. (Annals, v. LL) 
 A series of short articles. 
 
 Cadbury, George, Jr. Town planning, with special 
 reference to the Birmingham schemes. London, Long- 
 mans, Green & Co., 1915. 201 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Lewis, N. P. The planning of the modern city. New 
 York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1916. 423 p. illus. plans. 
 From the point of view of the municipal engineer. 
 
 Marsh, B. C. .An introduction to city planning; democ- 
 racy's challenge to the .American city, with a chapter 
 on the technical phases of city planning, by G. B. Ford. 
 New York [1909]. 156 p. illus. plans. 
 
 *Only references in the English language have been included 
 in this list. 
 
 Mawson, T. H. Civic art; studies in town planning, 
 parks, boulevards and open spaces. London, B. T. 
 Batsford, 191 1. 375 p. illus. plans. 
 Especially interesting for its drawings. 
 
 National Conference on City Planning. Proceed- 
 ings. 1st, 1909, published in Senate document no. 422, 
 6ist Congress, 2d Session. 2d. -8th, published by the 
 Conference, Boston, 1910-1916. 
 Nolen, John, ed. City planning; a series of papers 
 presenting the essential elements of a city plan. New 
 York, D. .Appleton & Co., 1916. 447 p. illus. plans. 
 (National Municipal League series.) 
 
 Papers by seventeen experts, constituting a good introduc- 
 tion to the subject. For an excellent statement of what 
 city planning means, see the introductory chapter by F. 
 L. Olmsted. 
 
 Pray, J. S. and T. Kimball. City planning; a compre- 
 hensive analysis of the subject arranged for the classi- 
 fication of books, plans, photographs, notes and other 
 collected material, with alphabetic subject index. Cam- 
 bridge, Harvard L'niversity Press, 1913. 103 p. 
 
 Robinson, C. M. City planning, with special reference 
 to the planning ot streets and lots. New York. G. P. 
 Putnam's Sons, 1916. 344 p. illus. plans. 
 
 , The improvement ot towns and cities; or. 
 
 The practical basis ot civic aesthetics. New York, G. 
 P. Putnam's Sons, 4th rev. ed., 1913. 3i3p. 
 .Also a good introductory book. 
 
 Modern civic art; or. The citv made beau- 
 
 tiful. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2d ed., 1904 
 and 1909. 381 p. illus. 
 Royal Institute of British Architects. Town plan- 
 ning conference, London, 1910. Transactions. Lon- 
 don, The Institute, 191 1. 812 p. illus. plans. 
 Especially valuable on the historical side. 
 
 Town Planning Institute. Papers and discussions, 
 1914-15. London, The Institute, 1916. v. i. plans. 
 
 Triggs, H. I. Town planning, past, present and possible. 
 London, Methuen & Co. [1909]. 334 p. valuable illus. 
 and plans. 
 
 Contains an historical chapter. 
 
 L^nwin, Raymond. Town planning in practice; an intro- 
 duction to the art ot designing cities and suburbs. 
 London, T. F. Unwin, 2d. ed., 191 1 and 1913. 416 p 
 valuable illus. and plans. 
 
 .Also contains an historical chapter. 
 
 Legal, .Administrative, and Technical 
 Aspects 
 
 .Aronovici, Carol. The social survey. Philadelphia, 
 Harper Press, 1916. 255 p. illus. plans. (Bureau for 
 Social Research of the Seybert Institution.) 
 Note especially chapter: The city plan, p. J4-43. 
 
 198
 
 CITY PLANNING PROCJRKSS 
 
 '99 
 
 Chenev, C. H. What city planning commissions can do, 
 San Francisco, June, 191 5. 22 p. illus. plans. (Cali- 
 fornia Conference on City Planning, Bulletin no. i.) 
 
 CoMEV, A. C. A schedule of civic surveys. May 19W). 
 16 p. (Massachusetts Homestead Commission, Hulk- 
 tin no. 5.) 
 
 For the use ot town planniiii; boards. 
 
 Ford, George B. Building zones, a handliook, with 
 especial reference to their application in New York 
 City under the zone resolution of July 25th, 1916. 
 New York, Lawyers Mortgage Company, 1917. 64 p. 
 plans. 
 
 Contains chapters on constitutionality of districtinj; and 
 
 application of zoning to any town. 
 
 Goodrich, E. P., and G. B. Ford. Report of suggested 
 plan of procedure for City Plan Commission, Jersey 
 City, N. J. As of Nov. .^o, 1912. Issued May i, 191,5. 
 
 An interesting local example capable of wider application. 
 
 Lewis, N. P. Financing a city plan. (Chapter 19 in his 
 The planning ot the modern citv, Hjifi, p. j59-jH8.) 
 See above under General. 
 
 Replaces his earlier pamphlet "Paying the bills for city 
 planning." 
 
 Massachusetts HoMEsrEAD Commission. Information 
 and suggestions tor city and town planning boards. 
 Nov. 1914. 12 p. (Bulletin no. 2.) 
 
 MuNRO, \V. B. Principles and methods of municipal 
 administration. New York, Macmillan Co., 1916. 491 
 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Note especially: Chapter 1, Cit> planning, p. 30-73, ami 
 
 Chapter 3, Streets, p. 74-121. 
 
 New York (City). Commission on Buii.dinc, DisrRicrs 
 AND Restrictions. Final (abridged) report, June 2, 
 1916. New York, Board of Estimate and .Apportion- 
 ment. Committee on the City Plan, 1916. 100 p. illus. 
 plans. 
 
 Final (comprehensive) report, June 2nd, 1916. New 
 York, Board ot Estimate and .Apportionment. Com- 
 mittee on the Citv Plan. Published 1917. 299 ji'. illus. 
 plans. 
 , Heights of Blii.dings Commission. Re- 
 
 i 
 
 port to the Committee on the height, size and arrange- 
 ment ot buildings ot the Board ot Estimate and .Appor- 
 tionment ot the City ot New York. Dec. 2j, 191.5. 295 
 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Contains valuable appendices covering F.uropean practice 
 
 in districting. 
 
 Olmsted, F. L., Jr. A city planning program. (In Pro- 
 ceedings ot 5th National Conference on City Planning, 
 1913, p. 1-16.) 
 
 Prav, J. S. The survey tor a city plan. Paper betore the 
 .Annual Conterence ot Mayors and other City Officials 
 of the State of New York, 1914. (Landscape .Archi- 
 tecture, Oct. 1914, V. 5, p. 5-14.) 
 
 Shurtleff, Flavel and F. L. Olmsied, Jr. Carrying out 
 the city plan; the practical application ot .American law 
 in the execution of city plans. New York, Survey 
 Associates, 191 4. 349 p. (Russell Sage Foundation. 
 Publications.) 
 
 Williams, I'". B. Legal methods ot carrying out the changes 
 
 proposed in the city plan for Bridgeport. (In Nolen, 
 
 John. Better citv planning for Bridgeport, 191'!, p. 121- 
 
 K9-) 
 
 Most siigticsrivc tor other cities. 
 
 \N Ml i-iEN, R. H. The constitution ami powers of a city 
 planning authority. (In Proceedings of 7th National 
 Conterence on City Planning, 1915, p. 135-I4J.) 
 
 With discussion and tabulation ot results of questionnaire. 
 
 Social and I'.conoinic A.spects 
 
 Ci.AV, S. H. City building. A citation ot methods in use 
 in more than one hundred cities for the solution of 
 important problems in the [Progressive growth of the 
 .American municipality. Cincinnati, Clark Publishing 
 Co., 19 13. 164 p. 
 
 Howe, F. C. European cities at work. New York, Charles 
 Scribner's Sons, 1913. 370 p. illus. plan. 
 
 (Joufre^-, Hollis. The health of the city. Boston, 
 Houghton Mifflin Co., 1910. 372 p. 
 
 McV'ev, F. L. The making ot a town. Chicago, .A. 
 McClurg & Co., 1913. 221 p. 
 
 Nafional Conference on Housing. Housing problems 
 in .America. Proceedings ot the Conference, ist-6th, 
 1911-1916. 
 
 Pollock, H. M. and W. S. Morgan. Modern cities; 
 progress ot the awakening for their betterment here and 
 in Europe. New York, i'liiik & Wagnalls Co., 1913. 
 418 p. illus. plans. 
 
 N'killer, Lawrence. Housing reform, a hand-book tor 
 practical use in American cities. New '^'ork. Charities 
 Publication Committee, 1910. 213 p. (Russell Sat;e 
 Foundation. Publications.) 
 
 The ideas ot this book are applied in .Mr. W-iller's .Model 
 Housing Law, 1914. 
 
 ZuEBLiN, Charles. .American municipal progress. New 
 York, Macmillan Co., 1916. ;22 p. illus. 
 
 Channels of Tran.sporrarion 
 
 .Amerkan Instiiiite of .ARCHii'Ecrs. The relations of 
 railways to citv development. Washington, 1910. 79 p. 
 illus. plans. 
 
 Papers read before the Institute. 
 
 Davies, J. V. Provision tor future rapid transit: subway, 
 elevated or open cut, and their influence on the city 
 jilan. (In Proceedings ot 6th National Conference on 
 City Planning, 1914, p. 194-264. With discussion.) 
 
 Droege, J. .A. PVeight terminals and trains, including a 
 revision ot yards and terminals. New York, McCiraw- 
 Hill Book Co., 1912. 465 p. illus. plans. 
 
 , Passenger terminals and trains. New York, 
 
 .McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1916. 410 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Lewis, N. P. The automobile and the city plan. (In 
 Proceedings of 8th National Conference on Citv Plan- 
 ning, 1916, p. 35-56.) 
 
 McCrea, .a. E., a. W. Crawford, and C. I.. Ackies. 
 Railroad improvements, n. d. I24I p. illus. (.American 
 Civic .A.s.sociation. Dept. leaflet no. 6. Dept. pamphlet 
 no. 3.) 
 
 I
 
 200 
 
 CITY PLANNINC; PRCXiRKSS 
 
 Pralticai. SiREET CoNS I'RUCilON : platiiiinu; streets aiiti 
 ile.signing and constructing the details ot street surface, 
 suhsurtace and supersurtace structures. Reprinted 
 from a series ot articles which appeared in Municipal 
 Journal during the year 1916. New York, Municipal 
 Journal and Engineer, 1916. 24H p. illus. plans. 
 
 Robinson, C. M. City planning, with special reference 
 to the planning ot streets and lots. Chapters 2-14. 
 See abdve under CiEneral. 
 
 The Watf.r Terminal problem. Papers hv G. K. Hooker, 
 G. C. Sikes, C. Tomkins, J. F. Hasskarl, T. E. Gib- 
 bon, A. P. Fleming and O. F. Lackey. (In Proceed- 
 ings ot'.^d National Conference on City Planning, 191 1, 
 p. i,5i-i8j.) 
 
 Subdivision ot Land 
 
 Ford, James. Fundamentals ot housing reform. From 
 the Smithsonian Report for 19IJ, p. 741-754. Wash- 
 ington, 1914. (Publication ijii.) 
 
 Discusses land subdivision for low-cost housing. 
 
 HuRD, R. M. Principles ot city land values. New York, 
 
 The Record and Guide, 190.?. 159 p. illus. plans. 
 National Conference on City Planning. Best meth- 
 ods of land subdivision. (In Proceedings of 7th Con- 
 ference, 1915, p. 42-106, 247-273.) 
 
 . City planning study. (In Proceedings of 5th 
 
 Conference, 191J, p. 163-21 1. plans.) 
 
 Also published as special supplement to the Quarterh 
 Landscape ."Architecture, .■\pr. 191 J. 
 
 Nichols, J. C. Real estate subdivisions: the best manner 
 
 of handling them. Washington, 1912 and 1916. k p. 
 
 (American Civic Association. Dept. of city making. 
 
 Series II, no. 5, Nov. 1912 and Feb. 1916.) 
 Robinson, C. M. City planning, with special reference to 
 
 the planning of streets and lots. Chapters 10-14. 
 See above under General. 
 
 Unwin, Raymond. Nothing gained by overcrowding! 
 How the garden city type of development may benefit 
 both owner and occupier. London, P. S. King & Son, 
 for the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, 
 1 91 2. 24 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Yeomans, a. B. City residential land development- 
 studies in planning; competitive plans for subdividing a 
 typical quarter section of land in the outskirts of Chi- 
 cago. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1916. 138 
 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Buildina;s and Minor Structures — 
 "Civic Art" 
 
 .Adshead, S. D. The decoration and furnishing of the city, 
 nos. I-XV. (Town planning review, .Apr. 1911-Oct. 
 1914, V. 2-V.5. illus.) 
 
 Art and Life, and the building and decoration of cities: a 
 series of lectures by members of the Arts and Crafts 
 Exhibition Society, delivered at the fifth exhibition of 
 the Society in 1896. London, Rivington, Percival & Co., 
 1897. 260 p. 
 
 Baxter, Sylvester. Art in public works: aqueducts, 
 water-towers, power-houses, reservoirs, bridges. (Cen- 
 tury, Oct. 1902, V. 64, p. 912-921. illus.) 
 
 , . Art in the street. (Century, Mar. 1906, 
 
 n. s. V. 49, p. 697-705. illus.) 
 Brn'ER, Karl. Municipal sculpture. (Municipal affairs, 
 
 Mar. TH98, V. 2, p. 73-97. illus.) 
 i'oki), !<'. L. The grouping of public buildings. Hartford, 
 
 Conn., 1904. 85 p. illus. plans. (Publications of the 
 
 Municipal .Art Society of Hartford, Conn. Bulletin 
 
 no. 2.) 
 New York. (City). Mayor's Billboard .Advertising 
 
 Commission. Report, Aug. i, 1913. 151 p. illus. 
 Tyrrell, H. G. Esthetic treatment of city bridges. 
 
 (.American city, Nov. 1913, v. g, p. 404-41 1. illus.) 
 
 Partly taken from his book ".Artistic Bridge Design." 
 
 Parks and Playgrounds 
 
 American Academy of Political and Social Science. 
 
 Public recreation facilities. Philadelphia, 1910. 266 p. 
 
 plans. (Annals, v. XXXV, no. 2.) 
 .American Park and Outdoor Art .Association. 
 
 [.Addresses and proceedings.] 1897-1904. v. 1-7. illus. 
 
 Burnap, George. Parks, their design, equipment and use. 
 Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1916. 328 p. illus. 
 In spite of its general title, refers primarily to small intown 
 parks. 
 
 Eliot, C. W. Charles Eliot, landscape architect. Boston, 
 
 Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1902 and 1914. 770 p. illus. 
 plans. 
 
 Chapters 17-19, 21, 23-28, Jo-32, 34-39, relate especially 
 
 to public open spaces. 
 
 Haynes, Rowland. How much playground space does a 
 citv need? (American city. Mar. 1917, v. 16, p. 241-247. 
 illus.) 
 
 Hubbard, H. V. The size and distribution ot playgrounds 
 and similar recreation facilities in American cities. (In 
 Proceedings ot 6th National Conference on City Plan- 
 ning, 1914, p. 265-304. With discussion.) .Also 
 reprinted. 
 
 Lee, Joseph. Play and playgrounds; reprinted from a 
 leaflet of the .American Civic Association bv the Play- 
 ground Association of .America. [New York, 1908.'] 
 23 p. (Russell Sage Foundation. Dept. of Child 
 Hygiene. Pamphlet no. 19.) 
 
 Mero, E. B. ed. American playgrounds; their construc- 
 tion, equipment, maintenance and utility. New York, 
 Baker & Taylor Co., [1909.'] 293 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Nolen, John. Some examples of the influence of public 
 parks in increasing city land values. (Reprinted from 
 his New London Report, 1913, in Landscape archi- 
 tecture, July 1913, V. 3, p. 166-171;.) 
 
 Olmsted, F. L., Sr. Public parks: being two papers read 
 before the -American Social Science .Association in 1870 
 and 1880, entitled respectively. Public parks and the 
 enlargement of towns, and, A consideration of the 
 justifying value of a public park. Brookline. [Privately 
 printed.] 1902. ii4p. 
 
 Olmsted, F. L., Jr. and John Nolen. The normal require- 
 ments ot American towns and cities in respect to public 
 open spaces. (Charities, July 7, 1906, v. 16, p. 41 1-426. 
 illus.)
 
 Cir\ PI.ANNINC; 1M<(X,RKSS 
 
 :oi 
 
 Philadelphia Allikd Organizations. The existing and 
 proposed outer park systems ot American cities. Report, 
 written by A. \V. Crawforii and K. M. Day. |Harris- 
 biirg, Pa., Mt. Pleasant Press, 1905.] 61 p. plans. 
 
 Smtph, F. a. C. Municipal recreation on inland water- 
 fronts; types ot shore development and recreation pos- 
 sible for cities possessing a river or a lake. (.American 
 city, Apr. 1915, v. 12, p. 291-29S. illus.) 
 
 Planting 
 
 Ckau loRU, A. W. The house beautitul and its relation to 
 the city beautitul. Window gardening bv H. D. Hemen- 
 way. 1905. JO p. illus. (American Civic .Association. 
 Dept. pamphlet no. 1.) 
 
 Fernow, B. E. The care ot trees in lawn, street and park, 
 with a list ot trees and shrubs tor decorative use. New 
 York, H. Holt & Co., [igio], 191 1. J92 p. illus. (.Ameri- 
 can nature series.) 
 
 F'rancis, H. R. Suggestions tor proper proceihire in sys- 
 tematic street tree planting tor towns and cities ot New 
 York. Syracuse University, Mar. 1915. 56 p. illus. 
 (New York State College ot Forestrv, Syracuse Uni- 
 versitv, Bulletin, v. 15, no. 4.) 
 
 Manning, W. H. Suggestions tor beautifying the home, 
 village and roadway. [11 p.| illus. (.American Civic 
 Association. Outdoor art dept. Dept. pamphlet no. 5.) 
 
 Massachusei'is Society for Promoting Agriculturk. 
 The law ot the roadside. How to protect our landscape. 
 Electric lines in public ways. Insect pests. Trespass to 
 real estate. 2d ed. [Boston, G. H. Ellis Co. | 191 i. 95 p. 
 
 Solotaroff, William. Shade-trees in towns and cities; 
 their selection, planting and care as applied to the art 
 of street decoration; their diseases and remedies; their 
 municipal control and supervision. New York, J. 
 Wiley & Sons, 191 1. 287 p. illus. 
 
 Cities and Towns ot \'arious T>'pes 
 
 .Atterburv, Grosvenor. Model towns in America. New 
 York, I9!J. 18 p. illus. (National Housing .Associa- 
 tion. Publication no. 17.) Reprinted from Scribner's 
 Magazine, July, igij. 
 
 Describes Forest Hills Gardens ami other "garden" de- 
 velopments. 
 
 Biro, Charles S., ed. Town planning tor small com- 
 iiuinities. By Walpolc (Mass.) Town Planning Com- 
 mittee. New York, I"). .Appleton & Co., 1917. 492 p. 
 illus. plans. (National Municipal League series.) 
 
 Ci.Ai'i', E. J. The port of Boston; a study and a solution of 
 the traffic and operating problems ot l^oston, and its 
 place in the competition of the North .Atlantic scaport.s. 
 New Haven, ^'ale University Press, I916. 402 p. illus. 
 plans. 
 
 In many respects, of general application to other .Atlaiilic 
 ports. 
 
 Cti.i'in, E. (j. The garden city movement up-to-ilate, 
 1914. London, Garden Cities and Town I'lanning 
 .A.s.sociation, I191.1I. 82 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Farweli., p. T. \'illage improvement. New ^'ork, 
 Sturgis \ Walton Co., 191,;. .i')2 p. illus. plans. (The 
 tarmer's practical library.) 
 
 llow ARi), Ehenezer. (lardcn cities of tomorrow (being 
 the second edition ot: To-morrow; a peaceful path to 
 real reform). London, S. Sonnenschein Co., 1902. 167 
 p. illus. 
 
 This hook began the "Garden City movement." 
 
 Noi.EN, John. Replanning small cities; six typical studies. 
 New ^'ork, B. Huebsch, 1912. 218 p. illus. plans. 
 
 Olmsted, h . I.., Jr. \'illage improvement. [Boston, 
 Mass.l, 1905. 14 p. (Massachusetts Civic League 
 leaflets, no. 5.) 
 
 PEAlioD^■, R. .S. .A holiday study of cities ami ports; 
 notes ot travel offered to the Commission on the 
 Improvement of Metropolitan Boston by one of its 
 members. Published by the Boston Society ot .Archi- 
 tects, 1908. 52 p.-t-,!S pis. illus. plans. 
 
 Pi ROOM, C. B. The Garden City; a study in the develop- 
 mentota modern town. London, J. M.nent\'Sons, 191,!. 
 ,V29 p. illus. plans. 
 
 The town is I.etchworth, Knyland. 
 
 Tavlor, G. R. Satellite cities; a study of industrial 
 suburbs. New York, D. .Applcton and Co., 1915. 2JJ 
 p. illus. plans. (National Municipal League .series.) 
 
 \VALt;H, ¥. A. Rural Improxemenr; the ]irinciples ot ci\ic 
 art applied to rural conditions, including village improve- 
 ment anil the betterment of the open country. New 
 York, Orange Judti Co., 1914. 2(15 p. illus. plans.
 
 Ind 
 
 ex 
 
 Abercrombie, Patrick, 197. 
 
 Ackerman, Frederick I.., 5. 
 
 Acts. See Laws. 
 
 Adams, Thomas, 197. 
 
 Adopting the phm, 147, 155, 171, 182. 
 
 See, also. Carrying out the plan. 
 -Advance in City Planning in liyif>, 
 
 194- . . 
 
 Atlvertising, Public. See Campaign, 
 Propaganda, Publicity, Starting \Viirk. 
 
 .Aerial transportation terminals, \'j~. 
 
 .Aldridge, Henry R., 197. 
 
 .Amendments to the comprehensive plan, 
 :22. 
 
 American City Bureau, Exhibition, 8, 
 64, 77, 13-, 15-, i''(i. See, also. Exhi- 
 bition. 
 
 .American Civic .Association, 32, 64, 70, 
 84, 106, 175. 
 
 American Institute of Architects, 10, 13, 
 4°. 5°. 54, 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 76, 84, 
 86, 90, 99, 103, 107, 1 17, 139, 140, 141, 
 142, 145, 147, 14S, 155, 157, 15S, if'3, 
 169, 171, 181, 191, 192, 195, 196. See, 
 also. Architects' participation. 
 
 American Park Builders' .Association, 
 85,88, 1 5 J. 
 
 .Anderson, Peirce, 94. 
 
 .Annexed territory. Planning ol, 151. 
 
 .'\pproaches to public and semi-public 
 structures, 92, 95, 115, 150, 151, 158, 
 166, 167, 168, 174, 1-". See, aLso, 
 Plazas. 
 
 .Architect's fitness for leadership in city 
 planning, 148, 157. 
 
 .Architect's participation in city planning, 
 7, 8, 13, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 37, 39, 47, 
 50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 74, 
 76, 77, 80, 86, 90, 97, 104, 105, 107, 
 117, 127, 128, 130, 136, 139, 140, 142, 
 145, 147, 148, 150, 157, 158, 162, 164, 
 171, 173, 174, 177, 180, 181, 183, 192. 
 
 .Area of cities, 90, 100, I47. 
 
 Arnold, Bion J., 64, 71, 107, 142, 145, 
 
 153, ;76. 
 
 .Aronovici, Carol, 142, 190. 
 
 An, civic, municipal, 184, 185. See, also. 
 
 Civic Centers, Group plans. 
 .Art commissions, 15, 47, 89, 105, 128, 
 
 130, 141, 162, 185." 
 
 .Art Societies, 12. See, also, .Art com- 
 
 rnissions, 
 .Arterial streets, 100, 108, 171, 181. See, 
 
 also, Thoroughfares, Radial streets. 
 
 Traffic routes. 
 .Assessed land values. Range of, 29, 63. 
 
 See, also, Maps, Fundamental data. 
 
 Diagrams. 
 .Athletic fields, 60, 89, 95. See Recreation 
 
 system. Playgrounds, etc. 
 .Auditoriums, 139, 147, 150. See Recre- 
 ational centers. 
 .Avenues. See Boulevards, Parkways, 
 
 Thoroughfares. 
 
 Bartholomew, Harland, III, 112, 157. 
 
 Basins, River, 14, 70, 168. 
 
 Belt lines, Railroad, 13, 39, 45, 79, 129, 
 
 131, 158. 
 
 Benefit assessments, 77, 140, ito, i')2, 
 182. See Financing public improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Bennett, E. H., 30, 49, 52, 58, 97, 100, 
 '24, 143, "46, 164, 176. 
 
 Betterments, 140, 182. 
 
 Bibliographv , 198. 
 
 Billboards, '13, 96. 
 
 Bleckley, Haralson, 9. 
 
 Bliss & l-'aville, 9. 
 
 Blocks, .Arrangement ot interior, 7, 152. 
 
 Block dimensions, 62, 154. 
 
 Board ot Consulting Engineers, 10. 
 
 Board of Survey (Mass. .Acts 191.!, Chap. 
 
 494), 73- 
 Boards of trade in city planning move- 
 ment, 8, 29, 43, 68, 77, 112, 1 1 3, T34, 
 
 142, "45. 155, >89- 
 
 Bond I.ssues tor City Planning and Im- 
 provement, 12, 23, 45, 97, 117, 118, 
 164, 174. 
 
 Boulevards, 11, 27, 49, 50, 60, 64, 82, 
 89, 95, '07, 118, 128, 131, 136, 139, 
 158, 166, 172. See, also, Parkways, 
 Park systems. 
 
 Bridges and approaches, 22, 31, 35, 40, 
 43, 50, 5 1 , 5 2, 58, 6 1 , 80, 1 02, 1 5 1 , 1 5 2, 
 153, 169, 185. 
 
 Brunner, .Arnold \V., 6, 13, 39, 49, 69, 
 
 71, 178, 
 
 Building Code, 60, 77, 78, 88, 96, 128, 
 153, 172, 173, 175, 180. ^ 
 
 Building groups, 3;^. See Groups, Build- 
 ing; Civic centers. 
 
 Building huvs. See Building codes. 
 
 Building lines, 24, 94, 133, 155, 161, 168, 
 174, 177, 182, 192. See, also. Set- 
 backs. 
 
 Bureau of Community Service, 148. 
 
 Burned districts, Replanning, 13, 76, 133, 
 162, 164. 
 
 Burnham, Daniel H., 12, 32, 39, 94, 164, 
 176, 184. 
 
 Business squares, 179. See, also, Scpiares, 
 Traffic Squares, etc. 
 
 Business streets in general. .See 'I'hor- 
 oughfares. 
 
 By-pass roads, 119, 190. 
 
 Campaigns, City planning, i, 3, 18, 34, 
 45, 5q, 64, 68, 77, 90, 132, 145, 146, 
 153, 154, 174, 174, 180. .See, also. 
 Publicity, Projiaganda, etc. 
 
 Canada, City Planning in, 194, i</>. 
 
 Canals, canal terminals, and basins, 37, 
 116, 126, 145, 153, 162, 176, 197. 
 
 Capitols and capitol grounds, 44, 49, 9-, 
 149, 150, 158, 1-9, 183. 
 
 Carrere, John .\I., 13, 39, ''9. 
 
 Carrcre Cv Hastings, 11, 73. 
 
 Carrying out the city plan, 1 1 1, 14'', 182, 
 185. See, also, .Adopting the plan. 
 
 Centers, City, 168. See, also, Traffic 
 squares. 
 
 Chambers of commerce in city planning, 
 ?, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 18, 23, 24, 25, 28, 
 29, 37, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 5 2, 55, 58, 
 60, 63, 64, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81, 
 86, 87, 88, 89, 9>, 93, 96, 102, 105, 
 
 (203) 
 
 112, 115, 117, 128, 134, 135, 136, 142, 
 145, 148, 150, H3, 154, 156, 161, 163, 
 169, 172, 174, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 
 188, 191, 192, 193. 
 Charges for city planning by experts, 
 2_ 
 
 Charter amendments to provide lor 
 city planning or city planning com- 
 missions, 39, 64, 72, 81, 87, 112, 115, 
 120, 127, I4(>, 169, 173, 176, 178. 
 
 Cheney, Charles H., 67, 130, 166. 
 
 Circumferential thoroughtares, 33, 49, 
 89, i68. .See, also. Inner ring street or 
 belt boulevard; also, Outer ring street. 
 
 Cities about to employ experts. Sec 
 Initiatory work in comprehensive city 
 planning. 
 
 Citizens' city planning committee, i, 2, 
 93, 152, 171. See, also, Chambers ot 
 commerce. City planning associations, 
 unofficial planning organizations. 
 
 City clubs and City Planning, 16, 84, 
 99, I 20, 1 28, ito, 181. 
 
 City engineers and city planning, 11, 12, 
 '7, 47, 55, 96, 152. 
 
 City gates, (>, 74, 102, 168, 184, T90, 191. 
 See Bridges, Railroad 'rerminals, 
 Thoroughfares. 
 
 City halls, 146, 150, 187. See, also. Civic 
 centers. 
 
 City planners. Work ot, in .America. .See 
 Bennett, I'.. H.; Brunner, .Arnold \V.; 
 Burnham, Daniel H.; Carrere, John 
 M.; Chenev, C. H.; Comev, .A. C; 
 Dunn, \V. H.; Ellicott, A.; Ellicott, J.; 
 Foril, Geo. B.; Gilbert, Cass; Goodrich, 
 E. P.; Griffin, Walter B.; Hegeman, 
 Werner; Kelsey, .Albert; Kelscy, Har- 
 lan P.; Kessler, Geo. E.; Koester, 
 F'rank; I. 'Enfant, Major Peter; Lea- 
 vitt, C. W.; Manning, Warren H.; 
 Nolcn, John; Olmsted, Frederick Law; 
 Parsons, Wm. E.; Robinson, Charles 
 Nlulford; Shurtlett', .Arthur .A. 
 
 City planning as,sociations, 6, 22, 64, 90, 
 134, 147, 156, 166, 193, 197. 
 
 City planning commissions, i, 5, 7, 8, 
 10, II, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28, 29, 
 32, 33, 31, 38, 43, 47, 56, 59, 61, 62, 
 63, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 79, 
 87, 88, 90, 96, 99, "06, 115, 119, 123, 
 1:7, '31, '45, '48, '51, 153, "55, 156, 
 163, 168, 171, 172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 
 188, 184. 
 
 City planning ilepartments, 7. 
 
 City planning. Field, .scope, Purpose, 
 Utility, I, 70, 78, 142. 
 
 City planning movement, I, 43, 13-, 
 162, 175, 180. .See, also, Campaign, 
 Propaganda, Publicity. 
 
 Civic centers, 9, 13, 18, 23, 26, 30, 39, 
 43, 45, 48, 50, 58, 61, 62, 65, 69, 7", 75, 
 80, 82, 89, 94, 98, 101, 106, 112, 113, 
 128, 133, 143, 146, 156, 162, 164, 171, 
 ■78,179, 182, 190. See, alsio, Groups, 
 Buildings. 
 
 Civic circuit, 24. See, also. Traffic cir- 
 cuit. 
 
 Civic commissions, 13.
 
 204 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Civic improvement leagues, 60, 65, 150, 
 is2, idS, i~4, 179. See, also, I'nofficial 
 plannint; organizations, City planning 
 associations, etc. 
 
 Civic priile. Appeal to, 152. 
 
 Clearing Yards, 129. See Transfer yards, 
 Coortlination of facilities. Terminals, 
 etc. 
 
 Collection and presentation of data. See 
 Funilaniental ilata. Maps. 
 
 Colleges, Study and teaching of city 
 planning in, 196, 197. 
 
 Comey, Arthur C, 16, 24, 29, 52, 63, 76, 
 88, 160, 189. 
 
 Commercial Clubs (in city planning), 
 JO, 3J, 41,49, 54, 59,69, 104, 107, 128, 
 150, 158, 162, 169. 
 
 Commercial utilization of waterfronts. 
 See Waterfronts, Commercial; River- 
 front improvements tor commercial 
 purposes. 
 
 Committee organization, i. 
 
 Community centers, 64, 99, 105, 107, 
 
 115, 135, 153, 164, 171, '72, 17.5- 
 Composition ot Planning Commissions, 
 
 39, 179- . . 
 
 Comprehensive planning vs. piecemeal 
 
 work, 151, 183. See, also. Need ot 
 
 city planning. 
 Comprehensive Plans, 3, 9, 15, 21, 24, 
 
 25, 47. 53. 61, 94. 96, 100, 107, 116, 
 
 140, 146, 161, 164, 177, 182, 183, 194- 
 
 See, also. Preliminary plans. 
 Conduits, 13, 62, 6j. See, also. Flood 
 
 Protection. 
 Conferences, City planning, i, \Mi. See, 
 
 also, Interurban conferences. 
 Congestion of traffic, 179, 190. See, also. 
 
 Traffic squares. Traffic census, etc. 
 Consultation of experts, 2. 
 Control of land subdivision, 13, 42, ^2, 
 
 73,97,99, 111, 118, 137, 175, 183, 192. 
 Conventions, City planning. See Con- 
 ferences. 
 Cooperation of experts, 2, 43. 
 Coordination of facilities, loi, 125, 140, 
 
 162, 177. See, also. Joint terminal 
 
 facilities; Union Stations; Waterfront, 
 
 Commercial; etc. 
 Cost of land, 90. 
 County planning, 74, 79, 105, 109, 118, 
 
 196. 
 Courses of study in city planning. See 
 
 Colleges. 
 Cram, Ralph .^dams, 21, 76. 
 Crawford, Andrew Wright, 137, I4I, 196. 
 Crossings, Railroad (F.limination of, at 
 
 Grade). See Grade crossings. 
 Cross-,section, Subdivision ot Street 41, 
 
 140, 167. 
 Culpin, Ewart G., 197. 
 
 Data, Collection and presentation. See 
 Fundamental data. Maps, diagrams. 
 
 Day, Frank Miles, 53, 142. 
 
 Defacements ot waterfronts, 113. See, 
 also, Rivertront improvements. 
 
 de Forest, .Ailing .S., 5. 
 
 Density of population in cities, 87, 90, 
 
 Detailed studies, 3. 
 
 Diagonal and gridiron plat, 92, 102, 137, 
 
 .139- 
 
 Diagonal thoroughfares, 92, 137, 174. 
 See, also, Thoroughfares, Boulevards. 
 
 Diagrarris, 57, 132. See, also. Funda- 
 mental Data, Maps. 
 
 Differentiation between streets, 140. 
 Dilapidated dwellings, Removal of, 62, 
 
 64, 97, 1 1.3, 192. 
 Distribution of population, 16, 63,87, 132. 
 Districting, 9, 12, 21, 55, 57, 96, 99, 120, 
 
 124. See Zoning, Zoning ordinances. 
 Double-deck streets, ^^<,, 52. 
 Downing, .Amlrew Jackson, 1 13. 
 Drainage, 19, 1 \<i. 
 Draws. .See Bridges. 
 Drill-grounds, 197. 
 Dunn, W. H., 84, 130, 133. 
 
 Economic conditions, 20, 128, 1^57. 
 Educational building groups, 16, 40, 4;;, 
 
 53,61,76,80,89,92,93,166. 
 Education of public (in regard to city 
 
 planning), 1,3,36,44,49, 59,68, 132, 
 
 H2, 1^4, 156. See, also. Campaign, 
 
 Publicity, Newspapers. 
 Elastic principle of street construction, 
 
 1 40. 
 E.lectrification of railroads, 10, 21, 
 F.llicott, .Andrew, 62. 
 F^llicott, Joseph, 26. 
 Embankments (Shore), 139, 151. See, 
 
 also. Riverfront Improvements and 
 
 Reservations. 
 F.ngland, City Planning in, 194. 
 Entrances, City, 6, 151. 
 Excessive Street Width, 41. 
 Exhibitions, City Planning, 8, 65, 77, 
 
 132, 134, 152, 166, 197. 
 Expenditures for city planning, 2. 
 Experts, Cities about to employ or 
 
 likely to employ. See Initiatory work 
 
 in comprehensive city planning. 
 Experts — 
 
 Consulting with, 2. 
 Work of, 2. 
 
 Cooperation of, 2, 6, 12, 39, 43, 44, 
 49, 56, 69, 78, 9(^, 98, 108, 114, 131, 
 139. 142,. 153, 184. 
 Expo.sition building groups, 156, 162, 16-!, 
 
 164. 
 
 Factories, 63. 
 
 Failure to plan comprehensively. Results 
 
 of, 83, 119, 157, 160, 183. 
 Fairgrounds and buildings, 10, 91. 
 Fay, SpofFord & Thorndike, 63. 
 Federal agencies for city planning. See 
 
 National Bureau of City Planning. 
 Filling of low or submerged areas, 31,41, 
 
 63,''9i, 94, 99, 1.17, '77, 186, 188. 
 Financing public improvements and city 
 
 planning, 11,31, 38, 47, 60, 64, 77, 82, 
 
 89, 128, 137, 140, 156, 182. 
 Fire-protection, 13, 133. 
 Floating wharf, 105. 
 
 Floods, Protection from, 43, 62, 70, 143. 
 Foci, Determining location ot main thor- 
 oughfares, 4 I. 
 Ford, Geo. B., 56, 78, 96, 107, 120, 127, 
 
 131, 196. 
 Ford, James, 29, 108. 
 Forehanded planning, 45, 52. 
 Forest reservations, 3;}, 41, 49, 182. 
 Fox, John P., 120, 151. 
 France, City planning in, 194. 
 Franchise, i s3. 
 Freeman, John R., 142. 
 Freight terminals, ji^, 45, 80, 103, 112, 
 
 125, 126, 130, 146, 182. 
 Fuertes, James H., 70. 
 Fundamental data, 16, 29, 54, 57, 63, 
 
 76, 78, 96, 115, 132, 174. 
 
 Garden cities, 106, 116, 197. See, also, 
 Model housing. Improved dwellings, 
 Industrial housing. 
 
 Garden suburbs. See, also, Model hous- 
 ing, Improved dwellings. Garden vil- 
 ^ lages. 
 
 Garden villages, 106, 134, 135, 153, 171, 
 iQi. .See, also. Garden cities. 
 
 Gates, City. .See City entrance. 
 
 Cierman\", Town planning in, 197. 
 
 Getting Started. See Starting work. 
 Initiatory work, Campaign, Publicity. 
 
 Gilbert, Cass, 52, 114, 158. 
 
 Goodrich, E. P., 40, 56, 6r, 78, 96, 107, 
 
 1-5, ^l'- 
 Governmental cities, 43, 49, 92, 94, 149, 
 
 150, 154, '58, 174, 179, 183. 
 Grades, Viaducts to avoid streets cros.s- 
 
 ing at. See Grade crossings. 
 Grade crossings, 8, 18, 38, 41, 43, 45, 56, 
 
 62, 64, 67, 69, 78, 91, 99, 104, 107, 127, 
 
 128, 129, 131, 134, 136, 140, 151, 153, 
 
 155, 156, 161, 169, 173, 176, 177, 181, 
 
 182, 191, 193. 
 Gradients of streets, 84, 131, 133, 189. 
 Gridiron type of plat, 41, 62, 67, 69, 79, 
 
 92, 97, 121, 136, 140, 151. 
 Griffin, Walter Burley, 106. 
 Groups, Building, 33, 39, 4-, 95, i '7, 13°, 
 
 143, 146, 156, 167, 174, 185, 189. See 
 
 also. Civic centers. 
 
 Harbors, 13, 33, 62, 89, 90, 91, 109, 113, 
 
 117, 127, 129, 153, 163, 171, 177- See, 
 also. Ports, Terminals, Coordination 
 of Terminal Facilities. 
 
 Hazen, -Allen, 143. 
 
 Health resorts. See Resorts. 
 
 Hegeman, Werner, 15, 70, 99, 128, 154. 
 
 Height of buildings. Control of, 13, 21, 
 
 103, 107, 120, 174, 186. 
 High-cost residential districts, 13, 31, 62, 
 
 84, 1 66, 179, 180. 
 Highway bridges. See Bridges. 
 HiHs, Removal of, 91, 143, 169, 188. 
 Historical Plans, 19, 26, 42, 52, 62, 79, 
 
 87,92,97, 1 14, I -I, '3^1, 151, 166, 177, 
 
 183. 
 Homestead Commission ot Massachus- 
 
 setts, 91, 196. 
 Hornbostel, Henry, 79, 189. 
 Housing code, 16,32, 62,69, io3, i34, 162. 
 Housing laws, 77, 78, 142, 152, 173, 182, 
 
 190. 
 Housing organizations, 7, 28, 29, 40, 55, 
 
 74,77,86,89,93,99, 102,113, 118, 128, 
 
 134, 142, 145, 152, 166, 173, 175, 181 
 Housing problem, 5, 7, 22, 28, 37, 40, 56, 
 
 58, 60, 62, 64, 74, 85, 88, 89, 91, 102, 
 
 107, lo8, 136, 142, 148, 152, 172, 186. 
 190, 192. See Improved housing. Low- 
 cost residential districts. 
 
 Housing Surveys, 27, 63, 67, 85, 91, 135, 
 152, 1-4, 1 S6, 
 
 Ihlder, John, 64, 68, 86, 134, 142, 174. 
 Improved housing, 5, 22, 62, 85, 104, 107, 
 
 118, 128, 142, 189, 193. 
 Individuality of cities. Preservation ot, 
 
 21, 75- 
 
 Industrial areas (Waterfronts), 14,46,67, 
 172. See, also. Coordination of Facili- 
 ties, Terminals, Industrial districts. 
 
 Industrial districts, 9, 15, 66, 79, 90, 103, 
 
 108, 125, 142, 158. 
 
 Industrial housing, 171, 172, 186, 191, 
 194, 197.
 
 INDEX 
 
 20 <; 
 
 Imlustrial sulnirlis, iS, 55, 6;, 114. Sec, 
 also, Low -cost resiiicntial districts, 
 Improved housing, etc. 
 
 Initiatory work in comprehensive city 
 planning, cities getting uniler way, 18, 
 4.^, 47, "55. 5«. 59, 69, 87, go, 97; 117, 
 i.U, lA 150. '55> '''2, 17". 175. '80, 
 iS[, 192. 
 
 Inner ring street or hclt lioulevanl, 'ic;, 
 1,^0, I 56. 
 
 Institutes of town phmning, 197. 
 
 Instruction. .See Study and teaching, 
 Colleges. 
 
 Intercepting sewer, 70, 158. See, also. 
 Riverfront Improvements for Recre- 
 ational purposes. 
 
 Interlocking of plans tor pulilic improve- 
 ments, 14.1, 151. See, also, Compre- 
 hensive plans. 
 
 International town planning associations. 
 
 Intersection ot lines ot traffic, 108, i;;!. 
 
 Interurban conference on city planning, 
 111, I 28, 195. 
 
 Interurban highways, 111, 128. See, 
 also. Radial thoroughfares, Thor- 
 oughfare systems. 
 
 Interurban street-railways, .18, 94. 
 
 Interurban trolley terminals, j8, 40, 78, 
 109, 176, 179. 
 
 Island reservations, 54, 14O. 
 
 Joint Terminal Facilities, 79, 87, 107, 
 156. See, also. Terminals, Union sta- 
 tions, Railroads, Joint Facilities, Co- 
 ordination of Facilities. 
 
 Journal of the .American Institute of 
 .Architects, 5J, 166, 191. 
 
 Junctions, Street. See Intersections of 
 .Streets. 
 
 Kelsey, .Albert, 44, 142. 
 
 Kelsey, Harlan P., 116, 161. 
 
 Kelsey & Guild, 42, 69. 
 
 Kessler, Geo E., .37, 45, 49, 58, 66, 76, 
 
 77, 81, 97, 172, 176, 177- 
 Killam, Charles VV., 88. 
 Kimball, Theodora, 2. 
 Koester, Frank, 8. 
 
 Lakeshore reservations, 33, 67, 68, 89, 
 
 92, 98, 191. 
 Land subdivision, 62, 70, 73, 88, 91, 106, 
 152, 154, 169, 174, 175. See, also. Con- 
 trol of land subdivision. 
 Lane, F. Van Z., 15, 61, 79. 
 Large vs. small city. Success city in 
 
 planning, 194. 
 Laws, Cities which have appointed 
 planning commissions under State 
 Laws — 
 
 California, i, 16, 67, 155, 164. 
 Massachusetts (Chap. 494, .Acts 
 191.-!), 16, 21, 24, 28, 32, 37, 62, 68, 
 7.3, 74, 87, 94, 97, II9, U.?, if'i, 
 172, 174, 177, >82, 190. 
 
 (Chap. 327, Acts 1913), 63. 
 
 Maryland (Chap. 114), 13. 
 
 New Jersey (Chap. 170, Laws 1913), 
 11,14,29,56. 
 
 (Chap. 71, Laws 1911), 78, 
 
 107. 
 
 Nebraska (.Acts of 191 5), 131. 
 New York (2d class cities. Chap. 
 699, Laws of 1913), 17, 59, 106, 
 
 127,153- 
 Ohio (Laws 191 5), 29, 38, 96. 
 
 Laws, Pennsylvania (third-class cities, 
 ,.I91,?),'7, 8,61,71,73, 79, "51. '88. 
 Wisconsin (Chap. 486, .Acts of 191 1 1, 
 99. 
 Lay, Charles Downing, 6. 
 Leadership, 1. 
 
 Leagues ot municipalities, 196. 
 Legal aspects, 61, 62. 
 Legislation, 194. 
 L'F.ntant, His work and Influi-nd-, ;:, 
 
 62, 93, I 83. 
 Levees, 46, 153, 190. 
 Lighting fixtures and systems, 8, 29, 64, 
 
 > 74, ■ 79. 
 Local streets, 1 ^1. 
 Long, Henry C, 61. 
 I.orii, .Austin \V., 44. 
 Lot, Depth, I 52, 1 54. 
 Low-cost residential ilistricts, <, 8;, 104, 
 
 ',U, i.i''- 
 
 MacMonnies, Frederick, 49, 10;. 
 
 Malls, 43, 6,-, ii;8, 184, 18!;. 
 
 Mann & McNei'lle, 5, 153." 
 
 .Manning, Warren H., 13, 18,70,71,-4. 
 
 Manufacturing ilistricts. See Inilustrial 
 districts. 
 
 Maps, 16, 29, 54, 57, 63, 127, 132, 1-1, 
 176. See, also, F'undamental data, 
 diagrams. 
 
 Marginal ways, 140. See, also. Water- 
 front, Commercial. 
 
 Marine parks. .See Shore Reservations. 
 
 Marine terminal, 14, I2s. See, also. 
 Coordination of facilities. Joint termi- 
 nal facilities. 
 
 Markets, 21, 40, ^8, 64, 67, 94, 107, 12',, 
 
 ■5.3, I9.i- 
 McCrary, Irvin J., 1 ;o. 
 McFarlantl, J. Horace, 70. 
 Medium-cost multiple houses in block, 88. 
 Metropolitan park systems, 29, 91, 97, 
 
 1 19, 136, 14S. 
 Metropolitan planning, 2, 19, 21, 29, 58, 
 
 88, 100, HI, 128, 136, 142, 143, 148, 
 
 195- 
 
 Minor Streets, 152. 
 
 Model housing, 5, 18, 38, 40, 65, 134,. '.53, 
 171, 175, 186. See, al.so. Garden cities. 
 Garden suburbs. Improved housing, 
 etc. 
 
 Modification of comprehensive plan, 3. 
 
 Monev for city planning investigations, 
 2, 7, 15, 17, '2', 24, 29, 33, 38, 61, 75, 
 88, 90, 96, 99, 100, 105, 112, 114, 120, 
 14^, 146, 150, 151, 153, 155, 157, if''', 
 171, 172, 177, 184, 188, 190, 191. 
 
 ■Monuments, 185. 
 
 Moore, Charles, 54, 185. 
 
 Mountain parks, 49. 
 
 Municipal ownership or control of public 
 utilities, 1 2?. 
 
 National bureau of city planning, 196, 
 
 197. 
 National city planning conference, 1, 40, 
 
 45, 62, 196. 
 National Housing .A.ssociation, 28, 134, 
 
 142, 181. 
 Natural features, .Special Reservation of 
 
 Places containing, 44, 75, 152, 163, 168, 
 
 1-2. 
 Need of city planning in specific cities, 
 
 26, 28, 43,' 4?, 56, 68', 72, 76, 83, 86, 89, 
 
 90,91,92, "2, 113, "4, 120, 125, 127, 
 
 128, 136, 145, 146, 161, 162, 181, 190, 
 
 191. 
 
 NcighlK)rhooil Centers, 44, .s.S, 12'., 1 (4, 
 
 156. 
 Nei({hborh<)oil parks, 60, 76, 98, 131. 
 Newspapers and city planning, 10, 43, 45, 
 
 147, 148, 154. 
 New towns, 8, 67, 106, 116, 171. 
 Nolcn, John, 5, 24, 31, 55, 61, 62, 64, «;, 
 
 86, 88, 92, 98, 105, 117, 134, 151, 152, 
 
 i>5, 160, 163, 167, 168, 182, 186. 
 
 Olmsted Brothers, 12, 47, 109, I48, 169, 
 '73, '91. 
 
 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 13, 22, 24, 
 39, 49, 52, 98, ".3, "4, "8, 142, '43, 
 '53, '''3, 174, 18', 184. 
 
 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr., 1 1 8, 1 22, 1 29. 
 
 Ordinances, Cities which have or have 
 had jilanning commissions appointed 
 under ordinance without statutory pro- 
 vision therefor, 10, 24, :i3, 37, 43, 47, 
 62, 68, 88, 90, 97, 99, 107, 1 14, 118, 
 123, 127, 142, 143, 145, 148, 156, 162, 
 163, 166, 168, 171, 179. 
 
 Organization for city planning work, 120. 
 
 Outer ring street or belt boulevard, 69, 
 130, I ?6, 161, 186, 192. 
 
 Outlooks, 75, 150, 186. 
 
 Overheaii wires eliminated, 8. 
 
 Parallel streets, 65. 
 
 Park Commissions, i8, 38, 43, 44, 45, 62, 
 66, 76, 77, 82, 93, 99, 112, 130, 135, 
 156, 167, 169, 173, 176, 182, 186, 188. 
 
 Park departments, 128, 135. 
 
 Parked streets, 41, to, 151, 152. 
 
 Parks, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, 60, 64, 66, 69, 73, 
 76, 80, 81, 89, 90, 104, 107, 112, I2Q, 
 136, 145, 150, 152, 158, 162, 167, 171, 
 172, 173, 177, 179, '82, 188, 192, 193- 
 
 Park Service — \Vhat ii is, 42, 44,47, 130, 
 172, 190. 
 
 Parks, Neighborhood. See Neighborhood 
 parks. 
 
 Park systems, 9, 10, 19, 27, 31, 32, 38, 
 44, 45, 47, 49, 5', S3, 58, 62, 66, 70, 77, 
 86, 88, 92, 96, 97, 101, 117, 123, 130, 
 '3', '37, '48, 'f'O, '68, 169, 172, 176, 
 181, 186, 189, 191. 
 
 Parks, Water. See, also. Shore reserva- 
 tions. Riverfront improvements for 
 recreation. 
 
 Parkways, 32, 38, 49, 69, 74, 90, 98, 1 10, 
 113, 133, 140, 151, 156, 186. 
 
 Parsons, Win. F.., 12, 94, 168. 
 
 Passenger terminals, 8, 26, 33, 39, 87, 91, 
 loi, 105, 107, 110, 113, 115, 126, 129, 
 146, 168, 1 74,. '77, '8'., '84, '86, 193. 
 .See, also, L'nion stations. Coordina- 
 tion of facilities, etc. 
 
 Pavement and paving, 22, 70, 78, 96, 131, 
 155, 174, 179. 
 
 Penn, William, 151. 
 
 Periodicals, 1, 197. 
 
 Perkins, Dwight H., 62, 86. 
 
 Piers, etc., 13, .?5, 62, 140, 141. 
 
 Platting new districts, 62, 70, 128, 151. 
 See, also. Control of land subdivision. 
 
 Playground and Recreation .Association 
 of .America, 15, 24, 66, 78, 87, 172. 
 
 Playground survey, 16, 24, 66, 172. 
 
 Playgrounds, 10, 15, 17, 38, 45, 66, 69, 
 78^91, 98, 99, 104, 110, 115, 128, 172, 
 171;, 182, 192. 
 
 Plazas, 6, 9, 82, 111, lu, 140, 151, 156, 
 184, 192. 
 
 Pleasure traffic streets. .See Boulevards, 
 Parkways.
 
 :o6 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Poles and wires (Street turninire), 92, 
 
 174- 
 PulUition ot streams, 6.?, 157. 
 Population — 
 
 Cities under 15,000: 
 
 Alton, H; Atascadero, 8; Baguio, II; 
 Beverly, 16; Boulder, 22; Burlington, 
 Vt., 27; Fmnietsburg, 61 ; Gloucester, 
 68, Greenville, 6ij; Greensboro, 70; 
 Hot Springs, 76; Keokuk, 86; 
 Mansfield, y6; Mossmain, lo6; New 
 Holland, 116; New London, 117; 
 Paris, Tex., ij,?; Raleigh, 150; 
 Rome, Kl; Walpole, 182; Weston, 
 187. 
 
 Cities 25,000 to 50,000: 
 
 Alameda, 5; Auburn, 11; Austin, 11; 
 Bangor, 1,5; Battle Creek, 14; Bay 
 City, 14; Beaumont, i 5; Bloomington, 
 i(j; Brookline, 24; Butler, 28; Cedar 
 Rapids,30; Charlotte,;,! ; Chelsea, 32; 
 Chicopee, 37; Clinton, 41; Colorado 
 Springs, 41 ; Council Bluffs, 44; 
 Davenport, 46; Decatur, 47; Dur- 
 ham, 55; Kast Orange, 56; Elgin, 58; 
 Elmira, 59; Evanston, 62; Everett, 
 62; Fitchburg, 63; Fort Smith, 64; 
 Fresno, 67; Green Bay, 69; Hamil- 
 ton, 70; Hazelton, 73; Jackson, 78; 
 Jamestown, 78; Joplin, 80; Kalama- 
 zoo, 80; Kenosha, 85; Kingston, 86; 
 Knoxville, 86; LaCrosse, 86; Lex- 
 ington, 88; Lima, 88; Lincoln, 88; 
 Lorain, 89; Lynchburg, 91; Macon, 
 91; Madison, 92; Medtord, 97; 
 Moline, 104; Montclair, 105; Mont- 
 gomery, 105; Mt. Vernon, io6; 
 Muskegon, 107; Muskogee, 107; 
 New Brunswick, 1 1 2;Newburgh, 113; 
 Newport, 118; New Rochelle, 11 8; 
 Newton, 119; Niagara Falls, 127; 
 Norristown, 128; Norwich, 128; 
 Ogden, 130; Pasadena, 134; Perth 
 Amboy, 136; Pittsfield, 145; Ports- 
 mouth, O., 148; Poughkeepsie, 148; 
 Quincy, 111., 150; Roanoke, 152; 
 Rock Island, 153; San Jose, 155; 
 Salem, 161; Sheboygan, 171; Shenan- 
 doah, 171; Shreveport, 171; Stam- 
 ford, 175; Stockton, 175; Taunton, 
 177; Topeka, 179; Tulsa, 181; Walla 
 Walla, 182; Waltham, 182; Water- 
 loo, 187; Wheeling, 188; Woon- 
 socket, 189; Zanesville, 193. 
 
 Cities 50,000 to 100,000: 
 
 .Akron, 5; -Allentown, 7; Altoona, 8; 
 Bayonne, 14; Berkeley, 15; Bing- 
 hamton, 17; Brockton, 24; Canton, 
 29; Chattanooga, 31; Duluth, 54; 
 East St. Louis, 58; Elizabeth, 58; 
 El P.aso, 60; Erie, 61; Evansville, 62; 
 Flint, 64; Fort Wayne, 64; Harris- 
 burg, 70; Hoboken, 73; Holyoke, 
 74; Honolulu, 74; Jacksonville, '"S; 
 Johnstown, 79; Lancaster, 86; Little 
 Rock, 88; Mobile, i04;New Britain, 
 112; Norfolk, 128; Oklahoma City, 
 130; Passaic, 134; Pawtucket, 135; 
 Peoria, 136; Portland, Me., 145; 
 Pueblo, 150; Rockford, 153; Sacra- 
 mento, J 53; Saginaw, 155; St. 
 Joseph, 155; San Diego, 163; Sa- 
 vannah, i66; Schenectady, 187; 
 Sioux City, 172; Somerville, 172; 
 South Bend, 172; Springfield, 111., 
 174; Springfield, O., 175; Terre 
 Haute, 177; Troy, 180; Utica, 181; 
 
 W;iterbur>', 186; Wilmington, 188; 
 Vonkers, 191; York, 192. 
 Cities 100,000 to 200,000: 
 
 .Atlanta, 9; .Atlantic City, 11; 
 Birmingham, 17; Bridgeport, 22; 
 Cambridge, 28; Camtlen, 29; Dallas, 
 45; Dayton, 47; Des IVloines, 49; 
 Fall River, 63; Fort Worth, 66; 
 Grand Rapids, 68; Hartford, 72; 
 Houston, 76; Lawrence, 87; Lowell, 
 90; Lynn, 91; Memphis, 97; New- 
 Bedford, 112; New Haven, 114; 
 Oakland, i28;Omaha, 131; Paterson, 
 135; Reading, 151; Richmond, 152; 
 Salt Lake City, 162; San .Antonio, 
 162; Spokane, 173; Springfield, 
 Mass., 174; Syracuse, 175; Tacoma, 
 176; Toledo, 178; Worcester, 190; 
 Youngstown, 192. 
 Cities 200,000 and over; 
 
 Baltimore, 12; Boston, 19; Bufl^alo, 
 25; Chic:igo, 32; Cincinnati, 37; 
 Cleveland, 38; Columbus, 43; Den- 
 ver, 47; Detroit, 52; Indianapolis, 
 77; Jersey City, 78; Kansas City, 
 81; Los .Angeles, 89; Louisville, 89; 
 Manila, 94; Milwaukee, 97; Minne- 
 apolis, 100; Newark, 107; New 
 Orleans, 1 17; New York, 120; Phila- 
 delphia, 136; Pittsburgh, 142; Port- 
 land, Ore., 146; Providence, 148; 
 Rochester, 152; St. Louis, 156; St. 
 Paul, 158; San Francisco, 164; 
 .Seattle, 169; Washington, 1S3. 
 
 Port directors, 104, 171. 
 
 Port regulation, 1 17. 
 
 Ports, 15, 76, 90, 104, 109, 117, 125, 171, 
 '75i '77' ^^^> also. Harbors, Term- 
 inals, Coordination ot facilities. Joint 
 terminal facilities. 
 
 Post, Geo. B. ix Sons, 76, 93, 109. 
 
 Powers, .Authority, City Planning Bodies, 
 
 2, 62, 122, 148, 160, 162, 173, 178. See, 
 also, Laws, Ordinances. 
 
 Pray, James Sturgis, 29, 78, 196. 
 Preliminary City Plans, 6, 41, 43, 45, 57, 
 
 59,62,89, 114, 118, 133, 150, 160, 168. 
 
 See, also, Comprehensive plans. 
 Preservation of natural landscape. See 
 
 Natural landscape. Preservation of. 
 Private financial support for city planning 
 
 investigation, 62, 153, 1 54, 156, 157, 
 
 160. See, also. Money for city planning. 
 Procedure, 73, 78, 108, in, 115, 120, 142, 
 
 15", '54, 175- 
 
 Propaganda, 86, 87, 90, 91, 96, 97, 100, 
 107, 1 14, 146, 150, 151, 153, 180. 
 
 Protection, Fire. See Fire-protection. 
 
 Protection from floods. See Flood pro- 
 tection. 
 
 Public Gardens, 149, 150, 158. 
 
 Publicity (City planning movement!, 
 
 3, 35, 36, 107, 108, 121, 124, 136, 146, 
 148, 155, 179, 180. See, also. Cam- 
 paign, Newspapers, Propaganda, Pub- 
 lic support. 
 
 Public support and its effect on city 
 planning. 3, 14, 34, 43, 55, 71, 86, 108, 
 121, 154, 174, 179, 180. 
 
 Pumping to drain lands, 1 16. 
 
 Quays, wharves, etc., 6, 7, 109. See, 
 also. Piers, Marine terminals, etc. 
 
 Radial thoroughfares, 'i^y, 95, 129, 131, 
 1 43, 1 46, 168, 189. See, also. Thor- 
 oughfare system. 
 
 Railroad bridges and tunnels, 9, 13, 21. 
 
 Railroads, Joint facilities, 41, 55, 107, 
 176, 187. .See, also, LInion station. 
 Joint terminal facilities, Coordination 
 of facilities. Clearing yards, etc. 
 
 Railroad stations, 9, 13, 26, 61, 62, 63, 
 80, 82. See, also. Passenger terminals. 
 Union stations, etc. 
 
 Range of asses.sed land values. See Maps. 
 
 Range ot city planning. .See City plan- 
 ning. Scope, etc. 
 
 Rapid transit facilities, 38, 40, 80, 125, 
 150, 171, 176. 
 
 Real estate boards and exchanges in city 
 planning, 8, 29, 64, 68, 77, 99, 100, 174, 
 182. 
 
 Reclamation of land by filling or drain- 
 ing, 5, 34, 46, 63, 70, 91, 95, 99, 109, 
 1 13, 1 16, 177, 186, 188. 
 
 Recreational building groups, 61, 135, 
 146, 186. 
 
 Recreation surveys, 40, 78, 87, 93, 108, 
 172. 
 
 Recreation System, 108, 172, 183. 
 
 Recreational waterfronts, 34, 104, 186. 
 
 Recreation under official administration, 
 58, 104, 118, 172, 179. 
 
 Relief maps, 29, 74. 
 
 Replanning, 38, 45, 69, 95, 96, 123, 140, 
 
 15J. 157; 176. >^5- 
 
 Reports, City planning, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 
 17, 20, 2i,'22, 24,33,41,42,45,47,52, 
 57, 59, 63, 65, 69, 73, 79, 86, 88, 92, 97, 
 99, 100, 108, no, 113, 114, 117, 119, 
 120, 123, 127, 128, 129, 133, 140, 143, 
 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 160, 
 163, 169, 173, 174, 181, 182, 184, 190. 
 
 Reservoir reservations, 143, 179, 184. 
 
 Residential cities, 120. 
 
 Residential districts, 9. 
 
 Residential squares, 136. 
 
 Resorts, Health and pleasure, 1 1, 41, 76. 
 
 Results of city plan reports, 7, 13, 14, 16, 
 21, 23, 29, 31, 34, 38, 39, 45, 49, 50, 53, 
 66, 69, 70, 73, 77, 78, 81, 85, 86, 89, 93, 
 95, 99, 101, 112, 115, 117, 118, 120, 
 123, 127, 131, 133, 143, 147, 148, 15^, 
 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161, 164, 
 
 168, 171, 173, 174, 179, I <^ I, 182, 184. 
 Revision and amplification of city plans, 
 
 140, 152. 
 
 Ring streets, 161. 
 
 Riverfront improvements and reserva- 
 tions for recreational purposes, 14, 22, 
 30, 35, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 60, 62, 64, 66, 
 69, 70, 74, 79, 87, 88, 98, 99, 101, 107, 
 126, 136, 143, 151, 156, 158, 161, 168, 
 
 169, 173, 175, 179, 185, 186, 187, 188, 
 192. 
 
 River cities, 15. 
 
 Riverfront improvement for commercial 
 
 purposes, 15, 27,41,47,76,94, 182. 
 Robinson, Charles Mulford, 8, 17, 30, 
 
 41, 4J, 44, 47, 50, 5^, 65, 70, 74, 87, 
 
 89, 129, 131, 136, 142, 150, >5-, i.':4, 
 
 155, '79, 187, 196. 
 Run-down districts, their improvement, 
 
 21, 39, 5°, 62, 63, 113, 148, 149, i6i, 
 
 172. 
 Russell Sage Foundation, 86, n3, 169, 
 
 174,179- 
 
 Sanitary surveys, 66, 152, 174, 179. 
 Sanitation, 10, 22,43, 88, 152. 
 Satellite Cities, 58, 71, 136. 
 School gardens and playgrounds, 60. See, 
 also. Playgrounds.
 
 INDF.X 
 
 •onal planning of city areas, :i. 
 Selection of park lands, Rules tor, 44, 
 
 '3'- 
 Set-backs, S. 
 Settings of Cities, I4I. 
 Sewage disposal, 43, 88, i ly, 14,!. 
 Sewerage systems, 43, 70, 94, <)(', 14,;. 
 Sherrerd, M. R., 70, 1 12. 
 Ship canal, 76. 
 Shore reservations, 19,3.3,41,91,95, 151, 
 
 162, ifi6, 177, 179, 181, 191. 
 Shurtleff, Arthur A., 119, 188. 
 Shurtl-rt', Klavel, 1. 
 Simonds, O. C, 107. 
 Sites, City, 142, 150, 152, 155, 156, ifij, 
 
 r ^1, 169, 176. 
 Skeleton of the city plan, 52, 53, 100. 
 Small cities, 106. 
 Small parks, 137, 151, 167. 
 Social centers, Playgrounds anii .schools 
 
 as, 22,38, 172, 175. 
 Social survey, 87, 113, I42, 174. 
 Squares, 25, 29,91, 105, 133, 136, 151, 1 58 
 
 16-, if)8, 174, 179, 189. 
 Stadiums, 62. 
 Starring city planning, 2, 43, 45, '14, 100, 
 
 '34 i"j6, 175- 
 State agencies for city planning, Sd, 91, 
 
 175, 182, 196. 
 *^ e housing conference, 134, 135. 
 Steep gradients, 133. 
 Stream pollution, 63, 157. 
 Street extension, 13, 15, 33, S3> 61, 96, 101 
 
 108, 116, 119, 123, I2<;, 129, 131, 162, 
 
 176. 
 Street-lighting, 3, 49. 
 Street openings, 8,' 15, 23, 45, 108, 113, 
 
 133, 140, 150, 176, 183. 
 Street plan (in general), 12, 61, 117, 129. 
 Street platting, 12, 96, 122, 127, 176. 
 Street system, 153, 167, 192. 
 Street widenings, 8, 14, 29, 32, 33, 45, 53, 
 
 96, 99, loi, 108, 1 13, 1 18, 1 19, 123, 129, 
 
 131, 133, 140, 147, 160, 162, 172, 177, 
 
 182, 190. 
 Street widths, 133, 167. 
 Stiibhen, J., 197. 
 itudy and teaching, 196, 197. 
 Subdivision, Land., See Land subdivi- 
 sions. 
 
 .Suburban station grounds, 105. 
 Subways, In relation to the street, 9, 40. 
 .Subways ( Rapid Transit), 40, 1 50. 
 .Surrounding towns. Cooperation with, 3. 
 .Surveys, City Planning, 2, 9, ih, 29, 32, 
 
 56, 76, 78, 96, 1 17, 120, 132, 142, 174, 
 
 180, 190, 191. 
 
 Tabulations ot data. See I'umlamenial 
 data. Maps, Diagrams. 
 
 leaching of city planning in public 
 schools, 36. 
 
 I'echnical procedure. Methods of pro- 
 fessional practice. .See Fundamental 
 data, Maps. . . 
 
 Terminal facilities below ground, 10, 55, 
 1 26. 
 
 Terminals, 76, 79, 97, 107, 125, 129, 
 176, 181. 
 
 Thoroughfares and thoroughfare sys- 
 tems, 23, 24, 25, 62, 63, 71, 74, 80, 87, 
 88, 97, loi, 104, 108, 143, 148, 157, 
 160, 168, 181, 189, 197. 
 
 'Topography, 55, 91, 150, 151. 
 
 Topographic map, i^i, 190, 192. 
 
 Town Common, 105. 
 
 Traffic centers, 136. 
 
 Traffic congestion, 108, 114, 127, ifio, 
 '79- 
 
 'Traffic censuses, loS, 127, 158. 
 
 Traffic Circuit, 24, 34, 140, 146. 
 
 'Traffic squares, 29, 52, 136, 179. 
 
 Traffic streets and routes, 62, 65, 80, 
 S3, 108, 131, 146, 150, 190. 
 
 Traffic regulation, 127. 
 
 Transfer stations, 103, 112, 191. 
 
 Transit rerouting and re.scheduling, 16, 
 43, 68, 96, 97, 108, 109, 118, 151, 153, 
 
 155-. 
 
 1 ransit systems, 29, 58, 71, 94, 108, 125, 
 140, 143, 162. 
 
 Transportation, Coordination of facili- 
 ties, 21, 33, 52, 94, 96, 108, 109, 146, 
 171. 
 
 'Tree-planting, 54, 62, 94, 127, 155, 171, 
 172, 182, 192. 
 
 Tributary areas, Planning, 59, 86, 127, 
 1-5, 192. 
 
 Tubes I rapid transit), 73. 
 
 Tunnels, Highway, 143. 
 
 Tvpes of Cities, 44, <<, <6, 69, 91, 1^12, 
 167. 
 
 I'nbuilt-ovcr area, 42, 53,62,90, 1 40, 175. 
 Unification of terminal facilities, 130, 162, 
 
 17.1- 
 I'nion stations, 41, 45, 62, 66, 67, 78, 82, 
 
 89, 96, 105, 134, 136, 153, 156, ito, 
 
 184, 187, 191, 19;. 
 Unofficial planning organizations, 8, 18, 
 
 25..?'.77. 8^90. y2. 97, 100, 118, 124, 
 
 "17. M4. '.if', '45. '4^ '5°. >5.1. '5''. 
 
 172, 175, 179, 180, 181, 189, 191, 193. 
 Unwin, Raymond, 197. 
 L'. S. Steel Corporation, 18, 55, 67. 
 Urgency of specific planning projects, 79. 
 Use of Property, 1 6, 29, 63. 
 
 Vaux, Calvert, 1 13. 
 \'eiller, Lawrence, 102. 
 Viaducts, 18, 55, 71, 87. 
 
 War, K.fFect on cities and city planning, 
 
 22, 64, 197. 
 Wastes, Disposal ot, 34. 
 Waterfronts, 27. 
 Waterfronts, Commercial, 13, 14, 27, 29, 
 
 52. (>', ~3, 97. 104. '07. 109, 127. 'If. 
 
 ■35. '36, "40, "5^ '^2, 167, 172, 175, 
 
 181, 192. 
 Waterfronts, Recreational, 20, 52, 60, 61, 
 
 62, 64, 70, 79, 94, loi, t04, 113, 118, 
 
 127, 143, 150, 162, 166, 167, 174. 
 Water gate, 75. 
 Water Supply, 19, 43, 52, 90, 91, 94, 96, 
 
 '43- 
 Watrous, Richard B., 196, 197. 
 Whitman, F./.ra B., 152. 
 Whitten, Robert H., 2, 120. 
 Williams, I'Vank B., 24, 120, 1 97. 
 Wires, Overhead, 29. 
 Women's clubs, 37, 43, 49, 64, 66, 88, 100, 
 
 1. 10, 153, 182, 192. 
 
 Zoning, 5, 16, 21, 57, 67, 69, 96, 99, 103, 
 III, 120, 127, 128, 133, 141, 155, 166, 
 171, 186, 190, 192, 194. 
 
 Zoning ordinance, 16, 55, 120, 127, 194, 
 195. 
 
 Zueblin, Chas., 68, 86, 153.
 
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from wliicfi it was borrowed.
 
 L 005 504 823 5 
 
 X SOUTHERN RFGlONAi I iflBABv CAni 
 
 III 
 
 D 000 571 139 5
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 :i 
 
 2 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 J 
 
 Univ 
 S( 
 
 ] 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ■; 
 
 ! 
 
 
 'IH