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 STATE KORMAL SCHOOL 
 
 LOS ANGELEa CAU1--ORNIA 
 
 SCHOOL BUILDINGS 
 
 FOR 
 
 RURAL SCHOOLS 
 
 FEBRUARY lOTH 
 
 1909 
 
 SOUTHERN BRANCH 
 
 UNIVERSIT Y OF ra t iforn-a 
 lJBR 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC 
 INSTRUCTION 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 H. A. USTRUD 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT 
 
 3 (^^Sr 37
 
 
 ; 5 1 q 
 
 School House Plans 
 
 The legislature of 1907 passed the following law: 
 "ARTICLE XV." 
 
 Sec. 237. Plans for school buildings approved by State Super- 
 intendent. 
 
 In order that due care may be exercised in the heating, lighting 
 
 . and -\entilation of public school buildings hereafter erected, no school 
 
 house shall be erected by any board of education or school district board 
 
 ■ in this state until the plans and specifications for the same showing in 
 
 detail the proper heating, lighting and ventilation of such building 
 
 -shall have been approved by the superintendent of public instruction. 
 
 School houses shall have in each class room at least fifteen square 
 feet of floor space, and not less than two hundred cubic feet of air space 
 -per pupil, and shall provide for an approved sjstem of heating and ven- 
 tilation by means of which each class room shall be supplied with fresh 
 air at the rate of not less than thirty cubic feet per minute for each pu 
 pil. and have a system of heating capable of maintaining an average 
 temperature of seventy degrees Fahrenheit during the coldest weath- 
 er " 
 
 Under this law this department has had manj- occasions to make sugges- 
 tions for improvement of school buildings in both rural and independent dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 School houses for independent districts are usually planned by some archi- 
 tect and the matter of lighting and ventilation receives more or less attention, 
 but rural schoel buildings have quite generally been built with little regard for 
 tieher.
 
 Rural Schools 
 
 liofsidos tliomxKl iniii.il clh-ci tti.it ;i neat ;in(l cliccrfiil scho'd room hiusupoii 
 the pupils it has been varioi sly cstiiiiatcd that a piijjil in a well lighted and wel' 
 ventilated room will acrf)niplish frf)ni one fifth to one-third more work than he 
 can accoinplish in one poorly lighted and Ncntilated. 
 
 For the purpose of illustration let it be granted that the pupil does but one- 
 sixth more work under goofi ronditions a.s to light and ventilation than he does 
 under poor eonditions 
 
 The rural schools of the state have an averag*' daily attendance of about 
 t\vel\ (• children per school, flrant that each child's time is worth one dollar per 
 day under the poor conditions, or twelve dollars jxr day for tlie time of all the 
 children in the school. Under the improved conditions they would add one- 
 sixth to this, or two dollars to the A-aiue of their time per daj'. — forty dollars 
 per month — three hundred and twenty dollars per term of eight months, — six 
 thousand four hundred dollars in twenty years, the estimated time the school 
 house will last. It may be contended that a child's time in school is not worth 
 one dollar per day, but let it l)e Vxirne in mind that what a child accomplishes in 
 a day at the age of ten is of nK)re conseqv.ence to the child than is a day's accom- 
 plishment to a man at the age of forty. Add to the abftve considerations the 
 mam^ diseases caused ))y breathing imjiure air. and the defective vision caused 
 b3' poorly lighted rooms, and it docs seem as though no child should be asked to 
 woi'k in any school room without an abundance of pure air and good light, free 
 gifts of Providence to all, nowhere more bountifully bestowed than in our own 
 state. 
 
 A letter to the people from the Indiana State Hoartl of Health saj's: 
 
 "If parent or school trustee should so conduct affaii-s as to bring 
 food starvation upon a child, a great cr>- would immediately arise, and 
 prompt relief Avould be given. However, nothing is done when air 
 starvation is forced upon children, because the people don't und(>r- 
 stand. The people generally don't know that where one person dies 
 of food starvation, over one thousand die of air starvation. It is a sin 
 of the fathers which descends upon our children when we refuse to J5up- 
 ply school rooms with air shafts and all the means of perfect ventila- 
 tion." 
 
 For the betterment of school conditions in rural schools I offer some sug- 
 gestions as regards new buildings to be erected. 
 
 The groTind upon which the school house is placed should, if possible, be a 
 little higher than the surrounding ground, to give good drainage, and sliould 
 consist of not less than two acres to give room for playground and place for trees, 
 shrubs and flowers. 
 
 The school building should be carefully constructed. When practicable, 
 an excavation should be made so as to have a basement under the entire school
 
 School Buildings 
 
 house. This may be partitioned off into furnace and fuel room and play room. 
 The floor of the basement should be cemented. The walls of the basement 
 should be built of brick, stone or cement and should extend about two and one- 
 half or three feet above the ground and should have windows to light it. Where 
 no basement is built under the school house the foundation walls should extend 
 at least eighteen inches above the ground and deep enough below the surface so 
 that they will not be seriously affected bj^ the frost. 
 
 The floors of the school room should be double, with paper between, the 
 surface floor being of good hard wood, kiln dried boards, not over three inches 
 wide, fitted close so as to permit no cracks in which dirt can settle. 
 
 The walls of the school room should be sheathed, papered and sided on the 
 outdide, and lathed and plastered from ceiling to floor on the inside, with neces- 
 saiy framing for wainscot, blackboard, etc., put in place. The ceiling should 
 be plastered. The roof should be sheathed, papered and shingled. 
 
 The size of the building must be determined by local authorities, but should 
 have at least 15 square feet of floor space and 200 cubic feet of air for each per- 
 son that is to occupy it. 
 
 Each school room should be provided with a large cloak room, and, where 
 heated by a stove set in the school room, should have a convenient room for 
 fuel. 
 
 Some provision should be made for the pupils to wash their hands and faces. 
 Each school house should have a book case and place for storing a globe, 
 maps, and other necessarj' supplies and apparatus. 
 
 BLACKBOARD. 
 
 The best material for wall blackboards is natural slate. In over twenty 
 years of experience in the school room, I have never seen any artificial black- 
 board which had been used three or four years that was not ver\' much out of 
 repair. The natural slate is always in repair and, while the first cost is a little 
 more than that of some other boards, the repairs on the others make them far 
 the costliest in the end. 
 
 In ver\' many school houses the blackboard is set entirely too high for the 
 children to be able to use it to the best advantage. In school rooms having pu- 
 pils of primari' and higher grades in the same room the chalk rail should be not 
 over two feet two inches above the floor. The board should extend up so that 
 the top will be five feet eight inches or six feet above the floor, which requires 
 slate at least three feet six inches wide. 
 
 The blackboards should be placed on the walls opposite the windows. 
 Most rural school houses[^have far too little blackboard. 
 
 WAINSCOT. 
 
 The wainscot should be three or four feet high in the school room and not 
 less than five feet high in the cloak room.
 
 RfKAi, Schools 
 
 SKATI.N*;. 
 
 To (IcNcldp tlic li.iliit of iri(l(|)cri<l»iif study aiicl .sclf-rcliiinco and to keep 
 tlio mental integrity of diild strong as well as to f;ivf the pupil the Krcatcst 
 degree of comfort, every school room should he furnished with sin^^le seats. 
 
 In seatinK the count 17 school house, custom has placed the smaller children 
 in front and the lar^rer ones farther )iack. For the ph} sical comfort and welfare 
 of the child, the seats of one size should he placed in one row, running from the 
 front of the room hack. Desks are u.sually made in sizes from No. 1 to No. 0. 
 Desk No. 1 is usually called the Normal seat; No. 2. Hif;h School; No. :5. f.ram- 
 mar; No. 4, Intermediate; No. 5, Second Priinarj'; No. 0. I'rimarj'. 
 
 If there is space in the school room for only four rows of .sinf le desks, a row 
 of each of No. 2, No. :}. No. 4 and No. o will probably cfime as near as any other 
 selection to accommodating the firdinan* one room .school. If there is room for 
 five rows of .seats, to the above add a rf)W of No. 6, and if there is room for .still 
 more, add another row of No. 'A or No. 4. In placing the desks the So. ."> and 
 No. 6 shoi;ld l^e placed so that the edf;e of the desk next to and in frf)nt of the 
 child shall be about nine inches from the V)ack of the seat in which he is sitting; 
 for desk No. 4 this distance should be ten inches; No. '.i, eleven or twelve inche- : 
 and for No. 2, twelve inches. In a majority of the school rooms the desks an 
 so far apart that children are forced to lean forward in unnatural positions t<> 
 make use of them in writing and drawing. 
 
 The ai.sles at the sides and rear of the room should be not Ic^s than thirty 
 inches wide, and all the other aisles sho\;ld be about twenty inches wide. 
 
 In many schools the .sniallest scholars are .seated nearest the lightest side of 
 the room and the largest on the opposite .side in order to five good ll'-ht to all. 
 but if the room does not ha\ c an extra good heating .system, perhaps it is better 
 to place the .seats for the .smaller scholars in one f)f the middle rows. 
 
 LIGHTING 
 
 In lighting the school room the amount of light a.-id tht direction from 
 which it enters the room should be carefully considered. 
 
 As to the amount of light, where the school hoi se stands away 'rom other 
 buildings .so the light is unobstructed, there should be at least one square foot of 
 glass to eveiy six scjuare feet of floor, the ratio fixed by law in sca eral European 
 states. Prussia, where the subject oflighting has recei\ed much attention, re 
 quires the ratio of one to five. This amount should be increased if the buildini: 
 is shaded by trees or other objects that obstruct the light. 
 
 Direction of Light — The liirht should shine on the object to be seen and 
 not in the faces of the pupils. No window should ca er bo placed where the 
 children must face it when seated in the school room. 
 
 Authorities appear to be unanimous that for a room no wider than the usual 
 school room, the liest lighting is from the left .side only. Next to that is lighting 
 the room from the left wall and the one back of the pupils as seated, with black 
 boards to the front and right of the pupils. 
 
 No window should be placed farther to the front of the room than directl\ 
 opposite the first row of seats.
 
 School Buildintgs 
 
 Windo\Ys should l)e placed so that thctop is near the ceiling, no matter 
 what builders say. The higher the light is admitted the better it is distributed 
 throughout the room. 
 
 Window blinds or shades should be so arranged that light may be admitted 
 from the upper sash while the lower is shaded. Yellow shades should not be 
 used. Dark green shades are probably as good as any. 
 
 The ceiling of the school room should be white; the walls may be light 
 green or light gray. Yellow or red should net be used for walls. 
 
 North, East, South or West Light — As to the cardinal direction from 
 which the light is best admitted to the school room authorities differ. Some 
 urge that the direct rays of the sun should never enter the school room during 
 school hours. Others urge that the room should be so lighted that the sun's 
 rays may be admitted at will. I like what Superintendent Stetson of Maine 
 says on this subject : 
 
 "Much h )£■ been written on the subject of the j^roper lighting of 
 school rooms. Quite a number of the leading authorities upon this 
 matter claim that the light should come exclusively from the north, 
 and that the other sides of the room should be solid walls. There are 
 more things to be considered in a school room than the simple question 
 of the direction from which the light shall enter the room. Thoughtful 
 teachers have noticed that children are very much influenced by their 
 feelings, and that the feelings of the aA-erage child are dependent upon 
 the cheerfulness of the room in which he spends his school life. If only 
 the north side of a room is provided with windows, the room is necessa- 
 rilj wanting in the elements of cheerfulness, and those conditions which 
 are dependent upon the raj's of the sun. 
 
 There can be no question but that the healthfulness and desirabil- 
 ity of a school room is veiy much increased by having the rays of the 
 sun shine into it during some portion of the day. The flooding of the 
 school room with light will prevent or make impossible many diseases 
 and a large number of discomforts. It will aid, to a large extent, in 
 making the room a place where the children like to assemble and live-. 
 It will give an air of graciousness to the room that can be gained-from 
 no other source or sources. It is unwise to have the direct rays of the 
 sun fall upon the children, and particularly upon their books or desk. 
 It is also unwise to have cross rays striking upon the books used by the 
 children. While all these things are true, it is also true that windows 
 , may be placed upon the east and north or west and north sides of the 
 room, and gain all of the advantages that come from light, heat and 
 cheerfulness of the sun without suffering from many of the disadvan- 
 tages named above. The principal light of the school room is prefera- 
 bly taken from the northeast, east or north." 
 
 Others advocate light from the southeast. North light is the most uniform, 
 but is cold in exposed locations. East light throws glaring sunshine into a great 
 part of the room in the early part of the day, but aids in warming up the school 
 room in cold weather. South light gives glaring sunshine but on account of the 
 high angle at which it strikes the window is confined to the part of the room near 
 the south wall. With ribbed glass or light curtains in the upper sash to diffuse 
 the sunshine, and opaque curtains for the lower sash, it makes good light, j ^ j
 
 RiK Ai. Schools 
 
 Ncjirly nil ;iiilli(irit ics ajjn-c tliiit li^litiriK from hotli left :iii(l rit'ht sif]«'.s is 
 not iidvisahlc. 
 
 vf:ntii.atio\. 
 
 The most, impoitaiit as well as flic most (liflicnlt j)rol)li-m in flu; ('((iisf nic- 
 tioii of the rural school house is the iiicthod of ventilation. Air which is 
 breathed and rebreathed Aoiy soon Vjeconies so foul that, besides its tendency 
 to brinfi on nuiny forms of disease, it produces a stupor that wholly unfits the 
 pupils for the mental efTort required of them. Hence, for the twofold puniest; 
 of maintaining health and a capacity for efficient mental effort this matter de- 
 serves careful attention. 
 
 In large buildings of many rooms fans run by steam power may be used to 
 good advantage and the supplj' of air regidated at will, but in the one-room 
 countiy school house the gravity .system of ventilation is the only practical plan 
 yet devised. 
 
 When the temperature (if the out.side air is 60 degrees F'ahrenheit or above 
 ventilation maj- safely be carried on bj' (jpen windows, liut as the weather gets 
 colder the danger of disease caused by Cf)ld drafts st liking the pupils increases 
 proportionately and some other means of ventilation should be employed. 
 
 As to the amount of fresh air needed for each pupil there seems to be a gen- 
 eral agreement bj^ authorities that it should not be less than 30 cubic feet per 
 minute, or 54,000 cubic feet per hour for a room occupied by 30 persons. It 
 has been Aery carefully estimated that to exhaust this amount of air per hour 
 from a school room with a ventilator shaft 20 feet high and a difference of tem- 
 erature outside the room and inside of 20 degrees Fahrenheit will require a 
 ventilator with a sectional area of six square feet. As the difference in ten:- 
 perature between the outside and inside air increases the size of the ventilator 
 required decreases. Any means which will increase the velocity of the current 
 in the ventilator will also decrease the size of ventilator required to exhaust 
 a given amount of air. 
 
 Manj' systems of ventilation fail utterly for lack of sufficient capacity to 
 do the necessaiy work. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that a ventilator is no larger than its cross-sec- 
 tion at its smallest point, consecjuently all openings leading to or from the venti- 
 lator should be of the same size as the ventilator and enough larger to compen- 
 sate for obstruction to the air by registers or screens. 
 
 It is far better and more economical to heat the fresh air before distributing 
 it in the school room. 
 
 The air to be heated and taken into the school room should not be taken 
 from the basement but should come from outside the building. 
 
 Where a stove is used to heat the air, it should be amply large enough to do 
 the work without keeping it near the point of red heat. It should be entirely 
 surrounded by a metal jacket with large doors in front through which to tend 
 the stove. The height of the metal jacket will depend somewhat upon the 
 height of the stove; it ought to extend a foot or two above the stove, the higher 
 the jacket the more rapid the circulation. This jacket should be made with an 
 outer plate of such metal as will give it a good appearance. From the hottest 
 part of the stove upward it should have a bright tin hning with heavy asbestos
 
 School Buildings 
 
 paper between. From the hottest part of the stove downward the lining should 
 be of heavier metal so as to make the jacket strong and should be so cut and 
 arranged as to make arches eight or ten inches high for the air of the room to 
 circulate around the stove. Alternating with these arches the jacket should 
 have three or four fresh air ducts fitting tight around openings in the floor and 
 extending up to the hottest part of the stove. The tops of these ducts should 
 slope from the jacket downward toward the stove and should be covered with 
 heavj' lids hinged to the jacket with a chain attached to the inner edge by which 
 to raise the lids wholly or partiallj- so as to deflect the incoming air toward the 
 stove. 
 
 Gold fresh air is to be introduced inside the jacket by means of a flue to 
 conduct the air from outdoors. It is better to build the fresh air duct from one 
 side of the building to the other with sliding valves at either wall so that on 
 windy days the air may be taken from either side of the building. This duct 
 should be built in such a place that it will come under the stove. It should be 
 lined with metal throughout and the outer ends should slope outward to keep it 
 chy. The openings should be co^•ered with coarse screens to keep out mice and 
 other animals. The duct should nowhere have a smaller cross section than one 
 quare inch for every scjuare foot of floor in the building. Immediately under 
 the stove the duct must be enlarged either in rectangular or circular form so 
 that it will underlie all parts of the floor enclosed by the jacket of the stove. 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 Plax for Jacket Stove 
 
 Dotted lines represent fresh air duct under floor. 
 CC. Circle on floor over which jacket will stand. 
 B Back of stove . 
 
 aaa. Openings in floor to let fresh air rise into ducts of jacket. 
 XXX. Arches under jacket to permit air of room to circulate freely around 
 stove. 
 
 yj-. Sliding valves to be placed at walls to .-lose fresh air ducts.
 
 10 
 
 RuKAL Schools 
 
 mir^/tT 
 
 Mn/;/in/h//////h)//. 
 
 ri'isk Ai\- jPuc"^. 
 
 Figure 'i. 
 Section of Jacket Akol nd 8tove. 
 
 It is not sufficient that enough fresh air proper!}- warmed be admitted to 
 the room' but the circulation must be such as to bring it to those parts of the 
 room where the persons who are to breathe it are situated. 
 
 In this respect all systems of ventilation that have the foul air exhaus- 
 near the ceiling, such as lowering the top sash of the window, or placing a regist 
 ter in the ceiling- or in the wall near the ceiling, are defective. They permit the 
 warni air to escape and so give poor ventilation and expensive heating. 
 
 The following cut is intended to illustrate such a system. It gives the 
 same result whether lieated bv furnace in the basement or by sto\ e in the room.
 
 School Buildings 
 
 11 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 Expensive Heating Poor Circulation and Ventilation. 
 
 Anj' sj-stem of ventilation where the foul air exhaust is above the breathing 
 hne will have the same fault as illustrated in figure 3, no matter where the fresh 
 air properly warmed is admitted.
 
 12 
 
 RlkAl, S(ll(j(;i.s 
 
 Figure 4. 
 Poor Cikculation and Vkntilation. 
 
 If the fresh air intake and the foul air exhaust are at opposite sides or end* 
 of the room with the exhaust near the floor it is liable to give a circulation as 
 shown in figure 5.
 
 School Buildings 
 
 13 
 
 Figure 5. 
 
 Showing Ixlet at one end of Room axd Ouilet at the Other. 
 
 If the room is heated by a stove it may best be set anywhere near the wall 
 that contains the ventilator provided it is a few feet to the right or left of the 
 foul air register. The stove should not be set in the center of the room. With 
 proper circulation all parts of the room will be properh' warmed. The stove 
 may, if more convenient, be placed in any part of the room with less harm to 
 the heating and ventilation than will attend such arrangement of a hot air fur- 
 nace. Where such furnace is used warm air inlet should always be six or seven 
 feet above the floor and on the same wall as the ventilator, not directly above it 
 but a little to the right or left.
 
 14 
 
 kl'KAI. S( IIOOI.S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^M . ,'\-rY'.-''y^''-'''^[ 
 
 — "7"^^ 
 
 
 
 K. :•€::; - 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 
 
 
 ^JVC^T. 
 
 
 
 
 l^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 --['.- M 
 
 
 Outlet /^f^ \ -;.^vg-?^:.:.- .:.:-: :-'.^-.-^:'^'^:-' -■■}::^'^. 
 
 
 
 
 FiKuro «i. 
 The Bkst Pi.vx of CIhavitv Ventilation'.
 
 vScnooL Buildings 15 
 
 Nothing in connection with ventilation of school rooms seems more defi- 
 nitely settled than that the outlet for the foul air should be near the floor. The 
 air near the floor is naturally coldest and densest and fills the ventilator with a 
 column of heavy air which gives rise to a necessity for some means of warming 
 the air in the ventilator shaft. 
 
 This is accomplished in various ways, two of which appear {iractical. Build 
 the chimnej- from the floor with a flue of not less than one square inch cross 
 section for eveiy scjuare foot of floor in the building. Immediately above the 
 floor, put in a A-entilating register of the same area as the cross section of the 
 flue. This register should be of a pattern that will close tight. Let the smoke 
 pipe enter the chimnej^ at the proper height and in the chimney flue extend the 
 iron smoke pipe up to the top of the chimney. This will warm the air in the 
 flue and induce an upward currcent in the same. 
 
 There are some who advocate that the iron smoke pipe need not ex- 
 tend upward in the ventilator, but where soft coal is used such a plan will some- 
 times peimit soot to come down through the register. With hard coal or wood 
 it will work quite well and gives a stronger current in the ventilator. 
 
 Another plan is to build the foundation or basement walls perfectly tight 
 and to build the chimney from the ground' up, with a flue not less than one 
 square inch in cross section for everj' square foot of floor in the building. Below 
 the floor leave a hole in the chimney of the .same size as the flue. At a conven- 
 ient height in the school room place a revolving damper to work on the same 
 principle as the damper in a stove pipe. It .should be made of heavy metal 
 and on the outside of the flue, where the handle swings, it should be marked to 
 show when the damper is open and when it is closed,with catches to set it in any 
 position to regulate the current. At the proper height in the chimnej^ insert the 
 moke pipe without extending it further. 
 
 Insert in the floor a cov pie of tight closing registers at the farther end of the 
 room from the chimnej^ to let the foul air .'iink through, warm the floor and be 
 exhausted by the ventilator. 
 
 This latter sj^stem will not work well unless the foundation walls are tight, 
 but hns the tidvantaee of wirn ing il.e floor somevihat. 
 
 In either .s} stem the fresh air inlet and the ventilator should be closed at 
 night and while the room is being warmed in the morning, but while school is in 
 session both should be open and regiilated. At recess and noon the room should 
 be thoroughly aired by opening doors and windows. 
 
 There are various ventilating sto^-es on the market, some of which work 
 well, others not so well 
 
 T% ATER SUPPLY. 
 
 Where water of good cjuality can be had at not too great a depth and is 
 found in sand or gravel, a drive well, having galvanized iron pipes is probably 
 the best means of obtaining water. ^ATiere such a well can not be obtained, a 
 cistern with a good filter is advisable. This, however, should be cleaned and 
 the filter renewed often or it is a source of disease. 
 
 If some means of boiling cistern water is provided to sterilize it, a small 
 portable filter may be made bj'^ cutting the bottom out of a galvanized iron pail so 
 as to leave a rim of the bottom in the pail. On to the lowerpart of this pailsolde r
 
 16 Rural Schools 
 
 liKlit jiiiotliiT \f.s.sfl utiicli will lii)l<l fi\c or six qiuirt.s of \vut<T, :i.s a roHcrvoir. 
 An inch from the bottom of this reservoir soiflcr ;i faiuct tf» draw r»fr the water. 
 Cut a circular piece of Kalvatii/ed iron so it will fit into the hottotnless pail and 
 rest on the rim of the old l)ottoni. Make small holes in the circular piece and 
 put it in place. I'ill in an inch layer f)f clean, coarse sand; alt«'rnate layers of 
 charcoal and sand to within four inches of tlie toj) of the filter and run water 
 through it till the line charcoal dist is wa-shed out. This filter, if the charcoal i-s 
 renewed eveiy month or six weeks, will work well, but should not be p<Tmitted 
 to contain water o\ er nipht or at times when it will be liable to be broken by 
 freezing. It cati l)c inade by any tinner and ought not to cost over a couple of 
 dollars. 
 
 If the Wiitcr is boiled and cooled in a tight, clean vessel before running it 
 through the filter, it will be quite free from organic matter. 
 
 Such a filter, if kept supplied with water, will purify enough for .several 
 persons. 
 
 OUTHOUSES. 
 
 In many school district.s the outhou.ses are kept in a dilapidated and un- 
 wholesome condition both as pertain.s to the physical and moral welfare of 
 the school children. 
 
 This should not 1m' so. The school hoard and the teacher should see to it 
 that the}' are in proper repair, that they are kept clean and whf)lesome in ever}- 
 respect. 
 
 Section 109 of the present school law provides that special attention begiv- 
 given to this matter and that each school shall have two separate outhouse 
 buildings located on that part of the school grounds at the farthest point from 
 the main entrance of the school house and as far apart a.s may be. It also pro- 
 vides that thej' shall be kept in wholesome condition and in good repair. 
 
 A RURAL SCUOOL HOUSE. 
 
 By courtesy of State Superintendent J. L. McBricn, of Nebraska, we give 
 the plans of the "Sutherland School House," concerning which the following 
 comment was made at the time it was erected: 
 
 "THE SUTHERLAND SCHOOL HOUSE.'' 
 
 "This is a newly erected district school house, located about five miles west 
 of Blair. It is located in district No. 20, Wiushington county, and wiis erected 
 during the same year as the new Blair high school building, and by the same 
 architect. 
 
 "In the perspective we see the north side with its six windows, and the west 
 end with the entrance in the southwest corner. The pupils face an unbroken 
 east wall, with the strong, even light of the north entering from the left, and two 
 smaller windows above the blackboard in the rear. Fresh air enters through a 
 grating in the foundation wall near the steps, and is carried by a galvanized iron 
 duct below the floor to an opening below th(^ stove, where it is warmed and dis- 
 tributed. The foul air pjtsses out through the registers in the floor by the north
 
 School Buildings 17 
 
 wall and in the wall near the stove. This air heats the floor from below and the 
 ceiling from above. The inlet and the outlets of the air are regulated by dam- 
 pers. There are two rows of blackboard slates across the front w-all, the upper 
 one for the use of the teacher for copies, drills, etc. The teacher, from her 
 natural position in the front of the room, may watch the pupils at the black- 
 board in the rear of the room and inspect their work and at the same time "over- 
 see" those at work in their seats. The wardrobe extends along the south side, 
 is lighted by four windows placed high in the wall, and is furnished with sixty 
 double school house hoolcs, each with a numbered metal tag. 
 
 "Complete specifications, with ground plan, exterior views and working 
 drawings for the cortstruction of this school house, are published on the follow- 
 ing pages. 
 
 "Had the building been located on one of the three other corners formed by 
 the intersection of the roads the entrance might have been in the southeast 
 corner of the building instead of the southwest, and the pupiL?, after passing 
 through the wardrobe, would then enter the rear of the school room, and visi- 
 tors would enter the front of the room from the entrance, The sunlight enters 
 this school room in the afternoon above the heads of the pupils. A door or 
 window near the east end of the wardrobe, in the southeast corner of the build- 
 ing, would permit the early morning sunlight to stream across the school room 
 through the inner door. 
 
 "But this building, though not perfect, is the best countiy school house 
 in Washington count}', and we believe, in many Nebraska counties. It is sub- 
 stantial in construction and beautiful in interior finish. 
 
 "Since its completion two other rural school houses have been erected in 
 Washington county on the same general plan. The original plans of the Suth- 
 erland school house are now- on file in the office of the State Superintendent of 
 Pubhc Instruction at Lincoln."
 
 Ri;kai, Schools
 
 School Buildings 
 
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 School Buildings 
 
 27 
 
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 A Rural School House 
 
 Brief Specifications for Worli and Material Required for tlie Erection of a One- 
 room School House, in Accordance witli Accompanying Ground Plans, 
 i Elevations and Working Drawings. 
 
 This building was erected in the eastern portion of Nebraska, about five 
 years ago, complete, for Si, 000. 00. The original plans are now on file in the 
 office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction at Lincoln. 
 
 GENERAE CONDITIONS. 
 
 The Board — The Board reser\-es the right to reject any or all bid.s. The 
 Board will superintend the work, through the architect or an cspeciall}- appoint- 
 ed superintendent. The Board reserA-es the right to make any changes, omis- 
 sions, or additions in and to the building, without voiding these specifications, 
 the contract or bond. 
 
 The Board will recognize no extra work and will not pay for extra work, 
 unless such work has been ordered beforehand by resolution of the Board. 
 
 No alleged verbal agreement at variance with the drawings, specifications, 
 etc., will be recognized. The Board will insure its equity in the building from 
 time to time as payments are made, but the contractor must in.su re his interest 
 therein at his own cost. 
 
 The Contractor — The contractor will be responsible for the building until its 
 acceptance by the Board, and must make good all injuries sustained during 
 construction from whatever cause. The contractor must show receipts (if the 
 Board elects to ask for them) before each payment. 
 
 The contractor must give a bond with two responsible sureties as provided 
 by law, subject to the approval by vote of the Board. 
 
 The contractor must finally deliver the building whole, perfect, and clean, 
 within the contract time, and must correct all defects discovered during the first 
 month of use, unless the same are no fault of his. 
 
 Excavation — The contractor must visit the site and examine the same. 
 The height of the first floor will be given, and the contractor must do all neces- 
 sary excavation to bring the walls below frost. He must remove 6 inches of 
 the black earth under the building, to prevent decay of vegetation under the 
 building. 
 
 Brick Work — The entire brick work, including chimney, is to be built of 
 good, hard, sound brick, to be laid straight and true, neatly pointed up and to be
 
 30 Ru'KAi, Schools 
 
 washed down upon completion. There Ls to be a 9-inch brick wall extending 
 under all interior wortd partitions, for the support of partitions and flcjor joists. 
 
 The smoke flue is to be plastered on the inside and is to be 12x12 inches in 
 size; it is also to be plastered on the outside where it passes through the ceiling 
 and roof. 
 
 All wood i.s to be kept from the flue 1 inch clear. Smoke flue is to have an 
 8-inch thimble for furnace pipe. 
 
 Plastering — Lath all walls and ceilings with No. 1 white pine or cypress lath 
 with 3-8-inch spaces, breaking joints every seventh lath. 
 
 Phuster all walls and ceilings, including inside of teacher's closet, three 
 coats; the first two coats to be hard plaster of an improved manufacture ai>- 
 proved by the Board, and the last coat to be a Plaster Paris finishing coat. All 
 plastered corners are to be rounded. Care is to be taken that plastering which 
 will receive artificial blackboard is absolutely straight and true. 
 
 The wall which will receive blackboard is to be plastered as above specified, 
 as if no blackboard were to be used. If natural slate blackboard is used, the 
 first two coats of plastering are to be put on ready for finishing coat, and the 
 finishing coat behind natural slate blackboard is to be omitted. 
 
 Plastering is to extend tight up against window jambs and door jambs and 
 down to floor behind base everj'where, to make the building warm. 
 
 Carpenter Work — Floor joists are to be 2x12 inch and ceiling joists 2x10 
 inch yellow pine, sound, dry and well- seasoned. All other framing lumber to 
 be white pine or yellow pine, sound, drj' and well-seasoned. Joists and 
 rafters are to be in one length. 
 
 Vallej's are to be in two pieces, 2x8 inches each, thoroughly .spiked to- 
 gether. Exterior studding is to be 2x6 inches, 12 feet long. Interior studding 
 is to be 2x6 inches, 12 feet long. Wall plate for exterior walls is to be 8x8 
 inches halved and pinned at corners, and mortised for joists. All sills for in- 
 terior walls are to be 2x8 inches. 
 
 Plates for exterior studding are to be 2x6 inches, double, and plates for 
 interior studding to be 2x6 inches, double. All corners and angles are to be 
 built up solid, no lath to run through. All joists and studdings are to be 16 
 inches from center to center. 
 
 Put double studding on each side of each door and window opening. School 
 room floor is to have one row of cross bridging 1x3 inches. 
 
 Ever>' pair of rafters is to have a 2x4 inch cross tie 8 feet long. The val- 
 leys will brace the roof in the other direction. 
 
 Tower — Tower is to have bell deck, covered with I.X.tin, and to have 30x30 
 inch scuttle, and also a scuttle in the ceiling of the school room immediately 
 under tower. 
 
 The corner posts of the tower are to extend down to the top of ceiling joists 
 and to be braced. Ceiling joists under inside tower posts are to be treble, and 
 the roof of tower is to be thoroughly cross-braced. 
 
 Porch — Porch is to be built as shown, of white pine, with 7-8x4 inch white 
 pine flooring, and to have white pine steps 1 5-8 inch thick, with white pine rail- 
 ing and balusters. 
 
 Ceiling of porch is to be first lined with roof sheathing, then to have one 
 layer of straw paper, and then to be covered with 7-8x4 inch white pine ceiling.
 
 School Buildings 31 
 
 Ventilation— The ventilating flue is to be lined up with 5-8x6 inch yellow 
 pine ceiling, and is to extend from under side of floor joists to attic floor. On 
 top of roof build a 12-inch globe ventilator of galvanized iron. 
 
 The ventilating flue is to have sliding board in school room so arranged a.s 
 to close off' the ventilating flue entirely when school is not in session. 
 
 Below the second and fifth windows put a 10x10 inch ventilating register 
 in the floor. The foul air will then pass directly through these registers down 
 between the earth and the floor towards the ventilating flue, pass up through 
 the ventilating flue to the attic and spread all over the attic; thence the air will 
 pass out through the globe ventilator in the top of the roof. In the outside wall 
 below the floor build an opening 1 foot 6 inches x 1 foot 6 inches, and run a gal- 
 A'anized iron duct 1 foot 6 inches x 1 foot 6 inches under the floor to the under 
 side of the furnace. Under the furnace cut a hole in the floor 24 inches in 
 diameter and permit the air to strike against the bottom of the furnace. Pro- 
 vide a tight door in the opening of the outside wall so the cold air may be shut 
 off from the school when it is not in session. (An ordinan,' cast iron furnace, 
 costing $45.00 f . o. b. is to be placed OAcr the opening in the floor. The furnace 
 is then to receive a galvanized iron casing extending from the floor to the top of 
 the furnace. The cold air will then strike the furnace, where it will be warmed, 
 rise between the furnace and the galvanized iron casing and pass out into the 
 school room. The furnace, casing and smoke pipe will cost not to exceed $80.00 
 set in place.) 
 
 By the above method the foul air leaves the room at about 68 or 70 degrees, 
 will be draw-n under floor and warm the floor, and it will be drawn throigh the 
 ^■entilating flue to the attic, therebj- warming the ceiling of the school room. 
 
 Sheathing — Cover all outside walls, entire roof, tower and entire floor 
 with No. 1 sheathing. 
 
 Paper — Cover sheathing on all outside walls with one layer of good build- 
 ing paper V not tar paper,) and cover the entire roof sheathing with one layer of 
 tar paper. All paper is to be lapped two inches. 
 
 Shingles — Cover the entire roof and tower with first clear red-wood or cy- 
 press shingling, laid 4 inches to the weather. Each shingle is to ha^e two 
 galvanized iron shingle nails. 
 
 The shingles are to be dipped for two-thirds their length from the bottom 
 up, into best quahty Creosote Shingle Stain. 
 
 Tin — Valleys and bell deck are to be Hned with l.'S. tin, 14 inches wide. 
 
 Ridges — Ridges are to be formed with two 7-8x5 inch boards. 
 
 Cornice — Cornice is to be as shown on drawing. The eaves are to be lini-d 
 with paper and 7-8x4 inch white pine ceiling. 
 
 Outside Finish— Water table is to be 1 1-8 inches by 9 }/2 inches high, to 
 have 1 1-8x3 inch cap and 7-8 quarter round underneath corner board. Window 
 casings and door casings are to be 1 1-8 inches thick and 5 inches wide. 
 
 Window sills are to be IM inches thick. Outside window casing is to be 
 so placed as to permit of storm sash at a later day. Care is to be taken that the 
 building paper extends under all water tables, corner boards, door and window 
 casings. 
 
 Siding— All outside studdings are to be covered with narrow siding with }4- 
 inch lap. Siding is to be white pine or red wood.
 
 32 Rural Schools 
 
 Interior Finish — ('oa cr ;ill floors with 7-^x4 inch torifcuod and (rroovfd No. 
 I yellow pine floorine;; all joints to he smoothed after layinf. As soon a,s laid 
 the floor is to recoivc one coat of boiled linseed oil mixed with '2rt per cent, tu r- 
 pentine. 
 
 Ladder — Provide a ladder from attic to l)(li deck. 
 
 Doors— The outsich- door is to liave double strenf;th ^la.ss in rpper panel. 
 It is to be made of twf) thicknesses of white pine, 1 l-S inch each, making the 
 door 214 inches thick, to be paneled and fli sh moulded. A 11 inside doors are to 
 be No. 1 white pine stock doors with five panels, hand smoothed for oil finish. 
 
 The two teacher's closet doors are to Vie 1 1-8 inches thick, to have three 
 panels each. 
 
 .lamVs — (h tside door jamb is to be 1 r,-S inches thick, rebated. In.'-ide 
 door jaml) is to be 7-8'inch'thick, and is to have doorstops. 
 
 T(>acher's Closet — ^Teacher's closet is to haVe se\en shelves 14 inches wide, 
 to be put on rachets. so as to make them movaVjle. 
 
 Window.s — Windows arc to have 1 1-8 inch yellow pine jnilley stiles, 1 :>-S 
 inches thick, to be filled with D. S. fdouble strength; cla.«s. 
 
 Sash is to be hunR to cast iron weights with 14 inch Sampson or Silver Lake 
 cord, to have 2}^ inch anti-fricffon axk* pulleys, and all wfndows are to have 
 1 1-8 inch stool. - 
 
 Casing — Doors and windows are to have 7-Sx.") inch c-asing with plinth at 
 bottom and to be mitered on top. 
 
 Base is to be 7-8x7 inches, to have 7-8x3 inch mould on top and (juarter 
 round at bottom. 
 
 Chalk trough is to run all around room and to be 1 1-8 inches thick, t(j be 
 hollowed for chalk, to project 'ij/o inches, and to have 7-8xo inch apron. 
 
 Picture Motilding — Run picture moulding all around school room, level 
 with the top of windows. 
 
 Interior Finish — All interior fini.sh, with the exception of doors, is to bebc-st 
 quality of 3 ellew pine, hand smoothed for oil finish. 
 
 Painting — Paint all tin innnediately after laying and before covering, with 
 two coats of approved mineral paint. 
 
 Paint all exterior w^oodwork with three coats of pure liTiseed oil, pure white 
 lead and best F^nglish pigments, and color as selected. 
 
 The first coat of paint is to be 3^ French ochre, }4 white lead and oil. After 
 first coat all nail holes and other defects are to be puttied. 
 
 VarnLsh all interior woodwork three coats; first coat is to be a liquid filler, 
 second and third coats a good standard varnish, list price not le.ss than $2.50. 
 
 P'iller and first coat are to be rubbed down, ku^t coat is to be flowed on. 
 
 Blackboard.s — Blackboards will be put on by the Board, and are not to be 
 included in this contract. 
 
 Hardware — The carpenter will furnish complete and will put on all hard- 
 ware. Each window is to have a heavy sash lock, and one flush sash lift. Front 
 door is to have 4J^x43^ inch lock with three steel tumblers, two keys, and three 
 4}/^x4}4 inch steel hinges. 
 
 F^ach inside door is to have one tumbler Icck and two 4x4 inch steel hinges. 
 
 Teacher's closet is to have one tumbler lock to one leaf, the other leaf to be 
 honked to shelf, each door to be hung with two 3 Vo inch by 3>^ inch steel hinges. 
 
 All locks are to have soUd knobs, elongated escutcheons. All hardware 
 above specified is to be bronzed.
 
 School Buildings 
 
 33 
 
 A neat appearing, comfortable, well lighted and ventilated school house is 
 indicative of intelligence and thrift. It adds enough to the value of each farm 
 in the district to more than pay the difference in cost over wind-warped shells 
 so often seen on the prairie. 
 
 1l»...ui.. 
 
 :r zshl^;ltL!„rin'i^'!i>:}AL 
 
 
 nv WnosK Pkkmishkin 
 
 Designed in G. W. .\.siiby, Auchitect, Chkwgo, Illinois 
 i.s Insertkd IX This Rkport. 
 
 &. Note the lighting from left and rear of pupils. 
 " b. Note arrangement for ventilation in cold weather and the opportunity 
 for direct ventilation by windows from three directions in warm weather, 
 c. Note the high light by windows of the school room.
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL 
 
 MAYVILLE, NORTH DAKOTA 
 
 THE BI-MONTHLY 
 
 BULLETIN 
 
 VOL. { OCTOBER, 1913 NO. 6 
 
 ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MOD[L RURAL SCHOOL BUILDING 
 
 AT THE 
 
 MAYVILLE NORMAL SCHOOL 
 
 THE WINTER TERM BEGINS TUESDAY, JAN. 6, 1914 
 
 Published in February, April, June, August. October, and December by the State 
 Normal School at Mayville, N. D., and entered at the Mayville Poslolfice November 15. 
 1912, as second class matter under act of August 24, 1912.
 
 IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS 
 
 1913 
 
 The Fall Term began Tuesday, September 30 
 
 The Fall Term ends Thursday, December 18 
 
 1914 
 
 The Winter Term begins Tuesday, January 6 
 
 The Winter Term ends Thursday, March 26 
 
 The Spring Term begins , Tuesday, April 7 
 
 The Spring Term ends Thursday, June 25 
 
 The Summer School begins Thursday, July 2 
 
 The Summer School ends Wednesday, August 12 
 
 COMMENCEMENT WEEK 
 
 Baccalaureate Service Sunday Evening, June 21 
 
 Senior Chapel Monday Morning, June 22 
 
 Commencement Party Monday Evening, June 22 
 
 Senior Class Exercises Tuesday Evening, June 23 
 
 Senior Class Picnic Wednesday. June 24 
 
 Recital and Reception to the Senior Class,.... Wednesday Evening, June 24 
 
 Outdoor Sports Thursday Afternoon, June 25 
 
 Alumni Banquet Thursday Afternoon, June 25 
 
 Commencement Exercises Thursday Evening, June 25 
 
 HOLIDAYS 
 
 General Election and Thanksgiving Days 
 
 Eighteen days at Christmas and New Year's 
 
 Lincoln's birthday 
 
 Eleven days between the Winter and Sprmg Terms
 
 MODEL RURAL SCHOOL BUILDING 
 
 State Normal School. Mayville, N. D. 
 
 FRONT ELEVATION 
 
 SIDE ELEVATION
 
 
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 BASEMENT 
 
 PURPOSE 
 
 In its new model rural school building, which has just been 
 completed, the iMayville Normal School tries to illustrate in all 
 essential respects, taking into account the modern practical de- 
 mands upon education, the best that is practicable and feasible in 
 a typical, well-to-do country locality in the way of a building for 
 either an ungraded, one-teacher school or a partly graded school 
 of about two to three teachers, the latter of which will be, for a 
 long time to come, the most common type of consolidated rural 
 school.
 
 J 
 
 MAIN FLOOR 
 
 COST 
 
 The total cost, without any equipment, has been four thousand 
 dollars, somewhat more than it would have been, if the building 
 could have been put up at a time of the year when labor was not 
 scarcest and wages highest. 
 
 If communities should sometimes feel that in either the con- 
 struction of new buildings or the modification of old ones, they 
 cannot afford to follow closely the plans of this one, they can, at 
 least, incorporate some of its good features. 
 
 DIMENSIONS 
 
 The ground dimensions, exclusive of porch and rear entrance, 
 are 38 ft. x 34 ft. and twenty to twenty-four pupils are easily
 
 nccdiriiiiodiilcd. 'rii(i si/e ol; llie liuildiiif^ can be varied, without 
 liiirm to the ^^'iiciid phiii. to suit the special needs of different 
 h)calities. 
 
 BASEMENT 
 
 Ti is imich needed lor tlic rurnace and fuel, storage, and addi- 
 tional space for seliool activities includiiif; play during inclement 
 weather. 
 
 MAIN FLOOR 
 
 The plan of this floor is the most novel feature of the build- 
 ing. It is of vital importance and should not be modified without 
 careful consideration. The large cased-openings between the 
 sections for manual training, domestic science, and agriculture 
 and the main space for the seats and desks, permit free entrance 
 of light and an almost unbroken view of the entire ftrntv fi-nm any 
 point of view. 
 
 ATTIC 
 
 The space here is used for storage and contains the ventila- 
 tion pipes running from the toilet-rooms to the vent at the side 
 of the smoke-stack. Entrance is through a ceiling opening in the 
 hallway. 
 
 LU:\IBER 
 
 This is a frame building and the dimension lumber used in its 
 construction is western fir and eastern white pine. The main 
 floor is of hard maple. 
 
 PLASTERING 
 
 There are two coats — the first of wood-fiber on white pine 
 lath and the second of adamant plaster with float finish. 
 
 TINTING 
 
 The interior walls up to the picture moulding and outside of 
 the blackboards are tinted a light green and the ceiling, and the 
 walls above the picture moulding, a cream. 
 
 PAINTING 
 
 On the outside there are two coats of light cream with ivory- 
 white trimmings, and tlie roof is stained a moss green. On the 
 inside all finish wood-work has one coat of shellac filler and two
 
 coats of hard varnish rubbed down with pumice stone and oil to 
 a smooth, dull finish. The floor has a coat of raw linseed oil and 
 will be kept in good sanitary condition by occasional scrubbing 
 and application of light, sanitary oil-dressing. 
 
 BLACKBOARDS 
 
 They cover almost all available space and are made of a coat 
 of wood-fiber on galvanized steel rib lath, a coat of adamant plas- 
 ter with float-finish, and a coat of adamant,, black putty carefuUy 
 troweled to a smooth surface. 
 
 HEATING AND VENTILATION 
 
 They are by means of a hot-air furnace in the basement. Air 
 inlets and outlets, except the large, fresh-air inlet from out- 
 of-doors Miich is under the porch and leads beneath the basement 
 floor to the furn»ace, are indicated on the main floor plan. The 
 furnace draught is automatically controlled by a thermostat, and 
 the circulation of air is quickened by a vent at the side of the 
 smoke-stack. The closets in the toilet-rooms are connected through 
 the attic with this vent. 
 
 PLUMBING 
 
 This is reduced to the minimum on account of the danger from 
 freezing when, during cold weather, the school is not in session 
 and consists only of the pumps and sinks in the tiolet-rooms and 
 laboratories and the necessary connecting pipes. 
 
 SEWAGE AND GARBAGE 
 
 Sanitary dry closets are used in toilet-rooms and are 
 emptied when necessary on the fields near by. "Waste water 
 from the sinks goes into a concealed, disinfected, absorbent ba>;in 
 at the side of the building. All solids that will burn are thrown 
 into the furnace, and any others are accumulated and frequenth* 
 taken to a properly selected dump ground wlicre the>- are buried. 
 
 CISTERN 
 
 This is divided into three parts- — the two filters which receive 
 water from different parts of the roof and the central part, or 
 tank, from which water is pumped for drinking, and laboratory, 
 and toilet purposes. 
 
 WINTDOWS 
 
 All on the main floor, except those in the toilet-rooms have 
 double sets of double-hung sash, thus aiding ventilation and mak- 
 ing detachable storm-windows unnecessary. x\ll Avindows have 
 detachable flv-screens.
 
 EVENING LIGHT AND FUEL 
 
 A gas system involving the use of tanks for storing gas se- 
 cured ready-made is used for evening light and laboratory pur- 
 poses. Both wood and coal (hard or soft) are used in the house- 
 hold range in the domestic science section. The furnace gives the 
 best results with the use of hard coal of the "stove coal" size. 
 
 BELL 
 
 Instead of the conventional bell in a cupola, there is an electric 
 gong on the rear, outside wall just under the cornice and con- 
 trolled by dry batteries and a push-button on the inside. 
 
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