AMD THEI
 
 BRARY 
 
 ^fcRsrrf OF

 
 THE PILGRIMS 
 AND THEIR MONUMENT
 
 Jvr. 
 
 THE PILGRIM MEMORIAL MONUMENT
 
 THE PILGRIMS 
 
 AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 BY 
 
 EDMUND J. CARPENTER, Litt.D. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 "AMERICA IN HAWAII," "ROGER WILLIAMS," 
 
 "long ago IN GREECE," ETC. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 D. APPLETON & CO., PUBLISHERS 
 NEW YORK MCIVIXIX
 
 Copyright, 1911, by 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
 
 Printed in the United States of America
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 I. THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 Origin of the Separatist movement — The Act of Supremacy 
 — Henry VIII repudiates the control of the Pope — 
 Separatist gatherings by night — Accession of Eliza- 
 beth — Robert Browne — He becomes a dissenter — He 
 is banished to Holland — The Separatists in Holland — 
 Execution of Copping and Thacker — Austerfield and 
 Scrooby — Fotheringay Castle — Historic memories of 
 the Scrooby country — William Brewster — His home in 
 Scrooby — He is secretary to Davison — Fall of Davison 
 — Execution of Mary Queen of Scots — Its effect on the 
 Separatist movement — Brewster appointed postmaster 
 — William Bradford — His birth and education at Aus- 
 terfield — Church of St. Helen — Gainsborough and its 
 Separatist company — Death of Queen Elizabeth and 
 accession of James — James passes through Scrooby — 
 His attitude toward the Separatists — Decree of banish- 
 ment — Migration to Holland — Scrooby Separatists de- 
 tected — They plan their flight to Holland — Migration 
 forbidden — Scrooby company attempt their escape — 
 Overtaken and imprisoned — They make another at- 
 tempt and finally succeed — Their life in Holland. . . 1-19 
 
 II. THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 
 The Pilgrims resolve to leave Holland and emigrate to the 
 New World — Reasons for this resolve — They journey 
 to Delfthaven — Embark in the Speedwell — Reach 
 Southampton — The Mayflower and Speedwell set sail 
 
 V
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 — John Alden — The destination of Virginia — The 
 Speedwell discovered to be leaking — They put back 
 into Plymouth — The Speedwell declared unseaworthy 
 and abandoned — The Mayflower again sets sail — Beset 
 with storms — The vessel badly strained — Repaired 
 with difficulty — Great length of voyage — Cape Cod 
 sighted — The Mayflower turns south — Encounters shoal 
 water — She puts about — Enters Cape Cod Harbor. 20-27t 
 
 III. THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 The Mayflower drops anchor in Cape Cod Harbor — Wins- 
 low's description of the harbor — Health of the company 
 — Trouble anticipated from malcontents — The Com- 
 pact drawn and signed — The Pilgrims make their land- 
 ing — Cottages erected — Repairs to shallop necessary — 
 The place unsuited for settlement — They resolve to 
 explore the country — Miles Standish and his company 
 set out — They see the first Indians — The bivouac — 
 They discover a spring of water — They find a cache of 
 corn — Corn Hill named — The second bivouac — Drown- 
 ing of Dorothy Bradford — The second expedition sets 
 out — Graves and dwellings of natives — The expedi- 
 tion returns to the ship — Birth of Peregri;ie White — 
 Oceanus Hopkins born during the voyage — The third 
 expedition sets out — Wellfleet Harbor discovered — At- 
 tack by Indians — Plymouth Harbor discovered — The 
 rest on Clarke's Island — Plymouth Harbor explored — 
 The Pilgrims return to the ship and bring the May- 
 flower to Plymouth 28-37 
 
 IV. THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 Inception of a movement for a commemorative monument — 
 Tablet placed on Town Hill, Provincetown — The proj- 
 ect for a monument feebly revived — An organization 
 formed — The Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association 
 
 vi
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 chartered — Its first officers — Meeting of the Pilgrim 
 Club of Brewster — Captain Sears advocates renewed 
 activity in the project — A general meeting called — 
 List of those present — New life infused in the plan for 
 a monument — The by-laws of the Association modified 
 — Rapid movement of the plan — Interest of the Com- 
 monwealth solicited — Summit of Town Hill, Province- 
 town, deeded to the Association — Hearing before the 
 Ways and Means Committee of the General Court at 
 Boston — An appropriation of $25,000 granted — Efforts 
 to raise money for the building fund — Provincetown 
 contributes $5,000 — Fifty thousand dollars in hand in 
 July, 1905 — Captain Sears elected president of the As- 
 sociation — Some large contributors — An appeal to the 
 Congress — Energy of Captain Sears — Terms of the act 
 — Hearing before the Committee on Library — Remarks 
 of Captain Sears and H. H. Baker — Passage of the Act 
 of Congress — An appropriation of $40,000 — Success of 
 the project assured — Officers of Association for IQO? — 
 Grand Lodge of Masons in Massachusetts invited to lay 
 corner stone — President Roosevelt invited to make ad- 
 dress — Work begun on foundation of monument — 
 Description of foundation — The corner stone pro- 
 vided 38-61 
 
 V. THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 Plans for laying the corner stone — Arrival of President 
 Roosevelt at Provincetown, in the Mayflower — Battle- 
 ships in the harbor — Reception of the President — De- 
 scription of the scene in harbor and on shore — The 
 Grand Lodge delayed — Address of President Sears — 
 Address of Governor Guild — Address of President 
 Roosevelt — Address of Ambassador Bryce — Address of 
 Senator Lodge — Address of Congressman Lovering — 
 Ceremony of the laying of the corner stone by the Grand 
 Lodge of Masons — Address of William B, Lawrence — 
 
 vii
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Dinner at the Town Hall — Remarks of Dr. R. Perry 
 Bush — Departure of President Roosevelt — Remarks of 
 Ambassador Bryce 62-148 
 
 VI. THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 Memorial stones received from Austerfield, England, and 
 from Holland — The commission for erecting the monu- 
 ment — A design selected — Proposals invited — The con- 
 tract awarded — The specifications analyzed — The first 
 stone laid — Witnesses present — Memorial stones laid — 
 The first season's work — Renewal of the work — The 
 final stone laid — Description of the structure — The in- 
 terior of the monument — The final blows struck. . . 149-164 
 
 VII. THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 The day fixed for the dedication of the structure — President 
 Taft accepts an invitation to make an address — The 
 preparations — The Atlantic fleet in the harbor — List of 
 war vessels — Prayer by Rev. James De Normandie — 
 Dr. Griffis's hymn — Remarks of President Sears — Ad- 
 dress of Dr. Charles W. Eliot — Address of Jonkeer 
 Van Weede — Address of Senator Lodge — Remarks of 
 Hon. William B. Lawrence — Mrs. Hemans's poem sung 
 — Address of Hon. James T. McCleary — Address of 
 Governor Draper — Address of President Taft — Unveil- 
 ing of the tablet — Inscription on the tablet — Remarks 
 of Henry H. Baker — Close of the exercises — Dinner at 
 Town Hall — Guests at the tables — Remarks of How- 
 land Davis — Remarks of Harry A. Cushing — Remarks 
 of Lieutenant-Governor Frothingham — Remarks of 
 President Taft — Personnel of the citizens' committee — 
 Ball and illumination — Some incidents of the building 
 
 operations — Obituary — The lodge 165-262 
 
 Statement of Receipts and Expenditures 265 
 
 Members of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Asso- 
 ciation 266-310 
 
 viii
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PACING 
 FAQB 
 
 The Pilgrim Memorial Monument . . Frontispiece 
 William the Silent Q 
 
 Edward Winslow, Governor of Plymouth, 16S3, 1636, 
 
 1644 20 
 
 The Embarkation at Delfthaven 24 
 
 {From the painting by Robert W. Weir in the Capitol at 
 Washington) 
 
 The Pilgrims Sighting the Highlands of Cape Cod . 26 
 (From a mural painting by Henry Oliver Walker in the 
 Massachusetts State House, Boston) 
 
 The Signing of the Compact in the Cabin of the 
 
 Mayflower 30 
 
 (From the painting by T, H. Matteson) 
 
 The First Pilgrim Spring 32 
 
 Corn Hill 36 
 
 J. Henry Sears, President of the Cape Cod Pilgrim 
 
 Memorial Association 50 
 
 Directors of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Asso- 
 ciation .56 
 
 Directors of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Asso- 
 ciation 60 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States 62 
 
 The U.S.S. " Mayflower " 64 
 
 ix
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FACINO 
 PAQE 
 
 The Laying of the Corner Stone of the Pilgrim 
 
 Monument 68 
 
 Reverend Samuel A. Eliot 70 
 
 Curtis Guild, Jr., Governor of Massachusetts . . 72 
 
 Rt. Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador to the 
 
 United States 94 
 
 The Pilgrim Monument in Construction: The Corner 
 
 Stone in Place Il6 
 
 William B. Lawrence 128 
 
 The Pilgrim Monument in Construction: Laying the 
 
 First Stone after the Corner Stone . . .138 
 
 The Pilgrim Monument in Construction: 40 Feet 
 
 Above the Base 150 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Burr, U.S.A., Engineer 
 
 — WiLLARD T. Sears, Consulting Architect . 154 
 
 The Pilgrim Monument in Construction: 164 Feet 
 
 Above the Base 156 
 
 Laying of the Last Stone on the Top of the Pil- 
 grim Monument l60 
 
 Patrick T. Maguire, Contractor and Builder — W. 
 A. Clark, Government Inspector — Frederic 
 George, Foreman of Masonry Work . . .162 
 
 The Pilgrim Monument During the Ceremonies of 
 
 Dedication l66 
 
 President Sears and Governor Draper Receiving 
 
 President Taft 168 
 
 The Rev. James De Normandie, D.D 170 
 
 The Dedication of the Pilgrim Monument . . .174 
 
 Charles W. Eliot, LL.D., President Emeritus of 
 
 Harvard University 176 
 
 X
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 rAcma 
 
 PAOB 
 
 JoNKHEER H. M. Van Weede, Secretary of the Neth- 
 erlands Legation 206 
 
 Henry Cabot Lodge, United States Senator for 
 
 Massachusetts 210 
 
 James T. McCleary, Member of Congress from Min- 
 nesota 224 
 
 Eben S, Draper, Governor of Massachusetts . . 238 
 
 William H. Taft, President op the United States . 242 
 
 Miss Barbara Hoyt Unveiling the Dedication Tablet 
 
 of the Pilgrim Monument 244 
 
 The Lodge Adjoining the Pilgrim Monument . . 260
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR 
 MONUMENT 
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 WHO were the people known as the Pilgrims 
 to whose memory is erected a lofty tower 
 on the hill at Provincetown? Whence did 
 they come, and why did they emigrate to this then 
 barren shore? For nearly two centuries these ques- 
 tions could not be satisfactorily answered, and not 
 until about fifty years ago was the mystery of their 
 former home revealed. In the middle of the last cen- 
 tury a long-lost manuscript book was discovered in 
 the library of the Bishop of London. This was the 
 history of the Plantation at Plymouth, written by 
 Governor Bradford, which, at about the time of the 
 American Revolution, disappeared from a library of 
 books kept in the tower of the Old South Church in 
 Boston. Its discovery in London revealed much of 
 hidden history. It was copied in manuscript and pub- 
 lished in this country and eagerly read by historical 
 students. In May, 1897, the original manuscript vol- 
 ume was presented to the Commonwealth of Massa- 
 
 1
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 chusetts by the Consistory Court of the Diocese of 
 London, and placed in the State Library, in the State 
 House, in Boston. 
 
 The true history of the Pilgrims is the history of 
 Separatism in England, that great politico-religious 
 movement of the sixteenth century, whose rise may be 
 said, perhaps, to have had its inception in the earlier 
 religious movement in Europe known as the Refor- 
 mation. The sixteenth century, not merely in Eng- 
 land, but throughout Europe, was a transitional era, 
 in which the mind of man seemed about to burst the 
 shackles of medisevalism and break forth into a new 
 day. It was the beginning of a struggle for religious 
 freedom, a struggle mighty in its force and which 
 could not be stayed until victory should come. 
 
 And yet the sentiment of freedom in religious 
 thought did not spring forth full fledged at the dawn 
 of the Reformation. It had had its true beginning 
 centuries before, even as early as the year 702, when, 
 at the great synod held at Austerfield, King Alfred 
 and the bishops of the realm defied the edict of the 
 pope, deposed Wilfred, Bishop of York, and prac- 
 tically declared the independence of England of the 
 control of the Bishop of Rome. Still later, in the 
 twelfth century, a company of Worcester weavers 
 were driven out of the city to perish, as a penalty for 
 having presumed to assert a right to independent 
 thought. 
 
 And so, as years went on and the tiny seed thus 
 
 2
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 sown began to germinate, English authorities began 
 to discover a sentiment of unrest within their domains 
 until, in the sixteenth century, the tree had become 
 a vigorous growth. In 1534 the Act of Supremacy 
 severed the Church of England from the See of 
 Rome, and the contest in which Separation had its 
 rise was fully on. 
 
 Henry VIII., to be sure, had a reason more per- 
 sonal than political or religious, for his repudiation 
 of the control of the pope in his realm. And yet, 
 although the Act of Supremacy was but a means to 
 an end, it was but the logical culmination of a move- 
 ment which, as we have seen, had its actual rise cen- 
 turies before. The people of England, broken loose 
 from the bonds of Rome, now found themselves, as it 
 were, floating in a tumultuous sea of religious thought, 
 in which the politics of the day and the sentiment of 
 sovereignty were inextricably intermingled. There 
 were many who were reaching out into still broader 
 fields of thought, whom the establishing of the Eng- 
 lish Church and the sundering of the shackles of 
 Roman control did not serve to satisfy; and these 
 began soon to be known as Separatists. 
 
 After the death of Henry and the accession of his 
 daughter Mary, the daughter also of Katherine of 
 Aragon, the dictates of prudence required secrecy in 
 independent worship. The gatherings of the faith- 
 ful, during these troublous times, were necessarily at 
 night and, for the most part, in private houses, where 
 
 3
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 were taught those doctrines which won for many a 
 martyr's death. 
 
 When this hideous period had passed, and Eliza- 
 beth had ascended the throne, the fires of Smithfield 
 were quenched. But yet EHzabeth saw many reasons 
 why the English establishment should be maintained 
 and independent worship discouraged. Through the 
 maintenance of the English church, established by her 
 father, after his failure to induce the pope to sanction 
 his divorce from Katherine, was to be maintained the 
 validity of that divorce and of her mother's marriage, 
 her own legitimacy and the security of her throne. 
 When, therefore, an independent congregation was 
 discovered, engaged in secret worship, the queen felt 
 no compunction in ordering the participants to be 
 cast into prison. 
 
 " She had a deep political conviction," says William 
 Pierce,^ " that the strength of her ki|igdom depended 
 upon the unity of all classes in the profession of re- 
 ligion. Was, then, an arrangement possible which 
 would achieve that result; a modus Vivendi which 
 should include a break with the papacy and also sat- 
 isfy the Protestant reaction following the cruelty and 
 corruption of Mary's reign ; an arrangement whereby 
 men of intelligence might read the New Testament 
 and yet worship side by side with pacified, but not 
 converted. Catholics? Elizabeth, whose natural gifts 
 of diplomacy and intrigue had been finely sharpened 
 
 * William Pierce: An Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts.
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 by her perilous experience under the rule of Mary, 
 thought it was a matter to be managed by a measure 
 of compromise and astute arrangement. The mass 
 must, though with hesitation, go. The services must 
 be in the mother tongue. Of her brother Edward's 
 two prayer books, the later and more evangelical 
 should supply the general liturgical forms and arti- 
 cles of faith ; the earlier, and more Catholic, the * or- 
 naments,' including the vestments of the clergy. . . . 
 She had presently to learn that those of her subjects 
 who, unlike herself, had a conscience in these things, 
 were not to be as easily managed." 
 
 It is Robert Browne to whom, perhaps, history 
 looks chiefly as the true founder of Separatism in 
 England. This was an ardent young Cambridge 
 graduate, who had at once upon graduation taken holy 
 orders and was established as the private chaplain to 
 the Duke of Norfolk. He had, perhaps, been led to 
 independent thinking, for Cambridge became later 
 known as the Puritan university. Some erratic sen- 
 timents promulgated by him brought him into con- 
 flict with the ecclesiastical authorities early in his 
 career, and later procured for him a rebuke by the 
 bishop and the loss of his position. He then became 
 a street and field preacher and an open dissenter from 
 the Established Church. In Norfolk he met a former 
 classmate, one Robert Harrison, and together the 
 two gathered a congregation at Norwich. 
 
 These two bold young men do not appear to have 
 2 5
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 confined their labors to one place, for we hear of 
 them also at Bury St. Edmunds, in Suffolk, a town 
 where the opposing religious elements of the day 
 not infrequently came in conflict. It was at Bury 
 St. Edmunds where, in 1682, the Reverend Doctor 
 Nathaniel Bisbie preached his famous sermon on 
 " Prosecution no Persecution, or the difference be- 
 tween suffering for disobedience and faction and suf- 
 fering for righteousness and Christ's sake." 
 
 A prison door finally opened for Browne and Har- 
 rison, and later they were banished to Holland, where 
 they remained for some years, their followers, mean- 
 time, rapidly increasing, under the name of Brownists. 
 
 Another leader of Separatism was one John Rough, 
 who in Mary's day was the teacher of a Separatist 
 company in London. This was one of those by whose 
 death at the stake, Mary sought to root out heresy 
 from the land. 
 
 In the Dutch city of Middleburg was, at this time, 
 a refuge for all who were persecuted for the sake of 
 conscience. " You have no right to trouble yourself 
 with any man's conscience," declared William the 
 Silent, " so long as nothing is done to cause private 
 harm or public scandal." In this safe retreat Browne 
 for a time found a home, and busied himself in writ- 
 ing and publishing tracts and pamphlets which, when 
 they appeared in England, were regarded as little 
 less than assaults upon the queen's supremacy. 
 
 In 1583 were arrested, tried, and executed, John 
 
 6
 
 WILLIAM THE SILENT.
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 Copping and Elias Thacker, two Englishmen who 
 had been active in the distribution of Browne's 
 tracts. Five years later the authorities, who perhaps 
 imagined that this severity had checked independent 
 thought, were puzzled and distressed by the appear- 
 ance of a series of tracts, seven in number, which were 
 extensively circulated, under the mysterious signature 
 of Martin IMarprelate, and which were an argument 
 for independence in religious thought and a series of 
 attacks upon the Establishment. 
 
 The imprisonment or execution of Separatist lead- 
 ers availed little to check the tendency of the age. 
 The more was the sect persecuted, the more did it 
 increase in numbers, until, alarmed at its spread, 
 resort was had to statutes to check its growth. Ban- 
 ishment was decreed as a punishment, but banishment 
 was of no avail. In Holland, where many of the 
 Separatists took refuge, they came in contact with the 
 Anabaptists, who had likewise there taken refuge. 
 
 The Separatists were now the most numerous in 
 Nottinghamshire, near the border of Yorkshire. The 
 center of the Separatist region was in the villages of 
 Austerfield and Scrooby, the same region where was 
 held the great synod of 702. There is, in fact, a small 
 cluster of villages in this region, of which Scrooby is 
 the center. Bawtry, a market town of Yorkshire, 
 and Gainsborough, not far away, are a portion of 
 this group. These are typical English villages, sur- 
 rounded by green meadows, with brooks, and wild 
 
 7
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 flowers growing thickly along the margins. Scrooby 
 is not many miles distant from Fotheringay Castle, 
 where Mary, Queen of Scots, was long confined and 
 where she met her end. This entire region was once 
 made noted by the great Catholic uprising of 1530, 
 two years after the establishment of the English 
 Church by King Henry. An order had been issued 
 for the suppression of the monasteries, and a portion 
 of the people of Lincolnshire rose up in armed rebel- 
 lion against the order. The church bells were rung 
 in alarm, the people rushed out of their houses with 
 weapons, and at Lincoln the Bishop's palace was 
 attacked and plundered. All the country rose, bea- 
 con fires were kindled on the hills, and the Protestant 
 bishops, who had lately been appointed, were de- 
 prived of their places. This is also the region in 
 which occurred the rebellion led by the Earls of 
 Northumberland and Westmoreland. At the head 
 of a large body of men, which swelled to a great host 
 as they advanced, they entered the town of Durham, 
 took possession of the church, set up the old altar, and 
 reestablished the Roman worship in place of that of 
 the Church of England. The village of Scrooby is 
 also distinguished by having been once the home of 
 the great Cardinal Wolsey. It is this region in which 
 is laid the scene of the " Ivanhoe " of Sir Walter 
 Scott; and, perhaps more interesting still, it is in the 
 near vicinity of Sherwood Forest, where roamed 
 Robin Hood and his men, clad in green; jolly, fat 
 
 8
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 Friar Tuck, Little John, Maid Marian, and the rest 
 of the notable crew of kindly outlaws. To one of the 
 greatest of religious sects this region is notable as 
 being that in which John Wesley was born and in 
 which he passed his early years. 
 
 The leader of the Separatists in and about Scrooby 
 was William Brewster, the keeper of the post station 
 in the town, as had been his father and his grand- 
 father before him. His home was in the great manor 
 house of the village, a small portion of which is still 
 standing and which is the mecca of many an Amer- 
 ican traveler in the home country. The village of 
 Scrooby is situated one hundred and forty-six miles 
 north of London, on the queen's highway, then an 
 important place in the days of post roads. William 
 Brewster was born in 1566 or 1567 — the exact date 
 is uncertain — in the old manor house at Scrooby. 
 At fourteen he was matriculated at Cambridge, but 
 there seems to be no record that he took his degree. 
 He next appears in history as the private secretary 
 of William Davison, British minister at the Neth- 
 erlands, and afterwards assistant to Walsingham, 
 Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of State. Brewster was, 
 then, close to the throne in service and was, no doubt, 
 much esteemed at court. How he made the acquaint- 
 ance of Davison and gained his confidence we do not 
 know. It seems probable, however, that, inasmuch 
 as Scrooby and the manor house, where dwelt the 
 father of Brewster, was a mail station, Brewster may 
 
 9
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 have here met Davison, in his numerous journeys 
 about the realm on the business of the queen. How- 
 ever this may have been, young Brewster was 
 undoubtedly in the close confidence of Secretary 
 Davison, and when Davison fell, with him fell 
 Brewster. 
 
 The fall of Davison from the queen's service and 
 confidence is closely connected with one of the great 
 tragedies of history. In Fotheringay Castle was con- 
 fined Mary of Scots, a dangerous rival to the queen. 
 There are few to-day who doubt that her death was 
 greatly desired by Elizabeth, for that event would 
 remove from earth her greatest enemy and most for- 
 midable political opponent. But Elizabeth, greatly 
 as she desired the death of her cousin Mary, hesitated 
 to make the final decision. Urged by her Ministers 
 of State, Elizabeth at length ordered the death war- 
 rant to be drawn, but she still hesitated to order it to 
 be served. Elizabeth, no doubt, was very willing 
 that it should be served, but she did not wish to assume 
 the responsibility herself. Another shoulder must bear 
 this burden. When, therefore, the queen received the 
 intelligence of the death of Mary and learned that 
 the warrant had been forwarded to Fotheringay by 
 her secretary, Davison, she promptly declared that it 
 had been done without her authority, and banished 
 Davison from her presence and service. 
 
 " It is almost certain," writes Dr. John Brown, 
 " that but for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 
 
 10
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 there would have been no Pilgrim church at Scrooby, 
 or at Leyden, no voyage of the Mayflower, and no 
 Elder Brewster in Plymouth church, with all his far- 
 reaching influence in American life." 
 
 Brewster, banished with Davison from the service of 
 the queen, returned to his father's house at Scrooby, 
 in the latter part of the year 1587. His father's health 
 was failing, and he, no doubt, carried much of the 
 burden of the elder man's office of master of the post 
 at this point. Two years later the elder Brewster 
 died, and soon after William Brewster was appointed 
 to the position in his father's place. He was now 
 twenty-three years of age, and for the next seventeen 
 years he occupied the position which his father and 
 his grandfather had filled before him. The position 
 differed somewhat from that of postmaster at the 
 present day, both in England and in this country. 
 The post service in those days was mainly for the 
 transportation of the letters and dispatches of the 
 sovereign. Stations were established in the various 
 villages, at which the post riders were accustomed to 
 stop, change horses, refresh themselves, or perhaps 
 remain over night. Such a station it was the business 
 of William Brewster to keep. There were four great 
 roads which intersected the country, over which the 
 post routes ran, that which passed through Scrooby 
 being one of the most important. We will, therefore, 
 leave William Brewster for a time attending to the 
 duties of his important office, while we consider an- 
 il
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 other of the leaders of the Pilgrim band, whose name 
 has come down to us in honor. 
 
 This man was William Bradford, afterwards and 
 for many years governor of Plymouth Colony. 
 Bradford was born at Austerfield, a village a few 
 miles distant from Scrooby. He was a much younger 
 man than Brewster, having been born in the year in 
 which the latter was made postmaster at Scrooby, 
 The seventeen years which Brewster passed in the 
 transaction of his duties at Scrooby, were the years 
 of Bradford's growth and early education. Auster- 
 field is, and then was, a small village, of less than 
 three hundred inhabitants, chiefly farmers. There is 
 a quaint old church in this village, dedicated to Saint 
 Helen, which dates back to the thirteenth century. 
 From the churchyard wall of this church a stone has 
 been taken by the officers of the church and sent 
 to Provincetown, where it is now seen embedded in 
 the wall of the Pilgrim monument. In this church, 
 March 19, 1589, William Bradford was baptized. 
 The register of the parish, still extant and perfectly 
 legible, records this fact. In a house still standing 
 by the roadside, not far from the church, the future 
 governor of Plymouth was born. 
 
 Such was the region in which it rose, and such the 
 leaders of a company of Separatists who, at Gains- 
 borough, in 1602, formed themselves into a commu- 
 nity. The town of Gainsborough is one of the most 
 ancient in the kingdom. Here, on the banks of the 
 
 12
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 Trent, once stood the palace in which King Alfred 
 was married. Here Canute was proclaimed King of 
 England; and here in an old hall, which still stands, 
 King Henry VIII. held court in 1541, after passing 
 a night in Scrooby manor house. It was once a quaint 
 old town, with its red-tiled roofs, its doorsteps of yel- 
 low, and its shutters of bright green, vying in its 
 brilliancy with the grass of the meadows. Across the 
 Trent could be seen the church toM^ers of Scrooby, but 
 a few miles away, the great fields of waving wheat and 
 the comfortable dwellings of the village lying between. 
 The pastor of the church at Gainsborough was John 
 Smyth, a graduate of Cambridge, who became im- 
 bued with the spirit of the Separatists and urged 
 upon his people his opinions, until he was driven 
 into exile. A church of the Separatists was formed 
 in his parish, and hither, to sit under his ministry, 
 came William Brewster and William Bradford, from 
 Scrooby and Austerfield, making the journey on foot, 
 Sunday after Sunday. This continued for three or 
 four years, until the Austerfield and Scrooby breth- 
 ren had so increased in numbers that a second church 
 was formed at Scrooby, with Richard Clyfton as pas- 
 tor. Meetings were held on Sundays and the Lord's 
 Supper celebrated frequently in the loft of the stable 
 of the manor house. 
 
 It was in 1603, one year after the formation of the 
 Separatist church at Gainsborough, that death came 
 to Queen Elizabeth, and James, the son of Mary, 
 
 13
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Queen of Scots, came to the throne. On his journey 
 to London to accept the crown, King James passed 
 through Scrooby, a fact of no great moment in itself, 
 but serving to add to the historic interest of the region. 
 The ascension of the throne by James seems to mark 
 an era, however, in the Hfe and career of the Sepa- 
 ratists. The temper of the king toward this rapidly 
 increasing sect was well shown forth in the famous 
 threat against them, which has often been quoted: 
 " I will make them conform, or I will harry them out 
 of the land." About a year after his accession an 
 edict was promulgated, declaring that all must con- 
 form to the Church of England or withdraw from 
 the country. At once the emigration to Holland 
 began anew; and not a few who persisted in the idea 
 that man should be allowed to worship in his own 
 way joined in the migration. But the officers of the 
 crown soon realized the folly of this method of com- 
 bating what they regarded as an evil. It was remem- 
 bered that in times gone by, the country had been 
 flooded with Books of a seditious character, written 
 by exiles in Holland and sent across the North Sea 
 into the eastern counties. The edict of banishment 
 was therefore, after a time, rescinded and the perse- 
 cutions of the Separatists began anew. The attention 
 of the officers of the crown was soon directed toward 
 the Separatists of Scrooby. John Robinson, who had 
 fled to the village from Norwich to escape the perse- 
 cution, had been one of the foremost of the English 
 
 14
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 Separatists. Becoming one with the Scrooby breth- 
 ren, he soon was recognized as a leader among them. 
 Many of his former Norwich congregation had al- 
 ready escaped to Holland, while others had been cast 
 into prison, there to breathe out their lives in suffer- 
 ing and distress. 
 
 At length the brethren at Scrooby and Austerfield 
 were discovered. Hidden away as they had been in 
 these remote English villages, they had long wor- 
 shiped as their consciences had dictated, without dis- 
 turbance from the constituted authorities. It was in 
 the loft of the stable of the old manor house that the 
 brethren held their secret services and communed to- 
 gether. But this secrecy could not always be main- 
 tained. There were informers who had betrayed the 
 brethren of Norwich and of London, and it is not 
 unlikely that the informer also penetrated the quiet 
 little village of Scrooby. A complaint was lodged 
 against Brewster, as being a Brownist and a warrant 
 was issued for his arrest. Fortunately for him and 
 for the rest of the brethren, in some unexplained man- 
 ner, Brewster obtained intelligence of the fate which 
 was impending, and he fled from home to seek an 
 asylum in Holland. Already was the wife of Brew- 
 ster under arrest and he well knew that, should he 
 also fall into the hands of the authorities, both of 
 them would undoubtedly perish in prison. 
 
 It was no slight thing for these devoted people to 
 leave home, abandon their means of livelihood, and 
 
 15
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 seek safety in a foreign land. Especially distressing 
 was it for Brewster to flee, leaving his wife in the 
 clutches of the merciless lawgivers, and abandon the 
 lucrative public office, which his family had held for 
 three generations. But there was no alternative. The 
 officers, when they went to Scrooby to arrest him, 
 found him not; for he was then at Boston, near the 
 seacoast, striving to make arrangements for the mi- 
 gration of himself and of his fellow refugees, across 
 the sea. 
 
 This first movement to escape from England was 
 not carried into effect. The officers, unable to find 
 and arrest Brewster, abandoned their attempt for the 
 present, and Brewster rejoined his now released wife 
 at his old home. But this was not for long. Very 
 soon again the hounds of the law were after him, and 
 again he escaped from them. There was now a law 
 in force forbidding the emigration of anyone from the 
 country without a license. To attempt escape, there- 
 fore, was dangerous, but to remain was dangerous as 
 well. The Scrooby brethren, therefore resolved, at all 
 hazards, to make their way out of the country of their 
 birth and to seek an asylum across the sea. Hastily 
 collecting the few articles of household use which they 
 deemed the most necessary, they went as quietly as 
 possible to Boston, on the coast. There the fugitives 
 met quite a large number of brethren from other vil- 
 lages, all of whom were determined to escape from 
 the country and from persecution. Together they 
 
 16
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 chartered a vessel, agreeing with the master to con- 
 vey them across the North Sea to Holland. It is 
 evident that this agreement must be made secretly, 
 for officers were constantly on the alert to arrest those 
 suspected of planning to emigrate contrary to law. 
 When, therefore, an agreement had been reached for 
 a conveyance across the sea, the Pilgrims believed 
 themselves at the beginning of the end of all their 
 troubles. But they reckoned without the perfidy of 
 man. While agreeing with his prospective passen- 
 gers, the master of the vessel was at the same time 
 plotting to betray them. No sooner had they stepped 
 foot on board, than a posse of officers sprang from 
 hiding and assailed the Pilgrims and their families, 
 nor did even the women escape rude handling at the 
 hands of these rufiiaris. From the ship they were re- 
 moved to the shore and, after being plundered of all 
 their cash, were hustled to prison cells. After a 
 month in jail the unhappy people were sent back to 
 their old home in Scrooby, and this first attempt at 
 migration ended in failure. 
 
 But the Pilgrim spirit was not to be quenched. In 
 the spring of 1608 another attempt was made by the 
 Scrooby Separatists to emigrate to Holland, and 
 this was, after some vicissitudes, successful. Taking 
 warning from their former experience at Boston, they 
 did not make their second attempt at escape at that 
 port, but went to Hull. The route hence was from 
 Gainsborough, by boat down the river Trent to the 
 
 17
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Humber and so to Hull. The household goods and 
 the women and children alone, however, went by 
 this route. Breaking into small companies of two or 
 three each, the men made their way on foot to their 
 place of meeting, a distance of forty miles. Here 
 they were reunited to their families and preparations 
 were made for the embarkation. Arrangements had 
 been made Math a Dutch shipmaster to convey them 
 across the sea, but when all had arrived at Hull they 
 at first met with disappointment, for the vessel had 
 not arrived. Before it was descried approaching, the 
 boat in which the party and their goods had been con- 
 veyed from Gainsborough had become grounded by 
 the falling tide, in a creek in which it had been drawn 
 for additional safety, and it would be several hours 
 before it would float so that the goods could be con- 
 veyed on board the vessel. This delay was disastrous, 
 for during the embarkation the party was set upon 
 by a party of horsemen who were seeking for the 
 fugitives. 
 
 The Dutch captain, fearing trouble for himself, at 
 once hoisted sail and, with a portion of the party who 
 had gone on board, made away. Those on board 
 were, for the most part, the men of the party, and 
 those who fell into the hands of the merciless soldiery 
 were the women and children who, with the house- 
 hold goods, were awaiting embarkation. But after 
 haling them before one magistrate after another, the 
 arresting party released their victims, after stripping 
 
 18
 
 THE ENGLISH SEPARATISTS 
 
 them of all that was of value. The story has never 
 been told how these people at length reached their 
 destination. We hear of them, however, with fam- 
 ilies reunited at last, seeking new homes in the strange 
 country of Holland. 
 
 The life of the Pilgrims in Holland has been writ- 
 ten in detail. More than one has lovingly traced 
 their footsteps there, in Amsterdam and in Leyden, 
 to which latter city they removed after a time, with 
 the hope of bettering their fortunes. Here the Sepa- 
 ratist church of Scrooby was reorganized and the peo- 
 ple for a dozen years lived in amity with all men and 
 at peace with God and their consciences. Poor in- 
 deed they were in worldly goods, for many of them 
 had been stripped of their all in Boston and later at 
 Hull. They had been obliged to abandon their means 
 of livelihood which they had followed at home, and 
 hard indeed was it to take up the broken thread of 
 life and successfully reunite it. But they were happy 
 in their poverty, for they were free from persecution 
 and they could worship in their own way without let 
 or hindrance. " A fair and beautiful city of sweet 
 situation," was Leyden, in the eyes of William Brad- 
 ford, who wrote of it, many years after, and whose 
 record is now one of the most precious possessions of 
 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
 
 II 
 
 THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 
 FOR twelve years the Scrooby colony dwelt at 
 Ley den, and from time to time other exiles 
 were added to their number, until more than 
 three hundred were members of the church, which 
 was under the charge of John Robinson, as pastor. 
 Among these later comers were those who bore 
 names well known in Pilgrim history, among them, 
 Edward Winslow, John Carver, Robert Cushman, 
 and Miles Standish. The record of these people at 
 Leyden is beyond reproach. It is said that, during 
 their entire residence there, not a single accusation of 
 any sort was brought against any of them. " The 
 human reasons for leaving Leyden," writes Dr. John 
 Brown, " which lay near at hand on the surface, were 
 many and forcible, for the conditions of life where 
 they lived were stern and hard, so that few from the 
 mother country cared to come and join them, even 
 preferring the prisons in England to liberty in Hol- 
 land under such conditions ; others who did come soon 
 spent their estates and were forced to return to Eng- 
 land, shrinking from great labor and hard fare. They 
 
 20
 
 EDWARD AVIXSLOW, GOVERNOR OF PLYMOUTH, 
 1633, 1636, 1644. 
 
 ORIGIXAL IX THE POSSESSION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL 
 SOCIETY. THE ONLY PORTRAIT EXTANT OF ANY MEMBER OF 
 THE MAYFLOWER COMPANY.
 
 THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 
 loved the persons of their brethren in Leyden, ap- 
 proved their cause and honored their sufferings, yet 
 were forced to leave them; regretfully they left, as 
 Orpah left Naomi, apologetically, as the Romans left 
 Cato, saying they could not all be Catos. Then, too, 
 what touched the hearts of the exiles keenly was that 
 some of their own children began to sink under the 
 hardships of their lot ; their minds were free and will- 
 ing enough to share their parents' burdens, but their 
 bodies bowed down under the weight of the same, so 
 that they became decrepit even in early youth, and 
 the vigor of nature seemed to be consumed in the bud. 
 While this was true of the more gracious of their chil- 
 dren, others less amenable were drawn aside by the 
 temptations of the city and were led by evil example 
 into extravagant and dangerous courses. Some of 
 their sons enlisted into the armies of the Netherlands, 
 others took service in the Dutch merchantmen, while 
 others again fell into dissolute ways, ' to the great 
 grief of their parents and dishonor of God.' Then, 
 again, there was the fact that the twelve years' truce 
 with Spain would soon come to an end by mere lapse 
 of time, and if they still remained in the country they 
 might find themselves in the stress and straits of an- 
 other Leyden siege. Even if it should not come to 
 this, some of them were distressed by the fact that 
 they could not, in the circumstances in which they 
 found themselves, give to their children such educa- 
 tion as they had themselves received; and they were 
 3 21
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 pained, too, by the open profanation of the Sabbath 
 day prevalent among the Dutch. So rife was this 
 evil that even the Dutch ministers themselves deplored 
 their inability to keep their people away from Sunday 
 sports and labor; and the clergy sent over by King 
 James to represent England at the Synod of Dort 
 felt called upon to move the Synod to make strong 
 representations to the local magistracy on the sub- 
 ject. Further, these exiles were still Englishmen in 
 heart and soul. The spirit of nationality and the love 
 of self-government were too strong within them to 
 permit them to think with equanimity of the possi- 
 bility of their descendants becoming absorbed into 
 the Dutch nation. Then, to quote Bradford's own 
 words : ' Lastly ( and which was not the least ) , a great 
 hope and inward zeal they had of laying some good 
 foundation, or at least to make some way thereunto, 
 for the propagation and advancing of the gospel of 
 Christ in those remote parts of the world ; yea, though 
 they should be but even as stepping stones unto others 
 for the performing of so great a work.' " 
 
 It was therefore determined that a portion at least 
 of the Separatist colony at Leyden should emigrate 
 to some place on the Atlantic seacoast of North 
 America, there to found a colony and make homes 
 for the remaining portion who should follow. It 
 was decided that if the greater part of the colony 
 should elect to go on the first expedition, Mr. Robin- 
 son, their pastor, should go with them; but if the 
 
 22
 
 THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 
 lesser part should form the first company, it should 
 have William Brewster as the ruling elder. iVn ar- 
 rangement was made with the company of Merchant 
 Adventurers to furnish the funds for the expedition, 
 for the Pilgrims themselves were too poor to purchase 
 or charter a vessel and fit it out for the voyage. The 
 company which financed the expedition was to receive 
 its profit from the salt fish, clapboards, shingles, and 
 other products of the new land, which the colonists 
 should be able to gather together. A vessel called the 
 Mayflower was chartered at London, and proceeded 
 to Southampton, conveying on board some of the 
 London brethren, who were to join the party. A 
 smaller vessel, called the Speedwell, was purchased in 
 England and proceeded to Delfthaven, in Holland, 
 there to take on board the Leyden brethren and sail 
 thence for Southampton, where they would meet the 
 brethren from London and make their final departure. 
 
 After much planning and many prayers and con- 
 sultations one with another, the body of Leyden 
 brethren and sisters who were to form the first com- 
 pany left their homes in that city and with their fam- 
 ilies and a few household effects proceeded, probably 
 by canal, to Delfthaven. Here they found the Speed- 
 well awaiting them. One night was passed among 
 friends in the city; the next morning a service of 
 prayer was held in the church, opened to them for the 
 purpose, and the embarkation began. 
 
 There was much weeping and many sad farewells 
 
 23
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 were said, for some were to leave a portion of their 
 families behind and all were to leave friends and 
 home. They were going into a wilderness inhabited 
 only by savages and wild beasts, and some, as the 
 future proved, were bidding their last farewells to 
 their loved ones. As the little vessel set sail, a few 
 musket shots were fired from the deck in farewell and 
 one or two shots were also fired from small cannon 
 on board the vessel. 
 
 It was on the 22d of July, 1620 (old style),' that 
 the Speedwell set sail from Delfthaven. The com- 
 pany reached Southampton in safety and there met 
 the friends from London, who were to be of the party. 
 The leader of the Leyden company, in a semi-political 
 sense, was John Carver, who had joined them from 
 London a few years previous. Their spiritual leader 
 was William Brewster, the pastor of the Leyden 
 church, John Robinson, having decided to stay with 
 those who remained behind. After reaching South- 
 ampton, and before leaving that port, the company 
 received two letters from Mr. Robinson, conveying 
 his affectionate regards and much excellent advice. 
 
 Some days were passed in the preparations for the 
 voyage. The arrangements with the Merchant Ad- 
 venturers had not been well made, and required 
 revision. Some time was also passed in making the 
 allotment of the passengers for the two vessels. All 
 arrangements were at length made, and on the fifth 
 
 ^ Corresponding to August 1, new style, 
 
 24
 
 < 

 
 THE VOYAGE OF THE 2MAYFLOWER 
 
 day of August, 1620, the Mayflower and the Speed- 
 well set sail from Southampton for their destination. 
 There were in the entire company one hundred and 
 twenty persons, of whom ninety took passage in the 
 Mayflower and thirty in the Speedwell. These were 
 not all of the Pilgrim party, for, besides the crews of 
 the vessels, there were some mechanics who joined the 
 party, either from a pure spirit of adventure, or being 
 persuaded to do so, that they might assist the com- 
 pany in making their settlement, or in their subse- 
 quent life. One of these mechanics, John Alden by 
 name, afterwards became interested in the purposes 
 of the migration and became a true member of the 
 Pilgrim company. His name has been perpetuated 
 as one of the most prominent members of the Plym- 
 outh settlement. A few also accompanied members 
 of the party as servants. The enumeration includes 
 men, women, and children. 
 
 The departure from Southampton was made under 
 the most agreeable auspices and there was every pros- 
 pect of a quick and prosperous voyage. The point 
 of destination was at some place within the bounds of 
 the territory controlled by the Virginia Company, 
 and probably at or near the mouth of the river Hud- 
 son. But the plans of the company soon began to go 
 awry. The Speedwell was soon discovered to be leak- 
 ing badly, and it was quickly apparent that consid- 
 erable repairs were necessary before the long trans- 
 Atlantic voyage should be undertaken. There was 
 
 25
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 nothing to do but for both vessels to turn back; and 
 the port of Dartmouth was made. Here repairs were 
 made, causing a delay of several days. Again the 
 party set sail, and after some days' voyaging it be- 
 came evident that the Speedwell was unseaworthy 
 and that it was exceedingly unsafe to venture farther 
 in her. Again they put back, this time into the har- 
 bor of Plymouth, in the south of England. An ex- 
 amination showed unquestionably that the new spars 
 with which the vessel had been provided were much 
 too heavy for her, and to attempt the voyage in her 
 would be nothing short of suicide for all on board. 
 
 In this dilemma a council was held, and some of 
 the party who had grown faint-hearted decided to 
 abandon the voyage. These were eighteen in number, 
 including, of course, the crew of the Speedwell. The 
 remaining twelve were put on board the already over- 
 crowded Mayflower, making a ship's company of one 
 hundred and two. With this party the, final sailing 
 was made on the sixth day of September, 1620, and 
 the prow of the Mayflower was once more turned 
 westward. 
 
 The troubles which beset the party at the beginning 
 by no means disappeared as the voyage progressed. 
 Severe autumnal storms overtook the vessel and drove 
 her up and down the ocean and far out of her course. 
 One of the great beams of the upperworks of the 
 vessel became badly sprung, and for a time it was 
 feared that the loss of this brace would prove to be 
 
 26
 
 THE PILGRIMS SIGHTING THE HIGHLANDS OF CAPE COD, 
 
 FROM A MURAL PAIXTIXG BY HENRY OLIVER WALKER IX THE 
 MASSACHUSETTS STATE HOUSE, BOSTOX.
 
 THE VOYAGE OF THE MAYFLOWER 
 
 a fatal disaster; but, by means of a strong jack, which 
 one of the mechanics of the party had fortunately 
 brought with him, the necessary repairs were made 
 and the vessel staggered on. More than two months 
 were passed in the voyage before land was sighted. 
 
 At daybreak, on the ninth day of November, a head- 
 land loomed up from the sea, which was after a time 
 identified as the highlands of Cape Cod. So far 
 north was this of their intended destination that the 
 Maij flower turned her prow southward. But a few 
 hours later they found themselves in shoal water and 
 with breakers upon the bow. The captain turned 
 eastward to escape wreck and, taking a wide circuit, 
 skirted the extremity of Cape Cod, entered the bay, 
 and at length dropped anchor in the safe and quiet 
 harbor of Cape Cod, now known as the harbor of 
 Provincetown.
 
 Ill 
 
 THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 IT was the eleventh day of November, 1620, that 
 anchor was dropped in this harbor, " which is a 
 good harbour and pleasant bay," wrote Edward 
 Winslow, in the narrative known as Mourt's Rela- 
 tion, " circled round, except in the entrance, which is 
 about four miles over from land to land, compassed 
 about to the sea, with oaks, pines, juniper, sassafras 
 and other sweet woods. It is a harbour wherein a 
 thousand sail of ships may safely ride." 
 
 The voyage had been long and tempestuous and 
 more than a hundred persons had been prowded into 
 quarters scarcely fit to accommodate half that num- 
 ber with comfort. But, nevertheless, no contagious 
 disease had broken out among the ship's company 
 and but two deaths had occurred during the voyage, 
 the exceptions being one of the seamen and a young 
 lad who had accompanied one of the families as a 
 servant. 
 
 *' This day, before we came to harbour," writes 
 Winslow, " observing some not well affected to unity 
 and concord, and gave some appearance of faction, 
 
 28
 
 THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 it was thought good there should be an association 
 and agreement that we should combine together in 
 one body and submit to such government and gov- 
 ernors as we should, by common consent, agree to 
 make and choose." 
 
 Now, particularly, William Bradford records that 
 this agreement then made was " occasioned partly by 
 ye discontented and mutinous speeches that some of 
 the strangers amongst them had let fall from them 
 in ye ships — that when they cam ashore they would 
 use their owne libertie; for none had power to com- 
 mand them, the patents they had being for Virginia 
 and not for New England, which belonged to another 
 government, with which ye Virginia Company had 
 nothing to doe ; and partly that such an acte by them 
 done (this their condition considered) might be as 
 firm as any patent and in some respects more sure. 
 The forme was as foUoweth," 
 
 THE COMPACT 
 
 In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are 
 underwTitten, the loyall subjects of our dread sov- 
 eraigne Lord, King James, by ye grace of God, of 
 Great Britian, Franc and Ireland, King, Defender 
 of ye Faith, etc., haveing undertaken, for ye glorie 
 of God and advancemente of ye Christian faith, and 
 honour of our King and countrie, a voyage to plant 
 ye first colonic in ye Northerne parts of Virginia, doe 
 
 29
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 by these presents solemnly and mutualy in ye pres- 
 ence of God and one of another, covenant and com- 
 bine ourselves togeather into a civill body politick, for 
 our better ordering and preservation and furtherance 
 of ye ends aforesaid, and by vertue hearof to enacte, 
 constitute and frame such just and equall lawes, ordi- 
 nances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to 
 time, as shall be thought most meete and convenient 
 for ye generall good of ye colonic, unto which we 
 promise all due submission and obedience. 
 
 In Witnes whereof we have hereunder subscribed 
 our names, at Cap-Codd ye 11 of November, in ye 
 year of ye raigne of our soveraigne lord King James, 
 of England, France and Ireland ye eighteenth, and 
 of Scotland ye fiftie-fourth. An. Dom. 1620. 
 
 This compact was signed by forty-one men of the 
 Company. This duty performed, John Carver was 
 chosen Governor of the Colony for the year ensuing. 
 
 " Being thus arived in a good harbor," records 
 William Bradford, " and brought safe to land, they 
 fell upon their knees and blessed ye God of heaven, 
 who had brought them over ye vast and furious 
 ocean, and delivered them from all ye perils and mis- 
 eries thereof, againe to set their feete on ye firme and 
 stable earth, their proper elemente." 
 
 The landing being thus made, their first care was 
 to erect " some small cottages for their habitation." 
 
 30
 
 THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 They found it a narrow neck of land, upon which they 
 had landed — which is now known as Long Point — 
 " on this side is the bay and the further side the sea." 
 Upon the day of the landing a party of fifteen or six- 
 teen men, well armed, set out in a small boat, to gather 
 firewood and also to spy out the land, to find if it 
 might be inhabited. At night they returned, their 
 boat laden with sweet-smelling juniper branches, and 
 reported that they had seen no man nor any habitation. 
 Formal or extended voyages of discovery along the 
 coast could not be made at present, for their shallop, 
 or small sailing vessel, they had been obliged to cut 
 down that she might be stowed between decks. Dur- 
 ing the voyage, also, the members of the company 
 had been in the habit of lying in her, so that she had 
 become badly sprung and her seams opened, hence 
 extensive repairs were necessary. It was evident that 
 this place was not wholly suited for a permanent set- 
 tlement, for the water in parts was very shallow, ren- 
 dering it difficult to come to land. Indeed, some of 
 the company in reaching land had been obliged to 
 wade a considerable distance, which in the November 
 weather gave much discomfort and caused some ill- 
 ness among them. But several days must necessarily 
 be passed in the repairs to the shallop. The clothing 
 of the voyagers was in great need of washing, and, 
 that this duty might be performed, the women of the 
 party were taken on shore where there was a creek 
 and pond of fresh water. INIeantime it was deter- 
 
 31
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 mined that the region should be thoroughly explored 
 by land, so that, if possible, a suitable place might be 
 found for final settlement. And so a party of sixteen 
 men was formed, under the command of Captain 
 Miles Standish, which should make an expedition into 
 the country. Each man had his musket upon his 
 shoulder, his sword at his hip, and was girded with a 
 corselet. Three of the wisest men of the company, 
 William Bradford, Stephen Hopkins, and Edward 
 Tilley, were added to the party as a board of coun- 
 selors. On Wednesday, the fifteenth day of Novem- 
 ber, the expedition set out on foot. The party had 
 not proceeded far before they saw approaching a 
 group of men with a dog. These, as they drew near, 
 proved to be Indians, the first whom the voyagers 
 had seen. 
 
 The natives were evidently startled at the appear- 
 ance of these strange beings approaching them, for 
 they turned and rapidly retreated, the explorers fol- 
 lowing. The Indians ran up a hill to see if they were 
 followed, and when they found that the white men 
 were in pursuit, they disappeared, and their pursuers 
 saw them no more. The explorers continued on their 
 waj^ until nightfall, when they encamped for the 
 night, setting sentinels and kindling a fire. The next 
 day the journey was resumed, the party passing a 
 long creek — now known as East Harbor — and be- 
 coming entangled in a great wilderness of under- 
 growth. They were in great need of water, for they 
 
 32
 
 h fe}
 
 THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 had brought none with them, and in the middle of the 
 forenoon they were rejoiced to come upon a spring 
 of fresh water. " Of this," writes Winslow, " we 
 were heartily glad and sat us down and drank our 
 first New England water with as much delight as 
 ever we drank drink in all our lives." 
 
 The course of the cape now turning south, the party 
 went in that direction, and after some adventures they 
 came to a hill, where they found various heaps of 
 earth. On searching these mounds they found a store 
 of Indian corn in a great basket. They found also 
 a great iron kettle, which had doubtless been washed 
 ashore in some wreck. A portion of the corn, after 
 consultation, they decided to take with them, for they 
 had no seed corn and were in great need of it. They 
 resolved that if they should, at any time in the future, 
 meet the owners of the grain they would compensate 
 them for it; and it is recorded that this they after- 
 wards did. And they called the place Corn Hill, 
 which name the eminence bears to this day. 
 
 Still another night was passed in bivouac, and on 
 the second day, approaching the shore upon the har- 
 bor side, they signaled to the ship and were taken 
 off in the long boat, and thus rejoined the company. 
 
 It was thought best to make no further journeys 
 of discovery until the repairs to the sailboat, or shal- 
 lop, should be completed. The time of waiting for 
 the completion of this work was passed in seeking for 
 and cutting timber for a second boat, fitting helves 
 
 33
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 to axes and other tools, and similar occupations. The 
 shallowness of a portion of the harbor made landing 
 difficult. It was November and the water cold, so 
 that many were made ill and some of the company 
 died. A sad accident, also, was the death of Dorothy 
 May, the young wife of William Bradford, who fell 
 overboard from the Mayflower and was drowned. 
 
 On the 27th of November a second expedition of 
 discovery was sent out. The party embarked in 
 boats and crossed the harbor to a place as near as pos- 
 sible to the farthest point reached by the first party. 
 Thence they continued the explorations, and found 
 still other heaps of corn, so that in all ten bushels of 
 seed were provided. A portion of the party returned 
 to the ship with the corn, while the remainder made a 
 bivouac for the night. The next day the march was 
 continued, and some of the graves of the natives were 
 found, and later some of their dwellings. The party 
 then returned to the ship, and it was for a time de- 
 bated whether or not the place of settlement should 
 be fixed at Corn Hill; but it was finally resolved to 
 continue the explorations. During the absence of the 
 second expedition a notable event occurred on board 
 the Mayflower. This was the birth of a son to the 
 wife of William White, who was named Peregrine. 
 This was the second birth since the company had 
 sailed from England, the first having occurred on 
 board ship in mid-ocean. The boy thus born was 
 Oceanus, son of Stephen and Elizabeth Hopkins. 
 
 34
 
 THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 On Wednesday, the sixth of December, 1620, the 
 third expedition of discovery set out. It was under 
 the command of Captain Myles Standish and included 
 John Carver, Wilham Bradford, Edward Winslow, 
 John Tilley, Edward Tilley, John Rowland, Rich- 
 ard Warren, Stephen Hopkins, and Edward Dotey. 
 A number of seamen were added to the company. 
 The expedition set out in the shallop in a heavy north- 
 east wind and intense cold. They crossed the mouth 
 of the harbor and skirted the shore of the Cape, pass- 
 ing Billingsgate point, and discovered WeMeet har- 
 bor. Passing the mouth of the bay, the party landed 
 a few miles southward, where they saw a group of 
 Indians on the shore a few miles distant. Here they 
 bivouacked for the night. 
 
 In the morning of December 7th the company was 
 divided, a portion setting out in the shallop and the 
 remainder by land, pushing their way south. They 
 first explored Wellfleet harbor, thence skirted along 
 the shore, still continuing southward. Presently the 
 party on shore plunged into a piece of woodland and 
 those on board the shallop lost sight of them. Traces 
 of Indians were seen, dwellings and graves and plant- 
 ing ground. Nothing was seen, however, of the party 
 of Indians, of which a ghmpse was had on the previ- 
 ous day. It is probable, however, that the natives had 
 kept the party in sight. At sundown the party re- 
 turned to the shore and there saw the shallop in the 
 distance. The kindling of a fire on shore soon served 
 
 35
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 to reunite the party and preparations were made for 
 a bivouac. During the night strange noises were 
 heard and the sentinels gave an alarm, but silence 
 soon ensued. The enemy, however, was watchful, for 
 early in the morning a sudden attack was made by a 
 party of Indians armed with bows and arrows. Shots 
 were exchanged and the Indians finally fled, leaving 
 on the ground a considerable number of spent arrows, 
 which were collected and sent to the brethren in Eng- 
 land, when the ship made her return voyage. This 
 place, known to the Pilgrims as the place of the First 
 Encounter, has been identified as within the present 
 town of Eastham. 
 
 All now appear to have embarked in the shallop 
 and the journey was continued in a storm of mingled 
 rain and snow. At length, at nightfall, the party 
 neared the entrance of Plymouth harbor. But, on 
 attempting to enter it, laboring in a heavy sea and 
 stiff gale, the shallop suffered an injury to her mast 
 and was well-nigh wrecked. But they bore up for an 
 island in the distance — now known as Clarke's Island 
 — where they, with great difficulty, made a landing. 
 Here they bivouacked in the rain and sleet, passing 
 the night in extreme discomfort. They remained on 
 the island during the ensuing day, which day being 
 Sunday, they desisted from explorations and rested. 
 
 The next day, being Monday, the 11th of Decem- 
 ber, they explored the harbor, finding it of excellent 
 situation, and resolved that here should be their home. 
 
 36
 
 2 a 
 ^ 
 
 -V o 
 
 Z U
 
 THE LANDFALL AT CAPE COD 
 
 So they returned to the harbor of Cape Cod and re- 
 ported the result of their journeyings. This was on 
 the 12th of December. On the 15th the Mayflower 
 weighed anchor and left the " goodly harbor," where 
 she had lain at anchor for upward of a month, and 
 where so many memorable occurrences had happened, 
 and set sail for Plymouth harbor.
 
 IV 
 
 THE monument's STORY 
 
 THE erection of a noble monument at Province- 
 town to commemorate the Pilgrim landfall 
 and the events first narrated marks the com- 
 pletion of a project which for more than fifty years 
 had been in the minds of men. As long ago as the 
 year 1852 a report of a committee was presented in 
 the Massachusetts Senate recommending an appro- 
 priation of three thousand dollars for the erection of a 
 monument on " High Pole Hill," Provincetown, in 
 commemoration of these events. The resolve thus in- 
 troduced provided that it should not become operative 
 unless at least one acre of land on " High Pole Hill " 
 should be conveyed to the Commonwealth, as a site for 
 the proposed monument, and not less than one thou- 
 sand dollars should be added to the sum thus appropri- 
 ated from other sources. Of the committee reporting 
 this resolve, the late Charles C. Haze well, one of the 
 editors of the Boston Traveller, was the chairman. 
 
 Unfortunately, or perhaps fortunately, this resolve 
 failed of passage, and the project was deferred for 
 more than half a century. A few years later, chiefly 
 
 38
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 through the efforts of the late Chief Justice Shaw, a 
 native of the town of Barnstable, a marble tablet was 
 placed in front of the Town Hall, Provincetown — 
 which then stood upon the hill — recording the inci- 
 dents which have made the town historically famous. 
 This tablet bore the inscription: 
 
 In Commemoration of the Arrival of " The Mayflower " in 
 Cape Cod Harbor, and of the first Landing of the Pil- 
 grims in America at this place, November 11, 1620, this 
 Tablet is presented by the Cape Cod Association, Novem- 
 ber 8, 1853. 
 
 This tablet was destroyed in the burning of the 
 Town Hall, February 16, 1877, but in making the 
 excavation for the foundation of the Pilgrim Memo- 
 rial monument, in the summer of 1907, some small 
 fragments of the stone were unearthed. 
 
 In the year 1877 the project for a Pilgrim Memo- 
 rial monument was feebly revived, in a proposition 
 made by the Cape Cod Association of Boston. This 
 went no further, however, than the drafting of a de- 
 sign for a proposed monument, and for fifteen years 
 more the project was allowed to sleep. Early in the 
 year 1892 a number of public-spirited citizens of Cape 
 Cod formed an organization for the purpose of col- 
 lecting funds for the erection of a monument to com- 
 memorate the first landing of the Pilgrims at Cape 
 Cod, November 21, 1620. The organization assumed 
 the name of the Cape Cod Pilgrim ^lemorial Asso- 
 
 39
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ciation, and on February 29, 1892, was incorporated 
 under that designation. The formal act of incorpo- 
 ration follows: 
 
 An Act to Incorporate the Cape Cod Memorial Association of 
 Provincetown. 
 
 Section 1. James H. Hopkins, James Gifford, Artemas P. 
 Hannum, Moses N. Gifford, Howard F. Hopkins, Joseph H. 
 Dyer, their associates and successors are hereby made a corpora- 
 tion by the name of the Cape Cod Memorial Association of 
 Provincetown, for the purpose of erecting at Provincetown a 
 monument, or other suitable memorial or memorials, to commem- 
 orate the arrival of the Mayflower and the landing of the Pil- 
 grims at Provincetown, on the twenty-first day of November in 
 the year sixteen hundred and twenty, and to perpetuate by en- 
 during memorials, the memory of the signing of the compact, the 
 birth of Peregrine White, the death of Dorothy May Bradford, 
 and the other interesting historical incidents connected with the 
 Mayflower, while at anchor in Cape Cod Harbor, and for the 
 purpose of acquiring and holding land upon which to erect such 
 memorials, and of constructing a building or buildings to accom- 
 modate the meetings and to contain the cabinets, collections, and 
 libraries of said Society; with the powers and privileges and sub- 
 ject to the duties set forth in Chapter One Hundred and Fifteen 
 of the Public Statutes and in such other general laws as now are 
 or hereafter may be in force relating to such corporations. 
 
 Section 2. Said corporation may acquire by gift, grant, de- 
 vise or purchase, and hold for the purposes aforesaid, real and 
 personal estate to the value of one hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 Section S. The property, real and personal, of said corpo- 
 ration shall be exempt from taxation in the same manner and to 
 the same extent, as the property of literary, benevolent, char- 
 itable and scientific institutions, incorporated within this Com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 Section 4. This Act shall take effect upon its passage. 
 
 40
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 Upon the passage of the Act of incorporation, the 
 Association was organized by the choice of the fol- 
 lowing officers: 
 
 President, James Gifford, of Provincetown ; Secretary, James 
 H. Hopkins, of Provincetown; Treasurer, Joseph H. Dyer, of 
 Provincetown; Vice-Presidents, Charles T. Swift, of Yarmouth, 
 Henry C. Thacher, of Boston, John Simpkins, of Yarmouth, 
 Charles R. Codman, of Barnstable, Sylvanus B. Phinney, of 
 Barnstable, Isaac N. Keith, of Bourne; Executive Committee, 
 James Gifford, James H. Hopkins, Joseph H. Dyer, Artemas P. 
 Hannum, A. Louis Putnam, Myrick G. Atwood, Moses N. Gif- 
 ford — all of Provincetown ; Auditors, James A. Reed and John D. 
 Hilliard, of Provincetown. 
 
 The association, as thus incorporated and organ- 
 ized, began at once the collection of funds for the 
 purpose of erecting a suitable memorial monument. 
 Within a little more than a year nearly twelve hun- 
 dred dollars was contributed, which sum was placed 
 at interest, with the intent that it should be allowed 
 to accumulate until it should have reached the sum 
 necessary for the erection of a memorial commensu- 
 rate in its appearance, with the dignity and im- 
 portance of the events which it is designed to com- 
 memorate. 
 
 In the spring of 1901 a meeting was held of the 
 Pilgrim Club of Brewster, which in its results proved 
 to be of great importance to the future interests of 
 the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association. At 
 this meeting the vice president of the club, Captain 
 
 41
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 J. Henry Sears, who was presiding in the absence of 
 the president, presented a plan of action for continu- 
 ing, with renewed vigor, the work which the Pilgrim 
 Memorial Association had so auspiciously begun. 
 Cape Cod, and especially the harbor at Provincetown, 
 he thought, had been given scant attention by his- 
 torians in relating the story of the Pilgrims in this 
 country. Here in this harbor was the first landing 
 made, the first prayers said, the Compact — that im- 
 mortal charter of civil liberty — drawn and signed. 
 Here the first white child saw the light and breathed 
 New England air. Here in this soil lie buried the 
 first of the Pilgrims to succumb to the hardships of 
 their journey. Here on Cape Cod the Pilgrims drank 
 their first draught of sweet New England water ; here 
 they met their earliest adventures while exploring the 
 country to find a place of permanent settlement. It 
 is surely fitting, urged Captain Sears, that the project 
 of erecting a great and grand monument to com- 
 memorate these remarkable historical events should be 
 pushed to completion at an early date. 
 
 It was evident that the remarks of Captain Sears 
 were not spoken hastily, nor upon the impulse of the 
 moment. He had undoubtedly thought deeply upon 
 this topic, for there were present at this meeting of 
 the Pilgrim Club several gentlemen who were not 
 members of the club and who had come from other 
 towns expressly to lend their approval to the plan 
 which was to be proposed. Among these were Mr. 
 
 42
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 James Gifford, the president of the Cape Cod Pil- 
 grim Memorial Association ; JNIr. Marshall L. Adams, 
 one of its members, both of Provincetown ; Mr. Eve- 
 rett I. Nye, of Wellileet, and Mr. H. H. Baker, of 
 Hyannis. All of these spoke in terms of great inter- 
 est in approval of the plan proposed by Captain 
 Sears. The result of this meeting was the appoint- 
 ment of a committee of the club, consisting of Captain 
 J. Henry Sears and JVIr. Roland C. Nickerson, to 
 consider the matter still further and to endeavor to 
 arouse an interest in the project. Circular letters 
 were sent out by this committee to persons throughout 
 the various towns of Cape Cod, who were regarded as 
 likely to be interested in the plan. The responses to 
 these circulars were so general and evinced so great 
 an interest in the project, that a second circular was 
 sent out, calling a general meeting of such as might 
 be interested, to be held in the Town Hall at Brew- 
 ster, on Monday, July 15, 1901. 
 
 The meeting thus called was held at the time ap- 
 pointed and was remarkably successful. A large 
 number, both of men and women, were present from 
 all of the towns upon the cape, and the deepest in- 
 terest was manifested. Marshall L. Adams, of Prov- 
 incetown, occupied the chair of the presiding officer, 
 and many addresses were made which evidenced the 
 warm interest which the people of Cape Cod had 
 taken in the object of the meeting. An excellent col- 
 lation was served by the people of Brewster, and 
 
 43
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 when the people separated for their homes at the close 
 of the day, it was evident that an interest and an 
 enthusiasm had been aroused throughout the cape 
 towns which promised well for the full fruition of the 
 project of erecting a monument to commemorate the 
 Pilgrim landfall at Cape Cod. 
 
 It is fortunate that an autograph was preserved of 
 each of the persons present at the meeting of 1901 at 
 OBrewster. They were: 
 
 Cordelia E. Phinney, Barnstable, 
 
 Charles F. Chamberlayne, Bourne, 
 
 Carrie E. Gifford, New Bedford, 
 
 Sarah A, Swift, Yarmouthport, 
 
 Charles F. Swift, Yarmouthport, 
 
 Franklin Crocker, Hyannis, 
 
 Alfred Crocker, Barnstable, 
 
 Heman S. Cook, Provincetown, 
 
 Benjamin C. Sparrow, East Orleans, 
 
 Ralph S. Gifford, Hyannis, 
 
 Ethel M. Brownell, New Bedford, 
 
 Robert A. Dean, Fall River, 
 
 Isaiah D. Snow, Truro, 
 
 Irving H. Rich, Kansas City, Mo., 
 
 Nannie A. Rogers, Wellfleet, 
 
 Thomas Dawes, Brewster, 
 
 Harriet R. Wiley, Wellfleet, 
 
 Henry H. Sears, East Dennis, 
 
 James A. Small, Provincetown, 
 
 A. D. Long, Harwichport, 
 
 E. N. Paine, Brewster, 
 
 Marshall L. Adams, Provincetown, 
 
 Mrs. Marshall L. Adams, Provincetown, 
 
 Edward L. Chase, Hyannis, 
 
 44
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 Moses C. Waterhouse, Bourne, 
 
 Edmund J. Carpenter, Milton, 
 
 Mrs. Clarendon A. Freeman, Chatham, 
 
 Warren J. Nickerson, East Harwich, 
 
 Alexander T. Newcomb, Orleans, 
 
 Isaac G. Lombard, Chicago, 111., 
 
 John H. Clark, Yarmouth, 
 
 Margaret B. Lombard, Chicago, 
 
 I. Cowen, Brewster, 
 
 W. L. Nickerson, Chatham, 
 
 Jennie E. Washburn, Greenfield, 
 
 Annette L. Cobb, Brewster, 
 
 Mrs. Ellen F. Sears, Jamaica Plain, 
 
 Mrs. Hannah B. Wing, Dorchester, 
 
 U. H. Crosby, Brewster, 
 
 Ethel L. Lord, East Brewster, 
 
 Osborn Nickerson, Chatham, 
 
 J. Henry Sears, Brewster, 
 
 Roland C, Nickerson, Brewster, 
 
 Luther Nickerson, Provincetown. 
 
 The next step was to amalgamate the two inter- 
 ests — the formally organized Cape Cod Pilgrim ]Me- 
 morial Association, at Provincetown, and this new 
 and vigorous movement, whose sole object was to 
 further the plans made and already partially carried 
 to completion by the formal organization. This was 
 easily and readily done, for it was merely the infusion 
 of fresh blood and renewed energy into a body still 
 vigorous and interested in the objects of its founda- 
 tion. At the Brewster meeting a committee of five, 
 consisting of J. Henry Sears and Roland C. Nick- 
 erson, of Brewster; Isaac G. Lombard, of Truro; 
 
 45
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Henry H. Baker, of Hyannis, and Osborn Nicker- 
 son, of Chathamport, had been appointed to confer 
 with the officers and members of the Cape Cod Pil- 
 grim Memorial Association, with a view to amending 
 its by-laws and effecting a general renewal of interest 
 in the purposes for which the association had been 
 formed. This committee moved rapidly. On July 
 22, a brief week after the Brewster meeting, the 
 committee met at the beautiful residence of Roland 
 C. Nickerson, in Brewster, since unfortunately de- 
 stroyed by fire. Suggestions were made for a few 
 slight changes in the by-laws of the Pilgrim Memorial 
 Association. On August 15 a meeting of the asso- 
 ciation was held in the Town Hall at Provincetown. 
 This meeting, after the transaction of some formal 
 business, was adjourned to Friday, August 23. On 
 that day the suggestions for amendment of the by- 
 laws were adopted and the date for the annual meet- 
 ing of the association was fixed for Tuesday, Sep- 
 tember 3. 
 
 On that day the annual meeting was held and 
 Moses N. Gifford, of Provincetown, was elected 
 president, with Captain J. Henry Sears as chairman 
 of the board of directors. The movement of the 
 project continued to be rapid. At once subscriptions 
 were opened for memberships in the association and 
 many projects for raising money in promotion of the 
 object of the association were set on foot. A vast 
 amount of energy was at once apparent in the newly 
 
 46
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 constituted board and contributions began to come in 
 rapidly. In less than a year after the reorganization 
 of the association had been effected the amount in the 
 treasury had been more than doubled. 
 
 Meantime the directors determined that this should 
 so far be made a State affair as to enlist the interest 
 of the members of the General Court in the project 
 and, if it might be possible, to obtain an appropria- 
 tion of public moneys for the increase of the building 
 fund. A petition to this end was drawn and pre- 
 sented, accompanied by a resolve for the appropria- 
 tion of the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars for 
 this purpose. This petition and resolve were pre- 
 sented in the session of the General Court for 1902 
 and were referred to the proper committees for con- 
 sideration and report. ]Meantime,t.that no stumbling 
 blocks should be found in the weiy," by vote of the 
 people of the town of Provincetown, the eminence in 
 the center of the town known as Town Hill, or High 
 Pole Hill, was deeded to the Monument Association 
 as a site for the monument. 
 
 The hearing upon this petition before the joint 
 Committee on Ways and INIeans was notable. A full 
 committee was present and all evinced the greatest 
 interest in the purposes and object of the association. 
 The committee was addressed by President Gifford, 
 Henry H. Baker, of Hyannis; Captain Sears, of 
 Brewster, and Edmund J. Carpenter, of Milton. It 
 appeared to be the opinion of the members of the 
 
 47
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 committee that the Commonwealth should not be com- 
 mitted to the donation of money for this purpose, 
 unless the association were willing to bind itself to 
 obtain a similar sum within a stipulated time. " If 
 this appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars is 
 granted," asked a member of the committee of Cap- 
 tain Sears, " how much time does the association re- 
 quire to raise a similar amount, including the sum 
 now in the treasury? " 
 
 The reply of Captain Sears came promptly and 
 vigorously. " We have now some twenty-five hun- 
 dred dollars in the treasury," he said. " If you will 
 give us until the fifth day of July, 1905, I will guar- 
 antee that the entire sum of twenty-five thousand dol- 
 lars will be raised and in the treasury." 
 
 The earnestness^ and enthusiasm of the speakers, 
 and especially T>t' Captain Sears, produced a deep 
 impression upon the minds of the members of the com- 
 mittee, and it presently reported a resolve by which 
 the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars was appro- 
 priated, to be paid out of any funds in the treasury 
 not already appropriated, to the Cape Cod Pilgrim 
 Memorial Association for the purpose of erecting a 
 memorial monument to commemorate the first land- 
 ing of the Pilgrims at Provincetown and the signing 
 of the Compact in Cape Cod harbor. The payment of 
 this sum was contingent, however, upon the posses- 
 sion by the association of an equal sum, on or before 
 July 5, 1905. Hon. Silas N. Reed, of Taunton, 
 
 48
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 and Hon. William A. Nye, of Bournedale, mem- 
 bers of the Senate, were especially enthusiastic 
 for its passage. This resolve was passed by both 
 Houses and signed by Governor Crane in February, 
 1902. 
 
 The efforts to increase the sum in the treasury of 
 the association were now resumed with renewed en- 
 ergy. The annual report of the treasurer for 1903 
 shows a balance of upward of eight thousand dollars 
 in the treasury. The treasurer's report for the year 
 1904 shows a balance of ten thousand dollars. At 
 the annual meeting held in July of this year it was 
 announced that the town of Provincetown had peti- 
 tioned the General Court for authority to contribute 
 the sum of five thousand dollars for the purposes of 
 the association, and that a town meeting was shortly 
 to be called for the purpose of seeing if the town would 
 vote to appropriate that sum. 
 
 But one year now remained in which to raise the 
 sum of ten thousand dollars in order to bring the 
 amount in the treasury to the sum required to make 
 available the amount appropriated by the General 
 Court. The result of the canvass for funds during 
 this year was most gratifying. Several months be- 
 fore the expiration of the stipulated time the entire 
 sum of twenty-five thousand dollars had been con- 
 tributed and paid into the treasury of the association. 
 Of the sum of fifteen thousand dollars raised this 
 year, five thousand dollars had been contributed by 
 
 49
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the Town of Provincetown. The president of the 
 association, with one or two of the directors, shortly 
 before the fifth day of July, called upon the general 
 treasurer of the commonwealth, exhibited the sav- 
 ings bank books and the securities belonging to the 
 association, showing an amount of funds in excess 
 of twenty-five thousand dollars, and the amount 
 appropriated by the commonwealth was promptly 
 paid. 
 
 The report of the treasurer at the annual meeting 
 of the association, held July 18, 1905, showed a bal- 
 ance of cash on hand of $50,646.72. At this meeting 
 Captain J. Henry Sears was elected president of the 
 association. 
 
 Of the individual contributors to this fund, the sum 
 of one thousand dollars each was given by Henry H. 
 Rogers, of Fairhaven; Samuel M. Nickerson, of 
 Brewster; Captain Lorenzo D. Baker, of Wellfleet; 
 E. C. Swift, of Boston; Robert Bac6n, of Boston; 
 J. Henry Sears, of Brewster, and Andrew Carnegie, 
 of New York. 
 
 The New England Society in the City of New 
 York, Clarence H. Mackay, of New York, and Mrs. 
 Bayard Thayer, of Lancaster, each gave five hundred 
 dollars. Nearly three hundred dollars was yielded by 
 balls and whist parties given by citizens of Province- 
 town. A concert given at Brewster yielded upward 
 of one hundred dollars. Two hundred dollars was 
 given by T. Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston, and the 
 
 50
 
 J. HENRY SEARS, PRESIDENT OF THE CAPE COD 
 PILGRIM MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION.
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 number of contributors of the sums of one hundred, 
 seventy-five, and fifty dollars is too large to enumer- 
 ate here. Contributions in smaller sums, the major- 
 ity of contributions being of one dollar each, were 
 received from nearly every State in the Union, some 
 coming from the far West, from the Pacific coast, 
 from Hawaii, and from the Philippine Islands. 
 
 The activities of the president and directors of the 
 association were not confined to the collection of 
 money for the purpose of fulfilling the conditions im- 
 posed by the Commonwealth in the resolve of the Gen- 
 eral Court. Active and persistent efforts were now 
 begun to procure the passage of an act of Congress 
 making appropriations for this object. In two suc- 
 cessive terms of Congress a bill to this effect was 
 presented, passed successfully through the several 
 preliminary stages, was passed by the Senate, and 
 failed of passage in the House of Representatives only 
 because it was not reached before the adjournment of 
 Congress. For three successive winters President 
 Sears took up his residence in Washington at his own 
 expense and devoted his time and energies to the in- 
 terests of this bill. 
 
 The third trial was successful. A bill was reported, 
 providing for the pajTnent of the sum of forty thou- 
 sand dollars from the Treasury of the United States, 
 said payment being contingent upon the contribution 
 of an equal amount by others. The act provided that 
 the design adopted for the proposed monument should 
 
 51
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 be approved by the Secretary of War, the Governor 
 of Massachusetts, and the president of the Cape Cod 
 Pilgrim Memorial Association. By the terms of the 
 act, also, the money thus appropriated was to be ex- 
 pended under their direction. 
 
 The bill was referred to the House Committee on 
 Library and a hearing was held, which was attended 
 by President Sears, of the Memorial Association, 
 Henry H. Baker, of Hyannis, Mass., and William 
 B. Lawrence, of Medford, Mass., members of the 
 board of directors. Captain Sears addressed the com- 
 mittee in some remarks chiefly of an historical nature, 
 urging the appropriation as a proper recognition of 
 one of the most important historic events in the early 
 history of our country. 
 
 " The Pilgrims," said Captain Sears, " left Plym- 
 outh in September under a charter for a settlement in 
 Virginia. On the 8th of November they arrived at 
 Cape Cod, in cold, severe weather, intending then to 
 go South to Virginia. After sailing with head winds 
 for three days they put back into Cape Cod harbor, 
 where they arrived on the 11th of November, old style, 
 the 21st of November, new style, and anchored in the 
 harbor. That afternoon, before going on shore, they 
 drew up a compact, which was the basis of all civil 
 government in this country. 
 
 *' While they remained in Cape Cod (now Prov- 
 incetown) harbor, where the Mayflower was anchored, 
 they surveyed the different places along the cape, 
 
 52
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 looking for a place of settlement, and they finally- 
 decided to make a settlement at the spot which they 
 called Plymouth. They then returned to Cape Cod 
 harbor and took their craft, the Mayflower, over to 
 Plymouth, arriving there on the 22d day of Decem- 
 ber, which is always celebrated as Forefathers' Day. 
 This is the day on which five men landed from the 
 ship on Clarke's Island, in Plymouth harbor. Plym- 
 outh is the first settlement, and has always been recog- 
 nized as such. 
 
 " In the center of the town of Provincetown, which 
 is on the shore of the harbor of Cape Cod, is a hill 
 about one hundred feet high, and we propose to put 
 up a monument on that hill just as high as we have 
 money enough to build. We can build for one hun- 
 dred thousand dollars, or perhaps a little less, a monu- 
 ment two hundred and fifty feet high, of rough rock. 
 It is not the idea to have anything very elaborate,' but 
 to have plain, rough stone, just as high as possible. 
 A monument two hundred feet high on that hill could 
 be seen from every town on Cape Cod and could be 
 seen from every vessel, in any reasonably fair weather, 
 coming in or going out of INIassachusetts Bay. That 
 would be an admirable landmark, particularly in the 
 daytime, where the shore is low, for vessels approach- 
 ing the coast. Steamers coming in could see that 
 monument long before they could see any land. There 
 is no land one hundred feet high in that vicinity, ex- 
 cept that hill, where we propose to put this monument. 
 5 53
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 We think that it would be an excellent object lesson 
 to those coming into the country, both as a landmark 
 which shall point out the place of the first landing of 
 the New Eingland settlers and as well as a commemo- 
 ration of the execution of the first charter of a true 
 democratic government known in human history. 
 
 " The State of Massachusetts has been very liberal 
 in granting us an appropriation of twenty-five thou- 
 sand dollars. We have raised twenty-five thousand 
 more by private subscription, and we now ask the aid 
 of the general government, so that we can build a 
 monument which will be commensurate with the dig- 
 nity and greatness of the event which it is to com- 
 memorate." 
 
 Mr. Henry H. Baker said that he desired to say, 
 in addition to what Captain Sears had said, that he 
 came to Washington to represent chiefly the people 
 of Cape Cod, a small county of Massachusetts, of only 
 about twenty-five thousand people. " We are very 
 sorry," said Mr. Baker, " that we are so poor in ma- 
 terial resources, but we do feel that we are rich in 
 historical memories and traditions. Most of the peo- 
 ple who live down there are descended from the Pil- 
 grims, and so I have come from Cape Cod, gentlemen, 
 to express to you the hearty feeling of the people of 
 that community with reference to this matter. 
 
 " Provincetown, where this monument is to be built, 
 is an ideal location. Here all the steamers going from 
 Boston to New York and to Philadelphia and Savan- 
 
 54
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 nah, and all the Southern ports, will pass within sight 
 of that monument, if it is built two hundred, or two 
 hundred and fifty feet high, so that everybody upon 
 the decks of those vessels will inquire what it is, and 
 in that way it will be an educational feature. In addi- 
 tion to that, every incoming foreign steamer, bringing 
 immigrants to our shores, when it sails into Boston 
 harbor will pass that monument. What an object- 
 lesson will it be to him ! 
 
 " From an historical point of view, of course, the 
 first landing in Cape Cod harbor is important; but 
 it is not important in comparison with the historic 
 significance of the signing of the Compact in this 
 harbor. The signing of that Compact, as Mr. John 
 Fiske says, was a historical landmark; one of the 
 great beacon lights, one of the great historical facts 
 that ought to be put side by side with the discovery 
 of America by Columbus, and one of the very impor- 
 tant events which has not, up to this time, received 
 the historical recognition which its historical signifi- 
 cance warrants. Now for that reason we have come 
 to the national government, because it seems to us 
 that this matter is differentiated, is separated from 
 the question of building a monument for some favor- 
 ite son, no matter how eminent he may have been. 
 That is a matter of local pride ; that is a matter which 
 should be met by private subscription; but here is a 
 matter in which the United States government is as 
 much interested, and should have a part in, as well as 
 
 55
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 a state government; as well as the gentlemen who are 
 descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims, who have 
 contributed as liberally as their means will allow; as 
 well as the people down on Cape Cod who are giving 
 their one dollar, or two dollars, as they can afford, 
 because this is a matter of national importance, of 
 national significance. 
 
 " The Plymouth and the Mayflower societies are 
 heartily in sympathy and cooperation with us in this 
 matter. The secretary of the Mayflower Society in 
 New York City, before the last annual meeting, sent 
 out circulars relating to this matter to all the mem- 
 bers of his society. At the hearing before the Ways 
 and Means Committee of the Massachusetts Legisla- 
 ture, Dr. Myles Standish, the president of the May- 
 flower Society, and Mr. Arthur Lord, the president 
 of the Plymouth Society, were present. There is no 
 rivalry nor ill-feeling between Provincetown and 
 Plymouth; we recognize the importance of Plymouth 
 as the place of the Pilgrim settlement, and Plymouth 
 people are generally cordial toward this project. 
 
 " There is just one more point that I desire to 
 emphasize, and this is the practical utility of this 
 monument at Provincetown. Along the coast the 
 government of the United States has spent a great 
 deal of money in the way of life-saving stations and 
 things of that sort, and certainly this monument, set 
 upon this hill, would be a great benefit as a landmark, 
 a point from which vessels could get their bearings. 
 
 56
 
 RAYMOND A. HOPKINS. 
 
 HENRY H. SEARS. 
 
 DIRECTORS OF THE CAPE COD PILGRIM MEMORIAL 
 ASSOCIATION.
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 For this purpose it would be of almost immeasurable 
 importance." 
 
 The representations made by these gentlemen pre- 
 vailed with the committee. A favorable report was 
 made and the act was passed and received the signa- 
 ture of President Roosevelt in June, 1906. The pen 
 with which the act was signed was presented by him 
 to the association, and is now one of its most cherished 
 possessions. 
 
 The passage of this act assured the complete suc- 
 cess of the plan of erecting a monument at Province- 
 town, to commemorate the first landing of the Pil- 
 grims and the signing of the Compact of government 
 in Cape Cod harbor. The provision named in the act, 
 that an equal sum should first be contributed from 
 other sources, having already been complied with, the 
 money was promptly paid out of the Treasury of the 
 United States. At the annual meeting of the asso- 
 ciation, held in July, 1907, the cash assets of the cor- 
 poration, available to be applied to the erection of 
 the proposed monument, amounted to about $92,- 
 000, a sum regarded as amply sufficient for the 
 purpose. 
 
 The site unanimously chosen, that upon Town Hill^ 
 had already been conveyed to the association by the 
 Town of Provincetown. The contract for the foun- 
 dation had been made and at the moment of the ses- 
 sion of the annual meeting active operations were in^ 
 progress. 
 
 57
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 The officers of the association, elected at the annual 
 meeting of 1907, were these: 
 
 President, 
 
 Vice Presidents, 
 
 Directors, 
 
 Treasurer, 
 •Secretary, 
 
 J. Henry Sears. 
 
 Dr. Edward Everett Hale, Boston, 
 
 Dr. Myles Standish, Boston, 
 
 Miss Priscilla S. Nickerson, Boston, 
 
 General Charles H. Taylor, Boston, 
 
 Edwin A. Grozier, Boston, 
 
 Dr. Gorham Bacon, New York, 
 
 Richard Henry Greene, New York, 
 
 Mrs. M. P. Nickerson, East Brewster, 
 
 Mrs. Mabel Simpkins Agassiz, Yarmouthport, 
 
 Hon. Arthur Lord, Plymouth, 
 
 Hon. David G. Pratt, North Middleborough, 
 
 Captain Lorenzo D. Baker, Wellfleet, 
 
 Hon, William C. Lovering, Taunton, 
 
 Frank B. Tobey, Chicago, 
 
 Alfred Crocker, Barnstable, 
 
 Moses N. Gifford, Provincetown, 
 
 A. L. Thorndike, Brewster, 
 
 Eben S. S. Keith, Sagamore, 
 
 Judge Henry V. Freeman, Chicago, 
 
 Judge R. A. Hopkins, Provincetown. 
 
 J. Henry Sears, Brewster, 
 
 Thomas G. Thacher, Yarmouthport, 
 
 Hon. William B. Lawrence, Medford, 
 
 Henry H, Baker, Hyannis, 
 
 Captain Lorenzo D. Baker, Wellfleet, 
 
 Hon. Edward B. Atwood, Plymouth, 
 
 Henry H. Sears, East Dennis, 
 
 Osborn Nickerson, Chathamport. 
 
 Howard F. Hopkins, Provincetown. 
 
 Osborn Nickerson, Chathamport. 
 
 58
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 At this meeting, by a vote of the association, the 
 directors were empowered and directed to make all 
 necessary arrangements for the laying of the corner 
 stone of the proposed monument on August 20 of 
 the same year. This was but the formal recognition 
 of the arrangements already made by the board of 
 directors. For several months they had been engaged 
 in making plans for the ceremony which meant the 
 solemn beginning of the great work so long con- 
 templated. 
 
 The Grand Master of Masons in Massachusetts 
 and his corps of officers had been invited to perform 
 the formal ceremony of laying the corner stone, after 
 the ancient and time-honored usage of the Order, 
 and the invitation had been accepted. President 
 Roosevelt, at the earnest request of Hon. Henry 
 Cabot Lodge and Hon. Winthrop Murray Crane, 
 Senators for Massachusetts, and others, had consented 
 to make the principal address of the occasion, and the 
 event promised to be one of great historic interest in 
 the annals of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 
 An admirable and interesting coincidence w^as found 
 in the fact that the Presidential yacht, on which the 
 President of the United States was to arrive in Prov- 
 incetown harbor from his summer home at Oyster 
 Bay, Long Island, bore the historic name of May- 
 flower. The circumstance was deemed most striking 
 that, two hundred and eighty-seven years after the 
 arrival of the Mayflower of old in these waters, her 
 
 59
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 modern namesake should come to do honor to her 
 and to her passengers, bearing the President of the 
 wealthiest and one of the most powerful nations on 
 earth — a nation sprung, like a mighty oak, from the 
 tiny acorn planted upon these shores. 
 
 The work upon the construction of the foundation 
 of the monument was begun by the contractors for 
 that work, the Aberthaw Construction Company, of 
 Boston, in June, 1907. On the twentieth day of that 
 month the first shovelful of earth was thrown out, 
 without formal ceremony, and the foundation was 
 completed on the eighth day of August. The exca- 
 vation for the foundation was sixty feet square and 
 had a depth of eight feet below the surface of the 
 ground. The foundation was a solid mass of con- 
 crete, reinforced at intervals of five inches with lay- 
 ers of rods of twisted steel, placed eighteen inches 
 apart. At each of the four corners of the foundation 
 arose six rods of twisted steel, which were securely 
 fixed in the concrete of the foundation, far below the 
 surface. Above the surface of the ground the foun- 
 dation rose to a height of five feet, but gradually 
 lessening in superficial area until at the top it reached 
 the dimensions of twenty-eight feet square. The ma- 
 terial taken from the excavation was then employed 
 in raising the grade of the surrounding soil to the 
 level of the foundation. 
 
 The foundation being thus completed, upon the 
 northeast corner was erected a stout derrick, from 
 
 60
 
 J. HENRY SEARS, 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 OSBORNE NICKERSON, 
 SECRETARY. 
 
 HOWARD F. HOPKINS, 
 TREASURER. 
 
 LORENZO D. BAKER, JR. 
 
 EVERETT I. NYE. 
 
 DIRECTORS OF THE CAPE COD PILGRIM MEMORIAL 
 ASSOCIATION.
 
 THE MONUMENT'S STORY 
 
 which was suspended the corner stone, a massive block 
 of North Carolina granite, weighing forty-eight hun- 
 dred pounds, the gift of the Van Amringe Granite 
 Company, of Boston. All was now ready for the 
 formal exercises of laying the stone.
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 THE corner stone of the monument was laid on 
 August 20, 1907, with imposing ceremonies. 
 These exercises were conducted by the Grand 
 Lodge of Masons in Massachusetts, assisted by Theo- 
 dore Roosevelt, President of the United States, and 
 by Curtis Guild, Jr., Governor of Massachusetts, 
 both members of the Masonic Order. It had first 
 been intended that these ceremonies should be held on 
 the fifteenth day of August, the anniversary of the 
 sailing of the Mayflower from Southampton, but the 
 directors were obliged to consent to a postponement 
 on account of the inability of Governor Guild to be 
 present, by reason of official engagements elsewhere. 
 To their regret, therefore, the date first arranged was 
 abandoned and a date of no peculiar significance was 
 substituted. 
 
 President Roosevelt arrived in Provincetown har- 
 bor on the morning of August 20 in the Presiden- 
 tial yacht Mayflower, which was given an anchorage 
 as near as possible to the place which tradition assigns 
 as the anchoring place of the historic Mayflower. 
 
 62
 
 Copyright by Pach Bros., N. Y. 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES.
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 On entering the harbor the yacht passed through a 
 lane composed of eight battleships, in two squadrons. 
 The first of these, comprising the battleships Virginiay 
 New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Georgia, was com- 
 manded by Admiral Thomas; the second, comprising 
 the Alabama, Illinois, Kearsarge, and Kentucky, was 
 in command of Admiral Davis, who was also the com- 
 mander-in-chief of the entire squadron. The 3Iay- 
 flower was convoyed from the President's summer 
 home at Oyster Bay, Long Island, by tw^o torpedo 
 boats. On the arrival of the President's yacht the 
 signal was given on board the Virginia, when a 
 Presidential salute of twenty-one guns boomed forth 
 simultaneously from the eight battleships, awakening 
 the echoes and filling the air with sound. 
 
 President Roosevelt was received at the pier by 
 President Sears, of the Pilgrim Monument Associa- 
 tion, and by the selectmen of the town and a com- 
 mittee of citizens, and was at once conveyed in an 
 open carriage to the summit of Town Hill, where the 
 ceremonies of the day were to be held. Admirals 
 Davis and Thomas, with the commanders of the bat- 
 tleships in the harbor, and Governor Guild, with 
 members of his staff, were also present at the pier to 
 greet the President, and joined in the escort to the 
 hill. From the head of the pier to the summit the 
 way was lined with marines, a landing party of 1,500 
 having been sent to the shore, at the request of Presi- 
 dent Sears, to preserve order and to afford protection 
 
 63
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 to the President. The arrival and reception of the 
 President was thus graphically described by one of 
 the newspapers of the day: 
 
 ** Almost with the dawn of the morning sun Prov- 
 incetown was astir and out watching for the May- 
 flower with the President on board. It was no use 
 to say that he was not due until somewhere in the 
 neighborhood of eleven o'clock, for the people who 
 have followed his course and are fully acquainted 
 with his strenuous tendencies had faith implicit that 
 he would be at least a trifle ahead of the regular 
 schedule. 
 
 " ' Teddy will get here before he is really expected,' 
 they said, and they were not a whit disappointed. 
 
 " Great was the sight looking out into the harbor 
 and the bay, and far off to sea, where Vineyard Sound 
 spreads out for miles and miles, for no better morn- 
 ing, even in the days of the Pilgrims, ever broke 
 forth on a Cape Cod shore. 
 
 " Slowly the hosts ascended to the top of Town 
 Hill, that magnificent pile of sand rising over the 
 very topmost spires of the quaint town, where the 
 monument is to be erected, and where the very pin- 
 nacles of the big grandstand offered an advantageous 
 site for the very first sight of the Mayflower as she 
 rounded into view. And there she was. It was just 
 nine o'clock when the little tinge of black smoke far 
 off on the horizon proclaimed her coming. Pollock
 
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 = H § 
 
 ^ ^ s 
 
 E ?, O 
 
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 r - S 
 
 ^ Cfi ^ 
 
 a ;::: a 
 
 ^ ^ o 
 
 ^ o ^ 
 
 < s ^ 
 Sk2 
 
 cTj o o 
 
 >-• a Q 
 
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 kH Q
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Rip Shoals had been passed, and the gallant vessel, 
 bearing the one whose coming was so eagerly awaited, 
 was fast approaching. It was a glorious sight, and 
 one that will never be forgotten by the thousands 
 who had gathered to witness the approach. 
 
 " Out to the left of that great marine picture, such 
 as no living or dead artist could have done justice 
 to, lay Provincetown harbor itself, with its eight 
 great battleships dressed in gala array. Farther in 
 lay the fleet of gaudily bedecked pleasure yachts, 
 more than two hundred in number. Nearer the pier 
 was the Newport, having on board Governor Guild, 
 members of his staff, and Nathan Haskell Dole, the 
 odist of the day. 
 
 " Admiral Thomas, commanding the second di- 
 vision of the first squadron, had his ships, the Vir- 
 ginia, the New Jersey, the Rhode Island, and the 
 Georgia, lined up with anchors out fore and aft to 
 keep them in alignment, and in a parallel position, 
 one hundred yards farther away to the right, lay the 
 ships of Admiral Davis, the Alabama, Illinois, Kear- 
 sarge, and Kentucky. For the lane thus formed 
 between the big ships the Mayflower headed as she 
 turned Long Point, the destroyers following and 
 slightly spreading out close in her wake. 
 
 " Then the signal flared on the Virginia, and the 
 great guns boomed their welcome to these hospitable 
 waters of Cape Cod. 
 
 " Down the lane came the Mayflower, perhaps over 
 
 65
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 just such a course as that taken by the Pilgrim ship 
 of similar name and whose memorable voyage had 
 brought the newer Mayflower here to-day. 
 
 " As she passed each battleship the Presidential 
 salute was given, the very flame of the guns being 
 observed from the hill, until it seemed as though the 
 Mayflower would be lost to view in the great haze of 
 powder smoke. 
 
 " Then the mud hook went plunging down and the 
 President was ready for the official welcome that soon 
 came, for members of the reception committee from 
 the town, with Governor Guild, who had come after 
 the Mayflower had been sighted, with members of his 
 staff, as also Admirals Davis and Thomas with their 
 aids, had gathered at the big pier to greet him. While 
 the President was making his preparations to leave 
 the vessel the other big ships were kept busy put- 
 ting the big shore contingent of 1,500 in the launches, 
 which were towed in barge fashion by the steam cut- 
 ters to a landing place farther up the wharf than 
 that reserved for the Presidential party. 
 
 *' The men, under the command of Captain Seaton 
 Schroeder, U. S. N., of the Virginia, made a very fine 
 appearance as they sprang into line following the 
 disembarkment, and were soon marching to the sound 
 of music of their bands to the assigned places that 
 awaited them. All the troops, including the marines 
 and jackies, were so spread out that they covered the 
 entire route of the President's course through Com- 
 
 66
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 mercial Street, Ryder Street, and Parallel Street to 
 the hilltop and the great stand. 
 
 " At ten thirty o'clock it was seen that President 
 Roosevelt was leaving the May flowery and then it 
 was that the secret service men, under the direction 
 of their chief, JNIcHugh, who is regarded as a model 
 for knowing just how to guard a President, got busy. 
 With the aid of the marines and the police the pier 
 was practically closed to all, and even the newspaper 
 photographers, who were awaiting the chance to get 
 a ' snap ' at Teddy as he came up the landing place, 
 were unceremoniously thrust back with the other 
 would-be onlookers. 
 
 " When the wharf was at last reached and he had 
 stepped ashore. Governor Guild, with General Brig- 
 ham, General Emery, Colonel George T. Doty, 
 Major Edward Glines, Colonel Bailey, and Colonel 
 Wolcott, members of his personal staff, and J. Henry 
 Sears, the president of the Pilgrim Memorial Asso- 
 ciation, and Chairman Allen of the local Selectmen, 
 gathered about him. All were presented by the 
 Governor. 
 
 " Then in another moment the President had en- 
 tered his carriage. Seated beside him, as the line of 
 march was taken up, were Governor Guild and Presi- 
 dent Sears; and Mrs. Roosevelt, who had landed in 
 company with the wife of Admiral Davis and the 
 latter's charming daughter, were soon following in 
 the second vehicle. 
 
 67
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 " As the carriages reached the densely packed street, 
 the cheers that greeted the Chief Executive and the 
 Governor of the State were almost deafening. Men 
 stood on fences, and women and children from every 
 conceivable point of vantage took up the cry that re- 
 sounded, ' Roosevelt,' * Welcome! ' ' Hurrah! ' They 
 were merged into one great shout, it seemed, that 
 echoed back from the Town Hill, only to be renewed 
 as the cortege passed. ' Here he comes ! ' were the 
 shouts of the multitude that lined the narrow thor- 
 oughfare. 
 
 " The grand stands, of homely erection, improvised 
 for the occasion in the yards of dwellings, their de- 
 fects to the eye covered by bright masses of bunting, 
 and the chairs without occupants, for all were stand- 
 ing for that first glance that makes it all the more 
 satisfactory because of the expectation, gave him their 
 cheers now, and some perhaps among the older occu- 
 pants their Godspeeds, as he passed. 
 
 " It was nothing but cheers and handclapping, of 
 the nature that raises sundry blisters, all the way up 
 the narrow defiles and around the turns, past the 
 gayly decorated Town Hall, where the banquet was 
 to be later held, and up the long stretch of winding 
 hill to the great grandstand. 
 
 " In the streets themselves, some of which are not 
 more than thirty feet in width, the throngs were 
 packed in and kept back by the jackies and marines. 
 
 " And as for the President, he was cordiality itself 
 
 68
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 all the way, though the sun was hot and the clouds of 
 dust stirred up by the tramp-tramp of the escorting 
 guard sometimes came full into his bronzed face. 
 And when the people caught that oft-caricatured 
 smile, the white teeth peering forth, the firm-set 
 mouth and closely cropped mustache, the eye glasses, 
 and the sturdy frame, they fairly went wild in their 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 " Had it been permitted, the enthusiastic bystand- 
 ers would have taken the horses from the carriage and 
 drawn the vehicle themselves. The veteran driver, 
 * Si ' Young, however, would not have permitted 
 this." 
 
 After the President, whose carriage was preceded 
 by a guard of twenty-five marines with ball cartridges 
 in their belts, the same number followed, and then 
 came the carriages with the ladies. Mrs. Roosevelt 
 attracted great attention, and she, too, was smiling, 
 attended as she was by her daughter, Miss Ethel, and 
 her son Quentin. Upon the hill an ample platform 
 had been built, surrounded on three sides by rising 
 seats for the accommodation of the people. It had 
 been designed to hold first the formal Masonic service 
 of laying the corner stone, the addresses of the Presi- 
 dent and others to follow. The special trains con- 
 veying the Grand Lodge and its escort, Sutton Com- 
 mandery. Knights Templars of New Bedford, was 
 unfortunately delayed, and it was at last determined 
 to proceed with the exercises and hold these solemni- 
 6 69
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ties after the formal addresses. President Sears, 
 therefore, after prayer by the Rev. Samuel A. Eliot, 
 D.D., introduced Governor Guild, speaking as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT SEARS 
 
 We are gathered here to-day to lay the corner 
 stone of the monument which will commemorate for 
 years to come an important event in the history of 
 what is now the United States. Down in the harbor 
 lies the Mayflower, where, two hundred and eighty- 
 seven years ago, another Mayflower dropped her 
 anchor. In this same harbor those who came on the 
 first Mayflower rested in their search for a home 
 where they might find peace. In this same harbor 
 they drew up the Compact which afterwards became 
 the basis of our present Constitution. For these long 
 centuries this country of ours has remained as those 
 Pilgrims began it, a haven where others might come 
 and find peace and a home. It is fitting, therefore, 
 that we of this later day who have profited by the 
 events that have occurred here should hold this place 
 always in our hearts. It is fitting, also, that we should 
 set up a sign to mark the spot where these events, of 
 so much importance to the future, took place. And 
 so we propose to build here, with the funds contrib- 
 uted by thousands of individuals^ by the State of 
 Massachusetts, and by the United States, a single 
 column that shall rise two hundred and fifty feet into 
 
 70
 
 REVEREND SAMUEL A. ELIOT.
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 the air and mark, for all those who travel by land or 
 sea within a distance of thirty miles, this historic 
 ground. A monument that shall be a reminder to all 
 men, wherever they may be, that here in our land they 
 shall find freedom in thought and action and peace 
 and a home. 
 
 The project of erecting a monument here has long 
 been thought of. As long ago as 1852 a report of a 
 committee was presented to the JNIassachusetts Sen- 
 ate, recommending an appropriation of $3,000 for 
 the erecting of a monument on High Pole Hill in 
 commemoration of these events. This resolve failed, 
 and the project was deferred for twenty-five years. 
 In 1877 the matter of building a monument was again 
 brought up by the Cape Cod Association of Boston, 
 a design for a proposed monument was drafted, and 
 there the matter was left. Nothing more was done 
 for fifteen years, when, in 1892, the Cape Cod Pil- 
 grim JNIemorial Association of Provincetown was 
 founded by a number of public-spirited citizens and 
 was incorporated under that name. 
 
 They at once commenced collecting funds for the 
 purpose of building a monument, and within a year 
 had collected $1,200; but little progress was made for 
 the next ten years, when, in 1901, the matter was 
 taken up by the Pilgrim Club of Brewster, and the 
 sum of $95,000 has been collected. From this place 
 where we now stand the course of the Pilgrims in 
 search of a home can be traced, and in the distance 
 
 71
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 can be seen Plymouth, their first settlement and their 
 new home. 
 
 Mr. Sears then introduced Governor Guild, who 
 spoke briefly in a historic vein. 
 
 With a graceful reference to Ambassador Bryce 
 as the *' beloved representative of our mother coun- 
 try," the Governor began his remarks, and then 
 said: 
 
 ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR GUILD 
 " Remove not the ancient landmark." 
 
 We come not to remove, but to embellish. 
 
 Cape Cod itself, thrust out like a protecting arm 
 to embrace and guard the venturesome who dared 
 imagined terrors of sea serpent and kraken, as well 
 as real perils of fog and tempest, is the true monu- 
 ment not to one ship's crew only, but to. all the sailor 
 men who, one after the other, pushed valiantly across 
 the first ocean known to Europe that the West might 
 be added to the East. 
 
 Hitherward were at least turned the prows of St. 
 Brendan and of Madoc of Wales. Here did Ice- 
 lander and Greenlander guide their long sea snakes 
 over the path of the swans, wondering at the sand 
 dunes, which they called the long beaches, before ever 
 Isle ISTauset had sunk into the sea, setting up the keel 
 of a wrecked boat, as we set up this tower that Keel 
 
 72
 
 Copyright by Jordan Studio, IDim; 
 
 CURTIS GUILD, JR., GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS.
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Cape, as they called it, might guide the landfall of 
 those who came after them. 
 
 Bjarni Herjulfsson, Leif Ericsson, Thorwald, 
 Thorfinn Karlsefni, are followed by the French fish- 
 ermen and Cortereal, and these by Gosnold and John 
 Smith. Bright in the sunshine of history, or veiled 
 in the mists of tradition, it is a gallant procession, 
 from the fiery Irish missionary to the sober Puritan, 
 who from the dawn of history have started across the 
 water to the beckoning finger of Cape Cod. Such 
 were those who came but stayed not. This tower is 
 raised at the outer gate of the New World, not so 
 much because the Pilgrims who followed these pass- 
 ing mariners came to found a home in Massachusetts. 
 The shameless Morton might have made that boast 
 of Merrymount at WoUaston. This monument rises, 
 a beacon to the mariner, because in this harbor Amer- 
 ican water first embraced the ship which, in a disso- 
 lute and corrupt age, brought to Massachusetts not 
 merely household goods, but household gods. The 
 MayfloiJcers spiritual cargo was ideals of chastity 
 among women and of honor among men, of a free 
 government by a free people, of equality of opportu- 
 nity and, above all, of ordered liberty under the law 
 upon which men of their own race and men of other 
 races who came after them have builded not one State 
 only, but the United States of America. 
 
 No Commonwealth in the Union blends in one 
 strong strain the blood of so many races as Massa- 
 
 73
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 chusetts. It is the happy fortune of the United States 
 that the enterprising, the industrious, the alert of aU 
 the nations blend here to make the new race, the 
 American. 
 
 " New occasions teach new duties : 
 
 Time makes ancient good uncouth. 
 They must upward still and onward 
 
 Who would keep abreast of Truth. 
 Lo, before us gleam her camp fires ; 
 
 We ourselves must Pilgrims be. 
 Launch our Mayflower and steer boldly 
 
 Through the desperate winter sea. 
 Nor attempt the Future's portal 
 
 With the Past's blood-rusted key." 
 
 Here should, here shall, to-day speak the American 
 spirit incarnate in a man. By better methods, by 
 broader paths, do the ancient ideals of our fathers 
 still guide the Republic to purer air, to loftier heights. 
 
 Massachusetts joyously welcomes, she cannot in- 
 troduce, she needs not to present — The President of 
 the United States. 
 
 ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT 
 
 It is not too much to say that the event commemo- 
 rated by the monument which we have come here to 
 dedicate was one of those rare events which can in 
 good faith be called of world importance. The com- 
 ing hither of the Pilgrim three centuries ago, fol- 
 
 74
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 lowed in far larger numbers by his sterner kinsmen, 
 the Puritans, shaped the destinies of this continent, 
 and therefore profoundly affected the destiny of the 
 whole world. Men of other races, the Frenchman 
 and the Spaniard, the Dutclmian, the German, the 
 Scotchman, the Irishman, and the Swede, made set- 
 tlements within what is now the United States, dur- 
 ing the colonial period of our history and before the 
 Declaration of Independence; and since then there 
 has been an ever-swelling immigration from Ireland 
 and from the mainland of Europe; but it was the 
 Englisliman who settled in Virginia and the English- 
 man who settled in Massachusetts who did most in 
 shaping the lines of our national development. 
 
 We cannot as a nation be too profoundly grateful 
 for the fact that the Puritan has stamped his influ- 
 ence so deeply on our national life. We need have 
 but scant patience with the men who now rail at the 
 Puritan's faults. They were evident, of course, for 
 it is a quality of strong natures that their failings, 
 like their virtues, should stand out in bold relief; but 
 there is nothing easier than to belittle the great men 
 of the past by dwelling only on the points where they 
 come short of the universally recognized standards 
 of the present. INIen must be judged with reference 
 to the age in which they dwell and the work they 
 have to do. The Puritan's task was to conquer a 
 continent; not merely to overrun it, but to settle it, 
 to till it, to build upon it a high industrial and social 
 
 75
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 life; and while engaged in the rough work of tam- 
 ing the shaggy wilderness, at that very time also to 
 lay deep the immovable foundations of our whole 
 American system of civil, political, and religious hb- 
 erty achieved through the orderly process of law. 
 This was the work allotted him to do ; this is the work 
 he did; and only a master spirit among men could 
 have done it. 
 
 We have traveled far since his day. That liberty 
 of conscience which he demanded for himself, we now 
 realize must be as freely accorded to others as it is 
 resolutely insisted upon for ourselves. The splendid 
 qualities which he left to his children, we other Amer- 
 icans who are not of Puritan blood also claim as our 
 heritage. You, sons of the Puritans, and we, who 
 are descended from races whom the Puritans would 
 have deemed alien — we are all Americans together. 
 We all feel the same pride in the genesis, in the his- 
 tory, of our people ; and therefore this shrine of Puri- 
 tanism is one at which we all gather to pay homage, 
 no matter from what country our ancestors sprang. 
 
 We have gained some things that the Puritan had 
 not — we of this generation, we of the twentieth cen- 
 tury, here in this great Republic; but we are also in 
 danger of losing certain things which the Puritan 
 had and which we can by no manner of means afford 
 to lose. We have gained a joy of living which he 
 had not, and which it is a good thing for every 
 people to have and to develop. Let us see to it 
 
 76
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 that we do not lose what is more important still; 
 that we do not lose the Puritan's iron sense of duty, 
 his unbending, unflinching will to do the right as 
 it was given him to see the right. It is a good 
 thing that life should gain in sweetness, but only- 
 provided that it does not lose in strength. Ease and 
 rest and pleasure are good things, but only if they 
 come as the reward of work well done, of a good 
 fight well won, of strong effort resolutely made and 
 crowned by high achievement. The life of mere 
 pleasure, of mere effortless ease, is as ignoble for a 
 nation as for an individual. The man is but a poor 
 father who teaches his sons that ease and pleasure 
 should be their chief objects in life; the woman who 
 is a mere petted toy, incapable of serious purpose, 
 shrinking from effort and duty, is more pitiable than 
 the veriest overworked drudge. So he is but a poor 
 leader of the people, but a poor national adviser, who 
 seeks to make the nation in any way subordinate effort 
 to ease, who would teach the people not to prize as 
 the greatest blessing the chance to do any work, no 
 matter how hard, if it becomes their duty to do it. 
 To the sons of the Puritans it is almost needless to 
 say that the lesson above all others which Puritanism 
 can teach this nation is the all-importance of the reso- 
 lute performance of duty. If we are men we will 
 pass by with contemptuous disdain alike the advisers 
 who would seek to lead us into the paths of ignoble 
 ease and those who would teach us to admire success- 
 
 77
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ful wrongdoing. Our ideals should be high, and yet 
 they should be capable of achievement in practical 
 fashion; and we are as little to be excused if we per- 
 mit our ideals to be tainted with what is sordid and 
 mean and base, as if we allow our power of achieve- 
 ment to atrophy and become either incapable of effort 
 or capable only of such fantastic effort as to accom- 
 plish nothing of permanent good. The true doctrine 
 to preach to this nation, as to the individuals com- 
 posing this nation, is not the life of ease, but the life 
 of effort. If it were in my power to promise the 
 people of this land anything, I would not promise 
 them pleasure. I would promise them that stern 
 happiness which comes from the sense of having done 
 in practical fashion a difficult work which was worth 
 doing. 
 
 The Puritan owed his extraordinary success in 
 subduing this continent and making it the founda- 
 tion for a social life of ordered liberty primarily to 
 the fact that he combined in a very remarkable de- 
 gree both the power of individual initiative, of indi- 
 vidual self-help, and the power of acting in combina- 
 tion with his fellows; and that, furthermore, he joined 
 to a high heart that shrewd common sense which saves 
 a man from the besetting sins of the visionary and the 
 doctrinaire. He was stout-hearted and hard-headed. 
 He had lofty purposes, but he had practical good 
 sense, too. He could hold his own in the rough 
 workaday world without clamorous insistence upon 
 
 78
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 being helped by others, and yet he could combine 
 with others whenever it became necessary to do a job 
 which could not be as well done by any one man 
 individually. 
 
 These were the qualities which enabled him to do 
 his work, and they are the very qualities which we 
 must show in doing our work to-day. There is no 
 use in our coming here to pay homage to the men 
 who founded this nation unless we first of all come 
 in the spirit of trying to do our work to-day as they 
 did their work in the yesterdays that have vanished. 
 The problems shift from generation to generation, 
 but the spirit in w^hich they must be approached, if 
 they are to be successfully solved, remains ever the 
 same. The Puritan tamed the wilderness, and built 
 up a free government on the stump-dotted clearings 
 amid the primeval forest. His descendants must try 
 to shape the life of our complex industrial civiliza- 
 tion by new devices, by new methods, so as to achieve 
 in the end the same results of justice and fair deal- 
 ing toward all. He cast aside nothing old merely for 
 the sake of innovation, yet he did not hesitate to 
 adopt anything new that would serve his purpose. 
 When he planted his commonwealths on this rugged 
 coast he faced wholly new conditions and he had to 
 devise new methods of meeting them. So we of to- 
 day face wholly new conditions in our social and 
 industrial life. We should certainly not adopt any 
 new scheme for grappling with them merely because 
 
 79
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 it is new and untried ; but we cannot afford to shrink 
 from grappling with them because they can only be 
 grappled with by some new scheme. 
 
 The Puritan was no Laodicean, no laissez-faire 
 theorist. When he saw conduct which was in viola- 
 tion of his rights — of the rights of man, the rights of 
 God, as he understood them — he attempted to regu- 
 late such conduct with instant, unquestioning prompt- 
 ness and effectiveness. If there was no other way to 
 secure conformity with the rule of right, then he 
 smote down the transgressor with the iron of his 
 wrath. The spirit of the Puritan was a spirit which 
 never shrank from regulation of conduct if such regu- 
 lation was necessary for the public weal; and this is 
 the spirit which we must show to-day whenever it is 
 necessary. 
 
 The utterly changed conditions of our national life 
 necessitate changes in certain of our laws, of our 
 governmental methods. Our federal system of gov- 
 ernment is based upon the theory of leaving to each 
 community, to each State, the control over those 
 things which affect only its own members and which 
 the people of the locality themselves can best grapple 
 with, while providing for national regulation in those 
 matters which necessarily affect the nation as a whole. 
 It seems to me that such questions as national sov- 
 ereignty and state's rights need to be treated not 
 empirically or academically, but from the standpoint 
 of the interests of the people as a whole. National 
 
 80
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 sovereignty is to be upheld in so far as it means the 
 sovereignty of the people used for the real and ulti- 
 mate good of the people; and state's rights are to be 
 upheld in so far as they mean the people's rights. 
 Especially is this true in dealing with the relations 
 of the people as a whole to the great corporations 
 which are the distinguishing feature of modern busi- 
 ness conditions. 
 
 Experience has shown that it is necessary to exer- 
 cise a far more efficient control than at present over 
 the business use of those vast fortunes, chiefly corpo- 
 rate, which are used (as under modern conditions 
 they almost invariably are) in interstate business. 
 When the Constitution was created none of the con- 
 ditions of modern business existed. They are wholly 
 new and we must create new agencies to deal effect- 
 ively wath them. There is no objection in the minds 
 of this people to any man's earning any amount of 
 money if he does it honestly and fairly; if he gets it 
 as the result of special skill and enterprise, as a re- 
 ward of ample service actually rendered. But there 
 is a growing determination that no man shall amass 
 a great fortune by special privilege, by chicanery and 
 wrongdoing, so far as it is in the power of legislation 
 to prevent ; and that a fortune, however amassed, shall 
 not have a business use that is antisocial. IMost large 
 corporations do a business that is not confined to any 
 one State. Experience has shown that the effort to 
 control these corporations by mere State action can- 
 
 81
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 not produce wliolesome results. In most cases such 
 effort fails to correct the real abuses of which the cor- 
 poration is or may be guilty; while in other cases the 
 effort is apt to cause either hardship to the corpora- 
 tion itself, or else hardship to neighboring States 
 which have not tried to grapple with the problem in 
 the same manner; and of course we must be as scru- 
 pulous to safeguard the rights of the corporations as 
 to exact from them in return a full measure of justice 
 to the public. I believe in a national incorporation 
 law for corporations engaged in interstate business. 
 I believe, furthermore, that the need for action is 
 most pressing as regards those corporations which, 
 because they are common carriers, exercise a quasi- 
 public function; and which can be completely con- 
 trolled, in all respects by the Federal Government, 
 by the exercise of the power conferred under the inter- 
 state-commerce clause, and, if necessary, under the 
 post-road clause, of the Constitution. During the 
 last few years we have taken marked strides in ad- 
 vance along the road of proper regulation of these 
 railroad corporations; but we must not stop in the 
 work. The National Government should exercise 
 over them a similar supervision and control to that 
 which it exercises over national banks. We can do 
 this only by proceeding farther along the lines marked 
 out by the recent national legislation. 
 
 In dealing with any totally new set of conditions 
 there must at the outset be hesitation and experiment. 
 
 82
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Such has been our experience in dealing with the 
 enormous concentration of capital employed in inter- 
 state business. Not only the legislatures but the 
 courts and the people need gradually to be educated 
 so that they may see what the real wrongs are and 
 what the real remedies. Almost every big business 
 concern is engaged in interstate commerce, and such 
 a concern must not be allowed by a dexterous shift- 
 ing of position, as has been too often the case in the 
 past, to escape thereby all responsibility either to 
 State or to nation. The American people became 
 firmly convinced of the need of control over these 
 great aggregations of capital, especially where they 
 had a monopolistic tendency, before they became quite 
 clear as to the proper way of achieving the control. 
 Through their representatives in Congress they tried 
 two remedies, which were to a large degree, at least 
 as interpreted by the courts, contradictory. On the 
 one hand, under the antitrust law the effort was made 
 to prohibit all combination, whether it was or was not 
 hurtful or beneficial to the public. On the other 
 hand, through the interstate commerce law a begin- 
 ning was made in exercising such supervision and 
 control over combinations as to prevent their doing 
 anything harmful to the body politic. The first law, 
 the so-called Sherman law, has filled a useful place, 
 for it bridges over the transition period until the 
 American people shall definitely make up its mind 
 that it will exercise over the great corporations that 
 
 83
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 thoroughgoing and radical control which it is certain 
 ultimately to find necessary. The principle of the 
 Sherman law so far as it prohibits combinations which, 
 whether because of their extent or of their character, 
 are harmful to the public must always be preserved. 
 Ultimately, and I hope with reasonable speed, the 
 National Government must pass laws which, while 
 increasing the supervisory and regulatory power of 
 the Government, also permits such useful combina- 
 tions as are made with absolute openness and as the 
 representatives of the Government may previously 
 approve. But it will not be possible to permit such 
 combinations save as the second stage in a course of 
 proceedings of which the first stage must be the ex- 
 ercise of a far more complete control by the National 
 Government. 
 
 In dealing with those who offend against the anti- 
 trust and interstate commerce laws the Department 
 of Justice has to encounter many and great difficul- 
 ties. Often men who have been guilty of violating 
 these laws have really acted in criminal fashion, and 
 if possible should be proceeded against criminally; 
 and therefore it is advisable that there should be a 
 clause in these laws providing for such criminal 
 action, and for punishment by imprisonment as well 
 as by fine. But, as is well known, in a criminal action 
 the law is strictly construed in favor of the defendant, 
 and in our country, at least, both judge and jury are 
 far more inclined to consider his rights than they are 
 
 84
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 the interests of the general pubhc, while in addition it 
 is always true that a man's general practices may be 
 so bad that a civil action will lie when it may not be 
 possible to convict him of any one criminal act. There 
 is unfortunately a certain number of our fellow coun- 
 trymen who seem to accept the view that unless a man 
 can be proved guilty of some particular crime he shall 
 be counted a good citizen, no matter how infamous 
 the life he has led, no matter how pernicious his doc- 
 trines or his practices. This is the view announced 
 from time to time with clamorous insistence, now by 
 a group of predatory capitalists, now by a group of 
 sinister anarchistic leaders and agitators, whenever a 
 special champion of either class, no matter how evil 
 his general life, is acquitted of some one specific 
 crime. Such a view is wicked whether applied to 
 capitalist or labor leader, to rich man or poor man 
 (and, by the way, I take this opportunity of stating 
 that all that I have said in the past as to desirable 
 and undesirable citizens remains true, and that I 
 stand by it). 
 
 We have to take this feeling into account when 
 we are debating whether it is possible to get a con- 
 viction in a criminal proceeding against some rich 
 trust magnate, many of whose actions are severely 
 to be condemned from the moral and social stand- 
 point, but no one of whose actions seems clearly to 
 establish such technical guilt as will insure a convic- 
 tion. As a matter of expediency, in enforcing the 
 7 85
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 law against a great corporation, we have continually 
 to weigh the arguments pro and con as to whether a 
 prosecution can successfully be entered into, and as 
 to whether we can be successful in a criminal action 
 against the chief individuals in the corporation, and 
 if not, whether we can at least be successful in a civil 
 action against the corporation itself. Any effective 
 action on the part of the Government is always ob- 
 jected to, as a matter of course, by the wrongdoers, 
 by the beneficiaries of the wrongdoers, and by their 
 champions; and often one of the most effective ways 
 of attacking the action of the Government is by ob- 
 jecting to practical action upon the ground that it 
 does not go far enough. One of the favorite devices 
 of those who are really striving to prevent the enforce- 
 ment of these laws is to clamor for action of such 
 severity that it cannot be undertaken because it will 
 be certain to fail if tried. An instance of this is the 
 demand often made for criminal prosecutions where 
 such prosecutions would be certain to fail. We have 
 found by actual experience that a jury which will 
 gladly punish a corporation by fine, for instance, will 
 acquit the individual members of that corporation if 
 we proceed against them criminally because of those 
 very things which the corporation which they direct 
 and control has done. In a recent case against the 
 Licorice Trust we indicted and tried the two corpo- 
 rations and their respective presidents. The con- 
 tracts and other transactions establishing the guilt 
 
 86
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 of the corporations were made through, and so far as 
 they were in writing were signed by, the two presi- 
 dents. Yet the jury convicted the two corporations 
 and acquitted the two men. Both verdicts could not 
 possibly have been correct; but apparently the aver- 
 age juryman wishes to see trusts broken up, and is 
 quite ready to fine the corporation itself; but is very 
 reluctant to find the facts " proven beyond a reason- 
 able doubt " when it comes to sending to jail a 
 reputable member of the business community for 
 doing what the business community has unhappily 
 grown to recognize as well-nigh normal in business. 
 Moreover, under the necessary technicalities of crim- 
 inal proceedings, often the only man who can be 
 reached criminally will be some subordinate who is 
 not the real guilty party at all. 
 
 Many men of large wealth have been guilty of 
 conduct which from the moral standpoint is criminal, 
 and their misdeeds are to a peculiar degree reprehen- 
 sible, because those committing them have no excuse 
 of want, of poverty, of weakness and ignorance to 
 offer as partial atonement. When in addition to 
 moral responsibility these men have a legal responsi- 
 bility which can be proved so as to impress a judge 
 and jury, then the Department will strain every 
 nerve to reach them criminally. Where this is impos- 
 sible, then it will take whatever action will be most 
 effective under the actual conditions. 
 
 In the last six years we have shown that there is 
 
 87
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 no individual and no corporation so powerful that he 
 or it stands above the possibility of punishment under 
 the law. Our aim is to try to do something effective ; 
 our purpose is to stamp out the evil; we shall seek 
 to find the most effective device for this purpose, and 
 we shall then use it, whether the device can be found 
 in existing law or must be supplied by legislation. 
 Moreover, when we thus take action against the 
 wealth which works iniquity, we are acting in the 
 interest of every man of property who acts decently 
 and fairly by his fellows, and we are strengthening 
 the hands of those who propose fearlessly to defend 
 property against all unjust attacks. No individual, 
 no corporation, obeying the law has anything to fear 
 from this Administration. 
 
 During the present trouble with the stock market 
 I have, of course, received countless requests and 
 suggestions, public and private, that I should say or 
 do something to ease the situation. There is a world- 
 wide financial disturbance; it is felt in the bourses of 
 Paris and Berlin; and British consols are lower than 
 for a generation, while British railway securities have 
 also depreciated. On the New York Stock Exchange 
 the disturbance has been peculiarly severe. Most of 
 it I believe to be due to matters not peculiar to the 
 United States, and most of the remainder to matters 
 wholly unconnected with any governmental action; 
 but it may well be that the determination of the Gov- 
 ernment (in which, gentlemen, it wiU not waver) to 
 
 88
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 punish certain malefactors of great wealth has been 
 responsible for something of the trouble; at least to 
 the extent of having caused these men to combine to 
 bring about as much financial stress as possible, in 
 order to discredit the policy of the Government and 
 thereby secure a reversal of that policy, so that they 
 may enjoy unmolested the fruits of their own evil- 
 doing. That they have misled many good people 
 into believing that there should be such reversal of 
 poHcy is possible. If so I am sorry; but it will not 
 alter my attitude. Once for all let me say that, so 
 far as I am concerned, and for the eighteen months 
 of my Presidency that remain, there will be no change 
 in the policy we have steadily pursued, no let up in 
 the effort to secure the honest observance of the law; 
 for I regard this contest as one to determine who 
 shall rule this free country — the people through their 
 govenmiental agents or a few ruthless and domineer- 
 ing men, w^hose wealth makes them peculiarly for- 
 midable, because they hide behind the breastworks of 
 corporate organization. I wish there to be no mis- 
 take on this point; it is idle to ask me not to prose- 
 cute criminals, rich or poor. But I desire no less 
 emphatically to have it understood that we have sanc- 
 tioned, and will sanction, no action of a vindictive 
 type, and above all no action which shall inflict great 
 and unmerited suffering upon innocent stockholders 
 or upon the public as a whole. Our purpose is to 
 act with the minimum of harshness compatible with 
 
 89
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 attaining our ends. In the man of great wealth who 
 has earned his wealth honestly and uses it wisely we 
 recognize a good citizen of the best type, worthy of 
 all praise and respect. Business can only be done 
 under modern conditions through corporations, and 
 our purpose is heartily to favor the corporations that 
 do well. The Administration appreciates that liberal 
 but honest profits for legitimate promoting, good 
 salaries, ample salaries, for able and upright man- 
 agement, and generous dividends for capital em- 
 ployed either in founding or continuing wholesome 
 business ventures, are the factors necessary for suc- 
 cessful corporate activity and therefore for generally 
 prosperous business conditions. All these are com- 
 patible with fair dealing as between man and man 
 and rigid obedience to the law. Our aim is to help 
 every honest man, every honest corporation, and our 
 policy means in its ultimate analysis a healthy and 
 prosperous expansion of the business activities of hon- 
 est business men and honest corporations. 
 
 I very earnestly hope that the legislation which 
 deals with the regulation of corporations engaged in 
 interstate business will also deal with the rights and 
 interests of the wageworkers employed by those cor- 
 porations. Action was taken by the Congress last 
 year limiting the number of hours that railway em- 
 ployees should be employed. The law is a good one ; 
 but if in practice it proves necessary to strengthen it, 
 it must be strengthened. We have now secured a 
 
 90
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 national employers' liability law; but ultimately a 
 more far-reaching and thoroughgoing law must be 
 passed. It is monstrous that a man or woman who is 
 crippled in an industry, even as the result of taking 
 what are the necessary risks of the occupation, should 
 be required to bear the whole burden of the loss. 
 That burden should be distributed and not placed 
 solely upon the weakest individual, the one least able 
 to carry it. By making the employer liable, the loss 
 will ultimately be distributed among all the benefici- 
 aries of the business. 
 
 I also hope that there will be legislation increasing 
 the power of the National Government to deal with 
 certain matters concerning the health of our people 
 everywhere; the Federal authorities, for instance, 
 should join A\dth all the State authorities in warring 
 against the dreadful scourge of tuberculosis. Your 
 own State government, here in Massachusetts, de- 
 serves high praise for the action it has taken in these 
 public health matters during the last few years; and 
 in this, as in some other matters, I hope to see the 
 National Government stand abreast of the foremost 
 State governments. 
 
 I have spoken of but one or two laws which, in my 
 judgment, it is advisable to enact as part of the gen- 
 eral scheme for making the interference of the Na- 
 tional Government more effective in securing justice 
 and fair dealing as between man and man here in the 
 United States. Let me add, however, that while it 
 
 91
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 is necessary to have legislation when conditions arise 
 Avhere we can only cope with evils through the joint 
 action of all of us, yet that we can never afford to 
 forget that in the last analysis the all-important fac- 
 tor for each of us must be his own individual char- 
 acter. It is a necessary thing to have good laws, 
 good institutions ; but the most necessary of all things 
 is to have a high quality of individual citizenship. 
 This does not mean that we can afford to neglect leg- 
 islation. It will be highly disastrous if we permit our- 
 selves to be misled by the pleas of those who see in an 
 unrestricted individualism the all-sufficient panacea 
 for social evils ; but it will be even more disastrous to 
 adopt the opposite panacea of any socialistic system 
 which would destroy all individualism, which would 
 root out the fiber of our whole citizenship. In any 
 great movement, such as that in which we are en- 
 gaged, nothing is more necessary than sanity, than 
 the refusal to be led into extremes by the advocates 
 of the ultra course on either side. Those professed 
 friends of liberty who champion license are the worst 
 foes of hberty and tend by the reaction their violence 
 causes to throw the Government back into the hands 
 of the men who champion corruption and tyranny in 
 the name of order. So it is with this movement for 
 securing justice toward all men, and equality of op- 
 portunity so far as it can be secured by governmental 
 action. The rich man who with hard arrogance de- 
 clines to consider the rights and the needs of those 
 
 92
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 who are less well off, and the poor man who excites 
 or indulges in envy and hatred of those who are bet- 
 ter off, are alike alien to the spirit of our national 
 life. Each of them should learn to appreciate the 
 baseness and degradation of his point of view, as evil 
 in the one case as in the other. There exists no more 
 sordid and unlovely type of social development than 
 a plutocracy, for there is a peculiar unwholesomeness 
 in a social and governmental ideal where wealth by 
 and of itself is held up as the greatest good. The 
 materialism of such a view, whether it finds its ex- 
 pression in the life of a man who accumulates a vast 
 fortune in ways that are repugnant to every instinct 
 of generosity and of fair dealing, or whether it finds 
 its expression in the vapidly useless and self-indulgent 
 life of the inheritor of that fortune, is contemptible in 
 the eyes of all men capable of a thrill of lofty feeling. 
 Where the power of the law can be wisely used to 
 prevent or to minimize the acquisition or business 
 employment of such wealth and to make it pay by 
 income or inheritance tax its proper share of the bur- 
 den of government, I would invoke that power with- 
 out a moment's hesitation. 
 
 But while we can accomplish something by legis- 
 lation, legislation can never be more than a part, and 
 often no more than a small part, in the general scheme 
 of moral progress; and crude or vindictive legisla- 
 tion may at any time bring such progress to a halt. 
 Certain socialistic leaders propose to redistribute the 
 
 93
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 world's goods by refusing to thrift and energy and 
 industry their proper superiority over folly and idle- 
 ness and sullen envy. Such legislation would merely, 
 in the words of the president of Columbia Univer- 
 sity, " wreck the world's efficiency for the purpose of 
 redistributing the world's discontent." We should 
 all of us work heart and soul for the real and perma- 
 nent betterment which will lift our democratic civil- 
 ization to a higher level of safety and usefulness. 
 Such betterment can come only by the slow, steady 
 growth of the spirit which metes a generous, but not 
 a sentimental, justice to each man on his merits as a 
 man, and which recognizes the fact that the highest 
 and deepest happiness for the individual lies not in 
 selfishness but in service. 
 
 At the conclusion of the President's address. Presi- 
 dent Sears alluded, in a graceful manner, to the warm 
 fraternal relations which exist between' our nation 
 and the mother country, and especially to the feel- 
 ings of personal regard felt by the whole American 
 people toward one who so thoroughly understands 
 our institutions as the author of " The American 
 Commonwealth," and closed by introducing the Right 
 Honorable James Bryce, Ambassador of Great Brit- 
 ain to the United States. Ambassador Bryce was 
 very warmly received by the great audience present. 
 
 94
 
 RT. HOX. JAMES BRYCE, BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO THE 
 UNITED STATES.
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 ADDRESS OF AMBASSADOR BRYCE 
 
 First let me thank you, in behalf of the sovereign 
 and the people whom I am honored by being deputed 
 to represent in the United States, for the invitation 
 to join in the celebration to-day of a great event. It 
 is fitting that the ancient motherland, whence came 
 the settlers whom you commemorate, should be re- 
 membered here and should send you her greeting. 
 
 These colonists were men of the right stamp to 
 settle and develop a new country. England gave 
 you of her best, and she gave them in a great crisis 
 of her own fate. 
 
 She has ever since watched the fortunes of their 
 descendants, marking their growing greatness, and 
 never with more pride, more sympathy, and more 
 affection than she does to-day. 
 
 Many of you may remember to have seen some- 
 where on the coasts of Massachusetts or Maine a 
 rainbow stretching from one island to another, and 
 seeming to make a radiant bridge from land to land. 
 It is a beautiful sight, and still more beautiful when 
 the rainbow is a double one. 
 
 In this shape of a double rainbow, bridging the 
 ocean from England to America, there presents itself 
 to me the double settlement of this continent, by the 
 men who founded Virginia and the men who founded 
 IMassachusetts. 
 
 The rainbow is the symbol of hope, and America 
 
 95
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the land of hope. Over this bridge of hope millions 
 have passed from Europe hither, and it is in the spirit 
 of hope for the future of a land so blessed by Provi- 
 dence as yours that we of England send our hearty 
 greetings. 
 
 Much has been said — indeed, little has been left un- 
 said — in praise of the Pilgrim fathers, for this coun- 
 try is fertile in celebrations, and I cannot hope to say 
 anything new about them. But every man must 
 speak of a thing as it strikes him. 
 
 I ask myself, when I think of these exiles coming 
 to make their home on what was then a bleak and 
 desert shore: What was it that brought them thither? 
 Was it love of civil liberty? They loved civil liberty, 
 but it was not mainly for the sake of that liberty that 
 they came, nor indeed had the great struggle yet 
 begun when they quitted England to spend those 
 years in friendly Holland which preceded their voy- 
 age hither. Was it for love of religious liberty? 
 
 Not at any rate for a general freedom of con- 
 science and freedom to all to think and speak and 
 teach as they would, for the proclamation of that gen- 
 eral freedom had not yet been made by its noble 
 apostle, Roger Williams. 
 
 What they did desire and what brought them here 
 was the wish to worship God in the way they held to 
 be the right way. It was loyalty to truth and to duty 
 that moved them to quit their English homes and 
 friends and face the rigors of a winter far harsher
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 than their own, in an untrodden land, where enemies 
 lurked in trackless forests. 
 
 No one hoped to find gold in Massachusetts. No 
 one hoped for that fountain of youth which Ponce de 
 Leon had sought in Florida a century before. No 
 one dreamed of the mighty State which was to grow 
 out of the tiny settlement. 
 
 Not in the thirst for gold; not in the passion for 
 adventure; not for the sake of dominion, but in faith 
 and in duty were laid the foundation of the Colony 
 and State of JNIassachusetts. 
 
 Is not this what their settlement means to us now 
 after three hundred years? Faith and duty, when 
 mated to courage, for without courage they avail lit- 
 tle, are the most solid basis on which the greatness of 
 a nation can rest. The strength of a State lies in 
 the characters of its citizens. 
 
 It is a far cry from Massachusetts to Italy, but 
 when I think of these forefathers of yours, with their 
 plain, stern lives and steadfast wills, I am reminded 
 of the famous line in which the great Roman poet says 
 that it was in the austere simplicity of her olden days 
 and the strong men she reared that the might of Rome 
 dwelt. 
 
 Moribus antiquis stat res Romana virisque. 
 
 Such men were your forefathers. They were hewn 
 from the same rock as those soldiers of Cromwell, 
 some of whom were doubtless their kinsfolk, before 
 
 97
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 whom every enemy went down, and to whom was 
 fitly applied that verse from the Psalms : " Let the 
 praises of God be in their mouths and a two-edged 
 sword in their hands." 
 
 They were men of a bold and independent spirit, 
 but they knew the value of law, and bound themselves 
 to one another by a solemn compact signed in the 
 cabin of their ship; a compact by which each prom- 
 ised obedience to the lawful rule of the community. 
 
 Many generations have come and gone since the 
 little Mayflower lay rocking in yonder bay, with the 
 Pilgrim mothers and sisters looking out wistfully over 
 the then lonely waters, and the children, cooped up 
 for many a weary week, asking when, at last, they 
 would be put on shore. 
 
 Many things have come to pass, both in England 
 and here, which those grave, grim ancestors of yours 
 might disapprove, good and necessary as you and we 
 may think them. But one thing remains as true now 
 as it was then. 
 
 The fearless man who loves truth and obeys duty 
 is the man who prevails and whose work endures. 
 The State which has such men, and to which such men 
 are glad to render devoted service in war as in peace, 
 grows to be the great State. Those men bequeathed 
 to you traditions which have been helpful to you ever 
 since in many an hour of need, and will be helpful to 
 you while your Republic stands. 
 
 You are setting the corner stone of a building to 
 
 98
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 commemorate those who laid the foundations of the 
 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, an event worthy of 
 everlasting memory. Yet, in a sense, no monument 
 piled high in stone is needed. 
 
 It was said by a famous statesman of antiquity 
 that " the whole earth is the tomb of illustrious men." 
 So the land which the descendants of these settlers 
 have covered with flourishing towns and in which 
 they themselves planted the first seeds of civil and 
 ecclesiastical government is itself their most enduring 
 monument. 
 
 In their darkest days one wrote to them from Eng- 
 land: " Let it not be grievous unto you that you have 
 been instruments to break the ice for others. The 
 honor shall be yours to the world's end." That shall 
 be yours to the world's end. That honor has been 
 theirs and will be theirs. 
 
 From Cape Cod here beside you to Cape Flattery 
 on the far-off shores of the Pacific, cornfields and 
 mines and railroads, populous cities and State houses, 
 wdiere legislatures meet, and courts where justice is 
 dispensed, all bear witness to the men w ho here began 
 the w^ork of civilizing a continent and establishing in 
 it a government rooted from the first, and rooted 
 deep, in the principles of liberty. 
 
 The ambassador was followed by Hon. Henry 
 Cabot Lodge, senior Senator for IVIassachusetts, who 
 was introduced briefly by President Sears. 
 
 99
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE 
 
 Nearly three hundred years ago a little band of 
 English people anchored their ship in yonder bay. 
 They were humble folk for the most part. They had 
 fled from their pleasant places in Lincolnshire and 
 Yorkshire because they would not yield their relig- 
 ious beliefs. Their families had been broken, they 
 had been harried to the water's edge by English horse- 
 men, they had found asylum in Holland and lived for 
 thirteen years at Amsterdam and Leyden. 
 
 Then to preserve at once their religion, race, and 
 language, they had made their way across the stormy 
 waters of the north Atlantic and paused here to search 
 for a fitting place to settle. They were true settlers, for 
 they brought with them their families, wives, children, 
 and servants. Those who came to Jamestown and 
 held on there in grim perseverance were all men at 
 the outset, adventurers in that age of adventurers, 
 seekers of sudden wealth, searchers for Eldorado, 
 which beckoned so many of that generation to de- 
 struction. 
 
 These Mayflower exiles had also strong within them 
 the adventurous spirit of the Elizabethans, the per- 
 fect readiness so common in that time to face the un- 
 known with a fine indifference to peril, hardship, and 
 death. Yet they came not as adventurers or treas- 
 ure seekers, but to enter in and take possession of 
 the great new world, to live and make their homes 
 
 100
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 here and worship God in freedom after their own 
 fashion. 
 
 All this makes their coming memorable and gives 
 them a distinction which will never fade, but it is not 
 for those qualities which went with them to the end 
 that we raise a monument here. This monument does 
 not mark the first enduring settlement among those 
 from which has sprung the United States. That 
 honor belongs to Jamestown. 
 
 The first settlement of New England was planted 
 by these same people at Plymouth, not here. The 
 beginnings of the great Puritan colony were at Cape 
 Ann and Salem and Boston. The men who had shat- 
 tered the power of Spain and built a great and free 
 commonwealth on fens and marshlands, laid their 
 corner stone at New York. 
 
 The followers of Gustavus Adolphus placed theirs 
 by the shores of the Delaware, and all else was after- 
 wards but a continuation and expansion from these 
 first great landmarks of discovery and conquest. 
 
 This bay was but a resting place, where the Pil- 
 grims, as gentle custom and pleasant tradition call 
 them, paused for a moment in their onward course. 
 If it were not for one fact there would be no reason 
 to single this out from the many places at which their 
 exploring parties, by land and water, stopped while 
 they were looking for a spot where they could stay 
 and build their homes. 
 
 But those men in that little vessel, on that short 
 
 8 101
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 November day, with the wilderness all about them, 
 perhaps with a pale ghost of the dead summer haunt- 
 ing the air, and the early autumn sunset flooding the 
 water with yellow light, did something which, after 
 eight generations have come and gone, men are not 
 willing to forget. 
 
 It was a deed so memorable that State and nation 
 join to commemorate it and mark the place, so that 
 it may ever be known to those who pass this way. 
 Yet it was a very simple deed. Merely signing a 
 compact that they would form a government, obey 
 the laws hereafter to be made, and carry out the pur- 
 pose of their coming. ., . 
 
 Even more significant was the fact that all the men 
 signed it. This Compact did not establish represen- 
 tative government. That was to come later and was 
 something entirely familiar to all Englishmen. 
 
 It was not the beginning of representative govern- 
 ment on this continent. That had taken, place the year 
 before, when the Virginia burgesses were summoned 
 by the Governor, in accordance with the terms of a 
 charter prepared in England. The men in the May- 
 flower were called to their task by no governor and 
 their compact was not drawn in England, but here. 
 
 It was their own work, and the brief sentences 
 enclose two very memorable principles, quite original 
 and destined to have many imitations. I hesitate to 
 say that the Compact of the Mayflower was the first 
 of written constitutions, because if I did so I am cer- 
 
 102
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 tain that I should be deluged with examples of what 
 might pass for written constitutions from the year 
 1620 back to the ruins of Nippur and the royal tombs 
 of Egypt. 
 
 When we are told that one of the most famous sen- 
 tences of St. Paul comes from Menander, and when 
 we know that the proverb, " Jack of all trades and 
 master of none," is to be found in the Homeric poem, 
 " ]\Iargites," it is not prudent to assert that anything 
 is original, or is uttered now, or was uttered even hun- 
 dreds of years ago, for the first time. 
 
 Yet I think it may be safely asserted that this Com- 
 pact of the Mayflower, expanded later into what was 
 known as the " Fundamentals," is the first in the long 
 line of written constitutions with which modern times 
 have become so familiar. 
 
 It is the tiny spring far up on the mountain side, 
 which, bubbling from the soil, can only be traced with 
 difficulty through grass and moss and fern, until it 
 widens into a brook, and then at last into the stately 
 river moving forward to find rest in lake or ocean. 
 The Compact of the Mayflower was not the edict 
 of a ruler, or an overlord's recognition or grant of 
 rights and privileges. It contained no dearly bought 
 and long-cherished customs of liberties sanctified and 
 ripened by tradition. 
 
 It was the voluntary and original act of those who 
 signed it, and it embodied two great principles or 
 ideas. 
 
 103
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 The first was that the people themselves joined in 
 making the compact each with the other. The sec- 
 ond principle was that this agreement thus made was 
 the organic law or constitution, to be changed only in 
 great stress and after submission to the entire body 
 politic and with the utmost precaution. 
 
 It was to be the higher law of the community with 
 which all other laws and statutes must harmonize and 
 accord. 
 
 The democratic character of the Compact is both 
 prophetic of America and memorable to us, but de- 
 mocracy was destined to find expression in many 
 ways in the future as in the past, in the new world as 
 in the old. There is no need to dwell upon it, for it 
 was to enter upon a conquering march, which in three 
 centuries would reach over all the world of western 
 civilization, and which is even yet unstayed. 
 
 The other principle of an organic written law vol- 
 untarily agreed to was at once newer and more orig- 
 inal, as well as less understood, although its conse- 
 quences have been profound and far-reaching to an 
 almost unexampled degree. 
 
 Europe at that time had not got beyond the idea 
 of customs, liberties, charters or privileges conferred 
 upon certain towns, or provinces, or localities, recog- 
 nized by kings, emperors, or feudal chiefs, and dearly 
 maintained by the people for whose protection in cer- 
 tain limited directions they were designed. 
 
 In England, certain great charters, declarations, 
 
 104
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 statutes, and customs were the bulwarks which were 
 to defend English liberty, but twenty years were to 
 elapse before their powers were to be called forth, and 
 more than a century before they were to take shape 
 in the conception of the British constitution, at once 
 so infinitely valuable and so remarkably ill defined. 
 
 The Compact of the Mayflower took the idea of a 
 fundamental or organic law, created for the protec- 
 tion of those who made it and embodied it in the form 
 of one written instrument. The force and worth of 
 this great conception have been attested since by 
 almost countless constitutions of governments, both 
 at home and abroad. 
 
 Many have failed, either through their own short- 
 comings or the unfitness of those who tried to make 
 them work. Many others have succeeded. They 
 flourish to-day among all the nations of Western civ- 
 ilization; the principle has been adopted by Japan, 
 and is striven for by Russia; they are universal in 
 both American continents for States and nations 
 alike, and they find their masterpiece in the Consti- 
 tution of the United States. 
 
 Nothing is farther from my thought than to trace 
 here the growth of what is now universally called con- 
 stitutional government. That is work for historians, 
 with volumes at their command, not for a brief address 
 of commemoration. 
 
 I desire merely to say a few words as to the great 
 conception of a written organic law, of a law embody- 
 
 105
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ing certain fundamental principles, to which all other 
 laws must submit and conform, which was brought 
 forth by the handful of simple and earnest men gath- 
 ered together in the cabin of the Mayflower. 
 
 That conception has lasted for three hundred years, 
 a short time in the history of the race, but long enough 
 to make it appear old to those who wish to alter or 
 destroy all that exists and who reverse the maxim of 
 ** Candide " and think that everything is wrong in the 
 worst of all possible worlds. 
 
 It is as absurd to object to something merely be- 
 cause it is old, as to assume that everything is bad 
 solely because it is new. The pessimistic reformer, 
 who would change everything, and the moss-covered 
 reactionary, who would change nothing, really stand 
 very near together. 
 
 The via media here, as so often elsewhere, is the 
 only road safe to travel, and is the one which leads 
 us not to misty abstractions, but to a definite visible 
 goal. The unreasoning Tory and the unreasoning 
 Radical play into each others' hands, and are alike to 
 be shunned. How constantly do we hear it said that 
 present conditions cannot endure and that we must 
 advance toward Socialism, the new theory which is to 
 solve all problems and wipe away all tears! 
 
 Socialism is bad, and I for one am utterly opposed 
 to it; but I am not opposed to it because it is new, 
 for, as a matter of fact, it is very old. It is at least 
 as old in theory as the time of Plato, 2500 years 
 
 106
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 ago, and the Circumcellions of the fifth century, who 
 tried to put it in practice, were one of the sore plagues 
 of the later Roman empire. 
 
 Socialism is to be resisted on grounds more relative 
 than novelty or antiquity, because it defies both hu- 
 man nature and the most rudimentary facts, and 
 because its track in history, whenever it has been par- 
 tially attempted, has been marked by disorder, dark- 
 ness, and misery. 
 
 On the other hand, I have no sympathy with those 
 who blindly and bitterly resist all efforts to deal with 
 the corporations, and especially with the railroads 
 which modern economic forces have brought into ex- 
 istence. New and complex conditions have arisen, 
 demanding new laws. Novelty is not the argument 
 either for or against the control and regulation of the 
 railroads. 
 
 They must be regulated and controlled because 
 they and other great corporations represent a new 
 and colossal force in the body politic and economic 
 for which no provision was made by those who went 
 before, simply because the forces and dangers which 
 the present times have brought forth did not then 
 exist. *' New occasions teach new duties," and new 
 problems must receive new answers. 
 
 It is as fatal to stand like dumb, driven cattle, help- 
 less and inert, before the new problems, as to cast to 
 the winds the solutions of the old ones and reject all 
 the lessons of experience. Successful nations, like 
 
 107
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 successful men, are those who know how to profit by 
 the experience of others. 
 
 This may be called opportunism, but by whatever 
 name it is called, it has been, and it is, the path of 
 achievement and success. The abolitionists of seventy 
 years ago did great work, no doubt, but if those of 
 them who denounced the Constitution and favored 
 secession had had their way the Union would be in 
 fragments and slavery would still survive. 
 
 The men who brought slavery to its end fought 
 their battle within the limits of the Constitution. The 
 man who saved the Union and emancipated the slaves 
 was Abraham Lincoln, Whig and Republican, not 
 Wendell Phillips, the abolitionist, who assailed him. 
 
 The way, therefore, to meet our new questions is 
 by holding fast to the great underlying principles 
 which have been our stay and salvation in all our 
 trials, great and small, while at the same time we ex- 
 tend them by new laws or constitutional amendments 
 to cope with new conditions. 
 
 One of the oldest of these principles is to be found 
 in the Compact of the Mayflower. That principle is 
 that, at the foundation of every government, there 
 shaU be an organic law adopted by all the people 
 which cannot be overridden by any less authority and 
 to which all laws and all officers of the government 
 shall be subject. 
 
 In that organic and fundamental law our fathers 
 embodied the great basic principles upon which they 
 
 108
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 believed human liberty rested, and by which thej-^ felt 
 sure that popular rights would alone be preserved. 
 They guarded against the rigidity of the traditional 
 Spartan code by the method of deliberate amend- 
 ment and by giving the power of interpretation to 
 the courts, in whose hands ample flexibility has been 
 obtained. They made the process of change in the 
 organic law both slow and difficult, for they wished 
 that organic law to stand as a barrier against the 
 passion and clamor of the moment. They sought to 
 make it certain that there should always be time to 
 appeal from the heated crowd of the market place 
 to the quiet firesides of the people, in the long, cool 
 evenings, when there is an hour for thought. 
 
 I have a profound faith in the American people. 
 I believe we shall meet and solve the new problems, 
 for this is at once the path of safety and the only in- 
 telligent conservatism ; but we must face them all fear- 
 lessly and shrink from none. 
 
 And I also believe that a peril quite equal to that 
 born of stagnation and reaction will come in these 
 complex, changing times, not from a failure to ad- 
 vance, but from a disregard of the old landmarks, 
 from an impatience with the institutions we have in- 
 herited and which at times seem to retard action. 
 
 Therefore w^ould I say, hold fast to that which is 
 good, and among the things which are best I find the 
 doctrine of the Mayflower that there shall be a broad, 
 simple organic law, which no other law must cross, 
 
 109
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 and which the courts alone can finally interpret, and 
 which all men, from the highest to the lowest, must 
 obey. 
 
 Under that theory of government we have pre- 
 served the sober freedom and the ordered liberty 
 which have been the glory of the Republic. Under 
 that theory we have never failed to meet new ques- 
 tions or great ordeals as they have come upon us. The 
 Mayflower conception of an organic law has never 
 barred the march of progress, and never will. 
 
 But its abandonment would solve no problem and 
 would lead us far from all paths, in a wild pursuit of 
 strange gods. Where constitutional government has 
 existed and where constitutions have been observed 
 and obeyed, there popular rights have been guarded 
 and liberty has been safe. 
 
 The little company of the Mayflower, pathetic in 
 their weakness and suffering, imposing and trium- 
 phant in what they did, has belonged to tjie ages these 
 many years. The work they wrought has endured, 
 and we would not barter their inheritance for the 
 heritage of kings. But that which was greatest in 
 their work was the conception of the organic law em- 
 bodied in the Compact, a conception full of wisdom 
 and patience, prefiguring a commonwealth in which 
 order and progress were to go hand in hand. 
 
 In whatever we change or whatever we lay aside, 
 let us never abandon that reverence for law and for 
 the constitution, higher than all States or statutes, 
 
 110
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 which has been the great protector of our liberties and 
 the guardian of our Republic. Then we may say 
 without reserve, in the words of the motto which the 
 city of the Puritans placed upon her seal, " Sicut 
 patribus sit Deus nobis." 
 
 Hon. William C. Lovering, a representative in 
 Congress from Massachusetts, was the last formal 
 speaker. 
 
 ADDRESS OF CONGRESSMAN LOVERING 
 
 Mr. President: 
 
 It is far from my purpose to sound a false or dis- 
 cordant note to jar upon the ears of this goodly com- 
 pany, but if what I have to say shall strike a minor 
 key, let it be remembered that the truest and closest 
 harmony is written in the minor. 
 
 On an occasion like this it is but natural to fall into 
 a reminiscent mood and to compare the past with the 
 present. In making the contrast it is popular to set 
 every advantage dowTi to the credit of the present. 
 Is this a just claim, however? 
 
 While there is sufficient reverence in our hearts to 
 bring us to this honored spot, and to move us to raise 
 a monument to commemorate the work of those hardy 
 Christian pioneers who framed that historic Compact, 
 the simplest code that was ever designed to govern a 
 people, yet do we complacently point with pride to 
 our modern jurisprudence as being a monument to 
 
 111
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 our superior intelligence and to all of those virtues 
 that contribute to the making of a good and great 
 republic. Is this a fair comparison? Is this per- 
 fectly true to them and to ourselves? I think not. 
 Simple as was their code, it sufficed, and they obeyed 
 it in spirit and in letter. How is it to-day with us? 
 Alas! 
 
 We are in too many respects a nation of lawbreak- 
 ers. What good are all the laws in the world if they 
 be not obeyed? We are forever busy making laws. 
 We are forever busy stopping the crevices to keep out 
 crime. Too many of our laws are like old hats which 
 stop up the window to keep out the weather. 
 
 What with the Federal and State legislation, we 
 have multiplied our laws until no man can count them. 
 I applied to the Department of Justice to learn how 
 many laws were on our statute books, and was told 
 that it was impossible to estimate them. 
 
 We have multiplied our lawyers until they are fall- 
 ing over each other in their strife for business. 
 
 Congress is a great law factory to turn out new 
 statutes and to repair broken and worn-out laws. 
 State legislatures are vying with Congress and each 
 other in the number of laws that they shall place on 
 their statute books. 
 
 Laws, laws, laws ! Every way we turn we are met 
 by laws. And while all this lawmaking is going on, 
 the greatest legal talent in the country is employed 
 at the highest prices to find ways to evade the law. 
 
 112
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Their efforts are to get around, or under, or through 
 the law, rather than to secure obedience to the law. 
 The late Sidney Bartlett said to a client, " You want 
 me to show you how to do an illegal thing in a legal 
 way." 
 
 There is more ability employed to break the laws 
 than to make them. I say this without presuming to 
 disparage the three hundred and seventeen lawyers in 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, numbering 
 four hundred and seventy-six members, for I believe 
 the lawyers to be the ablest and most useful members 
 in Congress; but is it not the fact that we have too 
 much legislation, too many laws, and that there is too 
 little disposition to observe them? Certain it is we 
 have too little power to enforce them. Justice is 
 tardy, or comes not at all. 
 
 Is there a nation on earth where justice is so slow 
 as in the United States? Too much legislation cheap- 
 ens the law. Too much legislation attenuates and 
 impairs the vigor of the law. Fewer laws, promptly 
 and vigorously enforced, would diminish crime. 
 
 While we have three times the population we had 
 fifty years ago, a thousandfold more laws, and a hun- 
 dred times more lawyers, we have no more courts, few 
 more judges, and but a few more prosecuting and 
 executive officers to enforce the law. What wonder 
 that crime stalks abroad by day and night! What 
 wonder that there were more than a hundred thou- 
 sand homicides in the last ten years, and that they are 
 
 113
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 increasing each year! What wonder that gigantic 
 corporations employ their enormous wealth and the 
 highest legal talent to strain the laws to their utmost I 
 What wonder that ill-gotten fortunes menace the lib- 
 erties of the people! 
 
 What shall be said of the morals of a business com- 
 munity when it practically demands assurance that 
 criminals shall not be arraigned, and when the assur- 
 ance that a criminal will not be prosecuted gives con- 
 fidence in stock-market values? 
 
 What shall be said of men who exult in the im- 
 munity of a lawbreaker? What shall be said of men 
 whose greed for gain has so blunted their consciences 
 that they have come to look upon the law as only a 
 restraint upon their liberties? 
 
 If the monument whose foundation we are laying 
 to-day shall stand for nothing else, it will certainly 
 remind us and future generations that respect for the 
 law and the rights of others is the corner stone of a 
 civil government. 
 
 It is well that we should come here to-day and be 
 reminded that there were times when the minds of 
 men had no thought of the law but to observe it ; that 
 there were times when fear of the law went hand in 
 hand with respect for the law; that there were times 
 when success did not condone crime. 
 
 I do not wish to be understood as making a whole- 
 sale condemnation. The people in the main are hon- 
 est. There is such a thing as a public conscience, and 
 
 114
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 when the people are aroused they are as true as steel 
 to vindicate the right, so that in spite of all the ras- 
 cals, inside and outside the penitentiary, we do not 
 despair of a great and happy future for the glorious 
 republic. 
 
 The addresses of the day were followed by the for- 
 mal ceremony of the laying of the corner stone. This 
 was performed by the Grand JNIaster of Masons in 
 Massachusetts, Most Worshipful J. Albert Blake, 
 assisted by the officers and many of the members of 
 the Grand Lodge, in all numbering nearly one hun- 
 dred. The officers and members were arrayed in the 
 full regalia of the Order. As the Grand Lodge as- 
 sembled, forming a circle about the stone, the Grand 
 JNIarshal, Melvin ]M. Johnson, conveyed to President 
 Roosevelt and Governor Guild an invitation to assist 
 him in laying the corner stone. Both readily accepted 
 the invitation, and on joining the circle about the 
 stone, both being members of the Masonic Order, they 
 were invested by the Grand Marshal with the purple- 
 bordered apron. A formal request to the Grand 
 INIaster to proceed with the ceremony of laying the 
 stone was then made by President Sears, to which the 
 Grand Master responded: 
 
 " From time immemorial it has been the custom of 
 the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and 
 Accepted Masons, when requested so to do, to lay, 
 with ancient forms, the corner stones of buildings 
 
 115
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 erected for the worship of God, for charitable or edu- 
 cational objects, and for the purposes of the adminis- 
 tration of justice and free government. 
 
 "This corner stone we may, therefore, lay in 
 accordance with our law; and thus testifying our 
 appreciation of the duties and privileges of liberty 
 regulated by law and our respect for duly constituted 
 authority, we shall proceed in accordance with ancient 
 usage. 
 
 "As the first duty of Masons, in any undertaking, 
 is to invoke the blessing of the Great Architect upon 
 their work, we will unite with our Grand Chaplain in 
 reading a lesson from the Holy Scriptures and in an 
 address to the throne of Grace." 
 
 The following texts of Scripture were read re- 
 sponsively by the Grand Chaplain, Rev. W. H. 
 Rider, D.D., of Gloucester, and by the brethren in 
 unison : 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Bless the Lord, O my soul. 
 O Lord, my God, Thou art very great; Thou art 
 clothed with honor and majesty. — Ps. 104, v. 1, 
 
 Brethren. — Thou, O Lord, shalt endure forever, 
 and Thy remembrance unto all generations. — Ts. 102, 
 V. 12. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Thou shalt arise and have 
 mercy upon Zion; for the time to favor her, yea, the 
 set time is come. — Vs. 102, v. 13. 
 
 Brethren. — For Thy servants take pleasure in her 
 stones, and favor the dust thereof. — Ps. 102, v. 14-. 
 
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 H
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Where wast thou when I laid 
 the foundation of the earth? Declare, if thou hast 
 understanding. — Job 28, v. 4. 
 
 Brethren. — Who hath laid the measures thereof, 
 if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon 
 it?— Jo& 38, V. 5. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Whereupon are the founda- 
 tions thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone 
 thereof ?—Jo& 38, v. 6, 
 
 Brethren. — When the morning stars sang to- 
 gether, and all the sons of God shouted for joy. — 
 Job 38, V. 7. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Is it time for you, O ye, to 
 dwell in your ceiled houses, and this house lie waste? 
 Thus saith the Lord of Hosts, Go up to the mountain 
 and bring wood and build the house; and I will take 
 pleasure in it, and I will be glorified, saith the Lord. 
 — Haggai 1, vs. A, 7, 8. 
 
 Brethren. — Ye also, as lively stones are built up 
 a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up 
 spiritual sacrifices acceptable unto God. — 1 Peter 
 2, V. 5. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Therefore thus saith the Lord 
 God, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, 
 a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure founda- 
 tion; he that believeth shall not make haste. Judg- 
 ment also will I lay to the line and righteousness to 
 the plummet. — Isaiah 28, vs. 16, 17. 
 
 Brethren. — Open to me the gates of right- 
 9 117
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 eousness. I will go into them and I will praise the 
 Lord. — Ps. 118, V. 19. Honor and majesty are 
 before Him; strength and beauty are in His sanc- 
 tuary. — Ps. 96, V. 6. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Except the Lord build the 
 house, they labor in vain that build it; except the 
 Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain. 
 —Ps. 127, V. 1. 
 
 Brethren. — One generation shall praise Thy 
 works to another, and shall declare Thy mighty acts. 
 They shall abundantly utter the memory of Thy great 
 goodness, and shall sing of Thy righteousness. — Ps. 
 1A5, vs. Jt, 7. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — O come, let us worship and 
 bow down, let us kneel before the Lord, our Maker. 
 — Ps. 95, V. 6. 
 
 Brethren. — For He is our God, and we are the 
 people of His pasture, and the sheep of His hand. — 
 Ps. 95, V. 7. 
 
 Grand Chaplain. — Sing unto the Lord, bless His 
 name; show forth His salvation from day to day. — 
 Ps. 96, V. 2. 
 
 Brethren. — All Thy works shall praise Thee, 
 O Lord; and Thy saints shall bless Thee. — Ps. 
 145, V. 10. Yea they shall sing in the ways of the 
 Lord; for great is the glory of the Lord. — Ps. 138, 
 V. 5. 
 
 The following prayer was then offered by the 
 Grand Chaplain: 
 
 118
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 " Holy and creative Light, beam on us and on this 
 Undertaking ! O Thou, in whom our Fathers trusted ! 
 Thou who didst guide them over seas into a strange 
 land, until in Thy name they laid the foundation 
 stones of this God-fearing Government, help us to 
 put our trust in Thee ! Inspire all that we may wisely 
 plan, with strength, build, and in beauty raise this 
 column of gratitude for Thy goodness unto our 
 American forbears, And Thine shall be the glory. 
 Amen." 
 
 After the prayer, the following hymn was sung by 
 the Harvard Quartet, of Boston: 
 
 HYMN, TO THE GLORY OF OUR PILGRIM 
 FATHERS 
 
 On topmost rock, near Ocean's wild domain, 
 Where tempest-echoes wake the moaning sea — 
 
 Where e'en the frighten'd bird seeks rest again. 
 We raise, great God, this tower of Faith in Thee I 
 
 A pillar of light forever let it stand. 
 
 To teach our children to bless the Pilgrim band. 
 
 Pile rock on rock, till firm as nature's core 
 Or rock of ages, on its mountain home — 
 
 'Twill meet old Ocean in its wildest roar, 
 
 And stand triumphant countless years to come, 
 
 A pillar of light forever let it be. 
 
 To inspire with Hope this land of liberty. 
 
 119
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 When storm-winds howl around thy granite side, 
 Or sing a requiem o'er the ocean grave ; 
 
 When waves roll high and swell the rising tide, 
 Be thou a beacon brave to warn and save! 
 
 A tower of strength forever let it stand, 
 
 Model for the Love that lends a helping hand. 
 
 Pillar of light, like that of ancient time, 
 Which marshal'd Israel on its weary way. 
 
 Be the tribute, in gratitude sublime. 
 
 To the Faith and Hope and Love of the proud day 
 
 When from the Mayflower's cabin first did shine 
 
 Liberty's gladsome light, by true grace divine. 
 
 At the conclusion of the prayer, the response by 
 the brethren, " So Mote it Be," and the hymn by the 
 quartet, the Grand Master directed the Grand Treas- 
 urer, Right Worshipful Charles H. Ramsay, to read 
 the list of papers and documents contained in a box 
 of copper, to be deposited within the corner stone. 
 The Grand Treasurer complied, and read the follow- 
 ing list: 
 
 Contents of the Box Placed Under the Corner Stone of the 
 Pilgrim Memorial Monument at Provincetown. 
 
 Copy of Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, contrib- 
 uted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 
 
 Copy of the Manual of the General Court of Massachusetts for 
 the year 1907. 
 
 120
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Copy of the Inaugural Address of His Excellency, Governor 
 Curtis Guild, Jr., 1907. 
 
 Address of Governor Curtis Guild, Jr., at the Hall of Fame^ 
 New York University, Memorial Day, 1907. 
 
 Proceedings of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Masons 
 in Massachusetts, 1907. 
 
 Constitutions of the Grand Lodge, A. F. and A. M. in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Town Records and Reports of the Town of Provincetown for 
 the year 1906. 
 
 Bylaws and Rules of the Town of Provincetown. 
 
 Order of Exercises for Memorial Day in Provincetown, May 
 SO, 1907. 
 
 Warrant for special Town Meeting at Provincetown, July l6, 
 1907. 
 
 Advertising folder of Cape Cod Steamship Company, contain- 
 ing a cut of the Monument when completed. 
 
 Souvenir Brochure of Provincetown — " Provincetown, the Tip 
 of the Cape." 
 
 Copy of Book entitled " Cape Cod, the Right Arm of Mas- 
 sachusetts," by Charles F. Swift, presented by Charles W. 
 Swift. 
 
 Photographic Portrait of President Roosevelt bearing his au- 
 tograph. 
 
 Constitution of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association. 
 
 Copy of the Pilgrim Compact. 
 
 Copy of the Act of Congress, making appropriations toward 
 the erection of the Monument. 
 
 Copy of the Resolve of the General Court of Massachusetts 
 making appropriations toward the erection of the monument. 
 
 Photographic Portrait of His Excellency, Curtis Guild, Jr., 
 Governor of the Commonwealth, bearing his autograph. 
 
 List of Contributors to the fund for the erection of the Monu- 
 ment. 
 
 121 ft
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR IVIONUMENT 
 
 Photographic Portrait of Captain J. Henry Sears, President 
 of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association. 
 
 Copy of Engraved Invitation issued to guests on the occasion 
 of the laying of the Corner Stone of the Pilgrim Memorial 
 Monument. 
 
 List of Officers of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association 
 for 1907. 
 
 Copies of Boston Post for January 25 and June 30, 1907, 
 containing illustrated articles on the Monument. 
 
 Autographic list of members of the Boston Marine Society. 
 
 Manual for the Boston Marine Society. 
 
 Review of Steps Taken to Procure Suitable Design for Monu- 
 ment, and the Final Arrangements for the Building of the Same. 
 
 Seventh Annual Report of the United Fruit Company. 
 
 Copy of the Holy Scriptures, contributed by the Massachusetts 
 Bible Society. 
 
 The box was of solid copper, cast without seam and 
 closed by a close-fitting cover of the same metal, se- 
 curely sealed. The box was ten by twelve inches in 
 size, with a depth of nine inches. Upon the top was 
 painted the motto — 
 
 DEO PATRIBUSQUE. 
 
 Beneath this motto was the Masonic square and com- 
 passes. The box was placed, with due solemnity, 
 within a cavity cut in the lower side of the stone and 
 securely wedged. The Grand Master, taking the 
 trowel, the Deputy Grand Master the square, the 
 Senior Grand Warden the level, and the Junior 
 Grand Warden the plumb, they assumed their proper 
 positions around the stone — the Grand Master at the 
 
 122
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 east, his Deputy on his right, the Senior Grand War- 
 den at the west, and the Junior Grand Warden at the 
 south. 
 
 The Grand Master then spread the cement upon a 
 portion of the foundation beneath the stone, passing 
 the trowel to the President of the United States. 
 President Roosevelt followed the example of the 
 Grand Master, spreading a portion of the cement, 
 and passed the trowel to Governor Guild. Before 
 resuming his place the President graciously shook 
 hands with the operative workmen assisting in the 
 work. Governor Guild next spread the cement, pass- 
 ing the trowel in turn to President Sears, of the 
 Monument Association, and he to Past Master A. 
 P. Hannum, representing King Hiram Lodge, of 
 Provincetown. The Grand Master then directed the 
 craftsmen to lower the stone, which was done in three 
 motions — first, by lowering a few inches and stop- 
 ping, when the public Grand Honor was given by the 
 brethren by a clasping of the arms about the body 
 and a low bow. The stone was then lowered a second 
 time, and two Grand Honors were given. It was 
 then lowered to its place upon the foundation, three 
 Grand Honors given, and the stone squared and 
 leveled by the craftsmen. The following ceremony 
 then ensued : 
 
 Grand Master. — Right Worshipful Deputy 
 Grand Master, what is the proper jewel of your 
 office? 
 
 123
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Deputy Grand Master. — The square. 
 
 Grand ^Iaster. — What does it teach? 
 
 Deputy Grand Master. — To square our actions 
 by the square of virtue, and by it we prove our work. 
 
 Grand Master. — Apply your jewel to this corner 
 stone and make report. 
 
 Deputy Grand Master (applying the square). — 
 The stone is square; the Craftsmen have done their 
 duty. 
 
 Grand Master. — Right Worshipful Senior Grand 
 Warden, what is the proper jewel of your office? 
 
 Senior Grand Warden. — The level. 
 
 Grand Master. — What does it teach? 
 
 Senior Grand Warden. — The equality of aU men, 
 and by it we prove our work. 
 
 Grand Master. — Apply your level to the corner 
 stone and make report. 
 
 Senior Grand Warden [applying the level), — 
 The stone is level; the Craftsmen have done their 
 duty. 
 
 Grand Master. — Right Worshipful Junior Grand 
 Warden, what is the proper jewel of your office? 
 
 Junior Grand Warden. — The plumb. 
 
 Grand Master. — What does it teach? 
 
 Junior Grand Warden. — To walk uprightly be- 
 fore God and man, and by it we prove our work. 
 
 Grand Master. — Apply your jewel to the corner 
 stone and make report. 
 
 Junior Grand Warden (applying the plumb). — 
 
 124
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 The stone is plumb; the Craftsmen have done their 
 duty. 
 
 Grand Master. — Having full confidence in your 
 skill in the Royal Art, it remains with me to finish 
 the work. 
 
 The Grand Master, striking the stone three times 
 with the gavel, said: 
 
 " Well made — well proved — truly laid — true and 
 trusty; and may this undertaking be conducted and 
 completed by the Craftsmen according to the grand 
 plan, in Peace, Harmony, and Brotherly Love." 
 
 The Deputy Grand Master, Arthur T. Way, re- 
 ceived from the Grand Marshal the Vessel of Corn, 
 and pouring the corn upon the stone, said: 
 
 " JNIay the blessing of the Supreme Grand Archi- 
 tect rest upon the people of these United States, 
 and may the Corn of Nourishment abound in our 
 land." 
 
 A stanza of a hymn was sung by the quartet: 
 
 When once of old, in Israel, 
 
 Our early Brethren "wrought with toil, 
 
 Jehovah's blessing on them fell 
 
 In showers of Corn, and Wine, and Oil. 
 
 The Grand Marshal presented the Cup of Wine to 
 the Senior Grand Warden, Edward G. Graves, who 
 poured the wine upon the stone, saying: 
 
 " May the Great Architect of the Universe watch 
 over and preserve the workmen upon this monument 
 
 125
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 and bless them and our land with the Wine of Re- 
 freshment and Concord." 
 A second stanza was sung: 
 
 When there a shrine to Him alone 
 They built, with worship, sin to foil. 
 
 On threshold and on corner-stone. 
 
 They poured out Corn, and Wine, and Oil. 
 
 The Grand Marshal presented the Cup of Oil to 
 the Acting Junior Grand Warden, David T. Rem- 
 ington, who poured the oil upon the stone, saying: 
 
 " May the Supreme Ruler of the World bless our 
 land with Union, Harmony, and Love, preserve the 
 people in Peace, and vouchsafe to them the enjoy- 
 ment of every good and perfect gift." 
 
 A third stanza was sung: 
 
 And we have come, fraternal bands, 
 
 With joy and pride, and prosperous spoil. 
 
 To honor Him by votive hands 
 
 With streams of Corn, and Wine, and Oil. 
 
 The Grand Chaplain then pronounced this invo- 
 cation : 
 
 " In vain, O God! in vain shall we quarry, in vain 
 the hands of the workmen adjust the stones, if thou 
 witlihold Thy blessing on our endeavors. 
 
 " Humbly may we try to imitate the divine plan, 
 to keep true and in all symmetry the monument to 
 be erected. 
 
 126
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 *' Guard all who toil. 
 
 " Move in generous fraternal spirit those who di- 
 rect. So shall these stones rise in splendid evidence 
 of a people whose God is the Lord ; whose government 
 is free in its cheerful obedience to the common good; 
 whose desire is the Eternal Right. 
 
 " Thy Blessing, Most Holy, Most Wise and Al- 
 mighty, be upon this monument to a hallowed Past, 
 this inspiration for an adequate future. 
 
 " INIay Corn, Wine, and Oil, and all the necessaries 
 of life, abound among men throughout the world; 
 may the blessing of Almighty God be upon this un- 
 dertaking, and may the structure here to be erected 
 rise in Beauty and Strength, and be preserved to 
 the latest ages, a monument of the liberality of its 
 founders and of the free and enlightened gov- 
 ernment in which it is our privilege to partake. 
 Amen." 
 
 The Brethren responded, " So Mote it Be." 
 
 The Grand Master returned to his place, and was 
 approached by the Grand Marshal, who said: 
 
 " I present to you the Architect of this Building. 
 He is ready with Craftsmen for the work, and asks 
 the tools for his task." 
 
 The Grand IMaster presented the Square, Level, 
 Plumb, and Plan to the Architect, and said : 
 
 " To you, Mr. Architect, are confided the imple- 
 ments of operative Masonry, with the fullest confi- 
 dence that by your skill an edifice will here arise which 
 
 127
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 shall render new service and honor to this busy city. 
 May it be blessed with Wisdom in the plan, Strength 
 in the execution, Beauty in the adornment; and may 
 the Sun of Righteousness enlighten those who build, 
 the Government and the People for whose use this 
 structure shall be erected." 
 
 The Grand INIaster then presented Past Senior 
 Grand Warden, William B. Lawrence, and an- 
 nounced that he would make an address. 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. WILLIAM B. LAWRENCE 
 
 On Saturday, November 21, 1620, there came to 
 anchor in what is now Provincetown harbor a small 
 vessel of one hundred and eighty tons. She carried 
 as passengers about a hundred men, women, and chil- 
 dren — poor and in exile, but so loving God, so brave 
 to worship Him in the way they thought right, that 
 they had knowingly chosen to risk death in a wilder- 
 ness rather than yield themselves to spiritual despot- 
 ism. In her cabin, within sight of this cape, and 
 probably within this harbor, was signed the document 
 whose essential principle is the firm and enduring 
 basis of American constitutional government. For 
 five weeks the Pilgrim Fathers lived here, making 
 this harbor their base of operations in finding a per- 
 manent location. On this spot we are to-day met to- 
 gether to lay, with Masonic ceremonies, the comer 
 
 128
 
 WILLIAM B. LAWRENCE.
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 stone of a fitting national memorial to that Mayflower 
 Compact and the men who made it. 
 
 But in the broader sense, the nation that pays this 
 tribute is their grandest monument — and for that 
 monument the Pilgrim Fathers themselves here laid 
 the corner stone. History tells us of no Masons 
 among them, but it is safe to say that no band of men 
 ever more fully expressed in their own lives the ma- 
 sonic tenets of Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth; 
 or the four cardinal Masonic virtues of Temperance, 
 Fortitude, Prudence, and Justice. As these qualities 
 were necessary to the earlier Masons to preserve their 
 very existence, so they were necessary to the Pilgrims 
 to preserve their State. In both cases these qualities 
 were the elements of a great and uplifting human 
 movement because they were in the character of the 
 men who made it. The men who came together to 
 form the Pilgrim congregation at Leyden were brave, 
 prudent, temperate, and just men, or they could never 
 have become the advance guard of the great Puritan 
 exodus from England in the seventeenth century. 
 The men from whose union first came masonry pos- 
 sessed and exemplified these virtues, or masonry could 
 never have been instituted. In laying this corner 
 stone the masonry of to-day does more than exercise 
 an honorable and long-cherished custom. It recog- 
 nizes with an uplifted heart its essential kinship with 
 those humble, sagacious, God-fearing founders of this 
 American Republic. 
 
 129
 
 THE riLGRIIVlS AND THEIR MONIBIENT 
 
 And we feel, too, that we of the present generation 
 can do more to honor the Pilgrim Fathers even than 
 to erect this seemingly imperishable memorial. The 
 priceless heritage which this nation — which every hu- 
 man being in this nation, man, woman, or child — has 
 received from them, it is our highest duty to transmit 
 in turn undiminished to our own descendants. The 
 highest honor we can pay them is so to cherish the 
 principles on which this Government was founded 
 that it will still stand for freedom, for justice, and 
 for equality of rights long after time shall have crum- 
 bled this granite monument to dust. Here by the 
 action of these men, a government was established, for 
 the first time in history, by the consent of all the gov- 
 erned — a document drafted that unmistakably laid 
 down the principle that men, merely as men, may, as 
 of right, decide how and by whom they will be gov- 
 erned. Circumstances compelled them to draft and 
 sign the Mayflower Compact almost at a moment's 
 notice, but the motive that influenced them is of ever- 
 lasting significance. In an essentially commercial 
 age, when men are too often absorbed in the eager 
 struggle for wealth; when our industrial prosperity 
 advances by leaps and bounds; when combinations of 
 wealth so created wield unprecedented power — and 
 yet, when liberty is so taken for granted that many 
 neglect political duty for private interest, and think 
 no shame of it, it cannot be too squarely emphasized 
 that the May flower Compact came into being because 
 
 130
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 the Pilgrim Fathers saw and understood and wisely 
 feared the disaffection or selfish indifference of a very- 
 few among them. 
 
 The Mayflower Compact was the result of a con- 
 dition that confronted the Pilgrims after they had 
 sighted the cape, on which they had then no intention 
 whatever of landing. The patent from which they 
 expected to derive both place and protection directed 
 their course toward the Hudson. South of the cape 
 they met with dangerous shoals and roaring break- 
 ers, which turned them back, and in so doing changed 
 them from an organized colony, acting under a regu- 
 lar patent, into a band of unauthorized adventurers. 
 A few among them saw in this change a prospect of 
 the individual license that has invariably proved the 
 foe of genuine liberty. To control this incipient law- 
 lessness the Compact was hastily drafted. But it em- 
 bodied ideas already matured in the minds of the 
 Pilgrims. It was, therefore, in essence no hasty docu- 
 ment. Its noble terseness here crystallized essential 
 qualities that made the Pilgrims unique among all 
 the Colonists who came to America, and allow us 
 to-day to see in them also the first American expres- 
 sion of the principles cherished by masonry. 
 
 They were not only a brotherhood of religious en- 
 thusiasts, these Pilgrim Fathers : their religious fervor 
 was of steel, tempered by the common sense of British 
 yeomanry. They were not only members of the most 
 mutually helpful community of their time, but its 
 
 131
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 picked members, young and stalwart, chosen to go 
 before and prepare the way for others. They were 
 not only Puritans, they were the extreme wing of 
 Puritanism — the Separatists to whom Truth was all 
 and admitted no compromise. They had the fortitude 
 that could be dismayed by no perils; the prudence 
 that took no step without thoughtful examination; 
 the justice that tolerated other beliefs in an age when 
 intolerance was by no means confined to established 
 religion; the temperance that more than once, in the 
 long and anxious negotiations with the merchant ad- 
 venturers who financed their undertaking, saved it 
 from shipwreck on the rocks of righteous indignation. 
 There was a colony which came to this coast two years 
 after the founding of Plymouth whose unhappy fate 
 shows what would have happened had not the Pil- 
 grims been so rich in these truly masonic virtues. 
 United by a common purpose, fixed in the habit of 
 referring all matters to the congregation as a whole, 
 and together asking the greater wisdom of God to 
 guide the majority, they were moreover moving un- 
 consciously toward the development of a thing then 
 unnamed and unanalyzed — a government of, by, and 
 for the people. 
 
 The shore on which a small party of the Pilgrims 
 landed after signing the Compact and electing the 
 first ISTew England Governor offered them a genuine 
 hospitality. The weather was fair. Although the 
 bare boughs of the cape, then well wooded, presented 
 
 132
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 what Governor Bradford afterwards described as a 
 " weather-beaten face," it was a week later before they 
 tasted the bitterness of New England winter. They 
 went ashore to look about them and replenish their 
 exhausted firewood. The first sound of Pilgrim life 
 that New England heard was the sound of axes; the 
 first touch of homely comfort that New England 
 afforded them was the warmth of a wood fire; the 
 first New England Sabbath was made more comfort- 
 able by the news brought back from this first jour- 
 ney into the New England woods, that there were 
 no hostile savages in the immediate neighborhood. 
 
 On the ^londay following the weather was warm 
 enough to permit the Pilgrim women to do what 
 must have been a pretty good-sized family washing 
 in the fresh-water pool, since swallowed up by the 
 ocean, in front of Provincetown. It would seem safe 
 to say, therefore, that the first Pilgrim woman landed 
 on New England soil Monday, November 23, 1620; 
 that the place was Provincetown; and her purpose, 
 there to begin the household cleanliness for which 
 New England has ever since been famous. Tradi- 
 tion has unfortunately assigned to these Pilgrim 
 Fathers and mothers a grimness that is not borne out 
 by careful, sjinpathetic reading of their records ; and 
 these brave women, companions of brave men, look 
 up from their washing and smile at us to-day across 
 nearly three centuries. Of the eighteen Pilgrim wives 
 in this devoted company, fourteen had died before the 
 10 133
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 first year of the Colony was finished — a fact signifi- 
 cant enough of the hardship, perils, and dangers 
 they so cheerfully underwent with their life com- 
 panions. 
 
 The Mayflower lay five weeks in Provincetown 
 harbor, entering the harbor November 21st and leav- 
 ing it for Plymouth, December 26th. The first birth 
 and first deaths occurred here. These shores, no 
 longer wooded, that first rang with the cheerful note 
 of Pilgrim axes, heard also the feeble birth-cry of 
 their first-born child, the weeping of mourners at 
 their first burials. A wondering Indian, suspiciously 
 listening where we now stand to do them honor, might 
 have heard then for the first time the prophetic indus- 
 try of Pilgrim hammers, or, afar off, the first report 
 of a Pilgrim musket. Into the woods of this cape 
 marched their first armed company under the sturdy 
 captaincy of Myles Standish. Out of a primitive 
 Indian storehouse on this cape they dug, and after- 
 wards paid for, the corn that gave them seed for the 
 first Pilgrim harvest. No hour of those five weeks, 
 it may be fairly said, but had its meaning in their 
 later history. 
 
 For here, too, they watched what were to them the 
 wonders of this new land — the whales playing clum- 
 sily in the harbor and the flocks of wild fowl, whose 
 number and fatness so greatly surprised the Colo- 
 nists — and talked together about the hopes and fears 
 of their immediate future. There was enough to dis- 
 
 134
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 hearten them. The interest of the merchant adven- 
 turers who had financed the undertaking they now 
 knew to be wholly commercial ; little more help could 
 be expected from them unless the business began to 
 show a profit. The captain and crew of the May- 
 flower, whose attitude toward their passengers was 
 just about what one would have expected from the 
 average seaman of the period toward a poor and per- 
 secuted religious body, were anxious to get home, and 
 were not slow in showing it. Supplies were running 
 short, sickness and death had made their appearance 
 in the Pilgrim company. They had heard such things 
 of Indian cruelty as " move the bowels of men to 
 grate within them and make the weak to quake and 
 tremble." Save for their faith in God and their un- 
 conquerable determination to found this colony to 
 His glory, whatever way they looked the future 
 frowned upon them. Save for the kindred qualities 
 that every JNIason should be honored to recognize in 
 these Pilgrim Fathers, they could never have suc- 
 ceeded in planting an enduring colony. 
 
 Three separate expeditions went out from the May- 
 flower and explored much of the cape before finally 
 settling upon Plymouth. Concerning these expedi- 
 tions the Pilgrims' annals have left us authentic in- 
 formation — rich in material that illustrates the rugged 
 worth, the fine humanity of these men whom we to- 
 day celebrate; rich, too, in incidents that show their 
 character and ideals to have been identical with those 
 
 135
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 of masonry. They found a supply of corn; the pru- 
 dence that made them take it as seed for a future har- 
 vest is no more characteristic than the justice with 
 which they agreed among themselves to pay the own- 
 ers at the earliest opportunity. They sailed one after- 
 noon out of Provincetown Harbor, in the clumsy little 
 shallop they had brought on the Mayflower, and the 
 dashing spray froze on them till their garments were 
 like coats of ice; yet the thing was necessary and a 
 splendid fortitude upheld their spirits under their 
 frozen garments. They came back to the Mayflower 
 to find that Death had been grimly busy in their ab- 
 sence, yet even in grief they practiced a wise and 
 necessary temperance. Exploring this cape to find 
 a dwelling place, what they sought, above all, was 
 Truth. And the spirit in which they sought it was 
 of Brotherly Love and mutual helpfulness. 
 
 Thus, in the silence of that November day, with 
 winter settling over the unknown land that was to be 
 their home in the future, and over the gray, indiffer- 
 ent ocean that separated them, almost as irrevocably 
 as death itself, from the land that had been their 
 home in the past, they laid the corner stone of Amer- 
 ican constitutional liberty, the first government in the 
 world that derived its power from the consent of all 
 the governed. For five weeks they called this spot 
 " home " — the word is not mine, but that of the Pil- 
 grim historian. 
 
 To-day belongs to that time when the Pilgrim 
 
 136
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Fathers called this cape " home." Of the first years 
 of the colony their own Governor Bradford has well 
 said: "As one smalle candle may light a thousand, 
 so the light here kindled hath shown unto many, yea 
 in some sorte to our whole nation, let the glorious 
 name of Jehovah have all the praise." 
 
 It has been unfortunate that the public mind 
 should lose sight of their connection with the cape, 
 and it is therefore all the more an inspiring duty to 
 lay the corner stone of this monument. May it here- 
 after visualize not only to those at home, but to the 
 incoming thousands and tens of thousands, that first 
 small immigration of a devoted hundred — the men 
 who, though sometimes troubled, were undismayed; 
 whose first safeguard was to prevent the license that 
 comes whenever a single man considers himself a law 
 unto himself and independent of the just and equal 
 rights of others. This danger, in one form or an- 
 other, we shall probably have always with us. It is 
 the penalty of extreme power that the man who wields 
 it grows unconsciously to feel himself superior to the 
 laws that govern the less powerful. It is the curse of 
 extreme weakness that the man afflicted with it comes 
 to believe in anarchy. The safety of the Pilgrim 
 community lay in the fact that every individual did 
 his part for the good of all — and in this thought lies 
 also the safety of the great nation in whose making 
 they were so important a factor. 
 
 An American poet has expressed the eternal nature 
 
 137
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 of a great and good man's influence in words that I 
 cannot forbear applying to these Pilgrim Fathers: 
 
 So when a great man dies. 
 
 For years beyond our ken, 
 The light he leaves behind him lies 
 
 Upon the paths of men. 
 
 At the close of the address the closing formalities 
 were observed thus: 
 
 Grand Master. — Worshipful Brother Grand Mar- 
 shal, you will make proclamation that this corner stone 
 has been duly laid in accordance with ancient form 
 and usage. 
 
 Grand Marshal. — In the name of the Most Wor- 
 shipful Grand Lodge in the Commonwealth of Mas- 
 sachusetts I now proclaim that the corner stone of the 
 structure to be here erected has tliis day been found 
 square, level, and plumb, true and trusty, and laid 
 according to the old customs by the Grand Master of 
 Masons. 
 
 This proclamation is made from the east, the west, 
 the south — once (trumpet), twice (trumpet twice), 
 thrice (trumpet thrice). 
 
 The exercises closed with the singing of the hymn 
 " America " and the benediction by the Grand 
 Chaplain. 
 
 Following the formal exercises at the corner stone, 
 a dinner was given in Town Hall by the citizens of 
 
 138
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 Provincetown, under the management of a large com- 
 mittee, of which Joseph A. West was chairman and 
 Jonathan F. Snow, secretary. Other members of the 
 committee were: Moses T. Gifford, Artemas P. Han- 
 num, Raymond A. Hopkins, Angus MacKay, Dr. 
 M. PhiHp Campbell, Heman S. Cook, Joseph Manta, 
 Charles A. Foster, Jerome S. Smith, E. Olin Snow, 
 John D. Adams, Elijah J. Rogers, Jesse Rogers, 
 R. Eugene Conwell, Simeon C. Smith, Walter Welsh, 
 and Dr. Alexander S. INIacLeod. The seats being 
 removed from the floor of the hall, one long table was 
 spread parallel with the stage, at which were seated 
 the President of the Memorial Association, with the 
 guests of honor, the President of the United States, 
 the Governor of the Commonwealth, the admirals 
 commanding the fleet of battleships in the harbor, 
 the captains commanding the various vessels, the 
 chaplain of the occasion, and the poet of the day, 
 Nathan Haskell Dole. At right angles Mdth this 
 guest table were spread five long tables, at which 
 were seated five hundred of the ladies and gentlemen 
 of the town. The galleries were thronged by on- 
 lookers who were eager to listen to the after-dinner 
 exercises. 
 
 The feast concluded, the exercises were begun with 
 an invocation by the Chaplain, Rev. Caleb E. Fisher, 
 of Lowell. This was followed by a brief address of 
 welcome by George Allen, Chairman of the Board of 
 Selectmen of Provincetown, who said: 
 
 139
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 "Friends and Fellow Citizens: Cape Cod, the 
 strong right arm of old Massachusetts, extends to 
 you all a most cordial welcome, and we hope your 
 stay with us will he so pleasant you will all want to 
 come and assist us in dedicating the monument. 
 
 " President Roosevelt : We all thank you for your 
 great kindness in honoring us with your presence 
 to-day, and we hope you will never regret your visit 
 to Provincetown, the birthplace of this great nation. 
 
 " Our toastmaster has some ammunition he wants 
 to fire away, and if he can shoot as straight as the 
 boys in our navy, every shot he fires will tell its story. 
 I have the pleasure of introducing to you Rev. Dr. 
 Bush." 
 
 Mr. Allen concluded by introducing Rev. R. Perry 
 [Bush, D.D., of Chelsea, a native and a summer resi- 
 dent of Provincetown, as the toastmaster. Dr. Bush 
 spoke as follows: 
 
 REMARKS OF REV. R. PERRY BUSH, D.D. 
 
 When men have dared and died for principle, 
 thenceforth the spots their feet have trod are holy 
 ground, and at their halting places we erect our 
 shrines that future generations may come thither for 
 inspiration. 
 
 We commemorate in this hour the first landing of 
 the Pilgrims on these western shores, and we hold it 
 
 140
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 as our conviction that when they went forth from 
 England it was in obedience to a heavenly vision and 
 a divine command. 
 
 The world was ready for an advance step in gov- 
 ernment and religion, and they were the ordained in- 
 struments for the furthering of the plans of Him who 
 is constantly evolving out of to-day a better life for 
 to-morrow. 
 
 The Pilgrim saw not only that his own personal 
 rights were trampled upon and disregarded, but in 
 his migration he was laboring and building not for 
 himself alone, but for peoples yet unborn. 
 
 When we look close enough we perceive that one 
 mighty and all-embracing purpose runs like a golden 
 thread through all ages and experiences, and that all 
 human struggle and sacrifice are leading us on to a 
 consciousness and appreciation of liberty and the 
 dedication of that liberty to noblest ends. 
 
 The beginning of our American Republic is not to 
 be found in those who separated themselves from the 
 established church and later embarked in the May- 
 flower. 
 
 We must go back to the times when, year after 
 year, those hosts emerged from the Black Forest, giv- 
 ing to Europe a taste of freedom and independence. 
 
 We must reckon the deep and powerful influence 
 of Holland and the broadening touch of the spirit of 
 William of Orange. We must take note of the fusion 
 of tongues and tribes that went to make up the char- 
 
 141
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 acter of the English people. We must look to most 
 distant ages and consider those of long ago who, like 
 Plato, dreamed a dream of government which hu- 
 manity must wait long to see fulfilled. 
 
 Those to whom we pay tribute in this hour were 
 not participating in private theatricals, but they were 
 actors in the great drama of progress and civilization. 
 
 There are not wanting men of note who place the 
 signing of that Compact in this harbor in November, 
 1620, on a level with the great charter wrung from 
 King John at Runnymede, and when we bear in 
 mind the ripened fruit of the seed which the Pilgrims 
 planted in this land, we may then maintain the jus- 
 tice of such a measurement. 
 
 There are two greatest ideals toward the realiza- 
 tion of which man is steadily, though slowly and pain- 
 fully, advancing. The one is a government of the 
 people, by the people, and for the people; a world- 
 wide liberty and equality, in which the primal aim of 
 each is the welfare of the whole; a reign of freedom 
 universal, where freedom is put to its supremest op- 
 eration in service to law and order, and every citizen 
 is afforded his full and complete and legitimate rights. 
 
 This is the first and greatest of ideals, and the sec- 
 ond is like unto it: the establishment of a condition 
 throughout the earth, in which it shall be granted to 
 each to worship in accord with the dictates of his own 
 conscience — you at your altar and I at mine — and 
 union of religious devotees shall result, not from mo- 
 
 142
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 notonous sameness of belief, but from mutual respect 
 for each other's purity and sincerity of purpose. 
 
 Toward these two ideals the whole creation tends, 
 and when, in some far-off future age, the historian 
 of that millennial time shall recount the deeds of those 
 who contributed most to the realization of that for 
 which the divinest souls on earth are striving, he shall 
 write in golden letters the story of the Mayflower 
 and those who rode at anchor in this noble harbor. 
 
 And if the memorial of which the corner stone is 
 laid this day shall in any measure incite our citizens 
 to emulation of the Pilgrims and fidelity to the trust 
 which has descended from them to us, then the con- 
 tributions of nation and State and the labors of 
 patriotic citizens who have made the erection of that 
 memorial possible, shall not have been in vain. 
 
 Our first toast, " The United States of America." 
 The first real and genuine experiment in self-govern- 
 ment. The amalgamation of all races and peoples 
 leavened by the spirit of the Pilgrim, the Puritan, 
 and the Virginian cavalier. Dedicated to liberty and 
 equality and nourished by the schoolhouse and the 
 church. Resisting tyranny and evolving from inter- 
 necine strife a truer and more vital Union. Advan- 
 cing by marvelous strides to the first place among the 
 nations and dedicating its matchless strength and re- 
 sources to the welfare of the weak and oppressed. 
 Exalted above every other potentate of earth is he 
 who is chosen by the free suffrage of the fellow citi- 
 
 143
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 zens to be our Chief Executive, and never since the 
 birth of our RepubHc one who had so strong a hold 
 upon the confidence and respect of the American 
 people as the present incumbent of the presidential 
 chair. The stalwart representative of the principles 
 which alone can assure permanence to our institu- 
 tions — the embodiment of justice and democracy — it 
 is a deeply appreciated honor that he abides with us 
 to-day as our guest. 
 
 During one of the bursts of applause that greeted 
 the toastmaster the President rose, bowed gracefully, 
 and withdrew from the hall. 
 
 As he passed out, the entire gathering rose and 
 cheered and waved napkins and handkerchiefs. Some 
 disappointment was felt that President Roosevelt did 
 not remain and address the people, but it was ex- 
 plained that the exercises upon the hill had proved 
 so long that the time fixed for setting sail upon his 
 return voyage was already past. Soon after, the 
 booming of the guns in the harbor announced that 
 the Mayflower, with the President on board, had left 
 the port on his return to Oyster Bay. 
 
 The toastmaster next presented the British Am- 
 bassador, the Right Honorable James Bryce, Dr. 
 Bush alluding in a graceful manner to his Majesty, 
 King Edward, and to Mr. Bryce as the author 
 of a work well known to Americans. Said Dr. 
 Bush: 
 
 144
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 *' The student of history who discerns aright the 
 working of the laws of cause and effect puts it down 
 as providential that the Anglo-Saxon race dominated 
 the settlement of this Western World and shaped its 
 civil and religious institutions. 
 
 " As we Americans stand within the sacred pre- 
 cincts of Westminster Abbey, we are proud to have 
 the English cousin at our side affirm that the great 
 and worthy who are sleeping there were our ances- 
 tors, as they were his own. 
 
 " Of common lineage, the differences of opinion 
 which moved Columbia to withdraw from her moth- 
 er's immediate family and set up an establishment of 
 her own could not break the ties of blood, and as the 
 great heart of the English people was with our Colo- 
 nists in their opposition to taxation without represen- 
 tation, so our respect and love go forth to Britannia, 
 and with her millions we revere the gracious woman- 
 hood of Victoria and swell the present chorus, ' God 
 save the King.' 
 
 " The list of those who have represented England 
 at Washington bears the names of men most eminent 
 and distinguished, but for none among them all has 
 there been more royal welcome than for the author 
 of ' The American Commonwealth.' 
 
 " Our nation has grown too big to take serious 
 notice of the carping criticism of the foreigner, who 
 abides but a day among us and who exposes his igno- 
 rance in every sentence that he utters, but we hail as 
 
 145
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 our truest friend and benefactor, him of broadest and 
 most intelligent and comprehensive knowledge of us 
 and our affairs, whether he speak praise or warning, 
 and we trust he may long be with us and his measure 
 of us and our possibilities never grow less, while our 
 regard for him and for those for whom he speaks 
 may be ever deepened and strengthened. 
 
 " I have the honor and privilege of presenting the 
 British Ambassador, the Right Honorable James 
 Bryce." 
 
 Mr. Bryce spoke briefly, but in a pleasing manner : 
 
 ADDRESS OF AMBASSADOR BRYCE 
 
 The Ambassador expressed his pleasure at seeing 
 so many ladies present, as showing the interest which 
 they took in this celebration. He thought that not 
 enough had been said, in honoring the Pilgrim Fa- 
 thers, about the Pilgrim mothers and, sisters, who 
 must have had a great deal to do with the course 
 which events took. Men did but little without the 
 management and sympathy of women, and many a 
 time the hopes and the constancy of these exiles might 
 have failed but for the brave spirit which the mothers 
 and sisters showed. To them the long voyage and 
 the long delaj^s before a settlement could be made 
 must have been even more wearisome than to the men. 
 But they held out gallantly through it all, and the 
 women of Provincetown were well entitled to bear a 
 
 146
 
 THE LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 
 
 part in this commemorative gathering. He beheved 
 that surprise had often been expressed that the May- 
 flower should have remained so long at anchor here, 
 and historians had been puzzled to account for this 
 delay. He offered to them an explanation which had 
 occurred to him when surveying the beautified land- 
 scape and the sheltered port from the top of the 
 hill where the monument is to stand. Provincetown 
 has both a charming and a healthful situation, 
 and the Pilgrims may well have been loath to 
 quit it. 
 
 He had been greatly struck by the freshness and 
 fine, bracing quality of the air and by the picturesque- 
 ness of the views, and were he able to look forward 
 to a lengthened residence in America, he would like to 
 become the owner of a plot of twenty acres, near the 
 shore, on which he might erect a dwelling, where both 
 the breezes and the prospects would be a perpetual 
 source of delight. 
 
 The words of cordial friendship toward England 
 used by those who had just spoken had deeply touched 
 him. Such an occasion as this brought forcibly to 
 their minds the community of sentiment, which united 
 the two branches of the ancient Teutonic stock, that 
 had come to Britain in the fifth century and to North 
 America in the seventeenth. Many new elements had 
 entered into the American people and were being 
 quickly and peacefully assimilated. But the type of 
 the resolute, high-minded, God-fearing men who laid 
 
 147
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the foundations of this Commonwealth had proved 
 itself a strong and persistent type. 
 
 England shared the pride which Massachusetts felt 
 in its own founders and in the many famous men 
 whom the Bay State had given to the service of the 
 Union, and joined in the trust that a due supply 
 of such men will ever be found to keep the star of 
 Massachusetts shining, bright as ever, amid the States 
 of that vast Republic which has sprung from the little 
 band who moored their ship in the silent bay of Prov- 
 incetown.
 
 VI 
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 SOME time elapsed after the laying of the corner 
 stone of the monument before work was begun 
 upon the superstructure. Meanwhile the happy- 
 thought came to the historian of the association that 
 the interest in the structure would be greatly en- 
 hanced if memorial stones might be procured from 
 the shrines of the Pilgrims across the sea. Accord- 
 ingly, with the concurrence of President Sears, a let- 
 ter was addressed to the parish clerk at Austerfield, 
 Yorkshire County, England, inquiring if it were pos- 
 sible to procure a stone from the premises or vicinity 
 of the ancient church of the village where Bradford 
 was baptized and where the Pilgrim movement had 
 its rise. In due course of time a reply was received, 
 of which the following is a copy: 
 
 Austerfield^ near Bawtry, Yorkshire, 
 
 April 25, 1905. 
 Dear Sir: With reference to your letter of February 23d last, 
 addressed to the parish clerk of Austerfield, we beg to inform you 
 that at a meeting of the church wardens and sidesmen of the 
 parish, it was decided to cut a stone from the Churchyard wall, 
 immediately facing the porch and to forward it to you in fur- 
 
 11 149
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 therance of your wisli to build it in as a part of the Memorial, 
 about to be erected on Cape Cod. 
 
 We are therefore sending the stone by rail to Liverpool, con- 
 signed per Cunard Line to you at Milton station, Boston, Mass., 
 and hope that it will reach you safely. 
 
 Wishing you every success in ycur endeavors. 
 We are, 
 
 Dear sir. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 (Signed) J. Jackson, I Church 
 
 T. DvsoN, j Wardens, 
 Austerfield Parish Church. 
 
 The incoming Cunard steamer arriving next after 
 the receipt of this letter brought, as a part of its 
 cargo, the precious Austerfield stone. The consignee, 
 upon calling at the office of the Cunard Line in Bos- 
 ton, was informed that the officers of the line, desirous 
 of attesting their interest in the undertaking, had 
 shipped the stone free of freight charges, the entire 
 cost of conveyance from Austerfield to Boston being 
 forty cents, the charge probably for freight, by rail, 
 to Liverpool. This trifle, indeed, represented the en- 
 tire cost of transportation of the stone to the site of 
 the monument, inasmuch as a firm of East Boston 
 teamsters, whose members were natives of Cape Cod, 
 took pleasure in transporting it from the Cunard pier 
 to that of the steamer Cape Cod, free of expense. The 
 president of the Cape Cod S. S. Company, himself 
 an officer of the Pilgrim Memorial Association, caused 
 its free transportation to Provincetown. 
 
 This historic stone was received by the association 
 
 150
 
 THE PILGRIM MONUMENT IN CONSTRUCTION. 
 40 FEET ABOVE THE BASE.
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 with great satisfaction and directed to be placed in a 
 conspicuous place in the edifice. 
 
 The success of this endeavor inspired the promotors 
 of the enterprise to still further efforts, and letters 
 were next addressed to the Hon. John W. Crowell, 
 secretary of the legation at The Hague, and Mr. S. 
 Listoe, Consul-general of the United States at Delft- 
 haven, inquiring as to the possibility of procuring 
 memorial stones from Leyden, the tarrying place of 
 the Pilgrims in Holland, and from Delfthaven, the 
 port of their departure from this country. The result 
 of this correspondence was the obtaining of a stone 
 from the old church in Leyden where the Pilgrims 
 are believed to have w-orshiped during their life in that 
 city. Later, the officers of the association were made 
 glad by the receipt of a number of ancient bricks 
 from the quay in Delfthaven whence the Pilgrims set 
 sail for this land. These relics are to be seen in a con- 
 spicuous position in the monument. 
 
 Still later, a member of the Massachusetts Woman 
 Suffrage Association, while visiting Delfthaven, pro- 
 cured a stone from the vestibule of the church in which 
 services are believed to have been held by the Pil- 
 grims on the day before their departure. This stone 
 was formally presented to the Pilgrim Memorial As- 
 sociation, at an annual meeting of the Woman Suf- 
 frage Association, held in Lynn, by ^Irs. Lucia Ames 
 Mead, its president, and was received in behalf of the 
 Pilgrim Memorial Association by its historian, who 
 
 151
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 was deputed for that purpose by President Sears. 
 Later, two blocks of yellow marble from the famous 
 quarries of Siena, Italy, were received from the au- 
 thorities of that city in recognition of the fact that 
 the design of the monument was copied from the 
 tower of their municipal building. 
 
 As already explained, the sum of forty thousand 
 dollars had been appropriated by Congress toward 
 the erection of the structure, which was, by the terms 
 of the resolve, made contingent upon the accept- 
 ance of the design by the Secretary of War, the 
 Governor of Massachusetts, and the president of the 
 Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association, and it was 
 provided that the money should be expended under 
 their direction. This provision was construed by the 
 Government as erecting the three persons filling those 
 positions into a commission for the construction of 
 the monument. This commission, which comprised 
 the Hon. William H. Taft, the Hon. Curtis Guild, 
 Jr., and Captain J. Henry Sears, met in Boston, 
 at the office of the governor, in the autumn of 1907, 
 and organized by the election of Secretary Taft as 
 chairman and Captain Sears as secretary. Major 
 (afterwards Lieutenant- Colonel) Edward Burr, of 
 the United States Corps of Engineers, stationed at 
 Boston, was appointed superintendent of construc- 
 tion and disbursing officer for the commission. 
 
 The next step was the adoption of a design for the 
 proposed monument, and to this end advertisements 
 
 152
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 were inserted in several newspapers, inviting the 
 preparation of competitive designs. More than one 
 hundred designs were offered, the majority of which 
 were, evidently, the work of amateurs. A few of 
 those offered possessed qualities in some measure ac- 
 ceptable to the directors and the commission; but 
 these were for the most part in the form of an Egyp- 
 tian obelisk, a form which it had been determined not 
 to follow, since the monument upon Bunker Hill and 
 the Washington monument at the national capital 
 were both of that type; and the Pilgrims certainly 
 had nothing in common with Egyptian civilization. 
 
 It seemed best, after long consideration, to adopt 
 the form of a campanile, or bell tower, and long 
 and careful search was made for a suitable design. 
 Thorough search wa? made in the parts of England 
 from which the Pilgrims came, but no tower in the 
 least satisfactory was to be found. Search was then 
 made throughout the towns and cities of Holland, 
 but still without success. It was evident that there, 
 was no distinctive Pilgrim monumental architecture, 
 and certainly none which w^s indigenous to the re- 
 gion in which the structure was to be built. 
 
 The problem was at length solved by the adoption 
 of the design of the beautiful tower of the Italian 
 Renaissance type, several examples of which are to 
 be found in the medieval cities of Europe. The two 
 most conspicuous examples are seen in the tower of 
 the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence and that of the 
 
 153
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Torre del Mangia in Siena. The design having been 
 adopted by the directors, it was presented to the com- 
 mission for its approval, which was readily granted. 
 The next step was the preparation of the plans for 
 the monument after the approved design. These 
 were made in the office of the United States engineers, 
 in Boston, under the direction of Colonel Burr. 
 
 In the spring of 1908, the plans being approach- 
 ing completion, a circular letter was addressed to 
 several responsible builders, inviting proposals for the 
 construction of the monument as planned. In March 
 of the same year these bids were opened at the office 
 of Colonel Burr, and it was found that the lowest 
 bidders for the work were the firm of Maguire & 
 O'Heron, of Milton, Mass., who had offered to erect 
 the building for the sum of seventy-three thousand 
 eight hundred and sixty-five dollars. 
 
 On the 12th day of March, 1908, a contract was 
 made between Colonel Burr, as representing the com- 
 mission for building the monument, and Patrick T. 
 Maguire, of Milton, County of Norfolk, Mass., doing 
 business under the firm name of Maguire & O'Heron, 
 whereby the said Maguire agreed to build the monu- 
 ment upon the existing foundation on Town Hill, 
 Provincetown, according to the plans prepared and 
 in conformity to the specifications annexed. The 
 agreement stipulated that the granite for the con- 
 struction of the tower should be taken from the 
 quarries of John L. Goss, of Stonington, Me., or 
 
 154
 
 ■2 X 
 
 o
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 ^hose of the Rockport Granite Company, of Rock- 
 port, Mass., at the option of the superintendent of 
 construction. Stipulations were also made as to the 
 quality of the cement to be used and as to that of the 
 concrete work, which was to be employed in certain 
 portions of the structure, such as stairs, incline, roof, 
 etc. It was stipulated that all materials to be used 
 should be subject to a rigid inspection, by an in- 
 spector employed by the superintendent, represent- 
 ing the government; that the work should be begun 
 at once, and that the tower should be completed on or 
 before the thirty-first day of December, 1909, under 
 a penalty of a forfeiture of five dollars a day for each 
 day's delay in the completion of the work beyond 
 that date. 
 
 The specifications for the work of erecting the 
 tower were exceedingly minute and carefully drawn. 
 The contractor was obliged to furnish all labor and 
 materials for the erection of the tower, except doors, 
 windows and shutters and their frames, grills for win- 
 dows and doors, rainwater leaders and lightning con- 
 ductors. The walls were to be constructed of massive 
 blocks of granite, each to be of the entire thickness of 
 the wall. They were to be reinforced at each of the 
 four corners by six rods of twisted steel which had 
 their origin at the bottom of the concrete foundation. 
 These rods were to rise to the height of the structure, 
 concealed in a tiny chamber between the stones and 
 surrounded solidly with cement. These rods were to 
 
 155
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 develop a tensile strength of not less than fifty thou- 
 sand pounds per square inch. In addition to these 
 upright steel rods, the tower was to be tied together, 
 at four different points, with horizontal bands of 
 steel, four inches in width, extending entirely around 
 the structure and pinned securely to the stones at the 
 corners. 
 
 It was stipulated that only fresh water should be 
 used in making the mortar and concrete for the tower ; 
 that all sand should be clean and sharp and free from 
 dirt and vegetable matter; that the broken stone to 
 be used in making the concrete should be pieces of 
 hard, durable rock, such as trap, granite, or limestone, 
 and that each fragment must be able to pass through 
 a ring one and a half Inches in diameter. It was pro- 
 vided that the granite should be strong and durable 
 and free from rot, damaging or defacing defects, and 
 all of the same general color. Each stone was to have 
 the exposed parts fresh quarry faces and free from 
 natural or seam faces. All stones were to be cut to 
 the sizes and shapes to fit accurately the requirements, 
 as shown in the drawings; to be squared to lay hori- 
 zontal beds and vertical joints. The surfaces form- 
 ing the horizontal and vertical joints were to be 
 dressed to lay to joints not exceeding one inch thick. 
 The courses of stone were to be not less than eighteen 
 and not mor^ than thirty inches in height. 
 
 The mortar to be used in laying the stones was to 
 be of one part Portland cement and three parts sand, 
 
 156
 
 THE PILGRIM MOXLMi:XT IN CONS I'UL CI UJ 
 164 FEKT ABOVE THE BASE.
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 to be mixed in small quantities only; and mortar left 
 overnight was forbidden to be used. Each stone 
 was to be cleaned before being set, and thoroughly 
 wet, to insure complete adhesion to the mortar. The 
 use of stone chips in bedding stones or in filling joints 
 was prohibited, and the setting of stones in freezing 
 weather was also forbidden. 
 
 It was provided that the concrete to be used for 
 floors, vamps, stairs, and other structural purposes 
 should be of one part Portland cement, three parts 
 sand, and six parts of broken stone; and all portions 
 exposed to footwear were to have a one-inch finish of 
 mortar, composed of one part Portland cement to two 
 parts of sand, rubbed down to a granolithic finisL 
 The floors were to be supported by steel beams, prop- 
 erly set in the masonry, and all joints throughout the 
 structure were to be well pointed in the final comple- 
 tion of the work. 
 
 On the eighteenth day of June, 1908, the work of 
 construction of the tower was begun. The first stone, 
 a large granite block weighing upward of four tons, 
 was swung into its place upon the foundation. There 
 were no formal ceremonies at the beginning of the 
 work, but there were present, as representatives of 
 the Monument Association, its president, Captain J. 
 Henry Sears; its secretary, Osborn Nickerson; its 
 treasurer, Howard F. Hopkins, and H. H. Sears, of 
 Hyannis, and Everett I. Nye, of Wellfleet, directors. 
 Lorenzo D. Baker, Jr., of Wellfleet, was also of the 
 
 157
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 party, representing his father, Captain Lorenzo D. 
 Baker, one of the directors and a member of the build- 
 ing committee. The work was begun and continued 
 under the immediate direction of Fred George, rep- 
 resenting the contractors, and Will A. Clark, an in- 
 spector on behalf of the United States Government, 
 who made daily reports of the progress of the work 
 to Colonel Burr at the office of the United States 
 Engineer Corps, at Boston. 
 
 The work thus begun proceeded rapidly throughout 
 the summer and autumn. The granite was brought 
 in vessels from the quarry at Stonington, Me., and 
 unloaded at Provincetown upon a float moored at the 
 wharf. From the float the blocks were swung, by 
 means of a derrick, upon trucks and dragged to the 
 foot of the hill. Here, by means of a second derrick, 
 they were removed, one by one, to a small railway 
 car and, by means of rails laid over the face of the 
 hill and a stationary engine at the summit, they were 
 drawn rapidly to the top of the hill. Here, by means 
 of a third derrick, they were unloaded and delivered 
 to the stonecutters. Each stone was then cut to meas- 
 urement and properly dressed, according to the spec- 
 ifications and in conformity to the carefully prepared 
 working drawings. Each tier of stone was carefully 
 planned, the stones being cut to a nicety and carefully 
 lettered and numbered, to show the exact spot for 
 which each was designed. There was therefore no 
 confusion in the placing of the stones, each separate 
 
 158
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 block falling into its place with remarkable accuracy. 
 At the seventeenth, or " Q," tier the work M^as begun 
 of placing in their proper places in the wall a num- 
 ber of memorial stones presented by societies of May- 
 flower descendants, by towns in eastern Massachu- 
 setts, and others. The first of these to be swung into 
 position was that bearing this inscription: 
 
 Society of Mayflower Descendants in 
 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 
 
 1901 
 
 The second to be placed in position was inscribed: 
 
 Pilgrim Trading Post, 
 
 1625 
 
 " Up a River called Kennibeck." 
 
 Maine 
 
 Society of Mayflower Descendants 
 
 Founded IPOI 
 
 The third stone placed was that given by the 
 Connecticut Society of Mayflower Descendants; the 
 fourth bore the inscription, " Tribute from Illinois, 
 1908." Other stones speedily followed, the gifts of 
 the Mayflower societies of New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsjdvania, Ohio, Michigan, the District of Co- 
 lumbia, of the General Society of Mayflower De- 
 scendants, and from the Pilgrim Club of Brewster, 
 in which originated the active movement which found 
 its culmination in the erection of the monument. In 
 all one hundred and thirty-three of these stones were 
 
 159
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 placed in position, where their inscriptions may be 
 easily read by visitors ascending the monument. 
 
 The work of the erection of the monument was 
 prosecuted with vigor until the twenty-sixth day of 
 November, 1908, when the inclemency of the weather 
 required it to be abandoned for the winter. On the 
 seventh day of April, 1909, work was resumed, and 
 was prosecuted steadily until the twenty-first day of 
 August. Slowly the lofty structure arose, until it be- 
 came not only the most conspicuous object in the 
 town, but attracted the attention of observers far up 
 the cape and for many miles at sea. 
 
 On the day last named it was announced that the 
 labors of the builders were nearly ended and that the 
 last stone was prepared and was ready to be placed 
 in position upon the topmost battlement. An inter- 
 ested company of spectators was in attendance to wit- 
 ness the ceremony. Foremost in the company was 
 the president of the association, Captain J. Henry 
 Sears, to whose energy and unselfish devotion this 
 culmination of a long-cherished hope was chiefly due. 
 Beside him stood the secretary of the association, Mr. 
 Osborn Nickerson, of Chathamport; H. H. Sears, 
 Lorenzo D. Baker, Jr., and Everett C. Nye, direc- 
 tors ; the historian of the association, and Hon. H. V. 
 Freeman, of Chicago, one of the vice presidents. 
 There was also present a delegation from the Pilgrim 
 Club, of Brewster, including Mrs. J. Henry Sears, 
 James E. Hills, Mrs. W. W. Knowles, Mrs. L. A. 
 
 160
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 Crocker, Mrs. S. M. Nickerson, Mrs. H. H. Collins, 
 and Rev. E. A. Chase. 
 
 The last stone was in form a double parallelogram, 
 the two parts being at right angles with each other. 
 Its greatest length was five feet four inches and its 
 least two feet six inches. Its weight was about one 
 ton. The stone was attached to the derrick chain by 
 " the strong grip of a lewis," and four persons took 
 their places upon it. These were Mr. W. A. Clarke, 
 the government inspector of the work, who had ap- 
 plied the square, level, and plumb to every stone in 
 the building, from the bottom to the top, and who had 
 watched every movement in the work with the utmost 
 vigilance; Mr. Richard J. Pearson, the derrick man, 
 who had directed the raising of every stone to the sum- 
 mit of the wall; Miss Isabel George, eleven years of 
 age, and JNIiss Annie Cromar, fourteen years of age, 
 the daughter and the niece of Mr. Fred George, the 
 foreman of the stonework construction. The stone, at 
 a signal from Mr. Clarke, rose rapidly to the summit 
 of the highest battlement, where it found its resting 
 place upon the northeast corner, directly above the 
 corner stone, two hundred and fifty-two feet below. 
 Here it was received by Mr. George and a force of 
 workmen, who speedily placed it in position. 
 
 This completed the stonework of the structure. In 
 height the walls are 252 feet 71 inches above the foun- 
 dation. The foundation is 60 feet square at the bot- 
 tom and 28 feet square at the top. In depth the 
 
 161
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 foundation is 13 feet below the surface of the ground. 
 From the original surface of the ground to the first 
 " wash " or narrowing of the wall the distance is 21 
 feet 3 inches; to the second " wash," 33 feet 11 inches; 
 to the third " wash," 44 feet 4 inches. The outside 
 dimensions of the walls are 27 feet square to the first 
 narrowing. The inside dimensions of the wall are 17 
 feet throughout the entire height. The walls are 5 
 feet in thickness at the bottom and 3 feet above the 
 third " wash," each " wash " being 8 inches in width. 
 From the base to the sill of the first window on the 
 south face of the structure is a height of 36 feet 11 
 inches; to the sill of the second window, 62 feet 8 
 inches; to the sill of the third window, 106 feet 
 8 inches; to the sill of the fourth window, 150 feet 8 
 inches. From the base to the first balcony deck is a 
 height of 204 feet 4 inches; to the first gargoyle, 189 
 feet; to the second gargoyle, 229 feet 10 inches; to 
 the top of the battlement, 252 feet 72 inches. The 
 arched windows in the belfry are 29 feet 10 inches 
 high and 7 feet wide. At the first balcony deck the 
 structure widens to 29 feet 6 inches square ; at the top 
 of the belfry it is 21 feet 4 inches square. 
 
 The completion of the stonework of the structure 
 was not the entire completion of the monument. 
 There still remained to construct the incline in the 
 interior of the monument, which it had been deter- 
 mined should take the place of stairways to give ac- 
 cess to the top. But one structure in the world is 
 
 162
 
 PATRICK T. MAGUIRE, 
 CONTRACTOR AXD BUILDER. 
 
 W. A. CLARK, 
 GOVERNMENT INSPECTOR. 
 
 FREDERIC GEORGE, 
 FOREMAN OF MASONRY WORK.
 
 THE ERECTION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 known to have had this feature, that being the his- 
 toric campanile San IVIarco, at Venice. This inchne 
 is constructed of steel and concrete and is self-sup- 
 porting, the rise being at about the rate of one inch 
 in each foot. The construction of the walls had been 
 after a somewhat novel plan, no outer staging having 
 been erected during the work. A heavy timberwork 
 was erected in the interior of the structure, and grad- 
 ually increased in height as the building of the walls 
 progressed. This timberwork projected above the 
 stonework and supported a swinging staging hang- 
 ing upon the outer walls. From this swinging stag- 
 ing the building of the walls was done. At the com- 
 pletion of the walls this interior timberwork, of course, 
 remained in place, and it was proposed to utilize it as 
 a staging for the construction of the interior incline. 
 It was therefore necessary to reverse the usual order 
 of construction and adopt the novel plan of build- 
 ing the inchne from the top of the walls downward, 
 removing the timberwork as the work progressed. 
 When, therefore, the last of the incline had been put 
 in position, the timberwork had been necessarily all 
 removed and the structure was completed. 
 
 The work of constructing the incline was begun 
 almost immediately after the completion of the walls 
 and was continued through the winter of 1909-10, 
 steam pipes being put into the monument and sup- 
 plied with steam from the boilers connected with the 
 engine used in the work. This winter work was 
 
 163
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 necessary, since it was the desire of the officers of 
 the Monument Association that the edifice should be 
 wholly completed and in readiness for the dedicatory 
 exercises early in August of the coming year. The 
 work of constructing the interior works was com- 
 pleted on March 29, 1910, although some details 
 even then remained incomplete. These included the 
 bronze grills at the window openings, the bronze rail- 
 ings in the arches of the belfry, the massive oak doors 
 at the entrances, and the close wooden shutters, which 
 serve to keep out the storms of winter. All these 
 details were completed and the final blows struck, in 
 the erection of the structure, in June, 1910. The 
 bronze tablet over the south entrance was placed in 
 position about the first of August, a few days before 
 the dedicatory exercises were held.
 
 VII 
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 THE monument having been completed, the day 
 for its dedication was fixed upon the fifth of 
 August, 1910, the anniversary of the day on 
 which the Pilgrims set sail from Southampton for 
 their voyage to this country. The citizens of Prov- 
 incetown offered their services with great willingness 
 to the president of the Memorial Association in pre- 
 paring for the important event. The General Court 
 of JNIassachusetts appropriated the sum of three thou- 
 sand dollars to defray a portion of the expenses, and 
 the Governor of the Commonwealth, the Honorable 
 Eben S. Draper, early declared his intention of being 
 present and assisting in the exercises of the day. The 
 President of the United States, the Honorable Will- 
 iam H. Taft, responded graciously to an invitation 
 to be present, and Charles W. Eliot, LL.D., presi- 
 dent emeritus of Harvard University, gladly accepted 
 an invitation to make the principal address. 
 
 The success of the dedicatory exercises being thus 
 assured, the directors of the association and a large 
 committee of citizens made elaborate preparations for 
 13 165
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the event. As upon the occasion of the laying of the 
 corner stone, an ample platform, with a large system 
 of raised seats for the use of spectators, was erected 
 at the south of the monument, the entire structure 
 affording accommodations for upward of three thou- 
 sand people. Upon the day previous to that set for 
 the ceremony, the Atlantic fleet of the Navy of the 
 United States, comprising eight battleships, under 
 the command of Rear-Admiral Seaton Schroeder, 
 entered the harbor to assist in the dedicatory cere- 
 monies. The fleet included battleships Connecticut 
 (flagship of commander in chief), Michigan, Missis- 
 sippi, Idaho J Louisiana (flagship of commander of 
 second division). South Carolina, Kansas, and New 
 Hampshire; supply ship Celtic^ repair ship Panther, 
 tender Yankton, hospital ship Solace, collier Mars, 
 and tug Patuxent. 
 
 These and other preliminary arrangements having 
 been made, the arrival of the principaj guests of the 
 day was awaited with interest. Early upon the morn- 
 ing of the day fixed, Governor Draper arrived in the 
 harbor in the steam yacht Waconda, accompanied by 
 Lieutenant-Governor Frothingham, Adjutant-Gen- 
 eral William H. Brigham of the State Militia, and 
 Majors Guy Murchie, Talbot Aldrich, and Philip H. 
 Sears, of his staff. Colonel Charles Hayden, the 
 owner of the Waconda, was also a member of the 
 party. 
 
 Soon after the arrival of the governor, the govem- 
 
 166
 
 THE PILGRIM MONUMENT DURING THE CEREMONIES 
 OF DEDICATION.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 merit despatch boat Dolphin arrived in the harbor, 
 conveying the Secretary of the Navy, the Honorable 
 George von L. Meyer. 
 
 At about nine-thirty o'clock the government yacht 
 Mayflower, with the President and his party on board, 
 entered the harbor of Provincetown and dropped 
 anchor near the place where the ship Mayflower is 
 believed to have anchored in November, 1620. The 
 President was received with the customary naval 
 honors by the vessels of the Atlantic fleet. The ad- 
 miral of the fleet, accompanied by the captains of the 
 battleships, paid his respects to the President on board 
 the Mayflower, which courtesy was, soon after, re- 
 turned by President Taft. These ceremonies being 
 concluded, the President made a landing upon the 
 pier, where he was received by Governor Draper, 
 President J. Henry Sears, of the Pilgrim Memorial 
 Association, and Mr. Artemas P. Hannum, a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Selectmen of Provincetown and 
 also chairman of the local committee of arrangements. 
 President Taft was accompanied in his voyage from 
 his summer home at Beverly, Mass., by Mrs. Taft, 
 their young son Charles, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, 
 of Massachusetts, Associate Justice White of the 
 United States Supreme Court, and Senator George 
 Peabody Wetmore, of Rhode Island, beside his sec- 
 retary, Mr. Charles D. Norton. 
 
 Escorted by a force of marines from the fleet and 
 accompanied by the persons already named, the Presi- 
 
 167
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 dent was taken in a carriage to the summit of Town 
 Hill, where, at the base of the monument, the dedica- 
 tory exercises were to be held. Upon the platform 
 were seated the President's party, including all al- 
 ready mentioned and a brilhant array of officers from 
 the Atlantic fleet in the harbor. These comprised: 
 
 Rear-Admiral Seaton Schroeder, U. S. Navy, Commander in 
 Chief, U. S. Atlantic Fleet; Rear-Admiral C. E. Vreeland, U. S. 
 Navy, Commander, Second Division, U. S. Atlantic Fleet; Cap- 
 tain C. J. Badger, U. S. N., Commanding U. S. S. Kansas; Cap- 
 tain N. R. Usher, U. S. N., Commanding U. S. S. Michigan; 
 Captain W. F. Fullam, U. S. N., Commanding U. S. S. Missis- 
 sippi; Captain A. G. Winterhalter, U. S. N., Commanding U. S. S. 
 Louisiana; Captain A. F. Fechteler, U. S. N., Commanding U. 
 S. S. South Carolina; Captain H. O. Dunn, U. S. N., Command- 
 ing U. S. S. Idaho; Captain T. S. Rodgers, U. S. N., Command- 
 ing U. S. S. New Hampshire; Captain W. R. Rush, U. S. N., 
 Commanding U. S. S. Connecticut, and Commanding the Naval 
 Brigade landed for the purpose, and as escort to the President; 
 Commander J. S. McKean, U. S. N., Commanding U. S. S. 
 Panther; Commander G. W. Logan, U. S. N., Commanding 
 U. S. S. Mayflower; Commander A. B. Hoff, U. S. N., Command- 
 ing U. S. S. Celtic; Lieutenant-Commander G. W. Law, U. S. N., 
 Commanding U. S. S. Dolphin, and aid to the Secretary of the 
 Navy; Lieutenant O. W. Fowler, U. S. N., Commanding U. S. S. 
 Yankton, and aid to the Commander in Chief; Surgeon George 
 Pickrell, U. S. N., Commanding Hospital Ship Solace; Lieuten- 
 ant R. D. White, U. S. N., Flag Lieutenant to Commander in 
 Chief; Lieutenant J. K, Taussig, U. S. N., Flag Lieutenant to 
 Commander, Second Division; Lieutenant G. T. Rowclifif, U. S. 
 N., Naval Aid to President. 
 
 Upon the platform were also Jonkheer H. M. 
 Van Weede, Secretary of the Netherlands legation 
 
 168
 
 a 
 
 
 5 S 
 
 < 'A 
 
 C r5
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 at Washington; Hon. James T. McCleary, repre- 
 sentative in Congress from Minnesota; Hon. John 
 F. Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston, and Hon. Charles 
 O. Brightman, Hon. J. Stearns Cushing, Hon. Wil- 
 liam F. Murray, Hon. Walter S. Glidden, and Hon. 
 August H. Goetting, of the Governor's Council. 
 
 At eleven o'clock the exercises were opened with 
 prayer by Rev. James De Normandie, of Boston. 
 
 PRAYER BY REV. JAMES DE NORMANDIE 
 
 O Father, Lord of Heaven and earth, in whose 
 hands are the destinies of nations and the affairs of 
 men, and the issues of life, as we gather to dedicate 
 this monument to those who hereabout helped to lay 
 the foundations of this country, and laid them in Thy 
 fear, and covenanted to walk together in helpfulness 
 — we crave a blessing at Thy hands. Thou who art so 
 full of blessings. 
 
 We thank Thee that Thou hast put it into the hearts 
 of their children to build this memorial to the labors 
 and sufferings, the hopes and promises and the vir- 
 tues of their fathers, and for those who see the earnest 
 purpose of years this day fulfilled. 
 
 Now that we have grown to be a nation so great 
 and powerful, and prosperous and free, may we dedi- 
 cate ourselves anew to those things which are the true 
 greatness and glory of a land, not its size, nor its 
 strength, nor its riches, nor its merchandise, nor the 
 
 169
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 munitions of war, but its justice, its truth, its honor, 
 its peace, its righteousness. 
 
 May we, too, covenant to walk together in help- 
 fulness. 
 
 Bend with Thy gracious and protecting Providence 
 over all these Thy servants who have been called by 
 this people to places of trust, from the Chief Magis- 
 trate of this nation, the Governor of this Common- 
 wealth, to the humblest officials, and make them faith- 
 ful to their duties, without regard to the favor or the 
 fear of man. Give them wisdom and guidance from 
 Thyself. May there not be one to shrink from truth 
 and honor or to stand indifferent to the higher things 
 — the things which abide and are eternal. We thank 
 Thee that we live at the end of so many years with 
 their revelations of Thy will, and with all human ex- 
 periences, and the memories of all the noble men and 
 women who have walked in Thy ways, and that we 
 live at the beginning of so many years Svith all their 
 obligations and opportunities. Help us to pay the 
 debt we owe to the past by the added inheritances of 
 truth and virtue we bequeath to the future. 
 
 As long as the heavens bend over the earth, and 
 the hills stand firm, and the rivers run into the sea, 
 and the tides come and go, may Thy Spirit rest gra- 
 ciously upon this land, and may there be more and 
 more to follow the good examples of the departed 
 and to labor for Thy Kingdom. 
 
 We thank Thee that since the world began it has 
 
 170
 
 THE REV. JAMES DE NORMANDIE, D.D.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 been growing better, and may one evil after another 
 be removed from our midst, and unto Thee will we 
 all pray together, as He who is to us the way, the 
 truth, the life, taught us to pray — 
 
 Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy 
 name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on 
 earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily 
 bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive 
 those who trespass against us. And lead us not into 
 temptation. But deliver us from evil. For thine is 
 the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever 
 and ever. Amen. 
 
 The Harvard Quartet, of Boston, composed of 
 Lester M. Bartlett, Wirt Phillips, Jewell Boyd, and 
 John Thomas, then sang a " Hymn to the Pil- 
 grims," written for the occasion by Rev. William 
 Elliot Griffis, D.D., L.H.D., of Ithaca, N. Y., to 
 music written by Lester M. Bartlett. 
 
 HYMN TO THE PILGRIMS 
 Forth from their motherland outcast. 
 Our fathers fled to find a home ; 
 Long dwelt they guests, in conscience free, 
 Within a State without a throne. 
 
 Thou wast their King, their Judge, their Law, 
 Their Guiding Star across the deep. 
 Here on this strand they bent the knee. 
 And vowed thy covenant to keep. 
 171
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 They reared a beacon for our faith, 
 And we would follow them, as they 
 Marched with the Captain of their souls, 
 On service sweet in freedom's way. 
 
 Spirit of truth, lead us their sons, 
 Let light e'er break forth from thy Word, 
 Our hearts incline, with grace inspire 
 Our souls to dare and do, O Lord! 
 
 President J. Henry Sears, of the Pilgrim Memo- 
 rial Association, made the opening address of wel- 
 come, congratulation, and introduction. 
 
 REMARKS OF PRESIDENT SEARS 
 
 On the first day of August, 1620, a little band of 
 English exiles sailed from Delfthaven for Southamp- 
 ton on a small vessel called the Speedwell. They had 
 left England some ten years before and had been re- 
 siding in Holland, when, becoming discontented, they 
 decided to seek a home in the New World. This little 
 band of Pilgrims numbered about seventy persons, 
 which number was considerably augmented by acces- 
 sions from London and elsewhere in England who 
 were awaiting the arrival of the Speedwell at South- 
 ampton, where the Mayflower lay awaiting the party. 
 On the fifth of August, 1620, two hundred and ninety 
 years ago to-day, both vessels started on their voy- 
 age across the Atlantic. But the Speedwell leaking 
 
 172
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 badly, they both put back to Dartmouth. On Sep- 
 tember second they again started, but the Speedwell 
 still leaking, they again put back, this time to Plym- 
 outh, where a portion of the passengers of the Speed- 
 well were transferred to the Mayflower. 
 
 On the sixteenth of September the Mayflower, with 
 her passengers, numbering one hundred and two, 
 sailed for the northern coast of Virginia. On the 
 ninth of November they sighted Cape Cod, and on 
 the eleventh they came to anchor in this harbor. The 
 same day, before they came to harbor, they signed 
 the Compact, a framework of civil self-government, 
 the basis of the government of this great Republic, 
 and elected their first governor. To commemorate 
 the landing of the Pilgrims on American soil and the 
 signing of the Compact this monument has been 
 erected. 
 
 The Mayflower remained in this harbor for thirty- 
 five days. During that time parties w^ere sent out to 
 endeavor to find a suitable place for a settlement. 
 After encircling Cape Cod Bay they reached Plym- 
 outh, where they decided to fix their residence, and 
 later the Mayflower with its company was taken there. 
 The first landing on American soil was in this place; 
 the first settlement was at Plymouth. In this harbor 
 was born the first child of the Pilgrims ; here was the 
 first death among the colonists, Dorothy, wife of 
 William Bradford. 
 
 The erection of a monument to commemorate the 
 
 173
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 landing of the Pilgrims had been in the minds of men 
 for more than fifty years. The present association 
 was formed in 1892 and incorporated at that time, 
 but little was done until 1902, when it applied to the 
 General Court for an appropriation of twenty-five 
 thousand dollars. This was granted, with a proviso 
 that an equal amount should be provided from other 
 sources. This amount was provided through a pub- 
 lic subscription, and in 1905 the sum of twenty-five 
 thousand dollars was paid from the treasury of the 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 In the meantime a bill had been introduced into 
 Congress appropriating the sum of forty thousand 
 dollars, provided an equal amount should be provided 
 from other sources. This bill was before Congress 
 for two terms, but in June, 1907, it was finally passed. 
 The amount in the treasury of the association was 
 now about ninety thousand dollars. 
 
 By the terms of the act of Congress the monument 
 must be built under the superintendence of the Sec- 
 retary of War, the Governor of Massachusetts, and 
 the president of the Pilgrim INIonument Association. 
 These three met and organized by the election of the 
 Secretary of War as president of the commission and 
 the president of the association as its secretary. The 
 commission authorized Lieutenant- Colonel Edward 
 Burr, of the United States Army Corps of Engi- 
 neers, to act as engineer and disbursing officer. 
 Through the consulting architect, Willard T. Sears, 
 
 174
 
 > 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 w
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 advertisements were issued calling for designs for the 
 proposed monument; but it was finally decided to 
 adopt, with some slight modifications, the design of 
 a tower in Siena, Italy. Contracts were made and 
 the work was begun on the foundation in May, 1907. 
 
 The corner stone was laid on August 20th of that 
 year in the presence of the President of the United 
 States and other distinguished guests. The monu- 
 ment was completed in June of the present year. 
 Placed in the interior of the monument are one hun- 
 dred and eighty memorial stones given by different 
 towns and societies. 
 
 The monument is built as firmly and as strong as 
 is possible for human hands to build. Its summit 
 stands two hundred and fifty-two feet above the base, 
 and three hundred and forty-five above the sea. The 
 work is now done, and here we, in the presence of our 
 distinguished guests, dedicate it to the American peo- 
 ple. It will stand here for generations to recall to 
 the nation the event which was the corner stone of the 
 Republic. 
 
 When the corner stone of this monument was laid, 
 three years ago, two men stood before our country as 
 the leaders of affairs — the one in politics, the other in 
 education and in letters. The first we had with us 
 upon that day of inception, the eyes of the people 
 upon him, their ears strained to listen to his words. 
 To-day, at this time of the fruition of our hopes and 
 of our labors, we are to listen to the educator and the 
 
 175
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 scholar, whose name is famihar in two continents — 
 President emeritus Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard 
 College. 
 
 President Eliot was received with much cordiality 
 by the vast throng which filled the seats, and pro- 
 ceeded to deliver the principal address of the day. 
 
 ADDRESS OF CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D. 
 
 What a contrast between our surroundings here 
 to-day and the scenes and sounds which greeted the 
 Pilgrims two hundred and ninety years ago ijQ this 
 Cape Cod Harbor — welcome refuge from the perils 
 and miseries of the vast and furious ocean on which 
 they had three times set out from England for north- 
 ern Virginia, first from Southampton on August 
 15th, then from Dartmouth about September 2d, and 
 finally from Plymouth on September 16th! Then, 
 they looked anxiously " on a hideous and desolate 
 wilderness full of wild beasts and wild men, and what 
 multitude there might be of them they knew not," as 
 their annalist, William Bradford, says. No friend 
 was there to greet them ; no shelters on the wintry land 
 were ready for them; they could count on no human 
 succour ; they heard no sounds except the cries of sea- 
 birds, the breaking of the waves, the sighing or rush- 
 ing of the wind, or some yelp or scream from the 
 thickets on the shore — was it of savage beast or sav- 
 age man? A great solitude encompassed them; their 
 
 176
 
 CHARLES W. 
 
 ELIOT, LL.D., PRESIDENT EMERITUS OF 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 little vessel — the Mayflower measured only one hun- 
 dred and eighty tons — floated on a lonely sea without 
 a sail ; and westward stretched to unknown distances a 
 mysterious wilderness. Now, countless human habi- 
 tations meet our view ; a happy and prosperous popu- 
 lation occupies the smiling land and confidently uses 
 the tamed ocean, with its ports, islands, and inlets, for 
 its business and its pleasures. Where the Mayflower 
 rested alone from November 21st to December 26th, 
 1620, we see a throng of vessels, some for pleasure, 
 some for fishing, and some for trade, and with them 
 numerous representatives of a strong naval force 
 maintained by the eighty million free people who in 
 nine generations from the Pilgrims have explored, 
 subdued, and occupied that mysterious wilderness, so 
 formidable to the imagination of the early European 
 settlers on the Atlantic coast of the American con- 
 tinent. 
 
 We are to hear the voices of the Chief Magistrate 
 of this multitudinous people and of the Governor of 
 the Comm.onwealth acknowledging the immeasurable 
 indebtedness of the United States and of the Colony, 
 Province, and State of Massachusetts to the forty-one 
 adult men and the eighteen adult women who were 
 the substance, or seed-bearing core, of the Pilgrim 
 company; and we, the thousands brought hither 
 peacefuUy in a few summer hours by veliicles and 
 forces unimagined in 1620 from the wide circuit of 
 Cape Cod — which it took the armed parties from the 
 
 177
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Mayflower a full month to explore in the wintry 
 weather they encountered — salute tenderly and rever- 
 ently the Pilgrims of the Mayflower, and recalling 
 their fewness, and their sufferings, anxieties, and la- 
 bors, felicitate them and ourselves on the wonderful 
 issues in human joy, and freedom of their faith, en- 
 durance, and dauntless resolution. 
 
 JNIany eloquent men during the nineteenth century 
 exercised their best powers in commemorating and 
 praising the Pilgrim Fathers. Among these orators 
 were John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Edward 
 Everett, Robert Charles Winthrop, and George Fris- 
 bie Hoar — to mention only the dead — who as New 
 Englanders and lovers of liberty were well fitted to 
 set forth with honor and gratitude the virtues of the 
 Pilgrim Fathers, the hardships they endured, their 
 high merits as colonists when compared with other 
 colonists of ancient and modern times, and the im- 
 mense issues on the American continent of their de- 
 vout, laborious, and self-sacrificing lives. Glowing 
 description, lofty panegyric, and far-reaching proph- 
 ecy have been exhausted by famous orators on this 
 subject. 
 
 ]\Iy purpose on this memorial occasion is humbler, 
 but not less reverent. I propose to describe as sim- 
 ply and plainly as possible those doctrines and prac- 
 tices of the Pilgrims which have proved during the 
 succeeding two hundred and ninety years to be of 
 high value to mankind. By the Pilgrims I mean 
 
 178
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 the one hundred and two persons who were passen- 
 gers on the httle Mayflower when she anchored in 
 this harbor, after a voyage of sixty-seven days, and 
 the like-minded persons who came one year later 
 on the Fortune, and twenty months later on the Anne 
 and the pinnace of forty-four tons which accom- 
 panied her. 
 
 At the outset let us observe that the number of 
 the Pilgrim First-Comers, or Forefathers, was very 
 small. In July, 1623, the number of Pilgrims who 
 had reached America was: by the Mayflower, 102; by 
 the Fortune, 35; by the Anne and her consort, about 
 96 — total, about 233; but at the close of that year 
 there were living at Plymouth, including the children 
 and the servants, not more than a hundred and eighty- 
 three of these Separatist immigrants who had suf- 
 fered for conscience sake. It was an inspiring in- 
 stance of immense moral and material results being 
 brought about by a small group of devoted men and 
 women whose leading motives were spiritual or re- 
 ligious. In the recent history of the huge Republic 
 which the Pilgrims unconsciously founded there have 
 been several striking instances of the same origi- 
 nating power in very small groups of disinterested, 
 public-spirited persons — as, for example, in Civil 
 Service Reform, in Municipal Reform, and in the 
 collectivist movement called Conservation. 
 
 These Pilgrims, or First-Comers, put their opin- 
 ions and ideals into practice with marvelous consist- 
 
 179
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ency. Their works were humble, their Hves simple 
 and obscure, their worldly success but small, their 
 fears many and pressing, and their vision of the future 
 limited and dim. Let us try to bring home to our 
 minds to-day the conceptions and ideals which, hav- 
 ing dominated their lives, have profoundly influenced 
 the lives of the best part of nine subsequent genera- 
 tions of men in this hemisphere, and still exhibit 
 to-day, under social and industrial conditions very 
 different from those of the seventeenth century, an 
 abounding and apparently inexhaustible vitality. 
 
 A very fruitful conception in the minds and hearts 
 of the founders of the Plymouth Colony was that of 
 unlimited progress as the law of human institutions, 
 both civil and religious. This was a doctrine of John 
 Robinson, their beloved pastor in England and Hol- 
 land, as reported by Edward Winslow. Robinson 
 charged his congregation, " If God should reveal any- 
 thing to us by any other instrument of his, to be as 
 ready to receive it as ever we were to receive any 
 truth by his ministry; for he was very confident the 
 Lord had more truth and light yet to break forth out 
 of his holy word. He took occasion, also, miserably 
 to bewail the state of the Reformed Churches, who 
 were come to a period in religion, and would go no 
 further than the instruments of their reformation. 
 As, for example, the Lutherans, they could not be 
 drawn to go beyond what Luther saw . . . the Cal- 
 vinists, they stick where he [Calvin] left them; a mis- 
 
 180
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 ery much to be lamented; for though they were pre- 
 cious shining hghts in their times, yet God had not 
 revealed His whole will to them; and were they now 
 living, saith he, they would be as ready and willing to 
 embrace further light as that they had received. Here 
 also he put us in mind of our church covenant ' to 
 walk in all the ways of the Lord made known, or to 
 be made known, unto them ' . . . for, saith he, it is 
 not possible the Christian world should come so lately 
 out of such thick antichristian darkness, and that 
 full perfection of knowledge should break forth at 
 once." These simple words contain an unreserved 
 recognition of the great law of progress in human 
 society, a law which includes the progressive discov- 
 ery of truth and the progressive application of truth 
 to the conduct of human life. Robinson's objection 
 to Lutherans, *' that they could not be drawn to go 
 beyond Luther," and to Calvinists, " that they stuck 
 where Calvin left them," is precisely the objection to 
 unreasoning and unimaginative conservatists at any 
 epoch, and his doctrine of " more truth and light yet 
 to break forth " is the doctrine of all liberals the world 
 over and in every generation. The advance of sci- 
 ence in the nineteenth century has made this doctrine 
 of progress and expectation familiar to all thinking 
 people; but in the days of the Pilgrims to preach it 
 and accept it were signs of an extraordinary liberality 
 of spirit. 
 
 The Pilgrims exhibited through their whole career 
 13 181
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 a deep-seated, comprehensive, and inextinguishable 
 love of freedom. It was their desire for freedom from 
 ecclesiastical control which led to their organization 
 as an independent church in England, and finally 
 drove them to Holland in search of religious liberty; 
 and what chiefly attracted them to the North Amer- 
 ican wilderness was the hope that they could create 
 there a new society, which would be free from the 
 restrictions and the temptations of feudalism and ec- 
 clesiasticism. Their minds and hearts were filled with 
 that burning love of freedom which later inspired 
 Cromwell's soldiers and the Independents and Non- 
 conformists of the English Commonwealth. The Pil- 
 grims wanted all sorts of freedom — of thought, of the 
 press, of labor, of trade, of education, and of worship. 
 Moved by this love they went into exile in Holland, 
 and after thirteen years in that little country — where 
 the spirit of liberty had prevailed more than in any 
 other country in Europe — they crossed the formidable 
 Atlantic and planted their feeble colony on the bleak 
 New England coast, still fired and led by love of lib- 
 erty, and here they founded and maintained a state 
 without a king or a noble, and a church without a 
 bishop or a priest. They were genuine pioneers of 
 both civil and religious liberty, and the history of the 
 world, since the anchor of the Mayflower was dropped 
 in yonder harbor, demonstrates that the fruits and 
 issues of their pioneering are the most prodigious in 
 all history. 
 
 182
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 In the cabin of the Mayflower, on the 21st of 
 November, 1620, all the adult males of the company 
 signed a compact by which they set up a government 
 which did not derive its powers, like all previous col- 
 onies, from a sovereign or parent state, but rested on 
 the consent of those to be governed, and on manliood 
 suffrage. The act was apparently unpremeditated, 
 and the language of the compact was simple and 
 direct. It M^as an agreement, or covenant, or coop- 
 erative act, from which was to spring not only a stable 
 government for the little colony, but a great series of 
 constitutions for free states. Listen to its essential 
 clauses: "We, whose names are under^Titten . . . 
 having undertaken for the glory of God and advance- 
 ment of the Christian faith, and honor of our King 
 and country, to plant the first colony in the northern 
 parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and 
 mutually in the presence of God, and of one another, 
 covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil 
 body politic, for our better ordering and preservation 
 and furtherance of the ends aforesaid ; and by virtue 
 hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and 
 equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, 
 from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and 
 convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto 
 which we promise all due submission and obedience." 
 The most remarkable phrases in this compact are 
 " covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil 
 body politic " and " by virtue hereof." 
 
 183
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 The first act of the citizens under this compact was 
 to choose by manhood suffrage a governor till their 
 next New Year's day. The Pilgrims never accepted 
 a governor appointed by a king or other sovereign, 
 or by a commercial company. They started on this 
 continent the practice of electing the head of the state 
 by manhood suffrage for a limited period — for one 
 year in Plymouth. 
 
 It does not matter that there were but forty-one 
 men to take part in these proceedings. It was a small 
 beginning; but who can comprehend or describe the 
 immensity of the outcome? 
 
 When about three months later movements of 
 Indians in the neighborhood excited some alarm, a 
 meeting of the people was held in the common house 
 — twenty feet square — which chose Myles Standish to 
 be captain and to establish a military organization. 
 Within a year the little captain — who had a great 
 spirit — had organized all the men able to bear arms, 
 and had held the first " general muster or training," 
 which became a valuable New England institution. 
 So both the civil and the military organization in 
 Plymouth Colony rested on manhood suffrage. 
 
 Although the signing of that Compact was a sud- 
 den act, caused by the refusal of the captain of the 
 Mayflower on the day before to take his vessel 
 through the dangerous shoals which lie off the south- 
 eastern coast of Massachusetts, and so to bring it to 
 the Hudson River, where the English charter obtained 
 
 184
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 by the Pilgrims before leaving Leyden authorized them 
 to establish their colony, it was an act which the whole 
 experience of their church in England and in Holland, 
 and the essence of the doctrines taught by their pastor 
 and elders, naturally, though unexpectedly, led up 
 to. They had been trained to disregard all authority 
 which they had not themselves instituted or accepted, 
 and they had also become accustomed to cooperative 
 action for the common good. Indeed, the whole doc- 
 trine and method of cooperative good-will cannot be 
 better stated to-day than it was stated by Robinson 
 and Bradford in 1618 in one of their five reasons for 
 the proposed emigration from Holland to America: 
 " We are knit together in a body in a most strict and 
 sacred bond and covenant of the Lord, of the viola- 
 tion whereof we make great conscience, and by virtue 
 whereof we do hold ourselves straightly tied to all 
 care of each other's good, and of the whole by every 
 one, and so mutually." Everything that is good in 
 modern socialism is contained in that single sentence, 
 with nothing of the bad or foolish. 
 
 The Pilgrims were active promoters of religious 
 toleration. They welcomed to the Communion ser- 
 vice members of the Anglican Church, the Genevan 
 Church, the Dutch Church, and Presbyterians. They 
 were much more liberal than the Puritans of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, or of the English Commonwealth. 
 They were always friendly to Roger Williams, in 
 spite of the very erratic quality of his career from 
 
 185
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 youth to age as Baptist, citizen, philanthropist, and 
 pioneer of soul-hberty. Bradford's description of 
 Williams as a man of " many precious parts, but 
 very unsettled in judgment " is characteristically 
 just. Still, for thirty years, or until Cromwell came 
 into power, the Pilgrims were trying to establish 
 and maintain in the New World a refuge for Con- 
 gregationalists persecuted in the old home; so that 
 they welcomed to their Colony at Plymouth only 
 persons who sympathized with this fundamental pur- 
 pose, and conformed to their religious customs and 
 their standards of the proprieties of life. The sound- 
 ness of their principles and practices in respect to 
 toleration is demonstrated by the fact that out of 
 them were evolved in a century and a half that com- 
 plete religious toleration and that universal rejec- 
 tion of an established church supported by taxation 
 which characterize the United States. TsTow, relig- 
 ious toleration is the greatest achievement of civil- 
 ized mankind since the Protestant Reformation. It 
 has been wrought out through infinite human suf- 
 fering in many countries and by many different 
 agencies; but no single community ever made so 
 great a contribution to its ultimate triumph as the 
 Pilgrim state, set up with the Pilgrim church on the 
 verge of a fresh continent in 1620. The England 
 from which the Pilgrims escaped practiced all kinds 
 of cruelties and oppressions on heretics; and among 
 heretics Queen Elizabeth counted not only Cath- 
 
 186
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 olics, but many Protestants. The Pilgrims never 
 sought in their wilderness home to do anything more 
 illiberal than to protect effectively their own liberties 
 and those of their co-religionists, and even this they 
 did only to the extent of trying to keep out of their 
 little cooperative community profane associates and 
 persons who to them seemed undesirable citizens. 
 Elizabethan England persecuted Catholics and Sepa- 
 ratists alike. From the Separatists transferred to a 
 new world sprang a government founded on civil and 
 religious liberty; and within two hundred years one 
 of the chief beneficiaries of that liberal government 
 was the Catholic Church itself. That Church has en- 
 joyed perfect liberty in the United States; and for 
 that enjoyment its thanks are due to the English 
 Separatists who made Cape Cod Harbor in 1620. 
 So thoroughly have the lay members of the Catholic 
 Church accepted the national doctrine of religious 
 tolerance, that intolerance is not now apprehended in 
 any American community, although the majority of 
 its voters be Catholic. 
 
 The Pilgrims were pioneers in the practice of in- 
 dustrial cooperation ; they w ere primarily members of 
 a peculiar, independent church, and their devotion to 
 their religious opinions and practices had been proved 
 by years of persecution in England and thirteen years 
 of exile in freer Holland; but they were also self- 
 supporting, industrious people who held the soundest 
 views about private property, on the one hand, and 
 
 187
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the common duty of productive labor, on the other. 
 They have sometimes been represented as commu- 
 nists, and have been supposed to have held all the 
 property at Plymouth in common; but no one who 
 has read with care the Articles of Agreement under 
 which they left Holland and England will continue 
 to entertain such opinions about them. These Arti- 
 cles of Agreement show that the expedition was a 
 cooperative commercial undertaking under the form 
 of a joint-stock corporation. The shareholding is 
 perfectly described in the first two articles, the term 
 " Adventurers " meaning persons that put in money 
 or goods, and the term " Planters " meaning the per- 
 sons that actually emigrated : (1) " The Adventurers 
 and Planters do agree that every person that goeth, 
 being aged sixteen years and upward, be rated at 
 £10, and £lO be accounted a single share." (2) 
 " That he that goeth in person and furnishes himself 
 out with £lO either in money or otli^r provisions be 
 accounted as having <£20 in stock, and in the division 
 shall receive a double share." It was further pro- 
 vided in the Articles of Agreement that the Adven- 
 turers and Planters should continue their joint-stock 
 partnership for a period of seven years, during which 
 time all profits and benefits got by trade, fishing, or 
 any other means should remain in the common stock. 
 On arrival at the Colony's seat, some of the Planters 
 were to fish, and others were to build houses, till the 
 ground, or make useful commodities. At the end of 
 
 188
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 seven years the capital and profits, namely, the houses, 
 lands, goods, and chattels, were to be equally divided 
 between the Adventurers and the Planters. Who- 
 ever should carry his wife and children or servants 
 should be allowed for every such person aged sixteen 
 years and upward one share in the division. The 
 tenth article provided, " That all such persons as are 
 of this Colony are to have their meat, drink, apparel, 
 and all provisions out of the common stock of said 
 Company." Two further articles are especially note- 
 worthy, because it was proposed in London that they 
 be stricken out; but the Leyden Pilgrims insisted on 
 retaining them. First, at the end of seven years every 
 Planter was to own the house and garden then occu- 
 pied by him; and secondly, during the seven years 
 every Planter was to work four days in each week 
 for the Colony and two for himself and his family. 
 Their insistence on these last two articles cost the 
 emigrants dear ; for two of the English agents of the 
 Adventurers, because of this insistence, refused to 
 disburse the £100 required to pay port charges and 
 supply deficiencies of equipment, so that the poor 
 emigrants were forced, in order to clear the port of 
 Southampton, to sell some of the supplies already on 
 board ship, to dispense with other necessaries, such as 
 oil and leather, and to sail without having on board 
 an adequate number of swords, muskets, and other 
 means of defense. They thus gave the most em- 
 phatic testimony possible to their belief in private, 
 
 189
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 individual property as the promoter of industry, fru- 
 gality, and personal independence. 
 
 Twentieth-century industrial and trading corpora- 
 tions have not yet attained in all respects to the 
 standard of the Plymouth stock company. They pay 
 wages which cover the cost to their employees of 
 " meat, drink, apparel, and all provisions " for them 
 and their families, but they do not also give each 
 employee one share of stock every seven years, with 
 one for his wife and one for each child over six- 
 teen years of age. Neither do they enable each 
 employee to secure, without any money payment, 
 a house and house-lot in freehold at the end of 
 seven years of service, with gratuitous occupation of 
 the same during the seven years. The Plymouth 
 Articles of Agreement recognized in shares of the 
 Company the risks of emigration and a surplus 
 value in faithful and assiduous labor over and 
 above the mere maintenance of an individual or a 
 family. 
 
 Before the seven years of the original contract with 
 the Adventurers had expired the Pilgrims had estab- 
 lished a considerable trade both to the north and to 
 the south of Plymouth, and had found in this trade a 
 means of paying their debts and making a settlement 
 with the Adventurers. Through Isaac AUerton, who 
 went to London for the purpose, a contract was made 
 with the Adventurers for their entire interest in the 
 Colony at the price of £1,800. This contract was 
 
 190
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 approved at Plymouth; but the unchartered Colony, 
 with its government based solely on the consent of 
 the governed, was not a legal person and was inca- 
 pable of making a contract. Eight of the original 
 Planters, therefore, assumed personally the responsi- 
 bility for this contract, and became the owners of the 
 settlement, so far as the Adventurers' liens were 
 concerned. It was then decided to form an equal 
 partnership, to include all heads of families and all 
 self-sujDporting single men, young or old, whether 
 church members or not. These men, called the Pur- 
 chasers, received each one share in the public belong- 
 ings, with a right to a share for his wife and another 
 for each of his children. The shares were bonded for 
 the public debt, and to the shareholders belonged 
 everything pertaining to the Colony except each in- 
 dividual's personal effects. These shareholders num- 
 bered one hundred and fifty-six, namely, fifty-seven 
 men, thirty-four boys, twenty-nine women, and thirty- 
 six girls. Democracy and community of interest could 
 no further go. The distribution of the fifteen cattle 
 which belonged to the Colony in 1627 gives evidence 
 of the thoroughness of the mixture of the cooperative 
 method with the method of individual temporary own- 
 ership which characterized the business conduct of the 
 Colony. Let us note, in passing, the hardship it must 
 have been to have no cattle at all in the Colony dur- 
 ing the first four years. For the important cattle 
 distribution of 1627 the one hundred and fifty-six 
 
 191
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Purchasers were formed into twelve groups, accord- 
 ing to their own preferences, each with a family as 
 nucleus; and the fifteen cattle were equitably divided 
 among the twelve groups. Each of the twelve divi- 
 sions except the fourth — the Howland and Alden — 
 had a pair of she-goats added to it ; and the swine were 
 divided in like manner. Each group had the care and 
 use of its animal or animals for ten years, and was 
 then to restore to the public stock the original animal 
 and one-half of its increase, if any. It is evident 
 throughout the Pilgrim history that as colonists and 
 commonwealth builders they made the family the unit 
 of the social and industrial order. We think of the 
 cooperative method in industries and trade as invented 
 at English Rochdale, or in Utah, or in the English 
 Army and Navy Cooperative Stores ; but the Pilgrims 
 adopted cooperative and profit-sharing methods cen- 
 turies earlier, and in matters much more difficult to 
 manage in the cooperative way. The Purchasers put 
 their business into the hands of the eight men who 
 had become the Colony's bondsmen to the Adventur- 
 ers, and the trade of the Colony was thereafter con- 
 ducted by these eight leading Pilgrims, who were 
 known as the Undertakers. Directors would be the 
 modern name for the eight. 
 
 The Articles of Agreement, taken in connection 
 vnth the five Reasons which Robinson and Brewster 
 gave in 1618 for the proposed emigration, contain a 
 very extraordinary prophecy of the only grounds on 
 
 192
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 which shareholding cooperation for manufacturing or 
 commercial purposes can be successfully organized 
 or conducted. In the Pilgrims' case, the shareholders 
 who contributed their time and labor were actuated 
 by religious motives, bound together in a church, and 
 were " straightly tied to all care of each other's good." 
 These relations had been tested in many trials, had 
 enabled them to overcome by patience the difficulties 
 of a strange and hard land, and had trained them all 
 in habits of industry and frugality. How moderate 
 and how touching are these words of Robinson and 
 Brewster: " The people are for the body of them 
 industrious and frugal, I think we may safely say, 
 as no company of people in the world "; and again: 
 *' Lastly, it is not with us as with other men whom 
 small things can discourage or small discontentments 
 cause to wish themselves home again"; and again: 
 *' If we should be driven to return, we should not hope 
 to recover our present helps and comforts, neither 
 indeed look ever for ourselves to attain unto the like 
 in any other place during our lives." That is the only 
 spirit in which shareholding cooperation can ever be 
 successful, for success in such undertakings depends 
 on the existence of well-nigh universal industry, fru- 
 gality, and willingness to make personal sacrifices for 
 the common good. It was a rare spirit in the opening 
 of the seventeenth century, only to be found among 
 people governed by strong religious motives. It is a 
 rare spirit still, which comes to prevail only among 
 
 193
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 people who are unusually open to the incitements of 
 love and good -will ; no matter whether they be Adven- 
 turers and Planters — to use the Pilgrim phrase — or 
 capitalists and workmen — to use the modern equiva- 
 lents. In respect to industrial organization and prop- 
 erty rights, what a beacon fire the Pilgrims lighted at 
 Plymouth, a fire which has since flashed from hilltop 
 to hilltop and over wude plains across a continent! 
 Some historical critics have lately intimated that the 
 Pilgrims were governed in emigrating from Holland 
 by ordinary commercial motives and the common love 
 of adventure, and that their religious sentiments and 
 longing for freedom, both civil and religious, went no 
 deeper than the pious phrases they used on bills of 
 lading, in shrewd bargaining, and in keen argument 
 on contentious affairs. What bit of truth is there in 
 this monstrous statement? Only this, the Pilgrims, 
 with all their extraordinary idealism, kept their feet 
 firmly planted on mother earth. They believed in 
 productive labor, in trade with a profit, in honesty, 
 self-support, and comfortable independence. They 
 were no soft and lazy dreamers, but steady, hard 
 workers. To that extent they were governed, like 
 all sensible men, by materialistic motives. Neverthe- 
 less, their idealism was intense, constant, and abso- 
 lutely characteristic. The simple fact is that no hu- 
 man beings ever did, or ever can, give more convincing 
 proof of the sincerity and depth of their religious and 
 political convictions than the Pilgrims gave through 
 
 194
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 their consistent sacrifices, sufferings, and labors of 
 many years. 
 
 The social order which the Pilgrims established at 
 Plymouth had in it no trace of the feudal system. 
 No hereditary privileges or titles ever existed there. 
 The principal officers of the community were all 
 elected for short terms. All the able-bodied men 
 brought over by the Mayflower, the Fortune, and 
 the Anne worked hard with their hands, and all the 
 men bore arms as a matter of course. There existed 
 among them to an extraordinary degree equality of 
 conditions, and so much equality of opportunity as 
 consisted with the diversity of individual gifts and 
 capacities. They w^ere humane and free, but not 
 courtly. In comparison with the later colonists of 
 Massachusetts Bay they were " common " people. 
 The doctrines and rules of conduct which their church 
 taught them accounted in large measure for this so- 
 cial state. They were tied together by strong bonds 
 of sympathy and helpfulness. It was the duty of the 
 strong among them to help the weak. To give mu- 
 tual aid and comfort was a fundamental principle in 
 their lives, and no artificial barriers of law or cus- 
 tom blocked the exercise of this reciprocal good-will. 
 Moreover, their church inculcated respect for human 
 nature and human destiny. The Pilgrims used no 
 barbarous punishments, such as drawing and quar- 
 tering, and tortures before execution; they had no 
 prison and no criminal laws; like all their contempo- 
 
 195
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 raries, they used the stocks and the whipping-post 
 without perceiving that these punishments in pubHc 
 were barbarizing; they inflicted fines and forfeitures 
 freely without regard to the station or quahty of the 
 offenders; they committed no atrocities against in- 
 ferior peoples, abhorred cruel, persecuting govern- 
 ments, and cherished the love of peace and of polit- 
 ical justice. Within four months of the landing at 
 Plymouth they made a just treaty with the Indian 
 Sachem Massasoit, which being faithfully executed 
 preserved peace for many years. They preferred the 
 interest of the whole community to the interest of 
 any individual or section in it. The assignment of 
 quarters in the Mayflower and the Speedwell at the 
 sailing of the Pilgrims from Southampton illustrates 
 the democratic practices of the colonists. To pre- 
 vent any suspicion of favoritism, some of the leaders 
 went in the narrow cabin of the sixty-ton Speedwell, 
 a vessel only one-third the size of the Mayflower. 
 When the first assignment of land was made at 
 Plymouth, each of the nineteen families was to 
 build its own house, and to have a plot three rods 
 long and half a rod broad for each of its mem- 
 bers; but the choice of location was determined by 
 lot. 
 
 Although the Pilgrims thus represented and fore- 
 told in a simple and thorough way the social and 
 industrial organization of a democratic community, 
 they had no theory of social structure which was not 
 
 196
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 perfectly consistent with the facts concerning the ex- 
 treme diversity of human capacities and powers. No 
 community ever recognized its leaders more frankly 
 or followed them better. Edward Winlsow was three 
 times Governor, and Assistant for about twenty years. 
 Myles Standish was military commander from the 
 outset till his death in 1656, although he did not be- 
 long to the Pilgrim church. William Bradford was 
 annually elected Governor from John Carver's death 
 in 1621 to his own death in 1657, except for three 
 years when Winslow was Governor, and two when 
 Thomas Prence was Governor. Even in those five 
 years he was Senior Assistant. He was much opposed 
 to this continuous service, and repeatedly tried in vain 
 to induce the people to elect somebody else. In spite 
 of himself he served thirty-one times. Bradford's 
 views on this subject are set forth in his record of the 
 creation of the Governor's Council, under date of 
 1624: " The time of new election of their officers for 
 this year being come, and the number of their people 
 increased, and their troubles and occasions therewith, 
 the Governor desired them to change the persons, as 
 well as to renew the election, and also to add more 
 assistants to the Governor for help and counsel, and 
 the better carrying on of affairs. Showing that it 
 was necessary it should be so. If there was any 
 honor or profit, it was fit others should be partakers 
 of it; if it was a burden (as doubtless it was) it was 
 but equal others should help to bear it; and that this 
 14 197
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 was the end of annual elections. The issue was, that 
 as before there was but one Assistant, they now chose 
 five, giving the Governor a double voice." In 1633 
 the Council was increased to seven, and it so con- 
 tinued to the end of the Colony. Here we find in the 
 action of the Plymouth voters a prophecy of the three 
 selectmen of the New England town, and of the mu- 
 nicipal government by commissions of five which 
 many American cities are now adopting as a remedy 
 for the incompetency or dishonesty of city govern- 
 ments. Among the passengers on the Mayflower 
 there were twelve who were distinguished bv the title 
 of " JNIaster." There were also several persons who 
 were designated as servants, and others who came 
 over as skilled artisans. In short, the Pilgrim Re- 
 public recognized fully the different grades of service 
 inevitable in any civilized community. They never 
 called themselves republicans or democrats; but they 
 nevertheless set up a government in which there was 
 no aristocracy of either birth or wealth, and which 
 enacted by a general assembly just and equal laws. 
 Their inspiration came from their free and independ- 
 ent church. In their practice they anticipated by two 
 hundred years the principles of equality and political 
 justice which slowly came to prevail among the freer 
 nations of the nineteenth century. 
 
 The doctrine that all government rests on the con- 
 sent of the governed was never more vigorously or 
 completely stated than in the preliminary Declaration 
 
 198
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 made by the Committee, or Commission, appointed 
 in 1636 to prepare a regular system of laws for the 
 Colony. They declared that by the Mayflower Com- 
 pact of 1620 and the Warwick Patent of 1630— a 
 patent issued by the English Council for New Eng- 
 land to William Bradford, his heirs, associates, and 
 assigns of the w hole Plymouth territory of that date 
 — that the citizens of New Plymouth Colony, as free 
 subjects of England, were entitled to enact as follows: 
 " According to the . . . and due privilege of the 
 subject aforesaid, no imposition, law, or ordinance 
 be made or imposed upon by ourselves or otJiers, at 
 present or to come, but such as shall be made or im- 
 posed by consent, according to the free liberties of 
 the state and kingdom of England, and no other- 
 wise." For fifteen years the annually elected officers 
 of the Colony discharged their undescribed functions 
 subject only to the revision of the voters as a body. 
 For example, the murderer Billington had been con- 
 demned to death and was executed under no other 
 authority than the oral order of the town meeting or 
 its elected Council. All authority proceeded from the 
 assembly of the adult males. Under the code adopted 
 in 1636 new laws, or changes in the laws, were to be 
 made by the freemen in town meeting. Petty crimes 
 and offenses were left to the decisions of the magis- 
 trates, that is, of the Councillors or Assistants. The 
 capital offenses were treason, murder, diabolical con- 
 versation, arson, rape, and unnatural crimes. Plym- 
 
 199
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 outh had only six sorts of capital crime, against 
 thirty-one in England at the accession of James I, 
 and of these six she actually punished only two. She 
 never punished, or even committed, any person as a 
 witch. After 1636 laws were added yearly; but it 
 was not till 1671 that a digest was made and the laws 
 were printed. Restrictive laws were early adopted as 
 to spirituous drinks, and in 1667 cider was included. 
 In 1638 the smoking of tobacco was forbidden out- 
 of-doors within a mile of a dwelling house or while 
 at work in the fields; but unlike England and Mas- 
 sachusetts Plymouth never had a law regulating 
 apparel. In 1638 Plymouth, following the Bay, 
 adopted a representation of towns in her General 
 Court, which was made up of two bodies, the Gov- 
 ernor and the Councillors, called the Bench, and the 
 town members, called Deputies. The two branches 
 sat as one body, and this body discussed and enacted 
 laws; but except in a crisis a law proposed in one 
 session could not be enacted till the next session. The 
 freemen still met annually in one assembly, and might 
 then repeal any of the laws adopted by the General 
 Court and enact others. The Pilgrim Colony clearly 
 anticipated by more than two centuries and a half 
 the much-discussed initiative and referendum of re- 
 cent times. 
 
 The Pilgrims originated many practices which 
 afterwards became common throughout New Eng- 
 land. Thus, civil marriage was the only form of 
 
 200
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 marriage they recognized or practiced. They fur- 
 nish in this respect an extraordinary contrast to most 
 of the European nations, with whom the recognition 
 of civil marriage has been but a comparatively recent 
 achievement. It was the Pilgrims who in 1621 in- 
 stituted the New England festival of Thanksgiving, 
 recently become national. It was they who insti- 
 tuted the annual muster or training day of the militia, 
 six years before the charter of the Massachusetts Bay 
 Company absorbed or consolidated the various Eng- 
 lish claims in and near Boston Bay by a grant of all 
 the territory from three miles south of the Charles 
 River to three miles north of the Merrimack and reach- 
 ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific — a narrow strip, 
 but a long one indeed. It was they who instituted 
 trial by jury in New England by a law enacted by the 
 people December 27, 1623, as follows: "All criminal 
 facts and also all matters of trespasses and debts be- 
 tween man and man should be tried by the verdict of 
 tw^elve honest men, to be empaneled by authority in 
 form of a jury upon their oaths." Up to that time 
 trials had been conducted before the whole body of 
 voters or freemen; but this court of the people had 
 become too large for ordinary trials, and so involved 
 too much waste of precious time for the community 
 as a whole. Here began a series of enactments in the 
 New England colonies which initiated important re- 
 forms in the English common law and its adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 201
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 The Pilgrim Republic seems, as we look back upon 
 it, to have been but a puny state, poor, harassed by 
 internal discord, jealousies and mistakes of neigh- 
 bors, and Indian alarms, often in apprehension of 
 withdrawals, and even of removal, and in two gen- 
 erations absorbed into a larger and more potent com- 
 monwealth. The original company of Adventurers 
 and Planters was never a well-conducted, prosperous 
 commercial organization, although the Planters made 
 large remittances to London, and probably overpaid 
 the Adventurers and their London agents. It was 
 impossible to recruit the Colony solely from persons 
 imbued with the religious opinions and spirit of the 
 passengers in the Mayflower. Within fifty-four years 
 the Colony was involved with fierce war with the In- 
 dians, and within seventy years the heirs of the Pil- 
 grims found themselves making part of the new 
 Royal Province of Massachusetts and under the rule 
 of a Royal Governor. 
 
 We of the generation that has built this worthy 
 monument in their memory are able to form some 
 picture in our minds of the physical hardships the 
 Pilgrims endured, and of the mental and moral alarms 
 from which they escaped only by death; but we have 
 great difficulty in realizing that the Pilgrims had no 
 vision at all of the ultimate triumph on a prodigious 
 scale of the social and governmental principles in 
 support of which they left home and country, and 
 struggled all their lives to establish new homes and 
 
 202
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 a new social order on the edge of an unexplored wil- 
 derness, in a severe climate, and in constant appre- 
 hension from savage neighbors, domestic enemies, and 
 foreign oppressors. So far as we can judge, they 
 never even dreamt of the prodigious issues of their 
 sufferings and trials. They lived and died with no 
 foreknowledge of the fruits of their labors. Within 
 four months of their arrival in this harbor one-half of 
 the one hundred and two passengers on the May- 
 flower had been buried in nameless graves, and the 
 survivors deliberately smoothed down the mounds 
 which had been formed above the graves of the dead, 
 and planted corn on the hillside, that the Indians 
 might not know how many had already fallen. Name- 
 less graves indeed! And the survivors worked on, 
 in the constant presence of this prophecy of their own 
 probable fate. We honor the Pilgrims largely be- 
 cause of their sacrifices, dangers, and severe labors so 
 bravely endured without any knowledge of the splen- 
 did issues of their endurance and devotion. The hero 
 never knows what is to be the issue of his daring effort 
 — happy or fatal. He takes a risk without foreknowl- 
 edge. Had he foreknowledge of a fortunate issue, 
 he would be no hero; and if he knew he was to fail, 
 he would be reckless, rather than heroic, in making 
 the attempt. The Pilgrims ran visible risks of the 
 most serious character, and made the gravest sacri- 
 fices human beings can make to their own religious, 
 social, and political ideals, and all on hope and faith, 
 
 203
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 without any assurance of success for either themselves 
 or their descendants. 
 
 As usual in such enterprises, it was the women 
 that suffered most. Out of the eighteen women who 
 were on board the Mayflower when she anchored in 
 this harbor, fourteen were buried within six months. 
 They died from the effects of the long voyage, of the 
 wintry cold, of the lack of suitable food, and of heavy 
 labor in household service. The Colony could not 
 have survived had not other women of the Pilgrim 
 mind come over from Holland and England to join 
 it. When the sailor coming over the seas sights this 
 monument, when the summer visitor contemplates its 
 massive strength, when the people of the Cape see 
 from far its towering height, let thein remember the 
 brave women, as well as the brave men, who made the 
 Plymouth Colony live, and through whom the Colony 
 transmitted the Pilgrims' ideals to other generations 
 that in three centuries spread over a continent. 
 
 Does anybody ask why the National Government, 
 the Commonwealth, and private contributors have 
 joined in building here this solid monument to the 
 Mayflower Pilgrims, the facts I have stated make 
 answer: — The Pilgrims established a community and 
 a government solidly founded on love of freedom and 
 behef in progress, on civil liberty and religious tol- 
 eration, on industrial cooperation and individual hon- 
 esty and industry, on even-handed justice and a real 
 equality before the laws, on peace and good-will sup- 
 
 204
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 ported by protective force. Therefore, they are to 
 be forever remembered with love and honor by the 
 Repubhc which accepts their fundamental principles 
 of social conduct as right and eternal. Therefore, 
 whenever on this earth down all its centuries civilized 
 man raises the question — What are the personal and 
 social virtues on which great states may be securely 
 founded and maintained ? — he will never find a clearer 
 or more convincing answer than this : — The virtues of 
 the Pilgrims of the Mayflower, 
 
 The Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- 
 tentiary from the Netherlands, Jonkheer R. de ]Ma- 
 rees van Swinderen, finding it impossible to accept 
 the invitation of the directors of the association to be 
 present and represent the country in which the Pil- 
 grims found refuge when first they fled from their 
 native land, he was represented by Jonkheer H. M. 
 Van Weede, the Secretary of Legation of that coun- 
 try at Washington. Mr. Van Weede was presented 
 in a few appreciative words by President Sears. 
 
 " Students of history," said Captain Sears, " have 
 sometimes feared that we of this country have given 
 scant credit to Holland for what the Fathers learned 
 from her of freedom in religion. We do well to re- 
 member the words of William the Silent, upon which 
 the Pilgrims, and we after them, have founded the 
 system, which even Spain to-day is preparing to fol- 
 low : ' You have no right to trouble yourself with 
 
 205
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 any man's conscience, so long as nothing is done to 
 cause i^rivate harm or pubKc scandal.' We are 
 glad to welcome an official representative of the 
 Holland which asylumed the Pilgrims — Mr. Van 
 Weede, Secretary of the Netherlands legation at 
 Washington." 
 
 REMARKS OF JONKHEER H. M. VAN WEEDE 
 
 Mr. President, Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gen- 
 tlemen : I consider it a very great privilege to have 
 the opportunity of attending the dedication of this 
 monument which commemorates such an important 
 event in the history of America. The relations of 
 friendship which existed between the Pilgrim Fathers 
 who landed on this cape in 1620 and the Dutch peo- 
 ple, and the many interests and aspirations which 
 they had in common with them, make it for me, a 
 Hollander, the more valuable to be able to pay on this 
 day a sincere homage to the memory of those Pilgrim 
 Fathers. 
 
 For more than ten years the members of the 
 Scrooby colony, on its pilgrimage to this continent, 
 lived with us, and it is out of fragments of the archives 
 in Amsterdam and in Leyden that American and 
 Dutch historians have set together the noble and im- 
 perishable maxims of those Pilgrims. By the love 
 and respect with which the members of that Colony 
 inspired my countrymen, they forged one of the 
 
 206
 
 Copyright by Harris & Ewing 
 
 JONKHEER H. M. VAX WEEDE, SECRETARY OF 
 THf: NETHERLANDS LEGATION.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 strongest links between the history of America and 
 of Holland. The ideas of freedom, of religion, and 
 of public life, both of Pilgrims and Hollanders, had 
 many resemblances. The persecutions for religion 
 which they both had to endure in those days, and the 
 common fighting for freedom and for existence, have 
 developed the intuitive racial sympathy into the spir- 
 itual bond which exists between them for three cen- 
 turies. 
 
 The Mayflower transplanted perhaps more of the 
 spirit of Dutch institutions to America than even our 
 sixty years' occupation of New Netherlands did. 
 Love of hberty, of unfettered development in every 
 line of thought, was brought over to this soil by Hol- 
 landers, and especially by Englishmen who had found 
 in Holland a refuge from religious persecution. The 
 Pilgrim Fathers did it, who had familiarized them- 
 selves with the idea Holland was standing for, and 
 who carried out those ideals on this continent. 
 
 It was, however, not all Dutch which they im- 
 planted here. The popular self-government is a 
 British institution, and Englishmen had not much to 
 learn from Hollanders on that point. But free re- 
 ligion, free education, and a free press were thor- 
 oughly Dutch institutions. 
 
 Seen from an historical point of view, the Pilgrim 
 movement formed a part of that activity and migra- 
 tion of which the Reformation was the inspiring 
 cause. With the Bible in one hand and with the 
 
 207
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 sword in the otlier, English and Dutch have per- 
 formed, in the days of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries, deeds of heroism for which they deserved 
 the greatest respect of all generations coming after 
 them. When one reads of what our colonists achieved 
 in the far-off East, struggling with their primitive 
 outfits against sickness, storms, want, and against so 
 many enemies, as well white as native; when one 
 realizes the sufferings inflicted upon the English set- 
 tlers in America wherever they landed, be it in Vir- 
 ginia or on the Cape Cod, it seems natural that great 
 results came forth from the seeds planted by the en- 
 durance of those first pioneers of civilization at the 
 price of so many lives and of such cruel sufferings. 
 And whenever their descendants, and all those who 
 rightly admire them, wander over the ground that 
 witnessed their heroism, and where now lie their 
 graves, they may think that they are treading on 
 holy ground. 
 
 In America, as well as in Holland, however, those 
 men who opened new worlds to civilization in the 
 West and in the far East, not only had admirers but 
 also detractors. The vulgar jealousy that attacks 
 anybody who did good work, the eagerness of inves- 
 tigating their petty faults, without mentioning what 
 were their great qualities, have not spared the Pil- 
 grim Fathers. It has been tried by several historians 
 to prove that their migration to America was not due 
 to the noble motives to which it is generally attrib- 
 
 208
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 uted, — but it has been tried in vain. And whatever 
 their personal faults might have been, they would 
 have been brought to naught by the fact that the Pil- 
 grims remained faithful to their religion, that they 
 kept united in hard times of continual war and per- 
 secution, and that, after having crossed the ocean, 
 they made their marked influence felt over such a 
 considerable part of this continent. 
 
 Many historical links connect my country with the 
 United States. On Manhattan, the landing of the 
 Dutch ship, the Half Moon, was celebrated last year. 
 In the State of Delaware stands a monument to com- 
 memorate the settlement of the first Dutch colony, 
 that made of Delaware a separate Commonwealth. 
 There is in Michigan a large colony of Hollanders, 
 whose ancestors migrated out of their old country in 
 the last century, led by their ministers, just as the 
 Pilgrim Fathers did. And with the men who landed 
 on this point of the coast, in 1620, we feel related by 
 our history. Moreover, we Hollanders and Amer- 
 icans are very near neighbors in far Eastern domin- 
 ions now, where we both have to fulfill one of the 
 greatest tasks set to modern civilization and where 
 we also work together with the same ideals in view. 
 
 All this contributes to maintain the relations of 
 friendship between the United States and my coun- 
 try and strengthens the sympathy which we Hol- 
 landers have for the citizens of the great Republic 
 beyond the seas. I am glad to have the opportunity, 
 
 209
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 on this historic ground, of expressing the real wish 
 that those historical friendships may increase forever. 
 
 After music by the Salem Cadet band, under the 
 leadership of Jean ^lissud, President Sears presented 
 Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who had been depu- 
 tized by the Secretary of War, the chairman of the 
 commission which had had in charge the building of 
 the monument, to convey the structure to the Monu- 
 ment Association. 
 
 *' Our senior senator," said Captain Sears, " is al- 
 ways welcome among us. Three years ago he assisted 
 in the laying of the corner stone of this monument, 
 with an address which well exemplified the scholar in 
 politics. To-day he comes to us again, representing 
 the Secretary of War, the chairman of the commis- 
 sion which has erected this monument. In whatever 
 capacity he comes among us he is always welcome to 
 Cape Cod. I have the happiness to present the Hon- 
 orable Henry Cabot Lodge, Senator for Massachu- 
 setts in the Congress of the United States." 
 
 ADDRESS OF THE HON. HENRY CABOT LODGE 
 
 The Secretary of War has done me the honor to 
 ask that I should represent him here to-day. A mem- 
 ber of the commission created by law, it would have 
 been his duty, as it is now mine, speaking in behalf 
 of the Government of the United States, formally to 
 
 210
 
 HENRY CABOT LODGt:, UNITED STATES SENATOR FOR 
 MASSACHUSETTS.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 commit this monument to the keeping of the Com- 
 monwealth of jNIassaehusetts and to the care of the 
 Memorial Association, to whose exertions its existence 
 is so largely due. We are deprived of the presence of 
 the Secretary of War, whose participation in the 
 ceremonies would have so much gratified us all, be- 
 cause his official duty has obliged him to visit the 
 Philippine Islands. He is in the distant Orient, thir- 
 teen thousand miles aw^ay, and yet he is beneath 
 the same flag that floats above us here, serving there 
 the same government which gives so largely to the 
 building of this tower. It is a far cry from Prov- 
 incetown to Manila, and yet all that vast space of 
 continent and ocean has been traversed by the peo- 
 ple who have made their way westward from the 
 Atlantic coast to the uttermost verge of the Pacific. 
 They have carried with them, in their journey of 
 nearly three hundred years, the Western civilization 
 which they inherited and which, through many vicis- 
 situdes, may be traced back to Rome and to Greece, 
 and thence to the monarchies of Asia Minor and to 
 the kingdom of the Pharaohs. 
 
 Where we stand to-day is not one of the famous 
 and historic places on which the foundations of the 
 United States and Canada were laid. These, known 
 of all men, are to be found at Jamestown ; in the val- 
 ley of the St. Lawrence, where the lilies of France 
 were flung to the breeze three centuries ago ; at Man- 
 hattan, where the Dutch planted their West India 
 
 211
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Company; on the Delaware, where the Swedes, after 
 an interval of six hundred years, at last carried to a 
 conclusion the voyages of the vikings; at Plymouth, 
 across the bay, and at Boston and Salem, the seats of 
 the great Puritan migration. 
 
 There was no settlement established, no foundation 
 stone of a nation laid here. Yet is this spot perhaps 
 the most memorable of all. Here certain political 
 conceptions, which have affected the belief, the for- 
 tunes, and the fate not merely of the American peo- 
 ple, but of civilized mankind, were set down on paper 
 and given to the world, a heedless world, which did 
 not note what was done until those who did it had 
 been long mingled with the dust on Burial Hill. 
 Certain thoughts as to government and society were 
 here expressed and recorded one November day, when 
 the darkness settled down early over sand dune and 
 forest, over quiet harbor and restless ocean. There 
 were two or three among the leaders who were men 
 of education and of conspicuous ability, men with em- 
 pire in their brains, with the " prophetic soul dream- 
 ing of things to come," who realized the vastness of 
 the work they were doing. But the company on the 
 Mayflower were, for the most part, simple, humble, 
 earnest folk, intent on the duty of the moment. So 
 they gathered in the cabin and drew up the famous 
 Compact, and set their hands to it, on the lid of Elder 
 Brewster's chest. They are inscribed now in bronze, 
 those names, and what a roll of honor it is! What 
 
 212
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 American would change his descent from one of those 
 men for an unbroken lineage from the proudest baron 
 who followed the Conqueror across the Channel, or 
 for the longest pedigree of Europe? Their descend- 
 ants are scattered from one end of this broad land to 
 the other, and they have not proved untrue to their 
 ancestry. The blood of a signer of the Compact 
 flows in the veins of the President of the United 
 States, and the noble tradition of the Mayflower is 
 worthily sustained by the man who fills that great 
 office and who joins us to-day in commemorating the 
 act of his ancestor. 
 
 What was that act? Only giving adhesion to cer- 
 tain principles set down on paper. That was all; 
 merely the expression of certain thoughts. But it is 
 thought which finally rules the world of men. The 
 temples of Greece are in ruins, but the words of Plato 
 and Aristotle survive and have influenced the thoughts 
 of men and moved the world from that day to this. 
 
 Here in this Compact of the Mayflower I find two 
 conceptions which seem to me of great significance; 
 both potent factors in history since that November 
 day, two hundred and ninety years ago. Three years 
 since, on the laying of the corner stone, I spoke of 
 one of them, the idea of an organic law, adopted by 
 all the people, changeable only by the act of all the 
 people, above all other laws, the bulwark and defense 
 of certain rights, and the embodiment of certain other 
 fundamental principles, lying at the root of free gov- 
 15 213
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ernment. In this conception we see the origin of the 
 written constitution which has played so great a part 
 in modern history. 
 
 The other principle, conspicuous in the Compact, 
 is that of democracy. All tlie men signed. It was 
 the work of all the people. Here there was nothing 
 new; democratic government was not a novel idea. 
 The very word " democracy " is Greek. But the 
 Compact was an assertion, or rather the reassertion 
 of the democratic principle, at a time when that prin- 
 ciple had fallen into disuse and almost wholly faded 
 from the minds of men. Athens was democratic, and 
 so were many other Greek cities. Rome was demo- 
 cratic, and, in theory, the rule was that of the whole 
 people assembled in public meeting. But the democ- 
 racies of Greece and Rome sank alike into despotisms 
 and fell under the rule of a native tyrant, or a foreign 
 master; they became the subjects either of a mighty 
 emperor or of a petty despot, but the end was the 
 same. The Italian city republics, with democratic 
 forms of an extreme type, followed a like course. 
 They swung from anarchy to despotism and ended 
 as provinces of Spain and Austria, as the appanages 
 of Hapsburgs and Bourbons. During the same pe- 
 riod the liberties of the free cities of the North were 
 curtailed and the customs and laws of once inde- 
 pendent states were shorn of their power. It was the 
 age of the consolidation of European states, of the 
 rise of unlimited monarchies upon the ruins of feu- 
 
 214
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 dalism, when the Mayflower anchored in yonder bay. 
 Democracy and popular government were well-nigh 
 forgotten words when the Compact embodying both 
 was signed. Slowly the principle spread, almost un- 
 noticed, through the American colonies. A century 
 and a half went by, and then the democracy of the 
 Mayflower Compact rose suddenly militant upon a 
 world which did not understand. Its voice was heard 
 in Philadelphia; the beat of its drums broke on the 
 air at Lexington; its first shots rang out at Concord 
 Bridge and at Bunker Hill and democracy won in 
 the New World. 
 
 Then came a pause, and then democracy seized on 
 France, its armies swept over Europe, and at last the 
 world understood. After Waterloo, another pause, 
 while the Polignacs and Metternichs thought that 
 they could turn back the wheels of time and make 
 the old system flourish where the plowshares of the 
 French Revolution had rent the soil and turned the 
 furrows. It was the vainest of dreams. Even while 
 the Holy Alliance was tightening the chains, Greece 
 rose in arms, and then came democrac}'^ once more in 
 France in 1830 and in England in 1832. Another 
 pause, and again the new, popular force broke out in 
 1848, and from that day to this has gone steadily for- 
 ward, until now it is known in Russia and China and 
 is acknowledged and powerful in Turkey, Persia, 
 and Japan. It has succeeded marvelously. It has 
 brought great benefits to men; but a perilous future 
 
 215
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 stretches before it, and it has many problems to 
 solve. 
 
 It is well to remember, also, that this democracy, 
 recognized in the cabin of the Mayflower as the true 
 government for free men, developed one quality 
 wholly lacking in the democracies of Rome and 
 Greece and of the Middle Ages. That quality was 
 the representative principle, in theory and practice, 
 familiar to all English-speaking people, to the Vir- 
 ginian and to the Puritan, as well as to the Pilgrim. 
 But the representation which they knew was that of 
 orders and classes and institutions. Here in Amer- 
 ica they yoked it to the principle of government by 
 the people and so produced representative democracy, 
 and that is the democracy which, for a century and 
 a half, has marched on from victory to victory. 
 
 Where the representative principle was lacking, or 
 was crushed out, democracy has failed and turned to 
 despotism, as in the republics of Greece and Rome, 
 or in the Italian cities. The first care of every auto- 
 crat has been to destroy or paralyze representative 
 institutions. Throughout history, freedom has been 
 coincident with representative government, and when 
 one has perished, the other has not long survived. 
 The shadow of the savior of society, of the strong 
 man, or the man on horseback, lies darkly across the 
 pages of history when the representative principle 
 fails or falls. The conception of an organic law and 
 the conception of a representative democracy are two 
 
 216
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 mighty principles to find a place in one document at 
 a time when the world had no care or thought for 
 either. And yet the greatest is behind. 
 
 I spoke a moment ago of the tradition of the May- 
 flower, and by that I meant neither of the great po- 
 litical principles which the Compact embodied. The 
 tradition of the Mayflower, as I read it, is in the spirit 
 and purpose of the little band of exiles who made the 
 Compact and came hither to found a state. Their 
 purpose was to secure freedom to worship God in 
 their own fashion and to preserve their nationality 
 and their native language. For these ends they had 
 left safety, shelter, and comfort, and passed forth over 
 a stormy ocean to meet death by privation, to endure 
 cold and hunger, and, only after many years of toil 
 and hardship, to achieve a modest livelihood on the 
 edge of the wilderness, remote from all that civiliza- 
 tion had to give. Their purposes were all ideal, aU 
 matters of sentiment, if you please, and it was that 
 which made them great. They did not stop to ask 
 what Webster called that " miserable " question, 
 *' What is all this worth? " or that still meaner ques- 
 tion, " What is there in it for me? " They cherished 
 certain high ideals above all else the world could give. 
 They were not helpless, inefficient sentimentalists, but 
 practical men, working hard, ready to fight, if need 
 came, doing each day's duty, and meeting all re- 
 sponsibilities. Yet they never wavered in seeking the 
 ideals they had set before them. In this age of ours^ 
 
 217
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 money and material success have assumed propor- 
 tions never before witnessed. Both are proper and 
 necessary objects of ambition. Neither is a lofty nor 
 a complete ideal in the life of man. We see the dan- 
 gers which they breed. On the one side, in those who 
 have succeeded, a greed is often developed which is 
 too ready to disregard law and trample on human 
 rights. On the other side, among those who have 
 been unable to satisfy their craving for wealth, ap- 
 pears envy and malice, which, under thin disguises, 
 would destroy the more fortunate and involve the 
 prosperity of guilty and innocent alike in a common 
 ruin. Between the two extremes we must find the 
 middle way, a sane and effective method of curbing 
 overgrown power and protecting human rights, which 
 are first and most sacred, without wrecking all other 
 rights and destroying those opportunities for success 
 which civilization has built up. It is a great and dif- 
 ficult task, infinitely more complicated than anything 
 the company of the Mayflower had to meet. But 
 their way of meeting their difficulties was then, and 
 is now, the right and the noble way. They set before 
 themselves high ideals and strove with all their might 
 to attain them. They put the aspirations of the soul 
 above the demands of the flesh. They were laborious 
 and thrifty, but money and possessions were not their 
 highest aim. Their spirit was that which has given 
 saints and martyrs to religion, and to the world its 
 art, its literature, its science, its intellectual triumphs, 
 
 218
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 all which makes man the paragon of animals and 
 breathes into his soul the faith that he has that within 
 which can never die. 
 
 We must have material prosperity, but woe to that 
 man or that nation which makes wealth its god and 
 expects to find salvation in large statistics. The spir- 
 itual and the intellectual bloom and flourish when the 
 material is withered and dead. High ideals in the 
 conduct of life are what survive, and that is why the 
 Pilgrim narrative stands forth in the pages of every 
 history as one of the great events of the time, not be- 
 cause they were among the founders of the Repubhc, 
 but because they had great purposes and, by their 
 conception of duty, influenced the fate of men. 
 
 As the evening closed round the little ship on that 
 day in late November, the lanterns were lighted, and, 
 when night came, threw a pale, yellow gleam upon the 
 water. It was a faint light. It could not penetrate 
 the dark woods, where perhaps some savage lurked 
 and watched ; yet, it seems to me as I look back, as if 
 that little light streamed forth now, broad and bril- 
 liant, across three hundred years, passing over con- 
 tinent and ocean, and shining with the clear radiance 
 which all men can see and understand. 
 
 " How far that little candle throws its beams." 
 " So shines a good deed in a naughty world." 
 
 The Hon. William B. Lawrence, of Medford, a 
 director of the Memorial Association, accepted the 
 
 219
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 custody of the monument in behalf of the society which 
 he represented. 
 
 REMARKS OF HON. WILLIAM B. LAWRENCE 
 
 The erection of this landmark of liberty was made 
 possible for the association by the patriotic and gen- 
 erous assistance of the Town of Provincetown, of the 
 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and of the United 
 States of America acting through its Congress. We 
 now enjoy the fruits of their labors, in the loftiest 
 monument ever erected in New England. 
 
 The nation was the largest contributor, and to 
 you, Senator Lodge, as the special representative 
 here to-day of the Government, and likewise to the 
 Commonwealth and to all other contributors who 
 have cooperated in this noble and glorious under- 
 taking, the association hereby acknowledges with 
 gratitude its appreciation of their assistance and 
 its pleasure in the presence here to-day of our honored 
 guests. 
 
 The association is justly proud that this memorial 
 monument has been erected in a Commonwealth which 
 for many generations has held the principles of the 
 Compact in reverent memory, in framing just and 
 equal laws for the general good, and for the better 
 ordering and preservation of the Commonwealth, and 
 in enforcing obedience to those laws. 
 
 This memorial is erected by the association to per- 
 
 220
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 petuate to posterity the remembrance of the signing 
 of the Compact in the cabin of the Mayflower, in the 
 behef that the Compact contains in it the essential 
 principles of democracy, the right of every man to 
 have an equal chance with his fellows — the right to a 
 " square deal." 
 
 In the Compact the Pilgrims " spoke softly," but 
 they carried a "big stick," too; for after they came 
 ashore they chose a governor to enforce submission to 
 just and equal laws, notwithstanding they had all, 
 before landing, voluntarily covenanted obedience to 
 them. 
 
 Before landing there were those, even among the 
 Pilgrims, who threatened that when they came ashore, 
 where none had power to command them, they would 
 use their own liberty for their own ends and advance- 
 ment ; hence was occasioned the necessity for the sign- 
 ing of the Compact by which they were " straightly 
 tied to all care for each other's good and of the whole 
 by every one." 
 
 It is of interest to-day to note how the Pilgrims 
 dealt with the men who were not willing to concede 
 the right of every man to have an equal chance with 
 his fellows, and who wanted all the privileges for 
 themselves ; for there are not wanting in our own times 
 men who threaten that they will use their own liberty 
 for their own ends and advancement where none have 
 power to command. 
 
 We are told that the Pilgrims, " in their hard and 
 
 221
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 difficult beginning, found discontents and murmur- 
 ings arise among them, and mutinous speech and car- 
 riage; but they were soon quelled and overcome by 
 the wisdom, patience, and just and equal carriage of 
 things by the governor and the better part which clave 
 faithfully together in the main." 
 
 This monument was erected by the association in 
 the belief that if the principles of the Compact are 
 faithfully put in effect in our government, if our laws 
 are just and equal, and are faithfully and impartially 
 enforced, they will be sufficient in the future, as in the 
 past, for our well ordering and preservation. It is 
 therefore a source of satisfaction to us to feel that 
 when the time comes that the place which knows us 
 now shall know us no longer, this monument will per- 
 manently endure to symbolize the aspiration and right 
 of every man to an equal chance with his fellows, and 
 that the principle of just and equal laws will endure 
 as the basis of government of, for, and by the people, 
 long after our names and the very echo of our memo- 
 ries are lost forever. 
 
 In accepting the official custody and control of this 
 monument the association pledges itself faithfully to 
 do its full duty. 
 
 The address of Mr. Lawrence was followed by the 
 singing of the well-known poem of INIrs. Felicia 
 Dorothea Hemans, " The Landing of the Pilgrims," 
 by the Harvard Quartet : 
 
 222
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS 
 
 The breaking waves dashed high. 
 
 On a stern and rock-bound coast, 
 And the woods against a stormy sky. 
 
 Their giant branches tossed. 
 And the heavy night hung dark, 
 
 The hills and waters o'er 
 "V^Tien a band of exiles moored their bark. 
 
 On the wild New England shore. 
 
 Not as the conqueror comes. 
 
 They, the true hearted, came; 
 Not with the roll of the stirring drums, 
 
 And the trumpet that sings of fame; 
 Not as the flying come, 
 
 In silence and in fear; 
 They shook the depths of the desert gloom, 
 
 With their hymns of lofty cheer. 
 
 Amidst the storm they sang. 
 
 And the stars heard, and the sea. 
 And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang. 
 
 To the anthem of the free; 
 The ocean eagle soared. 
 
 From his nest by the white wave's foam. 
 And the rocking pines of the forest roared; 
 
 This was their welcome home. 
 
 What sought they thus afar.'' 
 Bright jewels of the mine.'' 
 
 The wealth of seas, the spoils of war? 
 They sought a faith's pure shrine! 
 
 Aye ! call it holy ground. 
 
 The soil where first they trod ! 
 
 They have left unstained what there they found- 
 Freedom to worship God. 
 
 223
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 President Sears next presented the Honorable 
 James T. McCleary, member of Congress from Min- 
 nesota, the chairman of the Committee on Library, 
 to which was referred the bill for the Government 
 appropriation in aid of the building fund. " When 
 one meets with success, after constant endeavor and 
 repeated failure," said Captain Sears, " he is ever 
 grateful to those through whom come the realization 
 of his hopes and endeavors. Our efforts to obtain an 
 appropriation from Congress in aid of the building 
 fund, which would make the early erection of the 
 monument possible, were crowned with success largely 
 through the efforts of a member from the Middle 
 West, to whom we to-day desire to express our grati- 
 tude. I am glad to be able to present the Honorable 
 James T. McCleary, of Minnesota." 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. JAMES T. McCLEARY 
 
 What is there left? (Laughter.) 
 
 After such admirable addresses as those of the 
 statesman- scholar, Dr. Eliot, and the scholar-states- 
 man, Senator Lodge, on the beginnings of Massachu- 
 setts, their native State, what is there left to say for 
 a man from far-away Minnesota, for a man who was 
 not even born under the Stars and Stripes? (Laugh- 
 ter and applause. ) 
 
 The man who thinks that his wife is the fairest and 
 his children the brightest, that his home town is the 
 finest and his home State the foremost, and that his 
 
 224
 
 JAMES T. McCLEARY, MEMBER OF CONGRESS FROM 
 MINNESOTA.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 country is the best worth living for or dying for in all 
 the world, is generally likeable. (Applause.) So I 
 have never had any difficulty in liking the people of 
 Massachusetts. (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 I am always proud to be introduced as coming from 
 Minnesota. There she lies at the heart of the conti- 
 nent, halfway between the equator and the pole, half- 
 way between the Atlantic and the Pacific — the hub of 
 the North American continent, around which all the 
 rest of the continent revolves. The hub of the conti- 
 nent pays tribute to-day to " the hub of the universe." 
 (Laughter and applause.) We rejoice with you in 
 this monument to the Pilgrim Fathers, and we are 
 glad to have had a share in building it, because we 
 know ourselves co-heirs with you in the noble heritage 
 that they bequeathed to the people of the United 
 States. (Loud applause.) 
 
 That remarkable instrument which has been the 
 worthy object of so much eulogy here and else- 
 where, the Mayflower Compact signed in yonder bay, 
 pledged the signers to frame " just and equal laws," 
 and to yield to them " all due submission and obe- 
 dience." Justice and equity were thus the foundation 
 stones on w^hich they builded this Commonwealth — 
 an enduring foundation, fitly typified by the shaft 
 of solid granite which we this day dedicate in their 
 honor. 
 
 " Equal laws." Equal, in what ways? Equal, to 
 what ends? 
 
 225
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 In the words of Emerson, " America spells Op- 
 portunity." And we owe it to the memories of the 
 past and the hopes of the future to preserve to the 
 utmost equality of opportunity among our people. 
 Among many agencies used to attain that end per- 
 haps the foremost in efficiency is the public-school 
 system founded by the early settlers of the old Bay 
 State. In these schools, spread now all over our land, 
 the children of all our people, without distinction, are 
 given, as nearly as is possible, equal opportunity for 
 a good start in life. 
 
 Equality of opportunity, though not fully attain- 
 able, is approved and desired by all fair-minded men 
 and women. But often, with the best of intentions, 
 people pursue an object in the very way most calcu- 
 lated to defeat their purpose. In view of much that 
 has been said of late on this subject, it seems proper 
 on this occasion to emphasize the vital fact that equal- 
 ity of opportunity implies in itself the right to in- 
 equality of result. 
 
 Five boys are starting to run a race. Won't the 
 judges and spectators have performed their full duty 
 in the matter when they see that the start is a fair one, 
 that the track is kept clear, and that none of the con- 
 testants in any way fouls another? (Applause.) 
 
 Suppose that one of the boys fairly gains the lead 
 and it becomes evident that, unless interfered with, 
 he will surely win, leaving the other boys far in the 
 rear. Suppose that, seeing this, the judges determine 
 
 226
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 that, simply because this boy is winning, he shall be 
 hobbled in order to give the other boys a chance to 
 reach the goal with him. Suppose they do hobble 
 him, thus cutting down his speed. Has this boy had 
 a square deal? Has he had his equality of opportu- 
 nity? Certainly not. And suppose it becomes the 
 practice in the community to hobble every boy that 
 shows ability in running, what will be the result ? In- 
 evitably that community will soon be without boys 
 that can run well. Why? Because the motive for 
 striving to become good runners will have been taken 
 away. 
 
 Suppose that we as a nation adopt the policy of 
 hobbling and worrying needlessly every man who 
 shows marked ability to win in the race of life ; what 
 will be the result? We shall become a nation of 
 weaklings, of men who cannot achieve. Progress 
 will become impossible. If honorable achievement be 
 treated as a crime, honorable ambition will inevitably 
 be destroyed. (Applause.) 
 
 In southeastern Europe is a country, nameless in 
 this presence, which is exceptionally rich in natural 
 resources. But in that country when a man of abil- 
 ity forges to the front he must encounter not only 
 the envy and detraction of the less capable, but he 
 becomes an object of attack on the part of his gov- 
 ernment itself. And what is the result? In a coun- 
 try blessed with an unusual abundance of natural 
 resources, a country that ought to be one of the 
 
 227
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 richest in the world, whose people ought to be en- 
 joying the highest material prosperity, everyone is 
 poor and the conditions of life are miserable. Is that 
 a country to be emulated? 
 
 Sometimes when men declare themselves in favor 
 of equality of opportunity, they are really aiming at 
 equality of result. They seem to think that with 
 equality of opportunity will come equality of result. 
 But that is not so. God does not make men equal in 
 ability. Some excel physically. Some are eminent 
 mentally. Others excel morally. Mr. Chairman, 
 when we find a man who is great in all three ways, 
 we make him President of the United States. ( Great 
 laughter and applause.) 
 
 Equality of opportunity and equality of result 
 cannot coexist. The five boys in the race cannot be 
 brought in together at the goal except by hobbling in 
 some way all the good runners, penalizing each to the 
 extent of his superiority in speed. That is, equality 
 of result can be secured only by denying equality of 
 opportunity. 
 
 This monument owes its existence to leadership. 
 For a quarter of a century the idea of erecting some 
 such monument has been in contemplation. Probably 
 every person of the thousands to whose attention the 
 matter was brought approved the proposition. Nearly 
 twenty years ago an organization to promote its erec- 
 tion was formed. But the movement dragged until 
 about seven years ago. Then the burden of leader- 
 
 228
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 ship in the movement was taken up by a man to whom 
 it has ever since been a labor of love. The scores of 
 men to whom credit is due for the completed monu- 
 ment dedicated this day all cheerfully concede that 
 the achievement is due primarily to the courage and 
 constancy and unfaltering leadership of the gentle- 
 man who so graciously acts as chairman on this occa- 
 sion and who is properly seated at the right hand of 
 the Chief Magistrate of the nation, Captain J. Henry 
 Sears. (Applause.) 
 
 And it is a noteworthy fact, illustrative of worthy 
 leadership in every line of human endeavor, that there 
 is no ground for envy at the distinction deservedly 
 won by Captain Sears. Through his leadership we 
 all rejoice to-day in the accomplished result. We all 
 have satisfaction in feeling that we had a hand in 
 bringing about that result. In other words, those 
 who aided Captain Sears have something to feel 
 proud of that would probably have had no existence 
 but for his leadership. In still other words, lead- 
 ership brings honor and profit not only to itself 
 but also to those who follow, and more of good 
 than they would have had without the leadership. A 
 blow aimed at proper leadership hits not only the one 
 aimed at, but also those who are being led. (Ap- 
 plause. ) 
 
 As has been stated, the funds for the erection of 
 this monument are the joint contribution of the 
 nation, the State, the community, and individual 
 IS 229
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 subscribers. I well remember when Captain Sears, 
 Captain Lorenzo D. Baker, Mr. H. H. Baker, Mr. 
 Lawrence, and one or two others came to Wash- 
 ington to secure the cooperation of the National 
 Government. Hon. W. C. Lovering, of cherished 
 memory, who then so ably represented this district 
 dn Congress, had introduced a bill for that pur- 
 pose. The bill was referred to the Committee on 
 the Library, of which I then had the honor to be 
 chairman. At the request of the Massachusetts dele- 
 gation, I had promised that Captain Sears and his 
 associates should have a " hearing " before the com- 
 mittee. They came and stated their case. 
 
 The summer before, while wandering in many 
 lands, I had visited Delfthaven. I had spent some 
 time in the church where the Rev. John Robinson had 
 preached that memorable farewell sermon to the little 
 band of pilgrims about to leave Holland for Amer- 
 ica. I had walked over the ground that they had trod 
 in going from the church to the near-by Speedwell. 
 As I walked along beside the canal I noted the houses 
 on either side of it. Their appearance indicated that, 
 like the well-kept church, they had been there when 
 the Pilgrims wended their way to the little ship. I 
 fancied myself at one of the windows witnessing the 
 event. I fancied something or someone whispering 
 into my ear, " There goes the seed of the greatest na- 
 tion in the world." Would I have believed the pre- 
 diction? Would you, if the prophecy had been whis- 
 
 230
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 pered in your ear? But we know now that the dream 
 of the prophet has been more than reahzed. (Ap- 
 plause.) Can you guess where I stood on the ques- 
 tion of the committee's giving the bill a favorable 
 report ? ( Applause . ) 
 
 But it took several years to get the bill through 
 Congress. Winter after winter Captain Sears came 
 to Washington to look after the matter. He was 
 accompanied by Mrs. Sears, for you know when a 
 man has done a good work it is usually true that a 
 good woman has given him help and courage. (Ap- 
 plause.) Finally, after years of effort, with the co- 
 operation of the Massachusetts delegation in both 
 Houses (and no State has a stronger delegation) and 
 the aid of Senator Wetmore, of Rhode Island, who 
 has so long and ably served as chairman of the Sen- 
 ate Committee on the Library, the bill became law. 
 And here we are, dedicating the fine monument 
 won through the indefatigable leadership of Captain 
 Sears. 
 
 As we gaze at the completed structure, we cannot 
 help wondering how so thoroughly admirable a prod- 
 uct was secured for the money available. It is a 
 memorial to the care of the commission, the skill of 
 the engineers, and the honesty of the contractor and 
 his men. It was built on honor, and is an enduring 
 evidence of public spirit, exceedingly creditable to all 
 who had a hand in its construction. (Applause.) 
 
 Not only is this monument the result of leadership, 
 
 231
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 it is also a tribute to leadershij). Those in whose 
 honor it has been erected were among the founders 
 of a nation whose real greatness is yet to be revealed. 
 
 When I came to this country, a young man, I could 
 have told a good deal about the land of the Pharaohs, 
 but I knew little about the great Republic. I began 
 promptly to study its history. For some time I was 
 under the impression that the only really important 
 part of the United States was New England. You 
 see, in those days nearly all American histories were 
 written by New England men. (Laughter.) But 
 gradually I learned that while New England must 
 in simple justice be accorded a great part in the mak- 
 ing of our national history, other sections have done 
 their share. 
 
 One of my favorite authors on American history 
 was John Fiske, who did so much to add luster to 
 the institution over which so long presided, with 
 such distinguished ability, the man whom we all 
 love to honor, to whom we have to-day listened 
 wdth so much of pleasure and profit. Dr. Eliot. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I shall always have a feeling of gratitude toward 
 Professor Fiske for the insight that he gave me into 
 the inner meanings and essential significance of Amer- 
 ican history. He was not only a chronicler but also 
 an interpreter. One of his lectures began with the 
 story of a banquet held in Paris, France, on July 4, 
 1863, by a company of Americans, in honor of the 
 
 232
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 natal day of their nation. Of course, toasts were pro- 
 posed, and, of course, one of those toasts was to " the 
 United States." In those days there were no At- 
 lantic cables, so those Americans in Paris could not 
 know that Gettysburg had been won and Vicksburg 
 had been captured. Their pride was tempered by 
 anxiety. 
 
 The toast was probably proposed by a son of New 
 England, exact and scholarly. He said, " Here's to 
 the United States, bounded on the north by the British 
 Possessions, on the south " (and how his voice rang 
 out with faith and courage as he gave this southern 
 boundary!) " by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, on 
 the east by the Atlantic, and on the west by the Pa- 
 cific." And to that toast they drank. 
 
 Then uprose another man. He was from farther 
 west, probably from Ohio. He said, " In giving the 
 boundaries of the United States, why not anticipate 
 the future a little? Here's to the United States, 
 bounded on the north by the North Pole (laughter), 
 on the south by the South Pole (laughter) , on the east 
 by the rising of the sun, and on the west by the setting 
 thereof." (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 Then arose another of the banqueters, a tall chap 
 from one of the prairie States, perhaps from Minne- 
 sota, who said, " If we are going to indulge in proph- 
 ecy, why not see \^dth the eye and speak with the 
 tongue of a prophet? Here's to the United States, 
 bounded on the north by the aurora borealis (laugh- 
 
 233
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 ter) , on the south by the precession of the equinoxes, 
 on the east by primeval chaos, and on the west by the 
 day of judgment." (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 That is not exactly the way Professor Fiske told 
 the story, but I have followed the Fiske line of 
 thought, as I shall in the propositions with which he 
 followed the story. It is a banquet story, intended to 
 create a laugh; but like every other really good ban- 
 quet story, it has something in it immensely more 
 important than the fun. 
 
 In its essence that story is destined to come true I 
 The United States will extend from pole to pole and 
 from the rising to the setting of the sun! That re- 
 sult was designed when things were in primeval chaos, 
 and when it comes it will last until the day of judg- 
 ment. It will not be the United States of America. 
 God forbid. We have extended to the breaking point 
 already. It will be the United States of the World, 
 modeled after the United States of America, con- 
 structed on the two great principles of representation 
 and federation, which our history has shown to be 
 practicable over a vast area. 
 
 What is the spectacle that this country presents to 
 the world? What is the most noteworthy thing about 
 this great country of ours? It is that of forty-six, 
 soon to be forty-eight, little nations, called " States," 
 each absolutely independent of the others and of the 
 central government in all matters purely local to 
 themselves, living together, side by side, in peace, no 
 
 234
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 fortresses on their frontiers, no standing armies within 
 their borders. (Applause.) I measure my words 
 when I say that this is the most important fact in the 
 world, that the world's most valuable secular posses- 
 sion is the Union of the American States. Hundreds 
 of thousands of human lives and thousands of millions 
 of human treasure were given for its preservation, 
 but it is worth to us and to the world infinitely more 
 than it has cost. (Applause.) Lincoln's wisdom was 
 seen in his recognizing the preservation of the Union 
 as the supreme thing in the Civil War. 
 
 The United States — States united. There are two 
 fundamental ideas in that beautiful name of our coun- 
 try, statehood and union, both vitally important. The 
 United States reveals to the world as never before 
 the wonderful wedding of local self-government and 
 national strength, of " liberty and union, one and 
 inseparable, now and forever." (Applause.) 
 
 This is not the oldest of republics, nor the first to 
 cover a large area. But it is the great example in the 
 world's history of a republic of republics covering 
 such an area, a nation continental in size and com- 
 posed of self-governing parts. Each of these self- 
 governing parts sends to Washington its repre- 
 sentatives, who, with those of other states " in con- 
 gress assembled," consider matters of national con- 
 cern, settling differences between the states without 
 resort to arms. 
 
 And this idea of peaceful federation of self-gov- 
 
 235
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 erning units is spreading. Already we see it in opera- 
 tion in the Dominion of Canada near by and in far- 
 away Australia. In Europe the German empire is 
 built on this great principle. As the result of com- 
 mercial competition, Europe will discover that she 
 cannot endure the burden of her vast military estab- 
 lishments. She will be compelled to tear down her 
 fortresses and disband her armies. It is no idle 
 dream that there will come the United States of Eu- 
 rope, each country retaining its independence and 
 self-government, as do our States, only matters of 
 common concern being considered at the congress of 
 all the European countries. And the idea will yet 
 possess the earth. Already we have the International 
 Postal Union, whose meetings of duly accredited na- 
 tional representatives, held about once in four years, 
 determine matters of international postal policy and 
 practice. Already we have The Hague Tribunal, at 
 which many international difficulties are settled with- 
 out resort to war. 
 
 This great federal-representative idea, which the 
 history of this country has demonstrated to be prac- 
 ticable over an area continental in extent, will yet, as 
 I have said, cover the earth. We shall by and by 
 have the United States of the World, extending from 
 pole to pole and from the rising to the setting of 
 the sun. Thus, through our American institutions, 
 founded by the fathers and developed by the sons, 
 will be realized the dream of the poet, when 
 
 236
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 The war drums beat no longer 
 
 And the battle flags are furled, 
 In the parliament of man, 
 
 The federation of the world. 
 
 Thus will come true the vision of the prophet, when 
 " The sword shall be beaten into the plowshare and 
 the spear into the pruning hook, and men shall learn 
 of war no more." What transcendent dignity at- 
 taches to American citizenship when we understand 
 that, under the divine plan, our country was designed 
 to be the chief instrumentality in realizing what He 
 came nineteen hundred years ago to bring, " Peace 
 on earth, toward men good- will." (Long-continued 
 applause.) 
 
 The chief magistrate of the Commonwealth of 
 Massachusetts was next introduced by the presiding 
 officer. " Loyalty to the great Commonwealth," said 
 Captain Sears, " has always been a characteristic of 
 the people of Cape Cod. We are always glad to wel- 
 come the chief magistrate of our State. We are 
 especially glad to welcome him to-day, since his is the 
 task and the pleasure of presenting the nation's chief. 
 Governor Draper, of Massachusetts." 
 
 REMARKS OF GOVERNOR EBEN S. DRAPER 
 
 Three years ago the corner stone of this monument 
 was laid in the presence of a great concourse of peo- 
 ple. Men of the greatest distinction took part in 
 
 237
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 those exercises. The Governor of Massachusetts, the 
 President of the United States, our senior Senator, 
 the British Ambassador, and the Congressman from 
 this district were here and in eloquent speech told of 
 the Pilgrims and of the great compact they made and 
 adopted. Their presence then and the words they 
 spoke fitly commemorated the laying of the corner 
 stone of this now completed memorial. 
 
 This monument shows that our people and our 
 State and national governments honor and revere the 
 Pilgrims and the great principles of government they 
 enunciated. They were insignificant in numbers and 
 power, but in the establishment of, and obedience to, 
 law they were great. This great nation was builded 
 on the principles they laid down. So long as we are 
 guided by their theories of government we shall grow 
 and prosper. When we neglect those theories and 
 permit any man or men to be greater than the law, 
 we shall suffer. 
 
 The great problem of the present and the future 
 with which we must successfully contend is the proper 
 obedience to law. With the great numbers of people 
 coming to our shores from every land, untutored in 
 our principles of government, we have the great duty 
 properly to teach and make plain that only in sub- 
 mission and support of the law can true liberty be 
 secured and maintained. As high a duty also is the 
 teaching of individuals of great power in all branches 
 of life that they also must recognize that the only 
 
 238
 
 EBEN S. DRAPP:R, GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 hope for the future of this nation is in their own sup- 
 port of and obedience to the law. This nation must 
 be governed by laws, not by men. 
 
 May this monument last for all time, as an inspi- 
 ration to all our people to cultivate the simple virtues 
 possessed and the great principles enunciated by the 
 Pilgrims. 
 
 It is most fitting that this monument whose corner 
 stone was laid by one President should be dedicated 
 by another. The first was a direct descendant of the 
 early Dutch settlers. The latter is a direct descend- 
 ant of the Pilgrims and the Puritans of our own 
 Commonwealth, one who exemplifies their virtues and 
 is a twentieth-century embodiment of their ideas and 
 ideals. 
 
 I am proud and honored to present to you the 
 President of the United States. 
 
 The President was received with applause and a 
 round of cheers and was listened to with close at- 
 tention. 
 
 ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT TAFT 
 
 Here, two hundred and ninety years ago, a band 
 of one hundred Pilgrims, in a small, crowded, and 
 leaking vessel, first saw their new home. They had 
 been preceded by the French on the St. Lawrence 
 and by the English at Jamestown; and other efforts 
 had been made on the New England coast to found 
 
 239
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 colonies for profit before this. But theirs was the 
 first attempt by men seeking pohtical and rehgious 
 indej^endence to secure an asylum in America where 
 they might escape the fussy, meddling, narrow, and 
 tj^rannical restraints imposed by the first of the Stu- 
 arts. They were not of the nobility; they were not 
 of the upper middle class. They were of the yeo- 
 manry, of the farmer class. Their ministers were 
 university-bred men, but the rest were humble, God- 
 fearing persons who were avowed nonconformists and 
 had been persecuted as such in their homes in the east- 
 ern part of England. As early as 1609 they fled to 
 Amsterdam and then to Leyden to enjoy the freedom 
 of religious worship for which Holland was then dis- 
 tinguished among the countries of the world. It was 
 there that, years before, Erasmus had preached the 
 wisdom and virtue of toleration of religious beliefs, 
 and the elimination of the Spanish Inquisition left 
 the Netherlands the refuge of those persecuted for 
 their faith. The wish to remain Englishmen finally 
 induced this venturesome quest for another place of 
 residence where they could maintain a theocracy based 
 on a human democracy. Other colonies, attempted in 
 New England and elsewhere, failed for lack of the 
 persistence, endurance, and courage in the colonists. 
 The privations to which they were subject were too 
 great, especially in New England, and settlement 
 after settlement ceased to be for lack of inhabitants. 
 The difference between all these and the Pilgrims was 
 
 240
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 the motive which inspired them to come. They lost 
 more than fifty per cent of their number in the first 
 year by exposure and privation, but they persevered. 
 They were reenforced by others whom they had left 
 behind in Holland, and they were preserved from de- 
 struction by the Indians by a fortunate superstition 
 and by their just, fair, and conciliatory treatment of 
 their red neighbors. Their colony grew in numbers 
 but slowly. After ten years the Massachusetts Bay 
 colony of Puritans from England took possession of 
 Boston and Salem and as far north as the Merrimac. 
 They came in far greater numbers and founded many 
 settlements more prosperous. But it was by this band 
 of Plymouth Pilgrims that the possibility of estab- 
 lishing a successful asylum for political and religious 
 refugees in New England was made manifest. 
 
 The differences between the Pilgrims and Puritans 
 emphasize the heroism of the Plymouth colony. The 
 Puritans had been a very powerful political party in 
 England. They represented wealth and substance 
 and social prominence and influence. When they 
 came, they sailed in comparative comfort and free- 
 dom from danger, and they came in thousands. Not 
 so with the Pilgrims. They were the humble hus- 
 bandmen whose religious faith was extreme in its sim- 
 plicity, and stern. The spirit which prompted them 
 to brave the seas in a cockleshell like the Mayflower, 
 to land on this forbidding coast in winter, and to live 
 here has made the history of this country what it is. 
 
 241
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 It prompted and fought the Revolutionary War. It 
 welcomed and fought the Civil War, and it has fur- 
 nished to the United States the highest ideals of 
 moral life and political citizenship. We need not de- 
 fend the lack of liberality which in their early history 
 the Pilgrims may have shown to those differing with 
 them in religious belief and creed. Out of the logic 
 of their intellectual processes there came ultimately 
 religious freedom, while in the energy and intensity 
 of their religious faith they uncomplainingly met the 
 sufferings and the hardships that were inevitable in 
 their search for liberty. 
 
 It is meet, therefore, that the United States, as well 
 as the State of Massachusetts, should unite in placing 
 here a memorial to the Pilgrims. The warships that 
 are here with their cannon to testify to its national 
 character and typify the strength and power of that 
 Government whose people have derived much from 
 the spirit and example of the heroic band. Governor 
 Bradford, Elder Brewster, Captain Miles Standish, 
 Dr. Robinson (who was left in Holland and never 
 was able to join his beloved people) are the types of 
 men in whom as ancestors, either by blood or by edu- 
 cation and example as citizens, the American people 
 may well take pride. This magnificent monument, 
 rearing its head high on the most conspicuous prom- 
 ontory of our coast, will fittingly remind the traveler 
 by sea of the beginnings of New England, and note 
 the fact that those whose spirit of liberty was to per- 
 
 242
 
 WILLIAM H. TAFT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 sist for centuries, even to the foundation and preser- 
 vation of our great Republic, here first saw the land 
 and here first put foot upon the shore. 
 
 At the close of the address of the President, Miss 
 Barbara Hoyt, of New York, a young miss, the tenth 
 in descent from Elder Brewster, came to the front 
 of the platform, and with cords drew aside the flags 
 which were draped over a bronze tablet which had 
 been placed above the south doorway of the monu- 
 ment, and which bore an inscription, written by the 
 orator of the day. President Eliot. 
 
 INSCRIPTION UPON THE TABLET 
 
 ON NOVEMBER 21st, 1620, THE MAYFLOWER, CARRYING'102 PAS- 
 SENGERS, MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN, CAST ANCHOR IN THIS 
 HARBOR 67 DAYS FROM PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND. 
 
 ON THE SAME DAY THE 41 ADULT MALES IN THE COMPANY 
 HAD SOLEMNLY COVENANTED AND COMBINED THEMSELVES 
 TOGETHER "INTO A CIVIL BODY POLITICK." 
 
 THIS BODY POLITIC ESTABLISHED AND MAINTAINED ON THE 
 BLEAK AND BARREN EDGE OF A VAST WILDERNESS A STATE 
 WITHOUT A KING OR A NOBLE, A CHURCH WITHOUT A BISHOP 
 OR A PRIEST, A DEMOCRATIC COMMONWEALTH THE MEMBERS 
 OF WHICH WERE " STRAIGHTLY TIED TO ALL CARE OF EACH 
 OTHER'S GOOD AND OF THE WHOLE BY EVERY ONE." 
 
 WITH LONG-SUFFERING DEVOTION AND SOBER RESOLUTION 
 THEY ILLUSTRATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY THE 
 PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY AND THE PRAC- 
 TICES OF A GENUINE DEMOCRACY. 
 
 THEREFORE THE REMEMBRANCE OF THEM SHALL BE PERPETUAL 
 IN THE VAST REPUBLIC THAT HAS INHERITED THEIR IDEALS. 
 
 243
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 Mr. Henry H. Baker, of Hyannis, a member of 
 the board of directors, in behalf of the association, 
 made the concluding address: 
 
 REMARKS OF HENRY H. BAKER, ESQ., 
 
 I deem it my especial privilege and honor to par- 
 ticipate in these dedicatory exercises as the repre- 
 sentative of the people of Barnstable County. Even 
 upon an occasion like this, of such importance and 
 significance as to be honored by the presence of the 
 eminent Chief Magistrate of the nation, it perhaps is 
 not altogether improper that a native and citizen of 
 Cape Cod should be assigned a part. For this is the 
 Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association. Here at 
 Provincetown this association had its origin in 1892. 
 And it was in the historic cape town of Brewster, at 
 a meeting of the Pilgrim Club, a local organization, 
 held on May 1, 1901, that the beloved president of 
 this association, Captain Sears, first suggested en- 
 larging the scope of the work of the Provincetown 
 association and raising funds to build the monument 
 we dedicate to-day; and it was the earnestness and 
 zeal and hearty support of the members of this little 
 Pilgrim Club of Brewster which gave to Captain 
 Sears and his colleagues the courage and the faith to 
 begin the task which in so short and unprecedented 
 a time has resulted in the building of this magnificent 
 memorial. All honor to the Pilgrim Club of Brew- 
 
 244
 
 MISS BARBARA HOYT UNVEILING THE DEDICATION 
 TABLET OF THE PILGRIM MONUMENT (MRS. TAFT 
 IN BACKGROUND).
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 ster, whose loyalty and interest were one of the main 
 supports of this movement in its early and struggling 
 days. From that meeting in the little library at 
 Brewster nine years ago, at which there were present 
 only four others besides the members of the Pilgrim 
 Club, went out the appeal for aid, first to the sons 
 and daughters of the cape who have remained at 
 home, upon whose shoulders have fallen the mantles 
 of the fathers, and generously and eagerly in response 
 they gave of their frugal means. Next the call went 
 forth to that other and larger class, those who have 
 gone forth from their native Cape Cod homes and 
 made brave names for themselves in the centers of 
 commerce and industry of this great country, and 
 they, too, gave generously and eagerly of their more 
 abundant means. After such a beginning, well might 
 the association ask the Commonwealth to do its part; 
 and nobly the Commonwealth responded. And then 
 at last the association came to a full realization of the 
 deep significance of the signing of the Compact, the 
 realization that the Compact was the germ of repre- 
 sentative democratic government of which the Fed- 
 eral Constitution became the ripe fruition; and so, and 
 not in vain, the mighty aid of the nation was sought. 
 And thus the task was done, and to-daj^ is dedicated 
 a monument worthy in its majesty and beauty of the 
 great historic event which it commemorates. And 
 upon this monument is placed the tablet which we 
 to-day unveil and which will ever remind every per- 
 17 245
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 son who reads the words thereon inscribed that by this 
 Compact, signed in the cabin of the Mayflower in 
 Provincetown Harbor, our Pilgrim ancestors com- 
 bined themselves into " a civil body politick," and, in 
 the pure and classic language of the eminent author 
 of the inscription, " illustrated for the first time in 
 history the principles of civil and religious liberty and 
 the practices of a genuine democracy." 
 
 What, then, is the meaning and significance of this 
 monument to those of us who will continue to dwell 
 under its shadow? Shall we citizens of the cape dwell- 
 ing on this sacred soil, in this historic environment, 
 be content to felicitate ourselves upon our Pilgrim 
 descent? Shall the inscription upon this tablet have 
 for us at least no meaning? Or rather shall we show 
 that we have indeed inherited the ideals of the signers 
 of the Compact and that the remembrance of them 
 shall be perpetual with us? Shall we be true to the 
 same sense of duty and spirit of liberty that actuated 
 them? The signers of the Compact looked to the 
 future, not to the past. Let us do likewise in our day 
 and generation. Ours is the inheritance, and by vir- 
 tue thereof ours is the duty and responsibility. 
 
 A selection by the Salem Cadet Band closed the 
 formal exercises of the dedication. At the Town Hall 
 a dinner was served at the conclusion of the formali- 
 ties. Tables were spread for about six hundred per- 
 sons. The hall was very effectively decorated in dra- 
 
 246
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 peries of cool green and white interspersed with the 
 national colors. On the stage an orchestra of seven- 
 teen pieces from the battleship Connecticut was sta- 
 tioned, their scarlet uniforms giving a strong touch 
 of color. The waitresses were fifty young girls, 
 daughters of citizens of the town, arrayed tastefully 
 in white. 
 
 After a brief rest and an informal reception in the 
 apartments of the selectmen of the town, President 
 Taft with his party ascended to the hall above, where 
 he was received by the entire assemblage standing. 
 The President was seated at the right of Mr. A. P. 
 Hannum, the toastmaster; others at the guest table 
 were Mrs. Taft, Governor Draper, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor Frothingham, President Sears, President Eliot, 
 Admiral Schroeder, Admiral Vreeland, Mr. H. M. 
 Van Weede, Senator Lodge, Secretary Meyer, Hon. 
 James T. McCleary, Hon. Ernest W. Roberts, rep- 
 resentative in Congress from Massachusetts; Rev. 
 James De Normandie, Mr. Harry A. Gushing, sec- 
 retary of the New England Society in New York; 
 Mr. Howland Davis, representing the General So- 
 ciety of Mayflower Descendants; Hon. John F. Fitz- 
 gerald, Mayor of Boston; Rev. Caleb A. Fisher, of 
 Lowell; Rev. R. Perry Bush, D.D., of Chelsea, and 
 Rev. William H. Rider, D.D., of Gloucester. The 
 divine blessing was invoked by Rev. Dr. Rider. 
 
 At each cover lay a handsome bill of fare. A pho- 
 tograph of the monument was upon the outside ; upon 
 
 247
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the first page a cut of the Mayflower and the inscrip- 
 tion, " Commemoration of the first landing of the 
 Pilgrims and Signing of the Compact in Province- 
 town Harbor, November 11, 1620. Banquet under 
 the auspices of the Town of Provincetown, August 
 5, 1910." The menu included lobster stew, salmon 
 cutlets, with peas; cold roast tenderloin, with vege- 
 table salad; roast turkey, with potato salad; cold 
 tongue and ham, frozen pudding, ices, sherbets, cakes, 
 fruit, and coffee. 
 
 At the conclusion of the feast the toastmaster 
 presented Mr. Howland Davis, as representing the 
 Pilgrim Company. Mr. Davis spoke briefly, but in- 
 terestingly : 
 
 REMARKS OF MR. HOWLAND DAVIS 
 
 It has been a great pleasure to be with you to-day 
 as the representative of the Society of Majrflower 
 Descendants and to assist in the dedication of this 
 beautiful monument which you have erected to the 
 memory of our ancestors, the Pilgrims, and especially 
 in memory of that Compact which was signed by them 
 in the cabin of the Mayflower as it lay at anchor in 
 this harbor. 
 
 Our society believes that such a monument has a 
 real use and does a real good, and that it will take 
 its place with the monuments across the bay at Plym- 
 outh and Duxbury as landmarks in American his- 
 
 248
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 tory, to which people from all parts of this country 
 have come, and will continue to come, as they become 
 interested in their ancestors and what they did. 
 
 We believe that this coming back to something is 
 a good thing in this modern busy life, and that it is 
 a good thing to come back to New England and to 
 come back to our ancestors — to find out what kind 
 of people they were, what were their characteristics 
 and their virtues, and what of these we have inherited 
 from them and what we hope to hand down to our 
 descendants. These monuments remind us that this 
 country of ours, notwithstanding its wonderful natu- 
 ral wealth of opportunities, has not been built up 
 without great labor, wisdom, and devotion on the 
 part of those who have gone before us, whether our 
 ancestors were Pilgrims or Puritans, Revolutionary 
 heroes or Civil War veterans, and they should re- 
 mind us that we must surely see that we ourselves 
 are not the weak link in the chain between them and 
 those whose duty it will be to take care of its future. 
 
 Therefore, Mr. President, I say you have done weU 
 to build this monument, to help keep these things in 
 mind, and I congratulate you on your success. 
 
 Mr. Davis was followed by Mr. H. A. Gushing, 
 secretary of the New England Society in the City of 
 New York, who said: 
 
 249
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 REMARKS OF MR. HARRY A. GUSHING 
 
 The New England Society in the City of New 
 York, now in its one hundred and fifth year, and 
 now visiting Provincetown for the first time, brings 
 its cordial greetings to the association of which Cap- 
 tain Sears is president and to the people of Province- 
 town, upon the successful completion, and the dedi- 
 cation under such signal auspices, of your noble 
 shaft. So long as the cape shall stand, the tower 
 above your town will serve, both for seafaring men 
 and for landsmen, as a permanent memorial of that 
 November day when the Pilgrims came within the 
 cape harbor, and there, following the teachings of 
 their leader at home, John Robinson, fell on their 
 knees and gave thanks to God for their preservation 
 on the seas, and when they there drafted the docu- 
 ment whose effect you celebrate to-day, and, with 
 their practical political instinct, bearing in mind the 
 " discontented and mutinous speeches " heard during 
 the voyage, required all, whether faithful or malcon- 
 tent, to sign the Compact before the ship's ladder 
 was let down. 
 
 While fully sharing your sentiments as to the 
 events of that twenty-first of November, the New 
 York New Englander, with no envy and with no re- 
 gret, naturally inclines to reflect also upon the twen- 
 tieth of November, when the Pilgrims, having come 
 upon the Cape Cod of Captain Gosnold, the Cape 
 
 250
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 James of Captain Smith, and having, as between 
 Guiana on the one hand and these northern shores on 
 the other, fixed upon the Hudson River as an ideal 
 spot for their future home, laid their course to the 
 southward. Thence they sailed a half day, and came 
 upon the " deangerous shoulds and roring breakers " 
 of Tucker's Terrour, known to the Dutch and French 
 as Malabarr, and there being " farr intangled," as 
 Bradford said, they put about and stood up the coast 
 for your harbor, where the next day they " ridd in 
 saftie." But for the mischance of navigation, a me- 
 morial such as yours might now be partly in the 
 keeping of our own society. Certainly for once the 
 dangers of your coast proved a blessing to your town. 
 If such a monument were in New York Harbor it 
 would serve to recall the ideas and ideals of the Pil- 
 grims in a community now largely given over to those 
 from other States. The Pennsylvania Society there 
 wields a substantial influence, the INIissouri Society is 
 often heard from, and a large portion of the popula- 
 tion are busily shaping their family trees so as to 
 qualify for membership in the young and vigorous 
 Society of the Sons of Ohio. No one, however, can 
 regret these incursions when one realizes that they 
 often bear strains of the old New England. Indeed, 
 this expansion of New England is typified here to- 
 day. When you are honored by the presence of one 
 who is a son of Ohio, a grandson both of Vermont 
 and of Massachusetts, and who to-day comes into 
 
 251
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 your harbor on a Mayflower, as did his forefathers 
 of old, then indeed you welcome the ideal Pilgrim. 
 To be allowed to share in such an historic event is a 
 privilege which the members of the New England 
 Society appreciate, and we congratulate Province- 
 town and the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Associa- 
 tion most heartily upon this gratifying and enduring 
 result of their patriotic effort. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor Frothingham, having been 
 charged by his Excellency the Governor with the 
 task of speaking for the Commonwealth, next ad- 
 dressed the assembly: 
 
 REMARKS OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR 
 FROTHINGHAM 
 
 Provincetown is a most hospitable place. The last 
 time I came here and tried to get a train to Boston I 
 found it had been taken off, so I had to remain until 
 the next day. There is no truer sign of hospitality 
 than making it impossible for one to leave. To-day 
 you refuse to let me go before speaking, and as I 
 learned in my military training to obey orders, I re- 
 spond to your wish and to the Governor's. 
 
 This is indeed a notable gathering. When an occa- 
 sion is marked by the presence of the President of 
 the United States, the Governor of the Common- 
 wealth, the senior Senator from Massachusetts, a 
 
 252
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, a Senator from Rhode 
 Island, the Secretary of the Navy, and distinguished 
 foreigners and navy officers, it denotes indeed a re- 
 markable meeting. 
 
 Too great importance cannot be given to the com- 
 memoration of an event which founded a new civil- 
 ization. The Pilgrim settlers were no mere adven- 
 turers. They were governed by firm purpose, not 
 for gain, not for conquest, but for the establishment 
 of a community where they could worship God ac- 
 cording to their own lights. Though merged in the 
 Puritan, they gave to the latter traits of power and 
 dignity and gentleness to the great improvement of 
 the Puritan. The Pilgrims left the Church of Eng- 
 land; the Puritans stayed in and fought. 
 
 As I sat on the platform this morning, I won- 
 dered what the Pilgrims would think if they returned 
 to-day and found their small settlement had grown 
 in Massachusetts alone to be a population of over 
 three million people, and people who had left their 
 mark on every era of history. What would be their 
 amazement when they found a land populated by 
 ninety million prosperous people living under a free 
 Government, imbued still with the spirit of the Pil- 
 grims and inhabiting the one great successful Repub- 
 lic on the face of the earth. What would be their 
 pride were they here to-day to see a President of the 
 United States from that State which their descend- 
 ants, marching under the lead of Rufus Putnam and 
 
 253
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 the Ohio Company, and sailing down the Ohio in 
 another Mayflower to found JNIarietta, did so much 
 to colonize. 
 
 They would see along the route that they them- 
 selves followed in transporting their goods, partly 
 by a creek and partly by land to avoid the dangerous 
 shoals of Cape Cod, a huge canal being constructed. 
 
 They would see here to-day a second Mayflower^ 
 bearing the Chief Executive of this great nation, a 
 man imbued with their spirit, one who, endowed with 
 gentleness and sweetness, at the same time has shown 
 his ability to stand firm for the right. 
 
 They would realize that what they had braved was 
 remembered and appreciated, that we revere the past 
 and know that no nation can last long that forgets 
 what it owes to its progenitors. 
 
 Toastmaster Hannum next introduced the Presi- 
 dent, who was greeted with continued applause. 
 
 REMARKS OF PRESIDENT TAFT 
 
 I believe Governor Draper has a Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor upon whom he can call to act as Governor. I 
 have no such opportunity, unless it is like life insur- 
 ance, where you have to die to win. Therefore, I 
 cannot give you the variety of calling upon the Vice 
 President to make a speech. 
 
 This occasion suggests a good many thoughts to 
 
 254
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 me. I had the honor of being Secretary of War 
 when the money was expended which assisted in erect- 
 ing this monument, and to meet many army engineers 
 when supervising its construction. And there I made 
 the very pleasant acquaintance of a gentleman whose 
 part cannot be exaggerated, Captain J. Henry Sears. 
 There was a question running through my mind to- 
 day when I looked at the monument and saw every- 
 thing completed, what Captain Sears is going to do 
 after his occupation is gone. 
 
 When you become President of the United States, 
 or even if you only try to, you find out many things 
 about yourself you did not know before, and I am 
 bound to say that most of them you prefer not to 
 find out. There is one exception in my case. I found 
 when I became President I had the honor to be de- 
 scended from one of those who came over in the 
 Mayflower. You may think that shows great igno- 
 rance and blindness to possibilities of greatness, but 
 one of the features of " genealogicalicy " is that the 
 disease does not strike you until you get pretty well 
 along in life, and as I have not attained the age which 
 inspires you to look up your ancestors, I had sup- 
 posed the first of my family came over in 1679. One 
 traces back the name rather than the people. I pre- 
 sume a man is as much descended from one who does 
 not bear his name as from one who does, if both are 
 in the line of ancestry. 
 
 I want to congratulate the people of Provincetown 
 
 255
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 and the people of the cape upon this very satisfactory 
 and most interesting monument. The arrangements 
 have heen most complete. Reference has been made 
 to the fact that we came on the Mayflower. We did. 
 The vessel is somewhat different in size and comfort 
 and, I might say, in luxury from that which brought 
 the Pilgrims, but there are certain stories I should 
 like to deny. We have no special bath tubs made for 
 any executive of any particular size. (Laughter.) 
 I don't know whether they had bath tubs on the May- 
 flower, Presumably it was pretty cold for a bath 
 when they arrived in these waters. It is particularly 
 fitting that the vessel which brought the Chief Magis- 
 trate of the nation to the laying of the corner stone, 
 as well as the vessel which brought another to the 
 dedication, should be named the Mayflower. It did 
 not happen from any particular arrangement, only 
 that the vessel was the most suitable, leaving out the 
 question of bath tubs. (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 As the President was forced to leave at the con- 
 clusion of his speech, Toastmaster Hannum sug- 
 gested that the exercises be concluded. 
 
 The citizens' committee of arrangements, to whom 
 the success of the dedication was greatly due, were: 
 
 Chairman, Artemas P. Hannum; Secretary, Myrick C. At- 
 wood. Finance — Raymond A. Hopkins, J. E. Rich, J. W. Small. 
 Music— E. W. Smith, W. B. Bangs, S. C. Smith, Grand 
 Stand — R. A. Hopkins, J. Manta, M. P. Campbell. Catering — 
 
 256
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 S. C. Smith, Walter Welsh, T. J. Lewis, C. Austin Cook, F. E. 
 Hill, Dr. C. P. Curley. Reception— A. P. Hannum, W. H. 
 Young, Moses N. Gifford. Decorating — J. D. Adams, C. A. 
 Foster, J. A. Matheson. Printing and Badges — H. F. Hopkins, 
 J. A, Matheson, W. B. Bangs. Carriages — C. P. Curley, J. S. 
 Silva, T. S. Taylor. INIarshals— Everett I. Nye, J. S. Silva, C. A. 
 Foster, Joseph Manta. Invitations — J. Henry Sears, Osborn 
 Nickerson, Moses N. Gifford, C. Austin Cook, Walter Welsh; 
 Secretary, E. J. Carpenter. Contributions — J. W. Small, Ever- 
 ett I. Nye, T. S. Taylor. Transportation— Walter Welsh, W. B. 
 Bangs, F. E. Hill. Sanitary— Dr. M. P. Campbell, T. J. Lewis, 
 J. D. Adams. 
 
 The festivities attending the dedication were con- 
 tinued by a grand ball in the Town Hall in the even- 
 ing and a magnificent illumination in the harbor and 
 throughout the town. In the harbor the ships of the 
 Atlantic fleet and the fishing and the pleasure craft 
 were covered with lights. Every house in the town 
 blazed with light, and the great monument itself was 
 decorated throughout its entire height with electric 
 lights, more than one thousand lamps being employed 
 in this portion of the illumination. The festivities 
 were continued until a late hour. 
 
 Great satisfaction was felt by all that no fatality 
 or even injury to any workman occurred during the 
 progress of the work. A strange and greatly to be 
 regretted accident occurred, however, by which an 
 aged lady, a resident of the town, lost her life. It 
 has been explained that the large blocks of granite 
 used in the construction of the monument were taken 
 to the summit of the hill by means of a car drawn 
 
 257
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 over temporary rails by means of an engine at the 
 top. On the fifth day of August, 1908, during the 
 progress of the most severe thunder shower of the 
 season, and immediately after an unusually vivid 
 flash of hghtning, the granite car, which was then 
 standing empty and unused upon the level space on 
 the top of the hill, was observed to be moving rap- 
 idly toward the brow of the hill. It was at once 
 found that it had in some unexplained manner, but 
 probably through the medium of a lightning stroke, 
 broken loose from its fastening. It was useless to 
 attempt to check its progress, and in an instant it 
 was rushing down the steep slope of the hiU with 
 terrific velocity. At the foot of the hill had been 
 placed a heavy structure of timbers, well braced, in 
 anticipation of the possibility of such an event; but 
 the impact of the down-rushing car crushed this flat 
 upon the ground, and the car bounded, with fearful 
 force, across the street at the foot of the hill. Upon 
 the opposite sidewalk Mrs. Rosilla Bangs, eighty- 
 five years of age, was at that instant passing. She 
 heard the crash, and probably saw the rush of the 
 car down the steep grade, but she was paralyzed with 
 fear and clung helplessly to the palings of the wooden 
 fence. Unfortunately, she was directly in the path 
 of the car and was instantly killed. This fatality was 
 the cause of much regret to the directors of the asso- 
 ciation and to all the town's people. 
 During the progress of the movement to erect the 
 
 258
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 monument three of its chief promoters were removed 
 by death and thus failed to witness the consumma- 
 tion of the project. The first of these was Hon. 
 Roland C. Nickerson, of Brewster, one of the earli- 
 est promoters of the plan of erecting the monument 
 and one of its first directors. Mr. Nickerson died 
 June 9, 1906, his death following soon after the 
 destruction by fire of his large and beautiful resi- 
 dence. A death greatly regretted, as of one whose 
 active cooperation in the movement for the erection 
 of the monument had done much for its advance- 
 ment, was that of Captain Lorenzo D. Baker, of 
 Wellfleet, a vice president and a director of the asso- 
 ciation and a member of the building committee. 
 Captain Baker had, from the outset, shown a deep 
 interest in the plans of the Memorial Association, 
 had given liberally of his means, and had, by his 
 advice and counsel, imparted to the movement much 
 of the same energy shown by him in the establish- 
 ment of the large and lucrative banana trade with 
 Jamaica and other tropical centers. Captain Baker 
 died, after a brief illness, on the twenty-first of June, 
 1908. But a short time before the completion of 
 the arrangements for the dedication of the monu- 
 ment the members of the association were surprised 
 to learn of the death of the Hon. William C. Lov- 
 ering, of Taunton, one of its vice presidents. Mr. 
 Lovering had been deeply interested, almost from 
 the beginning, in the plans of the association, and 
 
 259
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 when the application was made to Congress for an 
 appropriation in aid of the building fund, he it was 
 to whom the applicants looked for much assistance 
 and encouragement. It was undoubtedly due in a 
 large measure to his personal efforts, as a member 
 of the House of Representatives, that the measure 
 at last became a law. At the ceremony of the lay- 
 ing of the corner stone Mr. Lovering was one of the 
 speakers, and he watched the progress of the work 
 with the greatest interest. His death, just before the 
 completion of the project, was much regretted. 
 
 During the winter of 1909-10, while the work- 
 men were engaged in the work upon the interior of 
 the monument, the news came, suddenly and unex- 
 pectedly, of the death of the contractor, Mr. Patrick 
 T. Maguire, of Milton. His death was under some- 
 what tragic circumstances, though not in any way 
 connected with his contract for the building of the 
 monument. A slight scratch or cut upon a finger, 
 which at first caused no anxiety, developed into 
 blood poisoning, and before even his illness was 
 known to many of his friends, a fatal result occurred. 
 Mr. Maguire was a man of the most agreeable per- 
 sonality, in the highest degree honorable, and to his 
 honesty and excellent management is in great meas- 
 ure due the substantial quality of the workmanship 
 so evident in the structure as it stands completed. 
 
 In the autumn following the dedication of the 
 monument plans were drawn for a lodge, to be 
 
 260
 
 THE DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT 
 
 erected on the hill, in the vicinity of the structure. 
 This was to be used for the preservation of pictures, 
 furniture, and antiquities illustrating the life of the 
 people of the age in which the Pilgrims lived, and 
 incidents in their history. The Pilgrim Club, of 
 Brewster, at a meeting of which the project for the 
 erection of the monument had received the impetus, 
 which had resulted in the realization of the dream of 
 years, disbanded after the completion of the struc- 
 ture, and a collection of antiquities in its possession 
 had been presented to the Monument Association. It 
 was necessary that some place should be provided in 
 which to house these articles, and a room for meetings 
 of the directors was much needed. The lodge was, 
 therefore, a necessity. The plans were drawn by the 
 consulting architect of the Association, Mr. Willard 
 T. Sears, and the work of the erection of the building 
 was begun during the autumn. The contractors were 
 E. R. Taylor & Co., of Boston. 
 
 The lodge was completed in the month of Decem- 
 ber, 1910, and was ready for occupancy. It is a tiny 
 structure, colonial in design, built wholly of concrete 
 to the plates, the gables being of wood, unpainted, 
 which soon assumes a tone of silvery gray in the 
 strong salt air of Cape Cod. The windows are 
 colonial in their conception, with diamond-shaped 
 panes, and a heavy chimney, built against the western 
 wall, adds greatly to the beauty of the structure. The 
 building is in dimensions about twenty by twenty- 
 is 261
 
 THE PILGRIMS AND THEIR MONUMENT 
 
 five feet, not a massive structure, but ample for the 
 purposes for which it has been erected. In the interior 
 the walls show a concrete finish, with a floor of grano- 
 lithic construction. A broad fireplace gives an orna- 
 mental finish to the whole, and completes the colonial 
 effect. Well-arranged toilet and retiring rooms and 
 an office in one corner complete the plan of the struc- 
 ture. The main room of the building is open to the 
 roof, and the heavy roof-timbers of weathered oak 
 are highly ornamental, giving an air of dignity to the 
 whole. The building is judiciously placed, a dense 
 growth of trees and shrubs upon the slope of the hill, 
 as it falls away, at this point, forming a charming 
 background. The beautiful little building is an ex- 
 cellent foil to the massive granite structure which 
 towers above it. It is the hope of all who have 
 watched the growth of this grand monument, from 
 its inception until its completion, that it may stand 
 here for many centuries, to commemorate the heroic 
 faith of the little band of men and women who landed 
 here, and here founded a state, whose roots, so deep, 
 have tapped the fountains of eternal truth and 
 justice.
 
 APPENDIX
 
 STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES BY DISBURSING 
 OFFICER OF THE COMMISSION FOR BUILDING THE CAPE 
 COD PILGRIM MONUMENT AT PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 
 
 RECEIPTS 
 
 From United States $40,000.00 
 
 From Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association 46,650 . 00 
 
 Interest 4,611 .65 
 
 From sale of scrap hardware 2 . 39 
 
 Total receipts $91,264.04 
 
 EXPENDITIIRES 
 
 Inspection, Engineering and Office Expenses: 
 
 Inspection, including services and travel- 
 ing expenses of inspectors, engineer and 
 caretaker $2,792.06 
 
 Engineering, including services of en- 
 
 ^ gineer, draftsmen, testing samples, etc. . 1,229 . 22 
 
 Office, including clerical services, blue- 
 printing, stationery, postage, telephone 
 service, etc 707.28 $4,728.56 
 
 Construction Expenses: 
 
 Laying comer-stone $129.52 
 
 Foundation of monument 10,727 . 20 
 
 Tower of monument 73,475.50 84,332.22 
 
 Fittings: 
 
 Lightning rods $518.52 
 
 Bronze grills for windows 690 . 45 
 
 Provision for electric wiring 78 . 80 
 
 Extension of ladder in tower 5 . 22 
 
 Doors, shutters, etc 899.05 2,192.04 
 
 Total expenditures $91,252 . 82 
 
 Balance returned to Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association II . 22 
 
 $91,264.04 
 
 265
 
 MEMBERS OF THE CAPE COD PILGRIM 
 MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION 
 
 Abbe, Benjamin B. 
 
 Abbott, Clara. 
 
 Abbott, Gordon. 
 
 Abbott, Major L. A., U. S. A. 
 
 Abbott, Mrs. Maude Lee. 
 
 Aborn, Hattie E. 
 
 Abott, Alonzo F. 
 
 Adams, Mrs. C. Ardelle. 
 
 Adams, Herbert E. 
 
 Adams, James H. 
 
 Adams, J. D. 
 
 Adams, J. D., Jr. 
 
 Adams, John. 
 
 Adams, John Chapter. 
 
 Adams, Mary Carver. 
 
 Adams, Marshall Lawson. 
 
 Adams, Melvin. 
 
 Adams, M. L. 
 
 Adams, Mrs. Nellie G. 
 
 Adams, William. 
 
 Ahearn, John T. 
 
 Albree, Mrs. Margaret. 
 
 Alger, Francis, Jr. 
 
 Alger, Katherine Keith. 
 
 Allen, D. Louis. 
 
 Allen, Mrs. Emily. 
 
 Allen, Mrs. Eunice T. 
 Allen, Francis R. 
 Allen, George. 
 Allen, George M. 
 Allen, Jere. S. 
 Allen, Miss Jessie B. 
 Allen, W. H. 
 Allen, Mrs. W. H. 
 Allerton, Mrs. Agnes. 
 Allerton, Mary Eva. 
 Allerton, Robert H. 
 Allerton, Samuel W. 
 Allyne, Miss Edith Winslow. 
 
 Allyne, Mrs. John Winslow. 
 
 Allyne, Miss Lucy H. 
 
 Amerige, George M. 
 
 Ames, Mrs. Asa. 
 
 Anthony, Mrs. Clara R. 
 
 Antisdel, Mrs. A. A. 
 
 Appleton, Miss Gladys H. 
 
 Appleton, Nathan. 
 
 Appleton, William Sumner. 
 
 Arkush, Miss D. Sophie. 
 
 Arnold, Fabius H. 
 
 Arnold, Mrs. Fabius H. 
 
 Arnold, Fabius H., Jr. 
 
 266
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Arrowsmith, Richard. 
 Aspinwall, Johanna, Chap 
 
 A. R. 
 Asriance, H. B. 
 Atkins, Bertha E. 
 Atkins, Capt. B. H. (In 
 
 moriam .) 
 Atkins, Charles A. 
 Atkins, Edward. 
 Atkins, Mrs. Edward. 
 Atkins, E. F. 
 Atkins, Mrs. Eliza L. 
 Atkins, Mrs. Francenia R. 
 Atkins, Frank. 
 Atkins, James E. 
 Atkins, Capt. John. 
 Atkins, Mrs. John. 
 Atkins, J. N. 
 Atkins, Joseph R. 
 Atkins, Mrs. Joseph R. 
 Atkins, Miss Josephine K. 
 Atkins, Miss Mattie J. 
 Atkins, Miss Mayzie. 
 Atkins, Miss Pauline J. 
 Atkins, Robert S. 
 Atkins, William A. 
 Attleboro, Chap. D. A. R. 
 Atwood, Capt. E. B. 
 Atwood, E. S. 
 Atwood, George B. 
 Atwood, George E. 
 Atwood, George E. 
 Atwood, James F. 
 Atwood, John. 
 Atwood, Lizzie P. 
 Atwood, Louise R. 
 
 Atwood, Myrick C. 
 . D. Atwood, Mrs. Myrick C. 
 
 Atwood, Nathaniel. 
 
 Atwood, Perez S. 
 
 Atwood, Mrs. Perez S. 
 Me- Atwood, Richard A. 
 
 Atwood, Simeon. 
 
 Atwood, Simeon. 
 
 Atwood, W. I. 
 
 Atwood, Mrs. W. I. 
 
 Auer, Gustave S. 
 
 Austin, Miss E. A. 
 
 Avery, Samuel P. 
 
 Avery, Mrs. Samuel P. 
 
 Ayer, Mrs. Benjamin T. 
 
 Ayer, Dr. J. B. 
 
 Bacheller, Mrs. Maria E. 
 Bacheller, Miss Rea. 
 Backer, Alfred S. 
 Bacon, Daniel. 
 Bacon, Daniel. 
 Bacon, Dr. Gorham. 
 Bacon, Henry C. 
 Bacon, Horace S. 
 Bacon, W. B. 
 Bagley, Edward C. R. 
 Bailey, Justis D., Jr. 
 Baker, Abbott. 
 Baker, Albert H. 
 Baker, Albert S. 
 Baker, A. R. 
 Baker, Austin L. 
 Baker, Mrs. Austin L. 
 Baker, Bessie. 
 Baker, Clarence E. 
 
 267
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Baker, Clark. 
 Baker, Dr. Chester M. 
 Baker, C. M. 
 Baker, Earle F. 
 Baker, Edith Sumner. 
 Baker, Edwin. 
 Baker, E. H. 
 Baker, E. H. 
 Baker, Eleazer. 
 Baker, Mrs. Fostine. 
 Baker, Henry E. 
 Baker, Henry H. 
 Baker, Herbert. 
 Baker, Mrs. Herbert. 
 Baker, Herbert. 
 Baker, Capt. J. Eleazer. 
 Baker, J. F. 
 Baker, J. H. 
 Baker, J. H. 
 Barker, J. M. 
 Baker, J. Murray. 
 Baker, Capt. Joseph G. 
 Baker, J. T. 
 Baker, Mrs. J. T. 
 Baker, Miss Laura. 
 Baker, Lawrence. 
 Baker, Leland Dyer. 
 Baker, Leslie C. 
 Baker, L. D. 
 Baker, Lila D. 
 Baker, Lorenzo D., Jr. 
 Baker, Martha A. 
 Baker, Mrs. Mary H. 
 Baker, M. M. 
 Baker, Mrs. Nettie. 
 Baker, Miss Rena. 
 
 Baker, Mrs. Ruth A, 
 Baker, R. R. 
 Baker, Miss Susie R. 
 Baker, T. B. 
 Baker, Walter D. 
 Baker, William G. 
 Bakewell, Allen C. 
 Baldwin, Charles E. 
 Baldwin, William A. 
 Baldwin, W. H., Jr. 
 Balkan, S. D. 
 Ball, Capt. John. 
 Ballou, Alice M. 
 Ballou, Barton A. 
 Ballou, Charles R. 
 Ballou, Frederick A. 
 Ballou, Mary R. 
 Bancroft, William A. 
 Banforth, Laura B. Shepard. 
 Bangs, Miss Albatross. 
 Bangs, Mary R. 
 Bangs, Miss Martha W. 
 Bangs, Williani B. 
 Bannister, Charles F. 
 Bannister, Emina C. 
 Barker, Capt. Isaiah. 
 Barnard, Darwin. 
 Barnes, Mrs. Joseph. 
 Barnes, Charles B. 
 Barnes, Rev. L. G. 
 Barnes, Stephen M. 
 Barnett, Frank Howard. 
 Barnum, Mrs. Emma Paine. 
 Barron, Joseph P. 
 Bartow, Capt. C. H. 
 Bartow, Mabel S. 
 
 268
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Bartlett, Mrs. Abbey Hitch- 
 cock, 
 Bartlett, Mrs. J. B. 
 Bartlett, William H. 
 Bartlett, W. H. 
 Bassett, Caroline E. 
 Bassett, C. C. 
 Bassett, Charles R. 
 Bassett, Eliza F. 
 Bassett, G. L. 
 Bassett, Greenleaf. 
 Bassett, Hersilia B. 
 Bassett, Horace G. 
 Bassett, Ira B. 
 Bassett, Marcus Gorham. 
 Bassett, Roger M. 
 Bassett, Thebe S. 
 Batchelder, Mrs. Lillia A. 
 Batchelder, Robert. 
 Bates, Mrs. Arvilla F. 
 Bates, Hon. John L. 
 Baxter, E. A. 
 Baxter, Edwin. 
 Baxter, James E. 
 Baxter, John R. 
 Baxter, Miss Louise D. 
 Baxter, Miss Nellie B. 
 Baylies, William. 
 Beal, Boylston. 
 Beale, Mrs. Elizabeth C. 
 Beals, C. W. 
 Beals, Mrs. C. W. 
 Beard, Jeremiah Robinson, Jr. 
 Bearse, Alma. 
 Bearse, A. L. 
 Bearse, Horace L. 
 
 Bearse, Mrs. Horace L. 
 
 Bearse, Horace L. 
 
 Bearse, John C. 
 
 Bearse, Lillah C. 
 
 Bearse, Manchester E. 
 
 Bearse, Maria L. 
 
 Bearse, Owen. 
 
 Bearse, Mrs. Owen. 
 
 Bearse, Owen, Jr. 
 
 Bearse, Percy A. 
 
 Bearse, Sylvester. 
 
 Bearse, Vernon B. 
 
 Beattie, John. 
 
 Beattie, Mrs. John. 
 
 Beaty, George A. 
 
 Belcher, Mrs. Henry A. 
 
 Belcher, Miss Sarah C. 
 
 Bennett, Dr. Thomas L. 
 
 Bentley, Mrs. Elizabeth King. 
 
 Berge, D. L. 
 
 Berry, E. G. 
 
 Berry, H. C. 
 
 Berry, Capt. Horace N. 
 
 Berry, Osmyn. 
 
 Berry, Mrs. Osmyn. 
 
 Besse, Dr. Frank A. 
 
 Betts, A. E. 
 
 Bigelow, Elmira J. 
 
 Bigney, S. O. 
 
 Birge, Dr. Ella F. 
 
 Birge, Dr. W. S. 
 
 Bker, Mrs. Elizabeth 
 
 Black, E. Charlton 
 
 Blackstone, Mrs. T. B. 
 
 Blackwood, A. A. 
 
 Blaine, James G. 
 
 269
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Blaisdell, Dr. A. F. 
 Blake, J. Henry. 
 Blanchnrd, Rev, Henry M. 
 Blatchford, liarbara. 
 Blatchford, Charles Lord. 
 Blatehford, Dorothy Lord. 
 Blatchford, E. Lawrence. 
 Blatchford, John. 
 Blatchford, Mrs. Mary. 
 Blasland, Mrs. Ruth G. 
 Blasland, S. A. 
 Bloomer, George W. 
 Bloomer, Francisco. 
 Bodman, Mrs. Grace H. 
 Boggs, Miss Myra M. 
 Bolles, Mrs. Abby Crosby. 
 Boorman, Mrs. Thomas Hugh. 
 Bosworth, Homer L. 
 Bourne, E. H. 
 Bowes, W. F. 
 Bowley, George W. 
 Bowley, Miss Rebecca E. 
 Bowman, George Ernest 
 Bowne, B. P. 
 Boyce, H. P. 
 
 Boynton, Mrs. Annie Freeman. 
 Boynton, E. P. 
 Bradee, Mae. 
 Bradford, Emilie F. 
 Bradford, Gov. School, Grade 5. 
 Bradford, Herbert C. 
 Bradford, N. Alfonso. 
 Bradford, Noah. 
 Bradley, Rev. Asa M. 
 Bradley, Rev. C. A. 
 Bradshaw, Carl. 
 
 Brainard, E. H. 
 Bramhall, Otis H. 
 Bray, Isaiah. 
 Bray, Mary M. 
 Brayton, Antoinette P. 
 Breck, Joseph & Sons. 
 Bremer, S. Parker. 
 Brewster, Rev. C. A. 
 Brewster, N. L. 
 Brewster, Miss Phebe H. 
 Brewster, Series Whist Parties. 
 Brewster, Town of. 
 Bridge, Mrs. Charles. 
 Brier, Anthony F. 
 Brier, Mrs. Anthony F. 
 Briggs, Frank H. 
 Briggs, James. 
 Brigham, Horace E. 
 Brigham, Mrs. Horace E. 
 Brigham, Miss Lucy F. 
 Brooks, James C. 
 Brooks, Lillian N. 
 Brooks, Mrs. Mary B. 
 Brooks, Newell C. 
 Brooks, William B, 
 Brown, Albert H. 
 Brown, Alfred. 
 Brown, Anthony S. 
 Brown, Bessie J. 
 Brown, Mrs. Catherine Eliza- 
 beth Seymour. 
 Brown, Miss Ella W. 
 Brown, Emily M. 
 Brown, Frank E. 
 Brown, H. G. 
 Brown, Joshua A. 
 
 270
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Brown, Mrs. Joshua A. 
 Brown, M. E. 
 Brown, Mary E. 
 Brown, Reuben J. 
 Brown, R. F. 
 Brown, Mrs. R. F. 
 Brown, Roy F. 
 Brown, W. Harvey. 
 Bryant, Gushing. 
 Bryant, Mrs. Florence E. 
 Bryant, John D. 
 Bryant, Miss Julia S. 
 Bryant, Nathaniel. 
 Buckley, Nora G. 
 Buckley, Thomas G. 
 Buell, E. G. 
 Buell, Marcus D. 
 Buffington, E. A. 
 Bullivant, William M. 
 Bullock, A. G. 
 Bunker, Alfred. 
 Bunker Hill Chap. D. A. R. 
 Bunnell, William Brewster. 
 Burch, Arthur H. 
 Burchard, Anson W. 
 Burdett, Mrs. Cynthia Free- 
 man. 
 Burgess, Edgebert F. 
 Burgess, F. E. 
 Burgess, Mrs. H. R. 
 Burgess, James L. 
 Burke, Mrs. Ada L. 
 Burke, James M. 
 Burkett, Charles W. 
 Burkett, John A. 
 Burkett, William T. 
 
 Burlingame, Mrs. Emma A. 
 Burnell, Rev. W. P. 
 Burnes, T. E. 
 Burnett, Robert N. 
 Burrill, Miss H. M. 
 Bursley, Miss Annie E. 
 Bursley, Charles A. 
 Bursley, G. E. 
 Bursley, Gilbert E. 
 Bursley, Hattie F. 
 Burt, E. C. 
 Burt, M. W. 
 Burt, N. J. 
 Burt, Miss Ruth. 
 Burt, Sarah H. 
 Burt, Miss Sarah L. 
 Burton, Waldo. 
 Burton, Mrs. Waldo. 
 Bush, Rev. R. P. 
 Bushnell, Joseph. 
 Butterworth, Mrs. William. 
 
 Cabot, Dr. A. T. 
 Cahoon, Alonzo. 
 Cahoon, Alonzo F. 
 Cahoon, Arthur F. 
 Cahoon, Clement A. 
 Cahoon, William F. 
 Calkins, Mrs. C. H. 
 Callaghan, J. E. 
 Campbell, Clarence. 
 Campbell, Collen C. 
 Campbell, George H. 
 Campbell, Mrs. George H. 
 Campbell, Mrs. James. 
 Campbell, Philip M. 
 
 271
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Campbell, Mrs. W. R. 
 Candage, Ella Maria. 
 Candage, Rufus G. F. 
 Canedy, Dr. Fred S. 
 Cannon, Loton J. 
 Cape Cod (Strawer), Capt 
 
 Hart. 
 Caproni, P. P. 
 Cardinal, Hormisdas J. 
 Cardinal, Marie J. 
 Cardwell, Mabel A. 
 Carley, Mrs. Adeline L. 
 Carnegie, Andrew. 
 Carpenter, Edmund J. 
 Carpenter, George M. 
 Carpenter, Mrs. George O. 
 Carpenter, Mrs. Phillip. 
 Carroll, C. P. 
 Carroll, James B. 
 Case, Willis L. 
 Cash, George H. 
 Cash, Miss Sarah E. 
 Cass, Arthur T. 
 Cavanagh, Miss Mary. 
 Cavanagh, Capt. M. J. 
 Cavanagh, Miss Sara. 
 Chalker, Master Geo. Abram T 
 Chamberlayne, Charles F. 
 Chamberlayne, C. L. 
 Chamberlin, J. F. 
 Chambers, Mrs. John M. 
 Chandler, Mrs. Lucy. 
 Chaplaes, W. M. 
 Chapman, Amos. 
 Chapman, Amos A. 
 Chapman, Mrs. Augusta W. 
 
 Chapman, John W. 
 
 Chapman, John W. 
 
 Chapman, M. B. 
 
 Chapman, Miss Mary K. 
 
 Chase, Allen J. 
 
 Chase, Mrs. Allen J. 
 
 Chase, Caleb. 
 
 Chase, Mrs. Caleb. 
 
 Chase, Caleb. 
 
 Chase, Mrs. Caleb. 
 
 Chase, Charles G. 
 
 Chase, Cleone B. 
 
 Chase, Edward L. 
 
 Chase, Edward L. 
 
 Chase, Edward L., Jr. 
 
 Chase, Erastus. 
 
 Chase, Ernest Abbott. 
 
 Chase, Frank. 
 
 Chase, Gladys. 
 
 Chase, Heman F. 
 
 Chase, H. M. 
 
 Chase, Mrs. Laura P. 
 
 Chase, Sidney. 
 
 Chase, Sidney C. 
 
 Chatham, Town of. 
 
 Chatham, Town of. 
 
 Chaulker, Mrs. Frank M. 
 
 Cheney, Mrs. B. P., Sr. 
 
 Cheney, Rev, Charles Edward 
 
 Chew, L. D. 
 
 Childs, S. A. 
 
 Chipman, Mrs. Fannie H. 
 
 Chipman, George. 
 
 Chipman, Henry T. 
 
 Chipman, Lucille H. 
 
 Chipman, Marcus M. 
 
 272
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Chipman, Russell A. 
 Chipman, Ruth E, 
 Chow, Frank. 
 Christopher, Harry H. 
 Church, Centenary M. E. 
 Church, Center M. E. 
 Church, 1st Congregational. 
 Church, 1st Unitarian. 
 Church, 1st Universalist. 
 Church, M. E. 
 Church Of Our Father. 
 Church, Wesley M. E. 
 Church, William P. 
 Churchill, Mrs. Florence. 
 Churchill, John Maitland 
 
 Brewer. 
 Cisco, Mrs. J. J. 
 Clapp, Arthur W. 
 Clapp, Dr. H. C. 
 Clark, Albe C. 
 Clark, Darius. 
 Clark, George A. 
 Clark, Homer P. 
 Clark, John A. 
 Clark, John H. 
 Clark, Mrs. John H. 
 Clarridge, George F. 
 Clough, Charles Rich. 
 Clough, Harriet K. 
 Club, The S. P. S. S. D. 
 Clum, A. B. 
 Clum, Mrs. A. B. 
 Clum, Miss Bessie Webb. 
 Cobb, A. W. 
 Cobb, Clifton A. 
 Cobb, Miss Cora Stanwood. 
 
 Cobb, Darius. 
 Cobb, Edith H. 
 Cobb, Frederick W. 
 Cobb, Mrs. Laura. 
 Cobb, Lillie Alden. 
 Cobb, Miss Mary L. 
 Cobb, Percival B. 
 Cobb, Stanwood. 
 Cobb, William W. 
 Cochrane, Mrs. A. 
 Codman, Charles R. 
 Codman, Charles R; 
 Coffin, Anna L. 
 Coffin, Mary Hale. 
 Cogswell, J. D. 
 Coit, J. B. 
 Colby, Mrs. B. L. 
 Cole, B. S. 
 Cole, Daniel. 
 Cole, E. H. 
 Cole, WUber S. 
 Coleman, Lizzie E. 
 Collar, Herbert C. 
 Collier, Harry. 
 Collins, Charles A. 
 Collins, Mrs. Jonathan. 
 Collins, Patrick H. 
 Collins, Mrs. Rebecca Crosby. 
 Collins, Sarah D. 
 Collins, William H. 
 Collins, Mrs. William H. 
 Colonial Dames of America. 
 Colonial Dames, The Society 
 of, Mrs. H. S. Robbins, Pres. 
 Condodine, Thomas P. 
 Cone, Robert B. 
 
 273
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Conncry, D. 
 Connor, Walter. 
 Consodine, John. 
 Consodine, John A. 
 Consodine, Mrs. Thomas P. 
 Conwell, A. Frank. 
 Conwell, R. E. 
 Conwell, R. Eugene. 
 Conwell, Mrs. Ruth S. 
 Conwell, Walter L. 
 Cook, Bertha W. 
 Cook, C. Austin. 
 Cook, Mrs. C. Austin. 
 Cook, Carrie Knowles. 
 Cook, Charlotte A. 
 Cook, Clara H. 
 Cook, Mrs. Effie L. 
 Cook, Eliza. 
 Cook, Miss Eliza A. 
 Cook, Mrs. Eliza W. 
 Cook, Miss Emma W. 
 Cook, E. P. 
 Cook, Ephraim N. 
 Cook, Frank F. 
 Cook, Fred F. 
 Cook, George B. 
 Cook, George M. 
 Cook, Georgia Knowles. 
 Cook, Mrs. Hannah C. 
 Cook, Harvey D. 
 Cook, Heman S. 
 Cook, Henry S. 
 Cook, Irving W. 
 Cook, John A. 
 Cook, Capt. John A. 
 Cook, J. W. 
 
 Cook, Joshua. 
 
 Cook, Lemuel P. 
 
 Cook, Leon W. 
 
 Cook, Leroy J. 
 
 Cook, Lottie N. 
 
 Cook, Lowell M. 
 
 Cook, Lydia A. 
 
 Cook, Miss Mable F. 
 
 Cook, Miss Miriam H. 
 
 Cook, Reba C. 
 
 Cook, Mrs. Rosetta L. 
 
 Cook, Viola D. 
 
 Cook, William W. 
 
 Cooke, A. N. 
 
 Coolidge, Albert Sprague. 
 
 Coolidge, Dr. Frederic S. 
 
 Coolidge, Mrs. Frederic S. 
 
 Coolidge, T. Jefferson. 
 
 Coonley, Mrs. Leslie Walker. 
 
 Corbin, C. C. 
 
 Cordis, C. F. E. 
 
 Corea, Francis J. 
 
 Corea, Francis J., Jr. 
 
 Corea, Frank J., Jr. 
 
 Corea, John Elver. 
 
 Corey, Alice F. 
 
 Corey, Edwin H., Jr. 
 
 Corey, Ella J. 
 
 Corey, M. F. 
 
 Corey, R. B. 
 
 Cornish, John B. 
 
 Corrigan, Mrs. Bridget. 
 
 Costa, Manuel. 
 
 Cotter, John. 
 
 Cotting, Lou T. 
 
 Cottle, Godfrey M. 
 
 274
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Couchien, Mrs. Welcome A. 
 Cousens, Horace S. 
 Cousens, Horace S. 
 CoveU, N. W. 
 Cowen, Irving. 
 Cowing^ Miss Carrie A. 
 Cox, J. D. 
 
 Cox, Mrs. William E. 
 Coy, Alonzo. 
 Coy, Mrs. Lydia R. 
 Craig, Dr. Daniel H. 
 Craig, Mrs. Daniel H. 
 Craig, David Van Campen. 
 Crandall, Mrs. Alice Gertrude. 
 Crandon, Frank P. 
 Crandon, Miss Ruth W. 
 Crane, Winthrop Murray. 
 Crapo, Hon. W. W. 
 Crawford, Mrs. Edith S. 
 Crawford, Rev. Sidney. 
 Crocker, Alice. 
 Crocker, Alfred. 
 Crocker, Alfred, Jr. 
 Crocker, Augustus H. 
 Crocker, Aurin B. 
 Crocker, Miss Avice W. 
 Crocker, B. F. 
 Crocker, B. T. 
 Crocker, Mrs. B. T. 
 Crocker, Charles C. 
 Crocker, Charles F. 
 Crocker, Mrs. Charles W. 
 Crocker, Mrs. Clara D. 
 Crocker, David. 
 Crocker, E. S. 
 Crocker, Mrs. E. S. 
 
 Crocker, Mrs. Elisha. 
 Crocker, Eliza A. 
 Crocker, Eloise H. 
 Crocker, Frances S. 
 Crocker, Frank B. 
 Crocker, Franklin. 
 Crocker, George E. 
 Crocker, George F. 
 Crocker, Grace G. 
 Crocker, Hannah P. 
 Crocker, Rev. Henry. 
 Crocker, J, Franklin, Jr. 
 Crocker, James H. 
 Crocker, John F. 
 Crocker, Mrs. John F. 
 Crocker, Dr. John M. 
 Crocker, Dr. John M. 
 Crocker, Henry. 
 Crocker, Mrs. Julia G. 
 Crocker, Mrs. Katherine H. 
 Crocker, Louis A. 
 Crocker, Miss Mary E. 
 Crocker, Mary R. 
 Crocker, Mary R. 
 Crocker, Matthias E. 
 Crocker, Miss Melissa J. 
 Crocker, Nymphas P. 
 Crocker, Ruth H. 
 Crocker, R. W. 
 Crocker, Mrs. Sarah S. 
 Crocker, Thomas W. 
 Crocker, Watson B. 
 Crocker, William H. 
 Crocker, Winthrop N. 
 Croll, Mrs. Sarah N. 
 Cromack, Mrs. Jennie H. 
 
 275
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Crompton, Miriam S. 
 Crocker, Benjamin T, 
 Croplcy, Ralph Edward. 
 Cropley, Mrs. Sarah D. L. 
 Crosby, A. R. 
 Crosby, Aaron S. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Aaron S. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Abigail F. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Addie C. 
 Crosby, Albert. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Albert. 
 Crosby, Benjamin B. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Benjamin B. 
 Crosby, Freeman M. 
 Crosby, Freeman M. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Freeman M. 
 Crosby, Mrs. Georgiana M. 
 Crosby, Hatsel Keith. 
 Crosby, Henry T. 
 Crosby, Herbert F. 
 Crosby, Joshua William. 
 Crosby, Miss Laura H. 
 Crosby, Louisa S. 
 Crosby, Miss Lydia Snow. 
 Crosby, Mary C. Winslow. 
 Crosby, May W. 
 Crosby, S. Addie. 
 Crosby, Tully. 
 Crosby, U. H. 
 Crosby, William Lewis. 
 Crowell, Albert H. 
 Crowell, Alice M. 
 Crowell, C. C. 
 Crowell, E. K. 
 Crowell, Elkanah. 
 Crowell, Etta H. 
 
 Crowell, Frank W. 
 Crowell, Miss Gertrude. 
 Crowell, Gustavus V. 
 Crowell, Mrs. Gustavus V. 
 Crowell, Hannah H. 
 Crowell, Isaiah. 
 Crowell, Isaiah H. 
 Crowell, Joseph. 
 Crowell, Joseph. 
 Crowell, Joshua S. 
 Crowell, Julius E. 
 Crowell, Mrs. L. M. 
 Crowell, Lincoln. 
 Crowell, Mrs. Louis A. 
 Crowell, Luther C. 
 Crowell, Mrs. Lydia F. 
 Crowell, Mrs. Mary H. 
 Crowell, Miss Minerva E. 
 Crowell, Orestes Eaton. 
 Crowell, Capt. P. H. 
 Crowell, Prince M. 
 Crowell, Mrs. Prince M. 
 Crowell, Samtiel. 
 Crowell, Capt. Sturgis. 
 Crowell, Susan. 
 Crowell, Mrs. Susan J. 
 Crowell, William. 
 Crowell, William, Jr. 
 Crowell, William H. 
 Crowley, Daniel L. 
 Crowley, Joseph. 
 Crowninshield, B. B. 
 Crowther, William. 
 Cummings, Eben L: 
 Cummings, Frank C. 
 Cummings, George. 
 
 276
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Cummings, Mrs. Helen C. 
 Cummings, Henry K. 
 Cummings, Dr. I. O. 
 Cummings, Mrs. I. O. 
 Cummings, Joseph H. 
 Cummings, Mrs. Theresa A. 
 Cunningham, Theodore B. 
 Curran, James. 
 Curran, W. P. 
 Curren, Mrs. Mary G. 
 Curren, Capt. William. 
 Curtis, Dr. Frederic C. 
 Curtis, Mrs. Frederic C. 
 Curtiss, Robert K. 
 Cushman, A. W. 
 Cushman, Charles A. 
 Cushman, Clementine Alkerton 
 Cushman, Mrs. Minnie S. 
 Cutler, Edward H. 
 Cutler, Mrs. Edward H. 
 
 Dailey, R. B. 
 Dane, Charles R. 
 Danforth, Allen. 
 Daniels, M. I. 
 Daniels, Mrs. William Y. 
 Danon, Miss Sarah R. 
 Dary, George A. 
 Davenport, Kate W. 
 Davenport, S. A. 
 Davies, Miss Olwen. 
 Davis, Mrs. Caroline May. 
 Davis, David. 
 Davis, Everett B. 
 Davis, F. C. 
 Davis, George F. 
 19 
 
 Davis, Henry Brooks. 
 
 Davis, James C. 
 
 Davis, J. H. 
 
 Davis, John H. 
 
 Davis, Lucy W. 
 
 Davis, M. J. 
 
 Davis, Mrs. M. J. 
 
 Davis, M. L.(Mrs. Edward L.)'. 
 
 Davis, Dr. Samuel T. 
 
 Davis, Mrs. Samuel T. 
 
 Davis, William J. 
 
 Davis, W. R. 
 
 Dawes, Rev. Thomas. 
 
 Day, Mrs. Albert. 
 
 Day, Benjamin. 
 
 Day, Miss Helen L. 
 
 Day, Mrs. Mary H. 
 
 Day, Thomas C. 
 
 Day, Thomas C. 
 
 Day, Thomas C, Jr. 
 
 Day, William E. 
 
 Dearborn, Mrs. Emily T. 
 
 Dearborn, Henry P. 
 
 Dearborn, J. Harvey. 
 
 Dearborn, Jonathan P. 
 
 Dearborn, Lizzie E. 
 
 De Cost, Norman J. 
 
 DeCosta, Rev. B, T. 
 
 Deerr, Mrs. Charles. 
 
 Delano, Ellen V. 
 
 Delano, James. 
 
 DeLory, Lizzie. 
 
 DeLory, W. A. 
 
 Dennis, Dr. Frederick S. 
 
 Dennis, Town of. 
 
 DeNormandie, Rev. James. 
 
 277
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Densmore & BeClear. 
 Dering, Grace M. 
 DeWagcr, E. A. 
 Dietreck, Ellen Batelle. 
 Dill, Joshua Martin. 
 Dill, Mrs. Susie W. 
 Disosway, Miss Sarah Louise. 
 Dix, Elizabeth C. Hopkins. 
 Doane, Abealine E. 
 Doane, A. N. 
 Doane, Capt. Charles W. 
 Doane, Mrs. Charles W. 
 Doane, Chilion F. (In Memo- 
 
 riam, Kies Doane.) 
 Doane, Corren. 
 Doane, Dr. George W. 
 Doane, Isaac I. 
 Doane, Mrs. Mary Freeman. 
 Doane, Miriam D. 
 Doane, Norine Horton. 
 Doane, Oliver. 
 Doane, Mrs. Sarah N, 
 Doane, Valentine. 
 Doane, Mrs. Zilpha J. 
 Dodge, Gen. C, C. 
 Dodge, Cleveland H. 
 Dodge, Mrs. Helen M. 
 Doeble, Charles F. 
 Dolan, Miss Anna M. 
 Dolan, Helen L. 
 Donaghe, Mrs. Susan Boylston. 
 Donald, William A. 
 Douglas, Hon. William L. 
 Dowling, Miss Edith. 
 Dowling, Miss Wilhelmine. 
 Downs, Myron Day. 
 
 Draper, Hon. Eben S. 
 Draper, George A. 
 Drew, Joseph W. 
 Dring, Miss Caroline Augusta. 
 Drisko, Frederick D. 
 Drum, John H. 
 Dudley, Elbridge G. 
 Dunbar, Frank Irvine. 
 Dunbar, Lillian Crosby. 
 Dimham, Charles A. 
 Dunham, Edith L. 
 Dunham, George L. 
 Dunham, Capt. John. 
 Dunham, Mrs. Maggie. 
 Dunham, William B. 
 Dunlap, Frank P. 
 Dunn, Edward H. 
 Dushane, Mrs. Jennie Chip- 
 man. 
 Dyer, Benjamin F. 
 Dyer, B. H. 
 Dyer, E. A. 
 Dyer, G. H. , 
 Dyer, Isaac A. 
 Dyer, Mrs. Isaac A. 
 Dyer, John B. 
 Dyer, Joseph H. 
 Dyer, Rear Admiral N. M. 
 
 Eastham, Town of. 
 Eastman, Mrs. Mary E. 
 Eastman, W. L. 
 Eaton, Dr. P. J. 
 Eddy, Florence S. 
 Edson, Albert F. 
 Edson, Edward. 
 
 278
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Edwards, J. P. 
 
 Elder, Mrs. Salome G. 
 
 Elder, William A. 
 
 Eldredgc, Abner. 
 
 Eldredge, Abner L. 
 
 Eldredge, Dr. B. D. 
 
 Eldredge, Christopher C. 
 
 Eldredge, Elnathan E. 
 
 Eldredge, Miss Eugenie. 
 
 Eldredge, Heman Fisher. 
 
 Eldredge, Judah N. 
 
 Eldredge, L. W. D. 
 
 Eldredge, Mrs. Sadie. 
 
 Eldredge, Sylvanus L. 
 
 Eldredge, William P. 
 
 Eldredge, Zoeth S. 
 
 Eldridge, Edric. 
 
 Eldridge, Edric. 
 
 Eldridge, George W. 
 
 Eldridge, Mrs. Harriet Han- 
 cock. 
 
 Eldridge, J. Emery. 
 
 Eldridge, Mrs. J. Emery. 
 
 Eldridge, Oliver E. 
 
 Eldridge, Mrs. Sarah. 
 
 Eldridge, Stanley H. 
 
 Eldridge, Washington. 
 
 Eldridge, William H. 
 
 Eliot, Charles W., President 
 Emeritus, Harvard College. 
 
 Ell 
 Ell 
 Ell 
 Ell 
 Ell 
 EU 
 
 :ngton, Susan S. 
 ngton, Mrs. Susan S. 
 iott, Dr. R. D. 
 
 Benjamin. 
 
 Benjamin, 
 is, Catherine Josephine. 
 
 Ellis, Mrs. Freeman T. 
 
 Ellis, Gilbert. 
 
 Ellis, Henry W. 
 
 Ellis, Hudson. 
 
 Ellis, James R. 
 
 Ellis, Joseph P. 
 
 Ellis, Mrs. Lott G. 
 
 Ellis, Miss Mary Elizabeth. 
 
 Ellison, H. W. 
 
 Ellison, William P. 
 
 Elwell, Abbie M. Nickerson. 
 
 Elwell, Florence Ross. 
 
 Elwell, James Henry. 
 
 Elwell, Levi Henry. 
 
 Elwell, Marion Freeman. 
 
 Emerson, Mrs. Adeline Talcott. 
 
 Emerson, Mrs. Annie B. 
 
 Emerson, Mrs. Mary M. P. 
 
 Emerson, Mrs. Ralph. 
 
 Emery, Miss. 
 
 Emery, Daniel S. 
 
 Emery, Mrs. Emma W. 
 
 Emery, James. 
 
 Emery, Mrs. James. 
 
 Emmons, N. H. 
 
 Estes, Everett L. 
 
 Fanueil Hall Chapter, D.A.R., 
 Mrs. Emily Brooks Brown, 
 Treas. 
 
 Faunce, W. T. 
 
 Favill, Mrs. Henry B. 
 
 Felt, Charles W. 
 
 Fessenden, Benjamin F. 
 
 Fessenden, Mrs. Benjamin F. 
 
 Field, E. E. 
 
 279
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Field, Marsliall. 
 
 Fielding, Mrs. Rebecca C. 
 
 Fielding, Warren. 
 
 Finnerty, D. G. 
 
 Fish, B. E. 
 
 Fish, Priscilla Atwood. 
 
 Fish, William E. 
 
 Fislier, A. C. 
 
 Fisher, Rev. Caleb E. 
 
 Fisher, Capt. Isaac G. 
 
 Memoriam.) 
 Fisher, Capt. Joseph. 
 Fisher, Mrs. Julia D. 
 Fisher, Mrs. Mary S. 
 Fisher, Mrs. William. 
 Fiske, Uriah B. 
 Fitzgerald, John F. 
 Flanagan, Charles O. 
 Flavell, W. B. 
 Flower, Mrs. Roswell P. 
 Ford, Miss Eliza M. 
 Foss, L. R. 
 Foster, Agnes W. 
 Foster, Mrs. Anna F. 
 Foster, Charles A. 
 Foster, Emma F. 
 Foster, E. W. 
 Foster, George T. 
 Foster, Henry M. 
 Foster, Herbert F. 
 Foster, Herbert F. 
 Foster, Mrs. Herbert F. 
 Foster, Lewis H. 
 Foster, Mrs. Matilda H. 
 Foster, Miss Sally N. C. 
 Foster, Seward. 
 
 Foster, Wallace F. 
 Frances, Carrie B. B. 
 Francis, Antone. 
 Francis, Joseph. 
 Franham, Dr. LeRoy Dwight. 
 Franklin Club. 
 Frederick, Lucy A. 
 Freeman, Augustus M. 
 Freeman, Miss Bessie D. 
 (In Freeman, C. A. 
 
 Freeman, Faustina. 
 Freeman, F. M. 
 Freeman, Frederic W. 
 Freeman, George. 
 Freeman, Mrs. George. 
 Freeman, George W. 
 Freeman, Miss Harriet E. 
 Freeman, Horace A. 
 Freeman, Judge H. V. 
 Freeman, Miss Jennie Y. 
 Freeman, Mrs. John. 
 Freeman, Capt. John E. 
 Freeman, John H. 
 Freeman, John Murray. 
 Freeman, Mary E. 
 Freeman, M. D. 
 Freeman, N. D. 
 Freeman, Prince I. 
 Freeman, R. R. 
 Freeman, Sarah B. 
 Freeman, Mrs. Susan R. 
 Freeman, Walter K. 
 Freeman, Warren W. 
 Freeman, Capt. William. 
 Freeman, Mrs. William. 
 Freeman, Mrs. W. M. 
 
 280
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Frenald, Mrs. S. K. 
 French, Asa P. 
 French, Rev. Edgar P. 
 Frost, George W. 
 Frost, Maurice Linnell. 
 Frost, W. Wallace. 
 Fuller, Albert W. 
 Fuller, Albert W. 
 Fuller, Charles A. 
 Fuller, Cora G. W. 
 Fuller, George H. 
 Fuller, James. 
 Fuller, Prince A. 
 Fuller, Mrs. Sarah D. 
 Fuller, Maria F. 
 
 Gage, Hon. Lyman J. 
 Galacar, Charles E. 
 Gardner, George P. 
 Gardner, Isaac, Chapter, D. 
 
 A. R., Ellen G. Coolidge, 
 
 Treas. 
 Garey, John. 
 Garey, Philip Howes. 
 Garey, Robert Howes. 
 Garrison, Lloyd McKim. 
 Gay, Joseph E. 
 Gayland, Mrs. Alexander H. 
 Geer, Miss Ellen. 
 Geer, Miss Lucy. 
 Gerrick, Mrs. Thankful. 
 Gibbs, Edward S. 
 Gifford, Charles L. 
 Gifford, Corinne T. 
 Gifford, Miss Frances C. 
 Gifford, Frederic Orr. 
 
 Gifford, Mrs. Harriet P. 
 Gifford, James. 
 Gifford, Moses N. 
 Gifford, Mrs. Nellie S. 
 Gifford, Mrs. Rebecca A. 
 Gifford, Reuben G. 
 Gifford, Salome A. 
 Gilbridge, Francis F. 
 Gilbride, Louise M. 
 Gilman, Mrs. Adelaide L. 
 Gilmore, William. 
 Gluck, Miss Rosaloe. 
 Goepper, Gustavius. 
 Goodrich, William W. 
 Goodspeed, Charles. 
 Goodspeed, C. Lovell. 
 Goodspeed, Edwin Leslie. 
 Goodspeed, Ellsworth C. 
 Goodspeed, George H. 
 Goodspeed, Mrs. Phebe C. 
 Gordon, William, Jr. 
 Goss, Mrs. Alma Field. 
 Goss, Alton P. 
 Goss, Mrs. A. P. 
 Goss, F. B. 
 Goss, F. P. 
 Goss, Hettie G. 
 Goss, Lizzie Foster. 
 Gould, Charles E. 
 Gould, George A. 
 Gray, Georgie A. 
 Gray, Henry W. 
 Green, Edna M. 
 Green, Marshall Winslow. 
 Green, Richard Henry. 
 Green, Mrs. Richard Henry. 
 
 281
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Green, Hon. William S. 
 Greenleaf, William H. 
 Gregory, Mrs. Robert B. 
 Griffin, W. H. 
 Grilley, Mrs. Charles T. 
 Griswold, Ellinor Shaw. 
 Gross, Edward Blake. (In 
 
 Memoriam.) 
 Gross, Mrs. Edward B. 
 Gross, Mrs. George T. 
 Gross, Mrs. Mercy Davis. 
 Grove, W. L. 
 Grozier, Edwin A. 
 Grozier, Joshua. 
 Grozier, Leroy A. 
 Grozier, Rebecca A. 
 Gudebrod, George H. 
 Guild, Hon. Curtis, Jr. 
 Guyer, A. G. 
 
 Haass, Mrs. Katherine Lom- 
 bard. 
 Haass, Margaret Ellen. 
 Haass, Ruth Katherine. 
 Hall, Mrs. Alice M. 
 Hall, Arthur. 
 Hall, Charles E. 
 Hall, Mrs. Cyrus. 
 Hall, F. Burnham. 
 Hall, Hon. Frederick S. 
 Hall, Mrs. Grace Fielding. 
 Hall, Irwin C. 
 Hall, John T. 
 Hall, Joseph Ambrose. 
 Hall, Mrs. Joseph R. 
 Hall, Mrs. Lydia H. 
 
 Hall, Oliver. 
 Hall, S. W. 
 Hall, Miss Seviah K. 
 Hallett, Clara J. 
 Hallett, Miss Elsie Mae. 
 Hallett, Frank P. 
 Hallett, Mrs. G. W. 
 Hallett, Mrs. George. 
 Hallett, Grace B. 
 Hallett, Henry S. 
 Hallett, Horace K. 
 Hallett, Mrs. Horace T. 
 Hallett, Samuel W. 
 Hallett, Maurice C. 
 Hallett, T. T. 
 Hallowell, Richard P. 
 Halsall, William F. 
 Hamblin, Deborah. 
 Hamilton, Franklin. 
 Hamlin, Alexander. 
 Hamlin, Hon. Charles S. 
 Hamlin, Charles S. 
 Hamlin, Mrs. Mary E. 
 Hamlin, Miss Sara A. 
 Hammond, Miss Mary. 
 Hammond, Capt. Robert A. 
 Hammond, Robert A. 
 Hammond, Mrs. Robert A. 
 Handreu, Mrs. Addie. 
 Hangaard, John T., Jr. 
 Hannum, A. P. 
 Harding, Mrs. Elizabeth Orr. 
 Harding, George W., Jr. 
 Harding, Heman A. 
 Harding, Mrs. R. Josephine. 
 Harding, Robert Libby. 
 
 282
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Hardy, Alpheus H. 
 Hardy, Augustus L. 
 Harriman, Betsey F. 
 Harriman, H, P. 
 Harriman, Judge Hiram P. 
 Harriman, Olivia. 
 Harrington, Emma L. 
 Harrington, Louise. 
 Harrington, Lucy. 
 Harrington, Mary E. 
 Harris, Mrs. W. L. 
 Harrison, Mrs. Carter H. 
 Harrison, Cecil Alexander. 
 Harrison, Christopher Henry 
 
 James. 
 Harrison, Mrs. Ethel. 
 Harrison, George Herbert. 
 Hart, Burton S. 
 Hart, Capt. E. J. 
 Hart, Linton. 
 Hart, Ronald. 
 
 Hartshorne, Mrs. Muriel May. 
 Harwich, Town of. 
 Harwood, D. F. 
 Haskell, Mrs. George A. 
 Hassenberg, William B. 
 Hatch, Mrs. Abbie D. 
 Hatch, Hennie C. 
 Hatch, Joseph (Capt.). 
 Hatch, Sadie W. 
 Hatch, Capt. Samuel T. 
 Haus, Charles F. 
 Havemeyer, Miss Julia Loomis. 
 Havemeyer, Loomis. 
 Hawes, Mrs. Emily E. 
 Hawes, E. E., M.D. 
 
 Hayden, Edmund M. 
 Hayward, Dr. J. W. 
 Hayward, Sylvanus A. 
 Hazen, John E. L. 
 Heartfield, Rev. Frank. 
 Heartfield, Mrs. Frank. 
 Heath, Mrs. Caroline P. 
 Heberle, Charles T. 
 Hedge, Daniel. 
 Hedge, Daniel. 
 Hedge, Joseph. 
 Hedge, Mrs. Joseph. 
 Henderson, Freeman M. 
 Heppingstone, Adaline C. 
 Heppingstone, Capt. John. 
 Herbolt, George I. 
 Herrick, J. T. 
 Heuton, Harriet, Miss. 
 Hibbard, George A. 
 Higgins, Mrs. Abby. 
 Higgins, Adeline A. 
 Higgins, Alfred. 
 Higgins, C. Lothrop. 
 Higgins, Edward M. 
 Higgins, Eldad. 
 Higgins, George W. 
 Higgins, Mrs. George W. 
 Higgins, Jonathan. 
 Higgins, Mrs. M. G. 
 Higgins, Miss Mabel. 
 Higgins, Maria Penn. 
 Higgins, Solon O. 
 Higgins, Sparrow. 
 Higgins, Susan S. 
 Hildreth, Mrs. Amelia P. 
 Hill, Mrs. Ada T. 
 
 283
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Hill, Charles C. 
 Hill, F. E. 
 Hill, S. E. 
 Hill, T. O. 
 Hill, Mrs. T. O. 
 Hillard, John D. 
 Hillard, Mrs. Lizzie H. P. 
 Hilliard, Alice S. 
 Hilliard, Miss Helen J. 
 Hilliard, Helen J. 
 Hilliard, J. D., Jr. 
 Hilliard, Nellie B. 
 Hinckley, Abbie L. 
 Hinckley, Albert Pope. 
 Hinckley, Annie B, 
 Hinckley, Desire L. 
 Hinckley, Rev. Edward B. 
 Hinckley, Dr. F. C. 
 Hinckley, Capt. F. M. 
 Hinckley, Frank H. 
 Hinckley, Freeman. 
 Hinckley, Gustavus L. 
 Hinckley, Lieut. Harold Dale. 
 Hinckley, Harold L. 
 Hinckley, Herbert F. 
 Hinckley, James W. 
 Hinckley, Lawrence Dexter. 
 Hinckley, Myra B. 
 Hinckley, Mrs. Nathaniel. 
 Hinckley, Oliver W. 
 Hinckley, S. A. 
 Hinckliffe, Belle. 
 Hincks, Mrs. W. G. 
 Hingeley, M. W. 
 Hitchcock, Mrs. Annie. 
 Hitchcock, Mrs. Bailey H. 
 
 Hoag, Hon. Edwin R. 
 
 Hoar, E. R. 
 
 Hobart, Sarah Louise Disos- 
 
 way. 
 Hodge, H. A. 
 Hodges, George. 
 Hodges, Mrs. George W. 
 Hoffman, Mrs. Sophia C. 
 Hogg, Miss Elizabeth. 
 Holbrook, G. B. (" Friend "). 
 Holbrook, George W. 
 Holbrook, Mrs. Sarah A. 
 Holcombe, Mrs. John M. 
 Holmes, Blanche A. 
 Holmes, Miss Dora O. 
 Holmes, Miss Frances. 
 Holmes, Frederic. 
 Holmes, Mrs. Frederic. 
 Holmes, G. F. 
 Holmes, George H. 
 Holmes, George H. 
 Holmes, H. C. 
 Holmes, H. C. 
 Holmes, Rev. H. M. 
 Holmes, Rufus E. 
 Holsbery, Henry B. 
 Holway, John W. 
 Holway, Thomas E. 
 Holway, Thomas E. 
 Homer, Benjamin. 
 Homer, E. B. 
 Homer, Mrs. E. B. 
 Homer, Mrs. Lurana L. 
 Homer, Oscar W. 
 Hooper, A. H. 
 Hopkins, A. Frank. 
 
 284
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Hopkins, Albert G. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Annie G. 
 Hopkins, Annie G. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Caroline Sta- 
 ples. 
 Hopkins, Charles S. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Charlotte S. 
 Hopkins, Miss Clarence A. 
 Hopkins, Miss Constance. 
 Hopkins, Miss Delia R. 
 Hopkins, E. B, 
 Hopkins, Miss E. Josie 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Elizabeth K. 
 Hopkins, Ethel B. 
 Hopkins, Henry. 
 Hopkins, Henry L. 
 Hopkins, Howard F. 
 Hopkins, Howard R. 
 Hopkins, James H. 
 Hopkins, James B. 
 Hopkins, Louise M. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Louise M. 
 Hopkins, Miss Mary A. 
 Hopkins, M. Belle 
 Hopkins, R. W. 
 Hopkins, Raymond A. 
 Hopkins, Rufus H. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Ruth L. 
 Hopkins, Samuel C. 
 Hopkins, Smith K. 
 ' Hopkins. Mrs. Smith K. 
 Hopkins, Mrs. Sophia C. 
 Hopkins, Miss T. W. 
 Home, Durbin. 
 Hovey, C. F. & Co. 
 Howard, Alfred. 
 
 Howard, Henry F. 
 Howard, Joseph Johnson. 
 Howard, Marcus W. 
 Howe, Charles Mervin. 
 Howe, William Potwin. 
 Howes, A. P. 
 Howes, Mrs. Almond S. 
 Howes, Miss Arlette. 
 Howes, Bessie E. 
 Howes, Calvin C. 
 Howes, Cora Merriam. 
 Howes, Edith M. 
 Howes, Ellen E. 
 Howes, Mrs. Emma F. 
 Howes, Esther W. 
 Howes, Ezra T. 
 Howes, Fannie M. 
 Howes, Miss Flora. 
 Howes, Frank Willis. 
 Howes, George K. 
 Howes, Mrs. George K. 
 Howes, Miss Ida May 
 Howes, John J. 
 Howes, Joshua C. 
 Howes, Joshua E. 
 Howes, Levi S. 
 Howes, Lydia Hall. 
 Howes, Margaret. 
 Howes, Mrs. Margaret J. 
 Howes, ^lary Clark. 
 Howes, Osborne. 
 Howes, Ralph Herbert. 
 Howes, Robert Dickinson. 
 Howes, Miss Ruth C. 
 Howes, Mrs. Sarah S. 
 Howes, William C. 
 
 285
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Howland, Charles F. 
 Howland, Edwin F. 
 Howland, Joshua. 
 Howland, Julius Lester. 
 Howland, Mrs. Walter M. 
 Hoyt, Barbara. 
 Hoyt, Emily K. 
 Hoyt, H. Sears. 
 Hoyt, J. King F. 
 Hoyt, James K. 
 Hubbell, Frederick B. 
 Hudson, George W. 
 Hudson, Dr. William P. 
 Hughes, Albert E. 
 Hughes, Annie M. 
 Hughes, Atkins. 
 Hughes, Mrs. B. L. 
 Hughes, Miss G. W. 
 Hughes, H. P. 
 Hughes, Mrs. H. P. 
 Hull, Ulysses A. 
 Hulse, James O., Jr. 
 Humphery, Richard C. 
 Hunt, Henry W. 
 Huntington, W. E. 
 Hurst, Mrs. Sarah E. 
 Hustace, C, Jr. 
 Hutchings, Mrs. Emma Hinck 
 
 ley. 
 Hutchings, Henry M. 
 Hutchings, Henry S. 
 Hutchings, Mrs. Mary Beale. 
 Hutchins, E. B. 
 Hutchinson, Henry. 
 Hynes, Fannie Josephine. 
 Hyslop, T. N. 
 
 Irwin, W. H. 
 
 Isburgh, Mrs. Charles H. 
 
 Isham, Henry Porter. 
 
 Isham, Mrs. Katherine Porter. 
 
 Isham, Ralph Nilson. 
 
 Ives, Miss Marie E. 
 
 Jackson, Dr. James H. 
 Jacobs, Mrs. Abbie. 
 Jacobs, Everett S. 
 Jacobson, A. 
 Jamieson, Mrs. Egbert. 
 Jason, John. 
 Jason, Joseph. 
 Jearulds, George A. 
 ' Jefferson, Joseph. 
 Jenkins, Ira A. 
 Jenkins, Mrs. John E. 
 Jenkins, Thornton. 
 Jenney, Bernard. 
 Jenney, William T. 
 Jennings, Mrs. Myra Fitciu 
 Jerauld, Bruce K. 
 Jerauld, Myron E. 
 Jesup, Morris K. 
 Jewett, Hon. George R. 
 Johnson, Alvin Page. 
 Johnson, B. C. 
 Johnson, Benjamin M. 
 Johnson, Miss Bertha G. 
 Johnson, Edward P. 
 Johnson, George F. 
 Johnson, Mrs. Harriet M. 
 Johnson, John Taylor. 
 Johnson, Joseph G. 
 Johnson, Miss Josephine. 
 
 286
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Johnson, J. W. 
 Johnson, Mrs. J. W. 
 Johnson, L. M. 
 Johnson, Marshall. 
 Johnson, Miss Mary Leslie. 
 Johnstone, Master A. 
 Johnstone, Master Allerton. 
 Johnstone, Mrs. Kate R. 
 Johnson, Mrs. Sara N. 
 Johnson, William M. 
 Johnson, William W. 
 Johnson, William W. 
 Jones, Alfred. 
 Jones, Mrs. Algie B. 
 Jones, Asa L. 
 Jones, B. E. 
 Jones, Miss Emma C. B. 
 Jones, E. W. 
 Jones, F. E., Co. 
 Jones, Kate M. 
 Jones, Mrs. Lucie J. 
 Jones, Maro B. 
 Jones, Mrs. 
 Jones, Velorous E. 
 Jones, William L. 
 Jordan, Marsh, Co. 
 Jorgenson, Mrs. James. 
 Joslin, Capt. John, Jr. 
 Joy, Frank A. 
 Joy, Mrs. Frank A. 
 
 Karelson, Miss Beatrice. 
 Kaufman, B. 
 Kavanagh, Edward H. 
 Kavanagh, Henry. 
 Keane, John M. 
 
 Kee, Lee. 
 Keene, Miss J. M. 
 Keith, Miss Anna Frances. 
 Keith, Austin. 
 Keith, Miss Cordelia. 
 Keith, Eben S. S. 
 Keith, Eben S. S. 
 Keith, Mrs. Eben S. S. 
 Keith, Eliza F. 
 Keith, Mrs. Eliza F. 
 Keith, Hon. Isaac N. 
 Keith, Isaac N. 
 Kelley, A. C. 
 Kelley, Anthony. 
 Kelley, A. W. 
 Kelley, B. C. 
 Kelley, Benjamin. 
 Kelley, Bertha Russell. 
 Kelley, Braddock N. 
 Kelley, Caleb R. 
 Kelley, Carrie W. 
 Kelley, Chester B. 
 Kelley, Cyrus W. 
 Kelley, Mrs. Cyrus W. 
 Kelley, Edmund S. 
 Kelley, Mrs. Edward. 
 Kelley, Edwin B. 
 Kelley, Fannie L. 
 Kelley, F. G. 
 Kelley, Mrs. George A. 
 Kelley, Henaldo H. 
 Kelley, Joshua. 
 Kelley, Mertie E. 
 Kelley, Oma W. 
 Kelley, P. 
 Kelley, S. Randolph. 
 
 287
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Kelley, Reuben O. 
 Kelley, R. M. 
 Kelley, Stillman F. 
 Kelley, Mrs. Stillman F, 
 Kelley, Sylvanus T. 
 Kelley, W. B. 
 Kemp, Capt. Alexander. 
 Kemp, Rev. Robert Morris. 
 Kemp, Thomas. 
 Kemp, Thomas E. 
 Kendall, Miss Annis. 
 Kendrick, Mrs. David. 
 Kendrick, Edward. 
 Kendrick, John, Jr. 
 Kendrick, John, Jr. 
 Kendrick, Miss Helen D. 
 Kendrick, Mrs. Katie K. C. 
 Kendrick, Mrs. Mattie W. 
 Kendrick, Mrs. William R. 
 Kennedy, Andrew. 
 Kennedy, Mrs. Nettie. 
 Kenney, James F. 
 Kenney, Mrs. J. W. C. 
 Kent, Mrs. Almena T. 
 Kent, Cyrus S. 
 Kilburn, E. J. 
 Kilburn, Mary S. 
 Kiley, Mrs. Ella J. 
 Kimball, L. E. 
 Kimball, Mr. W. W. 
 King, Atkins H. 
 King, Cora H. 
 King, George A. 
 King, George C. 
 King, George G. 
 Kingman, Bertha K. 
 
 Kingman, F. W. 
 Kings, Daughters of Centre. 
 Kingsbury, Anna C. 
 Klenze, Dr. Camillo Von. 
 Knowles, Miss A. May. 
 Knowles, Miss Annette Maude. 
 Knowles, Charles E. 
 Knowles, Mrs. Georgia M. 
 Knowles, George O. 
 Knowles, George O. 
 Knowles, Miss Hannah H. 
 Knowles, Mrs. Henry. 
 Knowles, James H. 
 Knowles, Joseph W. 
 Knowles, Josiah F. 
 Knowles, Miss Julia C. 
 Knowles, Miss Lucy A. 
 Knowles, Mrs. Mary F. 
 Knowles, Mrs. Mary P. 
 Knowles, Otis M. 
 Knowles, Samuel. 
 Knowles, Thomas H. 
 Knowles, William H. 
 Knowles, William M. 
 Knowles, Mrs. William M. 
 Knowles, W. W. 
 Knowles, Mrs. W. W. 
 • Knowlton, Hon. Hosea M. 
 Kompton, Capt. Thomas. 
 
 Lamb, Henry W. 
 Lancy, Mrs. Elizabeth B. 
 Lancy, Henry J. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Landers, Ralph A. 
 Lathrop, Freeman H. 
 
 288
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Lathrop, Mrs. Sarah M. 
 
 Lavender, R. M. 
 
 Law, Louis A. 
 
 Law, Mrs. Nellie N. 
 
 Law, William M. 
 
 Lawley, E. A. 
 
 Lawrence, Majorie. 
 
 Lawrence, Ruth. 
 
 Lawrence, Samuel C. 
 
 Lawrence, Samuel C. 
 
 Lawrence, Samuel C. 
 
 Lawrence, Samuel C, Jr. 
 
 Lawrence, William B. 
 
 Lawrence, Mrs. W. B. 
 
 Lawrence, William B., Jr. 
 
 Lawton, Mary. 
 
 Learned, Gen. Ebenezer, Chap. 
 D. A. R., Oxford, Mass., 
 Miss Alice M. Brady. 
 
 Leclear, Mrs. Helen. 
 
 Lee, Joseph. 
 
 Lee, Joseph E. 
 
 Lee, Mrs. Sara White. 
 
 Lee, Judge Thomas Zanslau. 
 
 Lentz, Prof. Theodore C. 
 
 Leonard, J. Milton. 
 
 Lesser, J. Mona. 
 
 Lester, Mrs. Mabel Rosenthal. 
 
 Lewis, Albert N. 
 
 Lewis, Alvan R. 
 
 Lewis, Alvan R. 
 
 Lewis, Alvan R., Jr. 
 
 Lewis, Bangs A. 
 
 Lewis, D. F. 
 
 Lewis, Everett W. 
 
 Lewis, Miss Gertrude M. 
 
 Lewis, Isabel. 
 
 Lewis, Dr. J. F. 
 
 Lewis, J. K. 
 
 Lewis, Mrs. John A. 
 
 Lewis, Juliet A. 
 
 Lewis, Mrs. Juliet C. 
 
 Lewis, Laura W. 
 
 Lewis, Miss Mary F. 
 
 Lewis, Mary N. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas. 
 
 Lewis, T. J. 
 
 Lewis, Weston K. 
 
 Lewis, William P. 
 
 Lewis & Brown. 
 
 Lexington Chapter D. A. R., 
 Mrs. Edward Harold Cros- 
 by, Regent. Miss Susan W. 
 Muzzey, Treas. 
 
 Libby, Oliver. 
 
 Lincoln, Alice N. 
 
 Lincoln, Florence Sargent. 
 
 Lincoln, Joseph Crosby. 
 
 Lincoln, Joseph Freeman. 
 
 Linnell, Arthur Ellsworth. 
 
 Linnell, E. W. 
 
 Linnell, Mrs. E. W. 
 
 Linnell, Miss Florence A. 
 
 Linnell, Mrs. Isabel F. 
 
 Linnell, Miss Sarah D. 
 
 Litchfield, Raymond Morse. 
 
 Litchfield, Wilford J. 
 
 Little, Joanna W. 
 ^ Little, Luther. 
 
 Littlefield, A. W. 
 
 Livermore, Imogene H. 
 
 Livermore, John H. 
 
 289
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Livermore, R. F. 
 Livingston, Addic A. 
 Livingston, Capt. Alexander. 
 Lloyd, Edward H. 
 Lloyd, Mrs. G. H. 
 Locke, Mrs. Edward H. 
 Lodge, Hon. Henry Cabot. 
 Logan, Walter S. 
 Lombard, A. C. 
 Lombard, B., Jr. 
 Lombard, C. W. 
 Lombard, Ernest B. 
 Lombard, Mrs. Estella H. 
 Lombard, Miss Esther Hatch. 
 Lombard, Isaac G. 
 Lombard, James Arthur. 
 Lombard, Mrs. Jessie M. 
 Lombard, Mrs. Josephine F. 
 Lombard, Josiah L. 
 Lombard, Josiah L. 
 Lombard, J. W. P. 
 Lombard, J. W. P. 
 Lombard, Katherine. 
 Lombard, Lawrence M. 
 Lombard, Mrs. Margaret B. 
 Lombard, M. H. 
 Lombard, Priscilla. 
 Lombard, Samuel Hatch. 
 Lombard, Sarah E. 
 Lombard, Mrs. Susan T, 
 Long, Capt. Charles H. 
 Long, Mrs. Charles H. 
 Long, Miss Elsie F. 
 Long, Mrs. Melissa V. 
 Long, Samuel T. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 
 Longnook School. 
 
 Loomis, Ms. Abigail Paine. 
 
 Loomis, Annie E. 
 
 Lopez, Thomas, Jr. 
 
 Lord, Arthur. 
 
 Lord, William H. 
 
 Lorimer, Mrs. Cora Carver. 
 
 Loring, Charles A. 
 
 Loring, Frank W. 
 
 Loring, George H. 
 
 Loring, Hattie M. 
 
 Loring, Irene F. 
 
 Lothrop, Miss Arietta. 
 
 Lothrop, Benjamin L. 
 
 Lothrop, Bertha W. 
 
 Lothrop, Eben. (In Memo- 
 riam.) 
 
 Lothrop, Frederick G. 
 
 Lothrop, Mrs. Hattie F. 
 
 Lothrop, Marcus T. 
 
 Lothrop, Percy. 
 
 Lothrop, Mrs. Rebecca. (In 
 Memoriam.) ' 
 
 Lothrop, Mrs. Sarah M. 
 
 Lothrop, Dr. Thomas. 
 
 Lothrop, Thomas. (In Memo- 
 riam.) 
 
 Lothrop, Thompson. 
 
 Lotshaw, Fred Fahnstock. 
 
 Love, David. 
 
 Loveland, Timothy O. 
 
 Loveland, Capt. Winslow. 
 
 Lovell, Miss Abbie W. 
 
 Lovell, Edward H. 
 
 LoveU, Fred W. 
 
 Lovell, Mrs. Mary A. 
 
 290
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Levering, Frances H. 
 Lovering, Lucia N. 
 Levering, Mrs. Lucia N, 
 Levering, Hon. William C. 
 Lovett, Joshua. 
 Lovett, Joshua. 
 Low, Albert B. 
 Low, Mrs. Ellen. 
 Lowe, Hon. Arthur H. 
 Lowell, Francis C. 
 Loyal Legion Society. 
 Loyal Temperance Legion, 
 
 Company J. Barnstable 
 
 County. 
 Lucas, Georgie M. 
 Lucas, George Warren. 
 Lucas, John. 
 Lucas, Mrs. Mary E. 
 Lucas, Winslow B. 
 Luce, Matthew. 
 Lumbert, A. W. 
 Lumbert, Henry C. 
 Lumbert, Mrs. Prudence B. 
 Lumbert, Mrs. Sophia G. 
 Lunt, Miss Cornelia Gray. 
 Luscombe, Nanette. 
 Luscombe, Walter O. 
 Luther, James W. 
 Lyman, Theodore. 
 Lyman, Mrs. Theodore. 
 Lynn, Cephas B. 
 Lyon, Prof. D. G. 
 Lytle, Hon. William A. 
 
 MacDonald, Joshua S. 
 Maclntyre, Katherine I. 
 
 Maclntyre, Miss Mary B. 
 Maclntyre, W. J. 
 Mackay, Clarence H, 
 Macleod, Dr. A. S. 
 Macool, Adam. 
 MacWatters, Samuel J. 
 Maher, Edward F. 
 Makepeace, Grace P. 
 Makepeace, John C. 
 Maker, Joshua. 
 Manson, John L. 
 Manta, John R. 
 Manta, Joseph. 
 Manta, Joseph A. 
 Manta, Philip P. 
 Manta, Mrs. Philomenea. 
 Manuel, Rebecca T. 
 Manwaring, Charles W. 
 Marchant, Charles B. 
 Marchant, C. W. 
 Marchant, Mrs. Charles B. 
 Marchant, Nelson G. 
 Marden, Hon. George A. 
 Mariner, Miss Constance. 
 Mariner, Miss Mary Antisdel. 
 Marsh, Elizabeth White. 
 Marsh, Frederick C. 
 Marston, Charles H. 
 Marston, Ellen M. 
 Marston, Henry W. 
 Marston, Mrs. Henry M. 
 Marston, Howard. 
 Marston, Leon C. 
 Marston, Richard W. 
 Marston, Russell. 
 Marston, Shirley. 
 
 291
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Martin, Mrs. Emilie D. 
 Martin, Mrs. Georgiana. 
 Matherson, Carrie O. 
 Matheson, Angus S. 
 Matheson, Anna Bella. 
 Matheson, Duncan A. 
 Matheson, K. 
 Matheson, Capt. John. 
 Matheson, Miss Maude J. 
 Matheson, Capt. Norman. 
 Matheson, Miss Reba F. 
 Matheson, William. 
 Mathewson, Capt. John A. 
 Matthews, Adeline H. 
 Matthews, Capt. Albert W. 
 Matthews, Miss Althena D. 
 Matthews, Anna C. 
 Matthews, E. C. 
 Matthews, Edwin. 
 Matthews, Elnathan. 
 Matthews, Emma I. 
 Matthews, Ezekiel H. 
 Matthews, Mrs. Jeannette H. 
 Matthews, John Heppingstone. 
 Matthews, Laura Snow. 
 Matthews, Nathan, Jr. 
 Matthews, Nathan, Jr. 
 Matthews, Mrs. Sally H. 
 IMatthews, Seleck P. 
 May, Miss Dorothy. 
 May, Miss Edith. 
 May, Miss Helen Goddard. 
 May, John Joseph. 
 May, John Pierpont. 
 May, Miss Josephine. 
 May, Miss Margaret Bradford. 
 
 May, Nicholas Bradford. 
 May, Samuel. 
 May, Mrs. Samuel P. 
 Mayflower Descendants, Mrs. 
 
 E. P. Viles, Secy. 
 Mayflower, Descendants of. 
 Mayflower, Descendants of. 
 Mayflower Descendants of 
 
 Chicago, Paul Blatchford, 
 
 Treas., 1910. 
 Mayhew, William H. 
 Mayo, Alfred A. 
 Mayo, Mrs. A. M. 
 Mayo, Charles U. 
 Mayo, Dora G. 
 Mayo, Elkanah C. 
 Mayo, Esther T. 
 Mayo, Isaac F. 
 Mayo, Jerome A. 
 Mayo, Richard. 
 Mayo, Susan A. 
 Mayo, Mrs. Susan M. 
 Mayo, Wallace H. 
 Megathlin, Charles W. 
 Megathlin, Louise H. 
 Meigs, Mrs. Titus B. 
 Meldon, Mrs. Emily. 
 Meldon, Katie Williams. 
 Mello, John E. 
 Merrick, Miss. 
 Merrick, Frederick L. 
 Merrick, Mrs. Frederick L. 
 Merricks, Dr. S. Newcomb. 
 Merrill, George A. 
 Merriweather, Lee. 
 Mershawn Club. 
 
 292
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Messer, Arthur O. 
 
 Messer, Florence M. 
 
 Messer, Mrs. Lillian Newton. 
 
 Messinger, I. N. 
 
 Metzler, Curtis G. 
 
 Miles, S. J. 
 
 Miller, Francis S. 
 
 Miller, George F. 
 
 Mills, E. E. 
 
 Mills, Henry J. 
 
 Milton, Citizens. 
 
 Mitchell, H. G. 
 
 Moody, Samuel, 
 
 Moore, Albert D. 
 
 Moore, Edward Small, 
 
 Moore, Mrs. Emma J. 
 
 Moore, F. M. 
 
 Moore, Hobart. 
 
 Moore, Paul. 
 
 IMoore, Mrs. W. H. 
 
 Moore, Mrs. William H. 
 
 Moore, Dr. W. M. 
 
 Morgan, Alice H. 
 
 Moriarty, Corporal Thomas. 
 
 Morris, Mrs. Seymour. 
 
 Morse, Edward John Whitney 
 
 Morse, Dr. F. W. 
 
 Moses, Mrs. James. 
 
 Mott, S. C. 
 
 Mott, Stephen. 
 
 Mott, Mrs. S. C. 
 
 Moulton, George L. D. 
 
 Moulton, Mrs. Mary May. 
 
 Moulton, Miss Sylvia May. 
 
 Mulford, Fred. 
 
 Mullins, Thomas V. 
 
 20 293 
 
 Mullins, Thomas V. 
 Mullins, Mrs. Thomas V. 
 Munson, Loveland. 
 Munson, Mrs. Loveland. 
 Murdock, Mrs. Nellie H. 
 Murphy, Frank S. 
 Murphy, James. 
 Murphy, Lester W. 
 Murphy, Patrick N. 
 Murray, Mary A. 
 Myer, Hon. John H. 
 Myers, Hiram. 
 Mynderse, Hannah G. 
 Myrick, Capt. Charles E. 
 Myrick, Mrs. Hannah L. 
 Myrick, Mrs. Jerome. 
 Myrick, Mrs. Joanna. 
 Myrick, Richard S. 
 Myrick, Walter E. 
 McAllister, William K. 
 McDonough, Mrs. Elizabeth F. 
 McDonough, Judge John J. 
 McDonough, Lizzie. 
 Mcintosh, Daniel C. 
 Mcintosh, John. 
 Mcintosh, Mrs. John. 
 Mcintosh, Rebecca B. 
 McKay, Angus. 
 McKay, Cora S. 
 McKay, Capt. Eli. 
 McKay, Mrs. Lottie B. 
 McKay, Osborn E. 
 McKay, Pearl Nelson. 
 McKay, William A. 
 McKeil, H. H. 
 McLaue, John.
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 McLnup:hlin, George T. Nickerson, 
 
 McNiiugliton, Miss Edna C. Nickerson, 
 
 McRitchie, Angus. Nickerson, 
 
 Nickerson, 
 
 Nason, Mrs. Ellen S. Nickerson, 
 
 Nason, Mrs. Ellen S. Nickerson, 
 
 National Society. Nickerson, 
 
 Naylor, Dr. Walter W. Nickerson, 
 
 Nazro, F. H. Nickerson, 
 
 Nazro, Miss M. W. Nickerson, 
 
 Neal, Frank W. Nickerson, 
 
 Neal, Jolin R. Nickerson, 
 
 Nelson, Dr. Abiel Ward. Nickerson, 
 
 Nevers, Mrs. Edward. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Alexander T. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, David A. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Mrs. David A. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, E. A. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Edgar E. gess, 
 
 Newcomb, James H. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Joseph A. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Joseph H. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Mrs. Joseph. Nickerson, 
 
 Newcomb, Mrs. Moses P. Nickerson, 
 
 Newell, Augustus Carpenter. Nickerson, 
 
 Newell, John. Nickerson, 
 
 Newell, Mrs. John E. Nickerson, 
 
 Newell, Mrs. Mary D. Nickerson, 
 
 Newton, Dr. Adin H. Nickerson, 
 Newton, Charles Worthington. Nickerson, 
 
 Newton, William C. Nickerson, 
 
 Nickerson, Addie D. Nickerson, 
 
 Nickerson, Addie D. Nickerson, 
 
 Nickerson, Mrs. Adeline L. Nickerson, 
 
 Nickerson, Miss Almena. Nickerson, 
 
 Nickerson, Atkins. Nickerson, 
 
 294 
 
 Augustus. 
 Miss Carol Mayo. 
 C. H. 
 
 Mrs. Clarissa S. 
 Daniel W. 
 Darius M., Jr. 
 Mrs. Dora Mayo. 
 Edith C. 
 Capt. Elisha. 
 Mrs. Eliza A. 
 Miss E. C. 
 Eugene E. 
 Eunice S. 
 Flavius. 
 Franklin. 
 Frederick. 
 Miss Grace E. 
 Master George Bur- 
 George H. 
 George W. 
 George W. 
 Gustavus. 
 Hannah J. Baker. 
 Miss Helen. 
 Henry. 
 Henry C. 
 Henry C. 
 H. C. 
 Hiram B. 
 Howard Tarbell. 
 James H. 
 John F. 
 Mrs. Joseph. 
 Joseph M. 
 Joshua A.
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 Nickerson, 
 
 Joshua C. 
 Mrs. Joshua C. 
 Mrs. Joshua S. 
 Capt. Joshua S. 
 Mrs. J. P. 
 Lewis. 
 Louisa. 
 Lucy B. 
 Luther. 
 Luther C. 
 Marinda J. 
 Mary A. 
 Mrs. Mary A. 
 Mrs. Mary C. 
 Miss Mary Olivia. 
 Mrs. M. P. 
 Mary Priscilla. 
 Meriton E. 
 Nchemiah. 
 Nellie S. 
 Osborn. 
 Mrs. Osborn. 
 Oscar C. 
 P. A. 
 Peter S. 
 Priscilla Snow. 
 Miss P. S. 
 Reuben. 
 Richard E. 
 Roland C. 
 Roland C, Jr. 
 Mrs. Ruth S. 
 Samuel M. 
 Samuel M. 
 Samuel M., Jr. 
 S. D. 
 
 Nickerson, Seth H. 
 Nickerson, Stephen T. 
 Nickerson, Theodore J. 
 Nickerson, Thomas W. 
 Nickerson, Walter I. 
 Nickerson, Walter I. 
 Nickerson, Warren J. 
 Nickerson, William G. 
 Nickerson, William G. 
 Nickerson, William K. 
 Nickerson, William L. 
 Nickerson, Ziba. 
 Noble, Mrs. T. R. 
 Normal School, State. 
 Norris, Charles W. 
 Norris, Elga. 
 North, Charles J. 
 North, Mrs. William S. 
 Noyes, Mrs. E. O. 
 Nye, Abbie F. 
 Nye, Augustus B. 
 Nye, Charles H. 
 Nye, Mrs. Charles H. 
 Nye, Charles H., Jr. 
 Nye, Mrs. Charles H., Jr. 
 Nye, Everett I. 
 Nye, George H. 
 Nye, Harold B. 
 Nye, Hiram. 
 Nye, Hon. William A. 
 Nye, Mrs. William A. 
 Nye, William F. 
 Nye, William H. 
 
 O'Brien, Edmund A. 
 O'Brien, Mrs. Edmund A. 
 
 295
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 O'Donncll, Phillip J. 
 Ogle, Ponsonby. 
 Ogle, Mrs. Ponsonby. 
 OHarc, J. J. 
 
 Old Colony Chap. D. A. R. 
 Oliver, Miss S. E. C. 
 O'Neil, Joseph II. 
 Orleans, Town of. 
 Ormsby, William F. 
 Orr, Arthur. 
 Osgood, Elizabeth B. 
 Osgood, Emily. 
 Otis, Mrs. James. 
 
 Paddoek, Mrs. Hannah H. 
 Padeford, Henry D. 
 Page, F. D. 
 Paine, Carleton C. 
 Paine, Charles C. 
 Paine, Capt. Eben. 
 Paine, Mrs, Eben. 
 Paine, Mrs. Elizabeth F. 
 Paine, E. N. 
 Paine, Mrs. E. N. 
 Paine, James S. 
 Paine, Mrs. James S. 
 Paine, James C. N. 
 Paine, Jedediah Chase. 
 Paine, Jessie Lincoln. 
 Paine, Joshua. 
 Paine, L. K. 
 Paine, Miss Lucy A. 
 Paine, Mrs. Lucy J. 
 Paine, L. N. 
 Paine, Mrs. M. F. 
 Paine, Parron C. 
 
 Paine, Mrs. Rebecca C. 
 Paine, Robert Treat. 
 Paine, William M. 
 Palliser, Ruth L. 
 Parker, Edelinc Nickerson. 
 Parker, M. Annette. 
 Parker, Mrs. Eliza A. 
 Parker, Dr. E. M. 
 Parker, Mrs. E. M. 
 Parker, George J. 
 Parker, Helen Frances. 
 Parker, Michael A. 
 Parker, N. B. H. 
 Parker, N. B. H. 
 Parker, Phebe C. 
 Parker, Mrs. Sarah K. 
 Parker, W. Prentiss. 
 Parsons, Charles Sumner. 
 Partridge, Nan M. 
 Patrick, Joseph, Jr. 
 Patterson, Club. 
 Patterson, Mrs. Marcia L. 
 Pattison, Lillian. 
 Pattison, Thomas. 
 Pattison, Mrs. Thomas. 
 Patton, Mrs. M. C. 
 Paul, H. S. 
 
 Paul Revere Chap. D. A. R. 
 Payne, E. D. 
 Payson, Carl. 
 Payson, F. L. 
 Payson, Ruth. 
 Peak, J. W. 
 
 Penniman, Miss Bessie A. 
 Penniman, Capt. Edward. 
 Penniman, Mrs. Edward. 
 
 296
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Pepper, May Armstrong Har- 
 vey. 
 
 Percival, Henry M. 
 
 Perrin, Marshall. 
 
 Perrin, W. T. 
 
 Perry, E. A. 
 
 Perry, Edwin Thacher. 
 
 Perry, Mrs. Lydia Burgess. 
 
 Perry, Manuel, Jr. 
 
 Perry, Nelson F. 
 
 Peterson, Mrs. A. F. 
 
 Peterson, I. W. 
 
 Phillips, Mrs. Sylvia R. 
 
 Phinney, Miss Cordelia E. 
 
 Phinney, Edwin S. 
 
 Phinney, Frank Ferguson. 
 
 Phinney, Mrs. Katherine A. 
 
 Phinney, Robert M. 
 
 Phinney, Sylvanus B. 
 
 Phinney, T. W. 
 
 Pickert, Louis. 
 
 Pickney, Lawrence B. 
 
 Piehn, L. H. 
 
 Pierce, A. S. 
 
 Pierce, Mrs. Edward L. 
 
 Pierce, S. S., Company. 
 
 Pilgrim, A. L. 
 
 Pilgrim Club. 
 
 Pilgrim Club of Brewster, 
 Mass. 
 
 Pitcher, Hannah G. 
 
 Pitcher, Samuel. 
 
 Pitkin, Mrs. A. H. 
 
 Pitman, Irving N., Jr. 
 
 Platner, J. Winthrop. 
 
 Plumer, Horace B. 
 
 Poole, E. A. 
 Porter, Henry H 
 Porter, Mrs. H. H. 
 Potter, Frank E. 
 Potter, Mrs. Frank E. 
 Potter, William H. 
 Potter, Mrs. William H. 
 Potwin, Mrs. W. S. 
 Powder, Hon. Chapter, 
 Mrs. Adeline F. Fitz. 
 Powe, Andrew T. 
 Powers, James F. 
 Pratt, Abbie M. 
 Pratt, David G. 
 Pratt, Edmund 
 Pratt, Edmund T. 
 Pratt, Miss Helen L. 
 Pratt, Labau, 
 Pratt, Marland L. 
 Pratt, Marland L. 
 Pratt, Miss R. Eva. 
 Prior, P. H. 
 Proctor, Miss Harriet. 
 Proctor, Thomas R. 
 Pulsifer, T. B. 
 Purmore, Mrs. Henry C. 
 Purrington, Wallace F. 
 Putnam, Abbie Cook. 
 Putnam, Adelaide O. 
 Putnam, A. L. 
 Putnam, A. L. 
 Putnam, Charles B. 
 Putnam, E. 
 Putnam, Henry W. 
 Putnam, Nellie. 
 Putnam, S. A. 
 
 297
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 
 Quinn, Daniel C. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Edwin B, 
 
 Quinn, Capt. W. C. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Elisha. 
 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Mrs. Ella F. Berry. 
 
 Ramsey, Carrie A. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Mrs. Eunice S. 
 
 Ramsey, Grace S. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Evelyn. 
 
 Ramsey, John Alden. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Floyd E. 
 
 Ramsey, Malcolm. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Frank A. 
 
 Ramsey, Mrs. Mary G. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Fred C. 
 
 Rand, William B. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Irving H. 
 
 Randall, Herbert. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Irving H. 
 
 Rawson, Hon. W. Warren. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Isaiah T. 
 
 Ray, Mrs. Julia A. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Jacob. 
 
 Ray, William P. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 J. H. 
 
 Raymond, Frank. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 John B. 
 
 Raymond, J. W. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 John B. 
 
 Raymond, Joseph. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 James Allen. 
 
 Read, Ruth S. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Capt. James W. 
 
 Readey, George W. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Jeremiah A. 
 
 Reed, Ethel A. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Capt. John B. 
 
 Reed, Henry R. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Joseph A. 
 
 Reed, James A. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Leonard B. 
 
 Reynolds, Jessie M. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Lorraine S. 
 
 Reynolds, Captain Joshua 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Lyman B. 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Mrs. Martha J. 
 
 Reynolds, Viola Rich. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Mrs. Mary E. 
 
 Reynolds, William P. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Mary T. 
 
 Rice, Albert Fteley. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Nathan K. 
 
 Rice, Edward H. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Miss Nellie G. 
 
 Ricer, Charles Warren. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Richard A. 
 
 Rich, Mrs. Abbie. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Miss S. E. 
 
 Rich, Mrs. Abner B. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Samuel J. 
 
 Rich, Albert F. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Mrs. Samuel J. 
 
 Rich, Capt. Allen W. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Samuel T. 
 
 Rich, Bettie D. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Sewall M. 
 
 Rich, Mrs. Cordelia E. 
 
 Rich, 
 
 Shebnah. 
 
 Rich, David. 
 
 Rich, 
 298 
 
 Solomon B.
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Rich, Wesley Everett. 
 
 Rich, William A. 
 
 Rich, William Thayer, Jr. 
 
 Richards, C. O. 
 
 Richards, Lyman G. 
 
 Richards, Capt. Lyman H. 
 
 Richardson, Mrs. Mary R. 
 
 Richardson, Dr. Maurice H. 
 
 Rickerdson, Reuben L. 
 
 Riddle, Mary T. 
 
 Rider, Rev. William Henry. 
 
 Ridgely, Charles. 
 
 Riley, Isaac. 
 
 Risbell, C. W. 
 
 Ritchie, John, Jr. 
 
 Ritchie, John F. 
 
 Ritchie, T. P. 
 
 Robbins, Mrs. Bertha Under- 
 wood. 
 
 Robbins, Chandler. 
 
 Robbins, Charles M. 
 
 Robbins, Edwin B. 
 
 Robbins, Mrs. Henry S. 
 
 Robbins, J. W. 
 
 Robbins, Joseph K. 
 
 Robbins, Martin L. 
 
 Robbins, Sylvanus. 
 
 Roberts, Capt. William. 
 
 Robinson, Margaret. 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. Olive Grant 
 Garratt. 
 
 Robinson, Roswell R. 
 
 Robinson, Miss Sarah Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 Rockwell, J. C. 
 
 Roderick, Frank. 
 
 Roderick, Manuel J. 
 Rogers, Frank E. L. 
 Rogers, Frank A. 
 Rogers, Freeman H. 
 Rogers, Gorham. 
 Rogers, Mrs. Helen P. 
 Rogers, Henry H. 
 Rogers, James S. 
 Rogers, Mrs. James S. 
 Rogers, Manuel. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Rogers, Olivia Mae. 
 Rogers, Miss Salome Beatrice. 
 Rogers, Thomas W. 
 Rogers, W. E. 
 
 Romano, William McKinley. 
 Rosenthal, Irving L. 
 Rosenthal, Mrs. Irving L. 
 Rosenthal, John. 
 Rosenthal, Mrs. John. 
 Rosenthal, John Fisher. 
 Ross, A. S. 
 Ross, George Allen. 
 Ross, John C. 
 Rothwell, James E. 
 Roimtree, Mrs. Parie. 
 Rowe, William E. 
 Rowell, Fanny. 
 Rowley, H, C. 
 Russell, Hon. William E. 
 Ryder, Miss Annie H. 
 Ryder, C. M. 
 Ryder, Miss Carrie E. 
 Ryder, Charles C. 
 Ryder, Charles F. 
 Ryder, Miss E. C. 
 
 299
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Ryder, E. T. 
 
 Ryder, Freeman. 
 
 Ryder, Dr. G. 
 
 Ryder, Dr. Godfrey. 
 
 Ryder, L. H. 
 
 Ryder, Mrs. Phebe N. (In 
 Memoriam, Capt. Col. God- 
 frey Ryder.) 
 
 Ryder, Mrs. Phebe N. 
 
 Ryder, Thomas F. 
 
 Ryder, Thomas S. 
 
 Ryther, Leon E. 
 
 Sage, Mrs. Russell. 
 
 Saint, Thomas E. 
 
 Salisbury, Kimball. 
 
 Salisbury, Hon. Stephen. 
 
 Sam Lee. 
 
 Sangu, Virginia. 
 
 Sargent, G. W. 
 
 Sargent, John Smith. 
 
 Saunders, Anna Jeanette. 
 
 Savage, Mrs. A. 
 
 Savage, James. 
 
 Savage, Lizzie K. 
 
 Sawsey, A. Loring. 
 
 Sayer, Paul. 
 
 Sayer, Sidney W. 
 
 Sayer, Susy Lombard. 
 
 Schauffler, William Gray, Jr. 
 
 Schauffler, Dr. William Gray. 
 
 Schauffler, Mrs. William Gray. 
 
 Schirmer, F. A. 
 
 Schmitt, Victor. 
 
 School, Center Grade No. 1. 
 
 " N0S.2&3. 
 
 School, Center Grade No. 5. 
 
 " No. 7. 
 School, East'n Grade No. 1. 
 
 " Nos. 2&3. 
 
 " No. 4. 
 
 " No. 6. 
 School, Grammar. 
 School, Primary No. 3. 
 Scitt, Charles B. 
 Scott, Miss Elisa L. (In 
 
 Memoriam.) 
 Scudder, Abbie Crocker. 
 Scudder, Frederick Freeman. 
 Scudder, P. W. 
 Searl, F. E. 
 Sears, A. P. 
 Sears, Abraham W. 
 Sears, Alden H. 
 Sears, Anna W. 
 Sears, Charles. 
 Sears, Charles E. 
 Sears, Mrs. Charles E. 
 Sears, David H^ 
 Sears, Delia F. (In Memo- 
 riam.) 
 Sears, Eben. 
 Sears, Edith H. 
 Sears, Mrs. Ellen F. 
 Sears, Emilie Snow. 
 Sears, Frank I. 
 Sears, Francis P. 
 Sears, Frazier Louis. 
 Sears, George O. 
 Sears, Harry E. 
 Sears, Mrs. Harry E. 
 Sears, Heman E. 
 
 300
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Sears, Henry H. 
 Sears, Mrs. Henry H. 
 Sears, Henry W. 
 Sears, Horace S. 
 Sears, Joseph H. 
 Sears, Joseph Hamlin. 
 Sears, J. Henry. 
 Sears, Mrs. J. Henry. 
 Sears, Isaiah C. 
 Sears, Mrs. Mary E. 
 Sears, May M. 
 Sears, Mrs. Minerva. 
 Sears, Miss Minnie E. 
 Sears, Myar E. 
 Sears, Nathan. 
 Sears, Mrs. Nathan. 
 Sears, Nathan C. 
 Sears, Nathan F. 
 Sears, Nathan Harold. 
 Sears, Parker. 
 Sears, Paul F. 
 Sears, Penlope. 
 Sears, Richard Harvey. 
 Sears, S. H. 
 Sears, S. K. 
 Sears, Samuel T. 
 Sears, Sarah H. 
 Sears, Mrs. Sarah P. 
 Sears, Sarah P. 
 Sears, Seth. 
 Sears, Seth. 
 
 Sears, Miss Susan Ella. 
 Sears, Mrs. Susan H. 
 Sears, Mrs. Susan H. 
 Sears, Thomas D. 
 Sears, Mrs. Thomas D. 
 20* 
 
 Sears, Willard T. 
 Seward, Mrs. William H. 
 Sharpe, Elizabeth M. 
 Sharpe, Mary A. 
 Shattuck, Carmi H. 
 Shattuck, Mrs. Emily S. 
 Shaw, H. P. 
 Shaw, J. O. 
 Sheldon, Mrs. F. L. 
 Sheldon, H. C. 
 Sheldon, Mrs. I. L. 
 Shepard, Faustina F. 
 Shepard, Harvey N. 
 Sherman, A. Frank, Jr. 
 Sherman, Andrew F. 
 Sherman, Charles E. 
 Sherman, Eleanor B. 
 Sherman, Florence L. 
 Sherman, Julia T. 
 ~ Sherman, Mrs. Maria E. 
 Sherman, Mrs. Roger. 
 Shirley, Senior School. 
 Shiverick, A. F. 
 Shiverick, David. 
 Shortle, Dr. Henry. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Shortle, Mrs. Henry. (In 
 
 Memoriam.) 
 Shuman, A. 
 Silva, A. F. 
 Silva, Antone L. 
 Silva, Frank. 
 Silva, J. L. 
 Silva, John D. 
 Silva, Joseph. 
 Silva, Joseph S. 
 
 301
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Silva, Manuel E. 
 Silva, Matthew S. 
 Silva, William H. 
 Silvery, William E. 
 Simmons, Harry E. 
 Simmons, William. 
 Simpkins, C. R. 
 Simpkins, John. 
 Simpkins, Hon. John. 
 Simpkins, Miss Mabel. 
 Simpson, Mrs. A. Elsie Keith 
 Simpson, Carrie E. 
 Simpson, Edna Eloise. 
 Simpson, Harry J. 
 Simpson, Harriet Frances, 
 Simpson, Harriet P. 
 Simpson, Isabelle W. 
 Simpson, Lewis Lombard. 
 Sinnott, Edmund W. 
 Sinnott, Henry A. 
 Skinner, Carrie G. 
 Skinner, Edwin M. 
 Skinner, Miss Elizabeth. 
 Skinner, Frank S. 
 Skinner, Miss Fredericka. 
 Slayback, John D. 
 Slyne, Miss Mary. 
 Small, A. G. 
 Small, Mrs. Adelaide L. 
 Small, Aylmer F. 
 Small, Carleton L. 
 Small, Mrs. Carrie W. 
 Small, Rev. Charles H. 
 Small, Mrs. Charles H. 
 Small, Daniel F. 
 Small, Daniel F. 
 
 Small, Mrs. D. F. 
 
 Small, David L. 
 
 Small, Edward E. 
 
 Small, D. Ellen Livermore. 
 
 Small, Miss Emma A. 
 
 Small, Frank A. 
 
 Small, Isabel McK. 
 
 Small, Isaac S. 
 
 Small, Isaiah A. 
 
 Small, Isaiah A. 
 
 Small, Mrs. Isaac S. 
 
 Small, L M. 
 
 Small, James A. 
 
 Small, J. Frank. 
 
 Small, Josiah F. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Small, Katherine A. 
 Small, Mrs. Lillian J. 
 Small, Miss Lillian M. 
 Small, Marion C. 
 Small, Mrs. Rebecca G. 
 Small, Reuben. 
 Small, Philip L/ 
 Small, Mrs. Reuben. 
 Small, Samuel. 
 Small, Stanley S. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Small, Thelma W. 
 Small, Thomas F. 
 Small, Walter H. 
 Small, Willard M. 
 Smalley, A. N. 
 Smith, Albert G. 
 Smith, Mrs. Albert O. 
 Smith, Albert Oliver. 
 Smith, Albert Pratt. 
 
 302
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Smith, Miss Alma F. 
 
 Smith, Heman S. 
 
 Smith, Alvin. 
 
 Smith, Rev. I. E. 
 
 Smith, Amasa. 
 
 Smith, Issac A. 
 
 Smith, Amasa. (In Memoriam.) 
 
 Smith, Isaac F. 
 
 Smith, Anthony R. 
 
 Smith, J. Arthur. 
 
 Smith, Anthony R. 
 
 Smith, Jabez N. 
 
 Smith, Amee L. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Jabez N. 
 
 Smith, Augustus W. 
 
 Smith, James T. 
 
 Smith, Rev. Charles. 
 
 Smith, Jerome C. 
 
 Smith, Mayor Charles A, 
 
 Smith, Jerome S. 
 
 Smith, Charles K. 
 
 Smith, John. 
 
 Smith, Chauncey. 
 
 Smith, John E. 
 
 Smith, C. Lothrop. 
 
 Smith, John E. 
 
 Smith, Colin. 
 
 Smith, John E. 
 
 Smith, D. A. 
 
 Smith, John H. 
 
 Smith, D. B. 
 
 Smith, John H. 
 
 Smith, Edward T. 
 
 Smith, John H. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. E. F. 
 
 Smith, Joseph C. (In Memo- 
 
 Smith, Eben S. 
 
 riam.) 
 
 Smith, Edward. 
 
 Smith, Lillian P. 
 
 Smith, Edwin W. 
 
 Smith, Miss Mabel M. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Eliza Cook. 
 
 Smith, Marion. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Elizabeth A. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Mary C. 
 
 Smith, Miss Ethel B. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Mary H. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Eva G. 
 
 Smith, Miss Mary L. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Fannie C. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Mary L. 
 
 Smith, Francis W. 
 
 Smith, Nancy W. Paine. 
 
 Smith, Frank P. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Nellie Bramer. 
 
 Smith, Freeman A. 
 
 Smith, Olive Nye. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Freeman A. 
 
 Smith, Philip R. 
 
 Smith, George A. 
 
 Smith, Raymond M. 
 
 Smith, George A. 
 
 Smith, Richard F. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Georgia L. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. S. C. 
 
 Smith, Harriet D. 
 
 Smith, S. Churchill. 
 
 Smith, Harriet E. 
 
 Smith, Seth. 
 
 Smith, Helen C. 
 
 Smith, Simeon C, Jr. 
 
 303
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Smith, Simeon C. 
 
 Smith, Simeon L. 
 
 Smith, Stafford B. 
 
 Smith, Stanley Webster. 
 
 Smitli, Thomas. 
 
 Smith, Thomas A. 
 
 Smith, Dr. Thomas B. 
 
 Smith, Thomas F. 
 
 Smith, Timothy. 
 
 Smith, W. D. 
 
 Smith, W. D. 
 
 Smith, Warren. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Smith, Mrs. Warren. 
 Smith, William O. 
 Smith, William M. 
 Smith, William M. 
 Smith, William Paine. 
 Smith, Dr. Winfred. 
 Smithers, D. Leroy. 
 Smithers, Miss V. B. 
 Snow, Aaron A. 
 Snow, Mrs. Addie C. 
 Snow, Anna C. 
 Snow, Mrs. Anna E. 
 Snow, Apphia. 
 Snow, Charles B., Jr. 
 Snow, Charles W. 
 Snow, Mrs. Charlotte M. 
 Snow, Chester. 
 Snow, E. Olin. 
 Snow, Mrs. E. Olin. 
 Snow, Mrs. Emeline. 
 Snow, Mrs. Francis U. 
 Snow, Frederic W. 
 Snow, Freeman E. 
 
 Snow, George A. L. 
 
 Snow, Mrs. George H. 
 
 Snow, George W. 
 
 Snow, Gertrude L. 
 
 Snow, Isaiah. 
 
 Snow, J. F. 
 
 Snow, James H. 
 
 Snow, John N. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Snow, Louis M. 
 Snow, Lucy. 
 Snow, Miss Lucy A. S. 
 Snow, Mrs. Lucy F. 
 Snow, Mabel A. 
 Snow, N. B. 
 Snow, Richard Sparrow. 
 Snow, Samuel. 
 Snow, Sergt. Ancient & Hon. 
 
 Artillery Co. 
 Society of Colonial Daughters 
 
 of the 17th Century. 
 Society of Colonial Wars of 111. 
 Soon Lee. 
 
 Soper, Mrs. Bessie C. 
 Soper, Robert C. 
 Soule, Hannah. 
 Soule, Mrs. Hannah. 
 Soule, Martha M. 
 Soule, Martha N. 
 Soule, Thomas H., Jr. 
 Sparks, George Q. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Sparks, Seriah H. 
 Sparks, T. W. 
 Sparks, Thomas W. 
 Sparrow, Benjamin C. 
 
 304
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Sparrow, Charles E. 
 Sparrow, Isaac P. 
 Sparrow, J. Anna. 
 Sparrow, J. William. 
 Sparrow, Mary E. 
 Sparrow, Mrs, Mary E. 
 Sparrow, Mary Otis. 
 Sparrow, Susan F. 
 Sparrow, W. C. 
 Spinney, Capt. Leslie A. 
 Spinney, Mrs. L. A. 
 Sprague, A. A. 
 Sprague, Mrs. A. A. 
 Sprague, Anna Osgood. 
 Sprague, Caleb G. 
 Sprague, Mrs. Caleb G. 
 Sprague, Francis W. 
 Stafford, George L. 
 Stafford, George L. 
 Stafford, H. H. 
 Standish, George W. 
 Standish, George W. 
 Standish, Mrs. George W. 
 Standish, Dr. Myles. 
 Stanford, Charles D. 
 Stanford, David C. 
 Stanford, Miss Gertrude. 
 Stanford, Mrs. Josiah. 
 Stanford, Mrs. Josiah Winslow. 
 Stedman, E. C. 
 Steele, Bradley. 
 Steele, Mrs. Bradley. 
 Sterling, Mrs. William B. 
 Stetson, W. N. 
 Stevens, Charles B. 
 Stevens, Charles O. 
 
 Stevens, Joseph. 
 
 Stimson, Mrs. Eusebia Craven. 
 
 St. John, R. 
 
 Stocker, David. 
 
 Stocker, Miss Mary E. 
 
 Stockwell, Charles P. 
 
 Stockwell, Miss Doris. 
 
 Stowell, Amelia E. 
 
 Stubbs, John W. 
 
 Studley, Harry G. 
 
 Studley, Matthew. 
 
 Stull, David C. 
 
 Sullivan, C. H. 
 
 Sumner, Enoch N. (In Memo- 
 
 riam.) 
 Sumner, Mrs. Sophronia D. 
 Swan, Robert T. 
 Swartwout, Edith Lillian. 
 Sweet, Charles W. 
 Sweet, Miss Lucy Carpenter. 
 Swett, John. 
 Smith, Amasa. 
 Swift, Mrs. Annie M. 
 Swift, Mrs. Anna M. 
 Swift, C. W. 
 Swift, Caroline M. 
 Swift, Charles F. 
 Swift, Charles F. 
 Swift, Charles W. 
 Swift, E. C. 
 Swift, Fred C. 
 Swift, Freeman R. 
 Swift, G. F. 
 Swift, Mrs. G. F. 
 Swift, Mrs. G. F. 
 Swift, Gustavus F. 
 
 305
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Swift, H. R. 
 
 Swift, James M. 
 
 Swift, Mrs, Josiah. 
 
 Swift, John N. 
 
 Swift, Mrs. John N. 
 
 Swift, Jolin T. 
 
 Swift, Josiah. 
 
 Swift, Miss Julia Gross. 
 
 Swift, Leonard N. 
 
 Swift, L. N. 
 
 Swift, Mrs. L. N. 
 
 Swift, Louise Freeman. 
 
 Swift, Mrs. Louise R. 
 
 Swift, Sarah A. 
 
 Swift, Theodore W. 
 
 Swift, T. W. 
 
 Swift, Mrs. Theodore W. 
 
 Sylvester, George. 
 
 Taber, Martha A. 
 Taft, Arthur R. 
 Taft, Edward A. 
 Talcott, Elizabeth. 
 Talcott, Mary K. 
 Talcott, Mrs. William A. 
 Talcott, Mrs. William A. 
 Tallmadge, Frederick S. 
 Tapley, Alice Louise. 
 Tarbox, Elizabeth Lord. 
 Tarrant, Capt. Richard G. 
 Tarvis, William. 
 Taylor, Amasa. 
 Taylor, Charles H. 
 Taylor, Charles H., Jr. 
 Taylor, Mrs. Edith H. 
 Taylor, Edward Winthrop. 
 
 Taylor, Edwin. 
 
 Taylor, Edwin F. 
 
 Taylor, Florence Josephine. 
 
 Taylor, George T. 
 
 Taylor, Mrs. Hannah. 
 
 Taylor, Hannah M. 
 
 Taylor, Herscy D. 
 
 Taylor, Miss Isabella. 
 
 Taylor, J. R. 
 
 Taylor, Mrs. Luther. 
 
 Taylor, Marion J. W. 
 
 Taylor, Marion Winthrop. 
 
 Taylor, Seth. 
 
 Taylor, Simeon. 
 
 Taylor, Thomas P. 
 
 Taylor, Capt. Thomas S. 
 
 Taylor, Mrs. Thomas S. 
 
 Taylor, Thomas W. 
 
 Teal, Gardner C, 
 
 Temple, Rev. W. H. G. 
 
 Terra, M. C. 
 
 Terry, George E. 
 
 Terry, John T, 
 
 Terry, John Taylor, Jr. 
 
 Terry, Rev. Roderick, D.D. 
 
 Thacher, Catherine. 
 
 Thacher, Edwin. 
 
 Thacher, Mrs. Fannie. 
 
 Thacher, Frank. 
 
 Thacher, Mrs. George T, 
 
 Thacher, G. R. 
 
 Thacher, Mrs. G. R. 
 
 Thacher, H. C. 
 
 Thacher, H. C. 
 
 Thacher, Mrs. Henry C. 
 
 Thacher, T. C. 
 
 306
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Thayer, Bayard. 
 Thayer, Mrs. Bayard. 
 Thayer, J. B. 
 Thompson, Adaline. 
 Thompson, A. C. 
 Thompson, Albert C. 
 Thompson, Miss Caroline H. 
 Thompson, Rev. George O. 
 Thompson, John G. 
 Thompson, John G. 
 Thompson, H. B. 
 Thompson, Mrs. Marcia A. 
 Thompson, Marcia N. 
 Thompson, Mr. Norman F. 
 Thorndike, Mrs. Cora N. 
 Thorndike, Miss Louise. 
 Thornton, Dr. M. Frances. 
 Thorndike, Augustus L. 
 Tilley, Ellis. 
 Tilley, Mrs. Ellis. 
 Tillinghast, C. B. 
 Tillson, E. H. 
 Tillson, Mrs. Martha A 
 Tobey, Frank Bassett. 
 Tobey, F. B. 
 Tobey, Frank H. 
 Tobey, Gerard C. 
 Tobey, Horace P. 
 Tobey, Joshua F. 
 Tobey, W. D. 
 True, Herbert Osgood. 
 Truman, Henry H. 
 Truro, Town of 
 Tubman, Etta A. 
 Tubman, Henriette. 
 Tubman, William H. 
 
 Tubman, William S. 
 Tuck, Mary L. 
 Tufts, Capt. Frank. 
 Tufts, Walter. 
 Turner, Abbie R. 
 Turner, Willard W. 
 Tuttle, Mrs. Edward A. 
 Tuttle, Mrs. William H. 
 
 Underwood, Miss Florence M. 
 Underwood, Mrs. Francis A. 
 Underwood, Miss Helen. 
 Underwood, Miss Mary. 
 Underwood, Mrs. P. L. 
 Upham, E. S. 
 
 Valentine, Josephine M. 
 Van Beuren, Mrs. L. A. 
 Van Dolah, James. 
 Varney, Mrs. Clarrissa C. 
 Verge, Miss Hannah. 
 Viles, Mrs. Anna Underwood. 
 Vining, Miss Floretta. 
 Vinton, Dr. Charles Harrod. 
 
 Wagner, Herman A. 
 Waite, Conrad W. 
 Wakeman, Mrs. Florence A. F. 
 Wallace, Mrs. Elizabeth B. 
 Walter, Sarah J. 
 Wanger, Irving P. 
 Ward, Rev. William I. 
 Warehaml, William M. 
 Warren, Dr. William F. 
 Warren, William Marshall. 
 Warren, Hon. Winslow. 
 
 307
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Washburn, William N. 
 Wasliburn, Mrs. William N. 
 Washington Elm Chapter, 
 
 D. A. R. 
 Waterhouse, Emeline Sutncy. 
 Waterliouse, Lucy Carlton. 
 Waterhouse, M. C. 
 Waterhouse, Moses Carlton. 
 Waterhouse, Moses Shepard. 
 Waterhouse, Richard Bourne. 
 Waterhouse, Sarah Kelley. 
 Waterhouse, Sarah Louise. 
 Waterman, Marcus. 
 Watson, Mrs. Clara L. 
 Watson, George W. 
 Watson, John M. 
 Watson, Lucy Carlile. 
 Weaver, Mrs. S. J. 
 Webb, Miss Bessie. 
 Weeks, Alphonso L. 
 Weeks, Edward O. 
 Weeks, W. B. P. 
 Welch, Mrs. C. C. 
 Welch, Lucy M. 
 Wellfleet, Town of. 
 Welling, Mrs. John C. 
 Welsh, Annie C. 
 Welsh, Beatrice M. 
 Welsh, Robert A. 
 Welsh, Walter. 
 Welsh, Walter, Jr. 
 Wells, Miss Mary E. 
 Wells, F. 
 Wesson, James L. 
 West, Anna L. 
 West, Mrs. Elizabeth. 
 
 West, E. D. 
 West, Joseph A. 
 West, Joseph A. 
 West, Newton P. 
 Wetmore, George P. 
 Whaite, Hazelle C. 
 Wheaton, Mrs. Charlotte F. 
 Wheeler, Adaline Emerson. 
 Wheeler, Mrs. David S. 
 Wheeler, H. H. 
 Wheeler, Hon. John W. 
 Wheeler, Marion S. 
 Wheldon, Chester H. 
 Wheldon, Mrs. Chester H. 
 Whelden, Miss Martha Lee. 
 Whitaker, George M. 
 Whitaker, Rev., Dr. 
 Whitcomb, Elsie Wads worth. 
 Whitcomb, Florence M. 
 Whitcomb, Joseph. 
 Whitcomb, Joseph Warren. 
 Whitcomb, Levenia C. 
 Whitcomb, Susan C. 
 White, Alfred T. 
 White, Mrs. B. Loring. 
 White, Henry G. 
 White, Joseph H. 
 White, Mrs. Joseph H. 
 White, Lydia Stevens. 
 White, M. A. 
 White, Miss Mary E. 
 White, Prentiss W. 
 Whitman, C. J. 
 Whitman, D. H. 
 Whitney, Isaiah. 
 Whitney, Isaiah. 
 
 308
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Whittlesey, Mrs. George D. 
 
 Whorf, Amos T. 
 
 Whorf, Benjamin L. 
 
 Whorf, Betsey K. 
 
 Whorf, Henry S. 
 
 Whorf, Isaiah A. 
 
 Whorf, Miss L. W. 
 
 Whorf, Stephen C. 
 
 Wilbar, Chester H. 
 
 Wilbar, Mrs. Chester H. 
 
 Wilbar, Leonard G. 
 
 Wilcox, Miss Carra E. 
 
 Wild, Miss Helen T. 
 
 Wilder, E. W. 
 
 Wiles, Alice B. 
 
 Wiles, Mrs. Mary Adelaide. 
 
 Wiley, D. F. 
 
 Wiley, Harriet R. 
 
 Williams, A. T. 
 
 Williams, Miss Cornelia B. 
 
 Williams, Eben P. 
 
 Williams, Fred E. 
 
 Williams, Hon. George Fred. 
 
 Williams, John D. 
 
 Williams, Mrs. Katherine 
 
 Breed. 
 Williams, Lawrence, Jr. 
 Williams, Myra Alden. 
 Williams, Nina S. 
 Williams, Samuel C. 
 Williams, Stephen T. 
 Williams, W. H. 
 Williams, Wheeler. 
 Williams, William. 
 Willis, Charles W. 
 Wilmarth, Mrs. Mary J. 
 
 Wilson, Charles J. 
 Wilson, G. H. 
 Wilson, Mr. Harry S. 
 Wilson, L. P. 
 Winan, Charles Deere. 
 Winan, D wight E. 
 Winan, Mrs. William Dwight. 
 Wing, Daniel. 
 Wing, Rebecca. 
 Wing, Hannah B. 
 Wing, Henry D. 
 Wing, Henry T. 
 Wing, William A. 
 Wing, William K. 
 Winslow, Bartlett B. 
 Winslow, Mrs. Bartlett B. 
 Winslow, Mr. Edward. 
 Winslow, Howard. 
 Winslow, Miss J. Amelia, 
 Winslow, John M. 
 Winslow, Olive C. 
 Winslow, S. W. 
 Winsor, Mrs. Louisa May. 
 Winsor, Miss Mary May. 
 Wippich, Henry A. 
 Wippich, Mrs. Henry A. 
 Wixon, J. R. 
 Wixon, Mrs. J. R. 
 Wixon, W. W. 
 Wood, Charles A. 
 Wood, John T. 
 Wood, Orlando. 
 Woodward, Dr. J. H. 
 Woodwell, Miss Lucy Eliza- 
 beth. 
 Woodworth, Herbert G. 
 
 309
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Worth, Mrs. J. E. 
 
 Worth, Jolm S. 
 Worthcn, E. P, 
 Worthcn, Edwin P. 
 VVyman, Betsy R. 
 Wyman, Charles C. 
 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 Young, 
 
 William N. 
 William N. 
 Mrs. William M. 
 William H. 
 Veta L. I. 
 Roland. 
 Mrs. Paron C. 
 Paron C. 
 Owen D. 
 INIiss Nellie. 
 M. F. 
 
 Young, M. Harry. 
 Young, Lawrence. 
 Young, Lauren. 
 Young, Isaiah C. 
 Young, Isaiah A. 
 Young, Isaiah 
 Young, H. H. 
 Young, Fred. 
 Young, Francis E. 
 Yoimg, Everett Irving. 
 Young, Mrs. Enos N. 
 Young, Enos N. 
 Young, David L. 
 Young, Mrs. Annie M. 
 Young, Mrs. Alice A. H. 
 Young, Agnes C. 
 Young, Mrs. Addie M. 
 Yarmouth, Town of. 
 
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