=-^m*: •' ^ •.■■-■: >■ i B E G I N N I NG, C O N T I N V A N C E, AND DEC A Y^ O F ESTATES: Vt^>ercin are handkdjnany mtahle QueUmi ct^ncer* ningthetjiahlifhmntofBnfms and Moiwxhles, Written in French by R. de Lufmg^ L. oiAlymsi and tranflatcd into Englifh by /. F, LONDON, Printed ior hhn BiU, 1 60^, €♦'.■■■ ■ ^%V.*i] ^— v*i»j'^ '<^"^v tf •-0 iyo - To The Most Reverend Father in (joci^ R i c h a p d^ Lord ArchbiQiop of Canterbury his Grace, Primate and Mctropolitane of all jing\ar\d^a9jdone cf his Maiefitcs molt Honorable Priuic Coiincell, &c, ^"' OB reuerend Father^ it f leafed ^^ your Graces right woorthy f re- deceffor , to vouchfAfe my vn- woorthy letters fent him in my trauatles , a graciom accep- tance. ThegreateH trouble they put him to^ was to perufe them ; (o were the proof es he gaue of his vert ue J andthefgnesof his loue tOTpdrdsme^ the onely end And vfeleuerhAdormcideofthem, Tour Grace hath hadthe happines^ with the merits tojucceedhimin his dignities: his vertues were already yours in proprieties Of his loue I may fay^ as of your Graces , that 1 then did^ as I now doe , rather defire to defer ue it, then deferuingit^ defire to mnke hold vfe of it, Loue that defends onvs from men ofvertueandemi- nencie^ is itfelfe both hope and reward^ hire and paiment. That tO'boote which we call doing good j or a benefit^ as it is A 2 an 663761 TheHpistleDedicatory. an ejfcSl thxt true lone matchedrfith aoility ^ wi/leuen (Iriue tofrodiicc^ fo Uttthenmoji welcome when if comethjoonvr imp a: ted then expe^ed. With this free dome ofminde , an i dntieofrejpect ^ I prefenttoyour Grace this new apparelled dtfcourfe: It hath alreadte put on the habtt of three feueraW^ Iwgunges^ and if my iudgement erre not^ our Englifh fajhion wiUnottllhecomett. I met with tt in my wahdnngs , and brought tt along with me^ with an intent^ for my priuate ex- eici/e of that tongue Jt first Jpake in^ to tranflate it : that per- formed^ my determination to recommend it to your Graces patronage^ fell to he at this late danger $us time , when the di- uell ( arch-enemie oftrueth) and his execrable mint-fiersheld their generall counfaile how they might make but one fire- worke of our whole eHate : but the confideration of your Gra^ cesmafiiufi employments in fo weightier a hufmejfe ^ with- held me with a reuerendfeare of their difiurbance , till / weighed that eiienthis (ubieBs handling m^ght perhaps doe goodtofome bad that had ahead ^ if not a hand (for fo great a clock could notftrike without manyy^heeles) info damnable d proieli if nee if they will needs out-firip former ages ^ orfor^ reine countries in fir ange plots of ruining kingdomes andco* mon- wealths ^they may by this difcourfe be draw en to pra6lift them njpon the common enemie ofchriftendome^ and not %>ponvs that acknowledge with them onelefus ^ one Bible ^ $ne Baptifme. Tour Grace feeth the reafons andfcope ofthefe my well intended cndeuours^whichfubie6} their allowance or difallowance to your Graces mofi graue cenfure^/o doth my vnworthy feruici withmyfelfe ^toyour much deftred im- ployment^ €s Your Graces moftferuiccably dcuotcd, I O H N F LN fi T, The Efiflle T>edkatorie of the Author to the Duke of SatiGy* F all we admire in thefe times there IS nothing comparable to- the for- tune of the Ottomans , and the in- ct-ealeofrhcirgreatneire 5 if weex- amine their beginning and meanes, for they are by nation Tartar'tans^ fprung from the mofl bafc and re- mote parts of eX&,in former times as vnknowcn as vnvvorthy : If we confidcr their conditions j they bewray no feeling of cinili- ty or curreiie : If we regard the parts of their mindcjwhere fhall we fee ought more rude , and rough hewen then the . fpirit ofthat people C* What haue becne the fouldiours they haue had thronghvvhofe valor they haue adiiantaged themfeluesby To many memorable vic/iories c' No better then llaues haled in their infancy from the breads and laps of their mothers, children of tnbure tythed eueryyeere from amongft the miferablc Chriftians oner whom they command sa^A domincere. Yet we lee that with thefe fee- ble meanes they haue , in IclTe then !5^|[uiumdred yeeres. conquered Ajla as far as Ttgn's , an f^l^ftillU idcW^i ]IFeof'P^/v7,^, port'ell thcmlelues oi^A^^ypt, Numidia, and all the red fca. More,haaing atchieuedthefegloriouscoqueds they haue beenefecne to march, as they lay, with colours flying tho^ row Europe; to ouerrun large countries , feaze themiclues b of Tl?e El^iftle Dedicatory of the Author of kingdomes and mod puilTant Ellatcs, finally to become Monarches of Greece, and to hauccaried thcEmpireof Conftancinople, whole neighbours hau c not bene exempt from the hauocke of their forces, fomany armies ouer- throwen, fo many Princes ruined , fo many rich cities and towncs fackt and rafed. Their power, ouerflowing in hap- pinelle , is at this day the fcourge of the Eaft and the terror of the Weft: In fum, they are feareful to the whole world. But the greater is theaftonifhmentjwhen weconfider,thac naked andvnarmed, they haue marched vi6lorious ouer the bclhes of the moft warlicke nations vnder the heauens, the beft prouided of forces and all munition neceffary for the wars, that fuch a people as they vnskillcd in nauigation fliould become mafters almoftofallthcfcas. Many haue gone about to fearchout thecaufeofthis thriuing great- nefle, and I amongft others haue for my part with no fmall diligence perufed fuch authors as haue written their hifto- ry 5 but when I haue narrowly fifted all they haue faid of that matter, I finde not this my honcft appetite and curio- fityasl would contented j rather as one ill fatisfied with the diuerfity and negligence of their Hirtoriographers,aII of them nothing ncere approchingthe courfeand know- ledge of the firil andelTentiallcaufe ofthistheirfo raifed fortunes,! haue fought to pleafc my lelfe with fetting down as I haue, the manyafts and obferuations I haue thereof collefted , and which well deferue to be publiflied : not that I fo far ifbrget my fclfc as to thinke my felfe able to flie a higher pitch then others whom I much honour ande- fteeme ; but bccaufe I haue taken cleane an other way ^with this hope neuerthelclTcthat liucly rcprefenting and diftm- guifhing by order as I doe , the eftablifhment of this Mo- narchy ( anfwerable to what may be vndcrftoode there- of) the apparenccandtruthofmydifcourfewilfomwhat inlightenthisfubieft&affoordme an honeft excufevp- onthc dcfcfts which maybe difcouered in my opinion. The argument then of this book confiftcth of three points, whcreunto to the Duke ofSauoy. whercunto the order of the whole difcourfe hath refe- rence : In the firft place I fummarily handle the meancs they hauepraftifcd for their aduancemcnt and greatneflej fccondly with what cunning and deceit they naaintaiiie what they haue gotten : and laftly how we may be able to aflailethem, and turne the chance of their viftoriesand powers. Thismytraiiaile (molt mighty Prince ) taketh his flight ftraight to your Highneffe to range it felle vndcr thefhelter of your prote6lion, armed with the allowable opinion, that your Aighneflc as a generous Prince cannot but take cfpeciail pleaiure to heare, fee > & waigh fuch fpe- culations. To fay the truth, the ordinary difcourfcsof yourHighnelTe table are no other but fundry queftions, which it pleafeih your Highnefle vfually to propound to all thofe noble fpirits that attend you jbutaboue all, when any enc awaketh matter cocerning either Eftate affaires jOr the atchieucment of deedes of armes ; then is the time your Highneffe lendeth an attentiue eare to fuch as dilcourfc thereof,and to all mens admiration rcfolueth the rnoft dif- ficult points of the matter in handling, wherein you difco- uera iudgmentfo farbeyonde the vulgar and furpafling your age, as we cannot but confede that the propofitions you make are fo many proofes and refolutions which you deliuer, andpleale to draw from out the capacity of your feruants. Which confidering often v^ith my felfe, I finde forthwith allaiedin me the heat of the intention I had to dedicate this my booke to your Highncflbjbut at the fame inftant finding reprefented before mine eies 5 the excellen- cy ofyouriudgment, together with your noble and gentle difpofition, which knowcth how to accommodate your greatneffe to the honeft defignes of your fubieils , fuch efpcciallyas reuercnceyou hke me , feare immediatly va- nifhethandmy defire gathercth ftrength, with aflurancc that you wil be fo gratious,as,though 1 be ttie leall of your feruants, you will notfpare toentertaine and honour this my little labour with your [iudgment ; praftifing vpon mc b 2 what TJ}e Epiflle Dedicatory of the Author ^((^h what the Snnne (commonfather of generation) doth on the earth, befto wing his beames indifferently as well vpon the low plants as high trees. It may pleafcyourhighneilc then to vouchfafc to rcceiue this treatile with the like cou* tenance asyou wouldoiight elfe Specially labored, in i- mitationofihediuineMaielty ( only /^^•^of allperfefti- on ) which as well excepteth the offering of the poorc widow , as the prefents of great Princes. Againe, it may pleafe your highnes not to thinke amifle fo farforch to pro- te6t the whole dilcourfe, thatitmay, fupportedby your authority, palfe with that credit as I wifh among men , and rcmaine free from the many cenfures of fuch as take no o- ther delight then in reprehending other mens inuentions. Thisallurance will make me life my head higher then o- therwife I would, for two caufes : The one for the honour and particular contentment 1 (hall receiue hauing per- formed ought plcafing to your HighnelTe, t he other fortheteftimony 1 (hall heereby haueof the participation of your fauour beyond my merit and expefiiation ; for which I offer vp my felfe. nottodicvngrate- full 5 as lour ^i^hnejje mojl humhle Subied and vafTall, RidcLvsiNOo ^^^ To the Reader. I^TS^^bb P ^J^-G "^ He tporld hdd neucf more Bdokes ^ ~ — — — "™~ ^ Bookjs netiCY lefe xvoorthy matter: learned, vnlearned^ Allxvillbervritingy and ofxhefe the moU ajfeEiing theglo- ' riom names 0f Atithors^ become the ^authors of their inglorious names. Procapmledoris h.ibentrua£aulibclli, ^ The Readers skilly M:ikes Bookes thriue well or ill. B fit the true life cfa rp^rJ^^ and found difcretiou •f thetvri* ter ^a^pe ere not more in the vpcll handlings then wife choice ef A fubieEi. I k^ow dmers courfes may tneete voith one endy as many waies leade to one citie , fo may one theame entertaine s i^orld of imtcntions 5 but of thcfe (lihethe fame meate feruedin infeuerallfajhions )_ feme few onely Jhall carry the true pleafing reliffo and temper ) the refi (04 hnotsin^ames ) fiandratherfor ornaments or ftourifhing dtfffre?7ces^ thenmattersregardable or ofconfecjuence : well may the will or appetite for a time tra»Jport t/i", but reafon asfouerai^ne mtifl in the end controle and checks vs. In the compaffe of my obferuattms^ I hauefeene difcourfes and files , otherwife hollow and vn found ,f^ay euen the bejl iudgements^ not alone to allowance ^but imitation.H^hether this veere the infeSion of ianorance ^ that feaftng the moTt might fpreadtothe befl 5 or the tyranme of faJhioK,which mptfl , horv^ faeuer monflrom ^ ( tfour felues wtllnotfe^memonflroui) be follow ed, 1 know not : one thing J am fur e ofi ttmehath difcoue^ red t heir weakneffe , and trueth his concealed daughter is come to lights when fuch light owles Hue (or tojaj better) diecon^ '^ fined ^ 7o the ^ader. fined U peypetUsB obfcnritie. This rvorke feemcs to haue paffed thepik^s offuch da»jrers\ if hathforafufficient time vitdcrgont the view andcenfHreofthe bcfl dtfcerning nations of Europe : it hath beene taught to ^eak; both their and the old RomMn lan^ giiAge : tf England fhonldmt now affoordit kjndentertainmefit, Ifhonld thinks i^ ^» ^^ error (mt to fay ofiHdgement)ofcHflom, ^ being not jet cleere of the imputation it carries of harfhnfffe towards enen xvoorthjflrangers j bnt fifice Ifinde (as doe them- fehtesthat fHffer)that this dtfconrteofcs fanlt is laid vpon the common fort, and the contrary extolled in the qentrie ^' per font of more eminent qttaltty, Vi lia mireru r vulgus \lVe will appeale from their ignorance ^to the more generoiu and better breddc vn- de>^J}andings. And to atvakethefe^ let me tell them, thejjball findf it 4 dtfconrfe not faint or languifhing^ btitfach a& h\^ a wel hreathedrnnner, gathers more fir ength towards the end of the T*ice then was bewraiedin the beginning, Norv to others which Jhai perhaps obieEljhat thefcope hereof lymg out of our diflance, a^k^th as fmall heede^as it fmallj concerneth vs 5 lanfwere^that then the gout or gangrene is not to be regarded be caufe the great toe onelj hath tt. Time andfnne may one day (which Godturne from vs)mak£ vs morcfenftble^ and thisfubteUs debating mars ntce^Ar^i fuch jls tt now is^ or may prooue (Reader) Ihecreex-- fofeittothy view and cen fur e. I l^ow feme acquainted with me andmj courfes, willexpeSl rather matter of mine owne, then ^- thcrs tnuention. They haue reafon in this, howfoeuer 1 haue abi- htie : hut Icannot jet forget an honefi learned Phjjtctan I once ebfer^d, i9ho(it feemes )to fpare others fo fpent hts ownefpirits in t he perfonaU pra^i/i ofhts medtcinallconclufons, as hu bodie jetfuffers the iniwies offuchfelfe-offeredviolence, lam not fo charitable ; neither hold I him the vnwifefi , that ont of others triallframeth his owne confrmmg. It is time that begets iudge- went and affurance . Ani to this purpofe I willclofe with a faying ofthateuer mojl reuerenced Mafler of moralitie Seneca, Non ignaro etiam quae infpccicm laborant, dignitatem dico &eIoqucntiaj famam, &quicquidadalienumruiFragiuni venit^ mora conualcicere. '•,..: rv. «,a*<^\ ■ ^ 1. F. The Table of the Qhapters of thefirH ^ooke. THc Turkc hath applied his thoughts wholly to the warrcs. Chap. I. He hath alwaics fought to make offenGue war. Chap. x. He hath made no account of fortrefles. Chap. 3. x-ic hath trained vp his fouldiours to valour and hardincfle. Chap. 4. He hath maintained his fouldiours m military difciphnc. Chap.f . He hath ni ade no reckning of other forces then his owne. Chap. 6^ He hath to power ioyned cnnning and deceit. Chap. 7, He hath beene alwaies fcnied in his warrc by good and valiant Cap* taines. Chap. 8. He hath made no skip in his cnterprifes. Chap. 9. Hehath not fpent time vpon enterprifcs of fmall importance. Chap. 10. Hehathlaidc hold on occafion. Chap, i r. Hehath bchaued himfelfc with nimblcneffe and celerity vpon his occafions. Chap. i». He hath gone himfelfc inpcrfon to thewarre. Chap. 13. He hath cuermore gone well appointed to the wars. Chap. 14. He hath ncuer fougnt out of feafon. Chap, i y. He hath neuer diuided his forces. Chap. i^. He hath not long held warrc with one alone. Chap. 1 7^ ThcTable oft he Chapters of th€ Second Booke. ■ OF religion. Chap.i. Of the dired dependency oftheTurktsfuLicfts vpon their fo* ueraigne. Chap.». How he hath depriuedhis fubieds offtrerigth. Chap. 3. The caufcs that may moue a people to fury. Chap. 4. The common remedy apphcd by thcTurke againft the force and fiiry of the people. Chap, f , How the Turkecurbcth the power of the great men of his Eftatc. Chap.^. Hcvf 77;^ Table. Hovf he confoundcth the prai^ifcs of forrainc Princes his neigh- bours. Chap. 7. Th Table of the Chapters of the Third Booke. THc caufes of the fall and mine of Eftates. Chap. r. From what conicdurcs the continuance of Eftates may be ga- thered. Chap. 2. That the Monarchy of the Tuike is comprehended vvithin the num- ber of great Eflates. Chap, 3. Whether the Empire of the Turkes draw towards an end. Chap. 4* By what kmde of caufes the Empire of the Tuike mi^ht moftealiiy faile. \. Chap. ^. That it 1$ not an impofTiblc thing for ihe Chriftians with open force to vanquiili the Turke. Chap. 5. Why the leagues amongft Chi ilhan Princes are commonly ofimall cfted:. Chap. 7. The dcfcdis which may be obferucd in the Icngucs of the yccrcs 1537. and 157 1. Chap.8. A league which maybe treated without danger of the former de- hdis. Chap. 9. W^hcrein confiftcth the grcateft forces of the Turke. Chap, t o. Where the Turke mi^^ht be moil ealily afuiltd to oucrcome him, ei- ther by lea or by land. Cliap. 1 1 . Ofthemward caufes whereby the Empire of the Turke may come torume. Chap. 12. Ofthcmixtcaiifcs. Cli.ip. 13. How particular pcrxons m:iy be^gaincd. Chnp. 14, How the people of the Tuike may be wrought from his obedience^ Chap. 15. CONSIDERATIONS VPON THE GREAT- nejfe of the Turkjfh ♦ . --• , ; Empire. ''^'' wherein are handled the manner how it is become fo great y the meanes whereby it is maintained, and how it would he eajie to bring /> to ruinc. 1 Thefumme efthis difconrfe. % The dm/tors thereof into 5 . prwcipall parts » 3 The arg i^ment of the f) rfi bool^. 4 Steps to the Turkilh great nejfe; S^ O O <5 O O O O Q^^ Trft : My purpofc is to ex- amine in this crcatiie how the Empire of the Turkcis growiis CO chat height and V-, catneik'. x: Andihelci- ;er to eftrcl it 1 willdit'^de the whole difconrie inio ih^ee pnncipaMp rts. H^e ^rlt/^^'hac vv^iv he hath takn ( at Caii e ro ri?c ro^- of ^\^Jc: a raifcd j^-amtHe:t> hi^now is. The ^coond , with what meanes and a-re^:* b*hacc;h andmainume;h himi'clfcchcfcin; and rirjaiiy 1 Willc:c;dare A huv/. % Tfoe mcanes to hecorne how the pride of this Tyrant may be abated j his grcafncifre diminifhcd, and his Empire ruined. ; : The lubk£i thcfi of the firft booke fliall be to c vaniinc w haMiaue bcejie hiscourfesinhisconqncfts ; and chough rhcy haiiebeene wirhciK any order, reafon or faith ; yet M-iIlir be no hard n^atttr to difcerne , by the liicceile of fuch counfalks as ho haihpurin p.ra6lifeinhis m9(l difFciilr en/.cpiHcs, the gd^od'tfoM t?ie bad , andalfo to Separate jnthccouife of His'a*.^ioas]alj.wh.1cr3eiier hath beenc profitable •, from ; iv'hat;6a:bb]fien5-hiKrfullaad ill vndertaken ; heerinimi- ' tating'the Bee which from bitter hcrbes liicks moil fvveetc hony. Thefeare in my opinion the fteps and de/Tignes he hath followed to attainc to his greatneflV^wherby asby degrees he hath built his ftrange fortune which makes vs at chisday fomuch to fcarchim. 1 Fii ll he hath applied himfelfe wholy to the wars. 2 His war hath beene alwaiesoffenfiue. 3 He hath made (lender account of fortrefl'es* 4 He hath fafliioned his wifdome to valour afid hard' ncfle. ^ • 5 He hath maintained his great andmighty armies in military difcipline and policy. « 6 He hath made no reckoning of other forces then of his owne. 7 He hath to power ipyned cunning and^detrcipt* 8 He hath beene ferued by excellenr Ca'ptaines. p He hath not made any skip in his enterpfifes. 10 Hehath notfpent timevpon matters of Jmallimpor- tance. 11 He hath laid hold on occafions. 12 He hath fpecdily put in execution his defHgnes. 13 He hath gone in perfon to the war. 14 Well appointed, 15 Inafitieafon. 16 He hath not diuided his forces, J 7 He hath not long continued war with onealons. That great in EJlates. Chap, I. That he hath applied his thoughts wholly to the wars. 1 Bookes held by the Gothes a let to armes. 2 Qhftrles the 8. his expedition to Naples. 5 Chrtfiiajis held v^ fit fir xi^ars^ becdufefo intent tcfindie* 4 The Turl*es who II j addiBed to the wars. 5 The Romans mojl martial/, 6 Barbarom nations moFt Trarltk^ ttnd prompt in their at-* tempts. 7 The Tnrkt dejpifers ofLiberallarts. 8 They inuade Itdj. p Their military vertt'tes. I o whether liberallartes di fable thehrfoHor^ers for the r^atSm I I The vfe ofHifiory and the A fat hematites, 1 1 Let ters and armes fitly marie d together, 1 3 Learning andvaloHrneceJfarj^in a Commander ^ obedience in a Sotildier. T the time that the Gothes made a moftfeafehillfacke of Greece, and as a violent ftreame cuerflowedher fruitfull plaines^ranfackingher many cities and rich townes ; amongll o-' ther fpoiies there fel into their hands a great number of bookes of all forts of profefsionsj wherewith not knowing whattodoe^, as vnprofitabieftaffej they would haue burnt them, if one amongft the reft had not oppofed himfdfe : who ftepping foorth cried out; it was rcqiitfitcthey fliould carefully p. e- ferue them, and leauc (quoth he) this poii'on amongft the Grecians, iince in time they will be^eaue them ofall mar- tiall courage, as ordinarily they do all fuch as apply them- feluestoo much to the like learning and knowledge, ma-^ A 2 king 4 The meanes to hecme king them become tender, effeminate, and altogether vn- fie forthcvfeofarmes 5 lb asfaih'ngof courage they will prooue more eafily the pray of our tbramate conqneft. 1494, 2 When Charles the eight of France with fo fmal an army Cmcfuri. u.i, made his way thorough Italy , and that without viifheath- ing his fword or couching his lance , he became mailer of the kingdome of Naples, and of the greacer part of fho- feany 5 the French Nobihtiereniomiig aaiong^thcmldues whence fuch a bafecoward'intlTe, a^ rhcy hadtounde a- mongll the Italians, fhouid proceed , imputed the c^uic thereoftotheftudieof learnuig, as chat which ioftcncth the courage, and is not fit for ought but to make a man fearcfull, vnapt, and of a wcake rciblution for the wars. 3 HeerctoforcandatthisdayjthcTuikeshaue anddoe cfteemetheChriftians of Uttle valour in martiallaffaires, becauf ofthevaiietie of Arts whereunro theyvfuallyad- difilthemfelues-, and though a man be fo fmally durable as he cannot attaine to perfe6lion in diuers icicnces,nor fo inablehimftlletothe attention of fundry matters as hee may game the mallery for which he Itriueth; yet all men, will bufietbemfelues about knowledge, and intermeddle with all Arts and pra6lifes,not heeding thatinftead of for- warding themfelues, they recoile from that perfeft know- ledge which is rcquifite for them, and fo remaine vnfur- niflied, or but weakcly grounded in oneonely profef] on. 4 Onthecontrarie^theTurkesfalhion their whole dcC. ^gnestothe war, and bend all their thoughts anditudies to the exercife of armes, reie6lingall other courlcs^and pleafingthemfeluesonely inwhatmay Itandthcm in rtead for that profelfion. 5 Ihere is nothing more true (and wefindeirinh;fto- rics) then that the Romanes were moll excellent Souldi- crs , but cfpecJally before they opened their gates to Arts, and Sciences preli^nred them by the Greeks, and chat they gauethcmielues ouer to thcpleafuresof the Eaft Thea were they at the bell for truecariage of marfhail affaires when their Confulsfcorncd not to hold the plough ; when , Phylicians^ great In BJlatcs. 5 Phy ficians , Surgeons^ & men of fuch like profcflfion were in no credit amongft them. And to fay :he truth, we hndc that itafcerw^ird they didatchieueany worthy enrcrprife^it was not by meanes of any valour which was remaining with them, bntby the reputation (Scrtrength they had formerly , gotten. For proofc hcercot we may plamly percciue that as foone as they had giuen entertaincmentto forrainefci- ences, made tender by ftudyjthey receiucd notable and dis- honorable oucrthrowes , as well at the hands of /»^//rrA<*, Jl theygiuc(asaman may fay) the law to th$ mightieft Princes that fecke their allilbiice. 7 Now the Turks abouc all nations haue cuer pro fed to follow this courfe of life ib barbarous and rude ^ -and euen at this day they contcmne all knowledge and profe/lion of whatfocuerarte, be it neuer fo noble or indu-iinous 5 a- moog the reil they abhor painting and ingraning , neiiher make they any account of architedure ; and in very deede wcfeethatthey haue euer held it an efpeciall offence to- wards Godj to ingraue orlpaint him. As for learjiing they recken it as meere fookty :Tn a word, there are none a- mongft themfo ilenderly eftecmed as men ldarnc4 and feeneinany kindc of knowledge. In their garmeni:s they affeftnot ftuffes wrought, imbroidered orcurioully cut and falhioned, but fuchas are whole and lalbng5 Uces, fringes and other ornameiits are by them rciefted : , beaten andmaflie gold.is only >n requell amongilthem. In the wars they fecke rather to appeere fearce and terrible ,' then gallantly fet forth and apparelled: their whole delight is fet vpon war and armes)inlomuch as it is hard to finde any one ^ of them who will not manifeiit by his fafijioii of liuing^that he is rather, borne for the wars, then oijghtelfe : fbaswhen therej5^an5r;Iei3ying ofSouldiours, fuch asareleftat home hold. x)ij^mjelue$ highly iniu red ;. fo honorably doc they crteei*ne,of thelifepf a.fouldier. Whence it proceedethj that they are fo feared vx all their attempts , either for be- feeging,battering,QX forcing offfflaces ofgreateft ftrengthj forskirmiQiingpfn.rp^^pronhorfcbacke, in fetbatcailes byfea or by lafid, or for fortifying and defending. 8 Whereof they gaue; furficient proofe when hauing 1 4S o. gotten Oai^ncp they valiantly made it, good againlt the forces of allltaly- j^ueri t^lche.deach'of their mafter ALi^ 148s. hornet the zU^*^iwg:b?hiiide thcpa., trenches,, bulwarkes,; ramparts great in Fjlates. j ramparts and all otherforts of fortifications, fo well con- triued and difpofed, as they haue feriied fince for patterns and models to our Commanders of Chrirtendome. 9 Suchis their laborious vereuc in thewars 3 as there is no place fo llrong, or enrerprifefo difficult which will not proouecafieat thecnforcingoftheirpowcrs. - 1 Returning now to that 1 faid d6\ie:erning knbwlcdg^: Iexpe6t thatJomc onefliould fay : AndwhatTpraie, is learning a let to military vertue, or ameanestohindera man from becomming-a pcrfe(St fonldfer c* lurely no ; ] 'iim of a contrary opinion, and Iground itiflpart Vpon the experience, of fuch Captaines as I willheeie reckon. Alexander i\\Q.gxe3X2ini C^^y&r^ho were of the principall moftadueilturous, and politicke Mailers ofthc wars were modcxcellcntly feenefn aUforAdfi:nowledge 5 for my ownc part I hold itvery difficult for atiy without the aide otHiltorieortheMathematiques, todeifcruethenameof agreat Captaineand fageconduftor of armies:" -1 1 Since Hiltorie by the variety of examples both of goad and badfuccertefarniflicth a man with hcedftilneffe and diicretion,with ref^la.f iort^nd ^duice m all occurrentsi and makcshim more bonfiderotein what he vndertaketh 5 likeasthe Mathcmatikes refine hisknlowkdge and iudgc- ment, aswellmehgincs of waras in fortifying. 12 • In canclallbnjit is not to be deWifed-but that learning is moft proper to; mould ^id p^rfe^Jy^£^ftton a heai^r iwd courage borne and difpofcd to^meS'l f<3r^this catlfe they would iii oldtime5'thatP«i&ti;apmefdOic>uM fignifievnto TS the marrying of ktters with armes. Now to come againc to the Turkes ri ; denelfel, we (hall finde(cxamming fome of thcirPrinccs Ltbaf.lpp?ew^iinitift be abated** {^tVs ton- fide^ what wefe^/fe^'^/w^nhei. and Sehmeindi Soliman his fonnes ( the moft vallantPrinces'of the race of the Ottcn m-'ins ) and we flfall fee that they delighted in reading Hi- ftories,andinftudying thie Mathematikes: fo as though nature difpofe a man to hardineffe and magnaninritie, it « furethacifhebewholy vnfurqifliedofartesand learning, he. 5 Theme'ams to become he will be of a difpofuion doubtfull, vnalTarcd, vnrefolucd and without any true ftomacke or valour 5 parts efpcCially required in a Souldier . This hath beene feene in thoJc of the Ottomansv^hich wanted the vertues of the three aboue named? and amongll others 5^u<. and Levies the 13. poffefthimfelfeof theeitate oiMtlan : by the like occafionalfo the Empire 1516, ofthe^4w^/«^i^/fubieftcdtheirneck€stotheyoakeof*y^-. //wthefir.ft. 5 But of all this we may colleft a more fure proofe of my propofition then when the enemy is atour doores, and that the aftoniflimentfurprifeth vs, ouerthroweth and con- foundcthal! counfailc and courage 5 atfuchatimevnex- peoled diforders hem vs in on euery fide 5 necefTitie preffethvsj all things become fufpe£led and difficult, fo asmoft commonly we know not to what Saint to recom- mend vs; norwhatcourfewerebefttobetakens forfince wc muft haue an eie, mifdoubt; make prouifions in fundry places. great in Eflates. \i places, bcftowc garrifons where moft need rcquircth j wc fliallfindechat applying remedies on the one fide our af- faires will grow defpcrate on the other. Moreouer by di- ftributing garrifons in this fore, it muft needs follow that we fo much the more weaken the body of our armie, and that through thisconftraintwe quit the field to the mofe ftrong 5 which difaduantage commonly drawes with it the ruine of our whole eftate. ' If contrariwife we will preferue all our forces in one bo- die,weIeauetotheaflailermanypall'agesand placjes where he may fet downe and fortifie himlelfc there to hold vs play and traine vs on at his pleafurc j but if it (hould fo hap- pen that the aflailer were cncountred by him which atten- deth with equall force, with as braue a countenance, and like courage , the retraift and defence reft at his cleftion, fohebeaCaptainewifcjandaduifed, fuchaswas Soljman when he marched into Hungaric , and when the Empe- rour Charles \k\Q y. wentcouragioully to meet him. 6 And bccaufe the Difajirow chance ofwarmayfome- times light vpon the aflailer be he neuer fo waric and vali- ant; itis to be prefuppofed( that being granted) that he will fell his skin at (o deare a rate , as the forces of the affai- led /hall remaine thereby (b difordred, as he will not be able to offend the vanquiflicd , or difturbe his affaires, notwithftanding that his countrey be farre diftant from the conntrey afliailed ; this may be feene by the example of the ouerthrow the French receiued, and the taking of their King prifoner before Paujc infomuch as that lofle (be-. 15^4* fides that of their Prince) did not afford ought to the viftorious whereby he might aduantage himfelfe vpon thekingdome of France. Alfo it is much more eafietofec a foote againe an armie difcom fited , abroad then at home> becaufeiffortunehaue (hewed herielfeaduerleand our foe at our home,then is the time that fuch as are malecontents and mutinous lift vp their heades, and that our people ftand amazed and for the moft part vntraftable. Then muft we trauaileamainc to put our men in hart , then muft B 2 we r 2 TIpe meanes to hecome we make much of thofe few good men , the remaities of a battell tobcftowein ourTowncs and truft them with the goucrnment thereof. On the other fide if thefelo0es be- tide vs far from our home and in another country^the fearc and the ftonifliment will be the leile amonglt our fubiefts, and they more pliable and forward to fuccour vs , were \i but to kcepe the danger aloofc from themfelues. MacJijputJih. j jy^^ thinkes MachiAU€lm\\c\\. abuleth himfelfe when he *'^*^** fo opiniatiuely mainteineth, that if the Romans hadrecei- ued out of Italy the blowes Hcxnmhd gaue them by the o- Ut*fj« fiuiT ©fuerthrow of* three armies, that they had neuer beeneable S^miU^^^^ haue held vp their head or re-eftablifhed their /Zrfi/je^ At //;« affaires as they did : yl/^^^w^^/laieth this ground ; That U\^ of Thrafi^ they had neuer found meanes againe to fet a foote fo foone rttemii xoherc as thcy did the tefidue of their forccs , haditbeeneoutof •imoir II ^^'^'^- ^^^^^^ ^ P^^^*^ ^^"^ ^^ ^^^^* ' f^^ ^^ is ^^'^'J knowen J^clml/wTere thatthe'oucrthrowes they had in their owne country made rtfr#m;«fFtim themlofc, bcfides theirfouldiours , many good townes, and L.VaHius and bred rcuolt in their CV/ which followed the for- lofithe field, tuncs of thc vi6lorious , with diners other accidents that fliooke their eftate ; all which had not fucceeded with fuch diftllcrif theloffe had befell them far from It^ly : for in this cafe both heart and meanes had feruedthcm more a- bundantly then they did, to affemble new forces and as* MaharhaUfai^ great as thcy had loft. It is alfo certaine that liHmmhd wgto H4«w- ^3 J jjj^Qyygj^ h^yy to niakc good vfe ofhisvi6^ory theRo- rJ'nCuaZ^l' ^^^^ had beene vtterly ouerthrowen. It muft needes be, ^Lijed ^flo^ that their meanes and power were very great, and that God riaytinefiif. had an cfpcciall hand in their affaires , feeing that in fuch Lm.Dec.yl.z, diforder they fhould recouer themfelues j &that with fuch corage,as they refufed to ierue their turns with thofe which had by flightcfcapcd from theirouerthrows, neither made they any account of redeeming thofc which were taken pri- foners,nay rather in ftead of doing this they depriued ibme ofthemof all honour and confined others into .y/V/^. It feemeth to me that thcfe reafons may ferue to confute thofe of Machkuel^ and that it is high time we returne lo that principal] ^reatinElatcsl ij' principall point concerning the fortune of the Turke. 8 We will fay then that the faint-hearted flacknefleofthe Chwdians hath made way to the Turkefor theinlarging of his limits , fo as they abut almoft of all fides vpon£«- ' ropczvA hath beene a meancs that he can now not only at- tend the enemie (as Machtauel faith ) butgoe to rowfe him at his owne home. It is the courfe he hath obferucd and taken 5 to mine his neighbours round about him, and increafc his power^ which he bath fo doone as he hath cleane bereaued vs of all ftomacke toaflailehim , yea or once to dare to attempt it. For though there be Princes enow which hold it necefl'ary for the good of Chriflen* dome tofet vpon him athis home, yetto thisday wefee none that will begin to ftrike the firft ftroakc , orfetfirft hand to the breaking of this icQ. 9 Bucifeuer Godgauevs the courage vertuoully to at- tempt this entei^prife in reuenge of the opprefiion and wrongs Chriftendomehath endured at his hands; we muft notthinketo vndertake it by other meanes then thofehe hath himfelfc put in praftifc againftvs, &thatistofeckc him out at his ownehome and nobly to embrace ihedef- figneshimfelfehathobferued ; which doing, andhauing Godtoguidc,welTiall doubtleffeobtaine thole vi6tories ofhim.which he hath had of vs. Admit hehauebccnefora time our Schoole- maftcr , and that we haue learned of him to our coll, it is now high time that wee (hew how we haue profited by his inibutiions , and that we know how to put them in praftifc and pay the interefts of our da- niages. lo Now to makeitappeerethatitisnot a matter of that difficultie and danger that fome imagine, let vs note thefe examples which vire in a maner famihar vnto vs. Had not Andrew Dorea the courage with a fmall number of (hips to 153 enter into Greece where he got Patras m6, Coron f Don John of Aiiflr'm.^xA he not affoord a notable proofe hereof in the yeare 1 5 7 1 Avhen being General! of the league , he fought the enemie outintheinmoft parts of the Z^^^«r B 3 where i4 Tf)emeanes to become where he gaue him battailc with that courage,that though he were inrferior to him in men & g3ileies,yet failed he not (afsifted by God ) to ouerthrow themoft puiilant & great armie that the Orr(7W4»j euerfetfoorth by fea againft the Chriftians : There is nothmg the Turkefomuchfcarcth, as to be fct vpon by the Ghriftians,both becaufe he knowes they hauc valor in them , asalfo forthe iealoufie hecon- cciueth of the great number of them vnder his obedi- ence: All which would without queftion rife in armes if they might but once fee theChrillians Coulours flying, and fo accompanied, as that they might to fomepurpofe make head againft the Or^fi;^^»/. Chap. IIL That he hath made no acount of Fortrclles* 1 W? mufi endeuoHr Oi well to keepe as conquer. 2 The reafonand vfe of Colonies amongU the ancient* 5 Their difcommodities. 4 The canfes ofrcbelliom. J Another difcemmoditie of Colonies. 6 The Tortugals manner of planting Colonies. 7 Their benefit e* 8 Fortrejfes thefecond meanes of prefer uing 4n ejlatt. 9 Their vfe and necefptie. 10 Machiauelsvaine opinion conft^ted. 11 Forces euer in readinejfey thethirdmeanesofprejertiing an Efiate. 12 whether is better to maintaine Fortrejfes vpon the borders y or to haue an armie euer ready . 1 5 How the Turks ct^mries line in peace bjmeans of the Utter* 14 In keeping the fecond meanes y ingettingthethirdis mosi approoued. 1 5 whence the power of the Turke doth grow o 16 Wars abroad beget p^ace at home > I Princes ^eatin Eftatesl 15 Rinces generally ftriue by all meanes to prcferue not onely their own eftates, but fuch provinces alfo as they haue conqnered 5 obferuing what the time, the humour of the people, and their mcancs will permit. Bucbecaufe each one takes a different courfe, and of this difference hap- nech boih good and euill, I iudge it neceilarie to (ay lorn- whatthereofbyway ofdifcourle: I will fpare to meddle with the forme eachonekcepcth in thepolitickegouern- mentof his dominions or principalities j and will draw my felfe within compafle ofhandling, in three feuerall points, nil that may be laid or alleaged vpon this fubieft. Firft then we will fpeake of Colonies , next of Fortrcfles , and lad of Armies, entertained for the defence of the coun- trey. 1 Colonies haue beene one of the meanes which the An- cients haue moft ordinarily obferued 5 and at this day they ,are praftifed to mainteine a fubdued people vnder the obedience of a new foueraigntie. Such then as>allowedof this manner of p^feruing Eftates , by way of Colonies be- llowed the lands of thofe they had conquered vpon their naturallfubie£is, equally diftributing them according to their merits^ fuppofing that info doing, theylliouldfowe thecountrey conquered with new men, which might be- haue themfelues with a likedeuotion and dutiful! obfer- uance towards them , as valTals perfornie toward their Soueraigne. 3 The Grecians vfed them firftj and then theRomanes: but this manner of aflbranceis notfo commendable, as many may (uppofe, infomuch as it draweth after itthefe two dangerous confequents. The firft is , that when a Prince depriueth fuch of their goods asarenaturall ow- ners thereof, tobeftow them vpon hisownefubiefts , ic winneth him and his immortall hatred, accompanied with aneucrlaitingthirllofreuenge,and^f regaining their li- bcrtic i6 Tl?e meanes to hecome bcrtic , for though fuch as arc ^o defpoiled of their goods be but few in number in regard of the Colony, yet it is to be imagined that they haue many kinsfolkcs and friend* interefledintheirmiferies, and that there need but three or fouremenofrefolution todrawalltherelitoannninic and rcuolt. If this be held a difRcult matter, yet is it a thing iiaturall to become wife by anothers mifhaps, and tofeare andbeprouidencleft we fall into the hke inconuenience as our neighbours. The apprehenfion of w hich calamitie makes vsofctimes conceiue worfeof theeuillthen it defer- iieth , efpccially when the aftions of the conquering prince are grounded rather vpon force then reafon , as or- dmarily they are. 4 Moft commonly the rebellions and infurretSions of people and cities, happen not fo much for the outrage donetoawholecommunaltie, asfortheiniuries particu- larly receiued by fome of thofe which haue reuolted ; but howlbeuer, fuch wounds alwaies breed the vniuerlall de- roUtMh.isM.^^^^^^^ of a common weale. Tothispurpofe we may j^r, Htjp. alledge the example of /?^^ewi^ KingofSpaine, who ha- ^>. 2N(f4/>./.i. ijing rauiflicd Crda the daughtcrof Count lulian , the in- ^^'^^'jh dignity of the fa6t encred fo far into the harts of al the No- fIr/7? fflfw/ blesof the country, as euery one cook the wrong to be his, Uki. ' and hauing thereupon taken armes toaide the father in his reuengc^it grew toa worfematter5 for hereby theygaue the Moores entrance into the Eftate who put to death their King : and were thcmieliies beholdeiS of the fpoile of their country by perfecuting vengeance vpon fo infamous anafl performed by the difordinat lull of hmi whoought to haue reproued and challifed it in others. 5 Theother difcommodity which they meete who will fettle the eftabUfljmcntof their fortunes vpon the erefti- ons of Colonies is , that in fuGccfiion of time thofe men fo reoioued from their owne country into another newly fub- dued, falhionthemfeiues vntotheclimat, humors, and complexions, and to the fame minde of preferuing their dlate p as tnole amongft whom they ^re fern to inhabit. And great in Eftates. ly And hauing thither tranlportcd their goods and begotten children , they thenceforth make more reckoning of the country whither they are come as Colomes, then of their na- turall country whence they weredifplaced : like trees which planted in an other foile change much both of their nature and tafte. Thi« the more cafily happeneth to Colonies by how much the more remote they are from their natiue place of abode. For proofe , finde we not tharcuen the neighbour Colonies of Italy during the time of the fecond LhJec.^Ay. Punickc war would not in any wife contribute to the necef- 7- AnnaLy^c^ fitics of Rome their originall mother c' ^4J' oijmf^ 6 ThcPortugals obferuing thefe inconueniences hauc ^^^' to aifure the Indies , praftifed a manner of Colonks much more fure, tolerable , and Icffeenuied 5 which is thus : They plant ihtK Colonies not all at once, but few at a time by C^r«i»4w or companies according asneede requireth, to inhabite the countries by them newly difcouered y yet not throughly to people thcfm , but after as they (hall tec they thriue, and fo accordingly they by little and little rc- plcnifh the Colonic. G^^is the bellprouided of all they haueertabli(hcd,andtherethey contraft alliances with the ancient inhabitants, and take and giue their daughters in mariages : by this meanes ( which is as I haue faid the more plaufiblejthey Hue free from violence, alTurcd of the good wilsofthe fird inhabitants whoinrich themfelues greatly by theirtrafficke and commodities. In this manner they multiply and are (carcely perceiued how, growing to fuch a tnultitude of people as they ferue to inlarge and eftablifh the name and gouernment of the Portugals. From ycarc toyeare they ad to this increafe which ferueth them inftead of a forrrclle amongft fuch as thcyfubdue, and in fuch p5)umces as they will people and accuftome to their fa- fhions and rule. '• \^ *'*- ^ 7 Time and experience make k pfainly appcarc , that thefe Ibrmes of Colonies are more tollerable and fure thea any heeretoforepra6lifed> forin thcfe the naturall inhabi- tants are fofarre from being thruft out of their houfes, as C on \ A T!)S internes to hecomt onthecontrane, they are therein maintained and more confirmed in the peaceable inoying of their goods. More- ouer the vniDn and Commixture oi: blood one with ano- therfoftning their naturall roughnclle , retaineth andre- doubleth the afFcftion as well of the aiincienr inhabitants, as of thofe of the Colony. The Spamards do che like in the Well Indies: that which I finde moft notable heerein^ is, that the one and the other reft not fatisfied onely with cftablilhing Colonies, but further theyconueit and m- ftruft the Indians in the Chriftian faith, to Gods glorie and theirs ; It is that which the king of Spaine performcth and coniinueth by meanes of fuch religious orders as he hath planted among them ; for not being able to llorc fo many and fo large countries as thole are with naturall Spaniards and Portugals , they by this conuerfion and Baptifmc, make thole people become Portugals and Spaniards. 8 Hauingdifcourfedofthe forme ofColonieSj and how the conquering Prince may profit himfelfc by them, it is now time that we come to the fecond thing which may af- ford affurance to an eftate. The meanes are many ^but the Chriftians moft vfually make choife of fortifications, as feeming to them moft ftrong bridles to raine in and curbe both the auncientand newly fubdued prouinces^ There they appointtheirMagazins for munition and other pro- uifionfor the wars 5' there theybeftowgarifons offouldi- tersfor their defence j fome places they fortifie vpon the frontiers, where they conftitute for Gouernorsand offi- cers, creatures of their ownefafliioning, the better to con- , taine all vnder the obedience of the viftorious. 9 Yet is It that which ^^.i^^i^^^r// reproueth andreieft- cth as vnprofitable : but becaufe they are reafons or opini- nionsfo weake as that like Spyders cobwebs^they are eafilyf > broken , 1 will not fpend time farther to confute them 5^. onely I will fay thus much, that Aljonfo king of Naples, a moft iudicious prince , vvhofe authoritie fliould carric cre- dit, alwaics #fteemed this praftifc of fortification moft - neceflaric great In Eflates. ip ncccffaricattd profitable , efpccially in a countrcy newly conquered , and not to leauc it open and confcquently fubieft to iniurie and reuolt. The proceedings in this kinde, of Frawis S force duke of Milan , of the Emperor Charles the 5. and of fo many other Prince? and Captaines which hauewoonereputationandrenowneamongll men, arefochas who well confidereth them will laugh at the opinion o( MachUuel. Without feeking any further, hauc w'e not the French for example c' who made no account of ere6ling cittadelsin the He of Sicily : but after they had conquered itj they affooncloft itnot without a mod la- 128 !• mentable llaughter executed on them by the inhabitants J 13. ^/». butconcrariwiie deriuing theit wifdomefrom their ownc mifcrie, after they once tooke in hand to make fortrcfles in fundry places of Italy , there was no meanes but by peace todillodgethem. TheMamelucks who were in the fame 151^. error of not trulting tQ Fortrefles , found themfclues in leffe then two dales depriued by Silim of the mod part of their Hues, eftate, and powers. The Spaniard imbracing theindifferency of this opinion, and defirous togratific the Flemings whom they thoughttoappeafc by this mo- deration, returned into their hands the ftrongholdes of their Proninces : which they had no fooner done, but they were neere-hand expelled the Low-countries. I o And though all thefe examples are but too fufficient to confute the opinion of Af<«(;/^w/^ and the exceeding plentie wherein they liued. The exam- ple of i?^J4^(?r the fecond (hall lerue toclofevp this dif- courle, for he being giuen ouer tohiseale 5 the ibldiours^ who could not brookcfuchidleneffc , fo awaked the cou- rage of his two ionnes, Selim and y^r^«^^^^,asall theforces of the Empire ( which had eftablilhcd the Turkifli Icepter), were diuided into t\yo , and it lacked'Hot much of being, vtterlyouerthrowne, euery one fcwr his part fccondingthe rebellions of the fonnes againft the father. That he hath tiained Vp his ibldiatirs to valour and hardyieiTe, 1 fVhj the armies ofthefe dates conjili not offogoodffHldUrs AS tn former times. 1 Princ^alUaufes vf viHories. . ^ 3 What fare is to heihad in le (tying ofgoodfimJJliers : 4nd thk tohewrou^tbj afotir.efouldtf^nos^ 4, Bj ^leBicn. 5 J.:eercife. 24 "1^1^^ meanes to become f JExerCf/i. 6 Honors mdprofit^ 7 The Tfirkef proceeding heerein, T IS feldomc feene that the armies of chefe times confift of good fouldiours, for the more we» vary from the conrfe our forefathers tooke to bring thm to perfeftionj by fo much the more arc we depriuedofthac happinefl'e which were to be defired and feriouily fought after by Princes, and thofe which as Commanders would reape honor a^dpro- fiteby the wars. a Viftory ( Avhich dependeth ofthediuinewill ) deri- uethherfucccflc and principal! ground from the multitude of men, but efpecially from the wifdome of the Gomman- ders andfroHi the vaJdur attd generofitie of the Souldi- 3 his requifite then that we looke more narrowlie then we doc VHto their choice, and that they be fuch as we may honour and profit our felues by them : now we muftdeli- uerhow wcmay light vpon, or niake good and hardy foul- diours, which' is doone in my opinion by a foure fold meanes> by elcftibn, exercife, honor, and profit. 4 By eleftion , becaufe all thofe which we leuie for the wars hauc not that naturall inclination to valour and cou- rage, nor a conftitution of bodic fit to indure the trauailcs and dangers incident thereunto. Mbreouer a gallant fa- fhion andfpiriteare nptfoundin eueryone, muchleffea refolution to attend, defic , and alTaile the enemy ; alfo e- uery mans hart will not ferue him to enter the trenches, throw himfelfc defperatly into the dike*, fcall the wals, of- fer himfelfe valiantly, to make good a breach in defpice of the Cannon, of (tones, of wilde-fire, and of death it lelfe : Their complexions perhaps will not brooke that they (houldfpendtbe whole day incontinuallturmoiles with- out eating, and the night without reft, fo as where fomc- "* make great in Eflatesi 25 make account that Ancwerpe is able to make 5 0000. men, Venice 40000. Ganc 60000. Paris looooo. all fie and able to beare armes , me thinkes they fliould be vndcrftood that they are fuch as haue the age required , but not the difpoficion proper to fuch a profeTfion. For proofe hereof haue we not of late feene that the Prince of Parma hath i y 84.& ranged vnderthe obedience of the King ofSpaine ciicn ^ 5 ^ 5- with fmall forces thofe of Gant & Antwerp which had for- merly together with thofe ofthc low countries rebelled a« gainll their Soucraignec' The Romans held in fuch e- lleeme this manner of making choife of their Souldiours as when they would cxprefle aleuyofmenthey termed it Dele^lum agere vel habere to make a choife. In our times no man hath bcenemore carefull and circumfpe6linthc choife ofhisfouldiours (attheleaftoftheCaptainesof I- taly ) then Cofmo Ae AfedkiDuke oi Florence*^ and indeede he was prouided of the beft and moft approued fouldioars of his time. 5 To cle6Vion we are to addeexerci(e,without the which r^-rff. uh, i.e. there is no forwardnefle or conltitation of body be it neucr i C fo ftrong, able to attaine to the perfeftion rcquifite to ex- ecute and accomplifli^asappcrtaineth to a good^braue,and noble fouldionr. 6 But if the General! be fo wife as to ioine to exercife £» emmimpen^ profit and honor , then is it that there is no danger or diffi- ditnr labor ^ cultybe itneuerfo great which hisfouldiours will not 0-/''''^''^'''''^*'^^- uiercome \ no incounter which they will.not force? no en- if ^^J ^^^^ terprife which they wilt not happily compaffe. As for a hZZj^SHt : Prince there is no mony better bellowed then that where- r. Lm. with his Captaines whetand intertaine the courage of the Souldiour. This was thecaufe why theRomansbcfide the vlut, lib. %. c. ordinarie pay of their armies , ordained crownes for them s- ^- ^. /'. i^» . which had in the wars failed the life of a iritizen, firft entred ^' 4- ^f'- ^'^' 5» the breach, orboorded afliip: thefeweretcrmedCc^r^/fig^''^*^* CiHica,MHrales^(^ Namles. 7 HhtTfirk^f, 10 oitr confufion, arc not inferior to the Romans,be it either for the choice they make of their foul- D diours, i6 Tloe meanes to Become diours,or for rewarding them. For they chufe from among the nations vnder their obedience, the molt warlike^ and take of them but the flower and fuch as aremoft proper for the wars, fparingnot afterwards to recompence them at the full. It is a thing incredible with whar continuall excercile they inure their fouldiours, in fo n^uch that euen from the cradle ( if a man may fo lay ) they traine them vp vnto the wars. The intcrtainment the Tur^e giueth them isfufficientj butas for the rewards,honours, and commo- dities he fliareth among them , it is hardly to be exprefied: There is not any Prince at this dayliumg that may in this regard bee compared to him; and which is more^the mea- ncll of his fouldiers vpon his vertuous behauiour in armcs is capable of attaining to the mort eminent charges and dignitiesofhiseftate, andofinriching himfelfewithine- ftimablc treaftre. To confirme this, the goods which Mechmet Bajfa left behinde him, (who of a Chriftian Apofiate afpired to that greatncfle) were valued at two Mil-- Hans of Cro wnes. In a word they are fure that rewarde wai- teth alwaies vpon valour. Moreouer the proweffe of the priuate fouldiours cannot be fmothered amongll them, it is rather imraediatly difcouered and notice taken thereof. Of all the OttonMnWmcQs Mahomet the fecond was the moft bountiful!, for he gaue beyond meafure ,^fo as fome- timc he increafed the fouldiours pay a thoufand fould. Selim the firft did the like ; and it is worth the noting , that asthofetwofurpaflcd the refidueinliberality,fodidt^(^, in honourable and triumphant viftory. '"" Chap. V. That he hath maintained his Souldiers in military Difciplinc. 1 A very great army may be eafilj merthrowne by ameane 4rmy. 2 The great in Eft ate. 27 a The cdufi hereof^ and hencfit of the Utter. 5 Care uto he had that an army he not Qfterchariedmth baggA^e. 4 A Generall with n^ore eafe may command a meme.themoo great an army. 5 SoMters are animated bj the ferfwafionand prefentsof their chiefe commander. 6 They are in ftruice to be weilaci^uafntedTPith one an other. 7 The incumbrance of huge and oner great Armies. 8 How it commeth to pujje that the Turkcsfo great numbers > ofmenprouevicloriofii. 9 DefeSts in Chrifiian armies. 10 Obedience of theTurkes. 1 1 Battailes loji through difobedience of the Souldiours. \ 2 The military difcifUne of the Turkes notable. He happy fucceffe of battailes bythofe of ancient times with fuchwifdomeat- chiued J makes it moft apparent vnto vs that mort commonly the mcane armies ^ haue ouercome the great. Alexander a.2ai ^^ Great, diuers Grecian CaptaincSja- mongft others Miltiades and Themiflocles , and among the Romans Lucullus, Scylla^Pompey and Cafar alwaies aflailcd and vanquiflied the barbarous people rather with vne- qualf then equall numbers , if we refpeft the multitude; but they went far beyond them if we confider their mili- tarie vertlifif: In thefe latter times the Commanders of the Emperour Charles the 5. and oi King PA///johisfonne haue likewife gained theviftory of many armies greater then this. ^ To fuch as demaund the reafon of itj wiUnfwere that it was becaufe the principall ftrength and finew of an army confirteth , in affe6lion , in military Difcipline , and m a well difpofed order in the day ofbattell : without which parts an army is as fraile as glaffc. A few may be more ea- fily and orderly ranged then many, Vertue vnited is al- D 2 waics 2 8 Tf?e medncs to hecome waies more powcrfull then feparated and dlfiointed. Hence isitthat bodies ofan indifferent ftature are for the moll part more vigorous then fuch as are ouer great and huge, which chcPoet (fpcakingof/'/W^/fcj) exprellyfig* nificch in ihefe words . Maiorin extguo rcgnalat corpore virtHs. Great vertue in a little body raignd. And Virgil alluding to i\\Q^^Qs(z\lhyIngeKtcsmtmiangHfio in corpore verfamnr. In (lender bodies they haue mighty mindes : queftionlefle ameane army muft ncedes be more liable and vnited then a great^becaufe multitude is naturally ac- companied wirh confufion,commoHly waited vpon by dilbrder. 3 Moreouer^it isa thing of high confideration to beablc to take fuch order that a campe be not incombred with baggage : rather that it be free and manageable, fo as it may be euery wherecommodioully c6du6led, ranged and euerina readinede to gaineand make good dangerous & difficult llraites and pillages v that it be not tired and dif- couraged foi' the long marches it muft often vndertake} that it doenotfaint for fuch accidentsas diuerlly chance, nor for any exploits or executions which prefent them- felues vnexpetted. All which a meane campe will be more proper to perfoime then a great : foritftiall notnecdefo great a quantity of viftuals , nor fo great an incombrance of baggage or cariage as the other. 4 Moreouerfeeing it is more profitable and necellary that an army be conduced & gouerned by one only Gcnerall j and that it depend of no other then him ; IrWill be more eafily cffe6ted in a meane then a greatatmy jefpeciaily compounded of diuers nations. And thjs dependancc (hall be better ordered if the Generall can content himfelfe with liTialKtoreof luggage and that well trufled vp. The multitude of meane caules llacketh alwaies the courfeof the efPcient, and kecpeth backe the fruite thereof. A lit- tle army hath not neede of fo much luggage as a great. 5 And it is much better that the Captaine himlelfe know his fouldiours and they him j then to rely vpon the credit and ^reat in EJlates. 2p ^ nd report offuch as are vnder his chargcjfor the fouldiour that (hall heare himfcKe named by his Caprainc aduanceth himfelfe fo much the more,and becommeth more defirous of honor. Whereas if he fee himfelfe forgotten and vnrcf- pefled of him which commandeih , he groweth diftafted and out of heart, and almoftcareleffehowmatttrs haue their procedings. Whodoubteththattheprefcnceofthc Captaine or Generall of an army doth not ferue as a motiue to the fouldiour to make him diligently preferue his repu- tation , and to fluinne the reproch of cowardife i which he will not fo carefully pcrforme, if he finde himfelfe out of the prefcnce of his Commander, or that his Commander njake as if he did not fee him. 6 It is good alfo that thefouldiers frequent brotherly together, forthataflurech them more, and maketh them trull to one anothers affiftanceintimeof themoft crofle fortunes. All thcfc parts incounter and are inter tained more eafily in a meane, then in a great armie. 7 Which is often attended vponby more inconuenien- ences then the other, as by famine, plagues, contagious mutinies and diflentions. There is yet another dangerous inconuenience which is moft vfually the companion of a multitude; that is, that they forme to themfclues a confi- dence of their ownc forces greater then they ought: of this confidence followeth a contempt of the aducrfc power, of this contempta prefumption ,author of infinite iTiifchiefcs. 8 But how happcnethit then ( will fome (ay) that the Turkes haue cucry where gained the viftorie by multi* rude :' Would you know how c'Becaufe they haue betimes trained vp and in(lru£led their great armies , to keepe fo good an order, as well in execution, iudgement, military difcipline, readineife, as difpofition toarmes, that they are become as tra£lable, and cafie to manage as ours though meane and few in number. 9 On the other fide we haue fuffered our armies to Aide into fuch infolencie and Hbertie, as we can hardly ^ule and D 3 iConduQ^. ^ o Tl?e meanes to become conduft them without fo many dangers, confufionsand l"g§^g^>^sit were enough to trouble Capraincs of great policie and experience 5 and to fay the trueth, fee wee not that the Turke more eafily furniflieth an hundred thoufand men with vittailes, then we fifriethoufandc' for bcfidcs that his fouldiers make not, as ours^any account of the diuerfitie of vittailes, of delicacie or of toothfomc morfelsjthey drinke no Wine nor Beere, which importeth theconfidcration of almoft the onehalfc of our munition and charge. ID What need I ipeakc of obedience , nurfc of the or- der obferuedamongft them < finceitwasneucr feene that thcTurkeseucrloftbattaile through diforder, much lefle left off purfuing any attempt 'for their fouldiers mutinies. 1 1 Whereas almoft all the battailes we haue bid them, had not becne loft, but by the meere diforder and difobe- dicncc of our men. Whereto may we impute the mifera- 1396. blcloflcof Nicapolie^ but to the cjifordinate raflinede of the French, who ferucdat that timcinthearmiec' Stgif fnond^m^oi Bohemia (afterward Emperour) feeing that contrary to his will and commandement they aduanced themfelues as couragioufly as vnaduifedly. What fliall we 1400. ^P^^'^^ ^^ ^^^ ouerthrowe of the fame Sigifmond which hapned fome few yeercs after < came it not to pafleby meanes of the difordering of his infantery ? which being not yet fully fet in battaile array were couered with a cloud ofarrowes, letflie by the enemy fotothepurpofeasthey were all hewen in peeces eucn vnder the nofes of his horfe; v^hich feeing themfelues deftitute of foote were ftrooke with fucha feareas they betooke themfelues to flight not without the lofle of many good fouldiours and worthy Captaines , all to the fhame and confufion of the Chrifti- X 4.44, ^"^* Ladiflaiis King of Polenia, was he not ouercome at Varm through the diforders of the Bijhdps oiStrigoma and Vkradin?^\\oxo the end tochace inconfideratly the ene- my , ftiaken and flying in one part of his army , forfooke their rankes to purfucthem, fo making way for them :who laying great in EJlates. ^ i bying hold on the occafion came with the reft of their ar- my to charge them there where they lay moft open, in fuch fort as they wan the vi6iory moft mifcrably llaughtering the Chriftians. At Buda, at Exechium^ at Gcrba^ and in fun- I 5 4 1. dry other places where we haue bene ouercome? it procec- 1 y 3 8. ded rather of our diforders then of the 71«ri^^yJ forces. 1560. 12 So as we muft acknowledge that the Tnrke excelleth vs both in number of good Souldiours and in all other mi- litary difcipline : He is followed with fuch numbers of men asitfeemethhcreliethwholyon their multitude, butitis in fogood a mahner as if he refpefted nought but order & military difcipline, parts ( to our diflionor ) far from vs. Chap. VI. That he hath ma Jb no reckning of other forces then his owne. I The Tvars are to be m^mtainedbj our owneflrength^^neithcr muft xve relj vpof)forrai»e pointers » a The good and ill that refklteth of both thefe. 5 Conditions ofconfederate forces. 4 Other inconueniences which arifefrom the ajpfimce of for-* raine powers, 5 Examples of Leagues againfi the Turkes. 6 Their defeats ^ hindrances oft heir fuccejfe, 7 The Tfirkfs not accufiomed to make Leagues with anjjbut vfing their owne forces , haue ouerthrowne many ar- mies confederates . 8 With whom thej might well haue iojned in league to their aduantage. LI high cntcrprifes either forprcferua- tion of an eftate, or for denouncing of wa^re, haucbeenc ill plotted and as ill caried when they haue relied vpon the aflTiftanceand fauour of a third power, and not ofourownej feeing that from hopes 5 2 7);f meanes to hecome hopes and proiefts fo ill grounded wcneuer come to iV ioy the fruits which fuch a fuccour j the defleignc of him thatentcrprifeth , Sc his extraordinary preparation promi- fedvs 5 rather they are ;infallibly attended on byfomela- rncnrable accident which vtterly ouei throweth thenn 2 Since oftentimes it falleth out that the expectation of fuch fuccour promifed , ferueth rather to (lacke the courfe of our endcauoursjand leflen the preparation ofthecnter- prifc, then otherwifeto forward or better them 5 wereic not tor the confidence of fuch fuccour he that attempteth would prepare his forces proportionable to his proieft, and nottruft to outward helpes either of friend orconfc- dcrat. Whodoubteth, whenwe forepofeourfeluesvp- on an others forces, and that he is at charge for our loues fake, that he doth not makivs more backward to prouide and disburfeof oureowne ftore ^ But this is not all : the worft isjthat while we thus expeft^time wafteth vriprofita- bly,and occafion (which once efcaped cannot be laidhold on ) is let Hip and loft without rccouery : for whilft we fo attend our affiftantsour praftifesarc difcouered. 3 And who will beleeue thata friend or aflbciat will em- brace the deffeign of him he afufteth,6r wifli his good for- tune with fuch harty affe6li#n,as he wil not be ready vpon the leaft occafion he fliall defire to finde, to leaue him in the lurch t* And without queftion this occafion will offer it fclfeat a»y time whenfoeiierhe hath a purpofe todiflokie the league and couenanls agreed vpon betweenethem; ef- pecially if he be the ftronger and more mighty, and finde net himfelfe interelTed in the fuccefle of the enterprife , for which hetooke armes and became confederate. 4 We may alfo addeanother defeft and imperfe£lion 5 6 that is, if the fuccour we attend be to be aflembled from diucrs places, or, thatthewindes(ifitbeby(ea) orfome vnfooked for accident ( if by land ) hinder by fo many meanes the preparations for the war and intended voiage, as that the feafoa fit for execution efcapeth him that enter- prife^h i fo as before he begin to march or fet forward to - "* " the ^eatlriEftatefr ^^ the Rendeuoui his opportunities of attempting or atchic- uing any memorable aft,vtterly faile him in a matter which he had before difcreetely enough plotted and dilpc(cd: moreoucr he cannot beare fwaic as mafter of the concede* rate forces, infomuch as he which fendeth fuccours may vnderhanddeliucr to his Commanders meraorialsand in- rtruftionsmoreftrift and limited, then the nccelT.tie of the vndertaken affaire would permit. Alfo the leaft dillafte cither of the Prince which atfirteth, or of the Captaine which condufteth fuch fuccours, ferueth oft-times to dif- miflethe promifcd forces , deceiucthe others expedtari- on, and bring all he ynderraketh to nothing : So as he re- maineth not onclymorc wcake by this difappointment, but his owne forces alio become vnproficable, and confe- quentlyhimfclfeexpofcdtoall wrongand ruine: for as if one only wheele of a clocke be out of teoiper, \t fufficcth to diforder the whole motion \ lo where the vnderraker faileth but of one part of his promifed troupes, the effefts, which in part depend thereon^Jikewife faile,and theciburfe of his warlike defignes remaine crofled and perucrted. I will nor forget alio to fay thatacampe confilting of fuch borrowed peeces, hath neceflanly need of many heads to command it , and an armic compounded of fo manic heads (becaufeofthediuerfity of opinions and affeftions) will moft commonly haue the woorfe when itcommeth to handle blowes. 5 We may illuftrare thefe difcommodities with exam- ples that touch vs neere, and are famihar vnto vs,and were not long fincepraftiled 5 for this caufe I will more willing- ly, then otherwife I would, heere produce them. In our . time we haue feene two moll memorable leagues between the Pope, the king of Spaine, and the Venetians, confent- ing and vnited to vndertake one warre againllthe Turke: the one was vnder Pope P^/^/ the third, and the other in ^ "* the life time of Ptiu ^intus. The firll was caned with an cxceii'iue charge , yet without any cffe6l woorthy fb great an alfembly : The<:aufe in my opinion proceeded of the E diificultie 1 4 ^k irMms to kcome difiicpUy that was found raioyn in one body the confede- rat forces, and draw chcm together ac the RcKdepious in due feafon : fotthey mec not till the t:nAoi Septen^ber. Al- though another inconuenience niay be alledgcdto this purpofe,which otierthrew, thegood luccefle of ftich a holy and Chriftiar^ atremptjyet it may appeere that to auoide the fliamc and difhonour that followed thereof^ it had beetle cafie to haue performed fomewhat of more memorable confcqnence, then was the takingofGi/?/tf-;^^/^/77«iji,becaufehe then doubted that the French would z^^iXcFknders , with fuch forces as they had that yeare rather fuffered to take breath then wholy cafed anddifmiflfed : So as the whole feafon was fpentvnprofitably without attempting ought worthy fuch preparation , as the confederates had in due time fet forth. This was an occafion of excelTiue charge, and that the armies did not once ftirrc till itwastoolate^attending what their neighbours would do, who,asIhaue (aid, fee- med to threaten the King of Sfdne with fome attempt vpon his country oi Flanders. In the meanc time the Vcne^ ttans, tired withthe charge and trouble they were at to no purpofe, treated a peace with the Turkf. 6 Who will make any queftion now (thofe^things well weighed and'conridered)that if the leagues( both the firft andCccond ) had beene well caried without thefe crol^ /ing«, iealoufiei and fu(pitions which accompanied them, (though vainly and vpon no ground ) but that they would haue brought foorth fome woorthie and honorable fruite, to the glory and honour of God, the peace of his church, theencreafeandeftablifhment of the Chriilian common- wealth Y This may be enough to prooue that forces com- pounded ofdiucrs nations, depending of many and diffe- rent heads, are in marching-more llowe , and at a time of need leflecfFeftuall then others. It mayappcereto fome that I heereby inferre , that leagues bctweene Princes arc vrtprofitabic, and therefore not to be made : fo farre is it frommetomainraine that opinion, as I rather willingly embrace the contrarie : butlreferuc atimetohandle how and in what manner it would be good to make fuch a leagup, (efpeciallyagainfttheTurke) whenlfhall arriue at the place appointed for this purpofc, to the end I may E 2 difcourfe ■j« 77;^ mennesto heme yiilyc.jS.9. difcourfc of it at full. Now Jet vs returnc to the arginncnt ot dilcourfe in handling. » 7 The Ottomans neucr made league , either otFcniinc or defcnfiuewiihanyrandncixrhadhcljieofllf.^ngers : on thecontrane, they haue alwaies had to doQ ujth armies compounded of different nations confederate, and con- duced by fundrie Commanders, all which (asillvnitcd, not vnderftanding one another ) chey haueeuermore van- quiOied. JVloreoner we haue ordinarily Icene them more forward and dehucr about their entcrpriles bemg alone, then acconipanied; and confequently more vniced in their force, more nimble m execution, and (it muft ncedes fol- low)more renowned and fortunately vi6Vorious. 8 Yet they had no lackc of whom wherewith to praftife their aflociations (if they had approoued them as good & neceflarie) as among other with the Scldan o( Caito, with the kings of Carmania and of Perfta, and with many other great princes al of their owne feft and religioji,who would not(asitistobefuppofed) hauefct light by their league and amitie 5 efpecially then when they law them lo in- creafc in power and greatncfle. But they haue cuer made verie llender account of fuchpraftizes and confederacies, cfteeming them vnprofitable for him > who of himlelfe hath a high courage, and forces anfwerable wherewithal to goc thorough withaconqueft , which they iudge will ad* mic no fliaring or dmifion , fince the ambition of rule ftriues to be alone and brookes no fellowfhip , no not be- tweene brothers 5 as httle betweene father and fonne. It i$ true , the Turkes haue fometime taken to their feruicc fome few trodpes oiAllarhs paicd as mercenaries , in like manner as now a daies the French entertaine the Switzers and other forreigne nations J but they neuer termed lhem,as they now vfe,Confederatesor Affociates,titlesinuented pur- pofely to gtue colour and applauie to fuch leuies* ChaK ^eat hi Eftatesi n 1 3 4 5 6 7 Chap. VIL That he hath to power ioyned cunning and deceit. MachUuel^ feruerfe opinion of not ohferumg faith.reieBed^ The ground of 4 Princes authoYitie 4nd efiimmon laide ly the obfemation of his faiths Confutation ofMachiauels opinion* Breach offutth a heinotis crime. Other m%jchtcfes that faring out of MdchiauHs pofition* To ohferne faith is godly ^ honefi, andprofitai/e. fFhatwe are to conceine of the THrh^sfaljheod andperiHYji Achianel amongft other verrues where- 'Pfinct.iz^ with hee would adorne hi| imagined ^ Prince, woonderfullycommendethdiP- loyaltieinagrcatperlon, affirming that I he ought not to make reckomng to ob- ' feruehis treaties of peace or ought el/c he vndertaketh , at theleail when his gameis faire : and that he may at fuch a time without fcruple of confcicnce, or other honell refpeft, violate his faith, breake the lawcs of nations, and his oath. A thingqueftionlcffe vnbefitting a magnanimous fpirit , and which ought neuer to haue place among the anions of aChrillian Prince, to the end hemaynotbyfofouleanddiflioneft a ftainedi/grace the refiduc of his vertuous operations. This makes me cfteem this axiom lo lewd and detedable , that we fliould blufli,{a much as to imagine it, much leffe to propound it asa pre- cept for Princes \ who are not toprofefle other then lu* fticc and gencrofuie. It is good for none but thofe whofc cafe is delperate, and who refpeft not that theic pollcritie condemne them for men of foule and cauterized foules. a Tofaythetrueth,nomancan with rcafon gainfay, rc- Downe and a good reputation^ as well at home as abroad> Ej to 3S The meanes to become tobcthemoftfirme fcwndationof all principalitie. And what reputation can a Prince haue either among his owne people or ftrangers^if he be noted for a dilloyali, vnfaith- full, and periiirdepcrfon, one that ftands neither to his word nor agreement c* 3 M^hUuel to concealc the fault he not ignorantly committeth, faith, that this is fbmetimesmoft requifitefor thcgood of Princes affaires, fince occafion once paflTed is irrecouerable. What more meere folly could he difco- ucr to his confufion^then \\\ thus concluding^that a Pripca is not to regard the bond of his faith, if thegood of hii cftate prefent an occafion to violate it < Truely none at all : neither were it ncceflarie according to Gods lawcs, or the carriage of humane affaires,thac Chriftian Princes were of that minde 5 for it would prooue the direft courfe neuer to fee buf fire and fword amongrt: vs. *539 4 Such as are good deteltthefe opinions, as did hereto- fore Trances the firll \ who profeiTing faith and honour,re- ie6led fuch counfailewhen the Emperour Charles t\it y. about the eftablifhmenc of the affaires of Flanders, pafTcd thorow France, and vpon the Kings word , crofTing his country came to Paris. That word this Noble Prince pre- ferred before the grcatcft good thatcoiild betide hisc- ftatc, ifhe would haue retained thcEmperour, andcon- ftrained him to forgoe the places and eitates he held in Lombardy and Italy, whereto the King pretended a right, which he often vnprofitablydifputed , as did alfo Hcmj thefecond. 5 By the fame reafbn a man may alfo lay that fometimes it M well done to ranfacke Churches , robbe Altars , op- preffe innocents, and fucco.ur the wicked : for there is not any vice fodeceilable, or crime fo hainousthatfbmetime carrieth not with it a (hew and colour of good, and pro- iicth not profitable to him which in due feafbn performeth it, vvereit for nought elfebut becaufeheactaineth thecf- fefts of his corrupt will. If that were not, fhoiild wee haue fo many murthcrers,falfifiers, facrilegious pcrfons and men great In EJlates. :^y f\^cn giuenouer to all reprochfuU vices c" if thereby they • did not reape fomc temporall commodity c' 6 I will yet adde(urtherjandmaintaineit totheend^that fpr a man to keepe his promifed faith, and be fo accounted ofby theworld 5 isavvorkeofGod and without compari- ion much better i hen to violate it and embrace fuch a dam- nable opmion as that oiAiachtapid , yea though the profit were immediatand fuch as might afford wherewithal! to ballance his breach of faith and promife : Not to keepe touch with one is enough to incurre the fufpition and ill conceit of all 5 neither is there any which will not thinkc he doth God good feruice in performing the like towards all fuch Princes as (hall rake fuchcourfesj which will yet far- ther adminifter matter for an othcurcpcntance, to fee that when they (hall tell or meane triith no man will bdceue or truft them. I'could illuftratethispropofition with infinite examples ,but I will content my felfc with that one oiDuk^ F^Ufjtme {onne of Pope Alexander the 6. cited hy Ma* chiauel^ as a perfeft Captaine ; who without re(pe6t of truth, his oath, reuerence of religion, or honour, which is fo charily to be preferued amongft men ordinarily^aban- donedhimfelfetoalldilloialty, breach of faith, andwhat- foeuer other wicked and traiteious courfes ; fo they caried with them fome (hew ofprefent commodity. This man during the life ofhis father went thorow with certainc his de(ignes, borne out rather by the Popes authority thea any fortunate fucceffe ofhis mifchieuous attempts. After thedcathofhis father it was quickly fecne how fmallydu- . ,.^ rableare all fuch eltates as are founded vpondcceir. For **'*' ' ^^- he found himfelfe immediatly forfaken of hisfriendsand purfuedbyhisenimiesj foasmoreliuely to expreffewhat he cam^ to»after he had mofi malicioully hatched^ atchi- iiedfohigh enterpriics, he ferued ( as they fay ) but for a cipher,and was as one that had no being, leaning nought behind him but only the foot(teps and a curfed memory of his wicked ne(re,which made his life and name infamous to allpolterity. 7 Some 4^ Tie mams to hecome 7 Some one will tell mc that the Turkes hauc done the like 9 and hauc vfed all fortes of cunning , deceit and tre- chery, towards their neighbours, and that neucrtheleflc they haue thriued by it. It is true ^ but the caufes are dif- ferent, and yet we fee that the moll dilloiall amongft them were not the moft allured in the forces of their trecheries. J^murath iheiecond^Af/ihjmeth thelccond, BaMzeth the fecond, Se/im the fecond, were held the moft fubtilc Princes oftheirrace;but wemuft grant that itthofe their wicked procedings thriued for a time, it was more through the coldneffe and dilTenrions of the Ghriftians when they Ihould haue reuengedand repelled theiriniuries, then that we fliould therefore belceue that it is well done toprouc periured and dilloiall. Amtirath the fecond made proofe of it to his^coft, and hauing receiued an ouerthrow at the Atthi jWo«»-handcs of Ladijlaus King of Polonia, hefpeedilymadc uincHenm. peace. with hiiiiand turned his forces againft Caramania^ where whilelt he was bufied, Ladtjland ludging (lb pcrlwa- dedand backt by Pope Eugemm ) that hee fliould not doe amillc to falfifie his faith with a Barbarous T/^rl^ oHo infolent a nature, and fo capital an enimie ot Chrirtendome as all breach of peace might (ceme as a true performance thereof 5 refolucd to.makewar vponhimonthefodaine, which proued fo dangerous as yimurath wsisnecre turn- blingfrom the top of an high and glorious fortune to the loweft degree ofmifery ; lb as his ellatewas neuermore fliakenand endangered ; ifthe Chriftian army (which fol- lowed their vi6lory)had not,asl hauefaidjdifordered the- UiVarnM. felues : Whereupon the glory and triumph fell tothe In- 1 444* fidels tothe great mifery and confufionof theChrillians. 4ras hecaufed hisanny by Seatofi^Il downe towards Ottranto^t yeareiy57. that AfercHrin de Gat'maro and the Citizens of Caftro were made prifoners after they had furrcndrcd the place con- trary topromife, hee foorchwith commanded that they /hould be releafed , faying that dilloialtic to violate their faith and word once paflcd, was not the meancs to win the hearts and likings of itrange nations. Chap. VIIL That he hath beene alwaies fcrucd in his wars by good and vali- ant Captaines. I fVhether an experienced Commander and rawe Sonldiertt 9r experienced Sculdiers and an vmkjlfuU Ccmman* der be the better. t Thefirfl be ft allowed and the reafim. J Examples heereof. X h^J ^-s^i^K^gST 18 ordinarily difputedamongft Soul- f^^l (^^ ^^^^^ ^"^ martiall men , which is the I^V^ ^^ bettcr^a good Captaine emploicd about 1^^® ^j^ the conducing of an armie confifting \^^^^^^^^i^^ raw Souldiers, or an^/mie of old — ^^'^ " ^ Souldiers committed to the command of a raw and vnexperienced Captaine. z As for me (if my opinion may carie credit amongft fo many, fufficient to decide this queftion ) I hold it bcrter that a worthy and valiant Captaine fliould haue the charge ofan armie of vntrained men without experiencc,thcn that an armie of oldSouldiers trained and beaten to the wars, (honld be rccomm.endcd to a Captaine , yet a nouice and F vnskild 4^ The msanes to hecome vnskild In ths profelTion ofarmes. The reafons proper for the inaincaining of this propo/kion are lb plaine to fuch as without being obilinateorpafTionarejinbehalfe of either partyywill cntertaine them, as they are not to be gainfaid : for is ic not much more fitandeafie that a good Captaine make and fafhion a campe of raweSouldicrs, then that good and experienced Souldiers prepare and fafliion their Gaptaineto the conduct of an armie c' who can without fliame denie that an armie doth not rather obey the voice and command of their Capraine, then the Captaine of his MaU impera^ armie c' otherwife it were as they fay , to fet the cart before 're^'dt^e!^ the horfe. svwff. Iw. 3 ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ come to fuch examples as may inftruft and makacleere the truth of my propoficion- If we will as weought, examine how many times the Chridians haue beene ouerrhrowne by the Turkes , we fiiall vndoubted ly finde, that it hath euermorehapned rather through want ^ 3 ? • of experience, courage, fufferance, concord, and auihori- tie in the Commanders 5 then for any orh^r default. Soar thebat^tailesof iViV<5'/>^/^, for that fuch like Capraines did fetlighcby the Turkes forces, and tookc not a tufficicnt furuey of them,they xecciued a moft fliamefuU oiierthrow, a woorthy reward of their weake experience, in not know- ^ 5 ^ ^* ing how to fight with thofe barbarous nations, whom they might well thinke wanted neither skill nor valour. Did not LcKves king of Hungary by meancs of the Bifliop of Tomerea (who brought him almoft to the (laughter) in- duce the like difgvace, at the battaile of Mogoria, for want ofexperience in matter of warre, and of iudgement fujEfi- ciently to difcouer the enemies forces, and chepaflages of thecounrrey where he was to buckle with himc'Jn like fort wasnotthevnskilfulneffe of the Italians caufe of thatvi- ftorietbcTurkcsgainedar Gr^ii?, who had then for their IczAcx Howarhaj , Generailof the Turkifli armie i Alio the y care 1 5 3 7. at Exechium ( Mahomet lahiaoglis beipg Goucrnour vnder Soiiman of Belgrad and the frontiers of Hungarie in tht time ofking/ at the leall: for lackeofauthoritie, command, or vviledome in managing their armies; for they themfelues haue in perfbn conduced them, and beene prefent at all their high exploits and important enterpriles by them at- chieucd. They haue likewife euermore committed the charge oitheir difficult^ftions and affaires of warre to the moll valiant and experienced Cap:aines amongft them, ^ whom they had formerly wel 1 knowen, trained vp, and ex- ercifed rofuch charges by infinite proofes of their courage andwifdome in molt dangerous and difficult occafions. In rumme,experience is thatwhich perfe6}eth valor; The Turkifh Emperors haue alwaics giuen to their Captaines ample power Sc commifTion freely to difpofe of their moil important affaires,wherin they haue bene thus happy that we cannot finde that cuer fuch Captaines loft battaile for lacke of commandorobediencejorthat they euer for wane of courage or experience in the arte military, made ftay or quertion of their proceedings. Of all the Bajhas that euer had the managing of matters ofimportance,&had grea- tefthandin the atiiires of their Mailers, yfcc^wf/ was the chiefe(who ferued Mahomet the 2. and added much to his greatnes by obteining many glorious victories) infomi?ch F 2 as 44 ^^^ meancs to become as he was no lefle feared then his So iieraign.To him Sinam maybe ioynedwho liued vnder i*^/^^ the fidl,and being llaincat thebatcaile o^AIatarea (wherein he wan the vifto- riefor hisMafter) Seltm (aid of him that the death offo wcwrchy a man as he, was caiife of fuch great griefc vnto him as it equalled theioy he conceiued for fo happy a vi6lory : fuch alfo was B^rharoffa that famous pirat, who for his ma- ny warlike afts wan the renowne of a valiant Captaine, and was moll highly reputed of hiS Matter Soliman, for whom he performed many memorable enterprifesas wel by feaas by land* Hence we n\^y gather that vndoubtedly a great Prince cannot doc worfc then commit the charges of his wars^ the dignities andcondu£Vs of his armies, to them which inioy hisfauour but vnworthily : hefhouldconfi-^ der thedcfcrts of others , Sjcfpecially of fuch as with more fufPciencie would render an honorable account ot fo wor- thy an imploiment. We fee it fall out oftentimes that for default of wel meafured ele6lio ns a Prince plungeth him- felfe and his eftatein athoufand dangers and confuiions through the infufficiency of his vnskilful minifters^ the ex- amples of fuch infortunatc eucnts would fill this volume if ' I would Hand to relate all fuch as my memory prcfenteth Yntome. Butomittingalilwillonly putyouinmindeof the Emperour Charles the fifth well knovven for moll iudi- cious in all his eleftions,merucllous in his aftions, mighty for the great number of his excellent Captaines bredde and trained vp vnderhim jail which can witneffe the care he had in his choice, and in very, deede they did him fuch feruice as by their meanes he enlarged his do- minions with many rich Prouin- cesjadorned hisfcepter with moll memorable vifto- • ries,and his houfewith tnumphestohisim- monall glory. Chap. great in '^aUs* M Chap. IX. That he hath made no skippc in his enterprifes. I Vfiitedvertuefirortnefl. z ThefircHgth of k^ngdomes hj their fituation. 3 what tt utoj klpp^ ^« an en t erf rife. 4 Kingdomes freferfied hj the conimUion of their fubielk froUinces, 5 Confirmation of t he Roman Empire. 6 The meanes ofeflablifhing an Bmpite bj confederacies. 7 The French a* efu'tcke m tojing a^ in conquering countries » 8 We are not to indeamrfo much to conquer as to kfcpe» 9 The PoYfptg^ls and Spaniards dtflraBedgouernment* 1 o Ind^flrif oft he O ttcmans in conquering^ 11 yln admonition to Chrifiians.' 12 Horror of theTnrk^s. Othing would be fo ftrong asa poinft, if It were to bee found in nature ; at the leart if the rules of the Mathc- matiques be true as ilfey be held , bc- caufe being moll fimple, ic cannot b« corrupted either by inward beginnings, or outward caufcs \ fois a body more induriqg and power- full, the neercr it approcheth to the rcfcmblancc of a poinft, thitistoiay, themorcitis vnited and compaft in itfelfe* And in very deede as nature vnablc to bring to palicthatall theworldfliould be one only body , made it continued and ioining one part vpon anorher> and as to prcferue this continuation^ flie in all fhe may oppofcth /^f//«w,wh!ch is onely able to corrupt and deftroy her; 2 Soeitareb become more durable , and of greater abi- Jitieto maintains rhemfelues when they arc (as I may (ay) fowcdj linked, and bound together, the one helping to F 3 cntcitainc 4^ The meanes to hecome - cntcrtaincandpreferuethe other. Hence we may gather thatfuchprouinces ashauc their fitnation truffed vp to- gether in a round forme, are more ftrong and mightic then Tuch as extend thcmfelues in length ; as for example, one may fay of France in comparifon of Italy , becaufe this latter lefembling a legge ftretched out is Idle fit to defend itfelfe then France, which isround , asherprouinccs he and arefituate : whereby fhcisconiequeiitly not only more vnited in her forces then ///^/y, but alio more nimble and able to maintaine herlelfe then the other. 5 Now let vs come to our difcoiufe and make it appeare whaticiswe vnderftandby thisdifcontinuation , and that which we tearmc to skip in our enterprjfcs. It is properly when weregiird not the contiguity (if I may fo fay ) or neereadioyning ofoureftates; and that happencthasof. tenasweleauean enimy behind vs, atonefideof vs, or ochcrwife,infnchfort, as he may erode, cutoff,befeege, crinclofe vs when we foinconfideratly skip orftridej wc may hkcwifefaiethathe truly dips whocrolleth from one country to afirother lo far diftant, asbythat time he hath finifhed his voiage, his ftrength failes him and his troopes proue fo out of heart and tired , as they become vtcerly vn- profirable* We may alledgc for example that which befell tbcEmperours^ikjfrw^;y,thekingofFranceand of Eng- land in their voiages ofthe holy land, for the length of the iourny^ the far diilancc of the country, thedinerfity of the Climate, thcchangeof theaire, and many other fuch like inconuenicnces,ro tired and dilcou raged them by rea- fon of thetrauailesand miferiesthey had fuffered vponthe way, as they could not attempt any matter of importance, or goe thorow with their enterprife according to their proie6i : hot vnlike a ball which ftirreth not from the place where itisonccfctled, through want of that moo- ning power which fhould toffe and raife it. So if thefe Princes at the firitarriuall did allfcord any proofe of their courage, valour, and likelihood of good fortune 5 the Ian- guiilMngoftheprincipall motiue fuddenly made them lofc ^reat in BJlate. 47 lofe their aduantages, and reducedthc whole to tearmes vnwoorthy the merit of their holy intentionsand trauels, 4 We mull then allow that it is requifite for the prefer^ iiationofellateSj either that theirprouinces touchand in- tcrtainc the one the other, or that their forces be of ability to maituaine therafelues of themlelues : for this continua- tion hath of it felfefuch force andefficaciefor the lading andpreieruationofeftates, aswefecthatcommon-weales and meane kingdomes haue thereby longer maintained themfelucs then great and rich monarchies. Wee may alledge for example the common-wcales of Sparta and of Venice-, ofthekingdomcsof Perfia and France ^ whofe rulehach much longer endtiredthen thacof thcSarazins, of the Mamelucks^or of other more mighty Empircs.Thc caufeproceed'cth^aslhauefaid^ofthe vnion of that enters tainmentand coniunftion of prouinces, abutting the one vpon the other, which is of fuch vertue and efficacie to grueftrengch and continuance to a monarchic; asitalmoft exceed eth conceit and imagination. 5 The Romans which faw wel enough that the inlarging of their Empires limits , trained after it a confequence of a neceflarydilperfingofthcirforccs^endeuored by al means poffible to reunite this body, augmented and made huge bytheiradiianrageousconquefts? reducing to their obe- dienceandrule, all they gotboth by maintaining fufFici- cnt forces vpon the frontiers of their Empire or garriforts jn places of iniportance, asalfoby eftabliftnng Colonies, and infranchifing many ftrongtownes, with bellowing oa them the like liberties as the people of Rome enioyed, by them tearmed Mmidpia. In other places alfo theyin- ftitirred certaiue fraternities and aflemblies of people, with prerogatiues of the Romanes priuiledges, which they named Conuentus: Moreoucr^ they committed cftates and intire kingdoms to the goacrnmcnt of certaine Princes held and eiteemed as friends of the people of Rome. By thcfe mcanes ioyning them to their loueas well by gratifying them with their liberty and bounty,aswith othci: 4» Tf)emeanes to become other priuiledges j honours and dignities, whereof they did partake in their townc as in right of Citizens : They tearmedthcfetovvnes and people their confederates, and the Kif^gs their friends. As fo^ example in Jlfncke they had Mn^mfa , and Jjnh ; in JJia , Eumems , Prtsjhu and the King oiEgjpt. In Europe thole oiMarfeilles, Amum, Anergniay Remes and others ; making account more to auaile themfeluesby fuch confederacies and amides then bymeancsmore llricktandfsuere : fo then power is efla- blifhed and continued either byourowne forccs^or by an- nexing of the forces of our friends which ferue vs asa continued rampart and conducletb vs out of danger cucn into the country which we intend to inaade , and ?hat with fpmuch the greater aduantage , whenvpon fomepartir confincch with Jic country of our confederates. 6 But becaufc we are neuer able with good alTurance (cf- pecially Princes amongll whom this is a tickle point) to roaintainc fo good intelligence , it is requifite if we v^U make this vfe of another, to make him confident cither through the hope of participation in our conquefts ,or elfe by intimating vnto him (if he be our infcritur) an cuidcnt affurance in our proceedings, and iuch a plainnefle and in- tegrity in all our other a6lions,as eucn that may rid him of the diilruft he might conceiuc of being one day praied vp- on and brought vndcr by that infolencie which accompa^- nieth the proiperitie of fortune, and may ferue toftretch the confcienceofa conquering Prince. After wc hau^ in this manner framed an impreOion of our integritic in the hcartofourneighbour, we maymarchinhis countrey as fccurelyasinourowne, and reft affurcd that welhall by him be furthered and allifted. 7 The French could neuer keepeany countrey by them conquered abroad , vnlcfle it were Piemont and Sauoy ; for if one day they had gained a foote of land , they were enforced to fofgoc it the next, nofooner winning it, but they loft it. 8 We commonly fay, that there is no lefle vcrtuc in hira that ^redtinejlates. ^p that keepcth them in hfm that gettcth. I affirmethat there ^•w mtm tjt is necdc of more dexterity in keeping then in getting, for '*'"'^*' ^•^'»» an amazement of the people we inuadc, a rebellion in ^l^J^*^^"*^*^ our behalfe , or any other fuch like fturrc makes vs eafily mafters of that whereto we afpire*; but to prefer uc what wc get, wemurtmaintaineacontinuallcounfailewhich muft haue all the parrs thereto appertaining , asgrauity of iudg- menr, ripe deliberation^ nimblencflTetodjflemble, indu- ftry ioynedwith a daily hcedetulnefle and patience to at- tend occafions. The French (which are reputed the moft warlike nation vndcrthcfunne, ) arebuttoofodainc, o- pen , impatient and of too ftirring a nature 5 forproofc you fliall obferue that what they atchieue not when they firlt attempt,they almoftneuercompafleit i all their boil- ling heat is foone exhaled and fpent by thefodameferuen- cie of their courage, which moft commonly trafifports them beyond all moderation and aduice moft requifitc in what wee vndertake, without heeding the end for which they bega.This negligence together with their impatience hath made way to all the misfortunes which out of their countrie they haue induced: The voyage of the Tcrferas and certainc other attempts vpon the Portugales haue not longiince confirmed this opinion, and made the wound of their vnhappines bleedeafrelh. Lews the eleuentb, a prince of an approued wifdomeaad cleare lighted in mat- ters of eftate, would neuer lend any careto theperfwafi- ons of fending an army into Italie or other remote parts 5 reiefting all fuch pra£lifes, as well for the reafon formerly al!edged,asbecauleofthe infidelitiewhich he thought to be m the Itahans, and particularly in them of Genoa. If Charles the 8. his (oxwiQ^LetPes the 1 1. Francis the firll, and Henry his fonne had inherited this their predcceffors opi- nion, they had not with fuch cxcefliue charge,mi(hap;and mifery attempted //^^. 9 Heere fome one will obieft that neucrthelcffe the do- minion of the Portugals is of 90. yeares continuance or thereabout in the Indies, (o far diftant from the firft fpring G and ^o Tl)e meanes to become and origitrall. The like appeareth in the goucrnment of Philip Kingof Spaine fpread and diuided in To many pla- ces alwell in Europe as in India. Surely it is not pofliblc to imagine a greater diftance then from Lishnxo Ormtu^ GoA, Malacay and7Vr;?4ftf,foasfrom Portugalc to their fertheft Conquefts, there are nolelTe thentwentiethou- fand milesj and although they cndeuour to ioync thefe cftatcs fofcuered, by the neercnefle of fundry fortrcfles heere and there bellowed in the midway ( 2LsZofala, Mo-- hamhi^ae , Melinde ^ which belongeth to acerraineKing their Ally, befides other like meanes) yetallthelearebuc weakc finewes long to fuftaine the vnion of fo far feparated members.; But it is Gods pleafurethatby bow much the foundations of this rule are more feeble and fubiefttobc fhaken,by(bmuch themore we fliould admire the omni- potency of his diuine Maierty , whereby they are main- tained^ fortified , and prote6led. The dominion likewife of the King of Spainc is fpread into fo many parts of AJi4 (efpccially by ipeanes of annexing the crowncof Portugale ) of Afrik^y of Europe^ and of the new found world, as there appeareth in this prcferuarion a greater mi- racle then counfail or humane prouidence,for in very deed to rule fo many andfofeucred nations differing in religion, manners and tongues without flirring from home , is k not a workeof heauen rather then of humane policy or dif- courfe i ©od therefore which hath of his goodneffe made him owner offo many and fo goodly countries , hath not denied himwifedome andcounfaile to know how to or- der and maintaine them , as he doth , vnder his obedi- ence. lo The 0/^.ought hcncefoorth to fcrue as an inllruftion to make vs become more wife and regard full then we yet are, to the end that after wehaue by an holy and vniuerfall amendment ap- pealed the wrath of God, wemay waragainft ihemuith the fame pohcics and aduantagesas they haue pra6lifed inraifing themfelues to our coll and confufion. Thefc examples alfolhould admonifh vs ofwhatistobefeared, to wit, leaft failing to chaftice & humble ourfclues, his di- uineMaiefty inflid vpon vs a morefeucre punilhment, then that we haue hitherto indured^and forthis caufe open a more large gate to thoie infidels vtterlytoruineandde- ftroy vs. 1 1 Now left any one fhould thinkc I haue againft rea- fonheld thattheTurkes hauc not, as we, forgotten thus inconfideratly to skip, I will recite certainc examples to that purpofo. The firfl then that did it, was Mahomet the fecond, which tnfortunatly attempted Italy ^ Sotiffuut^eT' G z formed ^ Themcahestd.kconte formed the like againlt the fame country , after the inter- • pule oiDm in the I^idies, whichVwiai$,yndcrtaken the ycare 1 5 ?7. then that of the ycare i $^%,:t\rdt or Ormm.i ^^z, ; and finally vpon good grounds the.attempting <:>i Malta. which wasfovahantly defended by the Knights of the or- der, as (next the honour due vrito the diuineMaieftie) all thole braue JGeatleraen, Avho with their grand Maftcr Parifot i madeit goodagainft thelnfidels j)deierueto be confecrated coall praife, and to a moft gloripws and eter- nail memory, G H A p. X. That he hath not fpent time vp- on enterprifes of fmall importaace. I Get the^eater^ the lejje mil follow. % ThebefiegingofJomefmaUhplde, may he the hmderance of the vffhole expedition, this exemplified. 5 TheTHrk^sdifcretiotiintheir expeditions and Jleges. 4 The heflcoutfe is., to become makers of the field. 5 Error in the (lege of Malta. Aturcaswifeandprouident, doth not bufiehcr-felfeabout the birth of cucrie particularihing , but rather fetteth her hand to the generation of the fubftance, which without anyfurtherpaine, is af- terward attended on by the accident? •ucry where infeparably accompanying her. In like fort 9 good and difcreet Captainein the carriage of his entcrpri- fcs^ fliould noiaimcat ought elfe but to conquerthe pla^ ces of importance ; for of their conlequencc other infe- rior parts ofthceftate come tumbling in (as it were ) of -jhcmfclues^ which as vnfepairable accidents or qualities, Vildoubtcdly ^eathBJlates. '55 •Vndoubtcdly follow the firft examples of greater moment* .whereon degetKlcth and i^bfifteth the others being. «3 ;W^ haue often feene, that a pahrie Sconce (either bc- iCauftpf the naturall llrength of theiituation, thickniefleof the wall, goodneffe o6thp matter, couragious obftinacy of thedefcnders , or feme other accident not forefeenc oc . drc^.^pt o'VMh ftopt the proceeding of a royall armie, iand hath prooued it felfe as able to withftand the forcQ thereof, as a cine greacer^ richerj, and gibre peopled. And tkough we become after, mafters of fuchbIocke-hou(e$ and fmall fortes , yet that is no furtherance to a more im- portant conqueftj or helpeto the cnterprife begun. We findewritten that the Emperour Maximilian, becaufe he to no purpofefpentfo much time about Afola (which he firiu^ to fubdue by the way, for the reputation and credit of the armic, he condufted to Milan)inconfideratelyloft the occafion offered him to become Lord of that Duke* vdome^ and performed not any thing after to the good of his affaires. The French alfo^ after they hadpaffed the Alpes in the time oiLewesi\\Q i %.. thriued not in their at- tempts of the kingdomjij^pf Naples? hauing vpon an ill ground vndertaken Rocca-Secea, where they engaged both their jionors and lines; forhauingbe/icgedit cer- taine daic3, and giuen the affault in vaine,they lent l^afurc aud courage to the Spaniards, tobethfnke themfelues: made their powers lelTe valued for fobadde a beginning, and dilcou raged the people for euer attempting any thing in their behalfe, as no doubt they had done if they might hauc (eene a* fortunate and better digefted proceeding .then theirs was, the name of. the Spaniard being then odi- ous amongft them. This fault madetlicSpataiardsf^'bpld as to fay , that the reft of the kingdome was referued for them , and not for the other^ who hadfp ill husbanded .thciropportnnitiest In thcyerp 1 556.. holding on the faid defigne for the conc|ueft of Naples , did they noic yaindy fpend time, money, their forces ,.and paines atOuiteUa^ to the ruinc of that goodly armie which jyirwr;' the a, of G3 France. 54 ^^^ meanes to hecome France (ertc thither vnder the command of the DuRe of <7«;y^:whowasncuerthelcfle a valiant anddifcrcct Cap- taine, and who had perhaps done better if his particular intereft, or the ouermuch truft he repofed in the Popes Ncphewes, had not blinded him : Other reafons may be alleaged for the Imall good this armie did the king , who had conceiuedoficgreatand honorable hopes; butlwill refcrre them to fuch as write tliat Hiftorie. The Spaniards X 5 tfo. alfo hauc thrice attempted the He of Gerbcs , and cuerie time loil a goodly and florifliing armie , able to haue per- formed a farrc greater matter then they could hope for by getting the henrouft (if I may fo tearmc it,) The yearc I 5 7 1. after the battcil of Lepanto the armie of the confederates, which was then in the Lcuant; , hauing their forces aug- mented by the arriuall ciD&n lohn , made OchMlla Gene- tall of the Turkifli armie, retire to Modon,as fearing thofe of whom he had made rriall the yecre bcfore.If they had put him to it as they (hould haue done, no doubt but they had found him difmaide , arid hardly beftead how to dfe- fend as well thefortrefles as his armie by fea: for he had not left aboue 6o. gallies, to g^rde the hauen, and had be- ftowed the reft ofhisfocces one yearc. But when he (awe they went tobcfiegeNauaria tieereModon, and that they had no laying to him at his landing, as he feared they would, hetookeheartat graffe, and after made a fell of thv dcfigncs of the Chriftians armie,which he in fuch fort held plaie and entertained, as it performed nothing woor- thie fuch a power affembled immediately vpon the good fuccefleof a former vi6lory. 3 The Turkes in what concerneth the ordering, com- inoditie,andairurance,intHeirenterpnfes,furpafle(toiay the very tructh)all other nations for well managmg of war- like aBaires: for they neuer attempted place that the de- iigne thereof was not fare more woorththen thepainc they emploied about it ; or that the enterprifc d'id not dc- fcruc the like or more expence: carying themftlues thus, ihcyareby the effe6t of their cnterpnfesgrownemightic, for greattnBftates. 55; for force and raeancs, and haue opened the way to the cncrcafe of their greatncfle and fucccfle of their affaires: which in fuch lort affimng ( wherein they haue aimed prin- cipally at profit ) they haue more and more weakened our forces, not without an euident confcquencc ofextreamc danger ; when they tookein hand the conqueftof C;/jr^/, they were wife enough not to beftowtimcin taking Cry;;- ftes a fortrcs almoft impregnable. They forelaw that k was of Imall moment, at the leaft not to import much in that they intended to compalfe , but they rather dircded their courfeand indeu jurs againft Nicojia^ as agamft the principal! place ofall the Hand , whereabouts they fo well imploied their paines as they caried it. By which conqueft it was found that Cerjnes Ibone followed , ( as of a ncccfla* ryconfequcnce) the difaftcr of their capitalltowne. 4 In all the executions of their hardy deflfignes they haue alwaiesat the very firft beene Matters of the field, which ^ath fo furthered them as thereby the ftrongeft holds of the country , which they could not otherwife haue gotten but by force of armes, haue bcenefurrendred ypvntothem. Such fortrefles being vnable long to hold out when all hopeoffuccour is call off by theoppofitidn offoftrongand mighty armies as theirs are. 5 At the war of Malta it fccmeth God did dull them, x r 60. oucrthrowing the policies and pra^lifes which areordi- nary with them. For the Bajfa ( who would needes begin with S. Hermes becaufe it feemed commodious to flop vp the hauen and after to get the fuburbs where the knights made their aboade) confiimedmuch time about it ^and loll the better part of his bell fouldiours. In the mcane fpace the feafon of the ycare fpent fo fall , and the rcfoluti- ons and valour ofthem in the towne prooucd fuch, as in the end he grew confounded , pcrceiuing too late how flenderlyhehadpreuailed, and that^he muft necelTarilie begin a new with the. principall place, which he lliould haue at the firft attempted, ifGod(as H|id)fQrthe gog^d of Chriflcndome, had^9C,^Iindcd hin^mhisenterprijc^. 56 Tlhe mednes to become DorgutttaU Vice-royof Argicrs, who was to fccond this ^^^^inallhiswarre, aad towhom he was commanded to communicate his defignes aflbone as hefhould arriue, (which he did fome few weekes after his firft (etting downc end beginning to batter) foonedilcoucredhi's error, and could vpbraid him with it, telling him hefliuld haiiegone right on to the fountaine, without ftooping to the (hallow ftrcames* So as after the taking of S. Hermes, they djd not performc or attempt any matter of importance, but as men tired and difcouraged , they trull vpbagge and bag- gage to be gone aflbone as the fuccour appeared before Malta J thele leaning bchinde them the memorie and tcftimonic of their fliame , and ill grounded aduife, and the knights of their honour and valour. C H A p. XL That he hath laid hold on occafions. X Occdjion pourtrated, % It is to be ohferued, 3 Examples of the Ottomans diligence in layingloold on 0(f^ capons offered bj the Chrifitans. jj Th^diffcHltiesofadefenfiHeandojfenJiHeleague. J Thefalfe gfiejfe of the [elf e-r nine of the Turhtfh Empire. 6 The weaker Princes are eafily [ttbdued by the might per. y Other occafions offered bj the Chrijiians toforrvard the TnrkjSh greatnejfe. He ancient Romans fignified vnto vsby the pifture of occafion ( whom they adoredasagoddcffe, putting wings to her fecte, fupportcd with a bowie , bc^ hindcbaldj and before hairie) that tic muft bee diligent to apprehend her whctt'^fliccprefcntcthher-felfe, and not in any cafe to let her flippe iconfideringthat if (he onccefcape vs , (he lea- octh vs nought but a vainc and vexing repentance. a And great in Eflates. i^y 2 Andco fay the truth, in all a mans anions. Thereis nothing more commendable then to be able to make the beft vfe of occafion and efpecialiy in mater of war. In as much as he that knowcth his aduantagc, how to take it and to carry the time before him is furnifted with the principal! adorning vertue of a Captaincy occa/ion being no other thing, then an opportunity that the time more by accident then prouidcnce offcreth vnto vs,for the well performing of what wehaue in hand, and for theabftaining and well comming oJfFfrom a deli ine vnfefonably attempted , as the euent of the aboue mentioned interprife may lufficiently witneffe. This is that thefe Infidels haue ftudiedat fuch times as God hath made them his inltruments toaffli6t and challicevs, and this is that we ought to doe againft them , for the glorifying of Gods diuine Maielly,not yet for ought I fee pleafed with vs. In a word all fuch as hauc inlarged their eftates haue either inioyed or hammered our fome notable occafion which they wifely laid hold on , and haue conlequently reaped the fruitesof an vnufu- all aduancement. TheGrccianand Romanehiftoriescan teach vs this, but I omit them as too far from vs,to betake mylelfe to fuch as are more familiar and neerc vnto vs, Pepin and Charlemaine were by theRomilh church called 7 3 5- into Italy : the like was Charles of Amofiinio thekmg- 800. dome oi Naples. Thofe oiAragQn were inuited to Staly x a 6 g . by the people and to the conqueft of the kingdome of Naples by ^Heene lone the fecond : The houfe oi AnftrU is at this day inriched with many goodly kingdomes brought them by their alliance and manages ; one where- of fubie6ted vnto them the Lowe-countries , the other i 416% gaucthem Spaine with her apurtenanccs , thethirdfora perfe£t raifingof thishowfes gretnclTe, annexed vnto it the crowne of Portugale and theeaft Indies jfo as jf we i e ^'n. necrely confider humaine cafualties , we (hall findethat ' force without occafion is fruitlefle or fmally auaileable. 3 The Ottomans hauc not attained to the height of fo mightiean Empire but by fuch occafionsas we haue too H carelelty, 58 Tl^e meanes to become fiontotheOna mans of their evpne ouer- throw X Thefirfioc iafion : of the Jlothofthe £mf>erours of Greece, z, Occdpon: tnme of the Mmferours of Greece, The rtrin/4tt5 careldly, vnworthily , and as ofour free bounty ^ prefen- minilired occa- tcd vnto then?. The firftfpring from the ncdigenceand couardiceof theEmperours of Greece who through their extreame lafciuioufneffeand (loath (SardanapaLu and He- liogabdiu like) became deformed monfters of allloofenes and riot : Soasabandoningthemfeluestoallvoluptuouf- nefleand excclTe, that martiall vigor which had till then honored and prelerued them , began by little and little to decline amongftthcm, and next amongft their people, (thefe framing their manners after their gouernours) which prepared meanes and occafions for the Turks x.o fet foote one while ^ into (bme inferiour prouince atid ere long into a mighty kingdome. Thefecond occafion which Ihewed it felfe fauorable and propper for the Turkes was when the Grecians vpon a malicious enuy began to disfauourand oppofe the deffignes of the Chriftian Princes which had by league vnited themfeluesfor rheconquell of the holy land, and fo ill aduifed they were as inrtea3e of feconding them they crofled them in all they might, to the end to ftop the fortunat proceeding of their woorthy armies , not hee- ding poore foules that they thereby befriended the Turks'^ who did but watch his opportunities. For they well obfer- uing this fault, and temporifingthe occafion which after appeared, failed not to fpie when they might furprife them (asthey did) all beaten , tired, and difunited in force and meanes, whereupon it finally infiied that the Chriftians were vtterly expelled lury^ bytheTuikes, who after tur- ned their armies againft the Greekes themfeluesand berea- ued them of their Empire. Thefe were milchiefes and wounds by them well deferued , neither are they to be pit- tied but fo far foorth,as they haue bread the calamities and ruines which haue and doeftill continue to aiBi6lChri- OccaCon^the^^^^^^^' liuiaTarsof ^ The iarres and diuifions of the Princes of dcccQ mini- the Emperors of Aved the third time an occafion to the Turkifli thriuing Greece. greatnefle : This hapned at fuch time as the Emperour of lohnvaleolo- Conilantinople waolo ilhduifcd; as tocraue the aide of ^^* Amnrath jilottt anno great inEJiates. 43 Amurath the firft to defend him. This Prince which laV Hill in waite, willingly lent his troupes^ not to fuccour,but tordilcouer the country for the better aduanccment of his defignes ; and in very deed the fouldiers returning from thacvoiage, dehueredfoaduantageous reports of theri- ches^pleafanrnedejand fruitfulneffe of that country^paint* ingitout vnto him fo abounding in all commodities ne- ceflariefor thelifeof man,ashefoorthwith refolued to at- tempt it, lb as nor long after without bidding, he in perfon 1363. " palled the Streight, and lb well husbanded the occafion to fettle himlelte in Europe, as fince his fucceflbrs haue there made the principal! feate of their Empire. The di- ^ 0(cdpon: uorce and reparation of the Grceke church from the Ro- the reparation maine, prepared a large way for the fourth occafion, em- ^fthe Greel^ braced by the Turks, more aduantagcoully to ouertop vs : ^j^^^^^^fr^^f^ fince this diuifion wa^ a meane to diftalle and allay the ^ '* ^^'"'^''* courage of the Princes of either partie , neither hath it euer fince bcenepoflible to reconcile orvnitethem bya- nygood or firme intelligence, Co as remaining in this fort diuided, they haue neuerbeene able to enterprife ought woorthy Chrillianpietie, orthegreatncfleof their pow- ers and monarchies 5 thereby to cut oflf and ouerthrow (as they might and ought) the proceeding of the common encmiQ ofChrillendome 5 who getting by his negligence, fcopc and hbertie, is growne greater to our vniuerfall hurt, which thofe princes haue euermore foftered^ a difeafe ,now by their obilinate diuifion growen remedilefle. This ^. oecafton : euill hath prooued the more lamentable becaufe o( the the Tml{es£idi difcord amongft other Chrillian Princes which refufe to caEedinto ita- make their benefit of others calamities, or to acknowledge ^^' them as corrcftions comming from the hand of God. This mifchiefgrew greater at fuchtimeas fome Poten- tates of Italy inconfiderately called the Turke to their fuc- cour, fhewing him the way into ourfeas farther then was conuenicnt. In this regard our portes rtood open vnto them, they entred and conuerfed with vs as with friends and allbciats, a thing mollabhominable before God and H 2 man. 6o i Tl^emeanestohecome' man , andof mpft dangerous confcquence . And to the end I be not held an ouclaflicr, I will reckon feme of thofe that haue 16 ouerfhoc ihcmlelues. Aljonfo the fecond king X 4 8. ^f Naples, and Lodomck^ Sforfa duke of Milan, were thcfc that brought in Baia^et the fecond: that againft the French, this againft the Venetians. Jfabell Quecne of 1540. Hungarie craned aide likewile of So/tman, agaiDil Ferdwand 1543. king of the Romans. France the firft of Fiance,and Henry the lecond that fucceeded him, did not onely let in the Turkifl) power into our feas, but fufFered them alfoto land at Nice and m Corfica , leading capciue at their re- turne^an infinite multitude of pooreChriftians, (without refpeftofamitic, age, orfexe, which they fnatchcd vp in ihoie places andalongrhe Adriatickcoafts. 6 ficcaf. '^^^ ^^^ occalion obferued and embraced by tt^e rfce j^i»r4//tjfi/Turkes, may befaid in my opinion to proceed from the the chrtfiim coiifideration they haue had of the pluralirie of Chnftian Trinces, Piinces^ fuppofing (as it is true) that it could nor be with- out that icalou fie and fufpicion which ech man particular- ly concejueth of his owne eftate , ranke, and dignitie, and and fo the whole being deuided into diuers gouer nments, itmuft follow the parc^fliould be morefceble and franted of mcanes to vndertake againft him: fince (as we haue laide)vertuevnitedinone enure body, is alwaies more lirong then feparated into many parcels. That which is woorlef, is, that in this diuifion of Monarchies , the ambi- tious thirft of greatnefle, hath taken dangerous footing amongft Princes, and hath bred (as by a neceflarie confe- quence) difcord, fepararion oYwilles, diuerfitie of de- fignes, and vaiictie of pretences, of all which partialities, hath fprungfiifpition, the common plague amongft prin- CCS. Thisluipicion Lke a canker hath contaminated the vnion and rid the meanes how to knit and eftablifti a holy league and confidence amongft them for a defenfiue or of. fenfiuewar, 4 Now to makea defenfiue league againft the Turkeis intheic daics a hard matter m fomuch as the princes of Chnftendomc ^reatlnEJ^ates. 61 Chriftcndome arc lo far from one another, andfomeef- peciallytrom the enemy, asJike men out of danger they weigh it not erteemingthemlelues moft allured : Andro vndertake to eftablifh an cffenfiue league is no IcfledifF- cult feeingthe profit of their conquell cannot be drawne to a proportionable equality, it may be alio euery maa fearesthe greatnelleothis companion ( althoghneuerfo much his partner for aide and common aflociation) but aboue all he that hath the moit commodious hauens or his Prouinces moil proper for the mannagingofthevvar^ Or clfe he who can better maintaine his conqueits would proue the moftrufpefted and maligned. Thcle confidera- tions hinder them from vninngandaflemblingthemfelues as they ought for the common good. 5 Moreouer euery one flattereth himfelfe that rime and the worlds ordinarie change will breede ruine and alterati- on in the eftate ofthe Ottomans , and fettle their affaires without being conftrained to expofe themfelues to dan- ger, trauell^ and charge. 6 Another reafon and inconuenienccmay yetbealled- ged that each of thefe princes being weake in refpeft of the other they canot lb couragioully relbluc to vndertake what were profitable and neceilaiy for them> whence it groweth that the feeblenelle of their llrength is yet made more fee- ble by this irrefolution ; (o as a mighty power charging them they flial remain fubieft to the difcretion ofthe indi- fcrect enemy : by thefe means the lords ofthe feueral parts ofLombardy became the pray of the ^^«tf//W;fx whofub- dued them with as much facility as refolution 5 But had therepull'e when they attempted the Itateof Milan ^sx.^ niolUimitofthcirpower, dominion, and conquetts. Af- ter the fame fort alfo the French in time part brought vnder alltheProuincesofG^////, butwhenthey would enter the - confines of Spain^theoppofition of that neighbour- great- nelTe llopped their courfe and was a rampart to defend them from further proceedings. In the very like manner the Turkes hauing dcuoured all the Princes of Greece^, H g Macedoma^, 6z The meanes to become 1408. Macedpma^Md Bulgaria, Seruia attempting the inuafion o£ 1412. Hungaria, they had their hands full , fince the valour of '143 ^» thefe Kings and people (fo fafhioncd,hardned and enured, ofalong time to the wars as they were the better able to make head againft them) difcouered itfelfe to be greater then the coniideration of their indifferent ellate could well bcare, as witnelTethe exploits of Ladtjlans ' ^ind Mathias Coruiny who found the Turkes play to their coll. Butfo fbone as thofe Kings and people did forgoe thisfirftva- ^5 • lour and Piffered the exercile of armes to degenerat , Soli^ ^ 5 ^ • frt^^n ouercame them both at Bel(rrade and at Mogacia, Af- ter theTurks had gone thus far, they met with that bar of the houfc oijififlria feconded by the German forces, and fupported by the power of the king of Spaine ; who (hewed himfclfealwaiesfearelcffe of the Tf/r^//?:? forces : As for the rre fecurity, xcith others. their leagues, treaties of peace;i and fufpenfions of armcs, pafl'ed betweene them and ourPrinces, hauebeene their greatell: furthwtances : for the Turkes neuer warred with anic Chriftian Prince or Infidel either to defend their owne eftate , or with hoftilitie to aflaile an others, but they firft of all made their countrey fure againft the power of their neighbours, but aboue all, fuch as(fee- ingrhem elfewhere bufied ) had meaiiesto dilquiet their aflFaires, inuade their teritories , and aflaile thematvna- wares. The peace they haue fo. long maintained, with the Polonians can teftificas much : Againe the quiet they haue fuffered the F'ewna^js to inioy for thefe many ycarcs fufFxiently bewraieth with what care they handle this bu- fincfle. The continued peace they kcepe with the French teacheth vs likewife with what prouidence and wifdome their matters are caried ; to the end not to receiue any in- combrance or interruption by meanesof ftrange enmities, at fuch time as they proceed in their enterpriles 5 They take trucewiththeEmperour alwaiesto their aduantage 5 and lately intending to war vpon Perfia they dealtforafuipen- fion of armes with the King of Spaine, fo as making all lure on one fide they in a trice aflaile the other, heerebyfb well playing their parts, as hauing the law in their hands they temaineasarbitratorsof peace and war , purfuing al- waies (^4 ^^^ meaner to become waiesthe courfeof their dedincs with an aduantage too great vnworthy and preiudicious to the Princes otChri- Itendome; whofe greater partis fo awed by their forces, as they haue often chofen to enter into conditions of a dif- honell peace or truce though neuer fovnaflured, rather then toexpofe themfeiues to the danger ofrhcir mighty armies : not heeding that thereby they haue loft many fairc occafions of doing good vponthem : whereof we needc notleeke farther for examples then now that the King of P^r/?^ kcepeth them in contmuall war(at leaft if fuch nevves as comes thence be true)and that he hath lately giuen them anouerthrow nceveTat^njs ofaboue fourefcorethouiand men. Which if it be fo, what better occafion can you de- fire (6 ye Princes of Chnjlendome) to fetvpon them and jreuengethediftionourofourpaflediniuries :" Can it be o- therwife but that in their former incountersandin this laft they muft haue loft the flower of their captaines and choice fouldiours,and is it pofiible that the fwelling pride of their command and greatnefle (hould not (hortly vndergoc fome change and decreafe ifyou willintertain the occafion which Godoffereth you i 6 but you iJeepe andare alto- gether vnprouided toaflaile th^m. Thejfareour fins that hinder vs and haue bred the diforders of ciuill wars which difquiet France and the Low- countries , with fuch obftina- cie and cruelty as thefe Princes haueworke enough to or- der their owne affaires : their neighbours in the meane time hauing their eares filled with the noice thereof , looking what will become of (bch fturs and fearing left the fire which fo cruelly burneth their neighbours houfe, (honld faften vpon theirs , which makes them ftand vpon their guard to keepe out fuch broiles & diforders. In the mean timethcTurkewantethnotimeto recouerhisloffes 5 and tolaughatoure inconfidcrate follies ; follies indeedefor vs, butwiCdomeforhim. It is a maruelous matter ro con- sider with what fucces and adutce he hath quieted his neighbours, in fuch fort as he hath beene neuer knowen to h^ue had two quarrels in hand at one time. Imitating hecrein great In EJlates. 6t^ heereinthe wifdomeofthe Romans who had anefpeciall care not to hauc two enemies to dcale wi jh at once, but if they aflailed onc^ they tooke order by deuice and friend!/ meanes that the other were lookers on, or aflbciars in their trauailes. SeUm the fir ft, which warred with the Pcrfians, fo ordered therellof hiseftate, asduring all the time he was imploied that way, the i'^^/^i^u of Egypt neucrdillur- i j 14. bed him : his (onnQ Amnrath continuing the fame enter, prife, neuer recciued let of any Chriftian potentate, ThedeiTignesofthePfincesofEurope,&che wars they '53^* hauefolong andfo wilfully maintained one againft the o- ther,haue affoorded the Turks a large paflage tor the tenth '5* |^^'^^^'*; occafion to benefit themlelues by their obftmacies &diui- leT^lni^^'*'' fions ; neither haue they omitted nimbly to lay holdc on yLnZTotfurl it to fome purpofe for the good of their affaires. What enmities were euermore cruelly exercifed with fire and (word then thofe our anceftors and we our fclues hauc (eenebetweene France and Spaine ^ What malice was c- ucr more decpely rooted then that of the two Kings? • What nations are there in the world more mighty or more valiant then thefe are 5 and hence let vs confidcr what pro- fitjwhat comfort would hauc redounded to Chriftendome, and what fearefuli ruinc to the Turks , if by fpme holy league they had beenc vnited j fuch vndoubredly as there fliould haue beene no memory ofthcm, whereas they arc now molt mighty , and moft dreadfull.lf we will defcend to particulars jWas there euer Prince that had better meanes to conquer the T/^r^b^ then CW/?/ the fifth f For be fides his valour, inuincible courage, and other notable parts which Aimed in him, he had fumcienr force to execute his enter- prjfes : he was followed by Captaines of incomparable vertue, his fouldiers were moft refolute , his people and Prouinces were all moftdefirous offo holy a war , he had hauens and roades fit wherein to harbour his (hips , and in a word he had whatfocuer was nccellary, but how c' He was alwaies conftrained to haue an eie behinde him , to Aand vponhisgard;^bccaufeof his neighbours who (pared I not' 66 The meanes to become not to moleft him asfoonc as he did but onccaime atfo holy an intcrprife. King Philip his fonne hath met with the like incombrances : lo as we may well fay our finnes hauc minillredoccafionsenoweto theTurkes toalTailevswith fuch aduantage , as it hath beene an increafe and ellabli- (bing to his eftate,wealwaies flirinking at the crucll fliockc of his mighty forces. Amonglt all the Ottomans Amnrath thcfirftwasthcmoft diligent tohuntafter, and embrace occafions, who ( as we hauc already deliiiered ) fenthis 60 fupplies to the Emperour of conftantinople, pafled the ^ ' ftraights \n pcrfon and got iiKo his hands the two Caftles. Bai4K€t thefirft^his fonrie fhewed himfelfenolefl'epoli- tickc and prompt to difcoucr his adu3ncages5patient to ac- ^ 3 ^3« tend his occafions,and diligent to gather the fruits where- with his kopcsprcfented him. Chap. XII. That he hath behaued himrelfe with mmbleneile and ccleritie vp- onhisoccaiions. t The fort Htte §frv4rr€ conjifieth not in difcernmg bnt in the vfeof occajion, 2 Celcriiie in ivars mofl expedient. 3 The Turkes readinejfe and mjdome in that kinde. 4 T HYther^nce of this ce Untie, 5 Impediments of the Chrifiians in their expeditions. 6 Treafure requifite. 7 ExaEl obedience in Captaines and Soaldiers and an obfer^ nation ofmilitarie difc'tpUne, 8 Strength andabtlitie of men and horfe. p Examples of the Turkes celerity. 10 In thetrfea-aElions and their order. 11 Defers of the Chrifiiam /hipping. I Becaufe ^reat in ejlates] ^7 Ecaiifc this Chapter > in regard of the conrinuanccof the matter m handling, is but as one dependencie andconiun- 6tion with the former, we will ftill make vie of this word Occafion , heeretofore difcourfed vpon, as of a table wherein is reprefented all whatfoeuer our forefathers haue concei- ted of it; and what we ought to admit thereof; following this path we are to remember that who in time laicth noc hold on occafion, (hall neuer more inioy a like time tore- couer it with the like commoditie of wel dcingas he once bad , ifhehadknownehowto entertaineitas hee ought, I'o difcouer then the opportunitie of affaires, is not al that is required: That which moft importeth , is tofcrue our f^g./i^.j.e.i^. turnes with it at an inftant , when it prefenteth it felfe , to guide our intentions to that perfeftion we aime at , 2 Celeritie is an tfpeciall matter in all affaires of impor- tance, but aboue allm the warres,whereinit is more necef* farietheninanyoura6^ions. Becaufe (as (sixAcSeltm the firrt) the leaft delay we therin vfe, turneth to a grofle error, cfpcciallyfinceitbereauesvs of the commoditieand ad- uantage offered to put in execution, what we had wifely and with ftudie determined ; Hamtbal a woorthy and re- nowned captaine, was noted of llowne(re,not in refoluing but in embracing his occafions of viftory which might haueafluredlyertabli(hed his affaires. That gxtnPompey waslikewife fubieft tothe(ameimperfe6iion, which did vtterly vndochim. In a word, no motion wanting fpeedi- ne(re5canbe of much force, or produce woorthy effects: Violent agitations loofe alike their force with their fwift- neflc, but iuch as arc naiurali attaine it, and fortific them- ftluesmit. 3 This is that the Turkes know well enough how to pra- £tiTc, faihioning themfclues to quickneile, nimbleneile, *habilitic,and toa ccrtaineftoreof whatfoeuer may fecmc necelTaric to that purpofc, fo as their ptomptneffc and I z forecaft 68 Tl?e meanes to become forecaft hath ncuer omitted chcoccafionsprefentcd vnto them without reaping the fruitesand glory thereof. 4 . Butfomcone will fay /that itisrcquifite forthefud- dainnefl'eof occafion that many things relie in the power of him that will follow this conrfe. 1 grant it 5 for they in- deed who will fitly make vfc of tichaduantage, muft be alwaies in armes, andheereinaUbtheTurkefurpafTeth vs, for he continually entertaineth fo many fouldiers^as it were hard to take him vnprouided, or to finde him(when need requireth) without a mightie army, which ferueth to hear- ten him^ and to awake bis courage : but aboue all, he hath fo great a number of horfe ordinarily in a readinefle, as that is but too fufficient to make him proudly humour his ownewill; fo as thought and execution arc ina manner one with him. This is yet farther accompanied with a powerfull commoditie which addeth facillicitie to his promptnefl'e; and this iSj thathishorfe and foot are light- ly armed, and without incombrance of luggage, fo asby this meanes he more eafily aflembleth his troups,ordreth them, and condufteth them wherefoeuer he pleafeth, without dilHnftion of time. Againe, fobrietie and fparing (familiar among his fouldiers) make much to the aduance- mentof hisenterprifes, contenting themfelues, as they do to drinke water and eat rice and falted flefli,which they re- duce into powder, fo ascueryone carrieth with him his prouifion almort for a moneth, and when that faileth,they liuebythe bloud of their horfes, which theyfalt them- fclucSjlikeas doe the Mufcouites and Tartars-. 5 On the other fide ^ when our fouldiers march, they mufthauefuchftore of munition follow them, to their fo Arangeconfufion and hinderance, astheyareneuer able togoethorow fpeedily with any notable attempt. This bringcth a twofold let to their enrerprifes. The firft in their prouifion,which in the ynmeafurablenelfc thereof is ncuer i:i«)ade in due time. The fecond, in the conuoy thereof,ne* uerfo well ordered as it ought , whereof theeucnt of the %ntcrprife of Exechmm , is but too true a teftimonic , the fouldiers ^eat mEftates. 6^ fouldiers thenfuftcring more in regard of the famine and I y 3 8. difficultie of conucying viftuals vnto them , then of the enemies forces. Whole attempt had becne vnprofitabl'e if %i frumtn-^ the campe had not beene difordered by this inconuetii- ****n ne^effkri^ ence, wherebvthe foDldicrs became halfe dead for hun- *""?«* ^•w- ger, andgrewroreeble, as the courage toderend tncm-^y^.^y^^^,.^^ lelacs Ytterly failed them. Which the General of the Tun uturfmeferr^. kith armieforefeeing, waited till fuchtime, asthe famme X'W.3.c.2^. had brought them low, and made them ftrengthlcfTe, thae he might vpon their^nfcrced retr'airaflailc them behinde, and fo wearie them with continual! skirmifhing as they ftiould at length chacc and oucrthrow themfelues , as in- deed it came to pallc. I remember I bane heard one wor- thie to be credited jfay to thispurpbfe f that when Enumnel ^ iS7* PhMert DukeoFSauoy, dcceailed, wasGenerall of the armie in Flanders, he found no difficultie in the wars more important then the difcommoditic of proportioning and carriage of necelTarieprouilion as he had oftentimes ap- prooued. On the contrarfe , it may be faid to the Chrifti- ans fhame and confufion, that neuer any of the Turkifli ar- mies were knowen, through fuch default, to fuffer excrca- mitie or to be difordered. 6 Let vs now come to the point of fodaihc execution, andtotheinftrumentsthereof, and lee vs dwell fomewhac thereupon. I finde the molineceilarie and profitable is to hauealwaiesftoreof moneyin our coffers : and that is a hard matter, efpeciallyforluchasarenot prouident, and that in all things fo pamper themfelues as the Chrillians. doe ; but not for the Turke , for he hath ( when and what he will ) in ftore to ferue his need for the warres , and for whatfoeuerbelongp^h thereto. Thisisthc finew ofwarrc, and the onely meanes to halten forward occafion, and at- tainc(as he doth) to a happieend ofhiscnterprifes , but at hisreturnehome, haobferuetha barbarousand infolent courfeofrembourfing his charge : After he hath perfor- med what he vndertooke, he repaieth himfelfe by new im- pofitions^ whereto he enforccih his fubicfts to contribute:;; I 3 This JO Tl)e meancs to become This to him is caCc : but to vs the mod difficult materiall point is the procuring of money : for che greater part of Chriftian Princes are fo bad husbands and offo fmall fore- cafte, that they haue fcarce one crofle in (lore : and are al- waiesatthe borrowing hand , or enforced to pawne their lands and demaines. And though the Chriftians be not (b* couetous as the Turkes , yet they are of fo good a holdfart, as no (mall time will ferue to draw money from them, fo as while that is doing, occafionhach aJreadic turned her backe and left vs nought, but the fliame and forrow of our enterprifes ill fucceffc and cff c6l. And if it chance that we hold on our courfes, it is with fnch head- long raflincfle and ill aduicc in all we doe, but particularly inprouidingofarmes, horfe, munition, and other nccef- faries, as all being performed out of (eafon,there is neither the forwardneffe, the array^the election, thcaboundance, the refolution, nor the well difpofing of matters which would ocherwife haue becne, and which we fee to be in our aducrfaries. 7 There is another thing which addeth much aflurance to the Turkes defignes, and makes them more eafily to execute : and this is the incredible obedience oftheCap- taines towards their General!, and ofthe fouldiours to- wards their Captaines andfuch istheloue amongftthem as there is no danger or difficulty ( bcitneuer lb great) which they will not eafily ouercome, fo willingly they per- forme what is inioyned them. It was neuer heard that any reuolt or mutiny ftoptor Hacked the courle of their con- queft. 8 They haue yet another moft confiderable adnantage and thatisthertrong conftitution of their men , fpirit and Ipeed of their horfe. Where on the contrary our forces dare fcarce bougevnleUe they be backed and ilrengthned by forrain faccors either Almines or Smtzers^ people faint and of licde courage vpon afodaineand vnexpe£ted aftir on, as being framed ofa dull and llow mcttallieruingfor nought but to make good the intire body of a battaile,and be ^eattnEftates. ^i be vntoit asafolide and vnmoucabic rampart. The in- itA%^ counters they haue had with the Turke at Buda and elfc- where hauc taught vs how vnprofitable they are & ot how llcnder effeft for the fpeedy and happy aduanccment of the affaires ofChriltendomc in thofe parts: Morcouerthe Turkeshorfcareof morcfpeedc andftrength then ours: thcfpanifh Generis indeede nimble and full ofSpirit^but wantcth Ihcngth and breath : Contrariwife the horic of Germany is able and ftrong but tender withail and not rea- dy vpon the hand^ fo as he is more proper to make a (land and defend then to afl'aile , skirmiOi , orgiue thechace. The Napolnafje'is good and ftrong but of fuch a niniblc- neiTe as is not held for perfect fpeede, on the Qther fide the enemy hath the Hnn^artan ^ooA for fcruice , the Bar-^ ^/ir^horfe of incredible (wiftncfle^ theF^^/^r/fc/^;^, thc7>/r- /^,and the Afis^^rr almolt hard for induring of trauaile and : well breathed,, fo as we may conclude that he inioyeth wharfoeuer is neceflary for the war, better, moreredy, and in greater aboundance then we , and that this is it which makes him fpcedily and with aduantage, to ferue bis turne with alloccafions which prefent thenafelues. 9 Tbere are fo many examples of this ad uantagcous ce- lerity in thciraftionsasthey are almoft innumerable 5 but I will only note two or three which may (ecme in a manner prodigious fo admirable hath beene their fuccefle, Jwh^ r^/^ the fecond hauingintelligence of the great forces lea- ^ 444* uied by Ladijl^us King of Hnn'^nrj ( with whom he had formerly concluded a peace) with an intent to ouerrunne him, being then bufiein the wars of Caramania h hefo- dainly quitted that interprife , and with fuch maruelous fpeed crolfed all the Hele^ont as in feuen daies he ariued at Varna with fower fcore ihoufand menjn like manner Sche- der BaJJa imploied by Baia^et the fecond to diucrt the at- '49 ^* tempt of the FenetUns vpon Mikn , came with fuch extra- ordinary fpeed as he nppeered in the territory oiTrcmfi before they could haue newes fo much as of his departure, lelTe of his arriualliR thofe '|^rts.Jf//»? the firft marched fo 151 6,^ fpcedily y 2 77;/* meanes to become f peed ily from Cerfon^ it I ntds courage to the foHldiour* 5 Thefecond is , it caufeth plentj of hU things in his army, ^ The thirds it increafeth the army. 5 The fourth, it workfth facility andfpeede in adnice and ex- ecntion, 6 Ofthefower of Lieutenant Generalls in the wars, 7 Thefift commodity, u the Princes amhority and dignity. 8 Thefirji difiommoditj gritvingfi^om the princes pre fence ^u^ that thereby the enemy proceedes more promdently. 9 The fecondy that his Commander svfelejfe diligence in dtf J chargeof their places* I o The thirdy is emulation of the leaders ^whence groweth con* tention^ I I The fourth , the emulation of the Lieutenant generall tO" iffard the Prince. I z Examples to this purpofe pro andcontra. 13 TheprepoptiondffinedijdtfUnSlion. X 4 The Ottomans w^rf in their perfons hauefucceededwelL 1 5 Exhortation to Chriflian princes to vndertake wars againfi theTtifl^. S^^^^^ Hether tbc prince (bould in perfon goc to the war , or elfe fend his Lieutenant, is a quellion often difputed wuh fuch reaibns and carncftnelTe by fundr y graiie pcrfonagcs, aswhatfocuer may be now ddiuered to that purpofe would proue but an vnprofitable repetition of what hath bene former- ly digefted by fo many rare fpirits. This then excufing me. ^reat In Ejlatesl 75 Iwillreferre the deciding thereof to men ofmoreexpcri- cncethenmyfeifej yet will! not forbeare by way otdiC courfc to deliuer my opinion 5 and cite fuch examples as may helpe for the clearing of thcfe doubts. Firll: then wc are to recken the commodities the Kings prefence aflPoor- dcth in his armie, and fo ip order oi the other confc- quenccs. • ' ' 2 Whereof one of the principal! is , that it putteth (pirit and courage into the fouldiers, it lb neerely prefleth them as they mull of force, as it were, make their valour appeare, cfpecially when they ioinebattell where the iViaiellie and lite of the Prince, yea and their ownc too is in hazard. Then is it that the honcll defire of preferuing their mailers life groweth feruent in them, and fo much the more by how much it is farrc more pretiousf then the ii^Q of a cap- taineorgenerall, either mercenary or fubie6l which the Prince might haue fent to command them, 1 hisoccafion more then any other moueth cbem more freely to hazard their Hues and meanesfor their Princes fer^uice, which they would not fo couragioully performe vnderany other that fhould command in his ftead. They likewile expeii grea- ter and more aflured rewards from him then from others. 3 Againe,the king isalwaies better follQwcdjhe is atten- ded on with the confequence of farre gceaterprouifions either of vi6iuals, munition, money , orwhatlbeuermay bencceffaryfortheenterprife, than his lieutenant , who hath his power limited , his allowance dinted^ and cannot difpofe but in part ofthecredit and authority of his ma- iler, to whom he remaineth as countable. Moreouer, the fubie6lfixeth hiseiesandaffeftion vponhisPrincCjand la- uilheth his life and meanes according as the bufinefle is^ and he is addi6led./'r^j!?tr« the firft,King of France,bcjng ' ''* before Paiiy powred money foorth (as a man m^V %) by bufliels,yct Odetde Lantrey hii lieutenant gencrall^Ioll the Duchy of Milan for kcke of three hundred thouiand :crownes that were affigned him for his charges , but were neuerdeliueredhim^ Whereupon the Switzers failing of K z their 7« Tl?e mcanes to hecome their entertainment (whom he had till then fed with hopes of pay) he was conftrained to fight with luchdifaduantage as hee milcaried , and his whole army was put to flight ; which hv^dnot happened if the King had beene therein perfonjforeither money had not failed, or cHfc the credit and authority that accompanieth the Princes prefence had wrought them to patience and contained them in en- tire deuotion. 4 Moreouer the great train of Nobility and men of qua- lity that the Prince bringeth with him is a llrengthening to his army 5 and addeth to it hfe and beauty, euery man Itri - ning to appeare more gallant then otherjwhich they would not vouchlafe to doe nor to fubieft themfelues, comman- ded but by an ordinary Generail 5 for there are alwaiesa- bout the King, by eleftion or necefTity^'many great perfo- nagesequall in power and dignity, and fome differing too in ranckc and charge ,either as being Princes of the bloud, or for honor and authority woon by defertjal which would perhaps doe little for the General! 5 but wouldmoll wil- lingly obey and expofe all for their King and mafter to whom they owe a duty both of nature and beneSt. Thefe great mens followers ieruc alfo to mcreale the army. 5 Befide thele confiderations the King bringeth euer- morewithhima refolutionof his enterpnfes, wherein a Generail moft commonly proceedeth with a reftraint and aduife,as fearing in his too forward attempting, to exceed hiscommiffion. In thcmeane while, time pafleth, and oc- cafion efcapeth, moft often to thePrinces hindcrancc and blot to his reputation. 6 In this regard if the wifedome and loyalty of the Cap- taine beapproued, Princes ought not too ftriftly to limit their charges: butiftheydoubtofthem,itis indifcrction to put them into their handsjas we may lee by theffe exam- ples. D(mEmamclKit)goiVorwgi{l hauingfent the Duke of Bragarv2a General into Africke,hc fortunately wan and made fure for his Prince thctowncof Aza Azamor: but that performed hee would not talcc Morocco (as at that < time ^reatinEftates. 7*7 time he might haneeafily done) though he werecounfel- led thereto by the wifeft and greateft ot his army , becaufe that (faidhe) it went beyond his CommiflTion : Lopez Zoares Gencrall for the fame King loll in like manner the opportunity to take the city of Aden , of efpeciall impor- tance for the affaires of his mnfter(for it ftandeth iu^in the mouth of the Red fea) though the inhabitants would hauc deliuered him the keies. Inlomuch as hee (hould haue ta- ken vpon him(as he raid)mcre then his commiflTion allow- ed him. The thing was of that confequcnce as hee might well haue forbornexhe obferuation of his faft , to fwallow fuch a morfell. Neither had the feruicebecne one of the leaft, he could haue performed for his mafter. 7 Inconclufion we are to grant thatthe prefence of the king bringeth with it a certaine greamcfle, and more avveth the cnimy then his Lieutenant 5 asitwasfecnc attheenter- prifeof Tunife; for Bar hare f[a fharply tooke vp and repro- ued thofe who faid that the Emperour Charles the fift was himfelfe in perfon intheChrillianarmy, inferring heereby that he (hould then haue his hands fuller then he made account,and that nothing could be lacking in the enemies campc, when their Prince was there prefent. This is that may be faide of the good redoundcth from the prefence of rhe king in his army. Let vs now fee what may be aJledgcd on the contrary. 8 Firllitn^ay be faid that the King which goeth to the wars in perfon minirtreth greater occafion then he would to his enemy toprouide himfelfe offerees, meanesand friendes : and affordeth him matter alfoof pretendinga more glorious viftory, with the hopes whereof and of rich fpoilcs, he putteth courage in his men, difpofingthemta attempt valiantly all things be they neuerfo hazardous, fo harming them to fight. 9 It may be faid likewife that the prefence of the King maketh his Captaines leiTe heedefull and diligent at all occurrants and aduantages^becaufe they in part relie vpoii the vigilant eye of the Prince, who is to carry away the K 3 whofe yS 71)6 meanes to hecome vvhoIchonoiiroFtheenterprife, their valour remaining as dimmed and eclipfed. This hapned at the battaile of 15^3. Pauie. For the Commanders relying vpon the kings pre- Icnce and difcreet carriage of matters, had no regard but of their pieaiiires in llcad of diligently bethinking thcmfelucs of the duty of their leuerall charges, which in the cndc turned to the ruine and dtQionor both of their mailers and themlclues. 10 Againe an army where the King is in perfon, isal- waiesreplenifliedwith Princes and great pcribnages, all which promifingthemfelues great matters 5 feekenotbut to excel one another in place and command ^whence grow among them lealofieSjenuies, and fundry differences bree- ding infinite dilbrders, totheouerthrowor hinderanceof their Mafters affaires. Who is not without his part of feare to difcontcnt fome in contenting othersc'This plague of ambition 5 isfuchasitwill fometimesfo wreftthe con- (cicnccs and honours of thefe great men, as they will not flicke to hinder the feruice of their Mafters only to oppofc the fortune and woorth of fuch a one, as they fee out-ftrip- peth them in preferment 5 yea oft times their ambition groweth fo extreamC;as for defpit ethey vvil vtterly forfake their Princes feruice : Their vcrtue and valour being per- haps in the meane time not of the meancft , and fuch as if it were well imploied would gaine honour and viftoryto the army. 1 1 There is yet another difcommodity, and that is, that the king carying with him the party, who in his abfence he intendeth to conftitute his Lieutenant,he in the mean time repineth at his Mailers worthy exploites, confidering how the honour fliould haue beenehis5if alone he had the ma- naging of the army 5 againe, knowing that all fuch misfor- tunes or difcomfitures, as may befall, it (hall be attributed to the infufficiencie of the Prince, andnotto him , hethc leffe regardeth it. In a word^ the glory we pretend , and theiealoufiewe haue of our particular honors, are two clpeciall powers^ to (hake and curbe generous fpirits. The Emperour ^reatin EJlates. 7p Emperour Charles the fift, hadfufficient triall of it : for fome of his Captainesand Lieutenants could ofc times with Imall llorc of money 5and few men, gaine triumphant viftories, as well at Milan and Naples as ellc where Avhich perhaps in prefence of the Emperour, would nothauc beene fo fortunately atchieucd. Notwichibnding all that hath beenefaid, the queftion is not yet fully determined, rather it remaineth diuerily ballancingtoandfro, asappeareth by thefeandthe fol- lowing examples. 1 2 Charles of France, furnamed the Sage, ncucr fet foot ^Uut 13^4, out of his lludie to command his armies , yet knew he (o well how to'make the bell vfe of his Captaines valour, and manage his affaires futablc to the time, that he finally re- couered his whole kingdome, and expelled thence the Englilh ,who poflcffed the greater part thereof/ On the contrarie, the Emperour JVr^/^iJiw^, who warred by his Captaines, himfeifenot ftirring out of Vienna, receiued great and dangerous oucrthrowes. Charles t\\t ^fr^on the other fide, wan more honour and vi6lorics by the valour of his Captaines, then euer he did in thofe warres and en- terprifes himfelfe vndertookein perfon. If the attempt i j 24. ▼pon Marfeilles had taken effcft, it might haue beene tru- ly faid that his Captaines had beene in all places vi6lori- ousrwitneflePauie, thcBicock,Landrino, Naples, Co- ronjGenoua^Rome, andAfrick ? but where he went ia perfon, as in Saxony, atTunis,Dura,and V^ienna,his for- tune prooued indifferent .betweene good and bad. But at ArgierS;,inPiemont,andatiMetz , he encountred pn all fides fuch misfortune, as it deemed (as a man may fay) the lufter of hisrenowneand viftories formerly gained. 13 Marke the effefts of fucceffe and fortune fo diffe- rent , as it were a hard ^natter to paffe a found and determi-' ned iudgement vpon this propofition : fo as the more I imagine by the concrarietie of thefe examples to inlighten it,themoreobfcurcmethinkesImakeit5 the finall deci- ding thereof, may be framed thus. The King which vn- dertaketh 8 o Tl?e medrtcs to become dertakcrhtheconduftofanarmic, iseiiheradifcrect and aduifedCapcaine> orclfche is altogicher vnskilled in the myfterie of warre. In this laftcafelfliouldthinke that it were molt for his good, to rclie vpon an others reladon and execution J efpecially if priuie to his owne imperfe6li- ons , he want a dexteritie to make the beft vfe of another mans valour , wifedomc and counfaile. But if lb be he be capable ofthegouernment,and conduft of anarmie,and that he haue courage to execute , in mine opinion he can- not doe better then; to Tndertake the warre and attempt himfelfein perfon: forif inallmilirarie vertueshcequall the moll valiant of his armie, he will furpaffethemin for- tune, credir,and authoriciejandin all the other good parts about mentioned. .Kings compounded ofthefe excellent parts, alwaies crowne their eminency with honourable tri- umphes. Theodoftu4 the Emperour, Charles the Great, and fundrie others can witncf^e this fufficiently 5 Lewes the 1 2. of France, hauingbcene alwaies conquerour,and neuer conquered in whatfoeuer he vndertooke himfelfein perfon,was put befides the kingdomc of Naples,by means I J o 5 . of abattaile which his captaines loft neere the riucr of Ga- GmscMy.^* rillion, for lacke of refolution and aduice', which mit chance was by that good prince fo lamented , as he made a vow, thence forward to command perfonally in his warsj Andtofaythetruth,iftheCaptainebenot difcreet, vali- ant, and oflong approoued experience , it is ftrange if he cuerpcrforme woorthyaft: in fuch cafes the prelence of one only Turnns is more auaileable then of a thoufand fuch Captaines. 14 The TurkifliEmperours who goethemfelues to the wars, haue tafted the fweetnefle thereof by fo many and fo notable viftories , as we are at this day their admirers. Selm the firft was wont to fay that battailes gained in the Princes abfence were not to betearmed accompliflied vi- ftories,andwe fee that they haue fcarcecuerenterprifed ought which hath not taken cffefi in the ende. Yea it hath beene bbfcrued that when their Captaines haue bcene oucrthrowne ouertbrowncjif they ihcnr*(clnes went afterward inpcrfon, they alwaics returned vifltdrioni. * AmHrath the fecond went hiirifelfc aft^r.C/fr^/^W^Cf na^^^ ( who ^ 4 4 4« was ouerthrowen By LaJ/fafu ^^^§^oi Po/oma ) to war vp- on thatPrince/v^hohvhex^tiercamC'indjqirhis wholarmy inpeeces : Mezjt Bajfawsis impioied by yl^^/:;(?»?^/th€lc- j^g j^ €ondinthe«nterprireofitW^i^^A*G^praine<>f the faid j 4 5 p. ^ ^^4/&cw/r(w«^iic- ceiued fo notable ouerthrowes as tbis^baih v Whereto may be added , that he met with laftof all before Ti^w^/j ' where he lof^abour 80000. men together with the Bajfa General] of his army; a great blot to the glory of his ance- Aprs , yet the loflebeing fo far off from his eftate>he recei* ued not fo. great a (hake as if it had beencnecrc him or in his'country. 15 But who will take hold of fuch aduantages to doc good vpon him, feeing the greateft Princes of Chriften- dome are turmoiled in ciu ill wars and troubles of their ownc cftates t fiircly none : Nay rather he is likero ga- ther ftrength more theh euer^which he would not foeafily doe, if he were to incounter the Chrillians well appointed, relblute and in a readinefle ioyntly^and with one confent to rnake their beaiHt oi fo goodly an occafion. L Chap, Si The mam to kcomt That he hath ^errnpre gone well apppiri^^ tp.the v^gr^. f That 4nri^c0ft^mima}.^p^^ allcoHrffit^^fitVfidertal^nethwarafljly. 2 Rather fu^crjUim^. thm hM'nectjfary frQUffnn is to ie made of whfitl'cimg'^lkfo.the wars.. 5 A^nUgts fifetroHrs Qommttcdinmthtairyprdmjion, 4 The mftiome^ftht Sffmawes md Tmkssm their froui-* : po)t. . .-■■^x. . ' ' : ' : ': ■■:' ," .'.- ■ ■^.''! Othingcanbe imagined -more concen- ting iheipinc then the happy {uccefle of that ^Uecy one Vndertakcth anfwcrable to his condnion : much more a great Prince when he hath rclblued vpon anie thing jelpeically the war, is not to for- get any one thing of whao jocuer nriay perfeft his de/5gne, which he ought toconceinle and keepe to himfelfealihe may. We haue onenotabJe example hereof yet frefh in nicmory , and that is 6i the Prince of Parma Alex^dcr Tirnefe ^ who for a time had the managing of thctrou- bles and wars in f/Wcr/juhere he almottneuer attempted any thing whch according lo. his imcnLvhc. did not per- forme : hi very truth hb^^tt$w,cre&cb as hrdeitrucrh to be reckoned as one of the moil iiid;ciouSj wjle, andadbi- ftdPiincefofourage 5 particnlarly fn this paint of n^iking prouifion of things neceflary m duefeafon. And to iay the trpth, who ioencr dilpolethhjs aflaires, IS eiicrnKorc at- tended on tathec by (hameireproch , and rfepcntance* then hbnour^,gloiViand conteijJtlment 2 ThatPrjnce which once lofech his reputation by j:hisdefui!r, hardly recoiicfethir, but remaincih ihtamous-^hc is lelk feared of his neighbors^ and whichismof;?^ hehimlelfc tntreth:inooa certaineill conceit^ ^eat In Eftates. Si conccir, and diftruft of himfelfc, which in fuch (brtac- cx)mpaniech him , as in whatfoeutr he afterward a new vii- dertakcth, hercftcth vnailured , doubrfull 5 confounded in ali his dererminations, arid is vhcapableof conlUnt and refoliiedcourtfnile, ckryingalwaies the repentance of his formerfault with aforow which torrricnteth his verie Ibule, fo much the more ftiangcly, byhbw mwch fuch aPriiicc 1$ the greater jbf rs weff tonceited of himfJlfe. 2 This 'i^ an *aduettirmett\i'h%:h' fhould open tht cics of allfuchtiot to vndcrtakcat^f things but what is well dige^ fted, and with fuch orderand forecift , as there be rather abi?ndancethcrtriecif(rny l^foVVhefi the proiiifion is firall and thai it rit iter folittle fniTdi^j. fcr dq^riiieth thePrince, not of coiirage btic'bFcbnfidcnc^e and adyice, of whole lackc infueth the warit of whcrwrrhall to warrant and ilieltcr bis reputati'mi'/vhlcflc if bethat'hc w5Hl*ayVlhad not thought, words rrrott dangc'roiis in the.wars where he can erre buif oh^e , arid ynwpbrt;hy euer tqi^ proceede out of the md[fth\of<>tlV^ifi;'aiiia^(!in^^^ meane that the mifle of thWetfwb vertdou^ p^rtei^' be to be borne wnh- all. - rrrrv, V..- --.. i ;:i. .. v . . , 3 Projfffro Celofffik 3 great Captainc prouedthis tp hfs7«*./i^.2o. coftatluchtimeashe vnderrboke to airaile Parma wiih- out cannon or other munition ot war requifitc wherewith totakeluchroraskcas^ere the French louldioursthenin the cowiie. For they fenrhim away wellladen w;th blowes, (liameand dilpleafure , vnableto peifortr.eought ofwhat he too vtiaSuifed-ly afem^ted. FreJerkke 6P BoJp/a*'mct ^ with the like at the fame placefor want of couniaile, mony, and other meanes which ai*^tibtb6rrie as Pompeis'louldi-' otirs in linking the ground with our foot : Gmcciardin'wzi then within the towne and had a command within that gar- ri(bn. .Wi\t.i.^- • And though thcCaptafrte be wife^ yctifthe armic once diicortfer that theiV proUifioris faile* them, that they be far from fuccours , farre from places of retrait : then is it, loe that they become aftoniflicd , that fea^e anddifobcdi- V .^ L z ence H Tl)e mednes to hecome cncc fc\Ccrhthem^jLni that all^hdimeetem one, make a, fonJcadoc ; vi;bichthcenemiepcFc^iuing(a?it isvnpoJi-. blcbut he Ihould ) will if hebe.wife , make hisbencfire of our ncceli)tic; which will fcriic him as a rampart and bridgeathn plealbre toallailq andharmevs, bucto pre— feme hiiTiitlfelafe and vntonched : It is that the Turkes taught our men at Exechiiinji. ^ 4 The Ronuns more wary ^ neuer fought but in groflc andanfwcrableto the proportion of the enterprife, their armies were cither Pretorknpi (^onJtfUrj ;.the Turke hath alwaiesfenc to the field mi;^,hty forces, and aduantagioufly furnifhedj neither hath hecuerquitted^pterprifeforiacke, of men, munition, oqmoncy^ V^at-was.hj^ prouifionof, artillery at thcfiegeof Malta, ^but in a manner infinite. For not to reckon his other charge, he there dilcharged thre^fcorer honied cannon (hot. At the fiege of Nice/ where the French. were,54r^4r(?/^ Gencrall of cheTurkifh armie, brought fucallore of artillerie, as the French that were atthcir Qwn^ dooreshad lackeof po\yder tpcftpiinuc: their portion of batterie which ihey h^ yodertaken 5 and: were conftrained ro borrow of the Turkes , to whom they fliould rather haue lent 5 (met the enterprife was tbeirs^and th«y brought the other ihiiihex^ Chap. XV. |4c hath neuer fought out of feafon. % Errorsof Charhstht ^.and other Chrifiian Prificts in their Sea-fights, J The Turk^i ypffeJome in that kl»de. 4 Sea aciipns vn^eafonably vndertdk^ti. 5 Ada^^t^ies that the Tf^rks hstbmf^chcMjk aboHe the Chrtfimns. ^luciy great in Efiates. 85 Very man is ablcto refolue that he wil fight capUttdafepi^ with whatfoeuer force (hall prefcnr it {cW^Scmrdtutn tra^ with hopes of viftory^orelle told his life ac>.'"''^«p^ '>'''« ^dearerate^butto perform itagJinlVheaue '^* and tiine,was nc»er heard of;for in fuch cafes courage,\vif- \^l[^^l^^ dome,and power become danted/o as confeqiiencly there ^ followeth a defpairc rather then any honorable fruit of a la- bor & indeuor wel imploied.ln a word,who fo precipitates his enterprilc without attending fie time and fealbn/ecketh nought elfebut to loie his time,hispain,chargejandreputa- tion(which is the mame point) to his ruine and confufion. a The Emperour Charles thefifth might make vswife, flncehauingobrtinatly vndcrtaken theleege of Af andloiTe, as he afterwards hardly thriucd ; Not long be- fore that , for lacke of applying himfelfc to the time when he enterprifed vpon Algiers, how many (hips andmen loll he:' fo many as it was along time ere hee could recouer himfelfe^learningthislcflbn to his coll, That earth cannot force hcauen. And though the valour and policy of the Turke can challenge no part in that a6lion ,yet can be make vfe ot the Chrillian loiles to his aduantage. Now if tern- pcfts and inconltancy of weather oppofed this prince both at Algiers and Mcrz , they did not lefle-at fuch time as he attempted the voiage of Tripoli in Barbary : for the con- trariety of windcs made him wafte much time at SaragoJa, and after by the likeconltraint and violence, as much at jyialta, duringwhichtimethc moftpirtofhis fouldiours died, and in the end vtterly delpairing to reach Tripoli m duefcafon, thearmyaboadeatGerbes^where it was after ouerthrowne as well bytempelVas by the Turkes, who knew well enough how to ?duantage themfclues by this dif order. Th. firll yeere of the war of Cypres , the armies of the Pope and of the Venetians idcountrcd notable lortcft by tempelt or iea,euen in the mouthes of their ownhauens, anidall i\)r too lace atTembling themfelues. L 3 3 The S6 The meanes to become 3 ThcTurke ncuer fought, cfpecially by fca , but when the fealbn afid opportiiniry would permit him. ' 4 Some one that may perhapslong to ouerthrow this po- ficion willalledge that the Princes of Chrillendomehauc neucrcheL^ffc in the winter attempted voiages by fea It maybe, but I iliould thinke it was eirherin regard of the hope they had J notto incounrer theTurkens they might in the (ommcr, then for any afiurance they had or might haue in the well-fpceding of a voiage incoofideratly at- tcmred. 5 In breefe, if we muft aduenture beyond reafon,it were better we did it figuring againil theTnrkes, thenagainft thewindes , with the Moores then with ftormesand Ihip- wrackes. To fay the very truth, our Princes of Chriften- dome haue their iorces and ertatesfo far feparated one from the other , that before wecah rcducethem to one confent and body ; time and opportunities are fled. But the Turke hath his powers fo limited and ranged , not de- pending but of one only head,a5 he is alwaies in a readines torepeilall alTaultsalmoft before the threatning of them can be with him. In concIu(ion,ifalIthefe reafons lufFce not to cleare the propoficion , y6t fhould they teach vs at the Icail to proue wile , refolute & aduiled hence forward notto ente-pnfe ought fo out ofleafon, as that wc fhould' be dnaen to fight with rime rather then men ; theyftould teach vs to gaine rather then to lofe occafions; to abound rather then warn*, to fceke to be honoured andtothriue rather then to receiuedifhonour and loflo : but the maine point in all is to haue God onourlide as ourchiefe ftrength and molt allured conduftor. Chap. XVI. That he hath neuer diuided his forces. 1 Wifd(wte of the Turh^ in vnitrtuking onCy not mnnj rp'arsi at once. ' 2 Dt fiifion of forces dan^eroHS, 3 Thofe 3 great in Eftates. » 87 Thofe few food Commanders that art found in A confujtd mtiltttnde are not to hefurre feparated. A The ouerthrow of one army njaj breed terror in the refl. < ProHtJion cannot he made at once for manj expeditions. Vch hath bcene the wifdomcand fore- fight of the Ottomans , as they haue nc- ucralmofthad to do with two enemies at once. Contrariwife they hauc fo well ordered their cnterprifes as the finiTh- ingof one hath drawenon the begin- ning of an other 5 but whcntheyforlbokc this beaten and furc \f ay, then loe milerie ouertookc them , as it hapned t ^o • to Mahomet thefccond, who would ncedes warrewith * three armies at one time/ending one for ItaJy^at fuch time as he tookc Ottranto: the other to Rhodes,where his Ge- nerall and armie were well beaten: the third he himfclfe wenttocondu6l againlttheIVlammcelucks,ifby death he had not beene prenented. He had in thele 'three armies aboiie three hundred thoufand men, bcfides his armie at fca, confiilingof aboue fiue hundred (aile. The voyages anddefignesilldigertcd ^ all ihcfe three armies were dif- comfited j for that of Italy, though it tookc Ottranto, got nothing by ic ;(eeingthatalToone as the fouldiers vnder- ftood of their mailers death ^they quitted the place vpon 1481. compoficion. 2 But methinkesthispropofition, whereby I mainrainc that it 18 not g.^ud at once to let a foote diue s enterprifes, may be thus impugned. That the (uccq'Rq of the Turkes death , and the commotion it wroughtamongft his peo- ple, was caufe that thoie armies miicaried, and not the re- paration of them and their enterpriies. I confefle as I ought, thatwhaclbeuer betideth vs, neceflarily hipneth by way of a firll or exciting caufe. But to come to the ground or our principal! matter •, without farthex fubtili- fiiig this difcourfe, it is eafily fcene how hard iris for a prince toprouidefufJiciently at one time for fundry enccr- i prifcs. 88 . TJ?e meanes to Become fcs, atthcleaft vpon afoiind foundation thereby ro reapc honorable fruites : fince all diuifion of forces bringcch with it a debility, and becommeth rather afubiecl of in- iuriethentobcabletoiniure others, robe beaten then to beat, to be others pray rather then to pray vpon others: for asa body diuided by parcells is not of that weight taking it feuerally, as when it is reduced to the firft vnitie: Injlike fort the forces of a prince, when they are diuided and dilunited haue not that vertue and fubfillance as they would hauc in their vnitie and well-ordered coniui^ion : for pioofe, whoconfidcreth that Mahomet haSihrcehun- drcd thoufand men, will fay that the vnitie of fuch force was inuincible 3 but diuided it proued not fo (though in- deed each of thelc powers by it (clt(at the leaft in regard of the Chriftians) was amoftmightiearmy, had it had pro • portion fquared to what it would attempt ) and if this mafTe of?ooooo. fbuldiourshad marched in oneintire body it had becneeade iorthem to haue attained their purpofc, one fcconding another as he might haue done with that of Rhodes , Patros , and Ottranto , which he had in this cafe vndoubtedly conquered. 5 An other reafon may be yet alledged ,and that i s ,that it ishardtofindefuchCaptaincsasarefitfor thecondu£iof armies 5 that in thcfe great afleniblics of forces there are few refoluce fouldioursj and that they which are fuch being once by their diuifion (asa man may fay ) diminifhed , it is ^akmdc ofgelding thearmy ofchofe which may ferbeby ^their example to aflurcandincouragethe other confu(ed multitude. 4 MoreouerwhenwevndertakethrecerFterprifesatoncc (as MaUmet.sxho ferueth tothispurpofe did) ii- ithappen bat one of th^m.to faile , the newes of their miladuenturc, makech the reft ( vndoubredly--dcpendingthe onevpon thcother)tofaileofrefolution. 5 Again, as we haue before dcliuered^ it is neceflary that the war be vndertaken in grofle, and that aflay be made of our forces as foone as maybc^ thatwemaynot bedriuen long ^reatinejlatesl $p long to cntcrtaine a great army ( which for delay of execu- tion doth oft times disband , brcake vpand oucrthrowit lelfc with it felfe,buc efpecially with aniwerable prouifions the better to inioy great happincfle with fmal charge;w hicli willneuer befall him thacdiin'dethhis forces and aroncc attcmpteth in diners places. We will then conclude that ihc Oitomam (or the ix\oi\ part hauenothadbot oncenteiw. priTe in hand at once , and that to atchieue it they hauc fo well prouided for it ;as the victory hath remained on their fide. Chap.^ XVII. That he hath not long held warrc with one alone. 1 W&7 the Tttrkes kaue not contimed war with one alone » % A long war addeth courag e ^nd experience to the cnnnj, 3 // moaeth neioh hours out of the fe are of their owne liks «^'- ferytoaidetheopprejjed, 4 The Tnrkes manner ofjhifting his wars , and makingfeace athispleafeirc. Hat more aflured teftimony can wee haue of a continued wifdcme , or to lay better of a well caried fubtilty amongft the Ottomans, then in that they haue al- . waies come off well in concluding their Jl'^^^jj'/^ ^^ wars, auij haue not maintained them theiartdtmo^ long againft one and the felte fame enemy c* Thepraflifem^^i. of this policy hath beenc moftaduanrageous vntoihemj^^*^«'^'^'*«j'^'^» iuch people as they haue not been able at the ii:rt to fu fa- due, they haue left in peace, yet haue norforborninthe meane time to turne their armes elfewhere. I hauc fa** fbioned to my felfe two efpeciall caufes of this difcrcct . courfe. 2 The firft is the fears they haue euer had left they M might ^ o Tl?e mcanes to heconte might make good fouldioursofthofeagainrt: whom they fliould wilfully maintaine a lingering war. A thing ill pra- ftifed by the Spaniards in Flanders and thelow-countriess for continuing war many yercs together againll them, they haue acquainted that people (before foft and effeminate) with the fearfullclaflic of their armcs, they haue fo encou- raged and iQiboldencd them, asat thisday there are few nations more indultrious about their fortifications ^ or more refolutein the field. 5 The other occafion which hath withheld the Turke from making war long time together vpon one people, is, in mine opinion the feare he hath to incite their neighbour Princes to take armesagainll him. ForifthecompalTion & fire which burneth our neighbours houfedoe notmoouc vs, the feare of the like to light on vs will make vsbcftirre ourfchies. 4 The Turke then following thefeftepsonc while aflai-- leih the Venetians , defpoiiing them now o: a Prouince, then ofa good towne or place ofjlrength. And hauing there made vp his mouth he praieth next vpon the Hunga- rians, doubting led he might pull vpon his necke a gene- rall league of the other of Italy. He euerrnorc precendeth in fhew that hec will attempt no further : rather that hee meaneth to plant the vtmoft of his limits at the place by him laft conquered : In the meane time heforgettcth not to be watchfull where he may fcaie himlelfe of Ibme other place of more importance, more eafiiy to incroch vpon vs. After he hath gotten from the Hungarians fome peece of their country, heretireth himfelte before their netghhours beallembled, or that they haue meanes couragioullyco reuengethemfclues of their iniuries. Inconclufion, hefo wcllbehaueth himfelfeashe hathneuer fuffered vs to fa- llen vpon him what foeuer wars he hath made vpon vs,and he hath alwaies lb timely made his retraite^ ashehathnot enforced the neighbours of the coumryaflailed to ioyne and be in league together \ he in the meane time refting vp- on his aduantages ofhaninga great number of Ibuldiours well toprefermeEJlates. ^i well trained and entertained in continuall wars whereby they become more experienced in all occurrents , then ours 5 by thefe meanes attaining to the.triumphes of fo many crowncs andeftates. The end of the fir ft booke. The Second Booke. C H A P. L Of Religion. 1 Religion the princifallhrtdU ofthefubieEis. 2 ExcelUncie oft be Chnfiian religion: 3 The vainnejfe and Momtmtion of the Mahometan reh^ gion. 4 Diffutation of religion forbidden amongfl theTurkes. 5 The great Tnrkes example is a confirmation of his religion. 6 So are the calamities of the Chrijlians^ and of others diffe- rent from them in opinions. N like fort as by the difpo- fingof what hath beene be- fore handled we haiie made it apparant by what way cs & meanes the Turke is become great > fo are we now tode- liner the manner how he holdeth , and maintaineth what he hath already gotten; I Allfuchashaue gone a- bout to lay the foundation of foLcrantiehaue begun with religion, asthatwhctofprin- M ^ ces pV^ OO OOOOOCO 0/T^ ^^^^^^(m<^. \ V^ one very politicke and wife perceiping the fiffiplicity and purity of theChriftian doftrine, though hinileife were an Idolater, pehnitccd chat his fubicSs ftiould to pre feme EJlates. p ^ fiiouldbebaptized^cathcchized and inftriifVcd in our faith; andwaspreleni-at their baprilme 5 farthering to his power alltheadb'onsofthelefuites; becaufc ( faidhe ) lamaf. fured if thcfc men obferue their law as they are bound,they will faile neither of loialty nor obedience^ and will pay nie my tributes and reuenucs without fraude or contra- diftion, ^ Let vs now ent^r into theprincipall matter of the fub- icft which we haue vndertaken to handle. The law oiMa^ hornet is full fraught with fables and grofle abfurdities , and fo farfrom reaionto maintaine them, as it would bean' cafie matter by way of fome holy maniieiUtion of their er- rors to alter the eftate&gouernment ot the Turki(h Em- pire. What more Itfange impertinency can there be then that of their ^/r^r^Aif It is impofTible to dcuife more abfur- dities, drcames and coufenings^ then thofe their law-giiicr Mahomet hath introduced : but he perceiuing well enough- that the foundation of his falfe do6inne was fuch as it would be eafie toouerthrow it s knew cunningly how ma- nic ways to remedieit. Firft he framed all the precepts of his law according to naturall fcnfe, and made th^m fotablc to the courfc of things bafe and earthly, therbytomake their obferuationfo much the more pleafingarfdcafie to- be admitted and maintained, asbcing founded Vpon the pleafures of the flefhand the world ; he could neucr better charm the reafon and lull alleepe the fpiritc of that dull and wholly illiterate nation,then to tie them to the pericJrrnancc* of a bw altogether ieniuall. 4 The other mcanes he held to make his law lading, was the exprelle forbidding to entcrintodifputation about any one point of Jc, vnkfleit vyerevyith the edge of thefword: In regard whercnt he tearmeS'lr , the lawof chefword. Thus the Pi'incc of the Turke who hath in his hand the fword & force, is alfo confequentjy the Arbitraror & ludge of the doubts and controuerlks which arile in his law, and determineth them as he feeth good, fo as he is wife enough-- to fuffcr any newc opinion to take footing. For as foonc My as^ p^ Th: manner hoit> asthachaptieth he turneth his (word againfl: the authoiirs thereof, and tha: with fuch rigour and cruelty as he vtterly rootetji them olu noc Icaiiitig lb much as a feed or any par- cellofthem. The troubles and diflentions which herefies haue brought in amongft the Chnftians ferue him for ex- amples, hefeeth fuch hiitories daily verified ; he is very wellinformedofthcm , and turneth them to the beft vfe beyond theexperience his predeceflbrs haue had offuch fruites as fpring from a new interpretation of their law. Hardtielles in a verylmalHpace wan fuch credit amongft that barbarous people, that by means of a certaine new in- terpretation of the points oftheirfeft 5 hebufiedallAfia, where hefowedfo many troubles, as he wellneereindan- gered the whole eftate of Bamzet the (etond. 5 But that which maketh the law of this curfcd race more durable is, that theEmperour himfelfe obferueth it with that deuotion, honorech it with that rcuerence, embraccth itwith that reljgipn,and prefer ueth it in that creditand au- thority V asitis^hard. to imagine a man more deuout and afFe6tedtowafds it.' 6 Againe,themiftryand vexations that the Turks (de- priucdpf all other light but that their mother fenfeaffbr- deth them ) behold^ other nations difperfed thorow their dominions and of ii^comrary belcefe to indure, wholy wedderhtheir.dull (pules to thisfalfedoftrioe : neither is there thatmifery which that vile Adahometanex2ice make not all thofe to fuffer who embrace not their religion ^ but ^ aboue all the Chnllians. C H A p. 11. Of the dircd' dependency of the Turkcs fubie(fts vpon their Soiicraigne. I StibieSts mufi haae their e'tes chiefly vfon their Sone- .■:.. r^tgne.. .: a Tyrants firengthandguard of JirOKgers. 3 The to preferue EJiates. p^ 3 The ahfoluteauthcrtty of the Ottomar.s. A The Prince sff.uoftr^ theftihteEisJafette, 5 Hn fpihtecJs exa£i obedtence and the caufe thereof. 6 Reblhorjs IV hence proceedim^. He beft cement that can be made to giue long continuance to an ^ftate^ is to vvorke io^ as that the ftibiefts, o£whaN Toeuer qualirie or condition they be, ,^ may hane alwaies needeof him that is L.ial ji^^-j, Commander) to the end they may immediatly depend vpon hinian The manner how dwelleth, and to whom belongeththelandhctilleth, he makes no other aniweare, but that ihcy are the great Turks his Matlcr 5 moreouer they all rearme themfehics llaue-^ of their Prince : whence foilcvveih that they can not any waic rnaintaine the quiet polFc (lion of their goods, nor accomit of any thing as ot their ownehut by.his efpeciall fauour. JVlpch more if they aime at raifing themfelues to any emi- nent place of hononr^thcy are to beg it of the magnificence and pleaiurc of their Prince \ meanes which (cruc tocurbe thole barbarous people, yet to bereie6led ofChtillians and abhorred* oi lawfiill Princes, whorecciue and hold their monarchies of the hand of God. There are more ho- ncll precepts to be giuen, whereby they may purchafe and preferuetheloue and obedience of their people , without vfing fuch cruelties and tyrannies. But becaule the argu- ment propounded requireth that I relate the meanes this bar barous race hach oblerucd to become great, and that I am fallen into that matter, I will continue it : yet not as approuing any fuchcourfc, or as indeuoringto fetthcm downe, by them to forme a receiuable example, or to in- duce Chrillian Ptincei to make them their paterne of go- ucrning their eftates. 4 By this former difcourfe thenwehauc dcliucred how theTurkesfubie6ls haueneedeofhmi, Ibmetoprcferue what they haue gotten, others to attaineto dignities and places of honour. And in a word, their being and life de- penuing indifferently vpon the Pi ince^ their principal! care is to winne his fanour. 5 This dependency fortifieth it fclfc & increafeih by the obedience and gouernmcnt of great perfonages > imploi- ed by the Turke in his feruice,and fafhioned by himlelfe ro thisend , who arc from their infancy brought vp atthe Princes charge, and infl:ru6led euery one accordingas hee is naturally inclined either in thecxccrcifes of armesor any other laborious trade, lo as fuch not knowing other father or bencfa6lor then their foueraignc ( from whom they re- ceiue both goods and honours ) : ncuer thmke of kindred or topreferue Ejlates\ ^y or friends, neither hauc they any touch ofbloudor natu- rall alliance, dedicating their body , minde and whole de- uotiontothe only goood of their malters affaires , whofc creatures they acknowledge themfelues to be, towhatfo- cuer degree of honour they beprcferred : neither is it in their power to amalTe other wealth then that which is rawght them by the hands of the great Turke. To make it more plaine to the Reader who thcfcare^ they are the Spachi , Spachioglani and lanizzars ; in thefe confifteth the ftrength and guard of theTurkifli Empire. I hold it not amide to difcoucr in a word (as by the way) what is the forme and condition of thefe bandes and companies : fo to deliuer a more cleare vndcrftanding of their manner and power. The Spachi and Spachioglani arc horicmen, whereof there arc athoufand in number, which march at the right hand x>f their Lord. The Sclaftari or Solupta- ri, are other thoufandhorfe, which accompany the great Turke on.thelcfthand,whenhe marcheth,as the Spaihio- glani on the right 5 of thefe two companies are chofen the Gouernour^of Prouinces,and vpon thefe according to their meritjthe Turke beftoweth his daughters in mariage. The Vlufezgi are athes ihoufand which march after the aboue named, who in part arc called Out of the bands of lanizzars, as men noted for their efpeciall valour : or they arcfuch as hauebecne (laues , aad for their notable leruicc performed toward their mailers , or for hauing faued the lifcof fomeBalTaor Beglerbce idthe^ars,attaine tothis degree of being one of the Turkes garde. The Charipies areof like number as the Vlufezgi, and march after them. The lanizzars follow afrer, who arc foote , and appointed for the guard of the Turke: Thefe at their firftinftitution' were few in number, but pow they amount to 4900 : In thefetwo forts of foote ^ndhprfe, <2on6fteth the ftrength of the Turke, being as thefcminaric pftheSangiaks, Baf- fas, and Lifirs. This great number we fpeake of, giue no armcs or any other marke of hereditary gentry, being in fuch fort ordained as they cannot attribute to themfelues "Ai i N any 98 Tl)emnncrhcrtt> anything !np;irtic'jlar^ noratraine to any preheminencc* bu: fuch as by their vcrtue they may iiiuiie their Prince to bcrtowvponthem. It is the onely ineanes whereby the Tarke gaineth all the obedience and loialciehc can widr, obedience in regard they are ( as I haue iaid ) trained vp vnto it from their infancie^ which inthcmturneth to a naturall habitc, placing the fririt of tlieir labours in the affurancc of fuch aferuitude: Loyaltife;, in as much as they expeft from him their tvhole adiwncement, and ac knowledge to receiue more benefits of him then of any other Prince 5 neither hath it bceneknowne that they eucr committed treafon of importance , vnlefle it were the re- hnlu * nohoi Gabies 2ii Damafco,and oltAcomatBaJfa at Cairo, in the time oiSoliman. Which was but (as a man may fay) afifcofftubble extinguilhcd at the very firft appearance and purfute of their Maftcr. Now the lanizars, and the other mentioned^who are the fincwes and princjpall foun- dation of the Ottomans^x^dm^^Q , and who recciuefo ma- ny commod'.ics by thisdepcndcncic, and doe daily ex- pe6i: more 5 haue no more deere care^then to vphold their Mailers fafetie j and prcferuc the greatnefle of his eftate^ whereunto their owne fortime is linked. 6 To (hew by whatnieanes theTurke maintaineth this dependencies let me fay that all dependency of thcfubieft vpon hisMaftcrand Soueraigne,may receiue an alteration /force? r u 1 . \n . S^ of the people: • 1 1 iturie \ -■ eitner ySaijthoritic 5 oflbmc great man ofthc country. Cby the fupport of a forren Prince. M^^ttcrs thus difpoled ( not to enquire nicely after al forts of inconucniences) it reftcth that we fee how he remedieth diefekindeof acddents, and preuenteth the caufesof fijch like infirmities as thefe, which in timemight wea- ken and ruine his Empire: let vs begin then with the ftrength of the people. topreferueEftatef. ^g Chap. III. How he hath depriuedi hts Sub- iedsof ftrength. 1 Whirein cortjifieth thefirength of an efiate. 2 The Tpirkjjh Empire msintained bj thevfe rfitrmes.Hs that of the Romans. g Tithing ofChrtJlian children bj the Tmrl^s. 4 The manner' of their education: and the commodity ac- creypeth thereby tot he Tf^rkfs, 5 Great ajfemblies amongfi themforbidden. He ftrength of anEftatcconfifteth in the valour of the Nobilitie;, loue and faithfulneflcof the Subiqft, reputation ofarmcs, multitude of SouldierSj and commodities of horfe, which may bee therein bred or nouriflied. 2 The Turke then which would attaincto thispoinft, onelybyarmes^horfe^and SouIdierSjoblerueth euermorc this rule: He taketh away all vfe of armesfrom fuch Pro- uinces as he hath newly reduced to his obedience, he for- biddeththem thccommoditieof horfes fit for the war, & endeuourethallhemay to choake in them the fpringing vpof men proper for thcexercifcsdf armsjand hathan eic that in allhis dominions,nor any man hauc in his houfe weapons for the warre, nonotfortluchasaknife, vnlcfl'e without a point 5 Moreoaer,heallowcthnotany lewc or Chriftian to haue or keepe any horfe , imitating heerein the manner of thd Romanes, who obferued both the one and theother,efpeciallyatthefurpri(csand furrenders of towrtes 5 The principall conditions were alwaies;,that they (hould forgoe their weapons, their horfes, and dcliuer hoftages : hence is it that we reade (b often in Cafkry Ar- mafroferriy iumenta produci, obfides dari inbet. Heercby N 2 depriuing I oo ^ The manner hi^ dcpriuing the fubducd people of alj meanes to vndcrtakc or maintaine a rebellion;Ag^inCrHofll:igesgaue them a fu- ture affurancc of the fidehtie and obedience of their Tub- ie6ts;for amongftfuch a^ they admitted, thechiefe of the Counfailcand fuchas were valiant menatarmcs, were the firll: mentioned : but aboue all, thofeof whom they might conceiue any dopb;^ .or,i^ipitiQO.,^yVe rcade that Q/ir hauing ^keaAuxetr^a (^)»,hich was iiQtqne of the greateff! nor beft peopled townes of FraBcc ) drew thence fixe hun- dred Hollages : So as it i$ to be thought,th^t the rell after Inch an abatement , could not be of any great courage or ftrength to reuolr. . , . .. 3 N The Turke without tropbliqgliimiclfc with. the care how to traine after him an vnprofitable multitude of Ho- flagcs, in an inilant .riddeth hirfubiefts hands of their beft forces , and llrangejly armeth and fortifieth himfelfe with themfclues, againft theri^rplui;^; and heerein he thus proceedctfe He m^intaineth in pay at^ hundred Commiflaries, wHa as Superintendents trauell yp and downc all the countries of his obedience, to fee .md ouer- fee all that is {aide and donietyihcChtiftians. Thcfcmen goc throughout Qrecia, Wallachiaand Bofnia, and ex- tort by .way of tenthes, the. childrea from the bofomcs of their fathers and mothjers, according a? they clleeme them fit and likely to be famioned to the wars. ^ Thefe childre thus culled 5c affembled from al cuntries ©fhis obedience are aftetfcnt to Conftantinoplcanddiftri- buted amongft the^crchants, and Citizens by name, and inroul^ment ; ^to thcendcth^y may be there inftru£tcd in the lawe ol Mahomet ^ and taught the Turkiih tongue: After (when they come to the age to beare armes) to beof the.number of lanizzaxs. For during their youth they arc trained vp to all fuch militiary exercifes as may putyalo^' in them, and make them fouldioursjandthis bypartica-, lafMaflers appointed to teach them to Ihootc , wraftle, leape^ vault, and fb to harden their bodies as the trauailes of the wars may be after held but asplcafurcs^ndnatu- rall topreferue Bftattf. i o i fjall actions. Thus theTurkcby this tithing of Children affurcthhimfelfepfhispeopleina two-folde manner j in dcfpoihngashedoth theProuinces of the flower of their martiallmcn *, and applying them to his owncftrength- ningboth at home and abroade. 5 Hereunto he addeth the exprefle forbiddinghisfub- iccls all affembhes, or building of any ftrong houfcs, which may ftead them in time of (edition or tumult , nei- ther arc they allowed the vfe of bels,by whofe found they might call themfelues together to the execution offome plotted reuolt , or mutiny. In a word, they are naked of allmeancsjtofortifiej roarme, to artemblc themfelues or to be.comc any waiesj fit for the wars ; no other fubieft is left them to worke vpon but the tillage ofthc land, whereto jas to al other mechanical artcs,thcy apply them- felues 5 fo bccomming bafe, abieft, and vnapt for the. wars. Chap. IIII. The caufes that may mouc a% . . people to fury. 1 De^aire armeth the weaks^ 2 How to amid tHmnhs and cihUI commotions* 3 Feareamongii fiihteEisiivphcldhj lujlice^ and f Untie of thinges necejfarj. 4 Fraife offeaqe and luftice * 5 Execmton oflufiice amongsl the THrkespleaJing and tolle-> rable^thoHch vmnji, 6 tAn exhortation to Chrifltan Prince i to adminifter 1h^ fttce. T hathofthapnedjandinour times we haue had triail of it, that the people, though vnarmed, haue in their defpaire and fury difquietcd a whole eftate, and brought the common-wealcin^p aft ex- ceeding diftreffc and perplexity. Fhtot N 3 ^tn.^ 102 The manner ho'^ Mrma mmfirat(fmh Virgil) lam j^ faces crfaxa volant. We haue the tcllimony of the Romans time, in thofe ciuill warswhichhapned in Italy & m Sicily ^&: of the mifchicfes which followedthoferebcUionsjas much hath beenclcenc to happen in thefe times in "he He of S.Domingo about the change of gouernment introduced vpon thofe con- quered people 5 forced to fubiesS): themlelues to a new kinde of feruitude.In very deede that people is not weake- ly armed which hath a heart , a good I'pirite, and a nimble haad. . 2 This is the caufewhy thcTurketo preuent theft po- pular commotions , hath depriucd the people of all forts of armes, to the end they may forget both the vfe and cou- rage to handle them, and that they may not by them take occafion to mutiny. Now to prouide that fo barbarous a yoake driue them not to defpaire^he maintaineth a general peace and tranquillity throughout his etlatc : he hatha care . . that. iiiftice be equally diftributed : that they haue plenty bf^vi^uals, and all other vfuall commodities, the better to luH alleepe their fury. > 5' By dide meanes euery one maketh the beft of his for- tune and liueth quietly at home, embracing that naturall defire of holding his owne, which to performe euery man emploieth whatfoeuer may proceed out of himfelf ; more- ouer this quiet andeafe ofminde doth fo Ibften men , as they reft free from the thought of ploteing or vndertaking fturs and rebellions : luftice, quiet, and plenty, are three things which haue for their oppofites, the violence of fol- diours in time of war, the corruption ofludges in time of peace, and Icartfiy and famine in both. The iniuftice , the abufc , and auarice of officers and magi Urates, are thole which procurcthe fubuerfion and vnauoidableruineofa country. I could adde to this difcourfe many examples & domefticall proofes , but not to enter into too deepe a lea Iwillfparethem, and will content my felfe to fay only thatall thofe ofancicnt times, andfuchashauehadany touch of a good minde(eithec Chrift{an$ or infidels )hauc euermorc to pre feme Elates. 105 cuermorc confefled that the iincere execution of iuftice i% thcftrongeft piller of all well ordered eftates,as on the contrary iniulliceis the ouerthrovv,not alone of men and countries, but of beads alfo. Toreturnetoour matter, itisfurethat when the com- mon rubie6i hath wficrewith to nouri(h,cloath^ and hand- fomely accommodate himfelfe and family 5 when in the middelt of armcshe is fafeinhis owne home> when he llandeth not in feare of forged crimes , or bribery of ludgesj then isitthat he fallcthalleepeinfecuritie, and careth not but to cncertaine that tranquillitie, reie6iing all thought of rebellions. This is it which theTurke ( wha warreth continually wrth his neighbours) putteth in pra- ftife to maintainc peace throughout his dominions, and to be beloued and faithfully fcrued of his fubie6ls, whom be tieth to him with tbofc llrong bands , which are to (ay the truth ( befides Iuftice and tranquillitie) moftpropcr forpreferuation. A greathelpeheereuntoishiscontmuall imploying his Captaines and Souldiers m the wars, cfpe- cially outof hisownecountrey, and to thefpoilc of his enemies. 5 Peace is the home and true mother of abundance: Then is it that euery man tilleth his land without diftur- bance, and quietly inioyeth and encreafeth his owne (lore, fince as the Poet faith, Pax ama coin : Iuftice Queene of vcrtucs, is that which fcrueth as the bafe and moftfure foundation to peace, which could not otherwifefubfift, northelawcslikewifej then is it that theygaine ftrcngth and vigour. 5 And though the forme of the Turkifli Iuftice be not without much vanitie and opprenion,and though all mat- ters be determined amongft them by way of wirneffes, who are ailike bought and fold 5 and that iudgcments paffe as gold and filuer is ftirring : yet thequickedifpatch they receiuc, makeih them forget this inconueniencc 5 and though the fcntence of fuch ludges be often pronoun- ced againft all order of Iuftice,yct is there thus much good gotten i 04 The ntdnner ho^^ gotten by it ; that menconfumenot thcmfeluesbodicand goods in pleading and trotting after Lawyers and At- turnies , which haue their confciences as large as the other, who are bought more deerely : befidesthedelay,vexari- on and vncertainety of the iudgemept. And though the fcntencc of fuch men be much difpleafing , yet the people haue this to comfort them, that they many times fee them endure moft notable and exemplary punifhment: for the Turkefometim.^s vpon the leaft complaint brought againft thcm,puttcth <:hem to death, be they neuer ib great pcrfb- nagcs , as well to inrich himfeUewith theirfpoiles, asto manifeft himftlfetobe aPrince moft refpeftiue of iuftice and equity, and to giue alfo a manner of fatisfaftion to his fubiefts fo oppreded as Seltm^Xch that example oiBofiand Bajfa. 6 Hence Chriftian Princes are to fetch anaduertifment how to be more carcfull then they are in making their mi- niftcrs oblerue amorevpright andfpeedy diftributionof iufticeamongft their fubicfts : not vpon the grounds and intents of this barbarous Turke 5 but rather becaufethey are one day to render an account before God, who to this endeeftabliflied them in place aboue others. ' Queftionleffe the long delaying of fuiresis the moft damnable plague to be found at this day in alleftates: The abufes committed otherwife by the minifters of Prin- ces are more tolerable then thefe ; where the whole is in queftion. For this caufe Princes ought to lookfe «iorc necrely to this then to any other thing. ^rirxo- Ch ap. V. The common remedy applied by the Turke againft the force and fury of the people, I Another rsKtsj tfpreuenthg popular feditians, by^ hMuing 4/- wms hmds offoote and horfe m a readwej]e. : t The to preferue Fftatcs I05 a TheTurk^iflrengthinhiscoHrt. 3 His other ftrengthes. 4 Inconnenienccf that grew bj the Romane Legions : 5 Vrener.ted hj the Tfirkf. Hough the meanes formerly dehuered be fufficicntto keepethe Tuikcsfub- ie6ls from rcbelling^yet there are llron- ger by him prafiiledjivholly to preuent ande^inguifh cucnthe lealH'parke of ^-^fedition, and to prouideagainft other likeinconueniences. Hemaintaineth a great number of horfe and foot alwaics armed , al waies in pay , and diilri- buted ingarrifbns thorow out his Empire, cfpecially in places mod proper to refift or aflaile. Thefe curbethc people, and vpon the leaft (hewofrebelhonlay hands on them, reprefle their infolency , and fuffer not the lead ap- parance of fedition to take roote,remouing the caufes eucn at the firft without refpeft to any. This is the reafon that there hathncuer beeneknowen any popular rebellion in hiseftate. 2 The port of the great Turke, as they tcarmc it ( as who would fay his courtc and gard) confiiteth chiefcly and or- dinarily of foure thoufand horfe, dillnbuted into foure companicsjto wit the SpahioglamyV/ho arc in al a thoufend befides their feruants, which march not in their rancke but apart, and of thefe euery one hath feaucn or eight. Thefe range themfelues on the right hand of their Lord whcrc- foeuer he become; and the Solafiri ( equallin place and authority) on the left. Thefe two fortes are accounted as children of the great Turkc, rnd are nouriQicd and brought vpin the SArragho^xhis charge (as hartibcene faid)and there trained vpin all excrdlcs of amies. Af- ter thefe, march the companies of the Flifesz^^i & Chanpcij inferiour to the other in rancke and authority. Thofe on the right hand , thefe on the left , either confiding ofa thoufand horfe. And whercfoeuer the great Turke goe, O they 10^ Themmnerholp ; they ncucr forfake him, Thefe foure thoufand horfe to- gether with twelue thoufand Iani:?zars are the ftrcngth andgard of the perfon and port of theTurkc, withthefe forces he is alwaies able to hold, in awe and Ibbieftion a ci- ty more populous then Conftantinople, and not ftattdin feare of any attempt againft his perfon. 3 In other places oihis Hmpire he beftowes other great -^ numbers of the lanizzars to beafFiftant to the Gouernors and Baffas', befides the fuccours they are to haue offuch horfeand foore as thole arc bound to furnifh on whom thcTurke hath at other times' beftowed (iich arable lands ashauebeene conquered by armes, whence he draweth one rhan or more as the neceflity of his affaires requireth, and according as is the value of what i;hey poflcfl'e. Thele are called Mozzellini. Such as are tied to this contributi- on may be compared to the Feiidataries of our Pnnce5to r wards whofeferuice thcyareto findealighthorfeormuP- ket^and fome of them two, more or Idle according to the imperiall inltirutions offuch fees and tenures asfo binde them. After all thofe we haue named^march the Akanzji, or Aconiz^ij, as a man would (ay Aduenturers, which haue no wages5& are appointed to rharch a daics lourny before thecampe, piiling,harrowihg , -and hauoxkiiig aii before them, whercofthey aixiitoanfu'eare thefifi parre cl^ereto the great Turke : of thefe there are thirty chouiand , be- fides them there arc the .^-ca^i(ofmcaneqt.ia]i:y)bntiucti asferuehisturne for Gally-'llaues.-, mariners and pioners to intrench,filivp ditches,raifecnguies,and perform other fuch like icruill offices. /thek number is^oooo. Oucrand aboue thefe vn^cx two Beglerbees or Lieutenants generalJ, the one in EuropcthcotherinA(ia; he hath neerean hun- dred tlioufand horfe in ordinary intertammcnt. The j5^^- ierhy of (3r^^?^.or Europ ( which is as much to fay asPrihce of all Princes) hath his place of refid;i:ncy atiJ^/j^i^atowne oiSerma. That of Afti abidethat Cuihea a towneof Ga- latia. Each of thefe hath vnder his obedience many San-^ ^w^f(asmucha;stofay(herifes orbailifs ) thevefvchil- to prefeme EJiates. 1 07 Attn of thegreatTurke which gouerncinth^Prouinces ^hcre they command are bound' to obey them. This great multirudc of horlemen are fo Well moimted and ar- fiied, as none can chufe or wifli a more fit or direft mcanes then their ordinary ftrength to hinder all popular rcuolcs orrebelitons, bechey neuerfo great. Thac which hap- nedto Gazelesatcer thedeatli of^^Aw doth fufficiently approue it ; he thought to ftirre againft ScIiKsan, ^nd to ahut 152^, moueSyria to rebell 5 but be waspreuentcd by that migh- ty power which Solimm toundeuen thcnina readinefle, wherewith he oiierthrewhitn* Thefe ordinary prouifions oi Cl^arare the more terrible and efteftual, in regard that all the people of his obedience arc intirely difarmed of what- foeiicr oiTen(i(^e weapons. 4 The Romans obicrued this cuftome , to diftributc di-. tiers of their legions about the frontiers of Germany a- lonofttheRheneand Danowb, to the fame end and pur- ,pofe as the Turke enrert^meth hishorfe. Butitfecmeth that heppoceedeth therein more difcreetly then did the Romans , for they kept all their forces together in one place, and vndcr one Generall, of whom depended the abfolute command of the armies: whence it fell out that to accommodate themTelues 5 they ouerthrew thehoules of particular men, ruined, and famifhed thecountrey, as vvcllby the hauocke they made (which alwaiesattendeth fo great a multitude) as by their large prouifions molt nc- celVary for an armie ; The other prouinces farrc dijtant were exempt from this opprelfion, yet not from contribu- tion, butthofe which furtained the armie, were fo ouer- burdencd^as their mifeiie incited them to rebell,and (liake off their obedience. But contrartwife , the Turke which difperfeth his horle and foote into diuers Prouinces, vnder the command of fixtie and fix Sangiacks, draweth4iot af- ter him fuch diiorderor illfatisfaftion as did the Romans. Their great .iffemblie in one place was caufe of feditions, , debates, murmics and other mifchiefes, moft difficult to be preuentcd. They did not pcrceiue how this manner of ^ O 2 proceeding io8 71?e manner how proceeding was a means that the Soaldiers grew too much toafFeft their Captaincs, and that the Captaines found themfchici by them enabled to attempt (as they often did) many things to the preiudicc of the Empire. And in very deed it cftentimes hapned that their armies n;iade choice of their General for £mperour,in defpire of the Senatours anthoritie 5 either in regard of the valour they knew to be in them,or o{ fome pecuniarie corruptmg their affeftions, tvhich the Senate could nor remedy : And m trueth it was a very eafie matter for the General! , fo farre from home, and holding his forces vniced in one body .to pra6tire the Colonels, and the Colonels to bargaine and buie the harts and aflFeftions of the Soiildicrs, by them to polleflethe Empire , fo as fometime the armie of Spaine chofe their GcnerallEmperour, and at the (ame time that of Germa- ny theirs ;whereofwehauc many examples, as alio of the calamities and mifcries which did thence accrewtothc EilateandfubicSs. 5 It is an inconuenience whereto theTurke cannot be fubieftj for keeping his troups and armies fo fpread abroad and dilperft, they haue not the meanes to mutinie (efpeci - ally beingin no place oner ftrong) nor yet grow to afleft their Beglerbyes or Gonernours, whom they (eldomcfcc orrepaireto: much leffe can the Beglerbee m his owne behalfe eafily winne or entice the hearts of the Sangiacks;, oraffe6lionsoftheSouldier$, ashemightwelldoe if the troupes were alwais together in time of peace, and abroad in one and the iame prouince. Chap. VL How the Turke repreJflcth the power of the great men of his eftate. 1 The atithoritie of a Prince ( if his vert He be not eminent ahone all the great men ofbi^kifigdome) is hj their ver- tH€ obfcured^ "thence groweth the dmintiHon ej the fub- kUsobferH^nce^ ^ From topreferueEflater. ' lop a From whence the author itie of the Nohilkie doth proceed, 2 The deteHdh crueltie of the Tmk^ Ewferour ag^inB the next of his bmd. 4 ^f^^^ of great men taken by the Turkes. 5 The vncertdme fortune and cflate of the THrhes offceru !Oihe endthcdependcncie and authoricie whereof wee hauc hitherto entreated be 1 without alteration maintained 5 it is requi- ! fice that the Prince haue a care,that there be none in his countrey who for their greaN ncffemay incourage the people, and embolden them to attempt ought, backt by their aiuhoritie, countenance and conduft. 2 This greatnefle may grow from three principal! caufes: cither in regard they arc Princes of the bloud , or for that they are noted to be nobly defcended and rich, orelfefor the reputation they hauegotten , and along while prefer- ucd,either by conaing, or by their ownc valourjand merit: things that winne cred it and name amongll the common people. Concerning the firft caufe , the children , bre- thren, andkinfmenofthcTurke, are great by confengui- nitie. The Barons of the country obtaine thcfecond ranke, whereto the noblenefle of their family calleth them :for the third, fuch miniftersand officers as bcare a Itroakcand fwaiein matters of thehigheft confequence , arc accoun* ted great. 3 The Ottaman Princes , of nature barbarous and cru- cll, ordinarily fbelterthemfelues fromthcfcinconuenien- ccs, with courfcs far from all humanity ,in as much as with- out all rcfpeft of Law, religion , or other ciuillconfidera- tion, they vpon the leaftfcruple that may be, ri^de their hands by execrable murthers, of their necreft kinsfolkes and friends, yea euen of their fathers and brethren, alone to inioy and by their death to alTure to themfelues the qui- ct polleffion of their kingdomc. Selim the firft murthercd two ot his brethren , procured the death of all his ne- O 3 phcwcs^ no Tloe manner hoiP phewes , yea and of his father alfo. He would often fav that there was nothing morefweet then torafgneout of thefufpition and fhadow of his kindred 5 and that he de- ferued pardon for what he had committed , lince it was the fame play and vlagehe fliould hauereceiued , ifany other but himfelfehad attained to the aowne. u^mur.zththQ third which now raigneth , made his entry by the death df his brother, and fearthed the eftablifliing of his Empire, €uen in the belly of his mother, then grieat with childe, making for this end, one end of her & what flie went with- all : thele cruelties are monftrous in the fight of God and man, and full of horror and infamie : yet hath it not beenc knowen for all this;thaf euer any citie,any people^or armie, didreuoltormutine. Thisinhumanitieisamongft them growne to that lawfull and ordinaric confequence, as thty vlually put it inpraftife, without feare of blame or re- proch. The examples thereof are as infinite z% their me*- niories, ftinkingandabhominabie. In a word, this but- chering is amongft them an hereditary fuccefl.on, de- fcendingfrom one to another, which God would leuengc with our hands if we would amend our hues. 4 As for the Barons and Lords of the countrey , MaUo" W(f/thefirft, deftroied their feed, expelhng them out of his eftatc , as hedid all the originarie Turkifii Princes his allies; and if by chance there rcmaineany of the Otto- mnnx^ct^ heisfokeptdowne, ashetraileth (as they fay) his belly vpon the ground, lining moft poorely without all charge, and manage of affaires: fo as neither valour nor riches can make him appecrc or fliineinthe worlds eie; rather he rcmaineth eclipfed amongft the vulgar (ort , without honour, credit, oreftimation. As for the Princes and mightie men of the countrey by them fubdued, they know well enough how to ridde their hands of them , in fortas we haue before declared : fo as neucr Empire was raifed^or maintained with more execra- ble murthers, then this hath.becne inthefedaics*? they neither fparing Princes oftheirbloud, nor the chiefe Po« tentates tofreferueEJlates. HI tcntatesof thdrprouinces3 for theyblinde then), if not kill them. 5 Now concerning the minillers and officers, who by long managing of waighcie affaires, haue attained to Ho- norable places.authoriry and reputation 3 there is not one, be hee neucr fo great , which at the lead winke^ wrath, and pleaiiire of his Lord, lofethnot his hfe immediatJy. Bai4Z€t caiiled fy4comat BaJJd to be put to death , an ex- cellent man ofarmes and a woorthy Captaine , laying the too much reputation of the feruant wasacaufeof the too great ieloufieof themafter. Se/im likewife put many to death, and amongft others A/^/?^/^ Bajfa, whom he can- fed to be rtrangled at Prf^fa , and after to be caft out to the dogs. This was his recon^pence for fauoring him in the vfurpation of the Empire againll Baiaz^this father then h'uing, and for making riddance of his two brethren ^r*- fW4/and CorcHt. He fufpefteditwashethathadreuealed his iecret ( as indeed he had ) to Aladin and A?/farath children of his brother Acomat ^ becaufe contrary to his expectation he fought their death. It is in a manner an ordinary courfe with Princes that one light offence obfcureth and maketh them forget ^ thoufand good feruices performed for the good of their affaires. For my part I am of opinion that this rage 5 and inhumane cruelty familiar with the houfc of the Ottomans, is butatruc and iurt iudgment of God, who will by their parricid handes chailice the Apoftalies and wickedneffc of one by another jConfidering the greater part ofthemarc Chri- ftians who haue denied their faith, and by thatmiferablc aftchmed vptothe heightofthofe eminent charges and dignities they pofleflc. As not long fincehis diuine Ma- ieltie permitted a poore fimple foiildiou( to kill Mahomet Baffay a man moll mighty m credit and authority ^ but more rich of power and meanes 5 yet fuch a one as had beeneaChriftian and had taken vpon him the orders of Priefthood. Chap*, 112 Tl?e manner hoTi^ Chap. VII. I How he coafoundeth the pradifes of forraine Princes his neighbours Thedimrceofthe Greeks church from the Romijh confir-^ meth the THrktJhimpire. * TVhat were requijite toftir vp the TfitkifhfnbieUs to rebel* lion. 3 The Greekes vtterljdefiitHteofmeanesforfftch procce* dings. 4 Bii' orvne fuheB 5 throughly CHr bed. Nc of the mod aflurcd meanesprafti- (ed by the Turkc,as an infallible courfc of feeling his eftarc againft the intelli- gence which his people might hold A'ithChriftian princes, isthcdiuorce St kparation he mainraineth becweene the Grecke& the Romiflichurch/uppofing while this fchifmc^ (ball continue amongft them, that they willneuerettablifli bctweene them a found amity. This made the conqueft of Conftantinople eafie vnto them ; this hath forwarded the proceeding of his viftories , and as it were, put into his hands all thofe rich and goodly Prouinces, whereof he is at this day the peaceable , but Tyrannicall owner: moreo- uer he fo narrowly obferucth our vnhappiedifcord , as he by a perpctuallcounfaiU endeuourcchallhecanpoflibly, that the Patriarkes render no obedience to the Pope : nei- ther is it long CinccZacharroi y Patriarc^ff o(Coni\aniino^ pie, was like to be flaked for hauing admitted the new Cal- lender and the reformation of the courfe ofthcyecre, made in the time oiGregorie the i j . 1 Now to returnc to the principall point , it is to be prc- fuppofcd to preferuc' Ejlates. 115 fuppofed chat the proiccls and carriage of popular rebelli- ons , cannot be vnderraken without the iupporc and dire* Stion of the mightieft for wealth, mcanes; and authoritVjini thecouncry which \vc would forprifes and that Piinces will not bouge to let a footc thefe plots and cnrerprifes^butby offered occafion of fome fortrclTe which importeth the al- fiiranceand confequence of the cftace, and rnay feruc for a? refuge to rccouer their decaied ftrength : or elfe that their delngne relieth ypon fomc promiled fticcour , or finally ypon the conlideration that chofe who in»jite them to this conqueft are fo llrong within theml'elueSjas they may hope for an honorable iilue of their enterprifc. ^ Thcfe arc all neceflary particularities, but not any of them reftcthnowin the hands of the Grcckes abafcd by cxtreamc feruitude, and fo far from hauing any fortreflc at their deiiotion, as' they cannot once ftir without being difcoucred 5 and though they were difpoled to vndertakc, they haue at their backc fo great a number of men at arms, •as at the Icall breath of a rebellion , they would cut them off before they (hould haue meanes once to peepc forth of their (liels. 4 TheTurkeagaine maketh them furetohim fbmany waies > though all barbarous and vnciuill , as he fcarcely alloweth his fubiefts leaue to draw their breath,nor fuffreth his mighty men once to hold vp their headcs j or forrainc Princes to be able in due time to attempt oughc againll him, 7he end cfthcJecondBookc. P The The Third Booke. Chap. I, The caufes of the fall and ruine of eftates. I Eflates areftihiecl to change. 1 Somff oflof)geY, fome of/ejji cot^tinHance* 3 Great yfmall , andmsane efiates^ a^d their caufes of ruine ; externall ^ internally and mtxt, 4 Le^ee fates come to their endcsfopnefi by ext email Caufes. 5 The great by wtermlL 6 The meane more dtirahle^jetfubieEl to alteration. tje order that nature ob- lieruerh in all things crea- I c<:d doth plainly enough teach vs that whatlbeuer is borne pafleth and haft- neth towards death 5 and that all things which haue a beginning neceflarilie andinrerchangably roule towards their end. This proceedeth either of an ordinarie and naturall courfe,or of the violence and altera- tion of compound bodies. Hence \vc drawe this con- ftruftionjthat ellates change^monarchies faile^and the ru- ine of one lerueth as the railing to the other. 2 Againe^as of humaine bodies lome are morcftrong, ^^ vigorous^ The mine ofEjlate^. 1 1 ^ • vigorous, and ofabetrercompoficion then others, andfo areoflongercontinuance 5 fo we fee the fame difference inkingdomes and cftates : in as much as feme prcferuc themlelues longer 5 either becaufe by theirnaruretheyare more furcly founded (as for example theSignory of No- bles is more lading then the popular eftate, and a Monar- chal ellate more then a common-wealcj becaufe a Monar- chy keepcth the caufes of corruption more aloofie from her 5 or is policed with better lawes) or becaufe of the fitu- ation which is naturally more ftrongihcn theotherj as we fee at this day in the Signorie of Venice. :> But becaufe this aflertion is fubicft to diuers obie8ios, we will diuide it only into two propofitions. Firil then of principalities/omc are fmall,fomegreat,fome indifferent, either in regard of their fubfiilancc or firlt eflence, or of the comparifon which may be made betweene them and their neighbours : Secondly,the efficient caufes of the vtter ru- ineofeftates are either inward, oroutward, or mixc ; 1 he inward areto be fetched and concciuedinrcfpc6l ofthc negligence, ignorance, and riot of Princes which giie themfelues ouer toallvoluptuoufnefle; wheretpmay be added the fa6lions,fccrecpra6lifeSj ambidons^anddeipe- rate humors offubicci-s, wichkindrie other occafions, all fit to bring cllates to their vtter'ruine. The out wad can- fesarc the rtratagemcs, armes, and force of the enemie. The mixtare fuch as participate of both, as are the rebel- lions of the people, trealons of particular men, put '\t\ exe- cution by forrainc ayd and force. Since then it is(o that all principalities are fubieft to ruine by oneof thcfe three cau- fes5 wcarenowto vnfold what maladies may infect , as well great and indifferent, asfmall elbres, anddrawali within the compafle of inward; outward^^and mixt cauits. Now like as in naciirall things narutall corriip ion is -more tolerable then violent, fomuil weconfiderwhethfer the alteration and impairing of eftatcs and cummon weales' chaacc by reafon of age, or by the violence of fume not forfeenecaule. Pa 4 Reiurning 11^ Tk ruine ofEJldtesl ^ Returning then to our former dinifion and well exi- miningit, wccfi^allfinde thatfmall Eilates come 'O their ends rather by mcanes ot'outwardcaufes ( brought in by force and violence ) ihen other wife : Inasmuch as their power being infufficient to withftand their mighty neigh- bours ambifions attempts^they are at the firll incounrer o- ucrlct with the llorm of hisconqueftsjin this maner thcfc- ueral Signones of Lombardy fel in fubieftion cuher ol the Duke of y^///^;?, or of the Veaeciasjthe free cities ofThof- cany became a pray to the Duke of Florence; The Princes of Africketo theKing^oi Fc^-Afarocco, zndtA/gters. 5 On the contrarie, great Empiresare vfually fubucrtcd by meanes of inward caufesjeither by eafs& plenty, which cuftomarily makes Princes to fwcll with infupportable pride; by voluprnousnot ( whereto peopleamidft their abundance are moft prone) or elfeby infolency and pre- fumption feazing the great oBcsofthe country when they fee therafelues much followed andreuerenced, allfitm- ticements to difpofea hare (but indifFcrently generous)to plot for his owneraifing. . Ncc qHencjnam iamf^rrep^tefi Ca/aruepwrem^ P§mpemffte parents Then is It ( as one faith ) that C^far cannot brookca fupcrior, and thatPompey ftomaketh an equal!. 6 Mcane cftates vndergoe danger as wellas the two for- mer, yet far lefle, fince they hold the meaneas the other the extreams^ for they are not fo vnfurnifhed of ftrengthjas that k would be eafc for euery one to inuade and oppreflc them , neither are they of that greatneffc and wealth, as to artorde matter to particular men to grow mighty, or elfc a- bandon themfclues immoderatly to delights & pleafures, or to tranfport themfclues beyond the limits of reafon. This is it that folong prclerued the common wealesof Sparta & of Venice , which eucrmore refpeftiuely intcrtai- V ned a meane and equality. The mixt caufes of the rainc of Eftatcs are inwarj trea- cheries afid outward force, Treafon hatched within aa Eftatc Tf^e rtilne of Elates. 1 1 y Eftatc much more indammagetha great then afmall or mcane Empire. For a monaike is not able to turne his eiq vpon euery corner of his Kingdome ; and fturrmg fpirits are fortified in their attempts either with the hope of im- punity (the nourfe of vices in all Ertates and goucrnmcnts) or with the opinion they haueconceiued of not being dil- couered tilUbch time as their proiefts meete withiom.e good foccefle. Thefe things happen fooner-, when the- Prince is far off then at hand. Spaine can witnefle it, which wasfo vnhappilybetraiedby Comt /«//^«,asit thereby fell Anno 714. into the hands of the Moorcs. So was the Empireofihe Mamelncks by the treafon oi Cater l?ei$t£ pofleftby Selim i 5 i 6.. Emperoiirofthc Turkes. V^'ho would fearch more na- rowIyintoChriftcndome fliall findc that the ciuillwarsof France. miniiler more examples forproofeof thisthcnis necellary. Thus wee fee that fmall elhtcs are mod to Hand in feare of forraineforce^fincc they haue not wherewithci- ther of or in themfclues to be able to refift or to take breath: That the meane cftatesare alwaieslefle offended by out- ward force then thcfmallelt^ and more free from inward treafon then the greateft. Chap. IT. From what conicdures the con- tinuance of cftatcs may be gathered. 1 Cdufes of the chaff ^e ofEjlates. 2 The ruine of Efiates is mofiftnjvceauhle Utbeirbifin^ nings. 5 The rootes of common wealths hovp m^'tnt dined. 4 Security ejj^eciallj to be auoided. V i I I 1 1 8 The ruine ofFJlates. t Ih^ ^fci^"!^ Will no farther extend the difcoiirfe of l^j che former chapter, nor diue into the o* I^QJcher efficient caufcs of the ruinc of e- ^^1 dates :for flioiild I handle what sr^ight be ^^^ farther faid of this matter,! (hould wan- ^ der too far fro the propounded fubiedl. and perhaps rackethc argument beyond his due pitch, I will then tie my ft Ife only to the conicfturcs of the con- tinuance or fail ofeiiates, omitting other cnuOs, asalfo all that may be referred to the iudgementoftlieheauens, the influence of the ftars, and to their vcrtue; fichcnce this knowledge is fraught with fo many obfcurities and contrarieties in what is written thereof, as I will (pare to learchtoofarintoit : Though otherwifcwearc to imagine that nothing is made in vaine, and that thofe celelliall bo- dies mbue not by chance, butrather by diuinc order and difpofition. Againe, the errors of their Ephimcrides ^nd the different fupputation of the firll mafters of their protef- (ion , make the knowledge to be vncertaine and their fo furely grounded maximes to afford contrariercfolutions. Let V5 not meddle then with the afpc61:s of the ftars, or the natiuitiesofeftates, but regard and confiderthecffe6lsof what is at our owne home without takingfo high a flight. We fay then thateftates fuffer either by the vnremouea- ble ordinance of God, or by the natural! courfeoftimc, wherewith in time they grow feeble , and change : or clfc by the wils of men^ fo vnllable and light, as they ordinari- ly breede an vniuer fall alteration thorowout a whole eftate and common-wealc. We will only drawe our conieftures from narurallcaufcs(not to meddle with theiudgcmentof thediuine Maiefty or mans inconftancy ) nakedly and - fimply to fpeakc ofthemasneere and familiar, totheend we may not enter into the chaos of cauje^heaiienly and moft remote. 2 So then we are to thinkethat the contini:ance ofeftates is proportioned to their beginning. It is with them as with fcnfible The ruine ofFJlates. up fenfiblecreatures, which the more theyhaften toarriueat the pert'e6lion of thcif being 5 the fooner alio they faile and die: thecontraiie is leenem ihofe which with a lie wand meafured pafeattaine to a more faire maturity andpeife- 6lion : as For example, among beaftes the horlc^amongft trees the willow are of no longindurancc : butthofethat ( as the Hart and Olinc) make by degrees and llowly to- wards their ripenes^are likewife more lailing. We may fay thelikcofEmpiresandEltatesrforas we fee them (low or Twift in their increafe/o are they more Iwift or How in their ruine* Haue not the French more then once conquered the duchy oi Milan and the kingdome of Naples^and that as a man may fay almoft iw a moment C fo haue they many nmes loft it and all in a moment : fuchconquefts refem- ble Torrents tumbling downe the mountaines, which in lede then an h9ur, by reafon of the great Ihoutes of waters they bring with them , become fearefull and dangerous ; when foone after in an inftanc, we lee them fallen ar^d flial- low,ro as a childe may wade thorow them without trouble or danger. Now not toleaue this conqueftof MtUn^nd Naples, we muitto this purpofe by examples contrary to the former make good the ground of ourpropofition : which to performs, I will fet before you the manner how the Spaniards conquered and heldthcfe prouinces. 1 finde it hath been by a long courfe of time, and infinite crauaile accompanied with all thepaincs andtrou- blcs,which thofe who let vp their red vpona qoqqueftand refolueto abide out the wars, ordinarily indure. Hence their labour hach taken fuch roote, as nothing fince hath been abletoefcapetheir hands, howfocuerthey haue been oft times galled and pur to their plunges. It is req.iiifice thcnp*that Empires haue their rootes to fulhine them, which muftbcdeepeand foundjOthcrwifcitisimpoflF.ble they fhould long continue. Now that cheymay be fuch, . there is an el'peerall wifedome and many yeercs requi- red. 3 The true rootes ofaneitate are the loue of the people towards J 20 The ruine ofEflate^ . towards their Prince, thefincereandholydiftributioiiof Iurticeamongftchefubie6Vs ; military difcipline well po- liced and obCertied by the fouldiours ; honours, rewards, and benefits bellowed according to vertue and merit: that great men be not llightly let by,aba(ed or contemned ;thac the common Ibrt ot people be intertained with all honelt fatisfaftion : necefl'ary proiiifions for the maintenance of places of ftrength ; well husbanding of the trcafure; friendly intelligence with neighbour Princes 5 vncorrupc eIc6lion of officers \ modefty in their proceedings :thelc are the very true rootesable tofortifie andmakemonar- chiestoflourifliandraife them to eternity : which rootes can neuerproue fetled Ipring, or (end foorth worthy fruit, vnlede they be planted m the foile of wifdome^ aduice and induftrie,and husbanded by the continuance of time. 4 It is often fecne that great Conquefts and viftories at- tained without lofle or labour, fo blindc the Conquerour, as they make him become like one ofthofe long reeds or canes which carry outwardly a good apparance,butarcin- wardly hollow andoffrailefabrtancc. Theycaufehimto comemne his companions, andthofewhoaffiftcdhimin obtaining his vi6iori€S> but more the fubdued people, whence ordinarily folio weth,that the higher is his fortune, the neerec is his fall. Wechaueftraiedfufficiently. Iris now high time to returneloourprincipalldilcourfe:and as we haue heretofore made it appeare that there are three forts of cftates 5 to wee arc now to vnfold in what ranck of the three the Turkeis to be bellowed. Chap. III. That the monarchy of the Turkei^ comprehended within the num- ber of great eftates. I ThcfHbfi4nc€ of the enfuini Chapters. a GrcMtncJfe The ruine ofBftntes^. 121 2 GreMfteffcoftbff Tnrl^fl^ Empire. 3 Compared yvith theRomaines. 4 The marfietloHsfHCCfjfe thereof innwre. ^ rom thediuifion of eftates dcliithisconquelts, and his long ruledoe buttoo much teach vswhat heis: notwithftanding ail ciiis 1 fboii/d not thmke it bcfide:^ the purpofe a little to particularize thecaufes of hisJgreatneiVe. 2 The eftatcofthe Turke is held wirhoutqueftion to bee oneofthegreateft andmightidl, asvVellin regard^ofthc large ci'Cuicitcontainethjasofhispowcr : heisgreatbe- caufeoffomany Prouinces reduced to his obedience 5 and though he hauc not fo great a (hare in Europe as the Ro- maines fomctimcshad, he hath tocounteruailethis^morc. aduantaged himfelfe in Afia and Africke : for when the fortune of the Romaines was at the greateil , and that they had thcirarmesmoitatlibertie J yet went they not beyond Euphrates : It isrery true, that Tr^/^^wwentfarther^butall the Piouinccs hefubdued werefoonc abandoned by ^^r/- #i;;hisfucceiTor. The Turke hath nor done fo, for he hath extended his dominion as far as Tigris 5 he poflfefleth all Melopotamia, orastheytcrmeit/^/^r^c-t'/^. From thence he rcacheth as far as Baifera or the Gulfe ofPeriia, which the Romans ncuer law, and the Gulfe of Arabia. And to fay better, all is his from the red lea to the Cittie Aden, which is in the mainc continent beyond the mouth ofthisfca, more then sin hundred and iiftie miles ; hchathalfoinlargedhisdo- CL minions 1 22 The rmte ofEflates. minions toward the South far beyond iEgypt. In Afr ick all is his, except three places of ftrength which the king of Spaine holdeth, Pegnoyi de Vdes, Oran, and Melila : Mm- rttamasilio is his, only three fortrefles excepted, which are 't anger, ArJiHa^ and ^4^5:^^4», conquered by theP(7r- tfigall : \fj\\^t{ 1 name Africk, 1 intend tha: country com- monly termed Barbary, and not Ethiopia. 3 Haumg now fcene the Lirgenes of his dominions, wc are next lo difcourfe of his meanes and power. I find.e thar he ha: h better eftabliflied the one and the other, then the Romans eucr did whe they were at their mtireft great- ncs, becaulc in Inch a moft large compaflb of his countrvj there is no king or common weale bearcth fway to diftin- guiih his do'runions : which was otherwifewith the Ro- manes, who had many fiich wedged in, \vithin the conti- Hcnt of their Empire. There is not any one of his fubie6lsthat dareth to fay that the honfe wherein he dwclleth^or the land he tilleth,is his owne. They acknowledge to hold all they haue of him: he ordinarily interraineth diuers great anyhcrcwith wc might haiiearmcd our feluesto withitand him. Incottr clufion, what fhal we fay oiSelif?^ the firft^whpjn lefli? then foure yeeres fpacc vanquillied the Mame/Hckj, hbdced all Syria, Palellina, the red (ea, a great part of Arabia and all iEgy pc c' Thefe are qucftiqnleiie goodly and hotabl^7> though more weake then hc^to bid himbattaiIe;^ffaile;^6fdefend^4iai}eHeuerth€le(I'cfaord€5- red their affaires and meanesv-^s they apeafbleafthjs day toflieel4th56rhfelu^'sfufficiemlyfromhisatrem v 2 Amongft others theKirtg of Perfia, doth he Dptfo ballancehis power as he hath giuen him many great oucr- thro wcs ^ and one lately^ ( as I halie faid ) necre Tanris :* The Tar^f^'nsiaijfikbijia: him plaie artd wqrie pfouokc him then he thcen ;, au4.Qft|^^'C ^^<5y,g9,t f^'Pni him Caffa a ftrongand weafthylowne j'thorcouerwhilellhewa ed about the wars of Perfia^thc Georgians took and facked Xr}?/>f5 but they were not able to hold it 5 foastheTurkc hath repofielTed himfelf of it.The Miiftbuit doth not orf- ly defend himiclffe fromrhe mctitfions bfrhelTurksj but tie 6ft timesalfo skirmilhetK with them , commanding as he doth aboue an hundred and fifty thoufanxl horfe. The King ofPoIonia hkc'wiie more in jgiity then theMufco. int., isfoftrong as he will not takcVrbng 5 bij'tisablera^ ther acall timesto repell the idolenceof Kiscnemy. The houfc of Auitria together With, the aid ^i th0 Prtn|?es of Germanic, hath wherewithalltbim^ike their party good and tooppofe him : the Venetians-3-Ynited with Italyand Spaine ( which in fuchacafe wiUitioi-abaadontheim)ar€ likewifc TloerutneofEflateu ^ 125 likewift able enough to defend thenrvfelues and hold their ownc. As for the king ot Spain, he is ib mighty by lea and by land, both of men and mony , ashc dareth vndertake himfelfe to incounter the Turke in battaile, much more to defend himfelfe ifalTauIted; ThcKing of Fez isnocanie way awed by him , and is more Itrong then he, at the leaflr in Africke ; which he approuedto the common hurt of Chriftendome by that ouerthrow and death of theKing Don Sihaftian of Portugall^ where fo many Chrillians mi- fcrably ended their daies. The laft of thole which abut vpon ihc Turke is Prefter John , who hath hitherto beha^ ued himfelfe fo horvorably againft him , as he hath neuer fliewcd any token of fearing his forces. So as^ being now vnable by rcafon of the concord & Itout oppofition of his neighbours, to gaine farther ground jhemuftofttecefTitv ( vnlefle God in regard of our linnes be otherwifc pleafed) begin to recoile 5 and thar greatnede which he hath buik vpon others ruinesmuft decay andicflen 5 fincethe mat- ter which gauc the increafe is on his part wanting. 3 There is yet an other point which fortifieth this opini- on, and that is : that all fuch Princes as confine vpon the Turke, are by others example made more wile, aduilcd and conlTderat, then they were before the ruinc of fuch as ferucd for a pray to the Ottomans 5 whereby they will dif- erectly looke to themfelues how they courageoufly haz- zard their peifons or eitatesatone battaile : they will ra- ther be content to ftand vpon their defence, attending w.hiletime beget feme apparent occafion, roundly and to Ihcpurpofe to fet vpon him. ^ 4 Againe, there are at this day fo many fortreffes, fo ftrong and fo well appointed, as they are ma manner im- *pregnable,fo as the Turke isnothkcto findetheway foo- pen as heeretoforehe did to carry them : but if he fliould 'putfaimfelfe vpon that hazardous enterprife of forcing them one by one, it wereas much as to become the author ofhisowneruine. y Neither ought any man in oppofingthis , alledgethe ^ 5 7^- 0^3 loflc %z6 Tl^erume ofEJlates.^ loflc of Cypres , finccic hapncd not fomuch through the Turkes power, as becaufc ot the diftance of Venice, which wastofupply them with men and munition. A man n^ay • $ ^5* by a contrary argument fay as much of the fauing of Malta (fpeakmg according to humaine caufes) for it wa^not pro- teftcd cither by the forces within it felfc, orbyrhefuccor fentthitherfrom other parts : but onlybccaufc the Hand wasfofar dillantfrom Conftantinopleas the army could not in due time and feafon rcceiue their prouifions and bee refrcfhed as was requifitc, nor well imploicfuch as were fentthither. If it would pleafc God thatthe Turke might often make fuch voiages, he would prepare vs faire occaii- ^ ons to attempt thereuenge of the outrages Chriftendome hath by him iimdry waies receiued. , Chap. V. By what kinde of caufes the Em- pire ofthcTurkes might moll: eafily faile. I Thifower of the Turks not to he eajilj ouerthrervne bj oHt^ ward caufes. % The po^er §( Princes ^ efiates bordering vfon the Turkey as the Per Jims ^ Tartar tans , Mojcomts , PolomanSy Germans^ Venetians, Spaniards, O'C, S wee haue at large intreated in the chapters gomg before by what caufes all cftates may be brought to their lail end and ruinc ; fo are we now to come to that of the Ottomans, as one of the greateft \ and examine by what inconuemencssit may vndergoe a change. I am of opi- nion that this their fo raifed greatneffe can hardly decay by ?cttaeof outward Cciufcs j ieeing the Princes bordering vpon TJ?erumeofF/}ates. 127 vpon their eftatC) are euery one in particular wcake to af- Qu^nMpf^ fade them , as they might well doc if they were peaceably /««' y?«X«^'^» Vnired. mulumuMnt^ 2 This weakeneffe prefiippofedjitfollovveth thaticwill proue a hard matter to ruine him by forraine force, whole llrcngth and rneancsit isixquifitwcexaminetoinlightcn this opinion. Firll, thole that confine vpon the Turkc next Africke, are the King ofFcz,oFMarocco, and Prefterlohn : next Afia, the Sophi and theTartarians : in Europe the Duke of Mufcouy^ the King of Polonia^the Emperour^the Ve- netians, and theKitig of Spaine. As for the King of Fez he hath men enow, butfmall ftoreofmony, foashe hath not the meanesor ability to maintaine a lallingwar : Againe, though I fhouldfuppofe he were able to be at the charge, yetlfindehim naked of other things ncceffarie to aduantage himfelfe vpon the Turkcj fuchasare places of Ifcrcngth to forward hispro- ceedings,and allure his retrait : fo as he is like enough to come fhort of hisaimerand if he Ihould pcrformelbmc worthy exploitin Africk, doubtlcs the King of Spaine his neighbour would foone be iealous of his good fortune. And in very deede this is not the point, for it is all one with Chriftendome whether the King ofFez be too ftrong for the Turke, or the Turkc for the King of Fez j fince both arc theChnftians enemies. AsforPrefterIohn,alI the world kno weth he hath enough to doe to defend him- feUe againft the Turkes forces •, neither is it long fince he wan from him all the hauens he had vpon the red fca, and amongll others that of Archiech and Ma^KMa : now for the Sophi,if wc fcarch their hiftories we (hall finde that the kings of Perfia hauealwaies had theworfeof the Tnrks,& among all other Mihomet the fccond ouercame Vfitmcaf^ x at /l. fan ; after him Selim the fidl did as much to If»f4f/ whom he forced into the remoteft parts of his country; Tarmas alio inetwithchehkemcafiareat^y^A'w^w/ handstand on the contrary we fee that Cudai^endahathhadfuch a hand 1 28 77;^' rwne ofEJlates. oi Amurath the third now ^aigning, as he hath often van- quifiicd his armies , and now of laceac Tauris: and though he haue atchieued molt worthy vi6lories, yet hath he no- thing aduantaged hinifelie. In the Turkes country , he hath not wanonefortrelle of importance, or ought el(e that might counteruaile the charge of his wars : This hath fucceeded in regard the Sophi is ftrog of horfe, but vnpro- uided of foote,which fliould be the principal force of fuch as befiege or defend. Moreouer.to force places of Ilrength there is required great ftorc of cannon & other munition, all wanting to the Sophi , who may well meete the enemy in the fceld and bid him battaile, but not purfuc and affaile . him ifhe retire into hisfortres ; becaufeoftheabouefaid defects of foot & artillery 5 & chough he were prouided of them,yet wants he the skill how to vfe the like others.The example of Tauris approueth this ftifficiently, for after hehadthislaftyeere vanquilhed the armieof the Turks, andllaine anhundred thoufand men, he could neuer take the Cittadell wherein theTurks haddrawne all their mu- nition of war, and left aboue eight thoufand men •, neither is there any newes hitherto that he hath taken it & expel- led them thence. The Tartarians areas illftored with footeand artillery as the Perfians, and cvcept that they laft got of the Turke, it may be truly faid that they neuer did him harme. As for the Mofcouit which abutteth vp- en him ( as doe al(b the Polonians ) they haue in regardc of the Turke fmall ftore ofmen, horfe andmony •, foas the moll they can doe is to hold their owne. Now con- cernmg the Germans,they haue loft much of their ancient reputation by the ouerthrow they receiued of the Turke atExechium, Buda, and fundry other places 5 foas they are glad to keepe home without daring to affaile him. The Venetians haue beene lb vnfortunate,asthey haue neuer moued waragainll the Turke bur it hath fucceeded con- trary to their hopes : and which is the worft of all, they ne- uer confentcd to anietrcatie of peace, but they did for- goe fome important member of their eftate. And to fay TheruineofB/latesi 12^ lay the truth Mahmet the fecond got Ncgropdnt, Sea- tari, and Groy^y Eaiaz^et to oke from them Lcpantoand Modon^and after in a treaty of peace they made with him they parted with S. Moore \ in an other treaty they left to Soliman^2i^o\t% ofMaluafia : Selim the fecond wan by force the He of Cypres , Duleme , and Antiuari : And though thefcbeheauy lofles, yet in regard they were far diftant from their eftates they are more fupportable then if they had becne neerc hand, fo ought they now more then eucr aduifc how to ftrengthcn themfclues againft the Turkc by their braue refolution and proui fion^which they may better doe now theneuer, inregard their forces are more liuely, and the mernbers ol" their c;ommon-wea!c more vnited and compaft then heeretofore. Now we arc to come to the king or Spainc. Let vs fay that he hath (lore bfmonyandall prouifion neccffary tobeimploied in the wan 5 that he is not without fiifficient numbers of foot andhorfealwaie in pay 5 that hee hath the commodity cxtrac-dinarily to leuy fo many men as may make the Turke ftand in feare of himj that his forces by fea are good and Ibong , and that he can increafc them at his plcafure; that he hath (lore of victuals , commodity of hauens , for conuenient landing in his countries ; and in a word that he is (0 mighty ,as that neither he ftandeth in awe 6f the Turk, neither dareth the Turke aflailehim : yet this power and habihty could neuer hitherto be imploiedto thepurpofe againft the common enemy of Chriftendome. Not for want ofwill or inclination thereto, butbecaufe hcishin- ►drcd by the reuolt of Flanders. The fufpition alfoand feare of his neighbours armes, would neuer permit him to dilplay an vnited and firme power againft the Turke ; he hath rather beene enforced to waft his time andmeanes vpon the particular preferuation of his eftates fomevvhac diftant one from an other jin ftcad of courageoufly exploi- ting them againft the Turkes tothegood andconfolation of Chriftendome. But our finnes are they efpccially which hauedepriued vs of the glorious fruits and aduantages we R niight The ruineofFftateu 139 7' ^ 130 n}ight haue gained by fo worthy a power. laconclufioti, we muftgrani that fincechc Empire, oithe Turkje cannot rcceiuc any damage or alcerauon by outward caulci(which arc worn to ruine crtates ) it is ncccllary that inward caoles cither feparate or mixf etitft it ; yet before we dilcourfe of thcfe two mcanesi hold it noramiflc a Iitrlc to examine, whether hiscftaternay be by maineandopen force ouer- throwne. Chap. VI. That it is not au impofsiblc thing for theGhrillians with open force to vanquilli the Turke. 1 The Tfirkf is mtinmncthk. a BxampUs of their fmdryotierthrorves, 3 \A comparifon of their good and ilif^ccejfe in battailes. All proof es that they majbe cettquered. He conclufiofl of the argument of the former chapter , is, that the Tu rke can - not by way of open force receiue harmc or ruine of importance 5 becaufccftht mighty power and mcanes he hath of hisownc. But hcereby is not inferred that therefore Chriftian Princes (bould faile of courage or hope, to goe thorow with their affaires to his preiudicejra- ther otherwife placing their confidence in the Almighty, they are to hope better theneucr, for the reafons I fliafl bcereafteralledgej by the handling whcrof I hope to proue that fo far is he from being inuinciblc, ason the contra- ry he may becafily vanquifbed as many experiences may refolucvs. We hau^ eliewhercfaid that Baiazet the firft was oucr- come and taken aliuc at the battailc he fought at Mount- Stelh againft the great T^mberUin, vndet whole hands he died The ruine ofEftates. i ^ i died a captiuc. C^rambe'tm Bajfa of AmurAth the (econd, wasdifcomficcd by Lad:Jl<^ufK.mg ofPoIonia in chc valley of mount Hermus : he came with an intention coreuengc himfelfe of the loffe and diflionor that the Bafla of Notalia hadreceiued at the hands o(loh» Hfimadex, yvhich atone time recouered from him a partofSeruia and all Molda- Dia : but inftead of performing this he became himfeffc prifoncr of that King, and had altrioll al his army put to the Ivvord. Baiaz^a the (econd lent Ca/tifeiufSLnd ^erfio^les his fonne in law into Afia againft Cmheus Soldan of 1482. ^gypt with a great army to rcuenge the inccrtainment the Soldan had giuenZf^i»«^j his brother, whom hchadfuc- cored with men and mony againft him ; his army was ouer- thrownc necre Adena a towne of Cilicia , where thcTurkc recciuedthe moft notable ouerthrow that was cuergiuen him. For of an hundred thoufand which prefentcd them- felucs in thcbattaile,thc third part remained notaliuc ; yet thofe that performed this noble cxccution,were fcarcconc againft fixej but the aduice of two Italians and of the Ma- meluckes fo furthered the affaires of Cy/A^/z/,as hefpied a ' time to charge theTurkes when they Icaft expeftcd it. J^Aw^;? left the fiege of Vienna withlofle of 60000. tnen 1529. which were there (laine , hauing giuen twenty gcncrallaf- faults to the towne. Theyeere following he affembled an other army of 200000. men, with intention cruelly to re- uenge the harmes he had rccciued \ but the Emperour Charles thefift went to meetc him, with fuch forces, as the other fled fo haftily as he had fcarcc leafure to fauc his baggage, Don lohn of Auftria naturall foncoi Charles the fifth in the yeere 1571. got atLcpanto thatfo renowned vi6lory of the army oiSelim the fecondkthis hathfincc made them walke ( as they fay ) with the bridlein their hands, andconfclTe they had parted too raftiaiudgment vpon the power of the Chriftians either by fea or by land: lomittofpcakc cftheprowefle &nobleafts oiScander-^ ^^'^.againft the Furkes^ and how many times he ouerthrew the Commanders oi Amurath thcfecond : andvahancly R 2 recouered i^i The mine ofEJlatef. recouered Albania the place of his birth whcfeofheand hisprcdeceflbrs hadbeene depriued by that Tyrant, nei- ther will I again cite the examples oilobH Hmiades or Ma- thew Cormn, who in a manner with a handful! of men op- pofed and difcomfited thcTurkifli forces, nor of the Por- tugals, though they haue at fundry times aflailed theTurk necre the red fea , barred him ofpaffage, and rid him of the meanes of farther iffuingoat of the mouth of that fea. What fhould Ifpeake of the Tartarians, who but lately tooke from him Taurica Cherfones ( called at this day Pe- rocopsky ) if the reports which come from thofe partes be credible:* 3 Such as haucbeenc curious in the fearch of the Tur- kifti hiftory haue oblerued, that fn the fpacc of two hun- dred and fourefcorc yeetes they haue fought with their neighbours thirty and fixe battailes , whereof they haue only gained eightecne and loft the reft. Thefc are all iignes and fucceflfes whereby a man may conclude that they are not inuincible, and that their fortune hath bcene ballanced betweene gaine & loffe , fo as we may belecue,if God for our offences did not bu fie the forces of Chriftian Princes clfewherethenagainft theTurke, where he hath had the ouerthrow once, he had had it thrice : by all thefe foregoing examples we may colleft that this proud ene- my hath nothis head fo hard as it may not bebroken, or t\it forely brufed . And though Chriftian Princes are not of power fuificient apart and of themfelues to take him to taske^ yet may they doeitby ranging themfelues to that vnion and concord , as that there be amongft them but one common fortune. This being granted ( asl pre- fijme it Ihall ) wc arc to vnfold how they may purchafe his time. C H A F. The mine ofEJiates^ i ^ ^ Chap. VIL why the leagues among Chrillian Princes are commonly of jfmall effed. 1 heagues are cenclndcdfor the rejpeU of honour and profit. 2 The inequality §fgairte hringeth adtffcultjto theconcln^ jion of leagues. 5 Chriflian Princes the farther they are from the Turke,the leffe bane they fear e gfdanaers wheremth other more neere himare^ojfeffed, ^ No man vainely expofeth himfelfe to an apparant danger bm where an euident commodity inuites htm. J while each firiues to prote^ his owae frontiers from the Turke ^others are negleBed, 6 The inequality of aide begetteth a contention v^hoJhaU com^ mmd mofi in the wars. * 7 Remedies againfifuch diffcult'tes and calamities . Here are many refpefts and caufes, which cuftomarily make the leagues of Chriftian Princes altogether vnefFeftu- all^vvhich may appeere to fome a matter of hard difgcftion, and for thiscaufel hold it requifite particularly tocleereit. It is a receiued maxime that all the a6lions of Princes arc vndertaken for two principal caufcs^honor and profit: that the confiderarion of honor often mafqueth vnder the pre- tence or good of their affaires: we will then only meddle with profit which we may tearmeintereft. i Now this inrercft (a common maske for all faces) can- not be a like equallbetweene Chriilian Princes with one confent vndertaking thevvaragainil theTurfce : for they diuerlly confine vpon the common enemy ,and this diucr- fity breedeth a difference alfo ictweene their refolutions and interefts 7 and tliough this be an inconuenicnce not ia R 3 the 1^4 TheruineofEJlates the cafe in handling to be contemned, yectheprincipall dir^icalty dcpendeth not heercin : It rather confuteth wholly i«i the concord ofthe treaty of the league, and this , Concorde is hard to be wrought for thefe following rea- fons. 3 All thefe Princes are not neighbours of the Turkcin the fame eqoallity : Ibme are more ftrong then other .-this ditTcrenccof ftrcngth affordeth to (omea commodity to defend themlelues or offend him with their owneforces; others are weake,and confequently expofcd to the incurfi- ons and fpoiles of the Turkc. It is an infallible maxime, that the iavther Princes art from the danger , the lefie for- ward are they to ftir, prepare for the war, or contribute to the charge or meanes requifice for the vndertaking thereof with the like feruencyand affeftionas tliey would if they fawthemfclucsfo neere to the mifchiefe, and that there were apparant danger. 4 Againe, that Prince which feeth no great profit or in- tcreft in fuch an enterprile doth lelle regard it then he who necetTity inforceth to ftand vpon his garde, and feare that tyrants iriuafion. Moreouer, if the Princes vnited to this league ar>d combination (hall once know that they (hall get Htcle or fmally aduantage their ellate, it is not to be ex- pcfted (when they enter into it) that they will bring with them that courage, rcfolution, affeftion, and forwardnefle as the bufineffe would require. Seethenhowthedifpofi- tion of the intereft makes the beginning difficult, the pro- ceeding and iflueviKertaine, by reafon of the diuers alte- rations and v^arieties which accompany euery aflTociated Prince, futablcto hispaflTionor aflfeftion; Whereupon would vndoubtedly follow an impoffibiliticofeftablini- ing this league,and ynion vpon fo fure foundations^asthat the beginning niay be good, the middle and end better: finccthe cffeft without vnion amongft many agents re- maineth eucrmore as nothing or nothing wocrth, 5 We fall thtnfarrc fliortof our reckoning, vnlefle wee canminifter feme remedy to the diuerfitics of this intereft and The ruineofEJlates. 155 and profit. This inconucnience is attended on , and coun- terpeized by an other of as great or greater coiifideration : And this is the intereft and particular confequence of the neighbourhood that cuery one indifferently hath with the Furke \ by the which indiiiercncy , each one accor- ding as his feare is , will dciirethe vvarrcmay bevnderta- ken to his aduantagc. As for example, Spaine feareth the neighbourhood ofAlgicrs; Venice of Albania: hence will grow that the league taking effeft , the Venetians will Itriue that the forces of the league may be imployed m the Lcuant, the Spaniards toward the South: fo as it will not be poflible to manage the enterprife to both their fa- tisfaftions* 6 There is yet another inconucnience that our Princes wil not be able by an equal! portion to enter into the league , inafmuch as one wanteth meanes to contribute thereto in money more then a fixt part^anothcr a fifr partj others that haue no money, will contribute men or (hips 5 others more mighneinboth, willvndertakehalfc or a (ccond. Thefe arc all the portions by whofe allemblicaleague may be formed. Of their indifferenciegioweth yet another diffi- cultieorinconuenienceCas weliftto rearmeit) and that is, that whofoeucrcontributeth the halfe, would likcwife haucf^iihishandes (asthegrcatcltandmighticft) all the power and fwaie. In which it will follow , that the oth^r fhallnotvndertakcorpcrforme ought but by liisaduice, direftion, and ailiftance : If he will make a ftand, they arc not to go forward j if he lift to march elfcwhere,then their defires Carrie them , they muft follow him: If his affaires prefle him 10 alter his relolution and minde, and that heC will retyre to his home, they are conftrained to doc the like, fo as all their charge, pames, and holy intentions, are vtterly puerthiowne, and they oftentimes reftcxpofedto the iniurieandreuengeoftheirdangcrpus neighbour, a- gainft whom^hey ioincly role in armcs. 7 Thefeare^to lay the tructh, conlideratfonsand incon- ucnicnces of that value and confequence(meafuringthem by 1^6 Tl^eruineofEJiates. by their parts, and not by the whole ) as we muft conclude that none but God is able to tune this league to an agree- ing harmony , which we are mod humbly to craue at his Almightie hands with a ftrong faith , a true amendment of life^ and a more perfe6t charirie then this age affoordeth. Chap. VII I. The defeds which may be obferued in theleaoruesoftheveere 1557 : and 1571. I The conditmfy fuccejfs and cners of the league in anno 1537. t Ofthatof 1^70. 3 How 4 league may he efiahlijhed to aueide the formerly xvmmitted errors. Ontinuing the matter of the former chapter J it will not be befide the pur- pofe J by the way to touch the defers which were found in two the mod me- morable leagues thachaue beenemade in our time betweene the Princes of Chriftendome. The firft refolued vpon in the time of ;^ 5 3 7* Pope Paul the third, betweene him, the EmperourC/?/^r/^/ the fifth,and the Venetians. It was then, befide the condi- tions, agreed vpon that the Emperourand theKnightes of Malta fliould fct foorth 82 . Gallies,the Venetians a like number, the Pope 36. only. Andrew Doria waschofen Generallofthe JEmperoursarmy, f^incem'to CafelUoiih^ Venetians, and Marco Gr/w^w Patriarch of Aquileiaof the Popes, hauingfor his Lieutenant PaHllufiman^ and for the maine land fcruicc Ferdinand Gonzaga was chofea General!. Morcoucr it was concluded betweene the prin- ccs,that whatfocuer they ihould get from the Turkes with the Tl?erume ofEJiates.^ i^j the forces of the league either in Greece or Dalmatm fliouldbe left to the Venetians as in recompence of their fo great expence andlofle thacrhey (liouldlbffer by war- ring vpon ihcTurke. SoUman feeing the forces of the league alfembled, made haft to lanch his Gallics foorth in- to the maine. Such was his diligence as they were within a few daies in a readinelfe and vv ent for Candy, where they made fome hauocke ^but of no great mpmenc. After thefe roades Barbaroffa made a (lay ofal the army in thegulfeof ' Larta , there to attend the Chrillians which came onward, but fo llowly as the feafon pafled without performing oughr, or without that they once met together, andthac which was yet worfe , our men inforced by tempeft , reti- red themfelues to Corfti whencethey fct foorth. Barba^ r<3//i followed them as far as AmpAxomiWm an hundred milesofOr/ii, bur percciuing them to prepare themfclues tofighrhe fpeedily retired tothegulfeof Larta, foasour army was rcfokied for Dirachitim, otherwife called Drazo othtVelona, but that being a dangerous harbour for the gallies, they turned their force vponCaftell Nouo which they carried by aflault : anexploit(tofay the truth) of that fmall importance (refpe6ting their charge and prouifion) as it wan them as much difhonor as profit, the townc being won the Spaniards feazed themfelues of it. The Veneti- ' ans difputed it as a thing appertaining to them according to the articles of the league \ but it was to fmallpurpofe, wherefore quieting themfelues flnce it was not to be reme- died they tooke an occafion thereupon to Ihift themfelues of the league. The yeerc following Soliman rccouered Caftle Nouo with the lolfe of thofe Spaniards which kepc it , who were all put to the fword , thofe which efcaped in- duringamoftmiferablefcruitude : and though :he peace treated by the Venetian was fomcwhatdifaduantageous, yet they indured that more willingly, then to be otherwife dealt with then was agreed vpon ; other caufes might be alleaged, as theceafingof traffickeand many other dif- commodities, befidesthe impouenlhing of their Eftate, S all 1^8 TloeruineofEjlatesl all which neceflarily attende the intertainement of ar- mies. 1570. ^ The lad league of the yeere i y 71 . yeeldcd not much better fruits, for after a great charge, and the gaining of fo famous a vifilorie, no other good redounded thence to the Chriftians , but that the Turke made an aflay of their valour 5 and by little and little the confederate forces diui- dedthcmfelues: the Venetians departing vponoccafioa offtlmoftthefameiealoufies , as in the former league. 3 It will be now time to deliuer how all thefeinconueni- ences may be (lopped, and the league become firme »nd durable, without confideration of any particular intereft, to the end that euery one may voluntarily in deuotion confent thereto to the glory of God with a free heart, and anvndaunted magnanimitie: In which cafe, the conditi- ons being rather free then forced on either fide, we may reape thereby fruits woorthy and honorable : Thcfc two leagues heerctofore mentioned, hapnedin atimefo dan- gerous for the Venetians, as it was more then neceffarie that the Chriftian Princes (though not interefled ) (hould vnite their forces to aflift and proteft the other. So the oneftandingjn the water vp to the throat , and incompaC- fed with danger^ and the 6ther on the contrary, free from fearcof perill , they cntred into the couenants and condi- tions of the league, not fuch as they ought to haue beene to make them lalting 5 but fuch as were prefented to men ftanding in neede of them, who inforced byneceffitie, might notrefufe them, to the end to clecre themfelues of a neere chreatning mifchiefc. Leagues wil then be dura- ble when they (hall be ftabli(hed at a time whe men are free and exempt from all conftraint •, and not to attend as they do,till the Turke afJright one of the confederates^and that he be alreadiccome into the field foftrong both by (ea andland,a$ the Venetians or fomc other of the confede- ^ rates are already by hmi alTailed. At fuch a time to fecke a remedy by their hailieaiTembling, is theway to imprint a certaiae fcare in their people j and make them flocke to- gether Tl?e ruhie ofEjlatesl i^p gether in the fold asnicepeinprefenceofthe woolfe. It is requifice then that the league be contrafted at leifure, in a time of peace, and in a feafon when the aflbciates may be inuited, not by any vrgent danger, but voluntarily, and with fuch an alacritie of heart , as they may vnite their per- fons, their meanes^thcir powersjand their courages all to- gether to offend the common enemy, Ch ap. IX. A league which may be treated with- out danger of theformer defccfls- 1 The qt4Alities of perfect leagues. 2 The conditions of leagues ^and tphat each of the confederates is to attempt vpon the enemie, 3 The commoditie ofthemfo concluded, 4 ^duifefor a generall contribution againJI priuategatne, 5 That the danger wefiande tn of the Tu^ks> ts greater then many fnppofe, and that therefore thofe that are mofi re* r^ote^ ought rvilUngly to contribute. 6 Whatjhould mooue vs to ioyne in league againfl the Turks* Ow then to reape the woorthieand ho- norable fruits of a holic league (&aflb- ciation, we arc to rcmooue the dcfefts and inconueniences which haue made theformer leagues prooue abortiue : And the better to effcSt it,it is necefiary that their treaties be voluntarie: that Princes voluntarily ioyne their powers Sc meanes to one end, though by diffe- rent courfes: ib as growing to capitulations 5 the one doc not aduantage himlelfe vpon the ftraightning of the others affaires.This is it which equalling theconditions,will caufe cuery one to partake in the enterprife, without all fufpeft or particular lealoufie; It is not enough thatthe dcie&s S 2 of 1 40 Tl?e rulne ofEftates. of rhefe leagues bedifcouered, if they make vs not more wile in the framing of other to come : to the end we may wish all deaotion and finceritiebuildethcmon a ftrong and vnmooueable foundation ; and thus in my opinion may be the manner of our proceeding. 2 It is not required thai to elbblifli this league and make irfru£tifie, the confederate forces niouldallcinble in one place, but at one time : my meaning is , that our Prmccs mull bee readie to aflailc the enemie at once in diuers places, and that euery onebende his forces towards pares which areneerefttohim, fo to begin the warre to Ibme purpofe: As for example, the Spaniards fliould inuade the parts of Algiers: the Venetians and the Pope^of Alba- nia: the gallies of Sauoy, Malta, and Florenrc, fliould continue tlieir ordinarie courfes againft the lurke 5 vnlcfl'c they vvouldioyne with the Venetians or the king of Spain: thePoIoniansfhould let vponWalachia: the Empcrour and Princes of Germany vpon Hungary. 3 Qiieftionlefle if eachof thefe did in this manner af- iaile him, their courage and force would be the greater; as would likewife be their defire to pcrfiit in their cnrerpriie , without any refpcft of paines orexpence, hoping all would redound to their honour, profit, and particular fc- curitie : which they cannot expeft from the other leagues, and this is that which harh in part made themdefechue. The enemie that fliould be lb many waies let vpon, would beconftrainedto diuidc his forces , which confcquently would becoHie lefie able to proteci him, on all iides whcr- foeuer he fliould be aflailed. Firll, the gallies of Malta afhfted with fome other, and (couring (as they might) the Leuant feas, would keepe in luch awe thole that guarde Alexandria and Rhodes, as they would nor dare to pecpc cut: Agame, if Spaine would inuade Barbaric 3 the gallies of Algiers would be lure to keepe home: foas thefl:rengrh of Venice ioyned with that of the Church, would doe what they lift, and would meete with no encounter by lea which they fliould not cafily oucrmarch : efpecially if at the TlyerumeofEfl^tes. 141 the fame time the Emperour and the King of Polonia, would warre likcvvife vpon the Tnrke. We haue an exam^ pie of the times which verifieth our poficion. When So/s* man vndertooke the warre of Hungary , againft Cktr/es ^53^* xhQ^.zAndrew Doria Genera!! of hisgalleies , with a very fmall armie troubled all the Leuanr, tooke by maine force* Coron and Patras, and harrowed all thofcfcas without ^ controulcorencountcrofthe enemies: whence followeth,' that ifthcChriftJans would asl hauelaide, atone inibnc fct vpon theTurke^ they would force him no doubt into a narrow ftraight. 4 There IS one point that would make the enrerprife ea- (ie^more forcible and bllingjbut it would hardly be difge- (led, and that is to draw all Chrilhan Princes which confine not with the Turke,to contribute vnto icAllthcferuppofe thcmrekies free from danger and make no reckningofo- thersfufTerings, in whole behalfe theythinkc thcylhould not c6tribute,as thole that were like to haue but the charge and the other the profit. In a word, all cacholike Princes are f^ wedded to this particular inrereit , which is cuer^ more diff^ering and vnequaH among them ( ashathbeene^ before alledged ) as the league would neuer be thoro'wly/* concluded or of long continuance, thismull ofneceflity ' befor;;oLten, and the only dcflre of the exaltation of the Church ot Godmuft be that which mull range them to ' the neccflariepoint/vljercofthey need not trauell toieekc examples out of their owne houfes, whichif they would but imitate all would fucceed wel, to ihuite them to it I wil alledgeone. ' Thepnncipallaimeofthe league fet on footebyt?^^-'^^^,^^ i^gg^ fryeo^BmHton, and of ib many Princes and Nobles fome grcarer thcnhimfelfe which accompanied him,, was not placed but vpon theparticular hongurofthe Mudtyof; God, whereabout euery man emplbied hiarifelfc wuh fuch. ' zealeanddeuotion, as without arcehding the fuccours or ' ' furtherance of any great King or Emperourj they drew to-'; gether anarmy of an hundred thoufand hoilc and three S 5 hun died 1 42 in?e rutne ofEJlatef. hundred thoufandfoote, wherewith they fubdned almoft all the eall. 5 Leaning apart allthefe confiderationslet vs come to the opinion thadbmehaue of their being far from dan- ger, and we fliali finde peraduenture that they are neerer thereto then they are aware. 1 2 5?. When y^w;/^'^r/? came firfl out of Afia into Europe was not Hungary (which is now fubieft to the Turke) farther off from the confines of the Ottomans Empire then are now thecountriesof Saxony or ofBauiers, then they of Franconia, the Swichzers and the Frenchc'yet we fee it now moftinhispoffeffion. 6 Shall we then fay becaufe we haue a mountaine before vs, or a riuer betweene vs , orfo)Tieeftate thatfeemeth to fheltervs, that therefore we (hould hold our felues happy and in (ecurity,and not be touched with others danger and mifery :' Nofiireiy. ForifwebeChriftiansweoughtnot only to haue compaffion of other&ij^lamities, but afforde them alfo our good and charitable afi iltance : moreouer he that meafureth future things but by the confequence of things prefent, findeth himfelFe oft times beguiled^ we are to haue fuchprouidentcareof whatis prefent, & to come, that we may leaue to ours the fame affurance we wifhto our fehies , to tb e end to preferue them by this prouidence fromfuch dangerasthey might incur after vs. And though we (hould not carry that regard of our children and polte- rity, and that the confequence of our eftate did not fpur vs on to fuch an enterprife, fhali there remaine in vsfo little courage and charity, loue anddeuotion to the glory of God, from whom we haueour being and of whom wee bold our powers, as that we (hould all forget to husband his vineyard, and expell thence fuchasintrudethemfelues intoicandpolluteit i wherefore ferue all thofeheapes of treafurc which the Princes of Lombardy arpalTc , one in V enuy of an other i whereupon will thofe fo mighty Prin- ces of Germany and the Imperial! townes fpend their reue- nuesand incomparable riches c' what occalion can all of them Tlyeruinc ofEflatef. 145 them finde more goodly then this to attaine toanimmor- tall glory i It is then for the inlarging the kingdome of Chrift that we muft imploy all we haue, and for the deliue- rance of thofefacred places ouer which thofe barbarous in- fidels tyrannize , toredeeme fo many thoufand of poore Chrillian flaues which luffer and grone vnder the yoakeof that inraged dogge, togiue life to an infinite number of Chriftians, to reuenge their wrongs, to punifluheiniuries ^blafphemies which that tyrant and his helhounds haue breathed our againft the glory of God, his holy name and church.And if humaine appetite mull needs be an a6lor in this theater, it would be an eafie matter for great Princes that fend their forces,to vrge this conlideration in thecapi- tulations, that they Ihould haue in fauour of their contri* butionspart ofthefpoiles and conquefts that they might happily obtaine. Agame^if the loue of the feruice of God had a working in them, they might vndertake in perfon the Generall conduft of the army, or command part of the confederat troupes. G^^r^ apoore Prince^in comparifon of thofe that now fway Chriftendom€,aIienated the Duchy of Bouillion for (o godly a voyage. Stephen Count of ChartresAiii the like with his eftate, as did alfo many great men, who had no other motiue thereunto then the enter- prifeoftheholy land. Charles the feuenth King of France, did he not fuccor the Emperour of Conftantinople with a great number of horfe which hefenthim vnder thecon- du6l of the grcateft perfonages of his kingdomeC And muft we fit idle with eroded armes whilelt the cniell flames of this infidels tyranny burneand confume the houfeso£ our neighbours c* Chap. X. wherein confiftthe greateft forces of the Turke, I _ whether the Tanizz^s be the chiefe flrenqth of the Turke. a That horfe are more neceffary in the war then foot e. S The Tlfe ruine ofEjlates. MachiatteU opinion for foots. 144 3 Theprogrejfe of the Turl^ before and after the injlitution of the lamjfars. us skilfull itv Nauigation. 4 I would willingly demaund,what it auaileth the Turke topoflelTeala'-gipand fpacious fea bordering country, if it remaine ynhabited i neither were it enough if it were: fox the T^e ruineof EJlates. 1 49 thecxploitsof maritjmewarre, it isxequifite they be voir anf, rcfolute, and llrch as can endure trauell and paine. AlongrtalitHecoaftpft Afnckcv^lijcTurkehath not one Haueii of account befides Algiers* ^ In all Egypt hee hath only AlexandnajandDalmatia, at the leart which arehcid inanyconiideratian.. InSodi ^ takeaway SafFo and Pam- philia, thofeneercTiruSjEphefus, Cicize, and the relKb celebrated in artcienttinies, remaineat this diy namelcflc, and buried in their owne ruines . They haucw before himftlfe, who was the elder , caufed the nofes and eares of his fathers meffengers moll fliarrxfully to be cut ofFj the enormity of this hSt ill digefted, and worfe interpreted was that which cancelled the greater faults oiSeltm, to take vengeance of ihis lall & lefle outrage 5 whence it came to pafle in the end that ihefq lame lanizzars pofleft *y^/iw of the empire, who fooneaf^ ter put to death his vnhappy father. AmnvAih the third now ijil* 152 T7;^ rulm ofEJlater, now raigninghauing withdrawnc himfelfe from Ac ani- ons of war to liuein cafe and quiet hath loll much of his fouldioursandferuanrs ancient obedience, zcale, andob^ leruance, fuchas they were wont to carry towards their Soucraignes greacneffe. The Baffa of Cairo who had the goucrnnient of /Egypt, named Ragufe'ty being fummoned ( according ro their Emperiou* ciillome ) to make his ap- pearance at the port , flatly refufed to come thither and made his e(cape with a world of treafurc which he had a* mafled by cxtoffions and pilling of the people, during the time of his adminiftrarion, Thelanizzars which wereat thofe times appointed for the wars of Pcrfia, would not once moue a tooteto march thitherward : but as halfein a mutiny faid plainly they would not any more go vpon any cnterprife vnlefle the grear Turke their Lord would vn- chamber himfelfe from among his concubines, and vndcr- take the voyage himfelfe in pcffon , fo as he wasconftrai- ncd by vertue of giftes and increafe of pay to win rhem to the war. Moreouer of late after the ouerthrow of Tauris, the Turke hauing appointed a new generall for the fucco- ringofhisvanqui(hedarmy, and rccnforcing of fuch as remained within the cittadell; all the commandcmcnts he could lay vpon him, could notprcuailefo much with him as to get him to march forward , rather he grew to capitu- late with him, and that finilhed, hemadfe the moil adoc in the world to mufter vp twenty thouland men, who refu- fed likewiletogoe torhat war, othcrwife then vpon all the aduant3ge$ they could deuife to demand : not Lkefub- icftsand flaucs , but as if they had beene neighbours , al- lies, and confederates. Thefe breaches already made im the obedience they were wont to render thir lord and Ma- iler, may perfwade vs that they willeafily rcbell, vpon thefirft occafiontbat fliall prefent it felfe without refpe6l of their Princes greatncffe, or obferuation of their ancient military policy. 4 The third occafion might befall, if there were many brechrentodebate thtEirtpire after the death of their fa- ther, 71)6 ruine ofEftates. i ^± ther^ Is it hapned betweenc Zik,imHs, and BaU^et^ fonnes oi Mahomet, giX\A betwene Acomat and SeUmS^ViVit% oiBa-^ iaK4t. This Baia^et wasfauoured of the lanizzars againll his brother. Ziz^imm was vpheldoriely bythe aid of the Soldan of Cairo , and King of Perfia. Seltm likewife was - o borne by the lanizzars und Baffas.md Ac'omam by forrainc Princes rtheyincouncred and fought cruel battailes, whole viftories brought the whole Eftate in danger : Baiazet and Seltm remained conquerours, each one his party by meanes of the great numbers of men that accompanied ^ J ^ 3- them,and of the valour of the fouldioursof the old bandes which ferued vnderthem. Notwithilanding all thcfe op- portunities which God foto the purpofe prepared , not one Chriftian Prince once ftirred , or lo much as made of- fer to arme infauour ofthc weaker of thofc which conten- ded : which would no doubt haue entangled both of them in a long and dangerous ftrife, enough finally to haue rui- ned or muchdecaied thehoufe of the Ottomans, when they fliould haue called fuch an one to their fuccouras would haue rather blowen then quenched their fires. A- mongftall the Princes of Chriftendome there was none but the great matter of Rhodes , which fent fome fupplies of artillery to Ziz^mtu^ and which after receiued and de- fended him from the hands ofBaiazet^ when he wasdri- uen to retire himfelfe to hisproteftion. 5 Thefe domeftique quarrels cannot now become Co ftrong ( efpecially i'uch as might happen betweene bre- thren ) as then they might , confidcringthat thQA^ame- Incki, who as neighbours might haue fomented and giuen intertainment to fuch differences , are now extinfit and their name no more mentioned. They were in their time the only emulators of the Turkes glory : Rhodes hath made an exchange of her fortune , and fs now in the power of this tyrant. Cypres beareth the like^oake. Thefe two Hands affoorded an cfpecial commodity to (bw diffentions • among the Turks^to fauour and fuccour one of the parties. 6 The fourfticaufe would eafilyarife from the prefump- V tion I ^4 Tl^e mine ofEJlates. tion and head-ftrong raflineffe of the lanizzars, likely e- noughto attemptand execute as much asfomerimc did the Pretoriao bands ofthe Romans, who made (lender ac- count to fill the Empire with flanghters and mallacres, wherein many Emperours ended their daies: they elefting others ar their pleafures againll the authority of theSenat, and the loueand reuerence they ought to hnue borne to- wards their country, 1 he like may we hope or expe6t from thelanizz^rs, that they will one day aflume to themfelues the lame power and learne to performe the like, whereof they gaue an alTaie at fuch time as they compelled Bauzet thelecond to refigneihe Empire to S^^/imhis fonne. They didalmolt the like when Soltmancaukd his (onnQAfhfia^ pha to be murtheredj for they belieged him and inuironcd hii tent for cerraine daies fpace, crying out they would know checaule of that yong Princes death. In the end by thcdeuife ofthe Bajfa and with ftooreof coyne, he wan to himfourethoufandofthcm , whodifengaged him of the feare and danger wherein he was plunged. 7 Thefift caufemay be fetched from the ambition or difcontent ofthe great ones ofthe countrie, orofmini- rterslvvaying thefupreame authority & credit in places of gouernmenc. Gaz.e/es gouernour of Soria made way for a reuolt ofthe like quality, as did a!fo Acomxt Generall of >Kgypr : Gctz^eles, aiiifled by the Mame/^ckj, Arahitns and thoreof/?Wtj", endeuoured to fethimfelfevp againll the great Turke : but he was difcouered by Cajembetm whom he Had acquainted with the con(piracy. This man either for feare ( as looking into the danger ofthe enterprife ) or for enuy of his companions qreatnefle, reucaledalltohis Mafter i'(?///w.i», who prelently difpatched againft him Ta^ y^r^4^^j[J2f,by whomhe was vanquilhed in battaile. Aco^ ?»at nad not the leafure to proceed farin his attempt/or as he did inconfideratly precipitate himfelfe into the triall thereof, fo washeasl'pecdilydilcouered, andinaninftant fuppreffed andllaine, vvichouthauingthriued ought in his' delilgnes. Chap. TheruineofEftates. 155 Chap, XIII. Of the mixt caufes. I ff^hdt Arejhe mixt caufes, z How E flutes Are onerthron^en hj mixt caufes. we mi;ft fpeake of caufes c Jmpounded, of the one and the other, which, to dif- ^ courfe more intelligibly,vve team) mixt, which likewife are of power of themlelucs to alter an Em- pire and to bring ic , eithfcr by an vniuerfa!! or a particular change, to a lamentable ruine. Thcfe mixt caufes then are chofe whereby both the enemy abroad ,and thelubieft athomemay bvacomj^ionconlcnt confpireagainftanE- ftateandfubuertic. ^ 2 One of the caufes or mcanes may bea popular infurrc- ftion nounfhedby the enemy, orclfe the confpiracyof fome parncular men fcton by forraine praclifcs \ orco tearme if better^ the treafons which iubiects may hatch in fauour, and by themeanes andauthorityof their neigh- bours. This hapneth \x\ a twofold manner, when the v.cc0^ M^j^m^'^^^ Abtfi^ pha, and fince that betvveene the f^m^e^f^/^^;^ Ja ( who haxl? pu^rip^f^^^* ) :»nda]l for.ikiotlir; of their 'Mafter- Jf thefe hujrnors^^d iij^i(|?o(jpipps h^i)ceJ3c.wcIl looked intoaqd. vvifd)p>yec'.tp,vvpriq tiiat tvniuer/aUrbringc .^yh^(;h W ff i^^ ^^ ^^W W^ws Er^^pif^^ jyfeAatc wenpcthere- fyrc '^Or]ib^ft ^ a5 ;}i,eii f 4if^.aried; .? r^Jm^n^bring ihat ixEoll . commonly the beginnings of innouatjons andcommoti- onsfo extraordinany,^ are feeble y and' jfUac. that wiidornc (heweth itfeI%Jik^ |f'felifeiWh^ichjtayf^^ti!^eto a happy growths I am of opinion, that w^hejiL we ingounter with inilrumcnts that arc not without an^bition, courage, and alhirft gf rcucnge j aftsr wc haue felt and founded them oncc,twife. 158 77;^ ruinc ofEJlates. or thrife, we fhall in the end make a breach in their loyalty and obedience; efpecially if we let before them (be it vn- deratrneorfaI(etitIc)thecertaintieof Tome mightieruc- cour, whereof they may fee the preparatiuess for {o they will the more couragioully attempt againll the lite and cftate of their Prince. 4 Morcouer ic is not to be forgotten , that when foch pra^iifes fhall be difcouered by the Turkc, and that he fhal lee the Chnilians more diligent then hitherto they hauc becne, to found the atfeftions of his ieruants and fub- iefts ; he will thereupon enter into fucli a diftrtilt of them, as euen that will make him offer them fome hard meafure. This diltruft will be enough to beget a thoufand fufpitions and hard conceits inhis Ieruants, and fubiefts, either for the managing of affaires, orforthe danger that the opi- nion of loyaltie incurreth, when it hath to deale with fuch a diftruftfull and fufpitions Prince, as this would prooue : fo as by littleand little it would workevs out feme occafi- on fitting our purpofe, efpecially 5 ifwhileft this pra6h(c were hatching, and on footc, the children of the Turke fliould takearmcs one againft the other , 'or that during their fathers life, they (hould difpute the poflelTion of the Empire : for the ice being already broken, there would be a more eafiepaflfage and better fuccefle, then if it had not beene taken in hand at all. 5 But becaufe an efpeciall iudgemcnt, patience, and much wifedome arerequifitcinfuchbufinertes, we mull make choice of men furnifhed with all thefe parts, to the cndthey may wifely knowwhen to take their opportuni- . ties and times, tofowthefedilTentions, and that thei^ be not want of mony to dillribute amongft this people , which arc farther in loue therewith , then any other nation the world affoordeth. Chap. 71:6 ruine ofEJlates. i ^p Chap. XV. How the people of the Tarke may be wrought from his obedience* I Hox9 the Turkes Chrtfiian SHhieEls arc to he wrought to rebelUon. 1 ty^fUce m t4ft be chofen for refuge offuch a^ rchelL 5 The vatfte fooleries ofthetr Alkoran Ore to be dtfconered. 4 Horv hookes written to that furpofe may come to hufubie£ts hands, 5 How/uch bodkes are to be compofed. 6 IVhatfrnites are to be hoped from their readmg. 7 Exhortation to the fanizzjars* 8 The conclufionofthisvporh^, ^Hc Turke hath two forts of people fubieft to his Empire; one followeth the left of Mahdmets the other the truth of the Gofpel oi lefus Chrifl.Thc , ^ JMahomctanes are quiet^as thofe which ^•^^ being of one and ihe fame law*, haue no canfe tomake any tumult^TheChriftiansrannotflirrejas being ouertopped and awed by a greater power then their owiie,whichcijrbeththem ib^ as there is no better way to mouethemtorcbel.then tomakethcmhandle(asitwere) and (ee the alTuranceof an approching fuccour^toprouide them of armcs and all other furniture for the wars : for orherwife it is impoiTible they fhould dnre to make the lead fhew once tomooue, whilcft they haue the enemie ouerthemalwaies in a readincflc and arrr.ed , who would in a moment confound rhem, efpecially being as they arc naked and vnprouidcdof armes, otlenfiueor defenfiue. 4y«f//>» the (ccond doubting the woorrt, by ihecounfaile of Occhtallj^ cauled al the Chriltians inhabiting the fea coafts, to i6o TheruineofEJiates. to retire themfeluesfarrevp into the mainc hndy to the end thcprcfenceof theChrjftian forces fhould not incou- rage themagainft him,as ithapned at luch time as Andrev0 D<9r^^atchieued the enterpnfe o?PatrcU and Coron, 2 If the Chriftiahs (bowld euer vndertakc the like dif- figne they ought to take efpeciallhccde how they vnfliip their fuccours in thofe parts of the continent where the horfeare at hand, fincethey were likely enough by their ftrength to choake atthefirftthereuolt of the Chriftians, for fo mighty are they in horfe, and of fuch fpeed and dex- terity ,as they would in an inftant beare downc before them whatlbcuer (hould Oppofe them. Wherefore it would be better to enter by Albania and by places mountanous and ofdiflRcultaccellc, where the horfeare not abletolerue, as in the plaine. This is as much as we ment to fay of fuch Chriftians as are vnder the Turkes dominions , all which I will imagine want not will to rebell, if the Princes of Chri- ftendome would furnifli them of meanes. 3 Now let vs fee what way were bcft to be taken to pro- uoke the Mahometans to reuolt,and to fill their countries with troubles, and ciuilldiffentions. If we willbutconfi- derhow their religion is fraught with vntruthes , their Al- coran abounding in follies, vvefhall findeiceafie topi<::kc matter enough out ofirtofet them together by theearcs, cfpecially if wee doe but difperfe among them certaine bookes fit to conuert them, or make them doubt of the foolifh fupcrftitions they obferuc , compofing them for Europe in the Sclauonian tongue > and for Afia in the Arabian. 4 Butbecaufe it would be hard to conuey thefe bookes into the countries of the Turkes obedience but that they would foone perceiuc the deuice and fpeedily remedy it: It w^ere beft beginning far off, in the Indies and in the parts ofAfiaand Africke held by the Portugales : forbecaufe ofthetrafficke which is great in thofe parts manyTurkifh Marchants and ojthers^riue there from all quarters. They come to Af0^4mbiq^e in Africke, toZophala and Quiloe in T})eruine ofEJlates.^ i6i in Afia, They defccnd a!fo as low as the Moluccas , Co- chicn, Goa, Dia, Ormus,and fundrieocher parts apper- taining to the crowneof Portugale. Thcfe bookcsaUo might be difperlcdabroadin the countric of the GentileSj "u'hjch are friends and confedeiates of the Chriftians, as in Calicut , Zailan , Cambeia , and others; and the like at Oran, Arzilia,and in other parts of Arabia fubiefttothe crowne ofSpaine and Portugall, and in all other parts of Europe which border vpon theTurkes. 5 There mull be a care had that the title of thebookebc io coloured, asitdoenotat thefiril difcoucr the intent of the author,but rather that it intice them to perufc it with a certainc curioficy and (hew of pi caiantncffc and delight. ItisrequifiteaKbthatthc difcourfebenot fraughtwitha- ny difputations or fubtill point againft the Articles of their beleefe, but that contrariwifeir be fail oftales and matter fit to moue laughter j yet with fome well conueiedpaflagc which may by the way dilcouer or make them doubcof the fables of their Alcoran. 6 The Turkilh Marchants or others , into whofc hands this booke (hould light, would cofidcntly readc it in thofe parts where theTurke is not obeicd. And though per- haps they durit not aduenture to carry it with thcm,yet the imprefTion and fubftance of what they had read would re- maine fixt in their mindcs , fo as they would after relate it as newcs to their friends and families , in fuch fort as it would grow by little and little to be diuulged thereabout, whence would fpringa longing in others which /hould come and goc into thofe countries to buy & readc them : In this manner the Alcoran in procefle of time would grow out of credit amongft them, and thofe things which with fcrupleandobleruation they colledl: thence, would turnc toa ieft and fubief* of laughter , whence there could not but infue fome fchifme and diuifion amongft them,for the moft religious men of their feft and the moft intereftcd would oppofc ihemdclucs wilfully to maintaine it. Neither X would i6% Tl^e rulne ofEfiates. would if make for the purpofe CO make mention in any fore of our Sauiour Chrift, Oiuchlcfle to let it beknowcnthat the author thereof were a Chriiljan : for the immortall ha- tred they bcareto that name would make it odious, and would bring itat the very fiift: to be reieft^d. It fhould ra- ther be fo contriued aci if ir came from fomc other of an c- thcrfe6l , wherein a man might borrow the hand of the inhabitants of Cambaia^of India^of Arabia,or of Pcrfia.In this manner ftwouldbe better welcome and would carrie with it more eftimation and authority. 7 It were well alfo if there were framed and publidied a remonllrance to the lanizzarsin the Sclauonian tongue, whereby might be fignified vnto them their originally and howe in their infancy they were cruelly hailed from the bofomes of their Chriftian fathers and mothers , conuey ed intoTurky^ and there nuiled vpinthe kdioi Mahomet ^ nothauingiudgement as then to diftinguiOi of good and euili 5 that they arethcpillsrs to vphold this Tyrant which hath fet his foorevpon the throat of their fathers liberty, and which keepeth tnem as llaucs vnder the yoake of a dif- honorable and barbarous feruitude. This would auaile much, efpeciailyjifthcrc were thereto annexed an exhorta- tion to take better knowledge ofchcmfelucs, and hence, forward Lkc good children to imbrace and free their mife- rable parents, which daily lament them; andaboueallro perfwade them to returne to the deare bofome of the church wherin they were firil^regenerare and which attcn- dcthwichfprcadarmestoreceiuc them, entertaine them, andfauc them. 8 Thefc things well caried would in the end make the Turke fo fufpitious, and vncraftable^ashe would offer cc- cafions enow to his people hencefborth to roufe vp thcmfelues , and better aduifc how to {nake off that cruell and vnfupportable yoake which fo mightily oppreliech them, and cofafliion themfekicstoa morebappyandlc- cure life for the quiet of their confciences and faluaiion of their Tl:e nunc ofFftates. 1 65 their foules. This is that whereof the Chriftiansowghc di- ligently to bethin^e themfelues ; and not to workc one an othets ruine and deftru6^ion, as tl:)cy fjparc not to doengainftthe exprefle commandcment of God, which lb often recpmmcndeth vnto vs loue and cha- ritie towards our neighbours. FINIS. Tp;T> %Tiy m m 6 63761 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY