A 000 664 906 5 ADDRESS ON THE HOTJINY OF THE UNITED STATES, DELITERED BEFORE THE SOCIETY FOB THE PROMOTION OF USEFUL ARTS, AT THE CAPITOL, IV THE CITY OF ALBANY, ON THE 9TII DAY OF FEBRUARY, 1814. vwwvvw To which is added, A CATALOGUE OF PLANTS LVDIGEJYOUS TO THE STATE OF NEW-YORK, VWWVVW BY JACOB GREEN, A. M. One of the Counsellors of the Society, and Member of the Linnxan Society of Philadelphia. Fortunatus et ille, Deos qui novit agrestes, Panaq ; Sylyanumq ; senem, Nymphasque sorores. ALBANY : PRINTED BY WEBSTEIIS AND SKINNERS, vwvw 1814. ON THE BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES. "T JLN every country an accurate knowledge of its internal resources, forms an object of political importance. But a description of its natural productions is connected with the interest of society at large, and eminently calculated to il- lustrate those indications of goodness and intelligence, which may be traced in every form of matter, from a particle of earth to the wonderful construction of an organized and sentient being."* These sentiments should be felt by every well wisher of science; and every enterprising and well disposed citizen, will be willing to contribute, as far as he is able, to the in- formation here contemplated. Under this conviction, I have determined to address you this evening ON THE BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES. A subject which, considering our peculiar and important advantages for its cultivation, has been, I conceive, much neglected. I propose, first of all, to call your attention to some of the advantages which we possess for the study and improvement of Botany. A country can scarcely be said to exist till the period of its civilization. The savage, with a mind uninformed by knowledge, and affected by no desires or emotions, but those of immediate preservation and enjoyment, passes, with little regard, the most important productions of nature. Even those which by their novelty or usefulness have engaged his attention to-day, will often be forgotten in the hurry of to- morrow. Of Botany, he knows nothing. He has a slight and imperfect acquaintance only with a few medicinal and * Edinburgh Review. nutritive plants, and of these indeed, he has scarcely more knowledge than that which is possessed by his wild associ- ates, the beasts of the forest. Nature to him is a blank All her endless varieties exist in vain. It is civilization alone which opens the stores and discloses the mysteries of creation, and enables man to appropriate to himself whatev- er is necessary, useful and ornamental. Till the discovery of America, therefore, by civilized Europe, the advantages of our country for the study of Natural history in general, and of Botany in particular, could not be appreciated. These advantages, I have affirmed, are peculiar and important. They are so, because in a new country all vegetation, being in its original state, the Botanist is not perplexed in his in- vestigations and discoveries, by those changes in the quali- ties and the appearance of plants, which the culture and the innovations of art always occasion. Add to this, the im- portant circumstance, that the greater portion of our coun- try is placed in that happy temperature of climate, where vegetation is neither wholly checked by the severity of northern blasts, nor its sources dried up by the too ardent rays of the sun. It is true indeed that hybridous productions are every where to be found,* and that a doubt may be sug- gested whether all the sfietfes idantarum are not the effect of changes produced by time ; and that the genera alone were the immediate productions of the Creator. Be this as it may, it is still certain, that a newly discovered country affords far less varieties of this kind, than are found in re- gions where the improvements of cultivation have been introduced. The moisture of the ground and the state of the atmos- phere is not so much varied in America by a difference in latitude as in the countries of the old world. From this cause probably we witness that general and remarkable abundance of herbs, shrubs and trees which distinguish the different parts of this continent. There is certainly a lux- * See Wildenow's Principles of Botany and also a Dissertation on the Sexes gf Plants by Linnxus. uriance in the vegetation of North and South America which is unequalled by any other portion of the globe. And as one extremity of the United States is influenced by the severity of polar cold and the other powerfully affected by equa- torial heat, while the far greater part, as already remarked* is found under temperate latitudes, we should expect what we know to be the fact, that the variety of our plants would be peculiarly great. But that we may the more clearly dis- cover the advantages enjoyed in the United States for the study and improvement of Botany, allotf me to present you with a sketch, a little more distinct, of the face of the coun- try, and of its soil and climate ; with a cursory notice of some of the plants already known. That vast chain of mountains which extends in a north and south direction, across the United States, is the most striking feature of the country. This great ridge is inter- sected by many others, which, though comparatively small, are, when separately taken, by no means inconsiderable. These mountains are generally of the primitive formation. The rivers which descend from these mountains, are an- other striking characteristic. The St. Lawrence, the Hud- son, the Susquehanna, Ohio, and Missisippi ; whether we consider the length of their course, or the quantity of then- water, may vie with any in the old world. Our lakes are no less conspicuous and peculiar than our rivers and mountains. Huron and Superior, Ontario and Erie, are without rivals, and almost without resemblance, in any other part of the globe. Now it is lo be remembered that the banks of rivers, the bases of mountains, and the margin of lakes, are always sought after by the Botanist, as particularly favorable to his researches. The soil at the base of our mountains towards the Atlan- tic, is generally composed of a rich mould, from two to four feet in depth. Nearer the ocean a clay soil, mixed with loom seems to predominate.* * Rush's Medical Enquiries and Observations also Proud'6 Histo- ry of Pennsylvania. 8 That portion ofland, which forms the soil of most of the states included between the sea and the ridge of hills which extends westerly from the southern part of the state of New- York, round the rivers Patapsco and James, to the Roanoak in South-Carolina, is. generally loose in its texture and rich in its composition. It was perhaps formed later than most of the other country, being in many places manifestly allu- vial, from the surrounding heights. This region of ground is intersected by numerous streams of water, on the banks of which a multitude of herbs and shrubs are found, that were thought to grow only in the upland country. In other parts of this tract, plants are seen which were supposed na- tives only of the southern states. Thus in the lower parts of New-Jersey, Euphorbia Ipecacuanha has lately been dis- covered. My purpose does not require a particular description of the nature of the soil in every portion of the country. It is sufficient to state that it is generally fertile. Take now, in connexion with the statement just made, an extract from Wildenow's Principles of Botany and Vegetable Physiology. " We find (says he) that mountainous coun- tries are richer in plants than flat countries, and that in prim- itive mountains the number of plants exceeds that of the floetz mountains. A country of primitive rocks has plants, which other mountainous countries do not possess. In all plains of the same latitude, however far they may extend, the . same plants always occur; only with some little varieties dependant on difference of soil. In primitive rocks, and at their foot, we again meet with all the plants of flat countries. Whenever primitive rocks surround a flat country, we find all the plants of this at their root, and even at their summits ; but after ascending, and descending on their opposite side, we find a different vegetation, which again extends as far as the next mountainous chain. Now, who will doubt that all the plants of flat countries which were found at a later peri- od, came from the high mountains ; and that the primitive mountains of our globe, were the chief sources, as it were, of the floras of the different countries. Hence America is so full of plants, because from the North Pole to the South* high mountaineous chains, with numberless intermediate branches, intersect it. Hence Canada produces different plants from Pennsylvania, this again from Virginia, and this again produces different from Carolina. Hence the North- West coast of North America produces plants which totally differ from those of the North-East coast."* The influence of mountains, lakes and extensive forests, on the climate of a country, is well ascertained ; and since we are peculiar in all these respects, our climate will of course be peculiar also. But it is impracticable to give a description of all the peculiarities of our climate, produc- ed by local circumstances. The general prevalence of cold, however must not be unnoticed. Its power on the Western continent is not confined by the limits of the frigid, or the temperate zone. It even mitigates, by its influence, the ex- cessive heat of the torrid zone. In the same parallels of latitude, on the Eastern continent, winter is scarcely felt, while in America its rigor is extreme. On the contrary, the sultry plains of Asia, and the burning sands of the African desert, have no counterparts in America. Our summer months indeed are frequently warm,t but their warmth, like the cold of winter, is not lasting. \ This influence of cold on the American continent, with the frequency and violence of our thunder storms, and the sudden change of air after them, may be the causes why we abound more in biennial and pe- rennial plants, than any other part of the globe. It is at least the general opinion, that the weather of the United States is more changeable, and less severe, than for- merly ; occasioned by the diminution of forests, the drain- ing of swamps, and the improvements of agriculture. If the * Wildenow's Botany, 8tc. page 382 the English translation. | In July 1812, lat. 42 1-2, Far. Thermometer stood at 96. t See some interesting notices on this subject in vol. 2d of Robert- son's History of America, and Pinkerton's Geog. I am well informed that the late Dr Rittenhouse (a high author- ity certainly) was decidedly opposed to this opinion. B 10 fuel be so, it will have at least a gradual influence on the vegetation of the country.* As the plants of this country, which are generally kno-vrn, may be found in catalogues formed on purpose to embrace them, I shall notice them but slightly and imperfectly, in mentioning some vegetable productions for the illustration of the point before us. The forest trees in North America are almost beyond number. Those which are already arranged and classified, amount to more than one hundred and fifty species, while in all Europe, botanists reckon but forty. t The Chesnut, the Walnut, the Hickory and Gum, here grow to an enormous bulk, and are nearly of every species. The Elm, the Pop- lar, the Beech, the Maple and the mountain Ash, arc very common ; and both for size and beauty are no where ex- celled. Many varieties of the Oak are here profusely plant- ed by the hand of nature. Our sandy tracts, unlike the wastes of Zaara or Arabia, are quite productive. Here flourishes the Pine in all its varieties, the Hemlock, Spruce and Juniper, the Cedar, the Fir, and a species of the Larch. Among the smaller plants may be found the Geranium, Ceanthus,Gulthscria procumbens, Monarda, Cunilla and Soli- dago Odona, most of which are frequently substituted for tea. The Lobelia cardinalis, the Aster, Syringa, and many beautiful species of the Lonicera or Honeysuckle, which spread their flowery garlands from tree to tree. The Phlc- um, Avena Elatior, Myosotis, Sinosurus, Aira, Briza, Draba, and the far famed Agrostis The'Galium, the Sanguisorba, the Quercitron Oak, the Sophora, and the Rhus Toxicoden- dron, may be mentioned as some of our vegetable dyes. * The number of swamps in the United Stales, and which frequently occupy a large and valuable extent of country, might ea- sily be converted into productive soil, by strewing lime over them The putrid effluvia which they exhale is destroyed by this process, and the decaying vegetable matter, is reduced to a solid fertile mould. Linnaeus first suggested this plan, and in England many of the fens and bogs are made to yield abundantly. The practice is the liming fif swamps. f Michaux Med. Repos. 11 In the Southern States we find the lofty Palmetto, the Papaw Fig, the great Magnolia, and the Mangrove tree, the only shrubby plant that can flourish in salt water. Mr. Pinkerton, when speaking of the Botany of this coun- try, observes perhaps with more elegance than correctness, that " the glories of the American Flora are principally con- fined to Virginia and the Southern States. It ib here that the unfading verdure of the wide savannas, the solemn mag- nificence oi primeval forests, and the wild luxuriance of the steaming swamps, offer to the astonished admiration of the Botanist, every thing that by colour, by fragrance, or by form, can delight the senses or fix the attention." In this part of the country on the level of plains by the sides of the rivers, grow " the Magnolia glauca or Beaver tree, American Olive, and Gordonia Lasianthus, silvered over with fragrant blos- soms, with numerous species of Azaiias, Kalmias, Rhodo- dendrons, arranged by the hand of nature into thickets and shrubberies, entwined and overarched by the crimson Grana- dillasand the fantastic Clitoria,he.re display their inimitable beauties in full perfection. The sides of the pools and the shallow plashes, are adorned by the bright ccerulian flowers of the Axia, the golden blossoms of the .Canna Lutea or the rosy tufts of the Hydrangia, while the edges of the groves and the dubious boundaries of the savannas, rising imper- ceptibly towards the forests, are fringed by innumerable gay varieties of the Phlox, by the shrinking Sensitive plant, the irritable Dionaea, the glowing Amarillis Atamasco and the impenetrable ranks of the Royal Palmetto. The Botanist will find that many of the plants mentioned by this florid writer, are met with in most of the other states. Our mountainous ridges and our sea coast, are very pro- lific in Cryptogamic vegetables. The Equisinum, the Os- munda, Polypodium, Adianthum, Onoclea and Bryum, are some of the ferns and mosses. The Lichen, Tremella, with many species of Jungermania and Marchantia, are the sea weeds or Algae, and the Boletus, Clavaria, and Lycoperdon, are the Mushrooms or Fungi. 12 But in addition to advantages which are peculiarly our own, we have many in common with Europe. The affinity, in some particulars of our climates, to those of Europe, gives us most of their productions. It is owing, indeed, to this circumstance, and to the easy and continual intercourse be- tween the two continents, that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish those plants, which are indigenous to our soil, from those which are only naturalized, and which grow spon- taneously after their adoption. The fact is worth observa- tion, that some vegetables grow with more luxuriance, and arrive at a greater apparent perfection, when removed to a soil and climate, differing considerably from that in which they were formed in their native state. Thus the potatoe (Solanum tuberosum) in the year 1565, was first introduced from this country into Ireland, and thence, by a fortunate shipwreck, into Lancashire in England, in both of which pla- ces it thrives better than in America.* If the agriculturist would take advantage of such facts, many articles which at present are imported might probably be made staple com- modities. Having now pointed your attention to some of the pecul- iar advantages which we possess for botanical enquiries and improvements, and noticed a little, the variety and abundance of our vegetable productions, the remainder of this address will be employed in remarks, more appropriate to this, occa- sion : on a number of plants in our country, which claim par- ticular attention from the agriculturist, the manufacturer, the artist, and the physician. And you will please to re- member that as practical utility, more than recondite sci- ence, is the leading object of our society, I ought not to hesitate to throw out a number of observations, and to in- dulge in some diffuseness, which might otherwise be im- proper. As there are are many vegetable productions, which seem * Those who wish to investigate this subject will find much infor- mation in the Medical Repository, and in Dr. Muhlenberg's commu- nication to the American Philosophical Society. 13 naturally adapted to our country, and which have as yet re- ceived but little attention, the labour of the farmer would certainly be employed to the best advantage in the cultiva- tion of them. Of these I shall notice a few. The Sinapis or Mustard is a plant, which might yield no trifling profit to the American cultivator. Small clusters of it are seen growing in our fields and gardens ; but whether it is a native of the country, or merely the fruit of chance, I am not able to determine. In some catalogues, however, it is marked as an exotic ; but our climate is congenial to its habit, and almost every soil is adapted to its growth. A gen- tleman from Orange county, in this state, has informed me, that he collected from half an acre of but tolerable land, four- teen bushels of the seed, which he believed equal in quality to that of the Sinapis Arvensis, commonly known by the name of Durham mustard. There are many species of this herb, but it would be well for the cultivator to confine his attention to the one just mentioned, the seed of which is more abundant and of a better quality than in the other kinds. The high price given for imported mustard, and the facility with which it can be raised, induce a belief that farmers general- ly might find their account in making it an article of culture and traffic. The curious and beautiful Candle Berry Myrtle (Myrica Cxrifera) is very abundant in many parts of the United States. The wax which this tree yields would amply compensate the trouble of obtaining it. In Maryland, on the shores of the Chesapeake, and near most of the streams which flow in- to that bay, it is found in large quantities. It is also scat- tered over this state growing in a wet soil, and very rarely exceeding five or six feet in height. The plant, however, is not confined to marshy grounds. I have seen it on up- land in Connecticut, rising to the height of 10 or 12 feet. This species indeed is rarely seen, and the berries are not so abundant in this as in the other kinds.* In Louisiana there * I rather think the Connecticut Myrtle wax tree is only a variety of the species which is found in a wet soil. 14 is another species of this tree as large as the Cherry, bear- ing pointed leaves* (MyricaCaerifera Angustifolia); those of the other being broader and more obtuse (Myrica Coerifera Latifolia.)f In France the Myrtle is cultivated for its wax,! which is prepared by simply boiling the berries in water ; the wax rising to the top of the vessel. It is apt to be of a pale green colour, which is not reckoned handsome. This however may probably be remedied by throwing some alkali into the boiling water, which will convert the wax into a deep green. The experiment indeed I have not at- tempted, but there can be no doubt of its success. By chemical agents it is probable that almost any colour may be given to this wax. From four pounds of the berries, one pound of wax is obtained, superior in quality, and applica- ble to all the purposes of bee's wax. Candles made of 'it afford a clear white flame ; and if burned newly made, they emit an agreeable, and it is said a salubrious odour. r- Should the Myrtle wax excite proper attention it might be highly advantageous to medicine as well as to the arts. The Papaveror Poppyll for the variety of its species and the richness of its colours is not exceeded by any of the garden flowers. The petals both of the single and double kind are ornamented with every shade of crimson, yellow and purple ; and hence we find it prized in this country more for its beauty than its inherent virtues. It begins however to receive some attention for its medicinal qualities in many parts of the country In our neighborhood, at * Medica.1 Rcpos. vol. 12, p. 191. | Two varieties of this tree are found at the Cape of Good Hope. Barrow's Tour in Africa, p. 18, Am. ed. * Medical Ilepos. vol. 12, p. 192. For the medicinal qualities of the Myrtle \vax, see Barton's Col- lections, part 2, p. 4 and for experiments on its analysis, Dr. Bos- tick's Memoir in Nicholson's Journal, March, 1803 and for the mode of propagating the tree and manufacturing 1 the wax, C. L. Ca- det's Account, Nicholson's Jour. vol. 4th. fl This article might perhaps witli more propriety be inserted in the list of medical plants, bnt as an important agricultural object \ luive thought proper to place it here. II Niskemia and Lebanon, the Society of Shakers raise ths Papaver Somniferum ; and they have supplied this city, for a short time, with opium, some of which was little inferior in quality to that imported from the Levant or the East-In- dies. Dr. Rickertson, of DuVchess county in this state, also cultivated the Poppy to advantage. From one plant he procured seven grains of opium. A particular account of his success will be found in the first volume of our Transactions.* As far north as New- Hampshire, Dr. Spald- ing, prepared this gum from the true Opium Poppy (Papaver Album) and also from the common Poppy of the garden. f These experiments are sufficient to prove the readiness with which this plant may be raised, in almost any part of the country, and the valuable addition it would make to our domestic resources will not be ques- tioned. .Opium, which is the inspissated juice of the Poppy, is gathered from the capsules, before, or at the time they are fully ripe, by making four or five longitudinal incisions in them, from the stalk of the plant upwards Care must be taken not to penetrate the cavity of the seed vessels. ' Opium may also be obtained by pounding the dried leaves, stems and capsules, boiling them, when pulverised, in wa- ter, and then evaporating and cleansing the mixture. | Opium has also been extracted from the. common Let- tuce, (Lactuca Sativa) simply by evaporating the juice of the plant. Eight heads of full grown Lettuce yielded, in one instance, seven drachms of Opium. Hops also contain a large quantity of the narcotic principle, and the extrac-. of Hops is now in use in some places as an anodyne. In- deed we abound in every species of anodyne plants, and the country physician, with a little care, might supply himself with opiates from his o-.vn garden. * Agricultural Transactions, vol. 1st, p. 264. f Med. Repos. vol. 13 p 193 Archives, vol 2. p. 177. 4 For a particular account of this method of extracting 1 Op'um see Archives of Knowledge, vol. 2nd, page 169. 16 But I must observe that the Opium of the Poppy is not the only benefit which its cultivation would afford From the seeds an oil may be extracted as salubrious and agree- able as the finest Florence oil The quantity of this oil which is consumed, and the frequent difficulties which attend its importation, would make the extraction of it from the Poppy a lucrative employment.* I am glad to state that in Pennsylvania some acres of ground are planted with the Poppy for this purpose. As the quality of the Olive oil is much affected by the acidity or richness of the soil in which the plant grows, it would be well to notice these circumstances in the cultivation of the Papaver.t- It is hardly necessary to add that the opium and the oil may both be extracted from the same plant. Large quantities of Sugar are annually extracted from the Maple tree, (Acer Sacharinum) in many parts of the Uni- ted States; and the subject has already received the atten- tion of some writers.-}: I shall therefore in this place notice only the Sugar Cane, (Sacharum Omcinarum) this was * There have been many doubts suggested respecting the whole- some qualities of this oil but the question that it is not deleterious is now settled See the Abbe Hosier's experiments, quoted in Ar- chives, vol. 2, p. 176, j- At Harmony, half a day's ride from Pittsburgh, (both places objects of very great interest) the settlers, use oil expressed from the poppy seed, exclusively, in lieu of olive oil for sallads, &c. It is nearly, if not quite equally good. This oil is becoming common in Europe as a substitute for olive oil. The poppy seed, may be eaten with impunity when ripe. I do not see why its use should be con- fined to the settlement of Harmony. The Ben, Bene, or Benni Seed common in the Carolinas, can furnish, as I am informed, oil enough to supply the United States at a cheap rate I have eaten the oil of the Ben or Behen nut in England, and I find no difference between it, and the olive oil. Why should this last be imported ? But I doubt whether the Ben or Behen nut be the same with the Benni seed. I suspect this last to be the Sesamum ,- but I have never seen it. The Behen nut, Glans unguentarius, Balenos mnrepsiki, is the fruit of the Gnilandina Moringa. The oil is prepared in the Levant, in Egypt, in Syria, and in Italy, by expression. It is valuable for its purity, and its freedom from smell and taste, and for its property of remain- ing long without alteration or rancidity, which makes it extremely valuable in pharmaceutical preparations. Bees' Encyclopedia. \ See American Philo. Trans, for an important paper on the Maple tree By Dr. B. Rush. If introduced into Georgia a few years since and has been found to grow there in great perfection.* The sacharine matter of the Georgia cane is quite as rich and plentiful as that from the cane of the West-Indies. It is supposed that most of the land in that state near the coast, south of Sunbury, may be converted into sugar plantations ; and since it is pretty well ascertained that more cotton is raised than the manufactories of that article consume, the sugar cane might be advantageously substituted for it.f The interests of humanity, however, would not be advanced by the exchange, as they employ more slaves to make the sugar than to cultivate the cotton. The Florin Grass, or Agrostis Stolonifera, is a native of the United States.! Our fellow member, Charles Whitlow, first discovered it in Sussex county, New-Jersey, and after- wards on the margin of the Genesee river It grows also in great profusion on the island below this city. Dr. Mease mentions that he found it on the commons of Philadelphia. This I believe to be incorrect. It is the Agros- tis Capillaris,^ and not the Stolonifera, which is seen in that place. The Fiorin Grass has excited much attention in this country, since the introduction of Merino Sheep; these animals being remarkably fond of it, and the grass, from its succulent qualities, being well adapted for their fodder Indeed most cattle prefer it as food to the other grasses ; and it is particularly proper for cows, as it is said to increase the quantity and to improve the quality of their milk. The advantages in agriculture of the Agrostis are of no * Medical Repos. vol. 12, p. 192. f Dr. Mease recommends the raising 1 of the papaver in room of the cotton. * There are six species of the Agrostis mentioned by Dr. Muhlen- berg as natives of this country, two of these are new species the Capillaris is among the number but not the Stolonifera See Muh lenberg's Florae Lancastriensis in American Philoso. Trans, vol. 3, p. 160. On this island is found the Avena elatior and in the small com- pass of 6 feet I have seen 6 or 8 different species of grass, fl Archives of Useful Knowledge, vol. 2, p. 278. C 18 recent date. There is a Species of it called Durva, grow- ing in the North of India, which for a long time has been very greatly prized. Sir William Jones in his catalogue of Indian plants, when speaking of this, observes " its flowers in their perfect state are among the loveliest objects in the vegetable 'world, and appear through a tens like mi- nute rubies and emeralds, in constant motion from the least breath of air It is the sweetest and most nutritious pas- ture for cattle, and its usefulness, added to its beauty, induced the Hindu's in their earliest ages, to believe it the mansion of a benevolent nymph. Even the Veda (or holy and immortal book) celebrates it in the following text from the Athervaha.* " May Durva which rose from the water of life, which has a hundred roots and a hundred stems, efface a. hundred of my sins and prolong my existence on fcarth a hundred years."f Among the many superior qualities of the Fiorio Grass are tire following Its active principle of life, which is not destroyed by the operations of nature fatal to other grasses It thrives equally well in a moist, a dry, and a shallow Soil It appears little affected by the influence of the sUn Hence it may be found growing near the north side of a 'wall It is regardless alike of the severe cold of winter, and the intense heat of summer Its crops are enormous and double, both crops, in one instance, amounted to nearly eight tons and a half per acre,^ and in another ten tons were gathered. The propagation, culture and properties of the Fiorin Grass have been unhappily exaggerated by the lovers of new improvements ; who, not satisfied with advantages which are really peculiar, attribute to this herb every fan- cied desideratum Yet, after making sufficient allowances, on this score, the Fiorin Grass has unquestionably many * The fourth great division of the Veda, f Quarterly Review, vol. 1st, p. 307. * Archives of Knowledge, vol. 2, p. 27& See Edinburgh Farmer's Magazine. 19 excellencies, which ought to give it the highest standing in this class of vegetables. The sea weeds which are seen in such quantities along our coasts, might be turned to great account ; and this por- tion of our territory which has been resigned to hofrtlets sterility, may thus be rendered productive.* Every rock and island near the Atlantic is covered with the Cryptogamia Algae, which by calcination is converted into kelp a salt es- teemed at a much higher rate than the pearl ash in its pur- est forna.t Kelp ia employed in the manufacture of glass, alum and hard soap. The only use made of the sea weed at present is for manure, which is scattered loosely over the ground, just in the state in which it is taken from the sea shore after a storm. Barrilla which is made in the same manner as kelp, and employed for the same purposes, is procured from the Cryp- togamiaFilices or ferns,which grow not only along the coast but in the upland country. The state of New-Jersey is noted for the production of them. Kelp and Barrilla are made by burning the plants in kilns, so that no air can approach them during their calcination. $ It is somewhat singular that these articles have not been made the subject of commerce by the enterprising people of New-England. The Urtica Whitlowi, discovered in the year 1810, by Mr. Whitlow, promises to be a better and more lucrative production than hemp or flax. Dr. Muhlenberg gave this important plant its present name in compliment to the dis- coverer. It is found in great abundance on the island be- low this city a place perhaps more ferule in plants, than any other, of equal dimensions, in the United States. The fact is now well established, that the culture of hemp offers a greater profit to the farmer, than if he should em- ploy his time, his labour, and his field in any other manner * Se National Arithmetic, or Observation* on the Finances of Massachusetts, chap. 5th. -j- Tucker on Commerce. r Chambers on Glass and Soap Making-. 20 heretofore known but if the Urtica has a finer and strong- er fibre, and will produce more on a given portion of land, it will eventually supercede the hemp. The soil best adapted to the Urtica is wet meadow land ; and it will thrive in ground covered with water many months in the year. It grows also to advantage in a rich, moistj upland loom. It can be raised from the seed or root, as it is a hardy perennial. The seed should be planted in the spring, and the roots in the fall months. If the fibre is wanted for the finest fabrics, the plant should be cut while in full flower ; but if only for common use, it will yield more by standing till completely ripe. After being cradledj which is the most proper way to cut it, the stalk should be suffered to lie on the ground some days, as the stinging quality which is peculiar to the growing nettle, is thus re- moved. The Urtica is rotted in the same manner as hemp, only it requires a longer time for the purpose : But it is not affected by the inclemency of the weather. The legislature of this state at their last session incorpo- rated a company for the manufacture of this plant, and the United States have granted a patent to Mr. Whitlow for its discovery.* While on the subject of vegetable fibre, it is proper to mention the Asclepiasf and the Apocynum Cannabi- num, both of which grow very luxuriantly on the isl- and in our neighborhood, already mentioned. The fibres of these plants are very strong and very numerous ; and may, with little trouble, be converted to many domestic purposes. For coarse cordage or family cloth it can be used almost in the state in which it is taken .from the stalk. The common Asclepias, or Milkweed, may be employed for * For many interesting particulars respecting the cultivation of this valuable nettle, examine a paper published by the corporation of the city of New-York, and the Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Ly- ceum. f Two new species of Asclepias were discovered in this state last summer by Mr. Whitlow, and a patent has been taken from the, office for the munufiicture of the staple. 21 the purposes just mentioned ; but there is a newly discov- ered species having much smaller leaves than the other, and growing nearly in the same plenty, which will be found to answer better.* The silk or cotton taken from the pods . 28 highlands between this place and Schoharie. The Indians are said to cure the bite of the Rattlesnake with this root, and they were perhaps first induced to use it, by the striking resemblance which it bears to the rattles of this dreadful animal. There is a great demand for it in medicine, and its discovery in our neighbourhood will be important. The Delphinium Consolida, or common Larkspur, has been found to possess many useful qualities, and it may be used in some instances for the Digitalis Purpuria, or Foxglove,* a medicine in some cases indispensable ; and the effects of which notwithstanding, on the vision, are equally distressing and wonderful. The imagination of the patient, also, both in his sleeping and wakeful hours, is powerfully affected by it. The headlong precipice that thwarts the flight, The trackless desert, the cold starless night, And stern-eyed JWurder with his knife behind, In dread succession agonize the mind. To relieve us from these consequences of the Digitalis, we have a hope in the Delphinium. A tincture made of the bruised seeds has been the mode of its preparation. f The Columbo root was discovered in the western part of this state last summer, by Mr. Whitlow. Willdenow sup- poses it to belong to a species of the Bryonia. This how- ever is doubtful. A technical name, it is known,, will short- ly be given to the plant. Its present appellation is from Co- lumbo, a town in Ceylon from whence all India is supplied. It grows also in Africa,! and forms an important article of commerce with the Portuguese at Mozambique. Its use and importance in medicine is fully established, and it has hitherto been the subject of regret, that the irregularity at- tending its importation, has obliged practitioners often to exhibit it in a decayed state, owing to long keeping. * See Medical Repos. Hex. Ill, vol. 2. p. 232, for a particular ac- count of this important plant. t See Dr. A. Blanchard's communication to the New-England Med. and Surg. Journal, vol. 2, p. 248. } Duncan's Dispensatory, p. 203. 29 The Actaea Spicata, marked as peculiar to Britain iij Bonn's Catalogue, is found at the base of Schooley's moun- tain, and in many other places. The Actasa Racemosa and Alba are frequently met with. The berries of the Actaea Spicata are poisonous. Toads are said to resort to this plant, owing to some congenial effluvia they exhale from it. The vulgar antipathy to these animals may have arisen from this circumstance. The root of Actaea is the medicine.* This short list of medicinal plants might be greatly en- larged ; but neither the limits nor the design of this address permit me farther to expatiate. I understand that Mr. Frederick Pursh, the botanist, who made one of the expedi- tion up the Missouri under the command of the unfortunate Lewis, is about publishing in London, under a liberal pat- ronage, a full account of the valuable and extensive addi- tions which were then made to the Materia Mcdica. Anoth- er work, comprising the discoveries since that period, is contemplated in this country. These, with Dr. Barton's Collections, will furnish us with a tolerable view of the sub- ject. Respecting ornamental flowers, the properties of which have not yet been developed, I shall only say, that the florist tvould find, in many of our wild plants, colours richer and more numerous, and fragrance more delightful, than in many which have already been introduced into the hot house and garden. I conclude with recommending the employment of a skilful botanist to explore the unfrequented parts of our state, and particularly those portions of it considered un- healthy ; as a greater number of plants, and those of the most useful kind, are found in such places, than elsewhere. Tours of this nature are by no means unfrequent, and while Americans have neglected the botanical examination of their country, foreigners have immortalised themselves by doing it. From England we have had Raleigh and Catesby, Fra- * Dorm's Ilortus Cantabrigiensis, p. 100. 30 sier, Squibb, Lewis, and Walter; from Sweden, Professor Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus and collector for him ; from Ger- many, Fursling and Pursh ; France has sent us Michaux and Volney, and Prussia, Baron Humboldt and King. To these indeed many other names might be added ; but among them all there is not one of our own countrymen no one who has received our patronage or encouragement. If you are unwilling to engage a botanist for this purpose, let eve- ry member who is at all acquainted with the subject, en- gage to occupy himself in multiplying the number of local Floras ; and we may thus, perhaps, obtain the vegetable contents of the state. Should this plan be adopted, each in- dividual engaging should undertake to survey a district con- tiguous to his residence, with special and minute investiga- tion. The nomenclature and classification of the vegetable tribes are now reduced to such a systematic form, that any discovery may be registered with the greatest ease and pre- cision. If this method should be pursued with industry and skill, we might soon reverse, in regard to this region of our country, the position of the poet, and say Not " many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air." Catalogue of Plants INDIGENOUS TO THE STATE OF MEW-YORK. Communicated to the Society, February 23d, 1814. PREFACE. T. HE following Catalogue includes only the plants, which- have been collected by Messrs. Le Conte, Pursh, Eddy, Whitlow, Edmonston, Beck, and myself it might have been enlarged by the addition of some other genera and species which have been naturalized and now grow spontaneously but I thought it would be more proper to confine the list to those which are indigenous. It will be found that but a very few of the Cryptogamous tribes are here in- serted on some future occasion it is proposed to treat of this class more at large. Where I have been unable to find in the lists already pub- lished, an English name for the Latin Systematick name, I have supplied it. Many inaccuracies will no doubt be found in the present catalogue, but it is hoped they are such as may be easily rectified by the botanist. . JACOB GREEN. ooo -.::- ooo < Ait. Alton. Link. Lamarck. Auct. Auctores VHer. 1'Heritier. Bant. Bartram. Lys. Lyons. Curt. Curtis. Mich. Michaux. Cav. Cavinille. Mich.f. Michaux filius. Desf. Desfontaines. M githagosegctum Deaf, 5 English Name. MAPLE 1 scarlet 2 silver leaved (white) 3 yellow 4 mountain 5 ash leaved (box elder) 6 scarlet, white, red, soft 7 sugar maple 8 striped maple moose-wood YARROW milfoil SWEET FLAG common aromatic, calamus BANE BERRY 1 American 2 white 3 blue 4 black snake root 5 red 6 common, coral am MAIDEN HAIR Canadian ADONIS autumnal pheasant's eye AGARICUS AGRIMONY common ROSE CAMPION corn cockle 3G AGROSTIS 1 decumbens 2 filiformis 3 stricta 4 stplonifera AIRA 1 melicoides Mich. '-2 obtusata' Mich. ALETRIS 1 farinosa ) alba Mich\ 2 aurea Mich. ALISMA plantago ALLIUM 1 canadense 2 cernuum 3 tricoccum ALNUS 1 incana (glauca) 2 serrulata ALSINE media AMARANTHUS 1 livid us 2 oleraceus AMPELOPSIS 1 hirsuta Lys. 2 quinquefolia hedera quinquefolia cissus hederacea.Pt'? ANAGALLIS arvensis ANCHUSA 1 canescens batschia Mich. 2 Virginica ANDROMEDA 1 calyculata Var. 2 ferruginea 3 mariana Var. 4 paniculata Var. 5 pclifolia Var. 6 salicifolia JV. S. 7 strigosa .V. S. ia.L I } ers,] BENT GRASS 1 creeping 2 thread -form 3 upright 4 fiorin grass HAIR GRASS 1 melic like 2 blunt ALETRIS 1 mealy ; Devil's bit, tttar > ' grass 2 yellow flowered WATER PLANTAIN common ONION GARLICK 1 wild, or American 2 mountain garlick 3 broad leaved,three seeded ALDER 1 hoaiy leaved (glaucous) 2 common American CHICKWEED common AMARANTH, orCock's comb 1 lead coloured 2 cultivated FALSE GRAPE, or Amer- ican joy 1 hairy 2 five leaved wild ivy PIMPERNEL, or Chick-weed common BUGLOSS 1 soft 2 smooth ANDROMEDA 1 box leaved 2 ferrugineous 3 oval leaved 4 panicled 5 rosemary leaved 6 willow leaved, 7 slender 37 8 racemosa ANDROPOGON 1 scoparium Mich. 2 virginicum. ANDRYALA sinuata ANEMONE 1- dichotoma 2 hepatica, obtuta. J parviflora 4 pennsylvanica 5 quinquefolia 6 thalictroides ~) thalictrum anemonoides L Midi.} 7 virginiana ANETHUM foeniculum ANGELICA 1 atropurpurea 2 hirsuta triquinata ANTHEM IS coiula ANTHOXANTHUM odoratum AXTIRRHINU:,! 1 canadense 2 linaria vulgaris APOCYNUM 1 androssmifolium 2 cannabinum 3 hypericifolium AQUILEGIA canadensis ARABIS 1 bulbosa "2 canadcnsis ? falcata Mich. 5 " hispida 4 lyrata 5 spathulata 6 thaliana ARALIA 1 hispida 2 nudicaulis 3 racemosa 8 cluster flowered, sweet scented BEARD GRASS 1 broom 2 yellow broom grass ANDRYALA crooked ANEMONE 1 v olf's bane leaved 2 hepatica, liver wort 3 small flowered 4 Pennsylvanian 5 five leaved 6 meadow-rue leaved 7 Virginian FENNEL sweet ANGELICA 1 purple 2 downy CHAMOMILE stinking ~May ivecd VERNAL GRASS sweet scented SNAP DRAGON 1 Canadian 2 common toad flax DOG'S BANE 1 tutsan leaved 2 Indian hemp 3 hypericum leaved COLUMBINE scarlet or wild WALL CRESS,or turkey pod 1 tuberous 2 Canadian or sickle pod- ded. 3 hispid or Welch 4 lyre leaved 5 palm leaved 6 common or mouse ear ARALIA 1 bristly 2 wild sarsaparilla 3 berry bearing spikenard 33 ARBUTUS uva ursi Amer. ARCTIUM lappa ARENARIA 1 divaricata Mich. 2 lateriflora 3 rubra canadensis Pert. 4 stricta ARETHUSA 1 bulbosa 2 nutans 3 ophioglossoides 4 pendula 5 stellata 6 verticillata ARGOLASIA aurea JV. S. > heritiera tinct. y ARISTOLOCHIA 1 serpentaria 2 sipho ARUM triphyllum Var. Purft. ARUNDO epigejos ASARUM canadense ASCLEPIAS 1 amoena JV. S. 2 cinera Walt. S debilis Mich. ") Aff. M-vea Dill. 5 4 exaltata > acuminata 5 grandiflorunx 6 incarnata 7 longifolia 8 obtusifolia 9 putchra 10 purpurascens 1 1 quadrifolia 12 syriaca 13 tuberosa > decumbens^ STRAWBERRY TREE bearberry BURDOCK common SANDWORT 1 severed 2 lateral flowered 3 red or field 4 upright ARETHUSA 1 bulbous 2 nodding- 3 adder's tongue leaved 4 pendant 5 starry 6 whorl leaved LOOKING GLASS PLANT shining BIRTH WORT, snake roof 1 Virginian 2 broad leaved INDIAN TURNEP three leaved REED GRASS small SNAKE ROOT white wild ginger SWALLOW WORT, milk 1 oval leaved [weed 2 artichoke leaved 3 white 4 poke leaved 5 large flowering 6 flesh coloured 7 long leaved 8 obtuse leaved 9 hairy, river 10 purple 1 1 four leaved 12 common silk plant 13 pleurisy root butterfly weed 39 14 variegata A". S. . ? 15 verticillata ASCYRUM 1 amplexicaule 2 crux andrese 3 hypericoides 4 multicaule JV/VA. 5 stans Mich. ASPARAGUS officinalis ASPIDIUM 1 acrotichoidcs 2 ebenum 3 tilix faemina 4 marginale 5 tenue ASPLENIUM 1 ebenum 2 melanocaulon. 3 rhizophyllum 4 ruta murarfa L. 5 trichomanes 6 trichomanoides. Mich ASTER 1 amplexicaulis 2 conyzoides 3 cordifolius 4 corymbosus 5 infirmis Mich. cornifoliua Willd. 6 latifolius 7 linarifolius S miser 9 novae anglije 10 novi belgii 1 1 paniculatus A*. S. 12 rigidus 13 salsuginosus JV. S. 14 ulphiotdea A*. 5. 15 solidaginoides Mich. 16 spurius 17 undulatus ASTRAGALUS 1 canadcnsis 14 variegated 15 whorl leaved ANDREW'S CROSS 1 stem clasping 2 common 3 hypericum like 4 many stemmed 5 upright ASPARAGUS common ASPIDIUM 1 2 ebony 3 brake 4 marginal 5 slender SPLEEN WORT 1 ebony 2 ruff stemmed 3 4 wall rue 5 maiden hair 6 five leaved STAR WORT 1 stem clasping 2 flea bane 3 heart leaved 4 clustered 5 weak 6 broad leaved 7 savoury or toad flax leav- ed 8 small flowered (white) 9 New-England 10 glaucous or green, New Holland 1 1 panicled 12 stiff leaved 13 14 15 solidago like, golden rod 16 spurious 17 waved leaved MILK VETCH l woolly or Canadian 40 2 carolinianus ATRAGENE americana Muhl. AVENA 1 pennsylvanica 2 spicata ~) glumosa Mich. 5 3 elatior AZALEA 1 canescens N. S. 2 canescens marginata^V. 5. 3 glauca 4 nitida JV. 5. 5 nudiflora Var. 6 microcarpa N. S. 7 procera N. S. 8 racemosa. 9 viscosa Var. BARTRAMIA BARTSIA 1 coccinea Var. lutea 2 pallida BERBERIS canadensis > vulgaris L. 3 BETULA 1 glandulosa Mich. 2 lutea Mich. 3 nigra (rubra ") lanulosa) Mich. J 4 pumila 5 tremula BIDENS 1 cernua 2 connata Mich. 3 chrysanthemoides Mich. BLITUM 1 capitatum 2 virgatum BCEHMERIA cylindrica BOLETUS tuberosus 2 Carolina ATRAGENE American OAT GRASS, OATS 1 Pennsylvania 2 spiked 3 tall ROSE BAY 1 grey downy 2 3 glaucous leaved 4 shining 5 naked red flowered 6 7 tall 8 branching 9 viscous BARTRAMIA BARTSIA 1 scarlet yellow 2. pale BERBERRY Canadian or common American BIRCH 1 glandulous 2 yellow 3 sweet scented, red beech 4 dwarf hairy 5 quivering MARYGOLD 1 nodding burr 2 marsh 3 large flowered STRAWBERRY ELITE 1 common 2 slender stalked BCEHMERIA cylindrical BOLETUS tuberous BOTRYPUS lunaroides A*. 5. BRIZA maxima BHOMUS 1 canadensis Mich. 2 mollis BRACHYSTEMUM virginicum Mich. linifolium Willd. BUPHTHALMUM helianthoides I* Her. helianthus Ixvis L. heliopsis laevis Pera. BUCHNERA americana CACTUS opuntia CALENDULA officinalis CALLA palustris A". S. Var. denticulata CALLICARPA americana CALTHA 1 dentata 2 palustris CAMPANULA 1 acuminata 2 americana 3 nitida 4 perfoliata ample xicaulis Mich. 5 rotundifolia CARDAMINE 1 hirsuta 2 pennsylvanica 3 virginica CARDUUS 1 horrid ul us 2 marianus 3 pectinatus HEMLOCK FERN kidney leaved QUAKING GRASS large BROME GRASS 1 Canadian 2 soft BRACHYSTEMUM flax leaved or Virginian OX-EYE smooth BUCHNERA American INDIAN FIG, Cactu* common POT MARYGOLD common CALLA marsh Var. notched CALLICARPA sage leaved MARSH MARYGOLD , 1 gaged 2 common BELL FLOWER 1 pointed 2 American 3 shining 4 perfoliatc 5 round leaved LADY'S SMOCK 1 hairy 2 Pennsylvania water cress 3 Virginian THISTLE 1 thorn y 2 milk 3 pectinated CAREX 1 criuata 2 hystericina 3 leporina 4 muricata 5 pedunculata 6 rostrata 7 vulpina CARPINUS 1 americana Willd. "2 ostrya CASSIA 1 chamaecrista 2 discolor Don. 3 fasciculata Mich. 4 marilandica 5 nictitans CASTANEA vesca, americana Gart. CAULOPHYLLUM JV. S CEANOTHUS americanus Var. CELASTRUS 1 bullatus 2 scandens CELTIS occidentalis CENCHRUS echinatus CENTAUREA 1 benedicta 2 calcitrapa 3 cyanus 4 jacea CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis CERASTIUM 1 arvense 2 semidecandrum 3 viscosum CERCIS canadensis CHELIDONIUM majus SEG, or SEDGE 1 chaffy .2 porcupine 3 hare 4 prickly 5 long stalked 6 beaked 7 great fox HORN BEAM TREE 1 American 2 hop CASSIA 1 dwarf (partridge pea) 2 two coloured 3 bundled 4 wild senna (false acacia) 5 nodding CHESNUT common American CAULOPHYLLUM TEA TREE common New- Jersey STAFF TREE 1 scarlet fruited 2 climbing (bitter sweet) NETTLE TREE common American HEDGE HOG GRASS rough seeded CENTAURY 1 blessed thistle 2 star thistle 3 blue bottle 4 knap weed BUTTON WOOD American CHICK WEED 1 corn pink, mouse ear 2 least 3 clammy JUDAS TREE or Red Bud American CELANDINE common, greater CHELONE glabra CHENOPODIUM \ album 2 glaucuin 3 incanum 4 hybridum 5 maritimum CHIRONIA 1 angularis 2 chloroides 3 campanulata 4 chronantha A*. S. 5 pulchella CHRYSANTHEMUM leucanthemvim CICHORIUM CICUTA 1 bulbifera 2 maculata CIMICIFUGA 1 americana 2 serpentaria CINNA arundinacea CIRC^EA 1 alpina 2 canadensis 7 lutetiana 3 CISTUS canadensis CLAYTONIA virginica CLAVARIA coralloides CLEMATIS 1 virginica 2 J\T. S. CLEOME . dodepandra CLETHRA 1 alnifolia 2 do Var. CLIMACIUM dcndroidcs HUMMING BIRD TREE white GOOSE FOOT 1 common lamb's quarters 2 glaucous 3 hoary 4 tufted 5 sea CHIRONIA 1 angular stemmed (Ame- rican centaury) 2 many petal'd, chlora like 3 bell flowered 4 - 5 CHRYSANTHEMUM ox eye daisy SUCCORY COW BANE 1 bulb bearing 2 American spotted BUG WORT 1 stinking 2 _ _' CINNA reedy NIGHT SHADE 1 mountain enchanter's 2 common CISTUS or ROCK ROSE Canada CLAYTONIA Virginian CLAVARIA coral like VIRGIN'S BOWER 1 Virginian 2 - BASE MUSTARD clammy CLETHRA 1 smooth alder leayed 2 . CLIMACIUM CNICUS arvensis COLLINSONIA canaclensis COMPTONIA 1 albida 2 asplenifolia THISTLE Canada COLLINSONIA common (horse baltn) COMPTONIA 1 whitish ilenifolia VHer. ~\ liquidambar asple- > nifolium L. J .1 CONIUM maculatum CONVALLARIA 1 bifolia 2 maialis 3 multiflora 4 polygonatum. 5 pubescens 6 racemosa 7 stellata streptopus Mich 8 trifolia 9 umbellata CONVOLVULUS 1 arvensis 2 panduratus 3 purpureus 4 repens 5 sagitifolius Mich. 6 sepiuin 7 spithameus CONYZA marilandica erigeron turn COREOPSIS 1 alternifolia 2 verticillata CORNUS 1 alba 2 alternifolia 3 canadensis 4 circinata f Her. tomentulosa Mich. 5 florida 6 paniculata Af\. rilandica Mich. 1 rigeron camphora- > am L. J HEMLOCK common SOLOMON'S SEAL 1 two leaved, small 2 common lily of the valley 3 many flowered 4 common. 5 hairy 6 cluster flowered 7 star flowered 8 three leaved 9 umbelliferous BIND WEED 1 .small (Jidd corn) 2 fiddle leaved (wild fiota- toe) 3 great purple 4 creeping 5 arrow leaved 6 hedge (great bcarbind) 7 dwarf FLEA BANE marsh SUN FLOWER 1 alternate leaved tick seed 2 whorl leaved DOG WOOD 1 white berry 2 alternate leaved 3 Canadian 4 hairy 5 common 6 paniculate d 45 7 sanguinea 8 sericea I'Hcr. ccerulea Lmk. 9 stolonifera I'Her. 10 stricta I'Her. \ I A*. 5. CORYDALIS 1 fungosa 2 rosea CORYLUS 1 americana 2 avellana 3 humilis 4 rostrata 5 A*. S. Catskill. CRAT.EGUS 1 coccinea 2 cor data Ait. 3 crus gali 4 eliptica 5 flava 6 glaudulosa 7 parvifolia 8 punctata > leucophleos Mcench. $ 9 pyrifolia Ait. 10 sphathulata 1 1 viridis CROTOLARIA 1 parviflora 2 sagitalis CUCUBALUS stellatus CUNILA 1 mariana 2 pulegioides hedeoma pulegioides Pers. CUPRESSUS thuyoides CUSCUTA americana CYCLAMEN americanum 7 bloody 8 blue berried 9 creeping 10 upright 11 CORYDALIS 1 spungy flowered 2 rose coloured HAZLE NUT 1 American common (Jil- bert) 2 European common 3 dwarf 4 cuckold hazle 5 -^ HAWTHORN 1 scarlet fruited 2 maple leaved 3 cock spur 4 oval leaved S> yellow fruited 6 hollow leaved 7 small leaved 8 large fruited 9 pear leaved 10 spatula leaved 1 1 green fruited CROTOLARIA 1 small flowered 2 arrow leaved CAMPION four leaved CUNILA 1 mint leaved 2 penny royal leaved CYPRESS TREE white cedar DODDER American CYCLAMEN, or toia bread American CYMBIDIUM 1 odontorrhyzon 2 pulchellum Willd.' angustifolium CYNOGLOSSUM ofificinale CYPERUS 1 compressus 2 flavescens 3 inflexus 4 parviflorlis 5 .phymatodes ^V. S. 6 strigosus CYPRIPEDIUM 1 acaule Ait. ~> humile Mich, y 2 candidum 3 parviflorum 4 pubescens Mich. 5 spectabile Sal. canadense Mich. album Ait. 6 JV. S. DALIBARDA 1 fragarioides 2 repens DATURA 1 stramonium 2 tatula DENTARIA 1 diphylla 2 laciniata DIAPENSIA lapponica DIERVILLA 1 americana JV. 5. 2 humilis 3 lutea 4 montana ? JV*. S. 5 canadensis 6 JV. S. DIOSCOREA paniculata Mich, villosa L. CYMBIDIUM 1 large tooth rooted 2 beautiful tuberous HOUND'S TONGUE common CYPERUS GALINGALE 1 flat stemmed (sedge) 2 yellow 3 fragrant 4 small flowered 5 tuberous 6 rough bristle spiked LADY'S SLIPPER 1 stemless dwarf 2 white 3 small flowered 4 hairy American yellow 5 shewy tall white flowered 6 j\r. s. BALIBARDA 1 three leaved 2 heart leaved THORN APPLE 1 common (Jamestown weed) 2 blue TOOTH WORT 1 two leaved (coral -wort), 2 jagged leaved DIAPENSIA northern DIERVILLA 1 American 2 dwarf 3 marsh 4 mountain 5 yellow flowered 6 JV. S. YAM American 47 DIPSACUS sylvestris DIRCA palustris DOLICHOS 2 sphserosphermus > phaseolus L . 5 DRAB A verna DRACCENA borealis DRACONTIUM foetidum DROSERA 1 americana Willd. 2 filiformis JV. S. 3 rotundifolia 4 spathulata JV. 5". ECHIUM 1 americanum A*. 5. 2 vulgare ELYMUS canadensis EPIG^A repens EPILOBIUM 1 coloratura. 2 laevigatum 3 lineare oliganthum Mich. 4 spicatum Link. 5 strictum ERIGERON 1 bellidifolium Mich. pulchellum Mich. 2 canadense 3 heterophyllum Muhl. aster aunnus L. 4 philadelphicum do. purpureum 5 strigosum ERIOCAULON gnaphalioides Mich. TEASEL wild LEATHER WOOD marsh (moose wood) DOLICHOS 1 purple 2 round seeded WHITLOW GRASS spring DRACAENA oval leaved DRAGON skunk weed SUN DEW 1 American long leaved 2 hairy 3 round leaved 4' spathulated BUGLOSS 1 American vipers 2 common LIME GRASS Canadian EPIG^A creeping (fiigeon berry) WILLOW HERB 1 coloured 2 smooth 3 linear leaved 4 narrow leaved 5 upright (soft) ERIGERON (flea bane) 1 Robert's plantain 2 annual 3 various leaved 4 Philadelphian 5 bristled PIPE WORT short leaved ERIOPHORUM 1 angustifolium 2 hudsonianum 3 poly stach ion 4 virginicum ERYTHRONIUM 1 americanum > luteum et album 5 2 dens canis EUONYMUS atropurpureus Ait. EUPATORIUM 1 ageratoides Willd. 2 ceanothifolium 3 caelestinum 4 ,coronopifoliuni Willd. 5 hyssopifolium 6 lanceolatum 7 maculatum 8 melissoides 9 perfoliatum 10 puhescens 1 1 purpureum 12 punctatum 13 rotundifolum 14 sessilifolium 15 trifoliatum 16 verticillatuni MuM.~) trifoliatum, L. $ EUPHORBIA 1 ipecacuanha 2 maculata 3 polygonifol^a FAGUS 1 carpinifolia 2 ferruginea 3 sylvestris FESTUCA clandestina FRAGARIA 1 palustus 2 vesca 3 virginiana JEArt. FRASERA . 1 verticillata COTTON GRASS 1 narrow leaved 2 Hudson's Bay 3 common many headed 4 Virginian DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET 1 American yellow and white 2 common SPIN OLE TREE purple EUPATORIUM 1 nettle leaved^Aem/j seed} 2 ceanothus leaved 3 blue flowered 4 buck's horn leaved 5 hyssop leaved 6 spear leaved 7 spotted stalked 8 balm leaved 9 bonesettf thorough wort) 10 hairy 1 1 purple stalked 12 dotted 13 round leaved 14 sessile leaved 15 three leaved 16 whorl leaved SPURGE 1 ipecacuanha 2 spotted 3 knotgrass leaved BEECH 1 hornbeam leaved 2 rusty leaved 3 common FESCUE GRASS hidden flowered STRAWBERRY 1 marsh 2 common garden 3 wild FRASERA 1 pyramid flowered 49 2 waltheri FRAXINUS 1 concolor 2 discolor A. americana B. juglandifolia 3 platyacarpa Mich. 4 pubescens 5 sambucifolia Mich. FUCUS vesiculosus FUMARIA 1 glauca Curt. "J sempervirens L. ! corydalis sempervi- j rens Mich.] 2 Formosa 3 JV. 5. GALACTIA ervum volubile Walt. gabella Mich. GALEGA virginica GALIUM 1 aparine 2 bermudianum 3 brachiatum circaezans Mich. 4 cuspidatum 5 pennsylvanicum 6 pilosum * puncticulosum Mich 7 tinctorium 8 trifidum claytoni Mich GAULTHERIA 1 hispidula 2 procumbens 2 Walter's ASH 1 red green 2 two coloured white walnut leaved 3 Carolinian broad fruited 4 hairy 5 black elder leaved FuCUS vesiculosus FUMITORY 1 glaucous 2 beautiful 3 JV. S. % G.ALACTIA smooth GOAT'S RUE Virginia two coloured LADIES' BED STRAW 1 common 2 Bermudian 3 cross branched 4 spit pointed Willd. 5 Pennsylvanian Wch. 5 6 hairy 7 dyer's .1 8 trifid GENTIANA 1 quinqueflora L 2 angustifolia Mich. 3 crinita Frsl. 4 saponaria L. amarelloides Mich. \ L. / GAULTHERIA 1 hispia 2 mountain tea winter green GENTIAN 1 five leaved 2 narrow leaved 3 fringe flowered 4 soap wort 50 5 ochroleuca ] saponaria Mich. ' 6 linearis 7 villosa GERANIUM 1 Carolinian um Tar. album Var. incarnatum 2 centaureum Var. hirsutum 3 columbinum 4 maculatum. 5 pusillum 6 robertianum GERARDIA 1 erecta . 2 flava 3 glauca Ed. 4 pedicularia 5 purpurea 6 lenuifolia 7 villosa > heterophylla > GEUM 1 album 2 florid um 3 hirsutum 4 rivale 5 strictum Ait. 6 virginianum GLECHOMA hederacea GLYCINE 1 apios 2 comosa monoica Var. alba Var. caereulea 4 umbellata GNAPHALIUM 1 dioicum 2 margaritaceum 3 plantagineum 4 uliginosum GRATIOLA virginica m 5 pale white 6 linear leaved 7 villous GERANIUM (crane's bill) \ Carolina white flowered red flowered 2 centaury rough 3 long stalked 4 spotted (crowfoot) 5 small flowered 6 herb Robert GIERARDIA 1 upright 2 yellow 3 glaucous 4 louse wort leaved 5 purple 6 fine leaved 7 hairy AVENS (herb Bennet) \ white 2 flowery ' 3 rough hairy 4 water 5 upright 6 Virginian- GROUND IVY common GLYCINE 1 tuberous 2 .close flowered 3 pea vine white flowered blue flowered 4 um.belled . CUDWEED (mouse ear) 1 dioicous 2 pearly everlasting 3 plantain leaved 4 bundled HYSSOP Virginian hedge i 51 I HAMAMELIS vh-ginica HEDYSARftJM 1 canadense 2 canescens 3 cuspidatum / bracteosum Mich. < 4 divergens 5 frutescens lespedeza capitata Mich. 6 glabellum 7 ghuinosum 8 hirtum polystachia Mich 9 nudicaulis 10 obtusum 1 1 marilandicum 12 nudiflorum 13 paniculatum 14 prostratum procumbens Mich. 15 reticulatum ~> sessilifolium Mich. 3 16 rotundifolium Mich. 7 canescens WilLd. ^ 17 violaceum 18 viridifoliutn 19 .Y. S. HELEN IUM autumnalc HELIANTHUS 1 altissimus 2 angustifolius 3 decapetalus 4 divaricatus 5 frondosus 6 giganteus 7 mollis 8 multiflorus HELLEBORUS 1 faetidus 2 trifoliatus 3 viridis Ait. HELONIAS 1 angustifolia WITCH HAZEL common HEDYSARUM 1 Canadian 2 rough leaved 3 sharp pointed 4 spreading 5 shrubby 6 bare 7 clammy 8 many spiked 9 naked stalked 10 blunt leaved 1 1 Maryland 12 naked flowered 13 panjcled 14 trailing 15 nettled leaved 16 round leaved 17 violet flowered 18 green flowered 19 JV. S. HELEJ iUM smooth SUN FLOWER 1 tall 2 narrow leaved 3 ten petaled \ branching 5 leafy 6 gigantick 7 soft 8 many flowered HELLEBORE 1 bear's foot 2 three leaved, gold thread 3 green HELONIAS 1 narrow leaved 52 Walt. mild. Mich. 2 asphodeloides > xerophyllum Mich. $ HEUCHERA americana 7 cortusa Mich. 5 HUBISCUS 1 manihot 2 moscheutos 3 palustis 4 riparius Pers. militaris Cav. 5 virginicus HIERACIUM 1 gronovii 2 marianum scabrum S panic ulatum 4 venosum HIPPOPHA.E canadensis HIPPURIS vulgaris HOLOSTEUIVf succulentum HOTTONIA palustris HOUSTONIA 1 coerulea 2 longifolia 3 purpurea HUDSONIA ericoides HYDRASTIS canadensis HYDNUM imbricatum HYDROPELTIS purpurea Mich. HYDROPHYLLUM 1 scabrum Muhl. 2 virginicum HYPER ICUM 1 ascyroides macrocarpon Mich. bartramicum 2 grass leaved HEUCHERA purple flowered HIBISCUS 1 palmated 2 'poplar leaved 3 marsh 4 smooth 5 river HAWKWEED 1 Gronovius* 2 rough 3 panicled 4 veiny leaved 5 JV. S. SEA BUCKTHORN Canada, oval leavecj MARE'S TAIL common CHICKWEED succulent WATER VIOLET marsh HOUSTONIA 1 blue 2 long leaved 3 red HUDSONIA heath YELLOW ROOT Canada HYDRIUM imbricated HYDROPELTIS purple WATER LEAF 1 rough 2 Virginian JOHN'S WORT 1 large capsuled 5S 2 canadense 3 elatum Ait. 4 perforatum 5 procumbens 6 denticulalum Walt. 7 pyrimidatum amplexicaule Lmk 8 rosmarinifolium Lmk. 9 virginicum 10 JV. S. HYPOXIS 1 erecta 2 juncea ILEX 1 aquifolium 2 canadensis Mich. prunifolia 3 opaca Ait. IMBRICARIA convexicaulis IMPATIENS 1 maculata 2 noli tangere INULA 1 helenium 2 linearis JV. S. IRIS 1 cristata 2 versicolor 3 Var. Major. 4 virginica } versicolor^wf t. \ 5 JV. S. 6 JV. S. LeCon. IVA frutescens JUGLANS 1 alba tomentosa Mich. 2 amara Mich. 3 compressa Gotrt. alba Mich. squamosa Mich. 2 Canadian S tall 4 common, perforated 5 procumbent 6 notched 7 stem clasping 9 Virginian 10 JV. S STAR-FLOWER 1 upright bastard 2 rush leaved HOLLY 1 common 2 Canadian 3 Carolinian IMBRICARIA convex stalked BALSAM 1 spotted 2 touch me not ELECAMPANE 1 common 2 linear FLAG (I/tower de luce) \ crested 2 many coloured 3 large 4 Virginian 5 JV. S. 6 JV. S. IVA (bastard Jesuit's bark) shrubby WALNUT or hickory 1 white heart 2 bitter 3 shell bark 4 Sfiec. microcarpa 5 cmerea ich. /. 5 longa ~) Muhl. L cathartica Mich. 6 hybrida A*. 7 nigra 8 S^ec. oblonga glabra Muhl. 9 porcina 10 regia JUNCUS 1 effusus 2 bulbosus 3 marginatus 4 melanocarpus 5 echinatus "J polycephalus Mich.J 6 nodosus Y setaceus 8 squarrosus 9 sylvaticus JUNIPERUS 1 communis ~) repens Don. 3 2 prostrata 3 virginiana KALMIA 1 angustifolia 2 Var. 2 glauca Ait. 4 lati folia 5 rosmarinifolia JV. 5. LACTUCA elongata Muhl. LAMIUM 1 amplexicaule 2 purpureum LAURUS 1 benzoin 2 diospyros 3 sassafras LECHEA 1 major Mich. 2 minor L. 3 racemulosa Mich. 4 common 5 butternut (white) 6 hybrid 7 black 8 oblong 9 pignut 10 common, royal RUSH GRASS 1 soft 2 bulbous, round fruited 3 marginated 4 black fruited 5 many headed 6 knotty 7 bristly 8 moss or goose corn 9 wood JUNIPER or cedar 1 common 2 creeping 3 red KALMIA or laurel 1 narrow leaved 3 glaucous 4 broad leaved 5 rosemary leaved LETTUCE narrow leaved NETTLE (Henbit) 1 common dead 2 purple BAY TREE or laurel 1 wild alspice, fever bush 2 persimmon 3 sassafras LECHEA 1 large 2 small 3 bunch flowered 55 LEDUM 1 latifbHum 2 palustre 3 thymifolium Lmk. LEONURUS cardiaca LESPEDEZA 1 capitata Mich. 2 linearis JV. S. 3 polystachya Mich. 4 procumbens Mich. LIATRIS 1 aspera spicata Willd. 2 macrostachya Mich. 3 pilosa Ait. 4 scanota 5 squarrosa LICHEN frucata LIGUSTICUM actaeifolium cicuta maculata LIGUSTRUM vnlgare LILIUM 1 canadense > coccineum 3 2 pennsylvanicum 3 philadelphicum 4 superbum LIMODORUM uniiblium LINARIA vulgaris LINN^LA borealis rubra. LINUM usitatissimum LIQUIDAMBAR styraciflua LIRIODENDRON tulipifera LITHOSPERMUM 1 arvense LEDUM 1 Labrador tea, 2 marsh 3 thyme leaved MOTH F.R WORT common LESPEDEZA 1 capitated 2 linear 3 many spiked 4 trailing LIATRIS 1 rough 2 blue blazing star, long guted 3 hairy 4 ragged cupped 5 rough headed LICHEN LOVAGE actaea leaved PRIVET or Prim common LILY 1 Canadian 2 Pennsylvanian 3 Philadelphian 4 superb golden martagon LIMODORUM one leaved LOAD FLAX common LINN^A two flowered (northern) FLAX common SWEET GUM maple leaved TULIP TREE white poplar CROMWELL 1 corn 2 officinale latifolium Mich. _ 3 virginianum 1 onosmodium hispi- V dum Mich. J LOBELIA 1 cardinalis 2 claytonia AffcA. 3 inflata 4 kalmii 5 pallida ? goodenoides Willd. 3 6 puberula 7 syphilitica LON1CERA 1 caprifolium bracteo- sum Mich. dioica parviflora Pers glauca Fras. 2 grata 3 sempervirens 4 ciliata 5 diervilla ? diervilla lutea Dcsf. 3 6 N. S. Le Con. LUDWIGIA 1 macrocarpa Mich. ~> alternifoli 3 2 hirsuta Walt. 3 nitida Mich. \ isnardia palustrisZ.J LUPINUS perennis j LYCIUM carolinianum Mich. salsum Bartr. LYCHNIS chalcedonica LYCOPODIUM 1 complanatum 2 dendroideum 3 rupestre LYCOPUS . i americanus 2 uniflorus 2 officinal 3 hispid LOBELIA 1 cardinal flower, scarlet 2 claytons 3 inflated 4 Kalm's 5 pale 6 hairy 7 blue HONEYSUCKLE 1 glaucous 2 evergreen 3 trumpet 4 fainged 5 yellow 6 JV. S. LUDWIGIA 1 alternate leaved 2 hairy 3 shining LUPINE perennial BOX THORN samphire LYCHNIS scarlet CLUB MOSS 1 arbor vilae leaved 2 3 rock WATER HOREHOUND 1 American 2 little 57 n. Tick. I Curt.J 3 virginicus LYSIMACHIA 1 angustifolia Wittd. 2 ciliata covdata 3 quadrifolia 4 heterophylla 5 hirsuta Mich. 6 racemosa Mich. stricta Ait. bulbifera 7 thyrsiflora MAGNOLIA 1 acuminata 2 glauca Par. MALAXIS liliifolia Sivz. J Ophrys liliifolia 5 MALVA 1 americana 2 caroliniana 3 rotundifolia 4 sylvestris MEDICAGO lupulina MELAMPYRUM lineare americanum Mich. MELILOTUS 1 alba 2 vulgaris MENISPERMUM 1 Canadense 2 Virginicum MENTHA 1 canadensis ~) borealis Mich. > 2 gracilis 3 piperita. 4 pulegium MENYANTHES 1 trachysperma Mich. H 3 Virginian LYSIMACHIA 1 narrow leaved 2 ciliated, heart leaved 3 four leaved 4 various leaved 5 hairy 6 bulb bearint 7 cluster flowered, tufted MAGNOLIA 1 cucumber tree, blue flow- ered 2 swamp, white bay, sweet MALAXIS lily leaved MALLOW 1 American 2 Carolina, creeping 3 round leaved 4 common MELICK black, none such COW WHEAT American MELILOT 1 white 2 common MOON SEED 1 Canadian 2 Virginian MINT 1 northern 2 slender 3 pepper 4 pennyroyal BUCK BEAN 1 pitted 58 Hid. 5 2 trifoliata MESPILUS montana JV. S. MIKANIA scandens Willd. ~) Eupatorium scandens > Auct.} . MIMULUS 1 alatus Ait. 2 ringens MITCHELLA repens MITELLA diphylla MNIUM 1 cuspidatufti 2 rosaceum MONARDA 1 fistulosa 2 oblongata mollis Willd. 3 punctata 4 rugosa MONOTROPA uniflora MORUS rubra MUCOR 1 cespitosus 2 mucedo MYOSOTIS 1 lappula 2 scorpioides 3 virginica MYRICA 1 cerifera 2 gale 3 pennsylvanica Muhl. MYRRHIS scandix NARTHECIUM 1 glutinosum Mich. 2 ilvense .V. S. 2 marsh trefoil) 3 leaved MEDLAR mountain MIKANIA climbing MONKEY FLOWER 1 winged stemmed 2 gaping flowered MITCHELLA creeping CANICLE two leaved, bastard Ame- rican MNIUM 2 MOUNTAIN MINT 1 Robin run-away 2 long leaved, soft, 3 dotted, horse mint 4 wrinkled, white BIRD'S NEST one flowered, broom rape MULBERRY red MUCOR 2 SCORPION GRASS 1 prickly seeded 2 marsh 3 Virginian CANDLE BERRY MYRTLE 1 wax bearing 2 sweet, common 3 Pennsylvania!! CICELY ' sweet rooted NARTHECIUM 1 clammy 59 NEOTTIA 1 sestivalis "1 Ophrys aestivalis > Mich.J 2 cernua H'illd.') O. cernua 5 3 pubescens Willd. ~\ Satyrium repens S> Mich.} NEPETA cataria NEPHRUDIUM Mich. POLYPOD1UM Auc. 1 acrostichoides Mich 2 cristatum Mich. 3 filix foemina Mich. 4 marginale 5 noveboracense 6 tenue Mich. 7 thelypteroides Mich. NICOTIAN A 1 paniculata 3 rustica NIGELLA damascena NYMPH^A advena alba lutea minima odorata rose a JT. S. Ait. Ait. Mich. I )lia Ait. J NYSSA 1 aquatica biflora integrifolia 2 villosa Mich. triflora Wang. CENOTHERA 1 biennis 2 fruticosa . 3 grandiflora Ait. 4 longiflora 5 muricata NEOTTIA 1 summer 2 drooping, ladies traces 3 variegated CATMINT, or catnefi common SHIELD FERN 1 terminal 2 crested 3 female 4 marginal 5 New-York 6 slender 7 marsh TOBACCO 1 panicled 2 common FENNEL FLOWER common WATER LILY 1 striped flowered 2 white flowered 3 yellow flowered 4 small 5 sweet scented 6 rose like 7 JV. S. TUPELO TREE 1 water sour gum 2 rough Pefifierldgt- TREE PRIMROSE 1 common 2 perennial 3 large flowered 4 long flowered 5 prickly stalked 60 6 parviflora 7 pumila ONOCLEA sensibilis OPHIOGLOSSUM vulgatum ORCHIS 1 blephariglottis Wllld. 2 ciliaris 3 clavellata Var. tridentata 4 flava Var. virescens 5 lacera psycodes Willd. 6 psycodes L. cristata Mich. 7 rotundifolia 8 quinqueseta Mich. 9 spectabilis humilis Mich. ORIGANUM vulgare ORNITHOGALUM umbellatura OROBANCHE 1 uniflora 2 virginiana ORONTIUM 1 aquaticum 2 angustifolium OSMUNDA 1 cinnamomea Mich. 2 claytonia Mich. 3 interrupta Mich. 4 regalis OXALIS 1 acetosella 2 stricta 3 violacea PANAX 1 quinquefolium 2 trifolium PAN1CUM 1 crus-galli 2 dichotomum 6 small flowered 7 dwarf ONOCLEA sensitive fern ADDER'S TONGUE common ORCHIS 1 white 2 orange coloured 3 yellow 4 ragged 5 short spurred 6 round leaved 7 club spurred 8 many lipped 9 pale, shewy MARJORAM common STAR OF BETHLEHEM umbel flowered BROOM RAPE 1 one flowered 2 Virginian Cancer rool ORONTIUM 1 water 2 pointed leaved OSMUNDA 1 woolly 2 claytons 3 interrupted 4 flowering fern WOOD SORREL 1 common 2 upright 3 violet coloured GINSENG 1 officinal 2 three leaved PANIC GRASS 1 cock's foot 2 divided branched 61 3 hispidum 4 latifolium 5 pubescens 6 sanguinale 7 viride PARNASSIA 1 americana 2 asarifolia 3 caroliniana Mich. PASTINACA noxia PEDICULARIS 1 asplenifolia Muhl. 2 canadensis ? verna 5 3 galericulata 4 gladiata Mich. PENSTEMON pubescens Ait. Chelone pentstemon PEZIZA 1 lentifera 2 punctata PHALARIS arundinacea PHALLUS impudica PHILADELPHUS odorus PHLOX 1 divaricata 2 maeulata 3 paniculata 4 suaveolens Ait. 5 subulata 6 undulata PHRYMA leptostachya PHYSALIS pennsylvanica PHYTOLACCA decandra PINUS 1 alba Ait. ) laxa Ehrt. $ 2 balsamea 3 hispid 4 broad leaved 5 soft, hairy 6 bloody 7 green bottle grass GRASS OF PARNASSUS 1 American 2 kidney leaved 3 Carolinian PARSNEP poisonous LOUSE WORT 1 fern leaved 2 spring 4 yellow flowered PENSTEMON downy, purple PEZIZA 2 dotted CANARY GRASS reed PHALLUS MOCK ORANGE scented LYCHNIDEA 1 blue, divaricated 2 spotted 3 panicled 4 white flowered 5 mountain pink 6 wave leaved PHRYMA small flowered WINTER CHERRY Pennsylvanian POKE WEED common PINE or Jir tree 1 white 2 silver, Balm of Gilcad 3 canadensis "1 Abies candensis J. H. p.y 3 hemlock spruce 4 inops Ait. 4 Jersey or scrub pine 5 mitis Mich. 5 yellow pine, short leaved 6 nigra Ait. > denticulata Mich. $ 6 black spruce 7 pedula Ait. 7 black larch 8 microcarpa 8 red larch 9 rigida Mich.f. > resinosa Auct. } 9 pitch pine 10 rubra 10 red spruce fir 1 1 serotina Midi. 1 1 pond pine 12 strobus 12 Weymouth pine 13 taxifolia 13 Nootka fir PISUM PEA maritimum sea PLANTAGO PLANTAIN 1 cordata > Var. microphylla 3 1 heart leaved. 2 lanceolata 2 rib wort 3 major 3 great 4 maritima 4 sea 5 media ? Var. crassifolia} 5 hoary leaved 6 virginica PLATANUS 6 Virginian PLANE TREE or large but- ton wood o'ccidentalis American POA MEADOW GRASS 1 annua 1 dwarf 2 compressa 3 palustris > crocea Mich. 5 2 blue grass 3 marsh 4 pratensis 4 common 5 reptans 5 creeping 6 trivialis 6 field PODALYRIA PODALYRIA or Wild Indig* baptista ~) tinctoria Willd. 3 dyer's PODOPHYLLUM DUCK'S FOOT, May ajijile peltatum peltated POLEMONIUM JACOB'S LADDER reptans creeping POLYGALA MILKWORT 1 cruciata 1 cross shaped 63 2 incarnata 2 flesh coloured 3 lutea > nana Mich. 5 3 yellow flowered 4 paucifolia 4 evergreen snakeroot 5 rubella ~) polygama Walt. 5 5 polygamous 6 sanguinea 6 bloody 7 senega 7 Senega snakeroot 8 verticillata 8 whorled leaved POLYGONUM KNOT WEED 1 arifolium 1 halbert leaved 2 aviculare 2 knot grass 3 coccineum 3 scarlet 4 fagopyrum 4 buck wheat 5 hydropiper 5 water pepper 6 lapathifolium Ait. 6 pale flowered 7 pennsylvanicum Curt. 7 Pennsylvania!! 8 persicaria 8 spotted 9 sagitatum 9 arrow leaved 10 scandens 10 climbing 1 1 virginianum > rostratum 3 1 1 Virginian POLYPODIUM POLYPODY 1 hexagonopterum 1 2 virginicum 2 Virginian 3 vulgare 3 common POLYTRICHUM POLYTRICHUM 1 ambiguum I ambiguous 2 pennsvlvanicura 2 Pennsvlvanian. PONTEDERIA PONTEDERIA cordata heart leaved POPULUS POPLAR TREE I angulata Ait. ~) angulosa Mich. 5 1 angular Cotton tree 2 balsamifera 2 Tacamahac Balscnn fio filar 3 candicans 3 heart leaved 4 grandidentata Mich. trepida Muhl. 5 heterophylla 6 monilifera 7 tremuloides Mich. PORTULACA oleracea POTENTILLA 1 anserina 4 Canada 5 various leaved 6 7 smooth Asfien PURSLAIN common CINQUEFOIL 1 wild tansy 64 2 canadensis 3 fruticosa 4 floribunda A". S. 5 hirsuta 6 pennsylvanica 7 M S. affin. Perm. 8 recta 9 rep tans 10 sarmentosa Willd. \ 1 simplex POTHOS 1 foetida Ait. Dracontium foetidum PRENANTHES 1 alba 2 altissima 3 cordata 4 mu rails 5 spicata Walt. 6 virgata seu rubicund a PRIMULA 1 farinosa 2 mistasinica PRINUS 1 glaber 2 do. Var. 3 lanceolatus 4 loevigatus 5 montanus JV. 6 padifolius 7 verticillatus PRUNELLA 1 rnariana 2 pennsylvanica ovata H. P. 3 vulgaris PRUNUS Don, 2 Canada 3 shrubby 4 many flowered 5 hairy 6 Pennsylvania!! 7 3 upright 9 creeping 10 running 1 1 simple POTHOS 1 americana 2 canadensis 3 montana JV". -S. 4 pennsylvanica borealis Mich 5 nigra (americana) 6 pumila 7 serotina 8 virginiana . 7 3 PRENANTHES 1 white flowered 2 tall 3 heart leaved 4 wall 5 spiked 6 red flowered PRIMROSE 1 birds' eye 2 Canadian WINTER BERRY 1 evergreen Ink berry 3 spear leaved 4 smooth 5 mountain 6 broad leaved 7 whorled SELF HEAL 1 sea 2 Pennsylvania!! 3 common CHERRY TREE 1 American 2 Canadian 3 mountain 4 upright 5 yellow plumb 6 dwarf plumb 7 wild cherry 8 choke cherry 65 PTERIS 1 aquilina 2 atropurpurea PULMONARIA 1 sibirica 2 virginica PYCNANTHEMUM 1 canescens Midi. 2 incanum Mich. PYROLA 1 asarifolia 2 maculata 3 minor 4 rotundifolia 5 sccunda 6 umbellata 7 uniflora PYXIDANTHERA barbulata Mich. PYRUS 1 botryapium Willd. 2 cydonia 3 erythrocarpa 4 melanocarpa 5 ovalis QUERCUS 1 alba 2 bicolor 3 castanea 4 coccinea Mich, 5 falcata 6 filiformis 7 ilicifolia Willd. banisteri Mich. 8 macrocarpa Mich. 9 montana II- Hid. prnus 10 monticola 1 1 olivaeformis 12 heterophylla 13 nigra ~> ferruginea 5 14 obtusiloba Mich. ? stellata Willd. 5 15 palustris Mlch.~) Var. humilis5 BRAKE 1 common 2 purple LUNG WORT 1 Siberian 2 Virginian MOUNTAIN MINT 1 white 2 hoary WINTER GREEN 1 kidney leaved 2 variegated leaved 3 small 4 round leaved 5 notched leaved 6 umbelled 7 one flowered PYXIDANTHERA bearded PEAR OR APPLE 1 blue fruited 2 common quince 3 red fruited 4 black fruited $ oval leaved OAK 1 -common white 2 swamp 3 yellow, chesnut 4 scarlet 5 Spanish, downy, red 6 long stalked 7 scrub or barren 8 large fruited 9 rock chesnut 10 rock oak 1 1 mossy cup 12 various leaved 13 black jack 14 post white 15 pin 66 16 prinus > prinus palustris Mich. 5 17 maritima 18 prinoides 19 rubra 20 tinctoria 21 triloba QUERIA canadensis "J Anychia dichotoma > Mich.} RANUNCULUS 1 acris 2 bulbosus 3 hirsutus N. S. 4 flammula 5 marilandicus 6 pennsylvanicus 7 saniculaeformis 8 sceleratus 9 recurvatus 10 trifoliatus RAPHANISTRUM luteum RHAMNUS catharticv^s RHEXIA 1 virginica 2 fungosa N. S. 3 JV. 5. RHINANTHUS virginicus RHODODENDRON maximum. RHODORA canadensis RHUS 1 copallinum aestivale 2 glabrum 3 foetans ' f 4 radicans 5 toxicodendron 6 typhinum 7 vernix 16 chesnut white 17 sea willow 18 chinquapin 19 red 20 black, dyers' 21 downy black QUERIA forked CROW FOOT 1 upright 2 bulbous 3 hairy 4 small Spear wort 5 Maryland 6 Pennsylvanian 7 sanicle leaved 8 celery^ leaved 9 bent 10 three leaved RAPHANISTRUM- marsh BUCK THORN purging RHEXIA 1 common 2 fungous N. S. 3 JV. S. YELLOW RATTLE Virginian ROSE BAY mountain laurel RHODORA Canada SUMACH 1 copal 2 common, smooth . 3 stinking 4 climbing poison vine 5 trailing poison oak 6 woolly 7 varnish tree 67 RISES CURRANT 1 atropurpureum 1 dark red 2 cynosbate 2 prickly fruited 3 floridum Willd. 3 large fruited 4 glandulosum 4 glanulous, procumbent 5 gracile Mich. 5 slender, two flowered 6 rigens Mich. 6 upright, red fruited 7 JV*. S. fruct. alba. 7 JV. S. 8 JV. S. Cattskill 8 JV. S. ROBINIA ROBINIA Locust tree 1 pseud-acacia 1 false acassia 2 viscosa 7 glutinosa Curt. 5 2 clammy ROSA ROSE 1 caroliniana > parviflora Muhl. 3 1 Pennsylvania 2 canina 2 dog rose 3 corymbosa 3 swamp 4 gemella 4 twin flowered 5 lucida Ekrt. 5 shining leaved 6 rubiginosa 6 sweet briar RUBUS BRAMBLE 1 hispidus 1 strawberry leaved 2 lucidus JV. 5. 2 shining 3 occidentals 3 American raspberry 4 odoratus 4 flowering raspberry 5 parvifolius TFafr. 5 small leaved blackberry 6 plicatus JV. 5. 6- 7 procumbens 7 dewberry 8 strigosus Mich. 8 mountain 9 villosus Ait. 7 vulpinus -De*/". ) 9 American blackberry in v *? l o .A^ S 11 V S CattsHll 1 1 A". 5. RUDBECKIA RUDBECKIA 1 aspera 1 rough 2 digitata 2 digitated S laciniata 3 jagged leaved 4 triloba 4 three lobed RUMEX DOCK 1 acetosella 1 sheep sorrel 2 acutus 2 sharp pointed 3 aquaticus 3 water 4 crispatulus 4 curled 5 persicarioides 5 arsesmart leaved 68 6 sanguineus 6 bloody 7 verticillatus 7 whorled SAGITTARIA ARROW-HEAD 1 graminifolia 1 grass leaved 2 heterophylla 2 various leaved 3 latifolia WUld. 3 broad leaved 4 obtusa Muhl. ? simplex Pers. $ 4 blunt leaved 5 pubescens 5 hairy 6 sagitti folia 6 pointed leaved SALICORNIA GLASS WORT 1 ambigua 1 doubtful 2 herbacea 2 marsh 3 virginica 3 Virginian SALIX WILLOW 1 caroliniana 1 Carolina 2 conifera Willd \ longirostris Mich. ' 2 cone bearing: 3 discolor 3 red rooted 4 incana Mich. 4 hoary 5 myricoides Muhf. 5 gale leaved 6 nigra Muhl. 6 black 7 palustris N. S, 7 marsh 8 Y S 8 JV. S. SALSOLA SALT WORT 1 kali 1 prickly 2 soda 2 long leaved SALVIA SAGE 1 lyrata 1 lyre leaved 2 officinalis . 2 officinal or common SAMBUCUS ELDER 1 canadensis > 1 Canadian black berried atropurpurea^ 2 pubescens Mic/i.J rubra 2 red berried SANGUINARIA BLOOD ROOT canadensis American Puccoon SANGUISORBA BURNET SAXIFRAGE 1 canadensis 1 long spiked 1 media 2 short spiked SAN1CULA SANICLE 1 canadensis 1 Canadian 2 marilandica 2 Maryland, black snake root SAPONARIA SOAP \VORT officinalis common * 69 SARRACENIA 1 purpurea 2 do. Tar. SAURURUS cernuus SAXIFRAGA 1 nivalis (vernalis) 2 pennsylvanica 3 virginica Mick. SCHEUCHZERIA palustris SCHCENUS 1 albus 2 ciliaris 3 glomeratus 4 fuscus 5 setaceus 6 sparsus SCIRPUS 1 capitatus 2 lacustris 3 macrostachius Mich. 4 sylvaticus 5 triqueter Mich. americanus. Pers. SCUTELLARIA 1 galericulata 2 hyssopifolia 3 integrifolia 4 lateriflora 5 ovalifolia Pers. eliptica 6 parviflora SELINUM canadense SENECIO 1 aureus 2 balsamitae 3 canadensis 4 hieracifolius 5 obovatus SILENE pennsylvanica Mich. SINAPIS nigra SIDE SADDLE FLOWER 1 purple 2 , LIZARD'S TAIL nodding SAXIFRAGE 1 early 2 common American 3 Virginian SCHEUCHZERIA marsh DOG RUSH 1 white 2 fringed 3 round headed 4 brown 5 bristly 6 spreading CLUB RUSH 1 headed 2 bulrush 3 large spiked 4 wood 5 three sided SCULL CAP 1 common 2 hyssop leaved 3 entire leared 4 lateral flowered 5 oval leaved 6 small flowered MILK PARSLEY Canadian GROUNDSEL 1 golden, heart leaved 2 balsamita like 3 Canadian 4 hawk weed leaved 5 obovate leaved CATCH FLY Pennsylvanian MUSTARD black 70 I Muhl. SISYMBRIUM nasturtium SISYRINCHIUM 1 anceps- Lmk. gramineum Curt. 2 mucronatum Mich. SMILAX 1 caduca 2 glauca Mich. sarsaparilla 3 herbacea 4 hispida 5 laurifolia 6 peduncularis 7 quadrangularis 8 rotundifolia SMYRNIUM 1 aureum 2 barbinode 3 integerimum 4 trifoliatum > thapsia L. SOLANUM 1 dulcamara 2 nigrum SOLIDAGO 1 arguta 2 axillaris JV*. 51 3 aspera 4 canadensis 5 ciliaris 6 flexicaulis 7 gigantea 8 lanceolata Ait. spec, graminifolia 9 latifolia 10 noveboracensis 11 nemoralis Ait. 12 odora Ait. 13 patula 14 rigida 15 rugosa 16 scabra 17 squarrosa 18 sempervirens 19 ulmifolia SISYMBRIUM water cress SISYRINCHIUM 1 grass leaved 2 blue eyed grass SMILAX 1 deciduous 2 medicinal 3 herbaceous 4 hispid 5 laurel leaved 6 long stslked 7 square stalked 8 round leaved ALEXANDERS 1 golden 2 bearded 3 entire leaved 4 heart leaved NIGHTSHADE 1 bitter sweet 2 common GOLDEN ROD 1 sharp notched 2 . 3 rough leaved 4 Canadian 5 ciliated 6 bent stalked 7 gigantic 8 spear leaved 9 broad leaved 10 New-York 1 1 wood 12 sweet scented 1 3 open branched 1 4, hard leaved 1 5 wrinkled leaved 16 rough 17 scurfy 18 narrow leaved 19 elm leaved 71 20 virga aurea 21 JV. S. 22 JV. 5. 23 JV. S. afF. virga. aurea. 24 JV. S. aff. concolor 25 JV. S. Cattskill 26 petiolaris SONCHUS 1 alpinus 2 acuminatus 3 arvensis 4 floridanus 5 leucophleus 6 oleraceus ~) Var. asper 5 7 pallid us mild. 8 palustris 9 macrophyllus SORBUS montana JV. S. SPARGANIUM erectum SPARTINA 1 glabra 2 polystachia Trachynotia Mich. SPARGANOPHORUS verticillatus Mich. SPARTIUM scoparium SPHAGNUM vulgare Mich. latifolium Hed. SPIR.EA 1 alba 2 aruncus 3 crenata 4 corymbosa carpinifolia Willd. 5 hypericifolia 6 lobata 7 montana 8 opuiifolia 9 stipulata 10 tomentosa 20 common 21 JV. S. 22 J\r. S. 23 24 - 26 late flowered SOW THISTLE 1 Alpine Canadian 2 pointed 3 corn 4 large flowered 5 white flowered 6 common 7 pale 8 marsh 9 large leaved SERVICE TREE * mountain BURR REED upright ROUGH GRASS 1 smooth 2 many spiked SPARGANOPHORUS whorled BROOM common SPHAGNUM, Peat Mot* broad leaved SPIRAEA 1 white flowered 2 goats' beard 3 crenated 4 broad leaved 5 St. Johns wort leaved 6 lobe leaved 7 mountain 8 snow ball leaved 9 large stipuled 10 downy leaved 11 trifoliata Gillenia trifoliata Mcench.j STACHYS 1 aspera Mich. 2 tenuifolia Muhl. STAPHYLEA 1 pinnata Far. 2 trifoliata STATICE limonium TEUCRIUM 1 canadense 2 virginicum THALICTRUM 1 rugosum Ait. 2 affin. THESIUM umbellatum THLAPSI 1 arvense 2 bursa pastoris 3 campestre THUYA occidentalis THYMUS virginicus TIARELLA corclitblia TILIA 1 americana 2 glabra 3 pubescens TRICHOSTEMMA 1 dichotoma 2 lineare TRIENTALIS europea TRIFOLIUM 1 arvense 2 pennsylvanicum 3 repens TRILLIUM 1 erectum 11 Indian physic, ipecacu- anha HEDGE NETTLE 1 rough 2 thin leaved BLADDER NUT 1 pinnated 2 three leaved THRIFT marsh rosemary GERMANDER 1 nettle leaved 2 Virginian MEADOW RUE 1 rough leaved 2 BASTARD TOAD FLAX umbelled BASTARD CRESS 1 penny cress 2 shepherd's purse 3 mithridate mustard ARBOR V1TM American White cedar THYME Virginian TIARELLA heart leaved LIME OR LINDEN TREE 1 bass wood 2 smooth, bass wood. 3 white wood hairy TRICHOSTEMMA 1 branched 2 linear leaved WINTER GREEN chick weed CLOVER OR TREFOIL 1 hare's foot 2 Pennsylvania!! 3 white clover TRILLIUM rectum \ { upr j ght fl owercd atropurpureum Cwr/.J 73 2 erythrocarpon Mich. > undulatum 3 2 red fruited 3 grandiflorum 3 tulip 4 luteum 4 yellow 5 pendulum 5 pendent 6 pictum 6 dotted 7 pusillum 7 dwarf 8 sessile atropurpureum 8 sessile 9 umbellatum 9 umbellated TRIOSTEUM FEVER WORT perfoliatum > majus Mich. 3 perfoliate TROLLIUS GLOBE FLOWER americaniis Muhl. American TURRITIS TOWER MUSTARD 1 hirsuta 1 hairy 2 laevigata 2 American smooth TYPHA CAT'S TAIL or Rccd 1 angustifolia 1 narrow leaved 2 latifolia 2 broad leaved ULMUS ELM TREE 1 americana 1 common weeping 2 aspera ? fulva Mich. 5 2 slippery, red UNIOLA SPIKE GRASS spicata ? Festuca distichophylla 3 common UMBILICARIA UMBILICARIA 1 pustulata 1 blistered 2v A!I AQ o VCllOct URTICA NETTLE 1 canadensis 1 Canadian 2 divaricata 2 divaricated 3 gracilis 3 slender stalked 4 procera 4 tall 5 pumila 5 dwarf 6 urens 6 lesser 7 whitlowi Muhl. 7 Whitlow's* Ma tit * Dr. Muhlenberefs Description of the Urtica JVluthvi. Caule. 5 angulo, simplici, orgyali, urente. Foliis alternis, cordato-ovatis, acutis, serratis, trinerviis, punctatis. petiolatis, supremis oppositis. Stipula bifida. URTICULARIA ceratophylla UVULAR1A 1 langiinosa 2 lanceolata 3 perfoliata 4 rosea 5 ses siii folia VACCINIUM 1 album 2 cespitosum 3 corymbosum L. amcenum Ait. tlisomorphum Mich. 4 frondosum 1 glaucum Mich. J 5 ligustrinum Mich. 6 macrocarpon Ait. 7 oxycoccus 8 pennsylvanicum Mich. 9 resinosum Ait. 10 myrtilloides 1 1 stanfrineum 12 tenellum 13 venustum 14 virgatum pennsylvani- [cum Mich. VALERIANA pauciflora VERATRUM 1 luteum 2 viride Ait. VERBASCUM J blattaria 2 thapsus VERBENA 1 hsstata 2 urticifolla HOODED MILFOIL horn leaved BELLWORT 1 woolly 2 spear leaved 3 perfoliate 4 rose coloured 5 sessile leaved WHORTLE BERRY 1 white 2 dwarf 3 broad leaved bilberry 4 bushy 5 privet leaved 6 American cranberry 7 common 8 sugar 9 clammy 10 bluets 1 1 green wooded 12 gale leaved 13 red twigged 14 blue huckle berry VALERIAN three leaved SWAMP HELLEBORE 1 nodding ("blazing 1 star} 2 green flowered MULLEIN 1 moth 2 great VERVAIN 1 halbert leaved 2 nettle leaved Paniculis pedunculatis, axillaribus, dichotomis,hirsutis,petiololongi* oribus masculis, et terminalibus foemineis Capsula orbicularis, compressa, mucronata, proxime divaricata et can- densis. Radix perennis, tuberosa. 75 VERNONIA noveboracensis Mich. VERONICA 1 anagallis 2 beccaburga 3 ofticinalis 4 serpyllifolia 5 virginica VIBURNUM 1 acerifolium 2 arboreum Bart. pyrifolium 3 cassinoides 4 cyaneum VHer. 5 dentatum 6 laevigatum 7 lantanoides Mich. 8 lentago 9 luteum 10 molle 1 1 nitidum 12 nudum Var. squatnmatum 13 opuloides 14 pimina Mich. 15 prunifolium VICIA 1 americana 2 cracca 3 parviflora 4 pusila VINCA minor VIOLA l Ait. cucullata 2 lanceolata 3 pallida Muhl. 4 palmata Ait. 5 pedata 6 primuliiblia 7 pubescens Ait. pennsylvanica Mich. 8 obliqua Ait. 9 rostrata JV. S. 10 sagittata VERNONIA common SPEEDWELL 1 pimpernel or water 2 brooklime 3 officinal 4 smooth Paul'a betony 5 Virginian VIBURNUM 1 maple leaved 2 tall 3 thick leaved 4 5 tooth leaved 6 smooth 7 hobble bush 8 pear leaved 9 10 woolly 1 1 shining 1 2 naked, oval leaved 13 shrub cranberry 14 15 plum leaved, black hued VETCH 1 American 2 tufted 3 small flowered 4 small PERIWINKLE small VIOLET 1 hollow leaved 2 spear leaved 3 pale 4 palmated 5 multifid 6 prim rose leaved 7 yellow flowered 8 oblique flowered 9 beak flowered 10 arrow leaved 11 A". & UCStJ VITIS 1 hirsuta A*. S. 2 labrusca > taurina Walt. 5 3 riparia Mich. 4 vulpina cordifolia Mich. XANTHIUM orientale XYRIS 1 anceps Per*. jupicai Mich. 2 brevifolia ZANTHOXYLUM fraxineum Willd. americanum 76 VINE or GRAPE 1 hairy 2 fox 3 river or sand 4 winter or chicken XANTHIUM eastern XYRIS 1 two edged 2 shorth leaved TOOTH ACHE TREE common