/ £x Libris C. K. OGDEN THE LIFE and EXPLOITS Of the ingenious gentleman DON (QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. Tranflated from the Original Spanish of Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra. Ky CHARLES J A R V I S, Efq ; IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME the FIRST. rt LONDON: Printed for J. and R. T o n s o n in the Strand^ and R. Dodsley in Pall -Mall. M DCC XLII. THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. S much as I diflike the nfual practice of translators, who think to recommend their own by cenfuring the former tranflations o£ their author, I am obliged to aflure the reader, that, had I not thought thofe of Don Quixote very de- fective, I had never given myfelf or him the trouble of this un- dertaking. There have been already three of Don Quixote in Rnglifh. The firft by Shelton has hitherto paffed as translated from the original, though many paffages in it manifeftly Shew it to have been taken from the Italian of Lorenzo Franciofmi. An In- stance or two will be fufficient. In the ninth chapter of the third book of the firft part, San- cho\ afs is Stolen by Gines de P ajfamonte, while Sancho is afleep ; and prefently after, the author mounts him again in a very re- markable manner, fideways like a woman, a la mugeriega. This Sfcory being but imperfectly told, Franciofni took it for agrofs overfight: he therefore alters it, indeed a little unhappily; for, in defect of the afs, he is forced to put Sancho's wallets and provender upon Rozinante, though the wallets were Slopt before by the inn- keeper, in the third chapter of the third book. This blundering amendment of the translator is literally followed by Shelton. Again, in purfuance of this, Franciofmi alters another paf- fage in the eleventh chapter of the fame book. Sancho fays to his maSter, who had enjoined him abfolute Silence ; If heafls could f peak as they, did in the days of Guifopcte (I fuppofe he means SEfop) ?ny cafe would not be quite fo bad\ for then I mmbt commune with my afs, and fay what I pleafed to him. Here the Italian makes him fay " Commune with Rozinante" ; and Shelton follows him, with this addition, u Since my niggardly for- " tune has deprived me of my afs." A 2 But Stack Annex iv ^ TRANSLATORV PREFACE. But what if Cervantes made this Teeming flip on purpofe for a bait to tempt the minor criticks ; in the fame manner as, in ano- ther place, he makes the princefs of Micomicon land at OJfima, which is no fea-port ? As by that he introduced a fine piece of fatire on an eminent Spanifi hiftorian of his time, who had de- fcribed it as fuch in his hiftory ; fo by this he might only take occaflon to reflect on a parallel incident in Arioflo, where Bru- neloj at the fiege of Albraca, fteals the horfe from between the legs of Sacripa?ite king of CircaJJia. It is the very defence he makes for it, in the fourth chapter of the fecond part, where, by the way, both the Italian and old Englijh translators have preferved the excufe, though by their altering the text they had taken away the occafion of it. The edition by John Stevens is but a bare attempt to correct fome paflages of Shelton, and, though the grammar be a little mended by the connecting particles, the antique ftile of the old one is entirely broken. This is therefore fb much the worfe by altering the ridiculous of the old diction, without coming nearer to the fenfe or fpirit of the original. Stevens alfo has made the fame wife amendments with his predeceflbrs. That of Motteux is done by feveral hands, and is a kind of loofe paraphrafe, rather than a tranflation ; and has quite ano- ther caft, being taken wholly from the French, which, by the way, was alfo from the Italian. It is full of what is called the Faux brillant, and openly carries throughout it a kind of low comic or burlefque vein. Motteux is fo injudicious as to value his verfion upon this very air of comedy, than which nothing -can be more foreign to the defign of the author, whofe principal and diftinguifhing character is, to preferve the face of gravity, generally confident through his whole work, fuited to the fo- lemnity of a Spaniard, and wherein without doubt is placed the true fpirit of its ridicule. For Tie TRANSLATORS PREFACE. For the three principal points, which a ftaunch Spaniard 'Jays down to his Ton, are ranked in the following order; Gravedad, lealdad, y el tamer de Dios, i. e. " In the firft. place gravity, in " the fecond loyalty, and in the third the fear of God.''' The iirft is to manifest itfelf in a punctilious zeal for the fervice of his miftrefs; the fecond in an unreferved fubmiffion to his prince; and the third in a blind obedience to the church. The firfl of thefe makes the chief fubject of the prefent fatire. Upon the whole, I think it manifeft this author has not been translated into our language in fuch a manner as to give any tolerable fatisfaction ; though it is evident from the two attempts made by Motteux and Stevens, and the fuccels they met with upon the firft. publication, that there was an univerial demand for fuch a work. However, in a fliort time, all thofe, who had any tafte of the author, finding themfelves difappointed, chofe rather to have recourfe back again to the old one, which, as it was nearer the words, was fo much nearer the fenfe of the original. There are three circum fiances, wherein the excellencies of this author appear in the ftrongeffc light. The firfl: is, that the geni- us of knight-errantry having been fo long expired all over Eu- rope, excepting in Spain, yet this book has been translated into moft languages, and every where read with univerfal applaufe ; though the humour was long ago fpent, and the fatire affected none but the Spaniards. Secondly, that, although it requires a good judgment to difcover all the nicer beauties in this writer, yet there remain enough fufficiently obvious to pleafe people of all capacities whatfoever. The third (which I confine wholly to England] is, that, though we have already had fo many transla- tions and editions, all abundantly defective, yet the wit and ge- nius of the author has been able to fhine through all difad van- tages, fo as to make every one of them as entertaining as any we have among us, The. • VI The TRANSLATORS PREFACE. The ironical fa the moft agreeable, and perhaps the ftrongeft ©f all kinds of fatire, but at the fame time the moft difficult to preferve in a work of length. Who is there but obferves our au- thor's admirable talent at it ? However it muft be conferled, he has now and then broke in upon this fcheme ; which lam per- fuaded he muft have been forced to in compliance with the hu- mour of the age and country he wrote in, and not from any error of judgment. It is certain, that, upon the flrft appearance of this book in publick, great numbers of the Spanifh readers understood it as a true hiilory; nor perhaps is the opinion quite extinguished in that country : for an intimate friend of mine told me, that, meeting, not long ago, in London, with a Spaniard of feme figure, and wanting to learn of him fome particulars concerning Cerva?rtes and Don Quixote, the Spaniard very gravely aflured him, that Cervantes was a wag, the whole book fiction and meer invention; and that there never was fuch a peribn as Don Quixote. We daily fee people of a grofs and low tafte apt to be offend- ed at a ferious manner of jefting, either in writing or conver- fation ; and therefore it will not be improper here to take notice of the frequent oaths, the author puts into the mouths of Don Quixote and his fquire, and likewife of the pious refkaions and ejaculations made -by both upon very mean and ridiculous occa- fions. However unwarrantable this practice may be among ca- fuifts, it is certainly no fault that falls under the cognizance of a critic, neither can Cervantes in juftice be condemned, who ap- pears, in feveral parts of this very work, to be a man, not only of great morality, but true piety. We mould rather blame the difpofition and mode of his country, where the authors fre- quently take the liberty of mingling what we call profanenefs and religion together. But above all the old romances, which he fatirfzes, abound in this very practice. May I not add, that TZe TRANSLATOR j PREFACE. vii that a good writer of humour proceeds like a mailer-painter, who is defigning pictures by invention? Firft, he is intent upon fixing the general idea of the characters, and, when he has car- ried thefe as far as he is able by the mere ftrength of his ge- nius, he then applies himfelf to minuter likeneffes from nature itfelf, to come nearer to the life, and defcribe the particulars more ftrongly. Thus the very interfperfing thofe oaths and eja- culations contributes much towards giving the work that air of nature and truth, fo neceiTary in a piece of this kind. There are feveral broad hints of fatire upon the wealth, the power and fplendor of the clergy, as inconfiftent with the ori- ginal chriftian fcheme; and he has alfo made pretty free with .the voluntary penances, and heroic whippings, of his own coun- trymen. Such ftrokes would certainly never have paffed the jealous eyes of the Inquifition> had they not been fagacioufly ba- lanced by feveral humble and dutiful paffages in favour of pious donations, foundations, Purgatory, praying to faints, and other profitable doctrines of the church. In ibme places you meet with fundry quaint turns, and now and then fome obfolete expreffions in bombaft fpeeches; both which vices he endeavours to expofe in thofe very paffages, by making his hero imitate the ftile and phrafe ufual in the ro- mances fo much in vogue : and one would wonder how raon- fieur and mademoifelle Scudery, and the reft of the Beaux efprits of the French academy, could be fo barren of invention, and fo unthinking, as to copy that very model of romance fet down by Cervantes, wherein their heroes and heroines are exact- ly defcribed, and the whole fyftem ridiculed; particularly in the difcourles of Don Quixote and the canon. I thought here to have ended this preface : but confidering that this work was calculated to ridicule that falfe fyftem of ho- nour and gallantry, which prevailed even 'till our author's time ; to viit The TRANSLATORS PREFACE. to which there are frequent allu lions through the whole of this work ; I have chofen to give fome account of the rife, progrefs, and continuance of it, in this place. As far back as we have any records of the northern nations, it appears, that they decided controverfies and difputes by the fword. Lucian tells us, that whoever was vanquifhed there in fingle combat, had his right hand cut off. Ccefar, in his fixth book, fays, the Germa?is reckoned it gallant and brave to rob and plunder their neighbours ; and Tacitus obferves, they fel- dom terminated a difpute with words, but with wounds and death. But nothing can better fhew, how common this practice was among the people, than the fatal inftance of ^uintilius Va- rus in Velleius Paterculus. Varus commanded three Roman le- gions, with their allies, upon the Rhine ; where the enemy tak- ing notice, that he was more intent upon deciding caufes in a judicial way, than upon the -difcipline and care of his army, took occafion from thence of forming a defign to furprize and deftroy him and his army. And this they partly effected, by amufing him every day with fcuffles and quarrels, contrived among themfelves, to furnifh Varus with ftore of plaintiffs and defendants ; pretending to be extremely furprized and pleafed to fee the Romans end thofe difputes by the magistrate and civil deadings, which the Germans knew no other way of determin- ing but by the fword. All over the north, fingle combat was allowed upon various grounds. Krantz, the DaniJJj hiftorian, tells us, how ufual it was to decide caufes this way; and that, not only between per- fons of equal circumftances; but fo Shameful a thing was it deemed to decline it, that even fovereigns have accepted a chal- lenge from their own rebellious Subjects. Aldanus, King of Sweden, fought with Sivaldus in the lifts; and Addingus, king of Denmark, with Tojfo, who had in vain endeavoured to raife an infurrection againfi; him. Schioldus (nephew to that Dane, who 77j^ TRANSLATORS PREFACE. ix who gave the name to Denmark, they fay, before Romulus) challenged his rival Scato, the German, to duel for a young la- dy. The famous pirate Ebbon demanded the daughter of Un- guinus, king of the Goths, in marriage, with half his kingdom for her dowry; and there was no avoiding a concellion or a combat; but, by good fortune, another bravo had challenged Ebbon, and killed him. In the reign of Fronto the third, king of Denmark, one Greppa was acculed by one Henrick of hav- ing violated the queen's majefty ; and though the thing was true, and publick enough, yet Greppa, to prove his innocence, chal- lenged the accufer : Henrick was {lain, and after him his father and brothers, who endeavoured to revenge his death. By degrees their acute legiflators found out, that women, and old or infirm men, were under too great hardfhips, and there- fore, in equity, allowed them the ufe of a champion, to battle it in their ftead. Gejliblind, king of the Goths, challenged in his old age by the king of Sweden, fent his champion : and Elgo?t of Norway, having a mind to the daughter of Frid/evus, fent the famous Starcuter to fight his rivals ; who, notwithftand- ing his being fb redoubted in arms, flew Oh the Norwegian by treachery. It is recorded, that thefe champions were a fet of the vileft fellows in the world, who often yielded themfelves vanquifhed for a bribe; and then the unhappy principal was de- livered up into the power of the victor, who fometimes put him to death. But, when the treachery was too palpable, the vil- lain loft his right hand, and he and his patron were branded with a note of perpetual infamy. Saxo Grammaticus, who wrote about the year 1200, fays, that Fronto above-mentioned decreed, " That all controversies fhould be decided by arms, " deeming it more reputable to contend with blows, than with " words." Before this the Longobards, of German extraction, who had continued and multiplied feveral ages in Italy, be^an to copy after the Italians with a notable mixture of their ori- Vol. I. a ginal The TRANSLATOR'; PREFACE. ginal genius. App. Sigonius, 1. 2. fays, Rot art, with the con- fent of his nobles and army in Pavia, enacted, " That if any " five years poifeftbr of any thing, moveable or immoveable, be " taxed by any man as wrongfully poffefiing, he may juftify ii his title by Due/:" And whichfoever of the combatants gave ground fo far, as to let his foot beyond the line affigned them, loft his caufe as vanquished. In fome places the rigours were extreme: axes and halters, gallows and gibbets, were prepared without the lifts, and the poor caitiff was hanged or difmem- bered, who happened to be worfted. By length of time the climate began to loften thele favage minds. At fiift, the goods and chattels of the vanquifhed be- longed to the conqueror : but this practice was laid afide ; for no wealthy gentleman could be fafe. The horfe and arms were a great while a perquifite : but, in procefs of time, this alio was retrenched to the ofTenfive weapons the unfortunate had made ufe of in the lifts. Thefe the conqueror hung up in fome church under his own; and, if he liked the enemy's device upon his fhield, he made an exchange. One of the Vifconti fa- mily defeated a Saracen of quality in the lifts, and that houfe, to this day, bears a viper with a bloody child in its mouth, the Saracens device. In the Longobard Codex, rates were fet by law upon affronts, as well as affaults and batteries, of both which I will fet down a fample. When any perfon had beaten another, and made a li- vid fpot or wound, he was amerced three crowns for the firft, fix for the fecond, nine for the third, twelve for the fourth beating, and all beyond went into the bargain. You fee the pe- nalty for wounding a man : now behold how facred were his honour and his property, and hew guarded by the wifclom of the law. Item, fix crowns for pulling him by the beard; the fame for taking away a pole from his hops, or his vines ; the fame for plucking off the hair of his neighbour's horfe's tail ; three 77^ TRANSLATOR; PREFACE. xi three for beating a fervant-wench, and making her miicarry ; and juft the fame for making a mare caft her foal, or a cow her calf! Again, if you ftruck a man on the head, fo as to make a fracture, twelve crowns; twenty-four for the fecond blow; thirty-fix for the third: but if there happened to be any more fractures, the patient muft be quiet; for the ftatute is exprefs, and in very good Latin, Sit content its. A catalogue is drawn up of the members of the human body : fo much for a fimple tooth, and fo much for a grinder : the nofe was always a tick- lifh article, and twenty-four crowns was always the loweft penny: but, for airafTmating a baron or fquire by treachery, nine hundred crowns; and, to fhew their zeal for the church, the fame for murdering a bifhop. They allowed of duel in nineteen cafes; eighteen of which were to be fought at blunts, with a club and a fhield ; but the nineteenth was for high-treafon, and to be fought at fharps with the fword. I forgot to mention, that, in their books of rates, to call a man cuckold was fined at twelve crowns, and, to ofTer to prove it, admitted of a combat in form. Not only fingle perfons, but whole towns have challenged other towns to battle, by firft engaging fome great families, then the friends and dependents of each, 'till numbers were embarked on both fides, and much blood was fpilt. When they came to an accommodation, the terms were fometimes pretty hard upon the vanquifhed party : " That they mould lower their tower, wall " up fome gate, clothe in black, with the lining black alfo, and " not fhave their beards in ten years." When it grew out of fafhion to hang or difmember, fall the poor vanquifhed was in a wretched cafe, given up to the difpofal of the vi&or. The he- rald proclaimed him, at the corners of the lifts, guilty, falfe and perjured; he was unarmed backwards; he ,was to walk back- wards out of the lifts ; his armour was thrown piece by piece over the barrier; and, thenceforward, no gentleman would keep a 2 him xii r^TRANSLATORV PREFACE. Kim company. But the ufual way was for the conquerors to fend the conquered as tokens to their miftrefles, to be diipofed of as they thought proper. One cavalier, in a pious fit, pre- fented his prifoner to St. Peter 's, where the canons of that ca- thedral employed him to handle a broom inftead of a (pear, and he (wept their church feveral years with great applaufe. This kind of practice favoured too much of infolence, and by degrees, and Italian refinements, the vanquishers became the pinks of courteiy. Out of pure gallantry, they did not require their adverfary to yield, though the fuperiority was apparent, but only to confefs and acknowledge his antagonift to be as much a gentleman as himlelf. Now they began to reduce the cuftom of {ingle combat to a Science, and thus it fpread all over Europe. The cavaliers entered the lifts for injurious words, as well as for injurious aSlions. Then frequent difputes arofe about the ex- preffion, or the tone with which it was uttered : here they gave one another the lye plentifully, one affirming, the other denying. By thefe military laws, the challenged was to have the choice of the weapons, of the field, and of the judge; which advantage was often fatal to the appellant, by fome foul play or other; whence every man that quarrelled ufed great addrefs to make himfelf defendant, to be inticled to the aforefaid privilege. As cafes were often dubious, the advocates applied to the ftudy of diftin&ions. They grew as numerous as the ftudents of the ci- vil law, and as many books were written upon the fubjecl:. So many exceptions were allowed, and fo many treatifes written on both fides the queftion, before the quarrel could be eftablijh- ed (as they called it) that there was no likelihood of any end. The lye was grown fo terrible, that no prudent perfon would venture to ufe a negative particle, left it mould be conftrued by the cafuifts an oblique way of giving the lye. A man could not fay; " Sir, you are mifinformed," without hazarding a duel. People found out qualifying mediums: " Excufe me, Sir; Par- " don - Tie TRANSLATORS PREFACE. xiii " don mc, Sir;" which in Italy and France remain the court modes of fpeech to this day. Though all gentlemen were under thefe predicaments, yet thole, who were dubbed knights, were under a more immediate and precife obligation: they took an oath to be ready at all calls; their arms and armour were always furbifhing, and their horfes in the flable; and inftantly, upon the receipt of a letter, or gauntlet, by a trumpet, to horfe and away: for, mould any of thele cavaliers have made excufes, or feemed to decline a com- bat, their fpurs were hacked off, and they were degraded of courfe, as recreant knights, and perjured perfons, for behaving contrary to their oath at the girding on their fvvords. If a cava- lier was calumniated after his death, his next of kin was to take up the quarrel ; and if a gentleman happened to die after he was challenged, and before the combat, his neareft relation was bound to appear in the lifts, and maintain he did not die for fear. In thele bleffed ages, when people were obliged to combat by this divine right of fucceflion, a ftrong adroit fellow has ex- tinguifhed a whole generation, and the merits of the caufe point blank againft him all the while. But, of all obligations, that of vindicating the honour of the ladies was the moft binding : their beauty and chaftity were the two topicks that made heroes fwarm like wafps in a hot fummer, each valuing himfelf upon the juftice of his caufe, and, in the very act of encountering that launce, which perhaps in a mo- ment was pufhed three yards through his body, mutterino- a re- commendatory prayer to heaven, and to his miftrefs; for they were bound in gallantry to believe their future blifs depended equally upon both. This was very grofs, and feemed to oe a high contempt of that abfolution in artkulo mortis^ upon which the church of Rome lays fo great a ftrefs. Wherefore the La- teran council anathematized all thefe bravos, to the great difcou- ragement of chivalry. Some princes grew fqueamim, and would c% not xiv The TRANSLATOR'; PREFACE. not allow of combats a tutto tranfito (as the Italians called it) that is, to kill downright, unlefs in extraordinary cafes. But fighting ftill was fo univerfally in vogue, that in every country in Europe a free field was fet out, and every petty prince, out of oftentation of his fovereignty, though he had hardly ten acres of territory, would have his Campo Franco^ with judges, and all the proper officers fixed, that juftice might not be retarded for want of fuch a judicature (as they called it) at hand. The bed of honour was ready made, and death flood waiting to put out the lights, and draw his fable curtain. Letters-pate?it were drawn up by the elaborate Secretary, recording all the circum- ftances at large, and always with ibme flourifhes in favour of the conqueror : thefe were witneffed by all the cavaliers and men of quality prefent. The very ecclefiaftics were not exempt : for in 1 1 76, Matthew Paris informs us, the pope's legate ob- tained a privilege, " That the clergy mould be no longer com- " pelled to fingle combat." Philip the fair of F?~a?tce, in 1306, by his conftitutions, al- lowed of decifions by combat; and becaufe the ladies could not decently engage in cold blood, and cold iron, they were in- dulged, out of tendernefs to the loft lex, the Trial ordeal: burning plow-mares, with troughs of fcalding liquor, were placed at unequal diftances upon the ground : the accufed was blind- folded, and, if fhe chanced to tread clear of all thefe gins, her innocence was apparent, and heaven favoured her righteous caufe : but, if fhe was fcalded or burnt, god have mercy on her ! Edward the confejjors mother Emma underwent this trial, and came off fafe from nine plow-fhares. If the charge was for witchcraft, which ufually happened to women in old age, they were thrown into fome deep pond or river, and, if the operators pulled them out before they were quite fuffocated, it was well ; but if after they were actually drowned, there was ftill this mercy, they efcaped burning. While the TRANS LATORV PREFACE. xv While thefe cuftoms were in vogue, fuperftition had a noble latitude. Saxo Grammaticus^ 1. I. & 4. tells us, it was gene- rally believed, that " fome men were invulnerable by magic; " fome armour, by necromantic art, of proof and impenctra- " ble, unlefs fome magician of fuperior skill forged a fword " of fuch temper, as nothing could refill." Some ballams were thought fo fovereign, as to heal all wounds, and, in confe- quence of thefe opinions, the combatants, at entering the lifts, were obliged to take an oath, that they had no fuch thing about them. During the prevalency of thefe barbarous cuftoms, St. Peters fuccefTors took the opportunity of fifhing fome utility out of them, by inciting the princes of Chrijlendom to undertake to re- cover the holy fepulchre from the hands of the Saracens ; as well as to eftablifh certain military orders. Thefe were a kind of re- ligious edged- tools, who were fo zealous at their firft dubbing, that, not content to flay at home, and ferve their king and country, they armed, and mounted forthwith, and, accompa- nied by a trufty fquire, went about the world in quefr. of ad- ventures. Their oath at their installation obliged them " to re- " drefs wrongs, relieve widows and orphans, chaftife info- " lence , &c. " Thefe injunctions they pioufly took au pied de la lettre\ and thofe cavaliers, who were of a com- panionate character, fet up for immediate redrefs of grie- vances, and fteered their courfe towards whatever court or city was moft renowned for valiant knights. Thofe of an amorous complexion offered to maintain, that their miftreffes were fupe- rior in beauty to all the ladies of the faid court or city. At their arrival, they publifhcd a cartel or manifefto declaring their pretenfions. The companionate knights infifted, that fuch a damfel fhould have right done her upon an inconftant or faith- lefs lover; fuch a widow or orphan have redrefs of a certain grievance; fuch an old or infirm perfon have fatisfa&ion given him. xvi Me TRANSLATORS PREFACE. him. If any of thefe or the like demands were reje&ed, a combat enfued of courfe, and the ftranger knight was to be treated with great diftinclion 'till the queftion was decided. Some gay cavaliers carried the humour farther, and took a company of damfels upon pal fries about with them, to flake them againft their opponents women. Their letters of defiance were ufually in an extraordinary ftile. I will tranfcribe a few of the ancient and authentic precedents, in their own words, from their hiftorian and advocate, Faufio the Italian ; by which fpecimen you will find our cavaliers of Hockley were a fet of modeft gentlemen. CHALLENGE. " You may have heard I am one that make pretention to " beautiful damfels; and I am credibly informed you have one " called Perina, faid to be wonderous handfome : now, if you " do not fend her me forthwith, or acquaint me when I may " fend for her, prepare to fight me." ANSWER. .- " You are not fuch a man, that one of my rank mould re- " gard what you pretend to. Perina is mine, and handfome : I will meet you, and bring her with me into the lifts : you fhall flake a couple of yours againft her, becaufe they have lefs beauty and worth. When I have vanquifhed you, they fhall wait upon Peri?ia as long as fhe pleafes." cc u 1 . t .T l %/ ->> " -. (§A - 1 i THE L I F E O F Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. WRITTEN BY DON GREGORIO MAYANS & SISCAR. Ichael de Cervantes Saavedra, who when living was a valiant Soldier, tho' Friend- lefs and Unfortunate j and a very eminent Writer, tho' without any Patron to favour him ; was never- thelefs, when dead, emuloufly adopted by feveral Countries, who laid Claim to his Birth. Efquivias calls him hers. Seville denies her that Honour, and afiumes it to her felf. Lucena makes the fame Pre- tention. Each alledges her Right, and none of ctem is allow'd it. r. The Claim of Efquivias is efpous'd by Don Thomas Tamayo de Fargas, a moll learned Man : Probably, becaufe Cervantes beflow'd on that Place the Epithet Renown' d> but the fame Cervantes explains himfelf by faying : On a tboufand Accounts Renown'd: one for her zV- luftrious Families •, another for her mojl illujlrious M r incs. i. Famayo's great Rival, Don Nicholas Antonio, pleads for the City of Seville ; and to prove his Point, advances two Reafons or Conjectures. Pie fays that Cervantes, when very \ oung, faw Lope de Rtteda act Plays in Seville ; and adds, that the Sur- names of Cervantes and Saavedra are peculiarly Sevillian Names. The firft Conjecture proves but little. For when I my fdf was a Child, I faw a noted Play fand it is the only one I ever fawj acted at Falenc\a % and yet I was not born there, but at Vol. I. a Befides 2 'The L I F E of BsfHes, when Cervantes was faying, that (a) Lope de Rueda, a Man of an excellent Under/landing, as well as a celebrated Player , was a Native of Seville, it was natural likewife to have call'd it his own Country : but neither in that Place, nor in any other where he names Seville, does he once take any notice of his being born in that City. The fecond Conjecture proves yet lefs : For if Michael de Cervantes Saavedra had had his Extraction from the Cervantes and Saavedras of Seville, thofe being Noble Fa- milies, he wou'd have mention'd it fome where or other fpeaking fo often of himfelf as he does in his Works ; now the moil that he fays, is, that he was a Gentleman, without adding any Circumftance fpecifying his Family. Befides, had he been born at Seville, furely among the Cervantes and Saavedra Families there, fome among them had preferv'd the glorious Memorial of having giv'n to Spain fo illuftrious a Perfon. A Proof which wou'd have been alledg'd by Don Nicholas Antonio as he efpous'd that Opinion, and was himfelf a Native of Seville. 3. As for Lucena : the People there have a Tradition our Author was born among Them. When this Tradition is clearly made out, or the Parifh-Regifter is produced to confirm it, we fhall readily believe it. 4. Mean while I hold it for a Certainty, that Cervantes drew his firft Breath at Madrid, fince he himfelf in His Voyage to Parnajfus, (b) taking leave of that Great Town, (for it is no City) thus addrefTes himfelf to it: Then, turning to my humble lowly Cell, Farewel, faid I ; and Thou, Madrid, Farewell Farewel ye Fountains, Prado, and ye Plains, Where Neclar flows, and where Ambrofia rains. Adieu, AJfcmblies, Converfation fweet, Where the Forlorn awhile their Cares forget. Adieu, delightful and Romantic Spot, Where, flruck with Lightning from the Thund , rer Jhof 7 Attempting a Scalade on Heav'n's high Wall, Two Earth-imprifon'd Giants ci/rfe their- Fall. Adieu the Publick Theatres, from whence, To take-in Farce, they've bav.ifht Common Senfe. Adieu the blefl St. Philip' j fpacious Walk, Where States are weigh' 'd, and News is all the Talk : How crefl-faln or elate the Turkifh Hound, How the * wing'd Lion wins or lofes Ground. * Venice. Adieu, pale Hunger ! • to avoid the Fate, Jf here I flay, of Dying at thy Gate, This Day^ in order to prevent the Blow, Out of MT COUNT RT and my felf I go. 5. Having made this Obfervation, I turn'd to the Minutes which Don Nicholas An- tonio took in order to form his Bibliotheca, and in the margin thereof I found he had added this very Proof of Cervantes\ Country ; but being defirous to maintain his old Opinion, he concludes thus; By the Words MY COUNTRY may be underftood d! (a) In the Preface to bis Eight Comedies. (Jb) Chap. I, Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 3 all Spain. Whoever reads Cervantes's Verfes attentively and without partiality, will fee that this Interpretation of D. Nicholas Antonio is ftrain'd, and even contrary to Cer- •vantes's Meaning ; for the firft fixteen Lines are a defcriptivc Definition of Madrid; the three next Verfes an Apoftrophe or Speech, directed to his Hunger ; and the Lift Verfeof all, a Return to the Town of Madrid, where, he had before told us, he had an humble lowly Cell, out of which he was going on his Journey to Pamaffus; A Journey, the Defcription whereof carry'd him as it were out of himfclf, by way of Poetical Tranfport ; Hoi de Ml P A T R I A, i de mi mifmo falgo. Out of MX COUNTRY and my felf I go. Befides, in the Lines immediately following, he fays, Then, to the Port, by flow degrees, I came, Which to the Carthaginians owes its Name : A Port which EolusV Rage defies, Impervious to that Blufterer of the Skies : A Port , to whofe clear Fame all Ports muft vail The Sea e'er wafht, Sun J aw, or Alan cou'd fail. 6. If Cervantes by his Country had meant all Spain, (a thing very improper, and in- confiftent with his accurate way of writing) when he quitted Spain, then he fhou'd have call'd her his Country, and not when he directed his Speech to Madrid and quit- ted that Town, in order to go to Cartagena, efpecially going as he did, by flow de- grees, to that famous Sea-port, where he was to embark for his Voyage to Pamaffus in Company with Mercury. 7. Be it therefore taken for granted, that Madrid was the Place of Alichael de Cer- vantes Saavedra's Nativity, and likewife the Place of his Abode. Apollo himfelf gives Evidence of this in the Superfcription of a pleafant Letter of his, in thefe Terms, (c) To Michael de Cervantes Saavedra, in Or chard-fir eet, fronting the Palace formerly belonging to the Prince of Morocco, in Madrid. Poflage, half a Real, I mean feventeen Marave- dis. And his Habitation feems to have been none of the beft, fince he concludes the Account of his Voyage, thus, Then full of Spleen I fought my old, dark Cell. 8. Cervantes was born in the Year 1549. as may be gather'd from thefe Words which he wrote on the 14th Day (d) of July, 161 3. // does not fuit one of my Tears to make a J eft of the other World: For I am now on the wrong fide of Sixty four. [Por la mano, aforehand in Spani/h,) which I take to mean an anticipation of fome few Days. So that I'm apt to think he was born in July ; and when he wrote thofe Words, he might be fixtyfour Years old, and fome Days. 9. From his moft tender Years he was very fond of Books : Infomuch that, fpeaking of himfelf, he fays, ( u naturally an Enemy to Mankind. Only one Spanifh Soldier htm hoiv to deal him ; his Name was Saavedra •, and becaufe he did fuch Things as will not eafily be forgot- ten by the Turks, and all to gain his Liberty, his Majler never gave him a Blow, nor ujed him ill either in Word or Deed ; and yet we were always afraid that the leaf of his Pranks wou'd make him be impaled ; nay, he himfelf was fometimes afraid of it too ; and if it were not for fear of taking up too much of our Time, I could tell fuch Paffages of this Soldier, as would divert the Company much better than the Relation of my Advent* , and caufe more Wonder in them. Thus far Cervantes, fpeaking of himfelf by the Mouth of another Captive ; by whofe Teftimony it fhou'd feem that he was but a common Soldier, and fo he calls himfelf on other Occafions ; (o) and not an Enfign, much lefs a Captain : Titles with which he wou'd have certainly honour'd himfelf, at leaft in the Frontifpiece of his Works, had he enjoy'd either of thofe Ports. Five Years and an half he was a Captive, and from thence had learnt to bear Afflictions patiently. He then return'd to Spain (p), and apply'd himfelf to the writing of Comedies, of which he compos'd feveral, all of them well receiv'd by the Publick, and acted with great Applaufe, both for the Newnefs of the Art and the Decorations of the Stage, which were wholly owing to the Wit and good Tafte of Cervantes. Thefe were The Cufioms or Humours of Algiers, Numantia, The Sea-fight, and many others ; Cervantes (q) hand- ling the Firft and Lad as an Eye-Witnefs. He likewife wrote feveral Tragedies, which were much extolled, (r) His good Friend Vincent Efpinel, the Inventor of a parti- cular Sort of Verfe, from him call'd Efpinelas, thought him worthy of a Place in his ingenious Temple of Memory, lamenting the Misfortune of his Captivity, and celebrat- ing the Beauty of his Poetical Genius, in this Octave : In vain wert Thou by unrelenting Fate Caft on a moft inhofpitable Shore ; In vain thy adverfe Stars malicious Hate Made Thee a Captive to the Mifcreant Moor ; Thy Mind fill free, Cervantes ; undepreji Thy Wit too ; Both exert a Force Divine : Phcebus and Pallas fill infpire thy Breaft, And bid Thee with fuperior Luftrefhine. Louis Galvez de Montalvo had expreft himfelf in much the fame manner before Ef , in his Verfes prefixt to Galatea : Whiljl Saracens beneath their galling Yoke Thy captive Neck controll'd, And whiljl Thy Mind, impajjive to the Stroke t On Faith kept f after Hold, Heav'n did indeed rejoice ; but Earth for lor ne In Tears her Lofs confeft ; The Mufts too, when Thou from Them wert torne y A Widow's Grief expreft. . ,. _. But (o) In bis Voyage to Parnaflus, ch. \. In Preface to Galatea. In the Approbation of the Second Part ef Don Quixote; and fame manufcript Pieces treating of Algiers. (p) Preface to bis Novels. (q) Part I. of Don Quixote, ch. 48. (r) Ibid. J 6 The L 1 F E of But fi nee, releafl from that Barbarian Band, O Thou our Souls Defire ! Thou vififjl once again thy native Land, Inviolate and entire, Heav'n owns thy Worth : All Mankind does rejoice ; And Spain once more Jhall hear the Mufes Voice. The Clofe of this Sonnet proves that Cervantes, even before he was a Captive, was efteemed one of the moft Eminent Poets of his Time. 13. But as the Information which comes by Hear-fay t is wont to be none of the trued: ; Cervantes would fubject himfelf to the rigorous Examen of fuch as fhou'd be inclin'd to read his Performances. Accordingly in the Year 1584 he publifh'd his Six Books of Galatea, which he prefented, as the Firft-fruits of his Wit, to Afcanio Colonna, at that time Abbot of St. Sophia, and fince Cardinal-Prieft with the Title of the Holy Crofs of Jerufalem. Don Louis de Vargas Manrique celebrated this Work of Cervantes in a Commendatory Sonnet, which, becaufe it is much beyond what is ufually written on fuch Occafions, I fhall here fubjoin : 'The Sovereign Gods, when They on Thee beftow^d Such various Gifts of Nature and of Art, Their Greatnefs, Great Cervantes, fully fhow'd In Thee, to whom thofe Gifts they did impart. Jove gave to Thee his Thunderbolt, the Pow'r Of Words to fplit the hardeft Rocks in twain : Diana gave to Thee, by way of Dower, In Chaftity of Style ? excel each Swain : Hermes the artful Tale with Plot improves, And Mars contributes Nerves to make thee Strong ; Venus and Cupid gave Thee all their Loves, And Phoebus aided the concerted Song : TJoe Nine learn'd Sifters did enrich thy Mind, 7 And All his Shepherds Pan to Thee rcfigtid. j 14. This Sonnet is both a true and a beautiful Defcription of the Galatea, a Novel wherein Cervantes has manifested the Penetration of his Wit in the Invention, his Fertility of Fancy in the abundance of his beautiful Defcriptions and entertaining Epifodes-, his rare Ability in unravelling many feemingly indiflbluble Knots; and his Happinefs in choofing proper Words and Phrafes peculiarly adapted to the Perfons he introduces, and to the Subject he treats of. But what is more to be commended, is, his handling Love-Matters with Modefty, herein imitating Hcliodorus and Athenagoras, the former of whom was of Phoenicia and wrote the Amours of Theagenes and Chari- clea. As for the latter, 'tis uncertain whether ever fuch a Perfon exifted at all ; for if the Conjectures of the learned Biftiop Huetius are true, it was William Philander that wrote the Novel of Perfecl Love, and father'd it on Athenagoras. Let this be as it will, our Cervantes wrote of Love fo judicioufly and philofophically, that we have no rea- fon to regret the Lofs of Arijletle's Eroticks, or the Love-Books of his two Difciples Clearchus and Theophraflus :, or of Ariflon of Ceos, another Peripatetic. But even this Delicacy Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 7 Delicacy with which Crrj. ■-.:.■; treated the Subject of Love, he was afraid wou'd be imputed to him as a Fault, and therefore he endeavoured to clear himfelf beforehand : Well I know (fays he) that in Pafloral Matters there is a particular Style which ought to lie rejlrain'd -within due Bounds, fince even the Prince cf Latin Poefy has been found j> with for foaring much higher in Some of his Eclogues than in others : And therefore I J be the lefs concern' J, fhou'd any one condemn me for putting Philofophic Reafonings into tie Mouths offome Enamoured Shepherds and Shepherdsjj'cs, who Seldom aim at a high Style in their Difcourfe, or talk oS any thing but Country- Affairs. But when it is confix that many of my Shepherds are only fo in Dijguife, and wear a Pafloral Habit purely to carry on the Defign oS the Novel, this Objection will fall to the Ground. But Cei vantcs did not find it fo eafy a Matter to clear himfelf of another Objection, which was his interweaving into this Novel fo many Epifodes, that their Multiplicity confounds the Reader's Imagination, let it be ever fo attentive ; for they come fo thick, that though they are work'd in with great Art, yet this very Art gives no room to follow the Thread of the Narration, which is frequently interrupted with new Incidents. He was fenfible of this, and confeft as much when he introdue'd the Curate Perez (who was a Man of Learning, and a Graduate of Siguenza,) and Mr. Nicholas the Barber, faying: But xvhat is that Book (ask'd the Curate) which is next to the Song-Book? (mean- ing Maldonado's Cancionero.) It is (reply'd the Barber) The Galatea of Michael de Cervantes. That Cervantes has been my intimate Acquaintance thefe many Tears, cry'd the Curate -, and I know he has been more converfant with Misfortunes than with Pd His Book indeed has fomething in it that Jaews a happy Invention. It aims at Something, but concludes Nothing Therefore we mujl fry for the Second Part, which he has promised us. Perhaps he may make us amends, and obtain a full Pardon, which is deny'd him for theprefent; till that time keep him clofe Prifoner at your Houfe. The Second Part oi this Pafloral Novel was never publifh'd, tho' often promis'd by the Author. (.<) One Thing I obferv'd fome Years ago, and I here repeat it, fince it naturally falls in with the Subjecl:, and that is, the Style of The Galatea is not very orderly, but rathe, con- fus'd, and in fome Places abounding with affected Oddities. The Words are indeed very proper, but the constructive Fart violent', becaufe irregular, and contrary to the ufual way of Speaking. Herein the Author imitated the ancient Books of Knight- Errantry ; but in his Dedication and Preface he preferves a more natural Difpofition ot Style, and ftill more in the Pieces he publifh'd afterwards ; all which are a manifeft Retractation of his former Error. In The Galatea there are Songs and Verfes in both thofe kinds of Spanifh Poetry, call'd Arte Menor, and Arte Mayor (/). Thofe of the firft Sort, in The Galatea, are exquifitely judicious and equally delightful, replete with moil delicate Sentiments, and the I anguage inconceivably fweet. His Compofitions of the Arte Mayor, in that Piece, are much inferior ; however, there are fome Verfes in k which may vie with the beft of any Poet whatever. 15. But (s) In an Oration in praife of Don Diego Saavedra FayardoV Works, prefxd to his Rcfpublici Li- terana, reprinted in Madrid Anno Domini 1736. (t) Coplas de Arte Menor, or Verfes of the lcfler Art, ctherwife call'd Redondillas, are Jhort Vtrfet m which the firft and fourth, and the fecond and third rhyme. Thofe of the Art.- Mayor, or the Greater Art, is when each Verfe conftfls of twelve Syllables, or contains two Verfes oS the leffer Rcdon- dilla, each of which has fix Syllables. The Rhyme, in both, alike. 8 -The L I F E of 1 5. But this is not the Work from which we are to take an Eftimate of the Great- nefs of Cervantes's Wit, his Miraculous Invention, or the Purity, Sweetnefs, and Eafi- nefs of his Style. All which are moll admir'd in the Books he wrote of the ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha. This was his Principal Under- taking ; and an impartial Examen of this Work mail be the Principal Subject of my Pen in thefe my particular Specifications of his Life, which I write with great Pleafure, fince I do it in obedience to the Commands of a Great Honourer of the worthy Me- mory of Michael de Cervantes Saavedra, who, if he had not already attain'd, as he certainly has, an Univerfal Fame, he wou'd now have attained it by the Favour of fo Iiluftrious a Protector. («) 16. The reading of bad Books is one of the principal Things corruptive of good Morals, and deftructive of the Public Weal. Now if fo much Mifchief arifes from Books which only give a bare Relation of bad Examples, what Effect will not fuch Books have which are feign'd on purpofe to inftil into unwary Minds a Poifon condited and conferv'd with the Sugar of a Delicious Style ? Such are the Milefian Fables, fo call'd from the City of Miletus in Ionia (a Province addicted to all kinds of Debauchery) where thefe Fables were firft introdue'd ; as alfo the Sibarites in Italy, from whence the Sibartic Fables took their Name. The whole Bufinefs of thefe Fables (I am only fpeaking of the leud ones) was to deftroy Religion, to beaftialize Human Nature, emafculate the Mind, harden Men into Brutes, or foften them into Eunuchs, and in- ftruct them in every thing that was wicked and deteftable, bafe and unworthy. - 17. The Hebrews wrote their idle Stories of the Cabala, and the Talmud, purely to fupport the Madncfs of their Incredulity, by the credulous Perfuafion of Fictions the moil ridiculous, extravagant and defpifablc that can be imagin'd, and to avoid affent- ing to the Truth of the Chriftian Religion, more vifible to the World than the Light of the Sun itfelf* and fuch is their Affection and Fondnefs for legendary lying Sto- ries, that in Truth itfelf they wou'd not own they fiw the Truth, even to that degree as, without any other Reafon or Foundation but their Love of Legends, to deny the Book of Job to be any other than a mere Parable. To them the Anabaptifts join'd their Belief, and audacioufly aflerted the Hiflory of EJlher and Judith to be in like manner nothing but Parables invented to divert and amufe the People. Thus do they make ufe of their Fables to confirm their Sect, and turn their own Inventions to the Deffruction of the Trueft and moft Authentic Hiffories that the World contains, and as fuch have been preferv'd to us by the proper Depofitaries. 18. With this fame Intention of deftroy ing the True Religion, was likewife written Mahomet's Alcoran^ which, as hath been obferv'd by the very learned Alexius Vinegas, (x) Ins a Quadripartite Seel, b the Firft and chief Part is the Swiniflo or Epicu- rean Life. The Second, a Jumble of Jewifh Ceremonies, void of the Signification they bore before the Coming of Chrift. The Third, a Texture of the Arian and Neitorian Herejies. And the Fourth, the Letter cf the Gofpel diftorted and ill expounded, to anfwer their de- ■jravd and wild Pretenf.om. Of this Stamp are the Stories of the Cradle and Arrow, firft broach' 'd by the Moors in their Church cf Malignant*. 19. Another (h) My Lord- Cvrteret. (x) In tit Expounding f/ Momu?, tranfatcd by Augultin de Aim a \ Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 9 19. Another Dcfign of the mifchievous Milcfian Books, is, to render the Readers of them Effeminate, by a lively Reprefentation of amorous Encounters, and exciting corrupt Ideas by lufciou's Imag'ry and Machinery. In this fort of Writings it were much better not to cite Examples, and if any be brought in, let it be Apuleiufs Afs, fo that the Example itfelf may put the Reader in mind that Indolence, and a fupine vile Difpofition, will transform Men into Beafts. 20. As on the one hand, Mens Minds are render'd effeminate by Books of Knight' Errantry, fo, on the other, fuch Books tend to make Savages of them, for therein are defcrib'd moft monflxous Performances of certain fictitious Knights, with each of them his Lady, for whom he commits a thoufand mad Pranks, even to that degree as to Pray to them, invoking them in their perilous Adventures with certain Forms of Words, as fo many Advocates and Mediatrixes in their Conflicts and Encounters ; and for their fakes they enter upon and atchieve Multitudes of extravagant and nonfenfical Matters. In fhort, the reading thefe Books ftirr'd up many to barbarous Actions thro* an imaginary Punctilio Of defending Women even for Caufcs abfolutely di (honourable. And things were come to that pafs, the very Laws cenfur'd fuch Doings as unfit to be countenanced, and accordingly declare it to be an Abufe : (y) In order to animate them- felves the mere, fays the old Collection of Spanijh Laws, they held it a noble thing to call upon the Name of their Mijlrejfes, that their Hearts might /well with an increafe of Cou- rage, and their Sha?ne be the greater if they fail'' d in their Attempts. 21. The laft Sort of pernicious Novels, is, fuch as, under the Pretence of warnino- People againft Roguery, do really teach it ; of which Compofuions we have in 5 fuch Multitudes of Examples, that it is needlefs to inftance any in particular. 22. Of all thefe Books, thofe that did moft harm to the Publick were fuch as had Knight-Errantry for their Subject. The Caufes of their Introduction were as follows." 23. The Northern Nations poffeffing themfelves of all Europe, the Inhabitants fiW away their Pens and laid hold of their Swords, of which they that had .the lootfefT and were confequently the ftrongeft, were moft efteemed. Barbarifm prov'd to be'the moft potent, and went out Conqueror ; Learning was beat down, the Knowledge of Antiquity loft, and the right Tafte annihilated. But, as there is no making fhift well without thefe Things, there fucceeded in their room a falfe Learning and a wrong Tafte. They wrote Hrftories which were fabulous, becaufe they had loft, or knew not how to find out the Memory of paft Occurrences. Some Men, who wou'd n< of a fudden fet up for Teachers, cou'd but ill inftruct their Readers in what they had never learnt themfelves. Such were Thcleftnus Helitis, an Engli/b Writer, who, about the Year 640, when King Arthur reign'd in Britain, wrote the Life and Actions of that King in a fabulous romantick Way. Herein he was imitated by . ,, w ho, in Kirg rcrtipers Reign, about the Year 650, wrote the Hiflory of Britain, inter- fpers'd with Tales of King Arthur and the Round Table. The Hiilory publifh'd by Gildas, furnam'd The Wife, a Welfh Monk, is of the fame Sortment: He relates the marvellous Exploits of King Arthur, Pereival and Lancelot. The Book written by French Hunibald, and abridg'd by the Abbot Trithem'w.s, is a heap of Lyes and i Childifh Stories. Another Book falfly afcrib'd to Archbifhop i . bein°- in truth Vol. I. b °rni (y) Set the izd Law. tit. 2 1 . Part. II. io fhe L I F E of mifdated by above 200 Years, treats of the Atchievements of Charlemagne, full of Fic- tions, and was indeed forg'd in France, not in Spain, as is by a certain Perfon averr'd only becaufe he was pleas'd to have it fo. With thefe Books we may couple the fabu- lous Hiftories falfly father'd on Hancon Forte?nan, Salcan Forteman, Sivard the Sage, John Abgil-lo Son of a King of Frizeland, and Adel Adeling a Defcendant from the Kings of the fame Nation ; all of whom are faid to have been Frizelanders, and to have liv'd in the Time of Charlemagne, whofe Story they wrote. 24. No lefs fabulous was the Hiftory of the Origine of the Frizelanders, afcrib'd to Occo Efcarlenfis, Grandfon (as fome feign) to a Sifter of Salcon Forteman's, and co- temporary with Otho the Great. Nor ought any more Credit to be given to the Hifto- ry compos'd by Geofry of Monmouth, a Briton, wherein are written The Life and Ad- ventures of King Arthur, and of the Wife Merlin, notwithftanding he is faid to have drawn them from ancient Memoirs. 25. Thefe were the Hiftories which were in fuch vogue among the Nations that were then lefs rude, and lefs ftupidly dull. There were Men that foolifhly bufy'd themfelves in coining and publifliing fuch extravagant Whims, becaufe there were Men ftill more foolifh, who read, applauded, and often believ'd them. 26. The Trobadores (a), I mean the Poets, who in the time of Louis the Pious began to cultivate the Gaya Ciencia (that is Poetry, as if one fhou'd fay The Gay, Pleafant Science) made it their Study to reduce to Metre thefe fame Figments ; and as they al- ways ufed to fing them, they became common. 27. In Spain the Ufe of Poetry is much more ancient. I am not treating of the moft remote Times, and therefore ftiall not quote Strabo : I'm fpeaking only of the common Poefy, which we call Rhythmical. There are no Traces of its ever being known in any Part of Europe before the Arabians came into Spain. They alone afford a creater Number of Poets and Poems than all the Europeans put together. 'Twas they that firft infpir'd this Poetical Itch, or perhaps confirm'd it in the Spaniards, who knew how to rhime to Perfection, as is related in a long, but not tedious Account thereof by Alvaro of Cordoves, (b) who lamented it as a Grievance a hundred and thirty Years after the Lofs of Spain. Whether many, or any, of thefe Arabian Poems mention'd by Alvaro, were a Species of Novels, I will not take upon me to fay ; but the Exploits of their Buhalul, fo much celebrated by them in Profe and Verfe, were, doubtlefs, of the Novel Kind. It is certain that Tradition, to this very Day, has pre- ferv'd in Spain what we call Cuentos de Viejas (Old Wives Tales) fill'd with Inchant- ments, which occafions fo many to believe them : And therefore Cervantes, with his ufual Propriety of Speech, calls his Novels, Cuentos (c). Yet Lope de Vega is for making a Diftin&ion between Cuentos and Novelas, (Tales and Novels), when, writ- ing to Senora Maria Leonarda, he thus expreffes himfelf : Tour Ladyjhip commands me to write a Novel. This is a Novelty to me; for, alt ho* it is true that in The Arcadia, and in The Pilgrim, there is fomcthing of this Kind and Style, more in ufe among the Italians and French, than the Spaniards, yet the Difference is great, and the Manner more (a) An old Name for Poets, from Trobar in old Snanifh, to find, (Trouver in French) i. e. to find Rhime for Verfcs. ' (b) See Aldrete Orig. de la Lengua Caftellana, Lib. I. cap. 22. (c) At the Clofe cf his Galatea, and the Dedication of his Novels. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 11 tnore humble. In an Age lefs judicious than ours., even the wifeft Men caWd Novels by the Name of Cuentos (Tales). Thefe latter were got by heart, and never committed to Writing, that I remember. I, for my part, am apt to think that if there's any Diffe- rence, (which I doubt,) it is, that the Cuento, or Tale, is the fhorter of the two. Be that as 'twill, the Cuentos (Tales) are ufually call'd Novelets (Novels,) and fo vice versa, and both of them Fables. Thofe who profefs Exactnefs and Propriety in Speech will tell you there is a farther Sort of Fables, and thefe they call Fables of Chivalry : For which realbn Lope de Vega, purfuing his Difcourfe of SpanifJo Cufloms in relation to their Fondnefs for Fiction, immediately adds : Becaufe their Fables were reduced to a kind of Books which bad the Appearance of Hijlories, and were call'd in the Caftillian Tongue Cavallerias, as much as to fay, The Atchievements of Valorous Knights. Herein the Spaniards were mojl ingenious, becaufe in the Matter of Invention no Nation in the World excells them, a's may be feen in fo many Efplandianes'/, Phebus'j, PalmerinV, LifuarteV, FloranbeloV, Pharamondo'j, and the celebrated and mofl re- nowned Amadis, Father of all this endlefs Multitude, which was written by a Portuguefe Lady. Reading thefe laft Words, I was fomewhat ftartled, becaufe at the time when the Romance of Amadis was firft publifh'd, there was not, at lead that ever I heard, a Lady in the Kingdom of Portugal capable of writing a Book of fo much Invention and Novelty. 28. The learned and judicious Author of The Dialogue of the Languages, who wrote in Charles the Vth's Time, and beflow'd much Pains and Time in examining Amadis de Gaule, never fpeaks of it as if he took it to be the Work of a Woman, but a Man. The learned and judicious Archbifhop of Tarragona, Don Antonio Aaguflin, fpeakin^. of Amadis de Gaule, has thefe Words : (d) A Piece which the Portuguefe fay was com- posed by (e) Vafco Lobera. And one of the Interlocutors prefently adds, This is ano- ther Secret which few are acquainted with. Manuel de Feria iSoufa, in his learned Pre- face to the Fuente de Aganippe, publifh'd a Sonnet, which fays that the Infante Don Pe- dro of Portugal, Son to King John the Firft, wrote in praife of Vafco de Lobera, for having written that feign'd Story of Amadis de Gaula. I have heretofore obferv'd, that Amadis de Gaula is exactly the Anagram of La Vida de Gama, (f) (The Life of Gama.) From whence my Friends the Portuguefe may infer many other very likely Con- jectures. 29. Let that Matter be as it may (for Things done fo long fince can't eafily be afcer- tain'd,) as our oldeft Book of Chivalry is about a hundred Years pofterior to thofe which treat of Triflran and Lancelot; this gave occafion to the moft learned Huetius,.a John Baptifl Giraldo, to fay, That the Spaniards receiv'd from the French the Art of compofing Novels (g). As for what concerns Chivalry, I fhall make no Difficulty in believing it. But the fame Art which the Spaniards receiv'd rough and diforderly, they polifiYd and beautify'd fo much, that there is the fame Difference between them as be- tween a Difhabille and a Set-Drefs. The Spaniards fell into this Romantick way of Writing by the fame Occafion as Foreigners did. Their Ignorance of true HiftV oblig'd them, when they were to write any fuch, to fluff" them full of Lies, efixcially b 2 if (d) Dialogue II. pag. 42. (,■) Vafco is the Chrijlian Name of a Man. (f)G»ma, cf a noble Family in Portugal. (g) In bis Origin of Romances. 12 7%e LIFE of if they treated of things parted any confiderable time before, for they feldom had Af- furance enough to write any manifeft Untruths of things prefent. But as Time prefent foon becomes Time paft, the Liberty of devifing Fictions, fo confounded Truth with Falihood, that there was no diftinguifhing the One from the Other. And thus we fee that the fabulous Songs, or to fpeak more clearly, that Species of Spanifi Poefy call'd Romances (in my Opinion lb denominated from Roman, a French Word, fignifying. Novel,) we fee, I fay, that thefe Lying Songs or Romances, which at firft were only made for the Entertainment of the ignorant Rabble, got into fuch vogue afterwards by being learnt by Heart and repeated by others, that they eafily pafs'd for Authentic, and their Fictions interwoven with the General Chronicle of Spain, which was compiled by the Royal Authority. A moll pernicious Example, and fo much follow'd, that the Imitation thereof hath brought our Hiftories to fo unhappy a Pafs, that an Hiftorian of ours, and one that v confider'd, that one Nail drives out another, and that moft of thofe who inclin'd to the reading fuch Books were an indolent, idle, thoughtlefs fort of People, confcquently not eafy to be difTuaded from reading them by the Force of Reafon, which only ope- rates upon confiderate Spirits, he judg'd the beft Remedy to this Evil wou'd be a Bock of a like Invention, and of an innocent Entertainment, which exceeding all the reft in Point of Mirth and Diverfion, might draw in to the reading of it People of all kinds, as well Men of a deep and fearching Thought, as the Ignorant and Plalf-witted. For the attaining of which End there was no need of a great ftock of Learning ; but on- ly to clothe a well-devis'd Story in fuch pleafmg Terms as to delight every Body. And therefore Cervantes in that moft ingenious Preface, in which he fo wittily fa- tirizes the Vanity of petty Writers; after a very pleafant Confabulation between himfelf and a Friend, makes his Friend propofe the Plan he ought to proceed upon, which is as follows : If I know any thing of the Matter, your Book has no occafion for any fort of learned Lumber, as Quotations in the Margin, &c. for your Subjecl, being . Satyr on Knight-Errantry, is fo abfilutely new, that neither Ariftotle, St. Bafil, nor Ci- cero, ever dreamW or heard of it, Theft fabulous Extravagancies (of Chivalry) have nothing to do with tie impartial Puncluality of true Hijlory, nor do J find any BuJ. you (r) Vives was fufpeiled by feme to be a Protejlant in his Hi art. (s) In the Preface to his Fuii Part, 16 tte L I F E of you can have either with AJtrology, Geometry or Logick, nor to make Sermons or preach to People by mixing /acred Things with profane, a fort of Compound which every good Chriflian ivou'd avoid being guilty of. Nothing but pure Nature is your Buftnefs : Her yen mtiji confult, and the defer you can imitate her, the better will be your Piclure. You have no need, to hunt for Philojophical Sentences, Paffages out of Holy Writ, Poetical Fa- bles, Rhetorical Orations, or Miracles of Saints. Do but take care to exprefs your felf in a plain eafy manner, in well- cho fen, fig nif cant and decent Terms, and to give an harmo- nious and eafy Turn 'to your Periods. Study to explain your Thoughts, and fet them in the trueft Light, labouring, as much as poj/ible, not to leave 'em dark nor intricate, but clear and intelligible. Let your diverting Stories be exprefs' d in diverting Terms, to kindle Mirth in the Mclancholick, and heighten it in the Gay. Let Mirth and Humour be your fuper- ficial Defign, tbo' laid on a folid Foundation, to challenge Attention from the Ignorant, and Admiration from the Judicious ; to fecure your Work from the Contempt of the graver fort, and deferve the Praifes of Men of Senfe ; keeping your Eye fill fixt on the principal End of your Profpecl, the Fall and Deflruclion of that monflrous Heap of Romances, which, tho* abhorfd by many, have fo ftrangely infatuated the greater part of Mankind. Mind this, and your Buf.nefs is done. 33. Cervantes being fo well inftructed, let us now fee, without Favour or Affec- tion, whether he was capable of executing the Advice giv'n him. 34. In three Things confifts the Perfection of a Book : Good Invention, due Dif- pofition, and a Diction proper to the Subject. 35. The Invention of our Author is adapted to the Character of a Gentleman of no defpicable Parts, which he had improv'd by reading, but at laft by too much po- ring upon Books of Knight-Errantry, loft his Senfes : and giving into the Phrenzy of imitating thofe ftrange and unaccountable Exploits he had met with in his reading, chufes for his Squire a poor labouring Man, but withal a pleafant merry-conceited Fellow ; & that he may not be without a Lady, he frames one to himfelf in his Ima- gination with whom he is platonically in love. And with a view of meeting with Adventures, he, at firft Alone, on his Horfe, call'd by him Rocinante, and afterwards in his fecond and third Sally, with his Squire Sancho Panza on his Afs, call'd Dapple, goes forth a Knight- Erranting. 36. The Idea therefore, of Cervantes, and my Senfe of it, as far as I can judge, are as follows. Alonfo Quixada, a Gentleman of la Mancha, gave himfelf entirely up to the reading of Books of Knight-Errantry : A Vice very common to People addicted. to Eafe and brought up to nothing : Too intenfe an Application to Books of Chivalry dry'd up his Brain, and turn'd his Head, as it had done by another famous Rufticator, known by the Name of the Paladin. Which fignifies, that this vain ufelefs fort of Readin? unhing'd the Judgment, rendring the Readers rafh and fool-hardy, as if they had to deal with Men that were, after all, but Imaginary. Our unfortunate Manchegan believ'd all the Prodigies he had read were really true, and the Profeffion of Knights- Errant fcem'd to him to be abfolutely neceffary to Mankind, in order to redrefs Griev- ances, and, whatever was wrong in the World, to fet it right, as he ufed to lay himfelf. He therefore determin'd to enter into fo honourable a Fraternity, and to employ himfelf in Exercik'3 fo falutary to Mankind. A Difpofition natural enough to Men who pre- fumc 1 Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. . „..„ e ... by- - felves extraordinary Perfons : they arc wont to change their Name and Stile, and i! to this any exterior Mark of Honour be added, they think that People read only the Su- perfcription, and that in the political World there are no Lynceus's to look into their Infide. 37. Don Quixote fliled himfelf of the Territory of la Mancha, and his ima- ginary Lady he fliled Dulcinea del, Toboso, a Town of La Mancha : The Inhabitants whereof having, 'tis faid, upon fome very flight occafion, thrown our Au- thor into Prifon, he, in Return, (not to fay Revenge, becaufe it has tended fo much to a Prifon, he confeffes himfelf, faying : (t) What can my barren and unpolifh'd Under- standing produce, but what is dull, very impertinent, and extravagant beyond Imagination ? mayfuppoje it the Child of Dijlurbance, engender' d in feme difmal Prifon, in the very Seat cf IFrctchednefs, and amidjl all manner of Inconveniences. 38. Next let us fee what Don Quixote does; who was now fally'd forth from his Houfe upon a lean Horfe, a true Symbol of the Weaknefs of his Enterprize, follow'd in his fecond and third Sally by S a n c h o P a n z a on his Afs, an Hicro- glyphick of his Simplicity. 39. In D o n Q_u 1 x o t e we are prefented with an Heroick Madman, who fancying many Things of what he fees, to be like thofe he has read of, purfues the Deception of his Imagination, and engages himfelf in Encounters, to his thinking, glorious; bur, in others Opinion, mad and extravagant: Such as thofe which the old Books of Chi- valry relate of their imaginary Heroes : To imitate whom, we may cafily fee how great a fhare of Romance-learning was necefiary in an Author who at every Step was to allude to the Atchievements of the endlefs Herd of Knights-Errant. Cervantes's Reading in this fort of fabulous Hiftory was without an Equal, as he very frequently makes appear to a Demonftration. 40. Don Quixote, when he is out of his mad Fits, talks very fenfibly and rational- ly. What can exceed, what can be more worthy to be read and retained than the Difcourfes he makes on the golden or firft Age of the World poetically defcrib'd ? On the Condition of Soldiers and Students ; on Knights, Gentlemen, and different Pe- digrees ; on the Ufe of Poetry ; and, to conclude, the Political and Oeconomical In- structions he gave Sancho Panza, before he went to his Government of the If * Earataria, are fuch as may be given to real Governors, who certainly ought to put them in Practice, and make them the Rule of their whole Conduct in the°Difchar"e of their Office. 41. In S a n c h o Panza is reprefented the Simplicity of the Vulgar, who tho* they know their Errors, yet blindly purfue them. But, left Sambo's Simplicity fh< : Vo r.. I. l ' tire (0 Prrf. of the Sirjl P^t. * Barato means Cheap in Spanifh. ,8 ne L I F E of tire the Reader, Cervantes makes it of the merry kind, and of a diverting Nature. No body has given a better Definition of Sancho Panza, than his Matter Don ghtixote has done, when fpeaking to the Dutchefs, he fays, («) Tour Grace muft know that no Knight- Errant ever had fuch an eternal Babbler, fuch a Bundle of Conceit for a Squire as I have. And on another Occafion. (.v) I 'affaire your Grace, /&«/ Sancho Panza is one of the mo fa pleafant Squires that ever waited on a Knight-Errant. Sometimes he comes out with fuch Jharp Simplicities that one is pleafantly puzzled, to judge whether he be more Knave or Fool. 'The Varlet, indeed, is full of Roguery enough to be thought a Knave : But then he commits fuch Blunders that he may better be thought a Fool. He doubts of every thing, yet believes every thing : And when one would think he had entangled himfelf in a piece of downright Folly, beyond recovery, he brings himfelf off of a fudden fo cleverly, that he is applauded to the Skies. In port, I would not change him for the befi Squire that wears a Head, tho 1 I might have a City to boot. For a Proof of the Simplicity and Pleafantry of Sancho Panza, the Braying Adventure may fuffice. (y) 42. Such being the principal Perfonages of this Hiftory, it naturally follows (as Cervantes makes another fay) (2) That it is the Property of Don Quixote'i Adventures, to create always either Surprize or Merriment : And that Sancho is {a) one of the tnofa comi- cal Creatures that can be. And without fpeaking by the Mouth of other People, Cer- vantes himfelf fays at the end of his firft Preface : / will not urge the Service I have done you by introducing you into fo confiderable and noble a Knight's Acquaintance, but only be? the Favour of fame fmall Acknowledgment for recommending you to the Familiarity of the famous Sancho Panza his Squire, in whom, in my Opinion, you will find united and defcribed all the faatter'd Endowments which the voluminous Foppery of Books of Knight-Err antry can afford to one of his Character. a~>. That the Hiftory of a Knight-Errant might not furfeit the Reader with a tirelbm Uniformity and a Return of fimilar Adventures, which wou'd have been the Cafe had it treated only of mad orfoolifh Occurrences, Cervantes introduces many Epi- fodes, the Incidents whereof are frequent, new, and probable; the Reafonings artful, perfpicuous, and efficacious ; the Plot deep and myfterious, but the I flue eafy, na- tural, and withal fo agreeable, that the Mind is left in a State of Complacency, and all thofe Paffions quieted and made calm again, which juft before, had, by a Angular Artifice, been put into a fort of Tumult and Anxiety. And that which is moft ad- mir'd by good Judges, is, that all thefe Epifodes, except two, that is to fay, The Novels of The Captive, and The Curious Impertinent, are wove into the main Defign of the Fable, and, together with it, like a beautiful Piece of Tapeftry, make one agreeable and moft delightful Work. 44. When an Artift is confummately skilful in his Profefnon, no body knows bet- ter than himfelf the Perfection of his own Works. This made Cervantes himfelf lay of his Hiftory : (a) The Stories and Epifodes, the various Tales and Novels with which it is intermix' d are, in fame refpecls as entertaining, as artful, and as authentic as the Hif- tory it falf. 45. Cer- („) Fan II. ch. 30; (x) Ibid. ch. 32. (y) Part II. ch. 27. (z) Part II. ch. 44, ( a ) Ibid. cb. 58. (b) Part I. cb. 28. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 19 45. Cervantes, to give the greater Probability, and Plaufibility to his Invention, Feigns the Author of it to have been (c) CidHamet Ben-Lngeli, an Ara- bian Hiftoriographer, a Native of La Mancha. He makes him of La Man ch a that ^he may be fuppos'd to be well acquainted with Don Quixote's Concerns. It is very diverting to fee how Cervantes celebrates Cid Harness fcrupulous Punctuality in relating even the moft inconfiderable and trifling Things, as when fpeaking of Sancbo Panza, baftinado'd by the Yangefian Carriers, he fays : (d) So breathing out thirty Lamentations, three fore Sighs, and a hundred and twenty Plagues and Poxes on thofe that had decoy' d him thither, he at laft got upon his Legs. And when he fays of another Carrier, (e) He was one of the ricbefi Carriers of Arevalo, as the Moorifli Author of this Hijlory relates, who makes par- ticular mention of him, as having been well acquainted with him, nay, fame don't f.ick to fay he was fomewhat a-kin to him. However it be, it appears that Cid Mahamet Benengeli was a very exaR Hiflorian, fince he takes care to give us an Account of Things that feemfo inconfiderable and trivial. A laudable Example which thofe Hiftorians fijou'd folloi:, ufually relate Matters fo concifely, that they fear ce dip into them, or let their Readers have fo much as a Tafte of 'em, and rather feem to have left the mofl ejfential Part of the Story in the bottom of the Ink-horn, cither thro' Neglecl, Malice, or Ignorance. A thou- fand Blefiings then be given to the curious Author of Tablante de Ricamonte, and to that other indefatigable Sage who recorded the Atchievements of Count Torn il las, for they have defcrib'd even the moft minute and trifling Circumftances with a fingular Precifenefs I Lucian himfelf has not fpoke more to the Purpofe in his two Books of True III, 46. In another place, putting in practice this fame Punctuality in fpecifying every the moft minute Particular belonging to his Subject, Cervantes fays, by the Mouth of Benengeli, Don Quixote was brought into a fair Room, where Sancho took off his Ar- mour, and then the Knight appear'd in a Pair of Clofe Breeches, and Doublet of Shamoy Leather, all befmear'd with the Rufl of his Armour. About his Neck he wore a plain Band, unjlarch'd, after the manner of a Student ; about his Legs fad- colour' d Spat-. terdafixs, and on his Feet a Pair of Wax-leather Shoes : He hung his trufly Sword by Side in a Belt of Sea- Wolf's Skin ; which makes many of Opinion he had been long U bled with a Pain in the Kidneys. Over all this he clapp'd on a long Cloke of good Ruffet- Cloth: But firft of all he wajh'd his Head and Face in five Kettle-fulls of Water, if infix; for as to the exatl Number there is fome Difpute. * Redundancy fimple and fa- cetious! Verifimilitude admirable and unprecedented! Well therefore might Cervantes fay as he does, (/) All Perfcns that love to read Hiflories of the Nature of tl certainly be very much obligd to Cid Hamet, the original Author, who has taken fuch care in delivering every minute Particular, diftinclly, entire, without concealing the leaft Circumftanca that might, if omitted, have obfeur'd the Light and Truth of the Story. He draws livel Pit ■' ' d>ts, difcevers the Imaginations, fatisfics Curiofily in Se- crets, clears Doubts, refo, ) Part II. cb. 5 . {q) i 22 He L I F E of fcripts, written in a hand fcarcely legible and much defaced by Time and the Worms ; and that they were found in this or that Library (where no-body ever faw 'em) and that they acquir'd them by means of a certain Perfon not now living. Thefe, and the like Artifices are what deceive your ordinary Readers ; and fo too does Cervantes, when he would make us believe that the Author of this Work was an Arabian Histo- riographer, born in La Mancha ; and the Translator a Moorijh Rabbi, and the Con- tinuation of the Hiftory, by great Good-luck found and purchai'd of a young Lad that was offering to fell a Parcel of old written Papers to a Groom in a Shop on the * Alcana at Toledo. But at the time when Cervantes faid this, there was a ftrong Be- lief current among the credulous Populace that one in Toledo had an univerfal Hiftory, wherein every Body found whatever they fought for or defir'd. The Author of it was fuppos'd to be a very ferious grave Perfon. And accordingly that Hiftory which treated of all Things, and a great deal more •, that is, more than they defir'd who ask'd any thing of him whom they fuppos'd to be the Treafurer of the Ecclefiaftical Erudition, I fay, that Hiftory was a Fable pregnant with many Fables, which very properly might be call'cl in French a Romance, and in good Spanijh, Cuento de Cuentos, a Tale of Tales : Which were fo well receiv'd that there came out divers Continuations of them, no lefs applauded than thofe of Amadis de Gaul, and what is much worfe, more read, and more credited, and as yet not banifh'd, the Almighty referving the Glory of that for one on whom he fhou'd vouchfafe to beftow fuch Efficacy and Ingenuity, not only to attack but conquer both the Great-Vulgar and the Small of a whole Nation. But this is not a Subject proper to this Place : And therefore I ihall peftpone it till another Occafion offers. 51. Laftly, Cervantes, that he may not be guilty of what he reproves in other Wri- ters of Books of Chivalry, and remembring the End he had propos'd to himfelf, of rendring fuch Fictions ridiculous and contemptible, makes Den Quixote, who like a Mad-man was brought home in a Cart, fhut up as in a Cage, foon after reco- ver his Senfes, and frankly and Chriftian-like confefs that all his Actions had been thofe of a Mad-man, and the Effects of a diftemper'd Brain, and that he did them out of a Defire to imitate the Knights-Errant, a Species of Mortals purely imaginary. 52. By what has been faid, the Reader may fee how admirable the Invention of this MpSpinti or the leajl Tinllure cf Wit, but full of Abufe againft Don Quixote, but that gfcue mjpno Concern -, what vext me was the Sixpence, and from that Day forward I refch Let- ters, without Carriage paid. 61. More nettled was Cervantes at another Enemy of his Don Quixote; for he de- fcribed him fo to the Life, that one may eafily perceive how highly he was provoked. All that's known of this Perfon is, that he was a Monk ; but not what Monk, or of what Order ; and {o we may e'en give a Copy of his Picture here : (y ) The Duke and Dutchefs came as far as the Door of the Hall to receive him (Don Quixote) and . them a grave Clergyman, one of thofe that affume to govern Great Mens Houfes, and who, not being * nobly born themfelves, don't know how to inftrucl thofe that arc uld have the Liberality of the Great meafured by the Narrownefs of their own Souls, making t whom they govern ftingy, when they pretend to teach "cm ] J.l likelihood was this grave Ecclefiaftick, who came with the Duke to receive Don Qui;:' The Reception of Don Quixote by the Monk, and his fnappifh fhocking Carriage to- wards him, will be feen at full in the Book it felf. And fo leaving the Cenfures which are occult and fecret, we will now fpeak of thofe which were open and barefaced. 62. The firft Part of the Hiftory of Don Quixote being publifh'd, as we (aid, and fo well receiv'd, and fo often printed and reprinted, there was not wanting in Spain, a Perfon that out of Envy to Cervantes\ Reputation, and Covetounefs to make a Gain of his Books, prefumptuoufly took upon him to write and publifii a Continuation of this inimitable Hiftory, even in the Author's Life-time, and while he was preparing his Second Part for the Prefs. The Title he gave his Book was this : 63. The Second Volume of the Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha, con- taining his Third Sally: compos 1 d by the Licentiate Alonzo Fernandez de AvelLmeda a Native o/Tordefdlas. InfcriVd to the Alcalde (Bay lift) Regidores (Aldermen) and Gentlemen of the noble Town of Argamefdla, the happy Country cf Don Quixote d Mancha Knight and Gentleman. With Licenfe ; in Tarragona at the Prixtixg-( cf Philip Roberto, Am 1614. In Svo. 64. Alonzo Fernandez de Avellaneda was neither the true Name of the Author of this Work, nor was he a Native of Tordefdlas, a noted Town of Old Caftile ; but an gonian; fince Cervantes, whom we muft fuppofe to be well inform'd, calls him fo on various Occafions. In one he calls this Continuation (2) The Hiftory . • r .> d 2 gonian (y) Part II. ch. 31. * Gentlemen are calUd Noble in Spain. (?) Part. II. cb. 61. 28 7%e L I F E of gonian lately piblij&d. In another, he fays of it (a) It is the Second Part of the Hiflory of Don Quixote ; not that which was compos 1 d by Cid Hamet, the Author 'of the Firfi, but by a certain Arragonian, who profeffes himfelf a Native of Tordefillas. And tho' Cervantes in another Place calls him Alitor Tordillefco ; it was only in Compliance with the Fiction of his fuppos'd Country, and perhaps to ridicule him by a witty equivo- cating Allufion to the Words Rocin Tordillo, (which is Spanifh for a Flea-bitten Jade of a Horfe): as if he had faid, Autor Arrocinado. Upon the Suppofition therefore that the Work was written in Tordefillas, and printed in Tarragona, as is declar'd by the Approbation to the Book, and the Licenfe for printing it : we fhall eafily under- ftand Cervantes's Words in the Beginning of his very ingenious Preface to his Second Part, alluding to the Fiction of the Country, and the Reality of its being printed in Tarragona. He fays: Blefsme! Reader, gentle or fimple, whoever you be, how impa- tiently by this time mufi you expecl this Preface, fuppofing it to be nothing but revengeful Inveclives againft the Author of the Second Don Quixote : But Imuft beg your Pardon ; for I fhall fay no more of him than every body fays, That Tordefillas is the Place where be was Begotten, and Tarragona the Place where he was Born ; and though it be univer- fally faid, that even a Worm when trod upon will turn again, yet Pm refolv'd for once to crofs the Proverb. You perhaps now would have me call him Coxcomb, Fool and Madman j but Pm of another Mind ; and fo let his Folly be its ovon Punifhment. And a little farther : Methinh, Reader, I hear you blame me for flawing fo little Refentment, and ufing him fa gently ; but pray confider, 'tis not good to bear too hard upon a Man that is fo over modejl and fo much in Affliclion: For certainly this Noble Perfon's Affliction mufi be very Grand, fince he dare not appear in the open Field and in the Face of the Sun, but conceals his Name, and counterfeits his Country, as if he had been guilty of High-Treafon. Thefe Words Noble Perfon and Grand, are to me myfterious, I confefs : but, waving that, I am per- fuaded, that Cervantes'* Enemy was very powerful, fince an Author and a Soldier, bold and dextrous both at his Pen and Sword, did not dare to name him. Unlefs upon fecond Thoughts he was fo vile and defpicable a Fellow, that Cervantes did nc t care the World Ihould know his Name, and the Wretch thereby become famous tho 1 for Infamy. . 65. Don Nicolas Antonio was of Opinion this Author had not a Genius for conti- nuing fuch a Work. That's but a fmall matter. He had neither a Genius nor Inge- nuity* for fo difficult an Undertaking. He had no Genius, for that fuppofes Inge- nuity or Wit •, fince as was faid by the Dutchefs who honour'd Bon Quixote fo highly, (b) Merry Conceits are not the Offspring of a dull Brain: And fuch was that ohheArragonia.t Author whofe Legend is unworthy of any Reader that values either his Reputation or his Time. For to write with Beauty, requires bright Parts, and a found Judgment, which our Arragonian was an utter Stranger to. He could not fo much as invent with any Ap- pearance of Verifimilitude. Having ventur'd upon continuing the Hiftory of Don Quixote, he ought to have imitated the Characters of the Perfons whom Cervantes has feio-ned,' and preferv'd Decorum, which is the greateft Perfection of Art. Laftly, his Learning is Pedantick, and his Stile full of Improprieties, Solecifms, and Barbarifms, harfh uncouth and unpleafant : and in fine, every way deferving the Contempt it has ' met (a) Part II. cL 70. (b) Part II. cb. 30. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 29 met with; For it has been put to the vilefl Ufes, and nothing but its being fc cou'd make it of any Estimation. Infomuch that having been reprinted at in 1614, now (viz. in 1732) 118 Years ago, no Man of Scnfc or Taftc has \. it any other than as wafte Paper. In 1704 was printed at Paris a Book call'd a Tranjlation of this Work in the French Tongue : But the Difpofition and I a al- ter'd, many things left out, and many more added •, and thefc have indeed brought fome little fliare of Credit to its firft Author. 66. He cou'd conceal his Name, but not his Malice, nor his Avarice ; having had the Infolence, in his Preface, to exprefs himfelf in thefe Terms : Here is A tl Je Hijlory of Don Quixote de la Mancha with the fame Authority with which Cervantes Saavedra began it, together with a Copy of authentic Relations, •which came to his Hand (I. fay Hand, not Hands, fince he himfelf owns he has hit one, and feci,, fpeaks fo much of all other People, we have this to fay of him, that as a Soldier am eld Man for Age, but a Boy for Brisknefs, he has more Tongue than Hands) : L leave him to his Complaints of my taking the Bread out of his Mouth by this Second Part. Not to infift upon the Ungrammaticalnefs ("in Spanifh) of this whole Period, for which a School- boy wou'd be foundly whip'd : Let us hear another of his Reprehen- fions, and that is, concerning the inculpable Old-age of Cervantes, his Condition, Po- verty and Perfecutions ; and I mud beg the Reader's Patience in fuSo-in^ the fenfclefs impertinent Bibble-babble of a ridiculous Pedant, for he cou'd be no other to fty as he does : Michael de Cervantes is already as old as the Cafile of San Cervantes, and fo peevifh with Age that he is offended at every Thing and with every Body, and thereby be come fo deftitute of Friends, that when he wou'd adorn his Books with Commendatory : nets, he was forced (as he fays) to write 'em himfelf and father 'em on Prefter John of the Indies, or on the Emperor of Trapifond, becaufe, mayhap, he cou'd not find a Man of any Note in Spain, but wou'd be affronted at bis taking his Name in his Mouth. Cod grant that he may find an Afylum in the Church. Let him reft fatisfy'd with his Ga- latea and his Comedies in Profe, and not trouble us with any more of his Novels. * St. Thomas teaches that Envy is an Uneafinefs at another's Man's Hap- pinefs. A Dotlrine which he took from St. John Damafcenus. The Offspring of this Vue^ St. Gregory tells us, are Surmifings, Whifperings, Detraclion of ones Neighbour, Re- joycings at his Misfortunes, Sorrowings for his Good-fortune : Well therefore is this Sin called Invidia a non videndo, quia Invidus non poteft videre bona aliorum : All « Effeils are as Infernal as their Caufe, and diretlly contrary to thofe of Chri , of which St. Paul fays, i Corinth, xiii. Charitas patiens eft, benigna eft, non semula- tur, non agit perperam : non inflatur, non eft ambitiofa, congaudet Veritati, &c. But the Difmalnefs of his Firfl Part is imputed to its being writ within the Walls of a Prifon : And therefore it cou'd not but be Unpleafant, Cholerick, Impatient,. Harjh Querulous, as People in a Prifon are apt to be. 67. If we ftiou'd ask this Man what cou'd move him to ufe fuch infulting fliam Expreffions •, we fhall find throughout his whole Preface no other Caufe but that he and Lope de Vega were cenfur'd in the Hiftory oi Don Quixote. His Words are th. He will at leaft allow we have both of us one and the fame End in view, which is to tiijb * Aquinas Ifuppofe he meant, 3 o the L I F E of nifh and dejlroy the pernicious Books of Knight-Errantry, fo much fought for by the Igno- rant and the Idle. We differ indeed in the Means ; for the Courfe he has taken is by affront- ing not me alone, but another Perfon who is fo jujlly celebrated by the moft diftant Nations, (This is .Lope de Vega) and to whom our own is fo highly obliged fer having fo many fears in the moft laudable and abundant manner kept up the Spanifh Stage with fur- prifing and numberlefs Plays, with all the Stritlnefs of Art that the People wifhfor or de- fire, and with that Innocence and Decency as became a Minifer of the Holy Office, (c) Lope de Fega was a * Familiar of the Holy Office. 68. It is very natural for ignorant People, when they are reprov'd, to ground the Wrong they imagine they fuffer by being criticis'd, in the Cenfure pafs'd on other great Men, to the end that fuch as are paffionately fond of thefe latter may be exaf- perated againft the Cenfurer. Lope de Vega was in his Time, and even at this Time, the Prince of the Spanifh Drama. To Cenfure a Writer of his Reputation, is, as it were, a laying Hands on a facred Perfon. 69. But Lope who knew himfelftobe but Flefli and Blood any more than other Writers, like a wife Man took in good Part the Cenfures pafs'd upon him with Truth and a good Intention, and endeavour'd to make Advantage of, and improve by, the Knowledge of his Errors. In proof of this, let it fuffice to relate the very Thing which gave Occafion to this ill-judging Arragonian Author to complain fo mat- a-propos, and to rail fo much as he does. yo. Lope de Fega was found fault with by many for compofing Plays not adjufted to the Rules of Art. I hold it for Certain that Cervantes was one of his ftrongeft Cen- furers. Lope made it his Bufinefs to excufe himfelf the bell he cou'd, which was, by imputing many of his Faults and Negligences to his being forc'd to humour the Peo- ple ; and feeing himfelf hard preft, he ftuck not to affirm, That the new Circum- ftances of the Times requir'd a new fort of Comedies : As if the Nature of Things were mutable by any Accident whatfoever. The Controverfy rofe fo high that the Poetic Academy of Madrid order'd Lope de Fega to write down and kt forth what he had to fay for himfelf. Upon which he wrote a Difcourfe Cin Verfe) intituled, A new Art ef writing Plays for the prefent Time. Being a frank open-hearted ingenuous Man he con- fcfs'd his Faults, but gilded 'em over in the bed manner he cou'd, as follows: Choice Wits of Spain, you charge me to writedown The Art of making Plays to please the Town. A Task not hard to me, much lefs to you Who that and all things e!fe know hew to do. But what fm chiefly charged with on My Part, Is that I write 'em without any Art. // is not that I'm ignorant of the Rules ; For tbofe, thank God, I learn' d 'em in the Schools Before I had, twice five times, feen the Sun His Courfe from Aries unto Pifces run. But (c) D. Nic. Antonius i 1 El lioth. Hifp. * ferfins oftbeptateft Qtali.y m Sp-in te.it '■■ IL-uw to be admitted 1 . itle of Familiars to the Inqjiifitim. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 31 But, to /peak Truth, I found that Spanifli Playt Upon the foot they're manag'd now-a-days, Are vaftly diff' rent from the ancient Plan Laid down by thofe who firfl the Art began : For now a Set of barb'rous unlearn' d Elves Have fo ingroft the Publick to themfelves And vitiated their Tafte, that 'tis in vain For one to write in any other Strain, Or think to ft em the Torrent of the many, Unlefs he means to live without a Penny. Ihe Town's fo fond of fenfelefs ftupid Farce, So blind to Art, to Reafonfo averfe, That they're refolv'd to give nor Bread nor Bays To him that fhall exhibit reg'lar Plays. Some Pieces for the Stage Pve writ, 'tis true, -\ Wloerein, undeviating, I did purfue C The Rules of Art, known to the judging few : 5 But when I fee, without or Head or Tail A well-drefs'd Inconfiftency prevail, And how both Men and Women run in Crouds To admire a Monfter wrapt in finning Clouds, 1 follow Cujlom, barb'rous as it is, And when I am to write a Comic Piece, I lock the Precepts up with fix flrong Keys. Terence and Plautus too Iftrait transfer Elfewhere, and never let 'em once come near My Study, left they fhou'd in Judgment rife And perfecute me with their Critic Cries ; For Truth is apt in Books to make a Noife. And thus the Rules I write by were found out By thofe who make their Court to th' Rabble- Rout £ For as the Vulgar for their Pleafure pay, It is but juft to pleafe them their own way. A little further he fays : Believe me, Sirs, I was not much inclin'd So7ne of th' aforefaid Things to bring to mind ; But you yourfelves had order' d me t' explain 27? Art of making Comedies in SPAIN 9 . Where, if my Thoughts I freely may impart, All that are writ are contrary to Art, The fame thirig he owns a little afterwards : But fince fo far from Art we Spaniards flray, Let learned Men fay Mum, and go their way. An J } } 3 2 72* L I F E of And this very Man, who by the mod learned and judicious part of Mankind is efteem'd the Prince of the Spanifh Drama (for as for D. Pedro Calderon de la Barca he is not to compare with him either for Invention or Stile) concludes his Ar t thus : Not one of all thefe Writers can I call More barb'rous than my felf, who firft of all Prefum'd to atl a moft advenfrous Part, Daring to lay down Precepts agabifl Art ; Humouring the Mob fo far beyond all Rule, As to be call'd by Foreigners a Fool. But what can fcribbling Devils do ? Or hoz» Can poor Pilgarlick Jhun his Fate, I trow? So many Plays were hardly ever writ By one Man as by me, take Wit for Wit : So large the number that but one Play more, Jujl finifid, makes four Hundred Eighty Four. From which dedutling fix, the other part Have grievoufly offended againfi Art. Hcwe'er, I muft maintain the Plays I've writ Becaufe they Me maintain' d, Wit or no Wit. They might have been made better, I confefs, But then Tm fare they wou'd have pleas' 'd much lefs : Since oftentimes what's mere Bombaft and Rant Delights, becaufe it is Extravagant. 71. Here we have Lope de Vega owning the Charge before the Year^i6o2, for in that Year he printed his New Art, if an Academical Difcourfe fo contrary to it, may de- ferve that Nam:. Let us now fee how juft, and how moderate Cervantes was in the Cenfure he pafs'd on the bad Comic Writers of his Time, not on Lope de Vega, for whom he had a due Refpect, contenting himfelf with only reprehending (without naming him) the very Thing he publickly confeft himfelf Guilty of. This Difcourfe of Cervantes is in my Opinion the happieft he ever writ ; and therefore I am confi- dent the Reader will not be difpleas'd if I (repeat it here. I take it for granted, Cervantes means no body but himfelf by the Canon of Toledo, whofe Perfon he af- fumes and in whofe Name he Addreffes himfelf to the celebrated Curate Pero Perez, in the following Terms. * (d) " I muft confefs, I was once tempted to write a Book of " Knight-Errantry my felf, obferving all thofe Rules : and, to fpeak the truth, I writ " above an hundred Pages, which, for a better trial, whether they anfwer'd my Expecla- *< tion I communicated to learned and judicious Men fond of thofe Subjecls, as well as to " fom'e of thofe ignorant Perfons who only are delighted with Extravagancies : And " they all gave me a fatisfactory Approbation. And yet I made no further Progrefs, « as well in regard I look'd upon it to be a thing no way agreeable with my Pro- s' feffion as becaufe I am fenfible the illiterate are much more numerous than the learn'd :' * Tht Tranflator of this Life has taken due care to mate all thefe 'Quotations conformable it Cer- ante 's true Senfe, by rectifying feme confiderable Mifiakes and Overftg&ts which have hitherto efcap'd the mice not only of himfelf but of atl the Tranflatrrs as well as the generality of Readers, (d) Part L ch. 21. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 33 " learned : And fince it is better to be commended by the fmall number of the Wile, " than to make Sport for the ignorant Mukicude, I will not cxpofc my felf to the " confus'd Judgment of the giddy Vulgar, whofc principal Bufinefs it is to read fuch Books. " But the greateft motive I had to lay afide and think no more of finifhing it, was " the Argument that I form'd to my felf, dedue'd from the Plays now ufually acted : " For, thought I, if Plays now in ufe, as well thofe which are altogether of the " Poets Invention, as thofe which are grounded upon Hiftory, be all of them, or at *' lead, the greateft Part, made up of moft abfurd Extravagancies and Incoherences: " And yet the multitude fees them with Satisfaction, approves them and eflecms them " for Good, tho' they are far from being fo : And if the Poets who write, and (e) the " PJayers who aft them, fay they muft be fo contriv'd and no otherwife, becaufc " they pleafe the generality of the Audience : And if thofe which are regular and ac- " cording to Art, ferve only to pleafe half a Score judicious Perfons who underftand " them, while the reft of the Company cannot reach the Contrivance, nor know any " thing of the Matter: And therefore the Poets and Actors fay, they had rather get " their Bread by the greater number, than the Applaufe of the lefs: Then may I ** conclude the fame will be the Succefs of this Book: So that when I have rack'd my " Brains to obferve the Rules, I fliall reap no other Advantage, than to be laugh'd at V for my Pains. I have fometimes endeavour'd to convince the Actors that they are " deceiv'd in their Opinion, and they will draw more Company, and get better Cre- " dit by regular Plays than by thofe prepofterous Reprefentations now in ufe : But " they are fo pofuive in their Humour, that no Strength of Reafon, nor ev'n Dc- " monftration, can divert them from their Conceit. I remember I once was talking " to one of thofe obftinate Fellows : Do you not remember, laid I, that within thefe " few Years three Tragedies were acted in Spain, written by a famous Poet of ours, " which were fo excellent, that they furpriz'd, delighted, and rais'd the Admiration " of all that faw them, as well the Ignorant arid Ordinary People, as the Criticks " and Men of Quality : And the Actors got more by thofe Three, than by Thirty of " the beft that have been writ fince? Doubtlefs, Sir, faid the Actor, you mean the " Tragedies of Isabella, Phyllis, and Ax, exandra. The very fame, " I reply'd, and do you judge whether they obferved the Rules of the Drama, and " whether by doing fo they loft any thing of their Efteem, or fail'd of pleafing all " forts of People. So that the Fault lies not in the Audiences, defiring Abfurditics, " but in thofe who know not how to give them any thing elfe. Nor was there any " thing prepofterous in feveral other Plays, as for Example, Ingratitude " Reveng'd, Numantia, The Amorous Merchant, and Th e " Favourable Enemy, nor in fome others, compos'd by judicious Poets " to their Honour and Credit, and to the Advantage of thofe that acted them. " Much more I added, which, in my Opinion, fomewhat confounded, but no way " fatisfy'd or convine'd him, fo as to change his erroneous Opinion. You have " touch'd upon a Subject, Sir, faid the Curate, which has awaken'd in me an old " Averfion. I have for the Plays now in ufe, which is not inferior to that I bear to " Books of Knight-Errantry. For whereas Plays, according to the Opinion of Cicero, Vo l. I. e ought (ej See tvhat Lop<5 de Vega fa) s before. 34 The L J F E of " ought to be Mirrors of human Life, Patterns of good Manners, and the very Re- *-' prefentatjve of Truth: Thofe now acted are Mirrors of Abfurdities, Patterns of *' Follies, and Images of Leudnefs. For inftance, what can be more abfurd, than for " the fame Perfon to be brought on the Stage a Child in Swadling-Bands, in the firft " Scene of the firft Act, and to appear in the Second grown a Man ? What can be " more ridiculous than to reprefent to us a fighting old Fellow, a cowardly Youth, «' a rhetorical Footman, a politick Page, a churlifh King, and an unpolifiVd Prin- " cefs? What fliall I fay of their regard to the || Time in which thofe Actions they " reprefent, either might or ought to have happen'd, having feen a Play, in " which the firft Act began in Europe, the fecond in Afia, and the third ended in " Jj'rick ? Probably, if there had been * another Act, they would have carry'd it into " America: And thus it would have been acted in the four .Quarters of the World. " But if Imitation is to be a principal Part of the Drama, how can any tolerable " Judgment be pleas'd, when reprefenting an Action that happen'd in the Time of *' King Pepin or Cbarlemain, they fhall attribute it to the Emperor Heraclius, and V bring him in carrying the Crofs into Jerufale?n, and recovering the Holy Sepul- «' chre, like Godfry of Bouloigne, there being a vaft diftance of Time betwixt thofe ♦' Actions. Thus they will clap together Pieces of true Hiftory in a Play of their " own framing and grounded upon Fiction, mixing in it Relations of things that have " happen'd to different People and in feveral Ages. This they do without any " Contrivance that might make it the more probable, and with fuch vifible Miftakes as " are altogether inexcufable : But.the worft of it is, that there are Ideots who look upon «' this as Perfection, and think every thing elfe to be mere Pedantry. But if we look into " the pious Plays, what a multitude of falfe Miracles fliall we find in them, how many " Errors and Contradictions, how often the Miracles wrought by one Saint attributed " to another ? Nay, ev'n in the prophane Plays, they prefume to work Miracles up- *' on the bare Imagination and Conceit that fuch a fupernatural Work, or a Machine, *« as they call it, will be ornamental, and draw the common Sort to fee the Play. " Thefe things are a Reflection upon Truth it felf, a depreciating and lefs'ning of « Hiftory, and a Reproach to all Spanijh Wits : Becaufe Strangers, who are very ex- " act in obferving the Rules of the Drama, look upon us as an ignorant and a bar- " barous People, when they fee the Abfurdities and Extravagancies of our Plays. Nor " would it be any Excufe to alledge, that the principal Defign of all good Govern- " mcnts, in permitting Plays to be publickly acted, is to amufe the Commonalty with " fome 1 awful Recreation, and fo to divert thofe ill Humours which Idlenefs is apt *•« to breed ; and that fince this End is attain'd by any fort of Plays, whether good «•« or bad, it is needlefs to prefcribe Laws to them, or oblige the Poets or Actors to " compofe and reprefent fuch as are ftrictly conformable to the Rules. I anfwer, that " this End propos'd would be far better and fooner attain'd by good Plays than by " bad ones. He who fees a Play that's regular and anfwerable to the Rules of Poe- " try, is delighted with the Comic-part, inform'd by the Serious, furpriz'd at the «' variety of Accidents, improv'd by the Language, warn'd by the Frauds, inftructed " by \ I fuppofe the Author means Place, not Time. * 'Tis to be cbferv'd that the Spaniih Plays have only three Jornadas or Jcls. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 35 " by Examples, incens'd againft Vice, and enamour'd with Virtue •, for a good Play " muft caufe all thofe Emotions in the Soul of him that fees it, tho' he were never fo «' c infenfible and unpolifh'd. And it is abfolutely impofTiblc that a Play which has " all thefe Qualifications, mould not infinitely divert, fatisfy and pkafc beyond ano- " ther that wants them, as moft of them do which are now ufually acted. Neither " are the Poets who write them in Fault, for fome of them are very fcnfible ol their " Errors, (f) and extremely capable of performing their Duty. But Plays being now " altogether become venal and a fort of Merchandize, they fay and with reaforr, " (g) that the Actors wou'd not purchafe them unlefs they were of that Stamp ; and " therefore the Poet endeavours to fuit the Humour of the Actors, who arc to pay " him for his Labour. For proof of this, let any Man obfervc that infinite number " of Plays compos'd by an exuberant Spanifb Wit (b) fo full of Gaiety and Humour, " in fuch elegant Verfe and choice Language, fo fententious ; and to conclude, in « fuch a majeftick Stile, that his Fame is fpread thro' the Univerfe : Yet becaufe he " fuited himfelf to the Fancy of the Actors, many of his Pieces have fal'n fhort of " their due Perfection (z), tho' fome have reach'd it. Others write Plays fo incon- " fiderately, that after they have appear'd on the Stage, the Actors have been fore'd " to fly and abfeond, for fear of being puniuYd, as it has often happen 'd, for having " affronted Kings, and difhonour'd whole Families. Thefe, and many other ill Con- " fequences which I omit, would ceafe by appointing an intelligent and judicious Per- " fon at Court to examine all Plays, before they were acted, that is, not only thofe " which are reprefented at Court, but throughout all Spain : So that, without his " Licence, no Magiftrate fhould fuffer any Play to appear in Public k. Thus Players " would be careful to fend their Piays to Court, and then might act them with Safe- " ty, and thofe who write them be more circumfpect, in flanding in awe of an Exa- " miner that could judge of their Works. By thefe Means we fhould be furnifh'd " with good Plays, and the End they are defign'd for would be attain'd, the People " diverted, the Spanijh Wits efteem'd, the Actors fecur'd, and the Government fav'd " the trouble of punifhing them. And if the fame Perfon, or another, were intruded " to examine all new Books of Knight-Errantry, there is no doubt but fome might «' be publifh'd with all that Perfection You, Sir, have mention'd, to the increafe of " Eloquence in our Language, to the utter Extirpation of the old Books, which " would be borne down by the new ; and for the innocent Paftime, not only of idle " Perfons, but of thofe who have moft Employment, for the Bow cannot always " ftand bent, nor can human Frailty fubfift without fome lawful Recreation. 72. Can Plato's Dialogues be more folid, more prudential, or more fatisfactory ? Were that Philofopher's Defires more laudable ; his Intentions better calculated for the general Good ? Was it poffible for Cervantes' s Cenfure to be more rational, more equitable, more modeft ? It is couch'd in fuch Terms, that Lope de Vega was not in the leaft offended at it -, on the contrary, whenever he had occafion to fay any thing of Cervantes, he wrote with great Eftimation of his Parts and Perfon. e 2 73. But ( 7) Such was Lope de Vega, for one. (g) Lope" himfelf, in his New Art, fays fo. (h) The fame Lope de Vega, zuko wrote a Thoufand and Fourfcore Flays, as we are told by John Perez dc M (i) Six «/~LopKde Vega'; Plays tvite regular and written as tb'ey Jbbud be, according. ' n ft'!f> l> ui doss not name 'em, fir fear, perhaps, of a frefh and more rigorous Cenfyrt. 36 the L I F E of 73. But the impertinent Continuator of Don Quixote, as a Redrefler of literary Grievances, wou'd needs take upon him to right the Wrongs, and revenge the Injuries he fancy'd had been offer'd to Lope de Vega ; and fo covering himfelf with the Shield of Lore's Reputation, he thought therewith to ward off the Blows Cervantes had given to himfelf, perhaps in fome of the particular Cenfures in the above Difcourfe, or in the (k) Novel of. the Dogs, which may very well be calPd Satira Lucilio-Horatiana, for, in imitation of Lu cilia s and Horace, it lames very feverely, tho' occultly, a great number of People : Among whom, peradventure, our Arragonian being one, he made ufe of Slander and Invective inftead of any found or even fuperficial Argument to con- fute Cerva/ites's Cenfure. But Cervantes did not let this vile Treatment of him go unchaftiz'd : And as for his upbraiding Cervantes with old Age, Maimnefs and (/) an envious Difpofuion, he made this Anfwer: Bat there is fome thing which I cannot fo filently pafs over : He is pleas' d to upbraid me with my Age ; indeed had it been in the Power of Man to flop the career of Time, I would not have fuffer'd the old Gentleman to have laid his Fingers on me. Then he reflecTingly tells me of the Lofs of one of my Hands : As if that Maim had been got in afcandalous or drunken Shiarrel in fome Tavern, and not upon the tnofl memorable (m) Occafion, that either pajl or prefeut Ages have beheld, and which perhaps futurity will never parallel. If my Wounds do not redound to my Honour in the Thoughts of Come of tbofe that look upon 'cm, they will at leaf fecure me the EJleem of tbofe that know how they were gotten. A Soldier makes a nobler Figure as he lies bleeding in the Bed of Honour, than fafe in an inglori- ous Flight ; and I am fo far from being afiam'd of the Lofs of my Hand, that were it poffible to recal the fame Opportunity, I Jhould think my Wounds but a fmall Price for the Glory of paring in that prodigious ASlion. The Scars in a Soldier's Face and Breaft, are the Stars that bv a laudable Imitation guide ethers to the Port of Honour and Glory. Befides, it is not the Hand, but the Under/landing of a Man^ that may be faid to write ; and thofe Tears that he is pleas d to quarrel with, always improve the latter. He likewife charges me with being Envious, and as if I was an Ignoramus he gives me a definition of Envy ; but) take Heaven to witnefs, I never was acquainted with any Branch of Envy, beyond a facred renerous and ingenuous Emulation, which could never engage me to abufe a Clergy- man specially if made the more Reverend by a Pofl in the Inauifttion : And if any other Per (on (meaning Lope" de Vegaj thinks himfelf affronted, as that Tordefillian Author feems to hint, he is mightily mi(laken ; for I have a Veneration for his Parts, admire his Works, and have an awful Refpecl for the continual and laudable Employment in which be exercifes his Talents. . 7/ That Michael de Cervantes Saavedra did not envy Lope de Vega, is vilible in the Fraifes he beftow'd on him before and after the Difcourfe he made concerning Plays, wherein by the Mouth of the Canon of Toledo he cenfured him fo moderately. In the fix&H Book of his Galatea he makes Calliope herfelf fay, Estaicnceficws, that Learning loves as well With downy Toath, as bearded Age to dwell : No IV\ Novcb de los Perro?, a Dialogue Ictivctn two Dogs, Scipio and Braganza, tranfated feme rears ago by the Tranflator of this Life. (I) Prefi to Part II. (m) Buttle c/Leranto. Michael d e Cervantes S a a v e d r a. 37 No Mortal will conteft a Truth fo clear, The moment that be V eg a.*s name /ball bear. Afterwards, in his Voyage to Parnajfus, he mentions him with greater Efteem : Lo ! Vega from another Cloud di mounts ; Vega, whom Spain her befl of Writers cot It 'nether in Profe or Verfe ; be 1 fo well, No one can equal him, much lefs excel. And even after the Ceniure of the Arragonian, in the Continuation of the fame Hoftory of Don Quixote, fpeaking of Angelica, he lays, (») A famous And , : (Louis Barahona de Soto) wept for her, and celebrated her Tears in Vcrfe; and another emi and choice Poet of Caftile (Lope de Vega) made her Beauty bis Theme. And in another Place (0) he makes an honourable Allufion to Lope de Vega" 's Arcadia. TheCen- fure therefore which Cervantes made of him, did not fpring from Envy, iince he praifcd him as much as could be, nay, without any meafurc, but that of his Great and Extenfive Knowledge, fince his Cenfure was perfectly juft and right: Whereas that which the Tordcf.llian Continuator made of Cervantes, was the Offspring of downright Detraction. 75. In a different Manner from Fernandez, de Avellaneda, did Lope de Vega fpeak ot Michael de Cervaittes Saavedra, when, after his being cenfured, and even after his Ccn- furer's Death, (/>) he celebrated his Glorious Maim, thus: * When the renowned Eagle's matchlefs Son, That Thunderbolt of War, O'er Afia'j- King immortal Laurels won, In Neptune' .y Watry Carr, Cervantes' Hand was wounded, but his Head, Efcaping Fortune's Spite, By his rich Verfe turn'd every Ball of Lead Into a Diamond bright : A Wit like His gives each refulgent Line A Brilliancy that will for ever flzine. 76. Cervantes likewife chaftifed the Covetoufnefs of his Detractor, by delpifing and defying his Menaces, and recommending the Reader to tell him, (q) that as for his Tbreatning to take the Bread out of my Month, I fhall only Anfwer him with a Piece of an old Song, God profper long our noble King, our Lives and Safeties all andfo I be with you. Long ' be Great Conde de Lemos, wbofe Humanity, and celebrated Li- berality fuflain me under the mo [I fever e BIcws of Fortune ! And may the eminent Charity of the Cardinal of 'Toledo, make an eternal Monument to his Fame. (I fancy ( having met with fome Confolation in the Humanity of that Prelate, made his Detractor fay, as I have related before, That be had taken Refuge in the Church) But Cervt goes on: Had I never publiflfd a Word, and were as many Books publiffd again/? me, as there are Letters ibMingo Re v u l g o's Poems ; yet the Bounty oftbefe two Prin- ces that have taken charge vf me without any Soliciting Adulation, were fujficient in my favour; and I think my felf richer and greater in their Efteem' than I would of any Profi- ■ (n) Part II. ch. i. fo) Part II. ch. 58. fp) Laurel de Apollo Selva 8. » Don John efA\. the Emperor Chailes Vth's Natural Sen, General of the Hit) .- Turk, (q) Pref. to id. Part of D. Quixote 1 3 8 The L I F E of table Honour that can be purchased at the ordinary Rate of Advancement. Tie indigent Man may attain their Favour, but the Vicious cannot. Poverty may partly eclipfe a Gentleman, but cannot totally obfcure him ; and thofe glimmerings of Ingenuity that peep thro' the Chinks of a narrow Fortune, have already gain 'd the EJleem of the truly noble and generous Spirits. And now I have done with him. 77. Poffibly fome will mifs Cervantes's Anfwer to what his foul-mouth'd Satyrift advanc'd, of his being fo deftitute of Friends, that if he had a mind to adorn his Books with commendatory Verfes, he wou'd not be able to find one Perfon of Note in all Spain* that would not be offended at making ufe of his Name. To which, 'tis true, Cervantes made no Anfwer, becaufe he had as yet nothing to add to what he had faid by the Mouth of that Friend of his, introduc'd in his Preface, as Cervantes's Counfellor, fatyrifing the Cuftom of the Writers ofLtha* Time, with fo much Wit in the following Manner: (r) Thefirfi Thing you object, is your want of 'commendatory Copies from Perfons of Figure and Quality ; there is nothing fooner help't ; 'tis but taking a little Pains in writing them vourfelf, and clapping whofe Name you pleafe to them, you may Father them upon Prefter John of the Indies, or on the Emperor of Trapifonde, whom I know to be moft celebrated Poets : But fuppofe they were not, and that fome prefmning Pedantic Criticks might (had, and deny this notorious Truth ; why let them, 'tis no matter ; and tho' they Jhould convicl you of Forgery, you are in no danger of lofing the Hand with which you wrote them. There was at that time a ridiculous Cuftom in Spain to pre-ingage the Reader's Mind by a Heap of Commendatory Verfes, moft of them ccin'd by the Authors them- felves, as it now-adays happens in many of your Literary Clubs and Affemblies, who profef's Criticifm with little Serioufnefs of application, trufting too much to the Judg- ment of other People who are fometimes Ignorant, and oftentimes Prejudiced. Lope de Vtsa condemns this Practice, when he fays, (j) Apollo, by an Edicl, ordered among other Things, That no Encomiums of an Afs Beneath pretended Censures pafs In hopes that under fuch Difguife The World may credit give to Lies, Which yet none read without a Laugh But thofe that don't know Corn from Chaff. *8. Cervantes, by way of fatyrizing fuch People, and at the fame time to gratify his defire of Praife, prefixes to his Bon Quixote fome Poetical Compositions under the Names, not of Great Lords, (for in the Commonwealth of Learning there are no Greater Lords, than thofe that have Learning) but of Urganda the Unknown, addrefs'd to Don Quixote de la Mancha's Book : of Amadis de Gaul; Don Beliani, of Greece; Or- lando Furiofo; the Knight of the Sun ; and of Soli/dan to Don Quixcte himfelf : of the Lady Oriana to Dukinea del Tobofo : of Gandalin Amadis de Gaul's Squire, to Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's Squire ; of the Pleafant Poet Entreverado to Sancho Panza, and Rozinante; and laftly a Dialogue between Babieca, and Rozir.ar.ie; intimating by this, that his Book of Don Quixote de la]Mancha was better than all the Books of Knight-Erran- try put together •, fince Don Quixote de la Mancba furpafs'd the celebrated Amadis de Gaul* a- (r) Pref. to \Ji. Part ofD. Q_tixote. (s) Laurel de Apollo Selva 9. Michael d e C e r v a n t p. b Saavf.dra. 39 a Book, which by common Report, and by •what (. fass, (t) was the 1 Book of Knight- Errantry that ever was printed in Spain, and the Model of all tl ■ . thefirjl 'Teacher and Anther of fo ■pernicious a Sect ; rather, f.iys the other, / have been told 'tis the left Book that has been written in that Kind. yg. Don Quixote, in like Manner, excelled the renowned Don Bclianis of Greece, ftnee He, (cry'd the Curate, fpeaking of Don Beliani; as he was fcrutini2ir)g our Ki.iglu's Library) with his Second, Third, and Fourth Parts, had need of a Dofe of Rhubarb to , his exceffive Choler: Befides, his Cajlle of Fame fijould be demolijl id, and a Heap of ■ Rubbifi removed. 80. Nor are the Outrages of Orlando Furiofo to compare with the agreeable Madnef- fes of Don Quixote de la Mancha, tho' the Style and Exprefllon of A;i r jio, Author of that Romance, is indeed pure, grand and fublime, which makes the Curate fay, 1 Ie did not like any of the Tranflations of him, nay, he wou'd burn 'em ; but if, adds he, 1 find him in his own native Tongue, I'll treat him with all the Refpcct imaginable. 81. As for the Knight of the Sun, in whofj name likewife Cervantes made a Commen- datory Copy of Verfes, the Barber, Mr. Nicholas, wou'd often fay, he out-did all the other Knights, except perhaps Amadis de Gaul. The ftid Romance was intitlcd : The Mirror of Princes and Knights, in three Books, containing the Immortal Deeds of the K of the Sun, and his Brother Roficler, the Sons of the Great Emperor Trebacio, wit h the high Adventures and mofl fiitpendeus Amours of the extremely excellent and fuperalv.r.dantly beautiful Princefs Claridiana, and other High Princes and Knights: By Diego Ortunez Calahorra, of the City of Nagera. This Mirror came out in two Volumes in Folio, con- taining the firft and fecond Part, at Zaragoza, Anno 15S1. Its true Author was Pedro la Sierra. Afterwards Marco Martinez of Alcala continu'd thofe Fables with this Tit!e : The Third Part of the Mirror of Princes and Knights, the Atcbievements and great Anions of the Children and Grand-children of the Emperor Trebacio. Printed at Alcala Anno 1589. And Feliciana de Silva, afterwards, writ the Fourth Part of the Knight of the Sun. Thefc Titles being known, the Reader will better underftand the Verfes of the Knight of the Sun to Don Quixote de la Mancha ; and will likewife be enabled to apply the Criticifm which the Curate made when the Barber, taking down another Book, cry'd : Here's the Mirror of Knighthood. Oh ! I have the honour to know him, repiyed the Curate, 1 you will find the Lord Rinaldo cf Montalban, with his Friends and Companions, all of them greater Tlneves than Cacus •, together with the Twelve Peers of France, and that Faithful Hiflorian Turpin. Truly I mufl needs fay, Lam only for condemning them to per- petual Banifhment, at leaft becaufe their Story contains fomething cf the Famous Boiardo's Invention; out of which the Chriflian Poet Ariofto alfo borrow' d his Subjeli. Cervantes in (u) another Place makes a great jeft of Feliciano de Suva's Style. 82. As Don Quixote bore away the Bell from all other Knights-Errant, lb likewife did Dulcinea del Tcbofo do the fame by the Ladies. And this is fignify'd by the broken Verfes of Urganda the Unknown, and the Sonnet of Lady Oriana to Dulcinea del To- bofo, both which Ladies take up a great deal of Paper in the Hiftory of Amadis de Gaul. Befides, this likewife alludes to the ridiculous Madnefs of writing Verfes as fiom Wo- men, with intent that they might be thought PoetefTes, and that the Authors were voured by them. 83. Gandalt (t) Part I. ch. 6. (u) Part I. ch. 1 , 4 o The L I F E of 83. Gandalin's Verfes to Sancho Panza, declare that never was a Squire born into the World, equal to Sancho Panza. And the fame Compliment is pafs'd on Rozinante by the Poet Entreverado's Verfes, and the Dialogue between Babieca and Rozinante, fjnce (x) tbo' his Horfe's Bones ftuck out like the Corners of a Spanifh Real, and was a worfe Jade than GonelaV, qui tantum pellis et offa fait, his Majler yet thought that neither Alexander's Bucephalus, nor the Cid'i Babieca could be compar'd with him. 84. As for the Arragonian's reflecting upon Cervantes'* want of Friends to grace the beginning of his Book with Commendatory Verfes, Cervantes had nooccafion to anfwer that Objection •, fince, of the very Thing which the other faid he wanted, Cervantes had before, as I faid, made fo great a Jeft, not only in his Preface to Don Quixote, but in that to his Novels likewife. For, fpeaking of that cuftomary Abufe, and of the Friend into whofe Head he had put that moil difcrece Advice which was practifed fo dextroufly and hap- pily by him, after he had defcrib'd himfelf, both inwardly and outwardly, i. e, both Body and Mind, he added : And if this Friend cou'd recolletl -nothing more to fay of me, Iwou'd tnyfelf have coin' d two dozen of Teftimonials, and whifpered 'em to him, in order to fpread my Name and raife the Reputation of my Wit ; for, to think fetch Elogiums fpeak real "Truth, is downright Folly, for there" 's no depending upon fetch Characlerijlicks either pro or con. In fhcrt, fence that Opportunity is pafl, and I am left in bianco, and without any Cutt or Ejfigie, I muft e'en make the beft ufe I can of my Tongue, which tbo' naturally flow, /ball not be fo in fpeaking Truth, which may be underftocd ev'n by making Signs only. And then he goes on and gives his own Sentiments of his Novels, without speak- ing by the Mouth of a Goose, as the Proverb before quoted has it. 85. As for this Scandalous Fellow's faying that Cervantes wrote his Firfl Part of Don Quixote, in a Prifon, and that That might make it fo dull, and incorrect : Cervantes did not think fit to give any Anfwer concerning his being imprrfon'd : Perhaps to avoid giving offence to the Minifters of Juftice ; for certainly his Imprifonment muft not have been fCTnominious, fince Cervantes himfelf voluntarily mentions it in his Preface to the Firft Part of Don Quixote. As for his Negligence and Incorrectnefles, I don't deny but Cervantes had fome, which I have obferv'd ; but fince thcArragonian did not fpecify 'em, there was no reafon Cervantes, by fatisfying Him, lhould let him run away with the Glory of a juft and rational Cenfure. And therefore the Confeffion of his own Overfights, or the Defence of thofe the Criticks of that Age charg'd as fuch, is referv'd for a fitter Oppor- tunity: and the Cenfure of other Things, which might have been eafily alter'd, is for- born out of the Refpect that is due to the Memory of fo great a Man. 86. The Thing which Cervantes bore hardeft upon in his Aggrefibr, was his Impu- dence, for fuch it was, and a very great one too, the continuing a Work of pure In- vention, of another Man's, and while the Author was livingtoo, which makes him % to his Reader, If ever you fhould happen to fall into his Company, pray tell him from me that I have not the leal Quarrel in the World with him : For I am not ignorant of the Tempta- tions of Satan ; and of all his Imps, the fribbling Devil is the moft Irrefeflable. When that Demon is got into a Man's Head, befalls to Writing and Publifhing, which gets him as much Fame as Money, and as much Money as Fame. But if he won't believe what you fay and you be difpefd to be Merry, pray tell him this Story. Then Cervantes proceeds •> - y ' and (x) Part I. cb. 1. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 41 and tells a Tale, and then] another, with that fatyrical Grace, that nothing can be more beautiful. 87. Cervantes being of Opinion that the Arragouian's Impudence deferv'd greater Chaftifement ; in order to render him more ridiculous in various Parts of the Body of the Work he has a Fling at him, and intermingles divers Reproofs of that unpardonable Continuation, which it is fit fhou'd be here read together that others may not fall into the like Temptation. 88. In the LIXth Chapter of the Second Part, fuppofing fome Travellers to be reading in an Inn the Arragonian's Continuation, or Second Part of Don Quixote, he introduces one Signer Don John, faying : Dear Don Jeronimo, I befeech you, till Super's brought in 3 let us read another Chapter of the Second Part of Don Qjixote. No j had Don Quixote Jieard himfelf named (he being in the next Room, which was di- vided from that wherein the Travellers were by a {lender Partition) but up the Cham- pion flarted, and liflen'd with attentive Ears to what was faid of him, and then heard that Don Jeronimo anfwer : Why would you have us read Nonfenfe, Signor Don John ? Methinks any one that has read the Firji Part of Don Quixote, fccuid take but little Delight in reading the Second. That may be, reply' d Don John ■, however, it mayn't be amifs to read it ; for there's no Book fo bad, as not to have fomething that is good in it. What difpleafes me viofi in this Part, is, that it reprefents Don Quixote no longer in love with Dulcinea del Tobofo. Upon thefe Words, Don Quixote, burning with Anger and Indignation, cry'd out : Whoever fays that Don Quixote de la Mancha has forgot, or can forget Dulcinea del Tobofo, I will make him know with equal Arms, that he deviates wholly from the Truth ; for the Peerlefs Dulcinea del Tobofo, cannot be forgotten, nor can Don Quixote be guilty of Forgetfulnefs. Confiancy is his Motto ; and to preferv: bis Fidelity with Pleafure, and without the leaf, Conftraint, is his Profefjion. Who's that afvers us ? cries one of thofe in the next Room. Who Jhould it be, quoth Sancho, but Don Quixote de la Mancha his nown felf, the fame that will make good all he has faid, and all that he has to fay, take my Word for it ; for a good Paymafter ne'er grudges to give Security. Sancho had no fc oner made that Anfwer, but in came the two Gentlemen {for they appeared to be no lefs) and one of them throwing his Arms about Don Quixote'* Neck, your Prefence, Sir Knight, faid he, does not belye your Reputation, nor can your Reputa- tion fail to raife a Refpetl for your Prefence. Tou are certainly the true Don Quixote de la Mancha, the North-Star, and Luminary of Chivalry-errant in defpite of him that b.:s attempted to ufurp your Name, and annihilate your Atckievements, as the Author of this Book, which 1 here deliver into your Hand, has prefum'd to do. With that he took the Book from his Friend, and gave it to Don Quixote. The Knight took it, and with faying a Word, began to turn over the Leaves ; and then returning it a while after ; little I havefeen, faid be, I have found three Thhigs in this An:!, r, that deferve Repre- henfion. Firfl, I find fault with feme Words in his Preface. In tie fecond PI Language is Arragonian, for fometimes he writes without Articles : And the third Thing I have obferu'd, which betrays moft his Ignorance, is, he is cut of the way in one of tl cipal Parts of the Hiftory : For (y) here he fays, that the Wife of my Squire Sand o 1 za, is cali'd Mary Gutierrez, which is not true; for her Name is Terefa I anza ; Vol. I. f and ()■) In ch. 8. and many more. 42 The LIFE of and he that errs info confderable a Paffo.ge, may well be fufpecled to have committed many grofs Errors through the whole Hijlory. A pretty impudent Fellow, is this fame Hiftory- writer; cry'd Sancho / Sure He knows much what belongs to our Concern, to call my Wife Terefa Panza, Mary Gutierrez! Pray take the Book again, an't like your Worfbip, and fee whether he fays any Thing of me, and fee if he has not changed my Name too. Sure by what you havefaid, honeft Man, faid Don Jeronimo, you Jhould be Sancho Panza, Squire to Signer Don Quixote? Jam, quoth Sancho, and I am proud of the Office. Well, faid the Gentleman, to tell you Truth, the laft Author does not treat you fo Civilly asyoufeemto deferve. He reprefents you as a Glutton, and a Fool, without the leaf grain of Wit or Hu- mour, and very different from the Sancho we have in the firft Part of your Mafter' s Hijlo- ry. Heav'n forgive him, quoth Sancho ; he might have left me where I was, without of- fering to meddle with me. Every Man's Nofe won't make a Shoeing-Hom. Let's leave the World as it is. St. Peter is very well at Rome. Prefently the two Gentlemen invited Don Quixote tofup with them in their Chamber ; for they knew there was nothing to be got in the Inn ft for his Entertainment. Don Quixote who was always very complaifant, (z) could not deny their Requejl, and went with them. So Sancho remain'd Lord and Maf- ter, with his Flefh-pot before him, and placed himfelf at the upper End of the Table, with the Inn-keeper for his Mefs-mate; for he was no lefs a Lover of Cow-heel than the Squire. While Don Quixote was at Supper with the Gentlemen, Don John ask'd him, when he beard of the Lady Dulcinea del Tobofo? Whether /he were married ? Whether fie had any Children, or were with Child or no ? Or whether, continuing fill in her Maiden flate, and preferving her Honour and Reputation unftain'd, foe had a grateful Senfe of the Love and Conftancy of Signer Don Quixote ? Dulcinea is fill a Virgin, anfwered Don Quixote, ar.d my Amorous Tlmtghts more fix' d than ever ; Our Correfpondence after the old Rate not frequent, but her Beauty transformed into the homely appearance of a Female Ruflick. And with tliat he told the Gentlemen the whole Story of her being inchanted, what had befal'n him in the Cave of Montefinos, and the Means that the Sage Merlin had prefcrib'd to free her from her Inchantment, which was Sancho' j Penance of three thoufand three hundred Lafhes. The Gentlemen were extremely pleas'd to hear from Don Quixote'j own Mouth the firange Pajfages of his Hijlory, equally wondring at the nature of his Extravagancies, and bis Eloquent manner of relating them. One Minute they lookt upon him to be in his Senfes, and the next they thought he had loft them all ; fo that they could not refolve what degree to affign him between Madnefs and found Judgment. By this time Sancho having eat his Sup- per, and left his Landlord, mov'd to the Room where his Mafter was with the two Stran- gers, and as he bolted in, Hang me, quoth he, Gentlemen, if He that made the Book your Worffjips have feen, could have a mind that He and I Jhould ever take a loving Cup toge- ther : Iwijh, as he calls me Greedy-Gut, he does not Jet me out for a Drunkard too. Nay, faid Don Jeronimo, he does not ufe you better as to that Point ; tho' I cannot well remember his Exprejfions. Only this I know, they are fcandalous andfalfe, as I perceive by the Phy- fwgnomy offober Sancho here prefent. Take my Wordfor't, Gentlemen, quoth the Squire, the Sancho and the Don Quixote in your Book, I don't know who they be, but they are not the fame Men as thofe in Cid Hamet Benengeli'j Hijlory, for we two are they, juft fuch as Benengeli makes us ; my Mafter Valiant, Difcrete, and in love ; and I a plain, merry- conceited (z) The Arragonian does not defcribe him ft. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 4.3 conceited Fellow, but neither a Glutton, nor a Drunkard. I believe you, faid Don John, and I could wijh, were fitch a Thing poffible, that all other 1} 'tilers vibatfoever were for- bidden to record the Deeds of the great Don Quixote, except Cid Hamct, his frfl An: (a) as Alexander did forbid all other Painters to draw his Pitlure, except Apellcs. Let any one draw mine, ifhepleafes, faid Don Quixote; but let Urn net alufe the Original; for when Patience is loaded with Injuries, many Times it finks under its Burden (b). No Injury, reply' d Don John, can be offered to Signor Don Quixote but . is able to revenge, or at leafi ward off with the Shield of his Patience, which, in my opinion, is Great and Strong. In fitch Difcourfe they fpent a good part of the Night ; and thtf Don John endeavoured to perfuade Don Quixote to read more of the Book, to fee how the Author had handled his Subjecl, he could by no Means prevail with bim x the Knight giving him to un- der/land, he had enough of it, and as much as if he had read it throughout, concluding it to be all of a Piece, and nonfenfe all over ; and that he would not encourage the Scribbler's Vanity fo far as to let him think that he had read it, floould it ever come to his Ears that the Book had fal'n into his Hands ; well knowing we ought to avoid defiling our Imagination, and with the nicefi Care, our Eyes with vile andobfeene Matters (c). 1 hey askt him, « Way he was travelling? He told them he was going for Saragofa, to make one at the Tur- naments held in that City once a Tear, for the Prize of Armour. Don John acquainted him, that the pretended Second Part of his Hiftory gave an Account (d) how Don Quixote, whoever he was, had been at Saragofa at a publick Running at the Ring, the Defcription of which was wretched, and defective in the Contrivance, mean and low in the Style and Exprcfj'wn, miferably poor in Devices, poorefl of all in Learning, but rich in Folly and Nonfenfe. For that Reafon, faid Don Quixote, / will not fit a Feet in Saragofa, and fo the World fio all fee what a notorious Lye this new Hijlorian is guilty of, and all Mankind Jhall perceive I am not the Don Quixote he fipeaks of. Toil will do very well, faid Don Jeronimo ; befides, there is another Turnament at Barcelona, where you may fignalize your Valour. I defign to do fo, reply 'd Don Quixote ; and fo Gentlemen, give me leave to bid you good Night, and permit me to go to Bed, (for 'tis Time ;) and pray place me in the num- ber of your left Friends, and moft Faithful Servants : and Me too, quoth Sancho, for may- hap you may find me good for fomething. Having taken leave of one another, Don Quix- ote and Sancho retired to their Chamber, leaving the two Strangers in admiration, to think what a Medly the Knight had made of good Senfe and Extravagance ; but fully fatisf.cd however, that thefie two Pcrfons were the true Don Quixote and Sancho, and net thofe obtruded upon the Publick by the Arragonian Author. Admirable Criticifm! One of the Precepts of Fable is to follow common Fame, or to devife Things fo as to hang toge- ther. Cervantes had figur'd Don Quixote, as a Knight-Errant, Valiant, Difcrete, and Amorous ; and this was his well-known Character when the fo call'd Fernandez de Avel- laneda took upon him to carry on his Hiftory •, whereas He defcribes Don Quixote, as a Coward, an Ideot, and not Enamour'd. Don Quixote's Lady, as the Dutchcfs faid, was a fancy' d Perfcn(e), a Lady merely Notional, (in fhert a Madman's Lady) whem Don Quixote had engender' d and brought forth by the Strength and Heat of his Fancy, awl f 2 there (a) See Part I. ch. g. of Don Quixote. [b) A tacit tbrcatninp againjl thi Arrajronhn writ (c) Such as the ArragonianV Book abounds within many of the Chapters. (d) In the nth cb. (e) Part II. ch. 3 z. 44- tte L I F E cf there endow 1 d with all the Charms and good Qualifications, which be was pleas' d to afcribe to her; beautiful without Blemijh, referv'd without Pride, amorous with Madefy, agreeable for her courteous Temper, and courteous, as an Effecl cf her generous Education; and, in port, of an illuftrious Parentage. Fernandez de Avellaneda paints her in a quite different Manner. Cervantes reprefented Sancho Panza as a plain, fimple, merry-con- ceited Fellow, but neither a Gormandizer nor a Drunkard : Fernandez de Avellaneda, fimple indeed, but a Fellow of no humour, rather a mere Greedy-gut and an arrant Sot: and therein, neither follows common report, nor invents his Tale with Uniformity. Well therefore might Altifidora fay, fpeaking of a Vifion fhe had (for Women are apt to have Vifions,) (/) That fhe faw certain Devils playing at Tennis with flaming Rac- kets, inftead of Tennis-balls making ufe of Books ftuff'd with Wind and Flocks, and fo nightly made that the Ball wou'd not bear a fecond Blow, but at every Stroke they were oblig'd to change Books, fome of 'em New, fome Old, which fhe thought very Strange: They tojf'd up a new Book fairly bound, and gave it fitch a fmart Stroke, that the very Guts flew out of it, and all the Leaves were fcatter'd about. Then cry'd one of the Devils to another, look, look, what Book is that ? 'Tis the fecond Part of the hiflory of Don Quixote, faid the other, net that which was compos' d by Cid Hamet, the Author cf the Firjl, but by a certain Arragonian, who profeffes himfelf a Native of Tordefillas. Away with it, cry'd the firjl Devil, drjon with it, plunge it to the lowefl Pit of Hell, where I may never fee it more. Why is it fuch Stuff faid the other? Such intolerable fluff, cry'd the firjl Devil, that if I and all the Devils in Hell fhou'dfet our Heads together to make it •worfe, it were pajl our Skill. To which a little afterwards Don Quixote reply'd : That very Hifiory is tofs'd about juft at the fame Rate, never rejling in a Place, for every Body has a Kick at it. From which Words we may infer, that as foon as it was publifh'd, it began to be defpis'd. And as Cervantes feigns that the Devils play'd at Tennis with flaming Rackets ; fome, from thence have taken occafion, and juftly as they thought, to advance an affer- tion,'(°0 that the Friends of Cervantes burn'd the Books of the paultry Continuator: which fs a gratis Diclum ; for Cervantes had no Friends that wou'd favour him, fo much at their own Expence. 09 Whatever may have been the Cafe in that refpecl:, 'twill not be amifs to hear Sancho and Don Qirixote's Thoughts of that Book : (h) I'll lay you a Wager, quoth Sancho, that before we be much older, there will not bean Inn, a Hedge-Tavern, a Mind ihclualling-Houfe, nor a Barber's-Shop in the Country, but what will have the Story cf our Lives and Deeds pajled and painted along the Walls. But I eou'd wifh with all my Heart though, that they may be done by a better Hand than the bungling Son of a Whore that drew thefe. Thou art in the Right, Sancho, faid Don Quixote ; for the Fellow that did thefe, puts me in mind o/Orbaneja, a Painter of Uveda, who, as he fat at Work, being ask'd what he was about ? Made anfwer, any thing that comes uppermeft : And if he chane'd to draw a Cock, he underwrit, This is a Cock, left People fhould take it for a Fox. Juft fuch a one was he that painted, or that wrote {for they are much the fame) the Hiftory of this new Don Quixote, that has lately peep' d out, and ventur'd to go a fir oiling ; for his Painting or Writing is all at random, and any thing that comes uppermofl. I fancy he's ( n Part II. ch. 70. (g) Set the Prifact ofthi rt-impreffam of the felf-call'd Fernandez d< AveL- laneda. {h) Part II. ch. 71.. Michael de Cervantf. s Saavedra. 45 he's alfo not much unlike err Mauleon, a certain Poet, wh -was at Court fome Tears 1 ! pretended to give atfaer extempore to any manner of Que/iions. Some B ■ aitfd'bim what was the meaning cf Dcum de D.o? Wi. tie Gentleman atifwer'd very pertly in Spanifh, De donde de diere, /' it is, Hab nab at a Venture, 90. The fame Don Quixote, difcourfing on another Occafion with D n Alvaro Tarfe (who in the Arragonian's Hiftory fills a great many Pages) holds this Dialogue with him : (i) " Pray, Sir, /aid Don Quixote to Scfior Don Alvaro, bo pleas'd to tell me " one Thing; Am I any thing like that Don Quixote of yours? The fartheft from it " in the World, Sir, reply'd the other. And had he, faid our Knight, one Sanch? " Panza for his Squire? Yes, faid Don Alvaro, but I was the m ft deceiv'd in him " that cou'd be ; for by common Report that fame Squire was a comical, witty Fel- " low, but I found him a very great Blockhead. I thought no lefs, quoth Sancbc, " for every Man is not capable of faying comical Things ; and that Sancho you talk '« of muft be fome paultry Raggamuffin, fome guttling Mumper, or pilfering Crack- " rope, I warrant him. For 'tis I am the true Sancho Panza ; 'tis I am the merry- " conceited Squire, that have always a Tinker's Budget full of Wit and Waggery, " that will make Gravity grin in fpite of its Teeth. If you won't believe m.^ do « c but try me ; keep my Company but for a Twelvemonth, or fo, you'll find what " a fhower of Jokes and notable] things drop from] me every Foot. Adad ! I fet " every Body a laughing, many times, and yet I wilh I may be hang'd, if I defign'd " it in the leaft. And then for the true Don Quixote de la Mancha, here you have " him before you. The ftanch, the famous, the valiant, the wife, the loving Don " Quixote de la Mancha, the Righter of Wrongs, the Punimer of Wickednefs, the " Father to the Fatherlefs, the Bully-rock of Widows, the Maintainer of Damfcls and " Maidens ; he whofe only Dear and Sweet-heart is the Peerlefs Dulcinea del Tobofo ; " here he is, and here am I his Squire. AJ1 other Don Quixote's and all Sat " Panza's befides us two, are but Shams, and Tales of a Tub. Now by the Sword " of St. Jago, honeft Friend, faid Don Alvaro, I believe as much ; for the little thou " haft utter'd now, has more of Humour than all I ever heard come from the other. " The Blockhead feem'd to carry all his Brains in his Guts, there's nothing a Jeft with " him but filling his Belly, and the Rogue's too heavy to be diverting. For my «« parr, I believe the Inchanters that perfecute the good Don Quixote, have fent the " bad one to perfecute me too. I can't tell what to make of this Matter, for, though " I can take my Oath, I left one Don Quixote under the Surgeon's Hand's at the Nun- " cio's in Toledo, (k) yet here ftarts up another Don Quixote quite different from mine. " For my part, faid our Knight, I dare not avow my felf the Good, but I may venl " ture to fay, I am not the Bad one ; and as a Proof of it, Sir, be affur'd, that in " the whole Courfe of my Life, I never faw the City of Saragofa •, and fo far from it " that hearing this Ufurper of my Name had appear'd there at the Turnament I " declin'd coming near it, being refolv'd to convince the World that he was an hn~- " poftoV. I directed my Courfe to Barcelona, the Seat of Urbanity, the Sanctuary of " Strangers, the Refuge of the diftrefled, the Mother of Men of Valour, the Redrcf- " fer of the injur'd, the Refidence of true Friendfhip, and the firft City of the World " for (/) Part II. cb. 7 j, {k) See AvellanedaV Continuation, cb, 36. 46 7%e L I F E of for Beauty and Situation. And though fome Accidents that befel me there, are fo far from being grateful to my Thoughts, that they area fenfib!e Mortification to me j yet in my Reflection, of having {ten that City, I find Pleafure enough to alleviate my Misfortune : In lhort, Don Alvaro, I am that Don Quixote de la Mancha^ whom Fame has celebrated, and not the pitiful Wretch who has ufurp'd my Name, and wou'd arrogate to himfelf the Honour of my Defign. Sir, you are a Gentleman, and I hope will not deny me the Favour to depofe before the Magiftrate of this Place, that you never faw me in all your Life till this Day, and that I am not the Don Quixote mention'd in the (/) Second Part -, nor was this Sambo Panza my Squire, the Perfon you knew formerly. With all my Heart, faid Don Alvaro, tho* 1 muft own my felf not a little confounded to find at the fame time, two Don Quixotes, and two Sancbo Panza's, as different in Behaviour as they are alike in Appellation : For my part, I don't know what to think of it > and fo I again fay and affirm, that I havefeen what I have not feen, and that That has befal'n me which has notbefal'n me Here the Mayor, or Bailiff of the Town happening to come into the Inn, with a Publick Notary, Don Quixote defir'd him to take the Depofi- tion which Don Alvaro Tarfe was ready to give, where he certify'd and declar'd, That the faid Deponent had not any Knowledge of the DonQuixote there prefent, and that the faid Don Quixote was not the fame Perfon that he this Deponent had feen mentio- ned in acertain printed Hiftory, intituled, or called, The Second Part of Don Quixote de la Mancha, written by Avellaneda, a Native of "fordefillas. In fliort, the Magiftrate drew up and ingrofs'd the Affidavit in due Form, and the Teftimonial wanted nothing to make it aniwer all the Intentions of Don Quixote and Sancbo, who were as much pleas'd as if it had been a Matter of the laft Con- fequence, and that their Words and Behaviour had not been enough to make the Diftinflon between the two Don Quixote" 1 * and the two Sambo's. The Compliments and Offers of Service that pafs'd after, between Don Alvaro and Don Quixote, were many, and our Knight of La Mancha behav'd himfelf with fo much Dilcretion, that Don Alvaro was convinc'd he was miftaken ; tho' he thought there was fome In- chantment in the Cafe, fince he had thus met with two Knights and two Squires of the fame Name and Profeffion, and yet fo very different. qi. Laftly, the fame Don Quixote de la Mancha, or rather, Alonso Quixano the Good', being now reftor'd to his right Senfes and perfed Judgment, in one of the Claufes of hTs Will, directs as follows : (m) Item, / entreat my faid Executors (the Curate Pen Perez, and Mr. Sampfon Carrafco the Bachelor, who were prefent) that if at any time they have the Good-fortune to meet with the fuppos'd Author of the Second Part of the Achievements of Don Quixote de la Mancha, they wou'd from me ?noft heartily beg his Parian for my being undefignedly the Occafion of his writing fucb a Parcel of Impertinences as is contain" d in that Book, for it is the greateft Burden to my departing Soul, that ever I ■was the Caufe of making fucb a Thing publick. 02. Very much in the right, therefore, was Cervantes, and great reafon had he, when he faid that the Glory of continuing with Felicity the Hiftory of Don Quixote de la Mamba y was referv'd for his Pen alone. And left this fhou'd found like Boafting, he (I) He means Avellanedifr Continuation. (m) Part II. at the End. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 47 he put the following judicious Speech in the Mouth of Cid Hamct Benengeli, addi fing himfclf to his Pen. Here fays Cervantes, (>;) " The fagacious Cid Hamet fpofce " to his Pen : O Thou my (lender Pen, thou, of whofe Knib, whether well or ill *« cut, I dare not fpeak my Thoughts! fufpended by this Wire, remain upon : •« Rack, where I depofite thee. There may'ft thou claim a Being many Ages, un- " lef> prefumptuous Scribblers take thee down to profane thee. But e'er they Jay " their heavy Hands on thee, bid them beware, and, as well as thou canft, in their «' own Stile, tell 'em, (0) " Avaunl, ye Scoundrels, all and feme! " I'm kept for no fetch thing. ** Defile not me ; but hang yourfelves ; " And feo God fetve the King. " For me alone was the great Don Quixote born, and I alone for him. Deeds were *« his Task ; and to record 'em, mine: We two, like Tallies for each other (truck " are nothing when apart. In vain the fpurious Scribe of "Tordeftllas dar'd with his *' blunt and bungling Oftridge- Quill invade the Deeds of my mod: valorous Knight: " The great Attempt derides his feeble Skill, while he betrays a Senfe benumm'd " and frozen. And thou, Reader, (p) if ever thou canft find him out in his Obfcu- " rity, I befeech thee advife him likewife to let the wearied, mouldring Bones of " Don Quixote, reft quiet in the Earth that covers them. Let him not expofe 'em ** in (q) Old Caftile, againft the Sanctions of Death, impioufly raking him out of " the Grave where he really lies ftretch'd out beyond a Poffibility of making a third - " Act and taking a new Ramble round the World. The two Sallies that he has " made already (r) (which are the Subject of thefe two Volumes, and have met with u fuch universal Applaufe in this and other Kingdoms) are fuffkient to ridicule the " pretended Adventures of other Knights-Errant. Thus advifing him for the beft " thou (halt difcharge the Duty of a Chriftian, and do good to him that wilhes thee " evil. As for me, (s) I mult efteem myfelf happy and gain my End in rendring " thofe fabulous, nonfenfical -Stories of Knight-Errantry, the Object of the publick " Averfion. They are already going down, and I do not doubt but they will drop u and fall together in good earneft, never to rife again : Adieu. And indeed, affoon as the Firft Part oi Don Quixote came out, this Knight-Errant began to put down all the reft, and made them hide their Heads -, and after the Se- cond Part was publifh'd, Anno 1615, the Applaufe which this Work gain'd was fo great and extenfive that very few Works have obtain'd in the World fo great, fo uni- verfal and fo lafting an Approbation. For there are Books which are efteem'd for no other reafon but becaufe their Stile is a Text for the dead I anguages ; others which are become famous thro' fome Circumftances of the Time they were writ in, which being paft and gone their Applaufe is ceas'd too; others will always be valu'd on ac- count (n) Part II. at ^ e End. (0) Tate, tate, foFIoncicos, &c. Thefe Words *re in an eld Romance which I have forgot the r.ame cf. (p) Aftgn how obfeure the Tordeiillian Author was. ( r) The fi/h Continuatcr in his la ft Chapter hints as if he dfegn'd to write feme of Don Quixote'* Randies in ( )Jd Caftile. (r) Had that of the Second Part been reckon'd in, there wou'd be three SolIUs ofl\> n Quixote, but Cervantes fpcaks upon a Suppofetion that only the Firji Part was publifr/d. (s) This is Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 48 the L I F E of count of the Weight and Importance of the Subject they treat of. Whereas thofe of Cervantes, tho' written on a ridiculous Subject, and tho* the Spanifh Dominion is not fo extenfive as it was then, and tho' written in a Jiving Language which is confin'd to certain Bounds ; yet they live, and triumph in fpite of Oblivion : And are at this Day as neceffary in the World, as when they firft came out ; for after France had, thro' the happy Protection of Louis XIV. arriv'd to the height of Learning, it be- gan to decline, and for want of a Sirmond, a Boffuet, a Huet, and fuch like learned Men of immortal Memory, who foon after went off the Stage, a Spirit of Novellizing began to prevail * and a Fondnefs for Fables has taken fuch root that their Literary Journals are ftuff'd with 'em, and hardly any other fort of Books come to us from France. The Mifchief, formerly caus'd by fuch Fables, was fo great, that it might be faid to be univerfal. Which made that moft intelligent Cenfor of the Republick of Letters Ludovicus Fives, fo grievoufly deplore the corrupt Manners of the Times he liv'd in : (/) What a way of living is this, faid he, What Times are we faVn into, that nothing hut Ribaldry will pafs for gccd Poetry, and cbfcene Ballads for fine Sonnets ? It is high time the Magifi 'rates took cognizance of this Evil, and that fame Provifionwere made againjlit by Law, as alfo againft fuch pejlilential Books in Spain, as Amadis, Efplandian, Florifando, Tirante, Triftran : Whofe Extravagancies know no Bounds: Each Day produces more and more of 'em ; fuch as Celeftina the Bawd, the Mother of all Wickednefs, and Sink of all Leudnefs. In France, Lancelot of the Lake, Paris and Vienna, Puntho and Sidonia, Peter of Provence and Magalona, Melifendra, the inexorable Matron. Here in Flanders (Vives wrote this at Bruges, where he liv'd Anno 1523.) Florian and Blanca-Flor, Leonela and Canamor, Curias and Floreta, Pyramus and Thisbe. Some there are tranf- lated out of Latin into the vulgar Tongues, as Poggius'* Book of Stories which fails both in point of Mcdejly and Religion, (u) Euryalus and Lucretia, Boca^'j hundred Novels. All which Books were written by Men that liv'd an idle Life, or were ill employ 'd, of no Ex- perience, or Abilities, given up to Vice, and all manner of Filthinefs. In winch I am amaz'd People fhciCd find any thing to delight 'em. But we are naturally perverfe and prone to Evil. A powerful and moft effectual Remedy therefore was that which the moft ingenious Cervantes apply'd, fince it purg'd the Minds of all Europe, and cur'd them of that inveterate radicated Fondnefs they had for thofe contagious Books. Again therefore let Don Quixote de la Mancha appear, and let one Madman undeceive many voluntary Madmen : Let one Man of Senfe, like Cervantes, divert and reclaim fo many idle and melancholick Perfons, with the pleafing and entertaining Products of his artful and ingenious Pen, I mean his Books of Don Quixote, of which there has been a long difpute which of the two Parts is beft : That which contains the firft and fecond Sally of our Champion; or the third? 9?. Far from taking upon me to decide fo nice a Queftion, I fhall let Cervantes do it himfelf, who having heard the Judgment which fome had anticipately made, intro- duced the following Converfation between Don Quixote, the Bachelor Samtfon Car- r co, and SanchoPanza. Perhaps, (x) faid Don Quixote, the Author ('that is, Cid Harriet Benengeli) (t) De ChriWanl Foemina, Lib. I. cap. Qui non legendi Scriptores, q :i Icrer.di. (u) J N0- vel by ,/Eneas Sylvius, before he was Pope, endwhtn he was but a finqle Priefi : afterwards retrat- t ed in bis Efift. 395- (*). Part U - ch - 4- Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 49 Benengelij promifes A Second Part ? He does fo, faid Carrafco : But he fir.? s, (?) he cannot find it, neither can he difcover who has it : So that we doubt whether it will come cut or no ; as well for this reafon, as becaufe fome People fay that Second Parts are never worth any thing ; others cry, there's enough of Don Quixote already : However, many cf thofe that love Mirth better than Melancholy^ cry out, Give us more Quixotery ; let but Don Quixote appear, and Sancho talk, be it what it will, we are fatisfy'd. And how ftands the Author affected ? Said the Knight. Truly ^ anfwer'd Carrafco, as foot: as ever he can find out the Hiftory, which he is now looking for with all imaginable Indujlry, be is refolv'd to fend it immediately to the Prefix tho' more for his own Profit than thro' any Ambition of applaufe. What, quoth Sancho, does he defign to do it to get a Penny by it ? Nay, then we are like to have a rare Hiftory indeed ; we ffoall have him botch and whip it up, like your Taylors on Eafler-Eve, and give us a huddle of Flim-fla?ns that will never hang together ; for your hafly Work can never be done as it Jhould be. Let Mr. Moor take care how he goes to Work ; for, my Life for his, I and my Mafier will flock him with fitch a heap of Stuff in matter of Adventures and odd Chances, that he will have enough not only to write becaufe it is obvious Cer- vantes's aim in this was only to reprove fuch Authors who are wont to charge their own Errors on the Negligence of the Printers, without confidering that the Errors of the Prefs for the mod part confift only in a few Literals or Verbals and fometimes perhaps in omitting fome fmall Period. As for the manner how and the time when Ginefillo ftole the Afs ; it feems to me, if I don't very much miftake in my judgment of Cervantes's way of Thinking, his fole End was to ridicule the Fancy of dealing Sacripante's Horfe in that manner. 98. But I am at a lofs to excufe the fuppofing it poflible, that in a Town of Ar- ragon, of above a thoufand Inhabitants, a Mock-Government, as Sancho's was, fhou'd continue fo long as eight or ten Days. Whether this is likely, let the Arragonians fay. What I am certain of, is this, that there being in Arragon no Cavern half a League long, it is contrary to all Truth to fay Sancho Panza went thro' it fo far, till he ftopt at a Place where Don Qv.ix'Ae from above heard his Lamentations. 99. As little do I know how to excufe Cervantes's Saying (c) Fame and Tr on had preferv'd in the Memoirs of La Mancha that Don Quixote after his third S.;!!y went to Saragofa, where he was prefent at certain famous Turnamcnts and met there with Occafions worthy the Exercife of his Valour and good Senfe ; and ai the fame Cervantes comes and fays in his Second Part that Don Quixote declared lie wou'd not fet his Foot in Saragofa, in order to make the modern Hiftorian (. . laneda) a Lyar, fince had he made him go to the Turnaments of Saragofa, he had only follow'd common Fame. n 00. Another Overfight of Cervantes is his calling Sancho's Wife by the Name of Joan Gutierrez or Joan Panza, which is the fame thing, for in La Mancha, tho' not ' in other Parts of Spain, the Wives go by their Hucbands Surnames, and yet he g 2 (b) Part II. cb. z~. (c) At tbeend of Part I. 5 2 The L I F E of fault with the Arragoman Continuator for calling her by the Name of Gutierrez, tho' he himfelf likewife thro' his whole Second Part calls her Terefa Panza. 101. Befides, whoever wou'd take the pains to form a Diary of Don Qj/ixote's Sal- lies, will find Cervantes's Account pretty erroneous, and not conformable to the Ac- cidents and Adventures related. 101. In one thing Cervantes ought to be treated with fome Rigour, and that is in the Anachronifms or Retroceflions of time ; for having himfelf fo juftly reflected upon his Cotemporary Play-wrights in this particular, fuch Defects ought to be cenfured in him. I fhall point out fome of them. 103. But for the better Underftanding what I'm going to fay, it is neceffary to pre- mife, that it hath been the Cuftom of many who have publifh'd Books of Knight-Erran- try, in order to gain them Credit to fay that they were found in fuch a certain place, written in very ancient Characters difficult to read. Thus Garci-Ordonez de Montaho, Regidor of Medina del Campo, after he had faid, he had corrected the three Books of Amadh which thro' the Fault of bad Writers or Compofers were very much corrupt- ed and full of Errors, immediately added, that he had publifh'd thofe Books, tranf- lating and improving the Fourth Book with the Exploits of Efplandian AmadisV Son, which till then no Alan remembers ever to have feen or met with in any Memoirs ; that by great Good-luck it was difcover'd in a Stone-tomb, which, deep in the Earth, in a Her- mitage hard by Conftantinople, was found, and brvught by an Hungarian Merchant into Spain, wrote upon Parchment in a Letter fo old that it was fcarce legible by thofe who un- derflood the Language. Cervantes herein imitating Garci-Ordonez de Montalvo, fays : (d) By Good-fortune he had met with an ancient Phyfician, who had. a Leaden Box in his Piffeffion, which, as he ajfur'd me, was found in the Ruins of an old Hermitage, as it was rebuilding. In this Box were certain Scrolls of Parchment written in Gothick Cha- racters, but containing Verfes in //^Spanifh Tongue, in which many of his (Don Quixote'j) 'noble Ails were fung, and Dulcinea del Tobofo'j Beauty celebrated, Rozinante'j Figure defcrib'd, and Sancho Panza'j Fidelity applauded. They likewife gave an account of Don Quixote's Place of Burial, with feveral Epitaphs and Elogiums on his Life and Man- ners. Cervantes wrote this in the Year 1604, and printed it in the Year following. I leave it to the judicious Reader to determine the Age in which according to the afore- faid Circumftances Don Quixote muft be fuppos'd to have liv'd. An ancient Phyfici- an giving an account of the finding certain Parchments containing Epitaphs on Don Quixote •, that they were firft difcover'd under the Foundation of an old Hermitage, and written in Gothick Letters, the Ufe whereof was prohibited in Spain in the time of King Alonfo the Sixth ; are all (e) Circumftances which infer a diftance of fome Ages pa ft. And this very thing is fuppos'd in a Difcourfe of Don Quixote's, no lefs occultly Learned than agreeably Romantic : (/) Have you not read, cry'd Don Quixote, the Annals and Hiflory of Britain, where are regijler'd the famous Deeds of King Arthur, (King Artus in Spanifh Romances) who, according to an ancient Tradition in that Kingdom, ne- ver dfd, but was turn , d into a Crow by Inchantment, and foall one Day refume his former Shape, and recover his Kingdom again ? For. which reafon fince that time, the Peo- tle of Great Britain dare not offer to kill a Crow. In this good King's Time, the mod Noble (d) Part J. ch. nit. (e) Rodoric. Toletanus, Lib. VI. c. 30. (/) Part I. ch. 15. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 53 Noble Order of the Knights of the Round Table was firfl inflitutcd, and then alfo the Amours between Sir Lancelot of the Lake and Queen Guinever were really tranfailcd, as that In - tcry relates ; they being managed and carry 'd on by the Mediation of that Honourable Ma- tron the Lady Quintafiona, which produced that Excellent Hiftory in Verfe fofung and ce- lebrated here in Spain : There never was on Earth a Knight So waited on by Ladies fair, As once was He Sir Lancelot hight, When firfl he left his Country dear : And the Reft, which gives fo delightful an Account both of his Loves and Feats cf Arms. From that Time the Order of Knighthood was delivered down from Hand to Hand, and has by degrees dilated and extended itfelf into mofl Parts of the World. Then -did the Great Amadis de Gaule fignaiize himfelfby Heroick Exploits, andfo did his Offspring to the fifth Generation. The Valorous Felix-Marte of Hyrcania then got immortal Fame, and undaunted Knight Tirante the White, (g) who never can be applauded to his Worth. Nay, had we but liv'd a little sooner, we might have been bleji with the Converfation of that invincible Knight, the Valorous Don Bel i an is of Greece. And this, Gentlemen, is that Order of Chivalry, which, as much a Sinner as I am, I profefs, with a due Obfervance of the Laws which thofe brave Knights obferv'd^Lcf ore me. If there- fore Don Quixote was fo near the Time in which Don Belianis of Greece and the other numerous Knights-Errant are feign'd to have liv'J, having referr'd them to the Ages immediately fucceeding the Origin of Chriftianity, as has been obferv'd and cenfur'd by the learned Author of the Dialogue of the Languages beforemention'd (h), it follows that Don Quixote de la Mancha muft be fuppos'd to have liv'd many Centuries 2go. How then comes Cervantes to talk of Coaches (i) being in Ufe in Den Quixote's time ? Sinci we are told by Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo in the Second Part of the Officers of the Roy- al Houjhold that the Princefs Margaret when fhe came to be efpous'd to the Prince Don John, brought in the Ufe of Chariots or Coaches with four Wheels-, and when me return- ed again to Flanders a Widow, fuch fort of Carriages ceas'd, and Litters came again into play. And even in France itfelf, from whence we had this Fafbion, as almoft all others, the Ufe of Coaches is of no ancient date -, for John de Laval Boifdauphin of the Houfe of Memorancy, was the firfl Perfon who, towards the clofe of Francis the ill's Reign, made ufe of a Coach becaufe of his Corpulency which was fo exceflive he could not ride on Horfeback. In the Reign of Henry lid there were in the Court of Prance but two Coaches in all, one for the Queen his Confort, and another for his natural Daughter the Lady Diana. In the City of Paris, Chriftopher de Thou (Thuanus) being nominated Firft Prefident, was the Firft that had a Coach ; but he never went in it to the Royal Palace. Thefe Examples which either Grandeur or Neceflity firft introduced, were foon fo pernicioufly prevalent, that nothing could come up to the Vanity of them. As for Spain, Don Lorenzo Vander Hamin &f Leon writing upon this Subject in the Firfl Book of Don John of Auftria'j Life, has the following warm Expreffions : There came Charles (g) Cervantes himfelfby the Month of the Curate very much commends this Book as a Treafure of Delight, and a Mine ofPaflime. But Ludovicus Vives condemns it, and all others of the fame Stamp. (7 j Page 161. (/; Part I. ch. 8, 9 , and Part II. ch. 36, &c. &c. 54- 7& LIFE of Charles Pubeft a Servant cf Charles the Vth. King and Emperor, in a Coach cr Chariot, fitch as are ufed in tbcfe Province: : A i ling very rarely feen in thefe Kingdoms. Whole Cities ran out tojlare at it, fo little known was this fort of Pleafure at that Time. For then oily made ufe cf Carts drawn by Oxen, and in than were often feen riding themcfl colifi- derable Pcrfons even of the (.curt. Don John (for example) went feveral Times to vifit the Church of our Lady dc Reg'.a (the Loretto of Andaluzia) in one of theje Wains or Carts in Company with the Dutchefs of Medina. This was the Prailice cf that Time. But with- in a few Tears (tbrcefcore and ten or thereabouts) it was found necejfary to prohibit Coaches by a Royal Proclamation. To fitch a Height was this infernal Vice got, which has done fo much Mifchief to Caftile. In order to paint forth this Abufe, Cervantes brings in Terefa Panza, Wife to a poor labouring Man, expreffing mighty hopes of riding in a Coach, purely upon the conceit of her Husband's being Governor of the Ifland Barataria. In like manner, to ridicule fome Doctors Degrees which were conferred in his Time, and which ought to have been beftowed on fuch as were Men of Learning but were far from being fo, he mentions fome Licentiates who were Graduated in the Univerfities of Siguenza and Offuna in Bon Quixote's Time, whereas the Univerfity of Siguenza was (by advice of Cardinal Ximenez) erected by John Lopez de Medina, Privy Counfellor to Henry IVth and his Envoy at Rome about the Year 1500. Later yet, in 1548, the Univerfity of Offuna was founded, with Charles Vth's and Pope Paul Illd's Approba- tion, by Don John Tellez de Circn, Condi de Urena. Had Cervantes liv'd in thefe our Days ; he would have faid much more upon this Article of Degrees. But let Don Di- ego de Saavedra in his Republica Literaria be his Commentator. 104. It is likewife an Inadvertency to allude, (as he does) in the fuppos'd Time of Don Quixote, to the Council of Trent which began to fit in 1544, under the Pontificate cf Paul I lid. and broke up in Pope Piu> i Vth's Time. 105. Cervantes likewife makes the Curate fpeak of America before Americus Vefpufius, the Florentine, (in 1497) had fet his Foot in it, and call'd it by his Name, being in that re- fpect more happy than Chriftopher Columbus the Genoefe, who firfr. difcover'd it in 1492. 106. Neither ought he to have mention'd Fernand Cortes, ortalk'tof the Nimblenefs of the Mexican Jockeys in mounting a Horfeback, before ever Cortes, who conquer'd Mexi- co, breathed Vital Air, and before there were any Horfes in that Country. He like- wife names the famous Hill of Potcfi before its pro' igious Veins of Silver were difcover'd by that barbarous mighty Hunter. Neither ought the Word Cacique (fignifying a petty King) which carm: from Hifpanioia have been put into the Mouth of fuch an ignoramus as Sancho Panza. 107. Again, the Art of Printing being fo recent an Invention, it fhou'd not have been fuppofed to be known in Don Quixote's Time, nor ought mention to have been made of fo many Modern Authors, both Foreigners and Spaniards. Foreigners, Ari- cllo, * Merino, Sannazario, Lofrafo, a Sardinian Poet, Pclidore Virgil and others. Among * Cervantes fays, Verino died Florentibus Annis. He died otij, rather than take his Phyftciam 'ice, which was a J'/ifi. Poiitian made ihefolhwing Epitaph on this very learned Youth and excel- lot al Poet of Florence: Sola Venus pcterat lento fuccurrere morbo, 7 J Venus alone his few Difeafe cou'd cure: Ne fe pollueret, maluit ille* Mori. J \ But He choft Death, rather than Life not Pure. Michael d e Cervantes Saavedra. 55 Among the Spaniards Garci-laffo de la Vega, whom he fomctimcs comments E at other times quotes his Verics (k) without naming him, and at other timfs clearly to him. (/) Of John Bo/can, a Poet Co-temporary with, and much a Friend of Garci-laffo, Don Quixote fays, (m) Old Bofcan call'.: . . 1 he mifbkes, many ways, by calling him the Old or Am , and by alluding to Garci-lajfo 'de la Vega's Firft Eclogue. 108. Don Qiiixote himfelf, fpeaking very juftly of the common misfortune attending Tranflations, highly commends that of Paftor Fido done by Doctor Chriftophcr I and alfo that of Amintas done by Don John de Jauregui. Now the Reader mud k that Doctor Suarez de Figueroa publifh'd Cuariui's Pa/lor Fido, in Valencia, Anno 1609, printed by Pedro Patricio Mey ; and Don John de Jauregui, Taffs Aminlas, in Seville, printed by Francifco Lira, Anno 161 8. in 4/0. 109. Again, a Shepherdefs, in difcourfe with Don Quixote, anticipately in point of time, names Camoens, and extolls him as a moft excellent Poet even in his own P' guefe Tongue. («) Pier Words are thefe : We and fome other Shepherdeffes have gel Eclogues by heart ; one of* the famous Garci-laffo, and the other of the moft excellent Ca- moens in his own Language the Portugueze. Which is the fame thing as condemning the Spanijh Tranflations by Louis Gomez de Tapia, and others : whereas it is not pcflibk for two fuch refembling Dialects of one and the fame Language to be equal in Diction and' Harmony. 110. In the celebrated Sixth Chapter of the Firft Part, fuppofing the Scrutiny to be in Don Quixote's time, there are Criticifms made on the Works of George de Montem Gil Polo, Lopez Maldonado, Don Alonfo de Ercilla, John Rufo, Chriftcpher de i and ev'n on the Galatea of Cervantes himfelf. in. He likewife mentions (0) the Works of the famous Bifliop of Avila, Don Alonfo Toftado {Toftatus,) a native of Madrigal, from whence he chofe to be flyled. He was born about the Year 1400, and dy'd in Bonilla de la Sierra the 3d of September 1 (p) He cites Diofccrides illuftrated by Doctor Laguna, printed at Salamanca, Anno 1586 ; and the Proverbs of the Commendary Greigo, publifh'd in the fame City, Anno 1 • He quotes in like manner Villalpandd' s Summv.lae, (q) whereas Doctor Gafpar, Cardinal de Villalpando printed them at Alcala Anno 1599. 112. The Books which Cervantes cenfur'd without naming the Authors, aimed all of 'cm his Co-a?taneans, are very numerous. I fhall only point out a few. 113. Speaking of the Tranflation of Arlof.o, done by Geronimo de U> printed at Lyons in 4TO. by William Roville, Anno 1556. Cervav.tes makes the C fay, I cou'd willingly have excused the good Captain who tranftated it that Trouble < tempting to make himfpeak Spanifh, for he has deprived him of a great deal of his primitive Graces ; a Misfortune incident to all thqfe who prefume to tranflate Verfes, Jince their v.t- moft Wit and Induflry can never enable 'em to preferve the native Beauties and Genius ■ Jhine in the Original. From whence may be inferr'd how much more infipid were the two (k) Part II. eh. 6, £cc. (1) Ibid. ch. S. and 18. (m) Ibkl. eh. 67. Cervantes here puns upon likenefs beiivixt Bofcan and Bofque, which is Spanifh or rather Gothick for a Grove of Ti whence perhaps our Word Bufh.) Nemus in Lar'n (from . s Nemorofo above) means the fame. (n) Part II. eh. c8. (0) Part II. eh. 3. (p) Toftatus writ 1 nd fo well, that it is ad/. . how the Life of Man cou'd reach to it. Stevens'* Did. (q) Part I. ch. 47. 56 lie L I F E of two Tranflations done in Prole, and publifh'd by two Toledians ; one, nam'd Fernando de Alcocer, Anno 1510. the other Diego Vafquez de Contreras, Anno 1585. Both of 'em as Wretched as Faithful Interpreters of Ariofto, to a Letter. Farther on, the Curate fpeaking of the three Diana's, viz. that of George de Montemayor, which contains the Firfi and the Secon d Part, publifh'd at Madrid by Louis Sanchez, Anno 1545. in 1 2ves. That done by Alphonfo Perez, Doctor of Phyfick, known by the Name of Salmantino {the Salamancan) publifh'd at Alcala, Anno 1564. in 8vo. and Laftly, that of Gafpar Gil Polo, printed at Valencia, Anno 1564. The Curate, I fay, fpeaking of the three Diana 1 % fays thus : Since we began with the Diana of Montemayor, I am of opinion we ought not entirely to burn it, but only take cut that Part of it which treats of the Magician Felicia and the inchanted Water, as alfo all the longer Poems ; and let the Work efcape with its Profe, and the Honour of being the Firfi of that Kind. Here's another Diana, quoth the Barber, The Second of that Name, by Salmantino; nay, and a Third too, by Gil Polo. Pray, faid the Curate, let Salmantino increafe the Number of the Criminals in the Yard ; but as for that of Gil Polo, preferve it as charily, as //"Apollo himfelf had wrote it. A little farther the Barber fays again : Thefe that fellow are the Shepherd of Iberia, the Nymphs of Henares, and the Cure of Jealoufy. Then there's no more to do, faid the Curate, but to deliver them up to the fecular Arm of the Houfe-Keeper, and do not ask Wherefore, for then we fhou'd never have done. As for the Author of the Cure of Jealoufy, 1 know not who he was. The Shepherd of Iberia was written by Bernardo de la Vega, a native of Madrid, Canon of Tucuman in South America ; it was printed Anno i$gi in Svo. The Author of the Nymphs and Shepherds of Henares was Bernard Perez de Bobadilla, it was publifh'd Anno 1587 in Svo. Cervantes alluding to thefe two Cenfures, and defiring the World fhould know that in The Voyage to Parnajfus (in which he brings in almofl all the Poets in Spain) he had beflowed Praifes on feveral according to popular report ; he introdue'd a Poet that was diffatisfy'd, upbraiding him with omitting thefe two Poets and for Cenfuring them as he has done above. The faid Poet falls upon Cervantes in this manner : (r) 'Tis true, Barbarian, Thou haft juflly prai/d Some few ; and ethers as unjuftly rais'd High as the Heav'ns, who in Oblivion lay Nor faw the Moon by Night, or Sun by Day. The Great Bernard thou haft of Fame beguiN, Iberia'i Shepherd, from la Vega flyl'd. The Nymphs and Shepherds of Henares Banks For thy ill Ufage owe thee little Thanks. Cervantes in the latter part of his Poem has brought upon the Stage the beforemen- tioned Bernardo de la Vega ; but he has put him among the bad Poets, in thefe terms : Late came Iberia'j Shepherd to the Mufter, And with his Wit and Strength made heavy Blufter. 114. In profecuting the Scrutiny of Don Quixote's Books, the Barber fays : The next is the Shepherd of Filida. He's no Shepherd, return' d the Curate, but a very Difcrete Courtier (meaning Louis Galvez de Montalvo, who publifh'd his Shepherd of Filida at Madrid, (>•) Inch. IF. of thiVojage ^.PamafTus. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 57 Madrid, Anno 1582.) Keep him as a precious Jewel. Here's a much bigger Volume cry'd the Barber^ call'd, The Treafure of divers Poems. Had there been fewer of them, faid the Curate, they would have been more Efteem'd. 'Tis ft the Book fhou'd be pruned and clear'd offeveral Trifles that difgrace the reft. Keep it however, becaufe the Author is my very good Friend, and for the Sake of his other mere Hcroick and Sublime Produtlions- This is Fr. Pedro Padilla, a Native of Linares, a Carmelite Monk, and once, as is re- ported, a Knight of the Order of St. James. Among other Poetical Works, he pub- lifh'd a Song- Book, in which are contain'd fome martial Events of the Spanifh Arms in Flanders. It was printed at Madrid by Francifco Sanchez, Anno 1583. in 8vo. And Michael de Cervantes wrote (ome Laudatory Verfes on the Author of it. 115. In the clofe of the Scrutiny, Cervantes fays: At loft the Curate grewfo tired with prying into fo many Volumes, that he ordered all the reft to be burnt at a Venture. But the Barber fhew'd him one which he had open'd by chance e'er the dreadful Sentence was pafs'd. Truly, faid the Curate, who faw by the Title 'twas the Tears of Angelica, / /hould have wept my felf, had I cans' d fuch a Book to fliare the Condemnation of the reft ; for the Author was not only one of the beft Poets in Spain, but in the whole World, and tranftated fome ofOvid'j Fables with extraordinary Succefs. I take it, this refers to Cap- tain Francifco de Aldana, Alcaide (t. c. Governor) of San Sebaftian, who bravely died in Africa, fighting againft the Moors, whofe glorious Death was celebrated in Octave Rhimes by his Brother Cofmo de Aldana, Gentleman-Umer to Philip II. in the begin- ning of his Sonnets and Octaves, which were printed at Milan, Anno 1587. in 8vo. This Cofmo de Aldana printed all the Works he could find of his Brother Francifco, at Madrid, at the Printing-houfe of Louis Sanchez, Anno 1590, in 8vo. and having af- terwards pickt up many more, he publifh'd a Second Part at Madrid, printed by P. Madrigal, in 1591, in 8vo. Of this Francifco de Aldana his Brother Cofmo fays, he tranflated into blank Verfe Ovid's Epiftles, and compos'd a Work intituled Angelica, and Medoro, in innumerable Octaves : which were never printed, as not being to be found •, by means of thefe two Works we come to know that Cervantes intended Fran- cifco de Aldana, and not Louis Barahona de Soto, of whofe compofing we have twelve Canto's of the Angelica, in purfuance of Ariofto's Invention. Of this Poem Don Diego de Saavedra Fajardo fpeaks, in his admirable Repv.blica Literaria. And now with grea- ter Luftre appear' d Louis de Barahona, a learned Man, and of a lofty Spirit ; but he Jhared the Fortune of Aufonius : he had no Body to advife with. And fo he gave Reins to his Fancy, without dny Moderation or Art. A Character which argues likewife that this was not the Poet on whom Cervantes beftow'd fuch unbounded Praifes. Our Author in the next Chapter proceeds thus : Upon Don Quixote'* loud Outcry they left further Search into the Books, and therefore 'tis thought the Carolea, and Leo of Spair, with the Famous Deeds of the Emperor, written by Don Louis de Avila, which doubt- lefs zvere there, were committed to the Flames, unfeen and unheard ; for if the Curate had found them, they would perhaps have received a more favourable Sentence. The Carolea, Cervantes here fpeaks of may be that which Hieronimo Sempere printed at Valencia Anno 1560. in 8vo. But I'm more inclin'd to believe it to be that publifht zX.Lt. Anno 1585, by John Ochoa de Lafalde, in regard Cervantes, in his Voyage to Pa; fus, fpeakingofthe Lift of the Poets giv'n him by Mercury, lays thus: Vol. L h 7 58 The LIFE of I took the Lift of Names, and, at the head, That of my Friend John de Ochoa, read: As true a Pest as a Chriflian, He ■ 1 1 6. The Author of Leo of Spain was Pedro de la Vecilla Caftellanos, a Native of Leon, who publifh'd his Poem and other Works, in Salamanca, Anno 1586. in 8vo. The Commentaries of Charles the Vth's Wars in Germany, had for its Author Don Louis de Avila i Zuniga, chief Commendary of Alcantara, a Perfon in great Efteem with the Emperor, and highly celebrated by the Prime Wits and ableft Penmen of that Age. 1 1 7. Thefe Anachronifms or Tnconfiftencies in refpect of Chronology relating to Men of Learning are more than fufficient : Thofe committed by Cervantes in relation to Men of the Swcrd were likewife not a few; for he fuppofes that there was already written in Den Quixote's Age, the (f) Hiftory of the great Captain Hernandez de Cor- dova, together with the Lite of Diego Garcia de Paredes ; whereas the former dy'd in Granada the 2d of December, 151 5. of a Quartan Ague (/) (to him fatal) in the 62d year of his Age; and the latter dy'd aged 64, in the Year 1533. and the Chronicles of 'em both were printed in Alcala de Henares, by Herman Ramirez, Anno 1584. in Folio. 118. He likewife introduces the Captive talking of the Famous Duke of Aha, Don Ferdinand de Toledo, going over to Flanders. 119. The fame Captive adds that he went along with him, and ferv'd under him in all his Enterprizes : that he was prefent at the Executions of the Counts Egmont and Horn and came to be an Enfign to a famous Captain of Guadalaxara, nam'd Diego de Urbina : He fpeaks of the Ifland of Cyprus being taken from the Venetians by the Turks in 1571 •, as likewife of the League between the Holy Pontiff Pius V. and Spain againft the Common Enemy of Chrijlendom, and that Don John of Aujlria, natural Brother to Philip the lid was General of that Holy League. He fays he was in the famous Sea-fight of Lepanto in quality of a Captain of Foot, which Battle was fought and won by the Chrifiians the 7th of Oclober, 1 572. He fays that Uchali King of Al- giers, a brave and bold Pirate, having boarded and taken the Admiral Galley of Malta, there' being only three Knights left alive in it, and they much wounded, John Andrea Doria\ Ship in which he (the Captive) was with his Company, bearing up to fuccour the faid Admiral, he (the Captive) leap'd into the Enemy's Galley, which /hearing off from the other that had layd her on Board, prevented his Men from following him, and fo he was left alone amidft his Enemies, who were too numerous to be withflood, and confequently taken Prifoner very much wounded. A little farther, he celebrates Don Alvaro de Bazan, Marquis of Santa Cruz. He gives a very particular Account how two Years afterwards the Turks re-took the Goleta and a little Fort or Tower Don John had built near Tunis, in the Middle of a Lake where Don John de Zamguera, a Gentleman of Valencia and notable Soldier Commanded, who furrender'd upon Ar- ticles. He fays Don Pedro Puertocarrero General of Goleta was taken and dy'd for Grief fp Part I. cb. 32, kc. (t) By this Parenthefis, the Author feims to have an Eye to the Spanifli Prwerb, Por Quartana, nunca fe tafid Campana. A Bell was never rung for a Quartan Ague, that is, People do not die of it. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 59 Grief in his way to Conftantinople : That many Perfons of Note were kiil'd, and among them Pagan Doria the generous Brother of the renown'd John Andrea Dor'u ; and that among thofe who were made Prifoners was Don Pedro de Aguilar, a Gentleman of Audaluzia, who was an Enfign, and likewife a very brave and ingenious Man, and one who had a rare Talent in Poetry. 120. In another Place he highly commends the Slillellos as fharp as an Awl, of Ramon de Hozes the Sevillian Cutler's making who liv'd in Cervanta's own Time. I Ie likewife mentions the Story of the Scholar Toralvas being hoifted into the Air a Morfe- back on a Reed by the Devil, with his Eyes fhut, and fo carry'd in twelve Hours to Rome, and fct down at the Tower of Nona, which is in one of the Streets of that City > and that he faw there the dreadful Tumult, the Afftult and Death of the Conftable of Bourbon, and next Morning found himfelf at Madrid, where he related the whole Story. He likewife names that arrant Chea. * Andradilla. And after the fame a ner our Author brings in many others whofe Memory was very recent in his own Time. Was there ever fuch a firing of Anachronifms ! 121. But they don't end here. Cervantes fays (*) that Don Quixote met with a Com- pany offtrolling Players, who had on Corpus Chrijii Day, in the Morning, been acting a Play call'd the Parliament cr Cortes of Death, and were going forward to another Town to play it over again in the Afternoon ; and herein he is worthy of Cenfure for fuppofing the Reprefentation of Devout- Plays in Don Quixote's Time •, fince 'tis certain, in thofe Days there was no fuch thing as Farce-playing, efpecially in folemn Ftflivak, neither indeed was it at all conformable to the Gravity of the Ancient Manners. 121. He likewife fuppofes the practice of cooling Liquors with Snow, (x) whereas 'tis certain Paulo Jarquies, (who liv'd in Philip the II Id's Time) was the firfl Author or Inventor of the Tax upon Wells where Snow was kept ; the manner of keeping it and ufing it having been, before that, introdue'd into Spain by Don Louis de Cafelvi, Gentleman-Taller to the Emperor Charles Vth, of whom (jy) Gafpar Efcolano, ex- prefling himfelf his ufual way, writes thus': (2) To this Gentleman is Spain indebted for the Knowledge of keeping Snow in Houfes (by Houfes he means Wells) in the M -where it falls, as likewife the practice of cooling Water with Snow. For no ether Means for doing this, but by Salt-petre, being generally known, he was the 'firft that brought .' into Ufe, in the City of Valencia -, which, befides being very delicious, is of a v od EffebJ in Lethargies, Spotted- Fevers, Peflilential Calentures, and other moft Dis- orders, cccafion'd by exceffive Heat in Summer time, and as fuch the ufe of it fpred itfelf by degrees all over Spain : And ever fince that Time, we of Valencia have always call'd that Gentleman by the name of Don Luis de la Nieve ; that is, Mr. Snow. 123. San Diego de Alcala and San Salvador de Orta were beatified in Philip the 1 1 Id's Time, and in allufion to this fays Sancho to Don Quixote : (a) And let me te.'l you, Sir, 2~efterday or t'other Day, for fo I may fay, it being not long fince, there were two i footed Friars Canoniz'd or Sainted; and you can' t think how many poor Creatures th h 2 6o The L I F E of tbemfelves happy but to kifs or touch the Chains with which they girt and tormented their Bodies, and I dare fay they are more reverenced, than is Orlando'; Sword in the Armory of our Sovereign Lord the King. 1 24. In the Reign of Philip II Id the General of the Gallics of the Indies was Don Pedro rich, a Valcncian Gentleman, whom Cervantes highly extolled in his Novel of the two Ladies, and pointing to this Perfonage, on occafion of relating Don Quixote's, entring one of the Gallics, he fays : (b) The General, forfo we mufi call him, by Birth a Valencian, and a Man of Quality, gave him his Hand, and embracing him, faid, this Day will I mark as one of the happiejl I expeil to fee in all my Life, fince I have the Honour now to fee Signor Don Quixote de la Mancha. 125. The laft Edict for the Expulfion of the Morifcd's out of Spain, was publifh'd in the Year 1611, and yet Cervantes introduces a Morifco nam'd Ricote, making (c) the Encomium of Don Bernardino de Felafco, Count of Salazar, to whom Philip the Hid had committed the Care of feeing thofe Morifco's expell'd. 126. But why do I ftand heaping up Anachronifms, when Don Quixote's whole Hif- tory is full of 'em? I mail conclude with faying that Sancho Panza dated his Letter to his Wile Terefa Panza on 20th June 1614, the very Day perhaps on which Cervantes wrote it. 127. But notwithftanding all this I am far from faying that Michael de Cervantes de Saavedra is abfolutely inexcufable : For, as in the very beginning of his Hiftory he fays that Don Quixote liv'd not long fince in a Village of La Mancha, fo he afterwards follow'd the Thread of this firft Fiction, and having forgot it at the End of his Hiftory, he propos'd to imitate Garci Ordonez de Montalvo in the forecited Place, and lb antici- pated the Time Don Qv.ixote liv'd in. And then this will be the only Inadvertency he is guilty of-, or to fay better, Don Quixote is a Man of all Times, and a true Image and Reprefentative of Ages paft, prefent and to come ; and accordingly is adaptable to all Times and Places. And tho' perhaps the fevereft Criticks will not allow of this Ex- cufe, they will not at leaft deny that thefe'Negligences, and others, which it were eafy to add, of wrong allufions and equivocations, which are apt to abound in a Mind fome- what abftnifted °nd drawn off by an over-attentivenefs to the Grand Defign, I fay, it will not be deny'd that they are aton'd for and recompene'd by a thoufand Perfecti- ons •, fince it may with Truth be averr'd that the whole Work is the Happieft and Fine'ft Satir that has hitherto been written againft all Sorts of People. 128. For, if we attend to the Scope and Defign of the Work, Who cou'd have thought that by the means of one Book of Chivalry, all the reft fliould be banifh'd out of the World ? But fo it was, for, writing as Cervantes did from his own Invention, and in all the agreeable Varieties of Stile, he was entirely fingle without a Rival in this kind of Writing as one who thoroughly knew wherein the reft of the Writers had err'd, and perfectly fenfible how thofe Failings of theirs might be avoided, fully fatisfying at the fame time the Tafte of every Reader, and he never better manifefted the Great- nefs of his Notions, than when, by the Mouth of the Canon of Toledo, he fpoke in the following manner : (d) " Believe me, Mr. Curate, I am fully convine'd, that " thefe they call Books of Chivalry, are very prejudicial to the Publick, And tho' I " have (b) Part II. ch. 63. (c) Part II. cb. 65. {d) Part I. ch. 47. .Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 6i " have been led away by an idle and falfe Pleafure, to read the Beginnings of almoft •' as many of them as have been printed, I could never yet perfuade myfelf to go through " with any one to the End ; for to me they all fcem'd to contain one and the fame " thing ; and there is as much in one of them as in all the rtft. The whole Compofiti- «* on and Stile of 'em, in my Opinion, very much refemblcs that of the M! ties, " and are a fort of (y, begins this Chapter ivith this Affeveralion, L fwcar like a true C i lator explains thus, That Cid' 's /wearing like a true Catholick, tho' he was a Moor, is r.o ctherwife to be underflocd, than that as the Catholicks, when tbey Jwear, do or ought to (wear the Truth, fo did he, when he fwore like a true Catholick) to be faithful in t he intended to write of Don Quixote. 133. In another place, fpeaking of Don Quixote, he fays: (m) Some fay his Surname was Quixada or Quefada, for Authors differ a little in this Par - we may reafonably conjeclure he was called Quixada. By which, I fancy, Cervantes means to reflect on the Impertinence of many who are fondly folicitous to heap up various Readings, only to fliew how ingenious they are at frivolous Conjectures. 134. Thefe Writers therefore, and fuch like, are thofe whom Cervantes reflects up- on, when he fays in his Preface they are very anxious to procure Approbations from their Friends, or to make them themfelves, the better to fatisfy their own Ambition of Applaufe. Tho' fome grave, fober Writers, who know how great an Effect an ex- trinfic Authority will work upon half-witted People, do fometimes fufFer .theml^lves to be carry'd away either by a Thirft after Glory, or in Compliance with the Intreaties and Courtefy of their Friends, and are themfelves the Coiners of the Encomiums that are made on their own Performances : As I fufpect to have been the Cafe of Father John de Mariana in almoft all his Works, and of Cervantes himfelf in his Second Part of Don Quixote de la Mancha. 135. Befides Writers, not ev'n Readers have been exempted from our Author's Cen- fure. Among others I am not a little pleas'd with that he made on thofe who write down ridiculous Notes in the Margins of their Books, fuch as that marginal Note writ- ten in the Arabian Hiftory, which when expounded in Spanifa ran thus: (;;) This Dul- cinea del Tobofo, fo many limes fpoken of in this Hiftory, had the befl Hand at pi Pork, of any Woman in all La Mancha. 136. Not only thofe who write and read amifs, met with his juft Reprimands, butli'.c- wife thofe who fpeak amifs. And this I think he had an Eye to in thofe words of the Bifcaynet : (o) Get gone thou Knight, and Devil go with thai ; or by he who me create, if thou do not leave Coach, I will kill thou, asfure as lis a Bifcayner. Don Quixote who made fhift to ur.derftand him well enough, very, calmly made him this Anfwer. Wert thou (p) a Knight or Gentleman, as thou art net, e'er this I would have tis'd thy Folly and Temerity, thai inconftderable Mortal. What ! me no Gentle/. ply'd the BUcayner ; Lfwearyou be a Liar, as I be a Chriflian. If thou the Lance threw away, (I) Part II. ck 27. (m) Part I. ch. r. {n) Part I. ch. 9. (0) Part I. ch. 8. M Ca- vallero in bpamlh figmftes a (jcntleman as well as a Knight, 64 lie LIFE of away, and thy Sword draw, thou Jhalt foon who and who fee is together : I will of thee no more make than of Moufe does a Cat : * the Water we will foon fee who will to the Cat carry : Bifcayner by Land, Gentleman by Sea, Gentleman in fpight of Devil, and thou lyeft if thou Other fayeft Thing. Here we plainly fee how much a Language is disfi- gured, and the Senfe confounded, by a tranfpos'd and difturb'd placing of the Words: a Fault common to all old Books written in Spanifi, as more immediately fucceeding to the Latin Origin : a Fault likewife which Cervantes himfelf is not free from in his Galatea ; which yet may be avoided by following the Cuftom of fpeaking: But as this Cuftom is not founded on a perfect Analogy, but has for Rules many Irregularities, hence it proceeds that there's no fpeaking or writing with an exact Propriety, without hav- ing thoroughly ftudy'd the Grammar of our Mother Tongue, as was the practice of the Greeks and Romans, Nations which fpoke the beft and moft accurately of any in the whole World. But fince this is not the Ufage in Spain, there have been but very few that have written with Purity and Correctnefs. 137. I omit that Cervantes would likewife teach us by the Mouth of Don Quixote, that a Country or Province may have its Privileges and Immunities, without Diftinc- tion of Perfons ; and that true Nobility, in the Opinion of all Mankind, confifts in Virtue, and that thofe will always be moft "glorious who make themfelves illuftrious by Worthy, Generous and Heroick Actions. Upon which Subject in another place, (q) he makes an excellent Difcourfe, (hewing the difference between fome Knights and Gentlemen, and other Knights and Gentlemen * as likewife upon Families, Defcents and Lineages. And Cid Hamet laughs at the (pretended) Gentility of Maritornes, a common Servant-wench at an Inn, (r) And 'tis faid of this good-natured Creature, that Jhe never made fuch a Promife (as fhe had done to the Carrier of coming to Bed to him) but fie perform' d it, tho' fie had made the Promife in the midji of a Wood and without any wit- Kefs at all. For fie food much upon her Gentility and being well-born, and tho' it was her Fortune toferve in an Inn, fi>e thought it no Difgrace, fince nothing but Croffes and Necef- ftty had brought her to it. 13 8. Neither did Cervantes fpare the Great Dons of his Time, tho' he rally'd them Covertly for their Neglect of, and Difregard they ftiew'd to, Men of Wit and Ingenuity. This Satire is very fevere, and requires a particular attention. Cervantes admirably well fets out a falfe Humanift (one whom we commonly call a Pedant) and makes him draw two (f) very pleafant Pictures of himfelf, in which he exhibits a moft ridiculous Idea of his own Works : This occafions Don Quixote to fay •, But, under favour, Sir, pray tell me, fhoilld yen happen to get a Licenfe to publifi your Books, which I fomewhat _ doubt, Whom will you pitch upon for your Patrons ? Oh, Sir, anfwer'd the Author, there are Lords av.d Grandees enow in Spain, fure, that I may Dedicate to. Truly, not many, faid Don Quixote ; there are, indeed, fever al whefe Merits deferve the Praife of a Dedication, but very few whefe Purfes will reward the Pains and Civility of the Author. J muft con- fefs, I know a Prince (a Compliment to Don Pedro Fernandez de Cajlro, Count of Lcmos) ivhofe Generofity may make amends for what is wanting intherefl; and that to fuch a degree that * He 'Mould fay, We fliall foon fee who will carry the Cat to the Water, ( i. e. who will have the bed on't.) Span. Pi (q) Pari II. cb. 6. (r) Part I. ch. 16. (f) One in cb. 22. the other in ch. 24. of Part II. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 65 that JhouU I make bold to come to Particulars, and /peak of his Great Merits, it would be enough to fiir up Envy in many a noble Breajl. Of long ftanding therefore, and as it were hereditary, in Spain, is the little Notice taken of, or rather the Contempt fliewn to great Writers. For which reafon one has fought for a Meca.-nas out ol it : And ano- ther being askt, why he repented of having done honour to the Memory of fo many Perfons, madeAnfwer: (/) Becaufe they think, that the Celebrating their Praifes is a Debt due to them, and that there's no Merit in doing one's Duty. 7hey claim it as a Right, whereas, it is certainly rather a Favour, and no/mall one neither. And therefore a ca Author, took a prudent and a pleafant Courfe, when in the Second Edition of his Work:, ■put his Dedication among the Errata, and wrote, dele The Dedication. i-q No lefs prudent has Cervantes fhewn himfett in Things ot cemmon Life. In Sancbohe charafterizes very naturally, all Talkative, Prating People, making him tell a Story exceedingly well adapted for reprinting the Idea ol a troublefome Talker like thofe we meet with every Day. (a) And becaufe in Company and Converfe of Mankind, there is no greater Impertinence than that of a Ceremonious Perfon, who pretends to be more mannerly and well-bred than ordinary, the Aim of that Story is levell'd at the Error of thofe who fondly imagine the very Effence of good Manners, to conliit in a Uriel Obfervance of fuch Fooleries. 140. Neither did Cervantes approve of Clergymens lording it as they do in Nob mens Families : and againft this he made (x) a ftrenuous Sermon. _ 141. Cerdantes was greatly offended at the Infolence of the Players of his Time, efpecially the King's Players, who were in fuch high Favour at Court, and had 1 fuch Intereft in Great Mens Families, that they wou'd fometimes commit Murder, and yet go unpunifht, infomuch that they were become a publick Nuifance. (y) He acc< ingly fets 'em forth in their proper Colours. 142. Neither did the Diftribution of Governments and Offices of Judicature go un- cenfur'd by our Author. And therefore he makes Don Quixote fay, (for none but a Madman or an Ideotdare to fay fuch Things) We (z) are convinced by a variety of In- flames that neither Learning nor any other Abilities are very material to a Governor. Have we not a Hundred of them that can fcarce read a Letter, and yet they Govern as fharp as fo many Hawks. Their main Bufinefs is only to mean well, and to refolve to do tibeir beft ; for they can't want able Counfellcrs to inflrucl them, thus thofe Governors who are Men of the Sword, and no Scholars, have their Afefors on the Bench to diretl them. My Counfel to Sancho fhall be, that he neither take Bribes, nor lofe his Privileges, with form other little lnftrutlions, which J have in my Head for him, and which at a proper I will communicate, both to his private Advantage, and the Publick Gcod of the IJland he is to Govern. In this Don Quixote alludes to the two Inftruclions which he intended to give, and did afterwards give Sancho Panza, one of a Political or Publick Nature lor the well Governing his Ifland •, (a) and the other Oeconomical for Governing his own Perfon and Family ; both of 'em highly worthy to be read and practis'd by every good Governor and Father of a Family. And now I'm fpeaking of Governors, I can't but take notice of what Sancho faid when {b) they were talking with the Dutchefs, what Vol. I. i (t) Gracian hi El Critic&n. Parte III. Crif. 6. (u) Part II. ch. 3 1 . (*) Ibid. (;) P ' ' • (sj Part II. ch. 32. {a) Ibid. ch. 42, and 43. ' (b) Ibid. ch. 33. 66 The L I F E of they fhou'd do with Dapple, whether he fhou'd be left behind or go along with his Mafter Sancko to his Government, Adad, Madam, /aid Sancho, I have known more yfj/es (ban one go to Governments he/ore now, there/ore 'twill be no new Thing /or me to carry mine. The fame Sancho (c) argues very fhrewdly in the Matter of Hunt- ing which he denys to be fit- for any but idle Companions, and not at all for Gover- nors who Ihould be better employ'd, confirming his Opinion by natural reafon, the fame which mov'd the wife King Alphon/o to fay, Wnf«" r «" "S° b the Tranfator of this I 68 We L I F E of 149. After Cervantes had faid, that if in the Hiftory of Don Quixote, he had foli- cked Pompous Commendatory Verfes, it had fared better with him, lie goes on thus: And therefore I tell thee {once more amiable Reader) that of thefe Novels which I now offer thee, then canfl in no wife make a Ragoo of Gibblets ; . becaufe they have neither Feet, nor Heady nor Inwards, nor any 'Thing like 'em. I mean, that the Amorous Exprcfftons which thou wilt find in feme of 'em, are fo chafe, fo innocent, fo temper 'd with Rational and Chriftian-like Difcourfe, that they cannot raife either in the unwary or wary Reader, the leaf corrupt Ideas. I call 'em Exemplary, and, if thou mindefi it, there is not any one of them from whence there may not be drawn fame Ufeful Example. And were it not for fear of being Prolix, I wou'd fheiv thee the Savoury and Wholfome Fruit that may be gathered, either from each of them feparately, or from all of 'em together. My Intention has been to fet before the Publick a Truck-Table whereon every one may Play, without dan- ger of the Bars ; I mean without danger either to the Sold or Body ; for lawful and agree- able Exercifes rather do Good than Hurt. They certainly do ; for People are not always at Church. They are not always in their Oratories ; always upon their Knees. Neither are they always engag'd in Bufinefs, however great their Abilities may be. There are Times of Recreation wherein the tired Mind muft reft itfelf, and the exhaufted Spirits be recruited. For this purpofe are Groves planted, Fountains fet a running, Hills levell'd, and Gar- dens curioufily cultivated. One thing I may fafely affirm, that if I thought that the reading thefe Novels wou'd excite any evil Dcfre or Thought in the Breaft of the Reader, I wou'd fooner have had my Hand cut off than have publijh'd them. It does not fuit one of my Tears to make a J eft of the other World ; being now on the wrong Side of Sixty-four. To this Work as I was prompted by Inclination, fo I fet every Engine of my Fancy at work to make it pleafe; and I'm not a little proud to fay I am the firfi that ever writ Novels in the Spanifh Tongue ; for, of all the innumerable Novels which are printed in Spanifh, there's not one but what's tranfaled out of other Languages ; whereas thefe are entirely my own Invention, not borrow' d, imitated, or ftoln from Foreigners or Natives. My Fancy begot 'em ; my Pen brought 'em forth, and in the Arms of the Prefs they are now to recede their Q row th Only take this along with thee, gentle Reader, that as I have taken the liberty to dedicate thefe Novels to the Great Conde de Lemos, they contain a certain hidden Myftery, which enhances their Value. This Myftery is a Myftery to me, 'tis a Secret I cannot arrive at: Let thofe decypher it who can. As for all the reft we clearly un- derftand the Motive Cervantes had to call his Novels by the name of Exemplary. Not- withftanding all this, the Slanderous Arragonian began his Prologue or Preface in this Manner : The whole Hiftory of Don Quixote being as it were a Comedy, it neither can nor ov.zht to go without a Prologue: And therefore this Second Part of his Achievements is ufhered in by One not fo Cackling, nor Affronting to the Reader, as that which Michael de Cervantes Saavedra prcf.xt to his firft Part, and of a much more humble Nature than that with which hefeconded it in his Novels, which are rather Satyrical than Exemplary. 150. Let us not mind his beftowing on a Preface fo juftly admir'd the Epithet of Cackling, thereby comparing his Impertinence with Cervantes's excellent Performance. Neither let us heed his talking of Cervantes's affronting his Readers in a Prologue, where- in there's not the leaft Word faid againft 'em. What vext this Envious Man was Cer- vantes's faying he was the firft that invented and writ Novels in the Spanifh Tongue. Michael de Cervantes Saavf.dra. 69 Let's hear what Louis Gaitan de Vozmediano fays : In the Preface to His Tranfl.nion rf the Firjl Part of the hundred Novels of M. John Baptift Giraldd Cinthio, printed at Toledo by Pedro Rodriguez, Anno 1590. in 4to. {peaking of Novels ilrialy fuch, that is to fay, if I take him right, certain Fitlions of Love-adventures, written in Profe artfully contriv'd to divert and infirutl the Readers, according to the learned h definition ; he proceeds thus : Altho' hitherto this fort of Books have been but little h. in Spain for want of tranflating thofe of Italy and France ; yet it may not be long e'er fame- body will take a fancy to Tranflate 'em for their Diverfion, nay, perhaps ft nee they fee 'em fo much admir'd Abroad, they may do what no Spaniard ever yet attempted -, that ir t compofe Novels of their own. Which if once they bend their Minds to, they will perform letter than either the French or Italians, efpecially hi fo fortunate an Age as the prefent. And it fell out accordingly ; for Cervantes wrote fome Novels with that Ingenuity, "Wit, Judgment and Elegance as may vie with the Belt, not confining the name of Novel to Amorous Fables, but taking for his Subject, any Thing that is capable of di- verting his Readers Minds without endangering their Morals. Lope de Vega was fo far from contradicting this, that he before had commended the Invention, Graces and Style of Cervantes, when in his Dedication to his Firft Novel he faid : Here (in Spain) are Books of Novels •, fome tranflated from the Italians, and others o/Spanifh Growth; in which Michael Cervantes has not been deficient either in matter of Style or Beautiful Sen- timents. But becaufe this very fame thing fpoke by Cervantes in the Simplicity of his Heart, rais'd the Envy of the Detractor, he tax'd his Preface as arrogant and affuming ; and his Novels as more Satyrical than Exemplary, alluding, doubtlefs, to thofe two Novels The Glafs Dctlor (Licenciado Vidriera) and the two Dogs (Los Perros, Scipio 1 BRAGANZAJof which the latter merited the Approbation of Peter Daniel Huetius, (g) than whom France never produe'd a more learned Man -, and the former, if I judge aright, is the very Text from whence Quevedo took the Hints of his Satyri- cal Lectures againft all forts of Men. 151. Laftly, as for intituling the Novels, Exemplary, to fpeak my Mind freely, I fhou'd not have call'd them by that Name ; and in this I have the Concurrence of Lope de Vega, who in concluding his Commendation of Cervantes'' 's Novels, adds: (h) I con* fefs they are Books of excellent Entertainment, and might have been Exemplary, asfc?ne of ValdeloV Hijfories : but then they fhould have been over-look' d by fome learned Men, or at leajl old Courtiers, experienced in Affairs, and converfant in Aphcrifms and notable Senten- ces. But in order to pafs a Cenfure on the Title which Cervantes gave his Novels it was necefTary to prove that it was not fuitable thereto. But this was not an Undertaking For our Arragonian Cenfurer, who ought to have obferv'd Cervantes's Explanation, and have taken this fhort Lefion of Matter Alexio Venegas : (i) Recapitulating ''fays he) thefe three Species of Fables, I fay that the Mythologic Fable is a Difcourfe, which with pom- poufnefs of Language fcts forth fome Secret of Nature or Piece of Hiffory. The Apoloeic is an Exemplary Figure of Difcourfe, wherein the Intention of the Fabulifl mufl appear to be the Inflitv.ting of Good Morals. The Milefian Fable is a vain and idle Ravin* without any Edification either of Virtue or Learning, and contriv'd purely to amufe and befct (g) Letter of the Origin of Romances. (h) Dedication of his Firjl Novel to Senora Maria Lco- narda. (i) In his Expofinon of Momus, Concluf. 2. 7 o tte L I F E of befit thofe of a /hallow Judgment or lewd Inclinations. Now Cervantes^ leaving the My~ thologic Fable to the ancient Poets ; and the Milefian to fhamelefs abandon'd Writers, Ancient and Modern ; he pitch'd upon the Apologic or Exemplary. And that this may be fully underftood, let us again hear this half-witted Reprover,' who may perhaps give us Occafion to defend Cervantes with fomething new. Let him, (fays he, fpeak- ing of Cervantes) content bimfelf with his (k) Galatea, and his Comedies in Profe ; for thefe are the utmoft of his Novels : and let him ceafe to tire our Patience any longer. That Comedies fhould be written in Profe, is no Wonder; for the Greek and Latin ones are almoft all of 'em written in Iambic Verfe, fo much refembling Profe, as often- times to be fcarce difhinguiihable from it. And the belt. Comedies we have in Spain, namely The Celestina, and Euphrosina are both written in Profe. Of the Celestina the learned Author of the Dialogue of the Languages fays, that excepting fome Words improperly ufed, and fome other Latin ones, it is his Opinion, There's no Book written in the Spanifh Tongue, wherein the Language is more natural, more pro- per, or more elegant. And fince him, Cervantes has faid, (/) that it was a Book in his Opinion Divine, had it fpoke more covertly of Things Humane: Both of 'em Judgments, which according to mine, totally quadrate likewife with The Euphrosina. How- ever, I can't but own that amidft the Purity of Stile in this latter, there are Abun- dance of Pedantic Allufions which greatly cloy the Tafte of the Readers. 151. That Novels Ihou'd be Comedies, is not much ; fince a Novel being a Fable, it is neceffary it fliou'd be fome one of the Species of Fable, and in my Judgment it may be any of 'em, as may be obferv'd in the fubfequent Induction ; wherein I fliall make ufe of the Examples of Cervantes fo far as they reach the Cafe, to the intent that it may be feen that he was a perfect Matter in almoft all the Species or Kinds of Fabulous Compofition. 153. All Fab le is Fiction, and all Fiction is Narration, either of Things which have not happen'd, but were pofiible and might have happen'd ; or of Things which never happen'd, nor were pofiible to happen. If the Narration is of Things merely pofiible, and due Re- gard be had to the Likenefs and Proportion between the Thing feigned and the Thing defign'd to be inculcated, it is call'd a Parab le, of which the Holy Writings are full, as likewife the Book compos'd by the Infante Don John Manuel in his incomparable Conde Lucanor. And if we regard the Invention, it is call'd a Novel: a Name which in this Signification is not very ancient in Spain. But if the Narration is of impofiible Things, it is call'd an Apologue, fuch as the Fables of iEsop and of Ph^edrus. In which fort of Compofition we are to take notice, that tho' tlje Hypothefis be impof- fible, when once its Agents or Parties are fuppos'd to exift, the Propriety and Cuftoms of the Perfons feigned muft be obferved with Verifimilitude, keeping clofe to the Na- ture of Things throughout the whole. This Invention is of fo great Ufe and Benefit, that we find Tt praclis'd in the Holy Scripture : for in the (m) Book of Judges we read that the Trees held a Confultation to t'hufe a King over them. Some of whom refus'd to accept of the Royalty : The Olive-Tree, becaufe he would not leave his Fatnefs ; the Fi°--Tree, becaufe he would not forfake the Sweetnefs of his Fruit; the Vine, becaufe he (k) In bis Preface before cited. (I) In the Vcrfes of the Poet Entreverado pr.fxt to Don Quixote. /m) Chap. IX.ver. 8. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. 71 he would not leave his Wine, which was fo cheering: But when the Tf the Bramble and made the fame Offer, the Bramble not only . | of it, thrcaten'd, in cafe they did not make him King, he wou'd fet fire to the Cedars or" Lebanon. We likewife read in the Fourth Bed: of Kings, («) 1 5 of Ifrael knt to Amaziab King of Judah, that he fliould content himfelf with the Victo- ries he had obtained and tarry at home and not meddle any further to his hurt, for fear That fhould befal him which had befaln the Thiftle which fent to the was in Lebanon, demanding his Daughter in Marriage for his (the Thiflle's) Son ; at the time that he was making this Propofal, palTed by a wild B:.ift that was in Lebanon, and trod down the Thiftle, whilft with fo much Arrogance he was to be joint Father-in-law with the Cedar. This being fuppos'd, we may hold for an Apologue The Novel of the Dogs, wherein Cervantes introduces an agreeable Di- alogue between Scipio and Braganza, two Dogs belonging to the RefurretTton-Hoj[ . at Valladolid. •154. As for Novels, fpecially fo called ; they are compos'd either of Things merely pofiible, as almoft all of 'em are ; or of real Accidents, as the Novel of the Captive does in a great Meafure, and fo Cervantes fays himfelf. (0) But then the Plot and Unravelling is not true, for therein confifts the Novel or Fable. 155. The Feigning of Things pofiible, either propofes the Imitation of a pe'rfecl: Idea, the beft that can be conceiv'd according to the illuftrious Actions which are to be heighten'd and made grand ; or an Idea of Civil Life, that may more eafily be re- duced to Practice •, or elfe of the Defects of Nature or of the Mind, whether to repre- hend them, or to ridicule them, or to recommend them to Imitation ; for the Malig- nity of human Wit and the Profligacy of fome Mens Principles will not flick even to go that Length. 156. If the Fable propofes a very perfect Idea, it is call'd Epopeya, which re- prefents in a florid, majeftick and fublime Manner the glorious Actions of Pcrfons emi- nent in the Arts of Peace or War, with a View to excite Admiration in the Readers Minds, and to prompt them to imitate fuch Heroick Virtues. Homer's Iliad ■ Odysse'e are of this nature. iSy.A/ttomus Diogenes, who, zsPbotius (p) the Patriarch of Conflantinople. ct lived not long after Alexander the Great, wrote a Novel cf the Travels and Loves of Dinias and Dercilis, which is a vifible Imitation of Ulyffes'i Travels and Ante Calypfo. The Novel of the Mthiopicks, Written by Heliodorus Bifhop of Tricca in Thejfaly, was likewife an Imitation of Homer's Odyjjie; as well as the Amours of Clitophon and Leucippe lefs chafte than the other : Its Author was Achilles Tatius, who, according to Saidas was alfo a Bifhop. And that our Age might not be without a Novellift in Homer's manner, M. Fenelon, Archbifhop of Cambray, wrote with won- derful Ingenuity in a Poetic Stile, The Adventures of Telemachus. Laftly, (not to de- part from Cervantes) The Troubles of Persiles' and Sigismunda are clearly aa Imitation of Horner's Odysse'e and Heliodorus's ^Ethiopics, which C intended to vie with ; and as he made it the Object of his Competition, fo in my Opinion he had excelled it, if he had not, out of the overflowing of his Wit, inter- mingled (») Chap. XIV. v. 8. . (0) Part I. ch. tf.at the End. (p) In B'dUotheca. 72 The , L I F E of mingled fo many Epifodes which disfigure and drown the Conftitution and Propor- tion of the Members of the principal Fable. But then this very Fault has a fingular Prerogative and Advantage, which is, that many of thefe Epifodes are fo many Tragedies, where the Action is One, and the Perfon Uluftrious, and the Stile fuit- able to the Grandeur of the Action, and nothing wanting to the Compofition of a complete Tragedy, but a Dramatick Difpofuion, the Chorus and the Apparatus of the Scenery. 158. The Fable of Don Quixote de la Mancha imitates the Iliad : Thatis to fay, if Anger be a Species of Madnefs, in which Cafe I make no difference between Achilles Angry and Don Quixote Mad. As the Iliad is an Heroick Fable writ in Verfe, fo the Novel of Don Qu ixote is one in Profe, for Epicks may be as well writ in Profe as in Verfe, as (q) Cervantes fays himfelf. 159. If a Novel propofesan Idea of Civil-Life with its artificial Plot and ingenious Solution, it is a Play, and fuch I take to be almoft all Cervantes's Novels ; and many of them have been turned into Plays and really acted upon the Stage, after being put into a Theatrical Form. 160. If th eLife which a Novel reprefents is Paftoral, it will be called Eclocue with all the propriety of Speech that can be: And fo Cervantes called his Galatea, Let us now fee how well the ignorant Arragonian's Words will fquare. Let him (fays he fpeak- ing of Cervantes,) be content with his Galatea, and his Plays in Profe, for thefe are the tttmofl of his Novels. I am very certain his Oracle Lope de Vega would not have faid this, fince in his Dedication of the Novel Defdichado Por La Honra (Unfortunate for be- ing Honourable) He has declared it to be his Opinion, that Novels- have the fame Pre- cepts as Plays. 161. If Manners arechaftized with an open Acrimony and a great feverity of Tem- per, the Novel will be a Satire, as La Git an ill a (The little Gypfie jJRinconete and Cortadillo, (Two Scoundrels, focall'd;) The Glass-Doctor, and The Dogs Scipio and Braganza, which are four moft ingenious Satires, refembling, as one may well guefs, thofe compofed by Varro, intituled Menippean, in reference to Menippus a Cynick Philofopher handling very folemn Matters in a merry waggifh Stile. The Little Gypsie is a difclofure and reprehenfion of the Ways and Manners ofGyp- fies, no better than Thieves and Robbers, (r) always profecuted but never deftroyed. Rinconete and Cortadillo, is aSatyrical Reprefentation of the Thievifh Life, es- pecially that of Cut-purfes •, which we (Spaniards^ call Gatuna (Cattifh.) The Licen- ciadoVidriera, (Glafs-DoSlor) is a Cenfure, in general, of all Vices whatever. The Novel of the Dogs is an Invective againft the abufes which are in the Profefiion of various Trades, BufinefTes, and Employments. 162. If the Manners, Cuiloms or Actions are exhibited in a ridiculous Light, the Novel becomes then an Ent remes, fan Interlude, or Entertainment as we now call 'em) of (q) Part II. ch. 47. at th: End. (r) Salteador, is the Spanijly IVcrd, and means a. Highwayman, from Saltare to Le:;p, Stcvensfays, becaufe they come untxpeSied as if they leap'd on a Man. 1 aminclin'd to think the Word comes from Saltus, as that IVordfigmfiss a Foreft or Thick Wood, where fuch Peo- ple harbour. I hope the Reader ivill excufe this' Piece of 'Pedantry as fome may think it. The reafon of my inferting thisfuppos'd derivation of mine will appear prcfently. Michael de Cervantes Saavf. dra. 73 of which kind of Compofition, as I will fhew in its due Place and lime, Cervantes has left us eight Pieces, and in die Four Novels juft now named, there's a good deal of this ; and even in Don Quixote likewife. 163. Of the lewd Models or Patterns of the Vices, rcprcfcntfng them as agreeable and pleafing, as is faid to have been done by the ancient and well loft Si b a r , t i ok Novels, and is ftill feen in the Milesian, Cervantes would not leave us any Example, becaufc it cou'd have been no good one. 164. Butthat we may not want any Idea of the Fa Bur a^Saltica ,'. if we may call by that Name, that which is faid to have been invented or a by our(/)Countryman Lucan ; Cervantes has left it us in his Little Gypsy, &c. alfodone of the Fabula Psaltica, (v) which we may call Canticles, or, (if you will) Sing-fong Fables ; of which kind, our Author had compofed (as he tells us himfelf in his Voyage to Parnaffus) an infinite Number ; among which many muft certainly have been anfwerable to the greatnefs of his Wit and Genius ; and I could my felf point out feme incomparable good ones : particularly that which begins En la Corte efta Cortes, is in my Mind vaftly pretty. 165. A skillful Inventor, like Cervantes, knows how to make an agreeable mixtureof all thefe Species of Fables, as well with Regard to the Characters of the PcrJons, and the Manners, as in refpedt of the Stile, by appropriating it to the Subject treated of. And hereto alluded the Canon of Toledo, that is, Cervantes himfelf, when he faid: ' (x) Notwithstanding all the harm he had fpokenof thofe Books (Romances orNovels) yet he found one good Thing in them, which was, the Subject they furnifht a Man of Undemanding with to exercife his Parts, becaufe they allow a large fcope for die Pen to dilate without any Check, defcribing Ship-wrecks, Storms, Skirmifhesand Battles; reprefentmg to us a Brave Commander, with all the Qualifications requifite in inch a one, mewing his Prudence in difappointing the Defigns of the Enemy, his <£ Eloquence in perfuadmg or diffiiading his Soldiers, his judgment in Council, his " m SI**™"? nd / s y^7 n Afrai ' ing ' °"^ lfi "g^AfTault ; laying before « LtTmre T a ^ elanc r h ° ] y Acc 'dent, fometimes adelightfbl and Jnexpefted „ ^. dve "^V n ° ncPlaCe ' abeaut,fu, ' modeft ' difcr ^ in another a < Ruffian" rh f Vn ^IT ^^^ > hcre ' a » erOUS ' inhuma , b ft 'ng Ruffian ; there an affable, warlike and wife Prince , lively cxpreffing the Fidelity and Loyalty of Subjects, Generofity and Bounty of Sovereigns H? may no lefs at Times make known his Skill in Aftrology, Cofmography, Mufic a^d PoHcy Ind if he pleafes, he cannot want an Opportunity of appearing knowing even n Ne ST/?/7" f r^ 6 ^ 1 ^ ? C fubtiky ° m M' > the P ^ of *™ 1 ne Valour" otJcbdles-, the Misfortunes of HeZJcr; the Treachery of S L; the Fiendffiinof Euryalus; the Liberality oi Alexander jtheBcavery ofcefar; the Clemency and Sin cen ty means lat of th and thefe ore vhat this Span* , SST5 nZaYttS^T^' frcmSzLre.i,) Lucan the Author oftheitlkCLZrnatC^t • c'"' -r rather GreVk Pfallo to fa, orflfycn SJrZm. {,) '/£? I; Yh" j 7 4 77:e L I F E of " cerity of Trajan ; the Fidelity of Zopyrus ; the Prudence of Cato ; and in fine, all thofe " Actions which make up a complete Hero, fometimes attributing them all to one Per- " fon, and other Times dividing them among many. This being fo perform'd in " a grateful Style, and with ingenious Invention, approaching as much as poffible to «' Truth, will doubtlefs compofe fo beautiful and various a Work, that, when finifht, " its Excellency and Perfection muft attain the bed End of Writing, which is at once «• to Delight and Infcrucl, as I have faid before •, for the loofe Method practis'd in thefe " Books, gives the Author Liberty to play the Epic, the Lyrick, and the Dramatick s, whom he rather cdpy'd than imitated. k 2 Don (a) Lib. 6. (b) The f.rji Line of a Divine Poem, written by Differ Bartholome Leonardo de Argenfola. (c) Voyage to Parnaffus, eh, 3. 7 6 He LIFE of Don Francifco de Quevedo was lefs obfervant of Art, and was freer and indeed more licenti- ous in his Reprehenfions. In every Thing he difcover'd a Mafterly Wit : But in his Satyrical and Cenforious Epifile againjl the prefent Manners of the Spaniards -written to Don Gafpar de Guzman, Conde de Olivarez, he lets us know that had he given a Loofc to his natural Genius, he had out-gone the greateft Satyrifts that the World had ever produced. As for Heroick Poetry, I chufe rather to give Cervantes'*, Judgment than my own. He introduces the Batchelor S amp/on Carufco fpeaking of the Famous Poets of Spain, and makes him fay, (d) That there were but Three and a Half in all. And who thefe Three and a Half were, Cervantes himfelf ihall tell us. As the Curate and Barber were making a Search into Don Quixote's Library, Here comes Three more for ye, (quoth the Barber) (e) The Araucana of Don Alonfo de Ercilla ; The Auftriada of John Rufo, one of the Magiftrates of Cordova ; and the Monferrate of Chriftopher de Virves a Valentian Poet. Thefe, cry'd the Curate, are the beft Heroick Poems we have in Spa- nifh, and may vie with the mofi celebrated of Italy. Referve 'em as the mqfl valuable Per- formances which Spain has to boaft of in Poetry. By the Half-Poet, I take Cervantes to mean Himfelf; for, in the Perfon of Don Quixote, he faid of himfelf: (f) The Author of this Sonnet, to [peak Truth, feems to be a tolerable good- Poet, or Pve but little Judgment. And he had good Reafon to fay fo ; for according to the Teftimony of Mercury himfelf he was an (g) excellent Inventor, and Invention is the Soul of Poetry. In every Thing which he invented, he keeps ftrictly to the Rules of Propriety and Decorum, (h) But as he had not that profound Learning which is requifite for Heroick Poetry ; and as the Facetioufnefs of his Genius could not confine itfelf to the rigid Precepts of fo ferr- ous an Art, he modeftly and wifely declines calling himfelf a whole Poet. Nor indeed has he giv'n us any Tokens of his being fo, either in his Canto of Calliope', (i) or in his Voyage to Parnassus. 169. This laft Book (written in imitation of Cafar Caporali) feems at firft View to be an Encomium on the Spanifh Poets of his Time, but it is really a Satire on them, as Caporah's Poem, under the fame Title, is on the Italian Poets. The t Author*s In- tention difcovers itfelf in feveral Places. In one he fays (k) And now true Eloquence began to Vanifh : This Man fpolce Arabick, and that bad Spanifh, Another Latin, &c. In another Place he brings in (/) a mal-content Poet, reflecting upon oun, for cele- brating fo many who had no Merit to recommend 'em. The Words of this Poetafter are quoted before in page 56. 1 70. To which Charge our Author makes no other Anfwer but that Mercury had given him that Lift, and that it belong'd to Apollo, as the God of Poetry, to affign each Poet the Place which their Wit and Capacity qualify'd 'em for. 171. This fame Voyage is likewife a fort of Memorial or Petition of Michael de Cervantes Saavedra : And as Men that have no Friends, are oblig'd, tho' naturally Mpdcft, to relate their Merits themfelves, fince they have nobody to do it for 'em, he introduces two Dialogues of his, one with Mercury, who according to ancient Mytho- logy is the Meffenger of the Gods, and another with Apollo, the Supreme Protestor of the U) Part II ch. 4. (0 Port I. cb. 6. (/) Part I. ch. 21. (g) Tyage to Parnafllis ch. 1. (h) Ibid. cb.6. (/) See Bod VL of bis Galatea'. [6) Fyage to Parnaffus, cb. 3. (/J Ibid. cb. \. Michael r> e Cervantes Saavf.dra. 77 the Sciences ; and in each of them Cervantes fpeaks what was fit fhouM bo known to, and rewarded by, the King of Spain by means of his Favourite : For ihofe who arc fu are oblig'd to let their Matters know Who arc defcrving of Reward or Punifhment, under the Penalty of being themfelves condemn'd to perpetual Infamy. His Firft Dif- courfc with Mercury runs thus : 'The Nuncio-God, commanding me to rife, Addrejl me thus., in Complimental guife : " Thou Protoplaft of Poets, O my Friend Cervantes, tell me quickly to what end This Wallet and this Garb?" " I'm going, Sir, A Journey to Parnafliis : Being Poor, I travel as you fee." — He ftrait rejoin'd, " O Thou to whom the Gods have giv'n a Mind ** Rais'd above Man, above Cyllenius too, " Plenty and Honour, as they are thy Due, " Be they thy Lot ! for well Thou dojl deferve ** On all Accounts. A brave old Soldier flarve ! " Forbid it Heav'n ! I faw thee in the Fight " Lofe thy Left Hand, to immortalize thy Right, " Such rare Invention andfo high a Strain " I know Apollo gave thee not in vain. " Thy Works, on RozinanteV Crupper laid t " Are to all corners of the Earth convey' d. ** Go on, thou bright Inventor, Genius rare, " Purfue thy Pajfage to Apollo'j Chair, " He wants thy Aid: Proceed without delay, " Left crowds of Pcetajlers flop the Way: " Already they begin the Hill t' invade, " Alt bo* unworthy of its very Shade. " Arm thy felf with thy Verfes, and prepare " Thy Foyage to purfue beneath my Care. " Thou fhalt fecurely pafs, along with me, " Without what's call'd Provifion for the Sea." 172. The Speech which Cervantes made to Apollo, was on the Occafion "of fceino- himielf in Pamajfus, the only Perfon that had not a Chair, nor fo much as a Stool to fit on; alluding to the Difregard of his Wit and Parts, whereas he had been the Firft Man of his Time that had begun to raife Poetry from its groveling low Condition. As in this Difcourfe Cervantes mentions a great many Particulars concerning himfelf ; it is abfolu'ely necefiary I fhould Copy it. He fays thus : (m) Verfes, from Indignation flow fometimes, But if the Maker's dull, dull are his Rhimes. However, I was net in the leaft afraid To fay what exil'd Ovid never faid: And {m) Chap^ 4; 7 8 lb* L I F E of And thus to Phcebus>&. " Your Godjhip know* How much your Votaries do themfelves expofe To the Great Vulgar and the Small: hew mean Andjlender their fupport who only lean Againft the facred Laurel tree: Cerborne By Ignorance and Envy, or Forlorne And Over-lookt, they run their wretched Race' t Nor e'er attain the Good they have in Chace. I form'd Fair Galatea, to appear # In lofting Charms on the World's Theatre : My Brain created her. 'Tis by my Lines ! The Confus'd Fair-One fo dijlinguijht Jhipes. Plays I compos' d,' fome Comic, others Grave: Both fuited to the Rules which Reafon gave. The fretful, peevifh, melancholy Mind In my Don Quixote prefent Eafi may find. My Novels Jhew'd a Way to reconcile Exceffive Flights with Purity of Style. None, that I want Invention, can complain. {And he that wants Invention, wants the Main.') Early the Love of Verfe my Soul inflam'd, Andtopleafe Thee my whole Endeavour aim'd. My Pen ne'er flew in Saiir's Region yet: I never took Scurrility for Wit. (It frets me tho\ and I lament my Fate That Imuft fiand, while others fit in Stale.) Old as I am, I've finijht for the Prefs The Tale of Great Persiles in Diftrefs. Three Servile Low-life Subjecls I have wrought With all the Chaftity of Style and Thought. Equal to Phyllis, my Philena/>ot 181. This Epitaph gave cccafion to the Author of theBiBMOTHECAFRANciscANA to put Cervantes into it, as one of the Writers that were Brothers of the Confraternity of the Third Order : A Biblictheque, (or Library) which if it were to take in all thofe Brothers, wou'd furely be the molt Copious of all Libraries. 182. Cervantes fays that his Persiles and Sigismunda dared to vie with Helio- dorus. The greateft Encomium we can beftow on it is, that, What he fays, is matter of fa<5t. The Loves therein recounted are moft Chaft ; the fecundity of Invention mar- vellous, infomuch that he is even wafteful of his Wit, and exceflive in the Multitude of Epifodes. The Incidents are Numerous, and vaftly Various. In fome we fee an imi- tation of Heliodorus, and in others, Heliodorus greatly improv'd ; and in the reft a perfect Newnefs of Fancy mines forth in the moft confpicuous Manner. All of them are dif- pos'd artfully, and well unfolded, with Circumftances almoft always Probable. The far- ther the Reader proceeds in this Work, the greater is his Delight in reading it, the Third and Fourth Book being much better than the Firft and Second. A Series of Troubles borne with Patience, End at Lift in Peace and Eafe, without any Machine ; for in fuch a Man as Cervantes, it had been a Miracle itfelf if he had made ufe of a Miracle to bring about What indeed wou'd have puzzled a Wit Ids happy than his. In the Defcriptions he ex- cels (f) Son6to in Spnnifh, is net what we in England mean by a Sonnet, but a particular kind of Spa- nish Poetry, conffling of 1 4 Vtrfes, the common fort ; tho" thene be others which thofe who defire to undcr- fiand may read ?A<;Spanilh Arte Pee'tica. (g) Another fort of Spanifh Poetry of ten Jhort Lines. I ' have given a Literal tranflation of them in thofe five Lines above. The writer of this Life has inferttd the abovi Epitaph only to ridicule the Perfon that compos 'd it. Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. Sg eels Heliodorus. Thofe of the latter are a great deal too frequent, as well as too pompous. Thofe of Cervantes well-timed, and perfeftly natural. He likewife was fupeiior to the other in Style ; for altho* diat of Heliodorus is very elegant, it is fomewhat alleged and fingular; it is too figurative, and more Poetical than is allow'd of in Profe. A Fault into which even the difcrete Fenelon himfelf is likewife fallen. But Cervantes's Style is proper, regularly fublime, modeftly figured, and temperately Poetical when he offers at a Defcription. Briefly, this Work is of a better Invention, more artificial Contrivance, and of a more fublime Style than that of Don Quixote de la Mancha. But it did not meet with an equal Reception, becaufe the Invention of the Hiftory of Don Quixot e is more popular, and contains Chara&ers that are more pleafant and agreeable- and as they are fewer in number, the Reader better retains in his memory the Cuftoms Aftions and Characters of each refpective Perfon . Befides, the Style is more natural' and by fo much the more eafy, by how much lefs fublime it is. And here let me inform fuch Writers as don't know it, that to put bounds to the inventive Faculty, and to de- fift from a Work when it is come to its due Time and proper Period, is an argument of •a Mafterly Genius. And this very Thing puts me in mind that it is high time I had done troubling my Reader with any more of my Impertinencies, and I beg he'll forgive what's paft, in regard all the View I have had in it was to pay obedience to the great Perfonage who honour'd me with his Commands, in Minuting down what I cou'cTcol- IecTt relating to Michael de Cervantes's Life and Writings, in order to their bein^ digefted and written by fome other Hand with that Felicity of Style which the Subjeft deferves. Meanwhile I fhall here give a moft faithful Copy of the Original itfelf ; Concluding with thofe very Words with which Michael de Cervantes Saavedra Began his Preface to his Novels. 183. " I fhou'd be very glad, moft loving Reader, (were it poffible) to be excus'd *' writing this Preface ; That which I prefix'd to my Den Quixote, not having the "ood " Fortune to pleafe fo very much as to make me over-fond to fecond it with another. *' That I trouble thee with this, is owing to one of thofe (h) many Friends whom my " Circumftances, more than my Wit, have gain'd me ; whom I cou'd have wifht to have *' got me ingrav'd, as the Cuftom is, and to have prefix'd me to the Frontifpiece of «« this Book ; for the famous Don John de Jauregui wou'd have giv'n him my Picture " to have done it from ; and thus wou'd my Ambition have been fatisfy'd, and likewife " the Curiofity of thofe Readers that had a Mind to know what kind ofa Man I was, that «' durft to fend abroad into the World fo many Inventions, and he might have w'ritten « under my Effigy thefe Words: He whom thou feeft here with a fharp aquiline Vi- « fage, brown cheftnut-colour'd Hair •, his Forehead fmooth and free from Wrinkles; his « Eyes brisk and chearful ; his Nofe fomewhat Hookifh or rather Hawkifb, but withal « well-proportion'd -, his Beard filver-colour'd, which twenty Years ago was gold ; his « Muftachio's large •, his Mouth little ; his Teeth neither fmall norbigt and of them he «' has but Six, and thofe in bad condition and worfe ranged, for they have no correfpon- " dence with one another •, his Body between two Extreams, neitiier large nor little ; V O L. I. m a Jjjj (h) He alludes to the unknown Friend, who he fays was Ms Counfclhr in the Firft Preface to lis Do 1 Quixote. g0 The L I F E of, &c. " his Complexion lively, rather fair than fwarthy ; fomewhat thick in the Shoulders and " not very light of Foot : This I fay is the Effigy of the Author of Galatea, and of " Don Quixote de la Mancha: He likewife made the Voyage to Parnassus* " in imitation of Cafar Caporal the Perugian, and other Works which wander about " the World, here and there and every where, and perhaps too without the Maker's *' Name. He was commonly called Michael de Cervantes Saavedra. He " was many Years a Soldier ; five and a half a Captive, and from thence learnt to bear " Afflictions patiently. At the naval Battle of Lepanto he loft his left Hand by the fhot " of a Harquebus •, a Maim which how unfightly foever it might appear to others, yet *' was look'don by him as the greateft Grace and Ornament, fince got in the nobleftand *' moft memorable Action that ever paft Ages had feen, or future e'er cou'd hope to 4t fee •, fighting under the victorious Banners of the Son of that Thunderbolt of War « Charles Vth of Happy Memory. THE THE HISTORY O F T> N QUIXOTE DE LA M A N C H A: T H E A U T H O R's PREFACE. YO U may believe me without an oath, gentle reader, that I ivifo t book, as the child of my brain, were the moft beautiful, the mojl fprightly, and the moft ingenious, that can be imagined. But I could not controul the order of nature, whereby each thing engenders its like : and there- fore what could my fteril and uncultivated genius produce, but the hijlory of a child, meagre, aduft, and whimfcal, full of various wild imaginations never thought of before; like one you may fuppofe born in a prifon *, where every in- convenience keeps its refidence, and every difmal found its habitation ? Whereas repofe of body, a deftreable filiation, unclouded skies, and, above all, a mind at eafe, can make the moft barren Mufes fruitful, and produce fuch offsprings to the world, as fill it with wonder and content. It often falls out, that a parent has an ugly child, without any good quality ; and yet fatherly fondnefs clnps fuch a bandage over his eyes, that he cannot fee its defetts : on the contrary, he takes them for wit and pleafantry, and recounts them to his friends for fmartnefs and humour. But I, though Ifeem to be the father, being really but the ftep-father of Don Quixote, will not go down with the ftream of cuftom, nor bfecch you, almoft as it were with tears in my eyes, as others do, dear eft reader, to par- don or diffemble the faults you ftoall difcover in this my child. Ton are neither lis kinfman nor friend; you have your foul in your body, and your will as free as the braveft of them all, and are as much lord and mafter of your own houfe, as the king of his fubf dies, and know the common faying, Under my cloke a fig for the king. All which exempts and frees you from every regard and obligation: and therefore you may fay of this hijlory whatever you think fit, without fear of being calumniated for the evil, or rewarded for the good you ft: all fay of it. Only I would give it you neat and naked, without the ornament of a preface, or the rabble and catalogue of the accuftomed fonnets, epigrams, and enco- miums that are wont to be placed at the beginnings of books. For, let me tell you, though it coft me fome pa'ms to write it, I reckoned none greater than the writing of this preface you are now reading. I often took pen m hand, and as often laid it down, ?iot knowing what to fay : and once up- $n a time, being in deep fufpence, with the paper before me, the pen behind * It is faid the Author wrote this Book in that unhappy Situation. Vol. I. n my The A U T H O R's PREFACE. my ear, my elbow on the table, and my cheek on my hand, thinking what I Jhoidd fay, unexpectedly in came a friend of mine, a pie af ant gentleman, and of a very good undemanding; who, feeing me fo penfive, asked me the caufe of my mufing. Not willing to conceal it from him, I anfwered, that I was mufing on what preface I Jhould make to Don Quixote, and that I was fo much at a Jland about it, that I intended to make none at all, nor pub- lifh the atchievements of that noble knight. For would you have me not be concerned at what that ancient lawgiver, the vulgar, will fay, when they fee me, at the end of fo many years, flept away in the filence of oblivion, ap- pear, with all my years upon my back, with a legend as dry as a kex, empty of hrcention, the file fat, the conceits poor, and void of all learning and erudition-, without quotations in the margin, or annotations at the end of the book ; feeing that other books, though fabulous and profane, are fo full of fentences of Ariftotle, of Plato, and of all the tribe of philofophers, that the readers are in admiration, and take the authors of them for men of great read- ing, learning and eloquence? For, when they cite the holy fcriptures, they pafs for fo many St. Thomas'*, and doctors of the church; obfrving herein a deco- rum fo ingenious, that, in one line, they defer i be a raving lover, and in another give you a little fcrap of a chriftian homily, that it is a delight, and a perfect treat, to hear or read it. All this my book is likely to want ; for I have nothing to quote in the margin, nor to make notes on at the end; nor do I know what authors I have followed in it, to put them at the beginning, as all others do, by the letters A, B, C, beginning with Ariftotle, and ending at Xenophon, Zoi- l'JS, or Zeuxis; though the one was a railer, and the other a painter. My book will alfo want fonnets at the beginning, at leaf fuch fonnets, whofe authors are dukes, marquifes, carls, bifhops, ladies, or celebrated poets: though, fjould I defire them of two or three obliging friends, I know they would furnifh me, and with fuch, as thofe of greater reputation in our Spain could not equal. Infhort, my dear friend, continued I, it is refolved, that Signor Don Quixote re- main buried in the records of La Mancha, 'till heaven fends fomebody to fupply him with fuch ornaments as he wants; for I find myfelf incapable of helping him, through my own infufifciency and want of learning ; and becaufe I am naturally too idle and lazy to hunt after authors, to fay what I can fay as well without them. Hence proceeds the fufpence and thoughtfulnefs you found me in, fiiffi- ciently occafoned by what I have told you. My friend, at hearing this, ftriking his forehead with the palm of his hand, and fitting up a loud laugh, faid : Before god, brother, I am now perfectly undeceived of a mif- take I have been in everfince I knew you, fill taking you for a difcrete and prudent The A U T H O R's PREFACE. prudent perfin in all your actions : but now I fee you are as far from being Jo, as heaven is from earth. For how is it pofible, that things of fuch little mo- ment, and fo eafy to be remedied, can have the power to puzzle and conjoin J a genius fo ripe as yours, and fo made to break through and trample upon greater difficulties? In faith, this does not fpring from want of ability, but from an exceffive lazinefs, and penury of right reafoning. Will you fee whe- ther what I fay be true? 'Then lift en attentively, and you fall percei . that, in the twinkling of an eye, I will confound all your difficulties, and remedy all the defects that, you fay, fufpend and deter you from introducing into the world the hiftory of this your famous Don Quixote, the light and mirrour of all knight-errantry. Say on, replied I, after I heard what he hinted at ; after what manner do you think to fill up the vacuity made by my fear, and reduce the chaos of my confufion to clearnefs ? To which he anfwered: Thefirft thing you feem to Jlick at, concerning the fonnets, epigrams, and clogies, that are wanting for the be- ginning, and fijould be the work of grave perfonages, and people of quality, may be remedied by taking fome pains your felf to make them, and then baptizing them, giving them what names you pleafe, fathering them on Prefter John of the Indies, or on the emperor of Trapifonda; of whom I have certain intelligence, that they are both famous poets : and though they were not fuch, and though fome pedants or prating fellows Jhould backbite you, and murmur at this truth, value them not two farthings ; for, though they Jhould convict you of a lye, they cannot cut off the hand * that wrote it. As to citing in the margin the books and authors, from whom you collected the fentences andfayings you have interfperfed in your hifiory, there is no more to do but to contrive it fo, that fome fentences and pbrafes may fall in pat, which you have by heart, or at leaf which will coft you very little trouble to find. As for example ; treating of liberty and flavery, Non .bene pro toto libertas venditur auro. And then in the margin cite Horace, or whoever faid it. If you are treating of the power of death, prefently you have, Pal- lida mors asquo pulfat pede pauperum tabernas regumque turres. -f- If of friendfirip and loving our enemies, as god enjoins, go to the holy fcrip- ture, if you have never fo little curiofty, and Jet down god's own words, Ego autem dico vobis, diligite inimicos veftros. If you are fpeaking of evil thoughts, bring in the gofpel again, De corde exeunt cogitationes malae. * He loft one hand in the fea-fight at Lepanto againft the Turks. t This and the following period are omitted in Sbeltori's tranflation. n 2 On The A U T H O R's PREFACE. On the injlability of friends, Cato will lend you his dijlich, Donee erls fe- lix, multos numerabis amicosj Tempora fi fuerint nubila, folus eris. And fo, with thefe fcraps of Latin and the like, it is odds but people will take you for a great grammarian, which is a matter of no fmall honour and advantage in thefe days. As to clapping annotations at the end of the book, you may do it fafely in this manner. If you name any giant in your book, fee that it be the giant Goliah ; and with this alone (which will coft almojl nothing) you have a grand annotation ; for you may put : The giant Golias or Goliat, was a Philiftin, whom thejhepherd David flew with a great blow of a Jlone from a Jlir.g, in the valley of Terebinthus, as it is related in the book of Kings,- iri the chapter wherein you fall find it. Then, to few yourfelf a great humanifi, and skilful in cofinography, let the river Tagus be introduced into the hi/lory, and you will gain another notable annotation, thus: The river Tagus was fo called from a certain king of Spain : it has its fource in fuch a place, and is fwallowed up in the ocean; firft kiffing the walls of the famous city of Lisbon- : and fome are of opi- nion, its fands are of gold, &c. If you have occafion to treat of robbers, I will tell you the ftory of Cacus, for I have it by heart. If you write of courtezans, there is the bifiop of Mondonedo will lend you a Lamia, Lais, and Flora; and this annotation muft needs be very much to your credit. If you would tell of cruel women, Ovid will bring you- acquainted with Medea. If enchanters and witches are your fubjecl; Homer has a Calypfb, and Vir- gil a Circe. If you would give us a hi/lory of valiant commanders; Julius Caviar gives you himfelf in his commentaries, and Plutarch will furnijh you with a tboufand Alexanders. If you treat of love, and have but two drams of tie Tufcan Tongue, you will light on Leon Hebreo, who will give yoa enough of it. And if you care not to vifit foreign parts, you have at home. Fonfeca, Of the love of god, where he defcribes all that you, or the mojl ingenious perfons, can imagine upon that fruitful fubjeSi. In fine, there is no more to be done but naming thefe names, or hinting thejejlories in your b:ok, and let me alone to fettle the annotations and quotations ; for I will warrant to fill the margins for you, and enrich the end of your book with half a dozen leaves into the bargain. We come now to the catalogue of authors, Jet down in other books, that is wan ti tig in yours. The remedy whereof is very cafy ; for you have no- thing to do, but to find a book that has them all, from A down to Z, as you fay, at d then tranferibe that very alphabet into your work ; andjuppofe the falftood be ever fo apparent from the little need you have to make ufe of The AUTHORs PREFACE. of them, itfignifiei nothing; and perhaps fome will be Jb foottjh as to believe you had occajicn for them all in your ftriple and fincere hi/lory. But, though it ferved for nothing elfe, that long catalogue of authors will however, at the frft blu/h, give fome authority to the book. And who will go about to difprove, whether you followed them or no, feeing they can get nothing by it? After all, if I take the thing right, this book of yours has no need of thefe ornaments, you fay it wants ; for it is only an invecJive againfl the books of chivalry, which Jort of books Ariftotle never dreamed of, Saint Bafil never mentioned, nor Cicero once heard of. Nor does the relation of its fa- bulous extravagancies fall under the pimcluality and precij'cnefs of truth ± nor do the obfervations of aftronomy come within its jphere : nor have the dimenfons of geometry, or the rhetorical arguments of logic, any thing to do with it ; nor has it any concern with preaching, mixing the human with the divine, a kind of mixture, which no chri/lian judgment jhould meddle with. All it has to do, is, to copy Nature : Imitation is the bufmefs, and how much the more perjetl that is, fo much the better what is written will be. And fince this writing of yours aims at no more than to dejlroy the authority and acceptance the books of chivalry have had in the world, and among the vulgar, you have ?w bufmefs to go begging fentences of philo- fophers, pa f ages of holy writ, poetical fables, rhetorical orations, or miracles of faints ; but only to endeavour, with plainnefs, and in fgnificant, decent, and well ordered words, to give your periods a pleafing and harmonious turn, exprejfng the defgn in all you advance, and as much as poffible making your conceptions clearly underftood, without being intricate or obfeure. Endeavour alfo, that, by reading your hi/lory, the melancholy may be provoked to laugh, the gay humour be heightned, and the fimple not tired; that the judicious may admire the invention, the grave not undervalue it, nor the wife forbear com- mending it. In conclufon, carry your aim fleady to overthrow that ill com- piled machine of books of chivalry, abhorred by many, but applauded by more : and, if you carry this point, you gain a confiderable one. I lifened with great fdence to what my friend faid to me, and his words made Jb firong an imprcfion upon me, that I approved them without difputing, and out of them choje to compofe this preface, wherein, fweet reader, you will difcern the judgment of my friend, my own good hap in finding fuch a coimfellor at fuch a pinch, and your own eafe in receiving, in fo fncere and unoflen- - tatious a manner, the hijiory of the famous Don Quixote de la Mancha; of whom it is clearly the opinion of all the inhabitants of the dijlrieJ of the field o/7vlontiel, that he was the chajlejl lover, and the moji valiant blight, that has beenjeen in : The A U T H O R's PREFACE. tn thofe parts for many years. I will not enhance thefervice I do you in bringing you acquainted with fo notable and fo worthy a knight ; but I beg the fa- vour of feme fmall acknowledgment for the acquaintance of the famous Sancho Pan$a, his fquire, in whom I think I have decyphered all the fquire-like graces, that are fcattered up and down in the whole rabble of books of chivalry. Andfo, god give you health t not forgetting me. Farewel. TABLE TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS. BOOK the FIRST. CHAP. I. Which treats of the quality and manner of life of the renowned gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha. Page I CHAP. II. Which treats of the firjl fally the ingenious Don Quixote made from bis 'village. P- 5 CHAP. III. In which is related the pie of ant method Don Quixote took to be dubbed a knight. p. 10 CHAP. IV. Of what befel our knight after he had /allied out from the inn. p. 15 CHAP. V. Wherein is continued the narration of our knight's misfortune. p. 20 CHAP. VI. Of the pie af ant and grand fcrutiny made by the priejl and the barber in our in- genious gentleman's library, p. 23 CHAP. VII. Of the fecond fally of our good knight Don Quixote de la Mancha, p. 28 CHAP. VIII. Of the goodfuccefs, which the valorous Don Quixote had, in the dreadful and never-imagined adventure of the wind-mills , with other events worthy ta be recorded. p. 32 CHAP, TABLE of the CHAPTERS. BOOK the SECOND. CHAP. I. Wherein is concluded, and an end put to, the jlupendous battle between the vigo- rous Bifcainer and the valiant Manchegan. P. 38 CHAP. II. Of the difcourfe Don Quixote had with his good /quire Sancho Panca. p. 42 chap. m. Of what happened to Don Quixote with certain goatherds. . p. 46 CHAP. IV. What a certain goatherd related to thofe that were with Don Quixote. p. 5 1 CHAP. V. The conclufion of the Jlory of the jhepherdefs Marcela, with other accidents. P- 55 CHAP. VI. Wherein are rehearfed the defpairing verfes of the deceafed Jloepkerd, with other unexpected events. p. 62 BOOK the THIRD. CHAP. I. Wherein is related the unfortunate adventure, which befel Don Quixote in meeting with certain bloody-minded Yanguefes. p. 69 CHAP. II. Of what happened to the ingenious gentleman in the inn, which he imagined to be a cajlle. p. 74 CHAP. III. Wherein are continued the numberlefs hardfiips, which the brave Don Quixote and his good J quire Sancho Pan 9a underwent in the inn, which he unhappily took for a cajlle. p. 80 CH A P. TABLE of the CHAPTERS. CHAP. IV. /// which is rehearfed the difcourfe, -which Sancho Panca held "with his majlcr Don Quixote, with other adventures worth relating. p. 86 CHAP. V. Of the/age difcourfe that pajj'ed between Sancho and his majler, and the fuc- ceeding adventure of the dead body; with other famous occurrences, p. 93 CHAP. VI. Of the adventure (the like never before feen or heard of) atchieved by the renown- ed Don Quixote de la Mancha, with lefs hazard, than ever any was atchieved by the moji famous knight in the world. p. 98 CHAP. VII. Which treats of the high adventure and rich prize of Mambrino'j helmet, with other things which befel our invincible knight. p. 1 07 CHAP. VIII. How Don Quixote fet at liberty fever al unfortunate perfons, who were carrying, much againfl their wills, to a place they did not like. p. 116 CHAP. IX. Of what befel the renowned Don Quixote in the fable mountain, being one of the moji curious and uncommon adventures of any- related in this faithful hi/lory. p. 123 CHAP. X. A continuation of the adventure of the fable mountain. p. 132 CHAP. XI. Which treats of the Jl range things that befel the valiant blight of la Mancha in the fable mountain, and how he imitated the penance of Beltenebros. p. 138 CHAP. XII. A continuation of the refinements praclifed by Don Quixote, as a lover, in the fable mountain. p. j - CHAP. XIII. How the priejl and the barber put their defign in execution, with other matters worthy to be recited in this hi/lory. p, 1 rg Vol.L o BOOK. TABLE of the CHAPTERS. BOOK the FOURTH. CHAP. L Which treats of the new and agreeable adventure that-befel the priejl and the barber in the fame fable mountain. p. 1 69 CHAP. II. Which treats of the beautiful Dorothea'* difcretion, with other very ingenious and entertaining particulars. p. 180 CHAP. III. Which treats of the pleafant and ingenious method of ' drawing our enamoured 'knight from the very rigorous penance he had impofed on himfelf. p. 1 8 8 CHAP. IV. Of the relijhing converfation, which pajfed between Don Quixote and his f quire Sancho Panca, with other accidents. p. 196 CHAP. V. Which treats of what bef el Don Quixote'* whole company in the inn, p. 202 CHAP. VI. In which is recited The Novel of the Curious Impertinent. p. 207 CHAP. VII. In which is continued The Novel of the Curious Impertinent. p. 222 CHAP. VIII. The conclufton of The Novel of the Curious Impertinent, with the dreadful battle betwixt Don Quixote and certain wine-skins. P- 236 CHAP, IX. Which treats of other uncommon accidents that happened in the inn. p. 242 CHAP. X. Wherein is continued the hifory of the famous Infanta Micomicona, with other pleafant adventures. P" ~^9 CHAP. XL The continuation of Don Quixote'* curious difcourfe upon arms and letters. P- 2 5° CHAP- TABLE of the CHAPTERS. CHAP. XII. Wherein the captive relates his life and adventures. p. 260 CHAP. XIII. In which is continued the hijlory of the captive. p # 2 6G CHAP. XIV. Wherein the captive fill continues the flory of his adventures. P- 27 c CHAP. XV. Which treats of what farther happened in the inn, and of many other things worthy to be known. ~. 289 CHAP. XVI. Which treats of the agreeable hijlory of the young muleteer ; with other f range accidents that happened in the inn. p_ 2 g . CHAP. XVII. A continuation of the un-heard-of adventures of the inn. p. -301 CHAP. XVIII. In which the difpute concerning MambrinoV helmet, and the pannel, is decided; with other adventures that really and truly happened. p. ->oj CHAP. XIX. In which is fnified the notable adventure of the troopers of the holy brother- hood, with the great ferocity of our good knight Don Quixote. p. 3 12 CHAP. XX. Of the f range and wonderful manner in which Don Quixote de la Mahcha was enchanted, with other remarkable occurrences. p. ^18 CHAP. XXI. In which the canon profecutes the fubjeel of the books of chivalry, with other matters worthy of his genius. CHAP. XXII. Of the ingenious conference between Sancho Panca and his mafler Don Quixote. P-33 1 CHAP. TABLE of the CHAPTERS. CHAP. XXIII. Of the ingenious contejl between Don Quixote and the canon, 'with ether accidents. p. 336 CHAP. XXIV. Which treats of what the goatherd related to all thofe who accompanied Don Quixote. p. 341 CHAP. XXV. Of the quarrel between Don Quixote and the goatherd, with the rare ad- venture of the difciplinants, which he happily accomplijhed with thefweat of his brows. p. 345 > T H E Vol.L ■ fi.I r V1*£ THE LIFE and EXPLOITS Of the ingenious gentleman DON (QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. PART the FIRST. BOO K I. CHAPTER I. Which treats of the quality and ?nanner of life of the renown d gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha. N a village of La Mancha ', the name of which I purpofely omit, there lived not long ago one of thofe gentlemen, who are ufually poflefs'd of a launce upon a rack, an old target, a lean horfe, and a greyhound for couriing. A difh of boiled meat conhYting of fomewhat more beef than mut- ton 2 , die fragments ferved up cold on moil nights, an amlet 3 on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and a fmall pigeon by way of addition on Sundays, confumed three fourths of his income. The reft was laid out in a fourtout of fine black cloth, a pair of velvet breeches for holidays, with flippers of the fame ; and on week- 1 A fmall territory, partly in the kingdom of Arragon, and partly in Cajiile. x Beef being cheaper in Spain than mutton. 3 The original is dueloiy quebrantos, literally griefs and groans. It is a cant-phrafe for fome fafting-day- difh in ufe in La Mancha. Some fay, it fignifies brains fry d ivilb eggs, which the church allows in poor countries in defeft of fifli. Others have guefs'd it to mean fome windy kind of diet, as peas, herbs, isfc . which are apt to orcafion cholicks ; as if one fhou'd fay, greens and gripes on Saturdays. As it is not eafy to fettle its true meaning, the tranflator has fubftituted an equivalent diih better known to the Englijb reader. V o l. I. B days The LIFE and EXPLOITS of days he prided himfelf in the very beft of his own homefpun cloth. His family confifted of an houfe-keeper l fomewhat above forty, a neice not quite twenty, and a lad for the field and the market, who both faddled the horfe and handled the pruning-hook. The age of our gentleman border 'd upon fifty years. He was of a robuft conftitution, fpare-bodied, of a meagre vifage ; a very early rifer, and a keen fportfman. It is faid his firname was ^uixada, or §>uefada (for in this there is fome difference among the authors who have written upon this fubjecT:) tho' by probable conjectures it may be gather'd that he was called Quixana 2 . But this is of little importance to our ftory : let it furfice that in relating it we do not fwerve a jot from the truth. You muft know then, that this gentleman aforefaid, at times when he was idle, which was moft part of the year, gave himfelf up to the reading of books of chivalry, with fo much at- tachment and relifh, that he almoft forgot all the fports of the field, and even the management of his domeftic affairs ; and his curiofity and extravagant fond- nefs herein arrived to that pitch, that he fold many acres of arable land to pur- chafe books of knight-errantry, and carried home all he could lay hands on of that kind. But among them all, none pleafed him fo much as thofe compofed by the famous Feliciano de Silva : for the glaringnefs of his profe, and thofe in- tricate phrafes of his, feem'd to him fo many pearls of eloquence; and espe- cially when he came to perufe thofe love-fpeeches, and letters of challenge, wherein in feveral places he found written : The reafon of the unreafonable treat- ment of my reafon enfeebles my reafon infuch wife, that with reafon I complain of your beauty: and alfo when he read; The high heavens that with your divinity divinely fortify you with thejlars, making you meritorious of the merit merited by your greatnefs. With this kind of language the poor gentleman loft his wits, and diftracled himfelf to comprehend and unravel their meaning ; which was more than Ariftotle himfelf could do, were he to rife again from the dead for that purpofe alone. He had fome doubts as to the dreadful wounds which Don Belianis gave and received ; for he imagined, that, notwithstanding the moft ex- pert furgeons had cured him, his face and whole body muft ftill be full of feams and fears. Neverthelefs he commended in his author the concluding his book with a promife of that unfinifhable adventure: and he often had it in his thoughts to take pen in hand, and finifli it himfelf precifely as it is there promis'd : which he had certainly performed, and fuccefsfully too, if other greater and continual cogitations had not diverted him." He had frequent difputes with the prieft 3 of his village (who was a learned perfon, and had taken his degrees in Ciguenza) ' The old tranflators will have the Dons houfe keeper to be an old woman, tho' it is plain (he is but little more than forty ; and the original word Ama fignines only an upper woman fervan;, or one who is mijimfs over the" reft. * A derivation from the Sfani/h word £>uixas, which fignifies lanthornjav.;, 3 Elcura. The reftor or parilh-prieft. which DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. which of the two had been the better knight, Vahnerin of England » , or Amadis de Gaul. But mailer Nicholas, barber- furgeon of the fame town, af- firm 'd, that none ever came up to the knight of the fun, and that if any one could be compared to him, it was Don Galaor brother of Ainadh de Gaul; for he was of a difpofition fit for every thing, no finical gentleman, nor fuch a whimperer as his brother j and as to courage, he was by no means inferior to him. In fhort he fo bewilder'd himfelf in this kind of ftudy, that he pafs'd the nights in reading from fun-fet to fun-rife, and the days from fun-rife to fun-fet : and thus, what with little deep and much reading, his brain was dried up in fuch a manner, that he came at lafl to lofe his wits. He crowded his fancy with all that he read in his books, to wit, enchantments, battles, fingle combats, challenges, wounds, courtfhips, amours, tempefls, and impoffible abfurdiues. And fo firmly was he perfuaded that the whole fyftem of chimeras he read of was true, that he thought no hiftory in the world was more to be depended upon. The Cid Ruydiaz 2 , he was wont to fay, was a very good knight, but not com- parable to the knight of the burning-fword, who with a fingle back-ftroke cleft afunder two fierce and monftrons giants. He was better pleafed with Bernardo del Carpio for putting Orlando the enchanted to death in Roncefvalles, by means of the fame ftratagem which Hercules ufed, when he fuffocated Anteus, Son of the earth, by fqueezing him between his arms. He alfo fpoke mighty well of the giant Morgante ; for tho' he was of that monftrous brood who are always proud and infolent, he alone was affable and well-bred. But above all he was charm 'd with Reynaldo de Montalvan, efpecially when he faw him fallying out of his caftle and plundering all he met 3 ; and when abroad he feized that image of Ma- homet, which was all of maflive gold, as his hiftory records. He wou'd have given his houfe-keeper, and neice to boot, for a fair opportunity of handfomly kicking the traitor Galalon 4. In fine, having quite loft his wits, he fell into one of the ftrangeft conceits that ever enter'd into the head of any madman; which was, that he thought it expedient and necefTary, as well for the advancement of his own fame, as for the public good, that he fhou'd commence knight-errant, and wander thro' the world, with his horfe and arms, in queft of adventures ; and to put in practice whatever he had read to have been pradtifed by knights-errant ; re- dreftingall kind of grievances, and expofing himfelf to danger on all occafions; that by accomplishing fuch enterprizes he might acquire eternal fame and renown. The poor gentleman already imagined himfelf at leaft crown'd emperor of Trapifonda > England kerns to have been often made the fcene of chivalry: for befides this Palmerln, we find D;n F.'orando ot England, and fome others, not to mention Jrnadish millrefs the princefs Oriana of England. : A famous Spanijh commander, concerning whom many fables pafs among the vulgar. 3 Here Don Shiixote, in the hurry of his imaginations, confounds right and wrong, making his heroe a common robber ; whereas upon cooler thoughts he fhou'd have long'd to have been upon his bones, as he does upon Galalon in the fame breath : but perhaps Reynaldo'i catholic zeal againft Mahomet attoncd for fuch un- kr i^htly pradtice. ■» Who betray'd the French army at Ronctfvalles. B 2 by He LIFE and EXPLOITS of by the valour of his arm: And thus wrapt up in thefe agreeable delufions, and hurried on by the ftrange pleafure he took in them, he haften'd to put in execution what he fo much defired. And the firft thing he did, was, to fcour up a fuit of armour which had been his great-great-grandfather's, and, being mouldy and ruft- eaten, had lain by, many long years, forgotten in a corner. Thefe he clean'd and furbifh'd up the beft he could, but perceived they had one grand defect, which was, that inftead of a helmet they had only a fimple morrion or fteel-cap: but he dextroufly fupplied this want by contriving a fort of vizor of pafte-board, which being ftx'd to the headpiece gave it the appearance of a complete hel- met. It is true indeed, that, to try its ftrength, and whether it was proof againft a cut, he drew his fword, and giving it two ftrokes, undid in an inftant what he had been a week in doing. But not altogether approving of his having broken it to pieces with fo much eafe, to fecure himfelf from the like danger for the future, he made it over again, fencing it with fmall bars of iron within in fiich a manner, that he refted fatisfied of its ftrength; and without caring to make a frefh experiment on it, he approv'd and look'd upon it as a moft excel- lent helmet. The next thing he did, was, to vifit his fteed; and tho' his bones ftuck out like the corners of a Rial « , and he had more faults than Gonela's horfe, which tantum pellis & ojfa fuit, he fancied that neither Alexander's Bucephalus, nor Cyd's Babieca, was equal to him. Four days was he con- fidering what name to give him : for, faid he to himfelf, it is not fit that a horfe fo good, and of a knight fo famous, fhould be without fome name of eminence ; and therefore he ftudied to accommodate him with one, which fhou'd exprefs what he had been, before he belong'd to a knight-errant, and what he actually now was: for it feem'd highly reafonable, if his mafter changed his ftate, he likewife fhould change his name, and acquire one famous and high founding, as became the new order, and the new way of life he now profefTed. And fo, after fundry names deviled and rejected, liked and difliked again, he concluded at laft to call him Rozinante 2 ; a name, in his opinion, lofty and fonorous, and at the fame time expreiTive of what he had been when he was but a common nag, and before he had acquired his prefent fuperiority over all the fteeds in the world. Having given his horfe a name fo much to his fatisfaction, he refolved to give himfelf one. This confideration took him up eight days more, and at length he thought fit to call himfelf Don Quixote : from whence, as is faid, the Au- thors of this moft true Hiftory conclude that his name was certainly ^uixada, and not Quefada, as others would have it. But recollecting that the valorous Ama- 1 A ludicrous Image drawn from the irregular figure of the Sfanijb money, to exprefs the jutting bones of a lean beaft. 1 From Roz.in, a common drudge-horfe, and ante, before: as Alexander's Bucephalus from his bull-heao*, and the knight of the fun's Comerino from a horn in his forehead. dis, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. dis, not content with the fimple appellation of Amadis } added thereto the name of his kingdom and native country, in order to render it famous, and ftylcd himfelf Amadis de Gaul ; fo he, like a good knight, did in like manner call himfelf Don Quixote de la Mancha ; whereby, in his opinion, he fet forth in a very lively manner his lineage and country, and did it due honour by taking his iirname from thence. And now, his armour being furbiih'd up, die morrion converted into a perfect helmet, and bodi his fteed and himfelf new-named, he perfwaded himfelf that he wanted nothing but to pitch upon fome lady to be in love with : for a knight-errant without a miftrefs was a tree without leaves or fruit, and a body widiout a foul. If, faid he, for the punifhment of my fins, or diro' my good-fortune, I fhould chance to meet fome giant abroad, as is ufual with knights-errant, and fhou'd overthrow him at the nrft encounter, or cleave him afunder, or in fine vanquiih and force him to yield, will it not be proper to have fome lady to fend him to as a token ? that, when he comes into her prefence, he may kneel before her fweet ladyfhip, and with humble and fubmilTive tone accoft her thus : ' Madam, I am the Giant Caraculiambro, lord of ' the ifland Malindrama, whom the never-enough renowned knight Don Quixote ( de la Mancha has overcome in fingle combat, and has commanded to prefent * myfelf before your ladyfhip, that your grandeur may difpofe of me as you think ' proper.' Oh ! how did our good gentleman exult, when he had made this ha- rangue, and efpecially when he had found out a perfon on whom to confer die title of his miftrefs ; which, it is believed, happened thus. Near the place where he lived there dwelt a very comely country lafs, with whom he had for- merly been in love, tho', as it is fuppofed, die never knew it, nor troubled her- felf about it. Her name was Aldonza Lorenzo; and her he pitch'd upon to be the lady of his thoughts: then cafting about for a name, which diou'd have fome affinity with her own, and yet incline towards diat of a great lady or prin- cefs, he proceeded to call her Dulcihea del Tobofo (for fhe was born at that place) a name, to his thinking, harmonious, uncommon and figniiicant, like the reft he had deviled for himfelf, and for all diat belonu'd to him. CHAP. II. Which treats of the firft /ally the ingenious Don Quixote made from his Village. XT O W thefe difpofitions being made, he would no longer defer putting his x ^ defign in execution j being the more ftrongly excited thereto by the°mif- chief he thought his delay occafioned in die world : fuch and fo many were the grievances he propofed to redrefs, the wrongs he intended to reclify, die exorbi- tances to corred, the abufes to reform, and the debts to difcharge. And there- fore, without making any one privy to his defign, and widiout being feen by any body, one morning before day (which was one of the hotteft of die month of July) 6 The LIFE and EX P LO IfS of July) he arm'd himfelf cap-a-pee, mounted Rozinante, adjufted his ill-compofed beaver, braced on his target ', grafp'd his launce, and iffued forth into the fields at a private door of his back-yard, with the greateft fatkikdrion and joy, to find with how much eafe he had given a beginning to his honourable enterprize. But fcarce was he got into the plain, when a terrible thought affaulted him, and fuch a thought as had well-nigh made him abandon his new undertaking ; for it came into his remembrance, that he was not dubb'd a knight, and that, according to the laws of chivalry, he neidier could, nor ought, to enter the lifts againft any knight : and tho' he had been dubb'd, ftill he muft wear white armour, as a new knight, without any device in his fhield, till he had acquir'd one by his prowefs. Thefe reflexions ftagger'd his refolution; but his frenzy prevailing above any reafon whatever, he purpofed to get himfelf knighted by the flrft per- fon he fhou'd meet, in imitation of many others who had done the like, as he had read in the books which had occafion'd his madnefs. As to the white ar- mour, he propofed to fcour his own, the firft opportunity, in fuch fort that it mould be whiter than ermin : and herewith quieting his mind, he went on his way, following no other road than what his horfe pleafed to take 5 believing that therein conlifted the life and fpirit of adventures. Thus our flaming adventurer jogg'd on, talking to himfelf, and faying : Who doubts, but diat, in future times, when the faithful hiftory of my famous ex- ploits mail come to light, the fage, who writes them, when he gives a relation of this my firft filly, fo early in the morning, will do it in words like thefe : Scarce had ruddy Phoebus fpread the golden treffes of his beauteous hair over the face of the wide andfpacious earth; and fcarce had the painted birds with the. fweet and mellifluous harmony of their forked tongues fainted the approach of rofy Aurora, when, quitting the foft couch of her jealous husband, Jhe difclofed herfclf to mortals thro' the gates and balconies of the Manchegan honjon; when the renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha, abandoning the lazy down, mounted his famous courfer Rozinante, and began to travel thro' the ancient and noted field of Montiel * ; and true it is, that was the very field; and palling along it, he continued faying; Happy times, and happy age, in which my famous ex- ploits (hall come to light, worthy to be engraved in brafs, carved in marble, and drawn in pifture, for a monument to all pofterity ! O thou fage enchanter! whoever thou art, to whofe lot it fhall fall to be the chronicler of this wonder- ful hiftory, I befeech thee not to forget my good Rozinante, the mfeparable companion of all my travels and carreers. Then on a fudden, as one really ena- mour'd, he went on, faying; O princefs Dulcinea! miftrefs of this captive heart great injury haft thou done me in difcarding and difgracing me by your ri-orous decree, forbidding me to appear in the prefence of your beauty. • T l c tare" or buckler wai flung about the neck with a buckle and thong. __ . A prope fe!d to infpire courage, b.ing the ground upon which Henry the baftard flew h.s legitimate brother DonPcdi,, whom our brave Black Prince Edward had let upon the U.rone of Spam. Vouch- DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA, Vouchfafe, lady, to remember this thine inthralled heart, that endures fo many afflictions for love of thee. Thus he went on, ftringing one extravagance upon another, in the flyle his books had taught him, and imitating as near as he could their very phrafe. He travelled on fo leifurely, and the fun advanced fo faff, and with fuch intenfe heat, that it was fufficient to have melted his brains if he had had any. He tra- vell'd almoft that whole day without meeting with any thing worth relating, which diihearten'd him much} for he wanted immediately to have encounter 'd fomebody, to make trial of the force of his valiant arm. Some authors fay, his firft adventure was that of the ftraits of Lapice; others pretend, it was that of the Windmills. But what I have been able to difcover of this matter, and what I have found written in the annals of La Mancha, is, that he travelled all that day, and toward the fall of night his horfe and he found themfelves tired, and almoft dead with hunger ; and looking round about to fee if he could difcover fome caftle, or fhepherd's cottage, to which he might retire and relieve his extreme neceffity, he perceived not far from the road an inn ; which was as if he had feen a ftar directing him to die porticos or palaces of his redemption '. He made all the hafte he could, and came up to it juft as the day fhut in. There chanced to ftand at the door two young wo- men, ladies of pkafure as they are called, who were going to Sevil with certain carriers, who happen'd to take up their lodging at the inn that night. And as whatever our adventurer thought, faw, or imagined, feem'd to him to be done and tranfacled in the manner he had read of, immediately, at fight of the inn, he fancied it to be a caftle with four turrets and battlements of refulgent fil- ver, together with its draw-bridge, deep moat, and all the appurtenances with which fuch caftles are ufually defcribed. As he was making up to the inn, which he took for a caftle, at fome little diftance from it, he check'd Rozinante by the bridle, expecting fome dwarf to appear on the battlements, and give no- tice by found of trumpet of the arrival of a knight at the caftle. But finding they delay'-d, and that Rozhiatite prefs'd to get to the ftable, he drew near to the inn door, and faw there the two ftrolling wenches, who feem'd to him to be two beautiful danuels, or graceful ladies, who were difporting themfelves before the caftle-gate. Now it happen'd that a fwineherd, getting together his hogs (for, without begging pardon, fo they are call'd 2 ) from the ftubble field, wind- ed his horn, at which fignal they are wont to aflemble,; and at that inftant Don Quixote's imagination reprefented to him what he wifh'd, namely, that fome 1 This comparKon of Don Quixote"*, joy. at the fight of the inn, to that of the wife men, conduced to the like place by a ftir, ii in allufion to thole pictures in popifh churches, wherein the wife men, the ftar, and the child Jefus in the manger, are reprefented under fome magnificent piece of architecture, with grand porti- cos, pillars, isfc. and the good company, together with the ox and the afs, for dignity's fake, molt fumptu- oufly lodg'd. » Our author here ridku'c* the afFerted delicacy of the Spaniards and Italians, who look upon it as 11 manners to name the word hog or/wine, as too grofs an image. dwarf 8 tte LIFE and EXP LO ITS of dwarf was giving the fignal of his arrival ; and therefore with wond'rous con- tent he came up to the inn, and to the ladies, who perceiving a man armed in that manner, with launce and buckler, ran frighted into the houfe. But Don Quixote, guefling at their fear by their flight, lifted up his pafte-board vizor, and difcovering his wither'd and dully vifage, with courteous demeanour and grave voice, thus accofted them : Fly not, ladies, nor fear any difcourtefy; for the order of knighthood, which I profefs, permits me not to offer injuiy to any one, much lefs to virgins of fuch high rank as your prefence denotes. The wenches flared at him, and with all the eyes they had were looking to find his face, which the fcurvy beaver almoft covered. But when they heard themfelves ftyled virgins, a thing fo out of the way of their profeffion, they could not con- tain their laughter, and that in fo violent a manner, that Don Quixote began to grow angry, and faid to them : Modefty well becomes the fair, and nothing is fo foolifh as exceffive laughter proceeding from a flight occafion : but I do not fay this to difoblige you, or to caufe you to difcover any ill difpofition towards me j for mine is no other than to do you fervice. This language, which they did not underftand, and the uncouth mien of our knight, increafed their laugh- ter, and his wrath ; and things would have gone much farther, had not the inn- keeper come out at that inftant (a man, who, by being veiy bulky, was inclined to be very peaceable) who beholding fuch an odd figure all in armour, the pieces of which were fo ill forted, as were die bridle, launce, buckler and corfelet, cou'd fcarce forbear keeping the damfels company in the demonftrations of their mirth. But being in fome fear of a pageant equipp'd in fo warlike a manner, he refolv'd to fpeak him fur, and therefore accofted him thus : If your worfhip, Signor Cavalier, feeks a lodging, bating a bed (for in this inn there is none to be had) every thing elfe this houfe affords in great abundance. Don Quixote, per- ceiving the humility of the governor of the fortrefs (for fuch to him appeared the innkeeper and the inn) anfwered ; Any thing will ferve me, Signor Cajirflano, for arms are my ornaments, and fighting my repofe. The hoft thought he called him Caftellano becaufe he took him for an honeft Caftilian », whereas he was an jindalufian, and of the coaft of Saint JLucar, as arrant a thief as Cacus, and as lharp and unlucky as a collegian or a court-page ; and therefore he re- ply'd: If it be fo, your worship's beds are hard rocks, and your fleep to be al- ways awake ; and fince it is fo, fir, you may venture to alight, being fure of finding in this poor hut fufficient caufe for not lleeping a whole twelvemonth, much more one fingle night. And fo fining, he went and held Don Quixote's llirrup, who alighted with much difficulty and pains ; for he had not broke his fiift all that day. He prefently requefted of the hoft to take efpecial care of his fteed, for he was the beft piece of horfe-fleih that ever eat bread in the world. The innkeeper view'd him, but did not think him fo good as Don Quixote reprefented him to be, no, hot by halfj and having fet him up in the ftabie, he ' Qaftellano in Zpanijh fignifies both a govern: ur of a cafi'.e, ana a native of Caftile. return'd DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. return'd to fee what his gueft would be pleas'd to order, whom the damfels were difarming (for they were already reconciled to him) and tho' they had taken off the back and bread-pieces, they could not find out how to unlace his gor- get, or take off the counterfeit beaver, which he had fattened in iuch a man- ner with green ribbons, that, there being no poffibility of untying them, they muft of neceffity be cut; which he would by no means confent to, and fo he remain'd all that night with his helmet on, and was the flrangeft and moll; ri- diculous figure imaginable. Whilft the girls were taking off his armour, ima- gining them to be perfons of the firft quality and ladies of that caftle, he laid to them with great gaiety : Never fare was knight fo nobly ferved by ladies, as was Don Quixote, after his departure from his village : damfels waited on his perfon, and princeffes on his feed '. O Rozinante ! for that, dear ladies, is my horfe's name, and Don Quixote de la Mancha is my own ; for tho' I was not willing to difcover myfelf, 'till the exploits done for your fervice and benefit fhou'd difcover me, the neceffity of accommodating the old romance of Sir Lancelot to our prefent purpofe has been the occalion of your knowing my name before the proper feafon ; but the time will come, when your ladyfhips may command, and I obey, and the valour of my arm fhall manifeft die defirc I have to ferve you. The laffes, who were not accuftom'd to fuch rhetorical flourifhes, anfwered not a word, but only asked him, whether he would be pleafed to eat any thing. With all my heart, anfwered Don Quixote ; any thing eatable would, I apprehend, come very feafonably. That day happen'd to be Friday, and there was nothing to be had in the inn, excepting a parcel of dried fifh, which in Cajlile they call Abadcxo, in Andalufia Bacallao, in fome parts Curadilh, and in others Truchuela 2 . They asked him whether his worfhip would be pleafed to eat fome Truchuelas, for they had no other fifh to offer him. So there be many troutlings, anfwered Don Quixote they may ferve me inftead of one trout ; for I would as willingly be paid eight fingle reals, as one real of eight : and the rather, becaufe perhaps thefe troutlings are like veal, which is preferable to beef, or like kid, which is better than the goat. But be that as it will, let it come quickly ; for the toil and weight of arms cannot be fupported without fupplying the belly well. They laid the cloth at the door of the inn, for the fake of the frefh breeze, and die landlord brought him fome of the ill-water'd and worfe-boil'd Bacallao, and a loaf of bread as black and mouldy as his armour : but indeed one muft have laugh'd to fee him eat ; for having his helmet on, and the beaver up, he could not put any thing into his mouth with his hands, if fome body elfe did not help him ; and fo one of the aforefaid la- dies performed this office : but to give him to drink was utterly impoffible, if the hoft had not bored a reed, and putting one end into his moudi, poured in the wine leifurely at the odier : and all this he fuffer'd patiently, rather than cut the lacings of his helmet 1 In imitation of an old ballad, mention'd in book 2. ch. 5. z The fame which we call Poor John, or little Trouts. Vol. I. C In io The LIFE and EXPLOITS of In the mean time there happen'd to come a fow-gelder to the inn, who, as foon as he arrived, founded his whittle of reeds four or five times ; which en- tirely confirmed Don Quixote in the thought, that he was in fome famous caftle, that they ferv'd him with mufic, and that the poor jack was trouts, the coarfe loaf the fineft white bread, the wenches ladies, and the hoft governor of the caflle j and fo he concluded his refolution and fally to be fuccefsfully employ 'd. But what gave him the moft disturbance was, that he was not yet dubb'd a knight j thinking he could not lawfully undertake any adventure, 'till he had firft receiv'd the order of knighthood. CHAP. HI. In which is related the pleafant method 'Don Quixote took to be dubb'd a knight. AND now, being disturbed with this thought, he made an abrupt end of •*- •*• his fhort fupper ; which done, he call'd the landlord, and {hutting him- felf up with him in the liable, he fell upon his knees before him, and faid : I will never rife from this place, valorous knight, 'till your courtefy vouchfafes me a boon I mean to beg of you ; which will redound to your own honour and to the benefit of human kind. The hoft, who faw his gueft at his feet, and heard fuch expreflions, ftood confounded, and gazing at him, not knowing what to do or fay : he then ftrove to raife him from the ground, but in vain,, 'fill he had promifed to grant him the boon he requefted H I expedted no lefs, Sir, from your great magnificence, anfwer'd Don Quixote, and therefore know, that the boon I wou'd requeft, and has been vouchfafed me by your liberality, is, that you fhall to-morrow morning dub me a knight ; and this night in the chapel of your caftle I will watch my armour 2 : and to-morrow, as I have faid, what I fo earneftly defire fhall be accomplifhed ; that I may be duly qualified to wander thro' the four quarters of the world in queft of adven- tures, for the relief of the diftreffed, as is the duty of chivalry, and of knights- errant, whofe hearts, like mine, are ftrongly bent on fuch atchievements. The hoft (as we have faid) was an arch fellow, and having already entertained fome fufpicions of the folly of his gueft, was now, at hearing fuch expreflions, tho- roughly convinced of it : and, that he might have fomething to make fport with that night, he refolved to keep up the humour, and faid to him, that he. was certainly very much in the right in what he defired and requefted ; and that fuch atchievements were peculiar and natural to cavaliers of fuch prime quality as he feemed to be of, and as his gallant deportment did demonftrate : and that he himfelf, in the days of his youth, had betaken himfelf to that honourable ' In the old romances, it is ufual for fome cavalier or damfel upon her palfry to come to a knight, and beg fome boon at his hands, which the knight is obliged by his rules to grant, unleis it be difhoneft or difhonourable. ■ On the eve of a holiday the Romanijis perform certain ceremonies of devotion, ci?c. and wake over the bcdy of a deceafed perfon. Hence our country wakes, tsfV. employ, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. n employ, wandering thro' divers parts of the world in fearch of adventures, not omitting to vilit ' the liiburbs of Malaga, die illes of Riiiran, the comp.ifs of Sevil, the aqueduct-market of Segovia, the olive-yard of Valencia, the Ro?i- dilla of Granada, the Coajl of Saint Lucar, the fountain of Cordoua % the hedge-taverns of Toledo, and fundry odier parts, where he had eicrcked the agility of his feet and dexterity of his hands ; doing fundry wrongs, follieiting fundry widows, undoing fome damfels, and bubbling feveral young heirs "> , in fine, making himfelf known to moft of the tribunals and courts of judicature in Spain: and that at lafl he had retired to this caftle, where he had lived upon his own means and other peoples, entertaining all knights-errant, of whatever quality or condition diey were, merely for the great love he bore them, and that they might mare their gettings with him in requital for his good-will. He further told him, there was no chapel in his caftle in which to watch his armour, (for it had been pull'd down in order to be rebuilt) however, in cafes of neceflity, he knew it might be watched wherever he pleafed, and that he might do it that night in a court of the caftle; and the next day, if it pleafed God, die requifite cere- monies fliould be performed, in fuch manner that he ihould be dubb'd a knight, and {o effectually knighted, that no one in the world cou'd be more lb. He asked him alfo, whether he had any money about him ? Don Quixote replied, he had not a farthing, having never read in the hiftories of knights-errant, that they car- ried any. To this the hoft replied, he was under a miftake ; that, fuppofing it was not mention'd in the ftory, the authors thinking it fuperfluous to fpecify a thing fb plain, and fo indifpenfably neceftary to be carried, as money and clean fhirts, it was not therefore to be infer'd, that they had none : and therefore he might be allured, that all the knights-errant (of whofe actions there are fuch authentic hiftories) did carry their purfes well lined for whatever might befall them, and that they carried alfo fhirts, and a little box of ointment to heal the wounds they might receive, becaufe there was not always one at hand to cure them in the fields and deferts where they fought, unlefs they had fome fage en- chanter for their friend, to affift them immediately, bringing fome damfel or dwarf in a cloud thro' the air, with a viol of water of fuch virtue, that, in tailing a drop of it, they fliou'd inftantly become as found and whole of their 1 Names of certain infamous places in Spain. 1 Near which was the whipping-poit. 3 Thefe expreffions feeming a little too ftrong and open in the original, the tranfiator was inclined to have qualified them in the verfion ; but upon reading Don Belianis of Greece (part 2. ch. 3.) he found Don Brianel, who was travelling to Antioch on the princefs Auroras errand, and lodged in a houfe of good re- pute ; the landlord of which Palinee had been trained up to chivalry. This holt offers his fervice to wait upon Don Brianel, and wanting a cloak, frightens a page, who flies and leaves his cloak behind him. Don Brianel approves the thing, and tells him, he performed it fo cleverly, he believed it was not his firft ex- ploit of the kind ; and he frankly owns, he had often put in practice fuch pieces of dexterity. In allufion to this approved ftroke of knight-errantry, Dor: £>uixote''s hoft brags of divers wonders he had performed this way ; and this was a ftrong precedent, nor cou'd our knight objeft to any example fetch'd from his favourite Don Belianis's approved hiftory. So that this paflage in Cervantes, which has been thought very faulty, appears from hence to be not only excufable, but very judicious, and direftly to his purpofe of ex- pofing thofe authors and their numberlefs abfurdities. C 2 bruifes 12 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of bruifes and wounds, as if they had never been hurt : but 'till they had fuch a friend, the knights-errant of times part never failed to have their {quires pro- vided with money and other neceffary things, fuch as lint and falves, to cure themfelves with ; and when it happened, that the faid knights had no fquires (which fell out very rarely) they carried all thefe things behind them upon their horfes in a very fmall wallet hardly vifible, as if it were fomethin°- of greater importance j for were it not upon fuch an account, this carrying of wallets was not currently admitted among knights-errant : therefore he advifed him, tho' he might command him as his godibn (which he was to be very foon) that from thenceforward he mould not travel without money and without the aforefaid precautions ; and he would find how ufeful they would be to him, when he leafl expected it. Don Quixote promifed to follow his advice with all punctuali- ty ; and now order was prefently given for performing the watch of the ar- mour in a large yard adjoining to the inn ; and Don Quixote, gathering all the pieces of it together, laid them upon a ciflern that flood clofe to a well : and bracing on his buckler, and grafping his launce, with a folemn pace he began to walk backward and forward before the ciflern, beginning his parade jufl as the day fhut in. The holt acquainted all that were in the inn with the phrenzy of his guefl, the watching of his armour, and the knighting he expected. They all wondered at fo odd a kind of madnefs, and went out to obferve him at a diflance ; and they perceiv'd, that, with a compofed air, he fometimes continued his walk ; at other times, leaning upon his launce, he looked wiflfully at his armour, without taking off his eyes for a long time together. It was now quite night ; but the moon fhone with fuch a luflre as might almoft vie with his who lent it ; fo that whatever our new knight did was diflinctly feen by all the fpectators. While he was thus employed, one of the carriers, who inn'd there, had a mind to water his mules, and it was neceffary firfl to remove Don Quixote's armour from off the ciftern ; who feeing him approach, call'd to him with a loud voice : Ho there, whoever thou art, rain knight, that approachefl to touch the arms of the mofl valorous adventurer that ever girded fword, take heed what thou doefl, and touch them not, unlets thou wou'dfl leave thy life a forfeit for thy temerity. The carrier troubled not his head with thefe fpeeches (but it had been better for him if he had, for he might have faved his carcafe) but inflead of that, taking hold of the flraps, he toffed the armour a good di- flance from him ; which Don Quixote perceiving, lifted up his eyes to heaven, and fixing his thoughts (as it feem'd) on his miflrefs Dukinea y he faid : Aflifl me, dear lady, in this firfl affront offer'd to this breafl enthrall'd to thee ; let not thy favour and protection fail me in this firfl moment of danger : and ut- tering thefe and the like ejaculations, he let flip his target, and lifting up his launce with both hands, gave the carrier fuch a blow on the head, that he laid him flat on the ground, in fuch piteous plight, that had he feconded his blow. DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 13 blow, there would have been no need of a furgeon. This done, he gathered up his armour, and walked backward and forward with the fame gravity as at firft. Soon after, another carrier, not knowing what had happened (for ftill the firft lay ftunn'd) came out with the fame intention of watering his mules 5 and as he was going to clear the ciftern by removing the armour, Don Quixote, widaout fpeaking a word, or imploring any body's protection, again let flip his target and lifting up his launce broke the fecond carrier's head in three or four places. All the people of the inn ran together at the noife, and the inn-keeper among the reft ; which Don Quixote perceiving, braced on his target, and lay- ing his hand on his fword, he faid : O queen of beauty, the ftrength and vigour of my enfeebled heart, now is the time to turn the eyes of thy grcatnefs to- ward this thy captived knight, whom fo prodigious an adventure at this inftant awaits. Hereby in his opinion he recovered lb much courage, that if all the carriers in the world had attack'd him, he would not have retreated an inch. The comrades of thofe that were wounded (for they perceived them in that condition) began to let fly a fhower of ftones at Don Quixote, who ftieltered himfelf the beft he could under his fhield, and durft not ftir from the ciftern, left he fhould feem to abandon his armour. The hoft cried out to them to let him alone, for he had already told them he was mad, and that he would be acquitted as a madman tho' he mould kill them all. Don Quixote alio cried out louder, calling them cowards and traitors, and die lord of the caftle a pol- troon and a bafe-born knight, for fuffering knights-errant to be treated in that manner ; and that if he had received the order of knighthood, he would make him fmart for his treachery : but for you, rafcally and bafe fcoundrels (faid he) I do not value you a ftraw : draw near, come on, and do your worft ; you mall quickly fee the reward you are like to receive of your folly and infolence. This he uttered with fo much vehemence and refolution, that he ftruck a ter- rible dread into the hearts of the aftailants ; and for this reafon, together with the landlord's perfuafions, they forbore throwing any more ftones ; and he per- mitted the wounded to be carried off, and returned to the watch of his armour with the fame tranquillity and fedatenefs as before. The hoft did not relifh thefe pranks of his gueft, and therefore determined to put an end to them by giving him the unlucky order of knighthood out of hand, before any farther mifchief fhou'd enfue; and fo coming up to him, he begg'd pardon for the rudenefs thofe vulgar people had been guilty of, without his knowing any thing of the matter ; however, he faid, they had been fufticiently chaftifed for their rafhnefs. He repeated to him, that there was no chapel in that caftle, neither was it neceflary for what remained to be donfc : for the whole ftrefs of being dubb'd a knight lay in the blows on the neck and (boulders, as he had learn 'd from the ceremonial of the order ; and that it might be effectually performed in the middle of a field : that he had already difcharged all that belonged to the watching of the armour, which was furficiently performed in two hours ; and the i4 the LIFE and EXP LOITS of the rather, fmce he had been above four about it. All which Don Quixote believ'd, and faid, he was there ready to obey him ; and defired him to fhifh the bufinefs with the utmoft difpatch, becaufe if he fhou'd be affaulted again, and found himfelf dubb'd a knight, he was refolv'd not to leave a foul alive in the caftle, except thofe he fhou'd command him to fpare for his fake. The con- ftable, thus warned, and apprehenfive of what might be the event of this refo- lution, prefently brought the book, in which he enter'd the accounts of the ftraw and barley he furnilh'd to the carriers, and with the two abovefaid damfels (a boy carrying an end of candle before them) came where Don Quixote was, whom he commanded to kneel ; and reading in his manual (as if he had been faying fome devout prayer) in the midft of the reading he lifted up his hand, and gave him a good blow on the nape of the neck, and after that with his own (word a handfome thwack on the fhoulder, frill muttering between his teeth as if he was praying. This done, he order'd one of the ladies to gird on his fword, which fhe did with the moft obliging freedom, and difcretion too, of which not a little was needful to keep them from burfting with laughter at every period of the ceremonies > but indeed the exploits they had already feen our new knight perform kept their mirth within bounds. At girding on the fword, the good lady faid : God make you a fortunate knight, and give you fuccefs in battle. Don Quixote ask'd her name, that he might know from thenceforward to whom he was indebted for the favour received; for he intended her a fhare of the ho- nour he mould acquire by the valour of his arm, She reply'd with much humi- lity, that fhe was called La Tolofa, and was a cobler's daughter of Toledo, who lived at the little (hops of Sancho Men aya ; and wherever fhe was, fhe would ferve and honour him as her lord. Don Quixote then defir'd her, for his fake, thenceforward to add to her name the Don, and to call herfelf Donna Tolofa which fhe promifed to do. The other buckled on his fpursj with whom he held almoft the fame kind of dialogue as he had done with her companion : he asked her name alfo, and fhe faid (he was called La Mohnera, and was daugh- ter of an honeft miller of Antequera. Don Quixote intreated her alfo to add the Don, and call herfelf Donna Molinera, making her frefh offers of fervice and t n a n k *% Thus the never-till-then-feen Ceremonies being haftily difpatch'd, Don Quixote, who was impatient to fee himfelf on horfeback, and {allying out in queft of adventures, immediately faddled Rozinante, and embracing his hoft, mounted, and at parting faid fuch flrange things to him, acknowledging the favour of dub- bin- him a knight, that it is impoffible to exprefs them. The hoft, to get him the & fooner out of the inn, return'd his compliments with no lefs flounfhes tho in fewer words, and, without demanding any thing for his lodging, wifh d him a good journey. CHAP. DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. ij C M A P. IV. Of 'what befcl our knight after he had f allied out from the inn. IT was about break of day when Don Quixote ifTued forth from the inn, fo fa- tisfied, fo gay, fo blithe, to fee himfelf knighted, that the joy thereof almoft burfr. his horfe's girdis. But recollecting the advice of his hoft concerning the neceffary provifions for his undertaking, efpecially the articles of money and clean fhirts, he refolved to return home, and furnim himfelf accordingly, and alfo provide himfelf with a Squire; purpofing to take into his fervice a certain country fellow of the neighbourhood, who was poor and had children, yet was very fit for die fquirely office of chivalry. With this thought, he turn'd Rozi- nante towards his village, who, as it were knowing what his matter would be at, , began to put on with fo much alacrity, that he hardly feem'd to fet his feet to the ground. He had not gone far, when, on his right hand, from a thicket hard by, he fancied he heard a weak voice, as of a perfon complaining. And fcarcely had he heard it, when he faid ; I thank heaven for the favour it does me, in laying before me fo early an opportunity of complying with the duty of my profeffion, and of reaping the fruit of my honourable defires. Thefe are doubtlefs the cries of fome diftrelTed perfon, who ftands in need of my Protec- tion and affiftance. And turning the reins, he put Rozinante forward toward the place, from whence he thought the voice proceeded. And he had enter 'd but a few paces into the wood, when he faw a mare tied to an oak, and a lad to another, naked from the wafte upwards, about fifteen years of age ; who was the perfon that cried out ; and not without caufe, for a lurry country fellow was laying him on very feverely with a belt, and accompanied every lafh with a re- primand and a word of advice ; for faid he, The tongue flow and the eyes quick. And the boy anfwer'd, I will do fo no more, dear Sir, by the paffion of Jefus Chrift, I will never do fo again, and I promife for the future to take more care of the flock. Now Don Quixote, feeing what pafs'd, faid in an angry tone : Dif- courteous knight, it ill becomes thee to meddle with one who is not able to de- fend himfelf; get upon thy horfe, and take thy launce (for he alfo had a launce leaning againft the oak, to which the mare was faften'd) for I'll make thee to know that 'tis cowardly to do what thou art doing. The country-man, who faw fuch a figure coming towards him, cafed in iron, and brandifhing his launce at his face, gave himfelf up for a dead man, and with good words anfwered • Signor Cavalier, this lad, whom I am chaftizmg, is my own fervant j I employ him to tend a flock of fheep which I have hereabouts, and he is fo carelefs, that I lofe one every day ; and becaufe I correct him for his negligence, or roguery, he fays I do it out of covetoufnefs, and for an excufe not to pay him his wages ; but before God, and on my confeience, he lyes. Lyes, in my prefence ! pi- tiful rafcal, faid Don Quixote ; by the fun that mines upon us, I have a good mind x6 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of mind to run thee thro' and thro' with this launce : pay him immediately with- out farther reply; if not, by that God that rules us, I will difpatch and annihilate thee in a moment ; untie him prefently. The farmer bowed his head, and without replying a word untied his boy. Don Quixote ask'd the lad how much his mafler qw'd him; who anfwer'd, nine months wages at feven ' reals a month. Don Quixote computed it, and found that it amounted to fixty-three reals ; and he bade the country-man inflantly disburfe them, otherwife he mufl expect to die for it. The fellow in a fright anfwer'd, that, on the word of a dying man, and upon the oath he had taken (tho' by the way* he had taken no oath) it was not fo much ; for he mufl deduct the price of three pair of pumps he had given him upon account, and a real for two blood-lettings when he was not well. All this is very right, faid Don Quixote; but fet the pumps and the blood-lettings againfl the flripes you have given him undefervedly; for if he tore the leather of the pumps that you paid for, you have torn his skin ; and if the barber-furgeon drew blood from him when he was lick, you have drawn blood from him when he is well ; fo that upon thefe accounts he owes you nothing. The mifchief is, Signor Cavalier, quoth the country-man., that I have no money about me ; but let Andres go home with me, and I will pay him all, real by real. I go with him? faid the lad; the devil a bit; no Sir, I defign no fuch thing; for when he has me alone, he will flay me like any faint Bartholomew z . He will not do fo, reply'd Don Quixote ; it is lufficient, to keep him in awe, that I lay my commands upon him ; and upon condition he fwears to me, by the order of knighthood which he has receiv'd, I will let him go free, and will be bound for the payment. Take heed, good Sir, what you fay, quoth the boy ; for my matter is no knight, nor ever receiv'd any order of knighthood : he is John Aldudo the rich, of the neighbourhood of Quintanar. That is little to the purpofe, anfwer'd Don Quixote ; there may have been knights of the family of the Aldudos 3, and the rather fince every man is the fon of his own works. That's true, quoth Andres; but what works is my mafler the fon of, who re- fhfes me the wages of my fweat and labour ? I do not refufe thee, friend An- dres, reply'd the farmer ; and be fo kind to go with me ; and I fwear by all the orders of knighthood that are in the world, to pay thee, as I have faid, every penny down, and "• perfum'd into the bargain. As to the perfuming, I thank you for that, faid Don Quixote; give it him in reals and I mall be fatisfied : and fee that you perform what you have fworn; elfe I fwear to you by the fame oath, to return, to find you out, and.chaflife you; for I fhall find you out, tho' • A Real is about fixpence Englijb. , ,.,.„. 1 In the popith churches there is frequently an image or ftatue of a man without his skin, which is called A Saint Bartholomew. ,,,,,. „ 3 This looks like a piece of Satire upon fome family of that name, who probably had given Cervantis fome provocation. 4 A Spanijb phrafe for paying or returning any thing with advantage, and ufed here as a latire on tne effeminate cuftom of wearing every thing perfumed, infomuch that the very money in their pockets was fcented. you DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. you fhould hide yourfelf clofer than a little lizard. And if you wou'd know who it is that commands you this, that you may be the more ftridly obliged to perform your promife, know that I am the valorous Don Quixote de la Mancha, the redreffer of wrongs and abufes ; and fo farewel, and do not forget what you have promifed and fworn, on pain of the penalties aforefaid. And fo faying, lie clap'd fpurs to Rozinante, and was foon got a good way off. The country-man followed him with all the eyes he had, and when he found he was quite pafl the wood, and out of fight, he turn'd to his man Andres, and faid ; Come hi- ther, child, I am refolved to pay you what I owe you, as that redreffer of wrongs commanded me. And I fwear fo you (hall, quoth Andres, and to be fure, Sir, you will do well to perform what that honefl: gentleman has com- manded, whom god grant to live a thoufand years, and who is fo brave a man, a; id lb juft a judge, that, adad, if you don't pay me, he will come back and exe- c ite what he has threatned. And I fwear fo too, quoth the peafant; but to fliew thee how much I love thee, I am refolv'd to augment the debt, to increafe the payment: and taking hirh by the arm, he tied him again to the tree, where he gave him fo many (tripes, that he left him for dead. Now, mailer Andres , call upon that redreffer of wrongs; thou wilt find he will hardlv redrefs this, tho' I believe I have not half done yet ; for I have a good mind to flea thee alive as thou fearedfl but now. But at length he untied him, and gave him leave to go in queft of his judge, to execute the fentence he had pronounced. Andres went away in dudgeon, fwearing he would rind out the valorous Don Quixote de la Mancha, and tell him all that had paffed, and that he fhould pay for it fevenfold. Notwithftanding all this away he went weeping, and his mafter ftaid behind laughing. In this manner the valorous Don Quixote redreffed this wrong; and overjoyed at his fuccefs, as thinking he had given a moil: fortunate and glorious beginning to his knight-errantry, lie went on toward his village, intirely fatisfied with him- felf, and faying in a low accent; Well may/I thou deem thy felf happy above all women living on the earth, O Dulcinea del fobofo, beauteous above the moft beautiful, fmce it has been thy lot to have fubjecT: and obedient to thy whole will and pleafure fo valLnt and renowned a knight as is, and ever {hall be, Don Quixote de la Mancha, who (as all the world knows) received but yefterday the order of knighthood, and to-day has redreffed the greateft injury and grievance, that injuflice could invent and cruelty commit : for to-day hath he wrefted the fcourge out of the hand of that pitilefs enemy, who fo undefervedly lafh'd that tender (tripling. Juft as he had done (peaking, he came to the center of four roads, and pre- fently it came into Lis imagination, that the knights-errant, when they came to thefe crofs-way;, (fc themfelves to confide^ which'of the roads they fhould take; and to imitate them, he flood dill awhile, and at laft, after mature confidera- tion, he let go the reins, fubmitting his own will to be guided by that of his Vol. I. D horfc * 8 7le LIFE and EXP LOITS of horfe, who, following his firfl motion, took the dired road toward his own ftable. And having gone about two miles, Don Quixote difcovered a great crowd of people, who, as it afterwards appear'd, were certain merchants of Toledo, who were going to buy filks in Murcia. There were fix of them, and they came with their umbrellas, and four fervants on horfe-back, and three Muleteers on foot. Scarce had Don Quixote efpied them, when he imagined it mufl be fome new adventure: and to imitate, as near as poflibly he could, the pafTages he had read m his books, he fancied this to be cut out on purpofe for him to atchieve. And (o with a graceful deportment and intrepidity he fettled himfelf firm in his flirrups, grafped his launce, covered his breafl with his target, and polling him- felf in the midft of the high-way, he Hood waiting the coming up of thofe knights-errant; for fuch he already judged them to be: and when they were come fo near as to be feen and heard, Don Quixote raifed his voice, and with an arrogant air cried out: Let the whole world ftand, if the whole world does not confefs, that there is not in the whole world a damfel more beautiful than the emprefs of la Mancha the peerlefs Dulcinea del Tobofo. The merchants flop'd at the found of thefe words, and to behold the flrange figure of him who pro- nounced them ; and by one and the other they foon perceived the madnefs of the fpeaker : but they had a mind to flay and fee what that confeffion meant, which he required of them ; and one of them, who was fomewhat of a wag, but withal very difcreet, faid to him; Signor cavalier, we do not know who this good lady you mention may be : let us but fee her, and if fhe is of fo great beauty as you intimate, we will, with all our hearts, and without any conftraint, confefs that truth you exact from us. Should I fhew her to you, replied Don Quixote, where would be the merit in confeffing a truth fo notorious? the bufi- nefs is, that, without feeing her, you believe, confefs, affirm, fwear, and main- tain it; and if not, I challenge you all to battle, proud and monflrous as you are : and, whether you come on one by one (as the laws of chivalry require) or all together, as is the cuflom and wicked practice of thofe of your flamp, here I wait for you, confiding in the juflice of my caufe. Sir knight ', replied the merchant, I befeech your worfhip, in the name of all the princes here prefent, that we may not lay a burden upon our confciences, by confeffing a thing we never faw nor heard, and efpecially what is fo much to the prejudice of the era- preffes and queens of Alcarria and EJlremadura ; that your worfhip would be pleafed to fhew us fome portraiture z of this lady, though no bigger than a barley- ■ When the merchant anfwer'd before, he was fuppofed not to know the perfon he fpoke to ; and there- fore he calls him Signer cavalier : but now that Don Quixote puts it pad all doubt that he fets up for a knigbt- errant, he calls him Sir knigbt, and goes on in the llyle of romance. x Jn a multitude of romances we meet with the cuftbm of painting the lady's face upon the knight's fhield, who maintains from country to country, and from court to court, that his miftrefs exceeds all otners in beauty and all other perfections. Na-y farther, they fometimes carried a lady or ladies with them, and, at their arrivs! in any country or city, publifhed a cartel or challenge, defying all the kn : ghts of thofe parts to match thofe vagrant beauties, flaking lady againlt lady, or three or four againft one, according as they could fettle it in refpeft to beauty or quality, and the conqueror to carry off the prize or prizes: fometimes they refufed to ihew the lady, and only produced her picture in her Head, corn, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCIIA. 19 corn ; for we (hall guefs at the clue by the thread, and herewith we (hall reft fatisfied and fafe, and your worihip remain contented and appealed : nay I ve- rily believe we are already fo far inclined to your fide, that, tho' her picture ihould reprefent her fquinting with one eye, and diftilling vermillion and brimftone from the other, notwithstanding all this, to oblige you, we will fay whatever you pleafo in her favour. There dilHls not, bale fcoundrels, anfwered Doji Htyixole, burn- ing with rage, there dill ils not from her what you fay, but rather ambcrgieafe and civet among cotton ' ; neither is (he crooked, nor hump-back'd, but as ftreight as a fpindle of Guadarrama z : but you (hall all pay for die horrid blaf- phemy you have uttered againft fo tranfeendent a beauty as my miflrcfs. And fo fiying, with his launce couch'd, he ran at him who had fpoken, with fo much fury and rage, that, if good-fortune had not order'd it that Rozhuinte ftumbled and fell in the midft of his career, it had gone hard with the daring merchant. Rozinante fell, and his mailer lay rolling about the field a good while, and endeavouring to rife, but in vain, fo encumber'd was he with his launce, target, fpurs and helmet, and with the weight of his antique armour. And while he .was thus draggling to get up, and could not, he continued calling out ; Fly not, ye daftardly rabble ; ftay, ye race of flaves j for 'tis through my horfe's fault, and not my own, that I lye here extended. A muleteer of the •company, who it feems was not over good-natured, hearing the poor fallen gen- tleman vent fuch arrogancies, cou'd not bear it without returning him an anfvver on his ribs ; and coming to him, he took the launce, and after he had broken it to pieces, with one of the fplinters he fo belaboured Don Quixote, that, in fpite of his armour, he threfh'd him to chaff. His matters cried out not to beat him fo much, and to leave him : but the muleteer was piqu'd, and wou'd not quit the game, 'till he had quite fpent the remainder of his choler : and running for the other pieces of the launce, he finiihed the breaking them upon the poor fallen knight, who, notwithftanding the tempeft of blows that fell upon him, •never fhut his mouth, but threateri'd heaven and earth, and thofe affaffins, for fuch they feemed to him. At length the fellow was tired, and the merchants went on their way, fufficiently fiirnifhed with matter of difcourfe concernino- the poor belaboured knight ; who, when he found himfelf alone, tried again to r life himfelf; but if he could not do it when whole and vvell, how mould he when bruifed, and almoft battered to pieces ? yet flill he thought himfelf a happy man, looking upon this as a misfortune peculiar to knights-errant, and imputing the whole to his horfe's fault; nor was it poffible for him to raife himielf up his whole body was fo horribly bruifed. ' In Spain and Italy, perfumes and effences are ufual prefents made to perfons of the fiVft diftindHon and pit up in fmall vials or ivory boxes, in nefts of cotton deckM with raw (ilk of various dye< aid ranged in beautiful order, m caskets of filagree, or other coftiy work. ' » The rocks of this hill are fo ftreight and perpendicular, that they were called The Spindle,. At the f^ot of it iiands the Efcurial. ® 2 CHAP. 20 rhe LIFE and EXPLOITS of CHAP. V. Wherein is continued the narration of our blight's misfortune. TOUT finding that he was really not able to ftir, he bethought himfelf of having recourfe to his ufual remedy, wliich was to recollect fome paffage of his books ; and his frenzy inftantly prefented to his remembrance that of Valdovinos and the marquis of Mantua, when Carloto left him wounded on the mountain ; a ftory known to children, not unknown to youth, commended and credited by old men, and for all that no truer than the miracles of Mahomet. Now this example feemed to him as if it had been caft in a mold to fit the diftrefs he was in : and fo, with fymptoms of great bodily pain, he began to roll himfelf on the ground, and faid with a faint tone > what was faid by the wounded knight of the wood : Where ar't thou, miflrefs of my heart, Unconfcious of thy lover's fmart ? Ah me ! thou know'Jl not my dijirefs ; Or thou ar't falfe and pitilefs. And in this manner he went on with the romance till he came to thofe veries, where it is faid ; O noble marquis of Mantua, my uncle and lord by blood. And it fo fortuned, that juft as he came to that verfe, there chanced to pafs by a countryman of his own village, and his near neighbour, who had been carrying a load of wheat to the mill : who, feeing a man lying ftretched on the earth, came up, and asked him who he was, and what ailed him, that he made fuch a doleful lamentation ? Don Quixote believed he mufl certainly be the mar- quis of Mantua his uncle, and fo returned him no anfwer, but went on with his romance, giving an account of his misfortune, and of the amours of the emperor's fon with his fpoufe, juft in the fame manner as it is there recounted. The peafant ftood confounded at hearing fuch fenfelefs extravagancies, and ta- king off his vifor, which was beaten all to-pieces, he wiped his face, which was covered with duft ; and the moment he had done wiping it, he knew him, and faid, Ah Signor §>uixada (for fo he was called before he had loft his fenfes, and was transformed from a fober gentleman to a knight-errant) how came your worfhip in this condition ? but he anfwered out of his romance to whatever queftion he asked him : which the good man perceiving, made a fhift to take off his back and breaft-piece, to fee if he had received any wound : but he faw no blood, nor fign of any hurt. Then he endeavoured to raife him from the ground, and with much ado fet him upon his afs, as being the beaft of eafieft carriage. He gathered together all the arms, not excepting the broken pieces of the lairnce, and tied them " upon Rozinante ; and fo taking him by the bridle, and his afs by the halter, he went on toward his village, full of reflexion at hear- ing DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 21 ing the extravagancies which Don Quixote uttered ; and nolefs thoughtful was the knio-ht, who through the mere force of bruifes and bangs could fcarce keep himfelf upon the afs, and ever and anon lent forth fuch groans as fecmed to pierce the skies • infomuch that the peafant was again forced to ask him what ailed him : and fure nothing but the devil himfelf cou'd furnilh his memory with ftories fo fuited to what had befallen him ; for at that inltant, forgetting Valdovinos, he be- thought himfelf of the Moor Abindarraez, at the time when the governor of Antequera Roderigo of Narvaez had taken him prifoner, and convey'd him to his caftle. So that when the peafant asked him again how he did, he anfwered him in the very fame words and expreflions, in which the prifoner Abindarraez anfwered Roderigo of Narvaez, according as he had read the ftory in the Diana of George of Montemayor, applying it fo patly to his own cafe, that the peafant went on curfing himfelf to the devil, to hear fuch a monftrous heap of nonfenfe : from whence he collected that his neighbour was run mad, and therefore made what hafte he cou'd to reach the village, to free himfelf from the vexation of Don Quixote's tirefome and impertinent fpeeches. In the mean time Don Quixote went on faying : Be it known to your worship, Signor Don Roderigo de Nar- vaez, that this beauteous Xarifa, whom I mentioned, is now the fair Dulcinea del Tobofo, for whom I have done, do, and will do, the moil famous exploits of chivalry, that have been, are, or mail be feen in the world. To this the pea- fant anfwered ; Look you, Sir, as I am a finner,. I am not Don Roderigo de Nar- vaez, nor the marquis of Mantua, but Pedro AJonfo your neighbour : neither is your worfhip Valdovinos, nor Abindarraez, but the worthy gentleman Signer Quixada. I know who I am, anfwered Don Quixote } and I know too that I am not only capable of being thole I have mentioned, but all the twelve peers of France, yea and the nine worthies, fince my exploits will far exceed all that they have atchieved, jointly or feparately taken. With thefe and the like difcourfes they reached the village : but the peafint flaid till the night was a little advanced, that die people might not fee the poor battered gentleman fo fcurvily mounted. When the hour he thought convenient was come, he entered the village, and arrived at Don Quixote's houfe, which he found all in an uproar. The pried and the barber ' of the place, who were Don Quixote's great friends, happened to be there; and the houfe-keepev was faying to them aloud ; what is your opinion, Signor Licenciate Pero Perez, (for that was the prieft's name) of my mailer's misfortune ? for neither he, nor his horfe, nor the target, nor the launce, nor the armour, have been feen thefe fix days paft. Woe is me ! I am verily perfuaded, and 'tis as certainly true as I was born to die, that thefe curfed books of knight-errantry, which he keeps^ and is fo often reading, have turned his brain ; and now I think of it, I have 1 The barber is always a furgeon, and conftquently a country do&or ; and a pcrfon of no fmall impor- tance, fi ce he hr.s the ordering and adjufting of the M«ftachios, ihofe snfigns of the Spatiijh dignity and gravity. often 22 the LIFE and EXPLOITS of often heard him fay, talking to himfelf, that he would turn knight-errant, and go about the world in queit of adventures. The devil and Barabbas take all fuch books, that have thus fpoiled the fineft underftanding in all la Mancha. The niece joined with her, and laid moreover : know, mafter Nicholas (for that was the barber's name) that it has often happened, that my honoured uncle has con- tinued poring on thefe confounded books of difventures two whole days and nights; and then throwing the book out of his hands, he would draw his fword, and fence, back-ftroke and fore-ftroke, wkh the walls ; and when he was hear- tily tired, would fay, he had killed four giants as tall as fo many fteeples, and that the fweat, which ran from him, when weaiy, was the blood of the wounds he had received in the fight ; and then he would prefendy drink off a large jug of cold water, and be as quiet and well as ever, telling us, that water was a moff pre- cious liquor, brought him by the fage Efquife ', a great enchanter and his friend. But I take the blame of all this to myfelf, that I did not advertife you, gende- men, of my dear uncle's extravagancies, before they were come to the height they now are, that you might have prevented them, by burning all thofe curfed books, of which he has fo great ftore, and which as juftly defeive to be com- mitted to the flames, as if they were heretical. I fay the fame, quoth the prieft, and in faith to-morrow fhall not pafs, without holding a publick inquifidon againft them, and condemning them to the fire, that they may no more miniiter occafion to thofe, who read them, to do what I fear my good friend has done. All this the peafant and Don Quixote over-heard, and it confirmed the country- man in the belief of his neighbour's infirmity ; and fo he began to cry aloud ; Open the doors, gentlemen, to Signor Valdovinos and the marquis of Mantua, who comes dangerouily wounded, and to Signor Abindarracz the Moor, whom the valorous Rodcrigo de Narvaez, governor of Anteqaera, brings as his prifoner. At hearing this, they all came out, and as feme knew their friend, others their mafter and uncle, all ran to embrace him, who was not yet alighted from the afs, for indeed he could not. Forbear all of you, he cried, for I am forely wounded thro' my horfe's fault : cany me to my bed, and, if it be poflible, fend for the fage Urganda 2 to fearch and heal my wounds. Look ye, in the de- vil's name, faid the houfe-keeper immediately, if my heart did not tell me right, on which leg my mafter halted. Get up ftairs, in god's name; for, without the help of that fame Urganda, we fhall find a way to cure you ourfelves. Curfed, fay I again, and a hundred times curled he thofe books of knight-errantry, that have brought your worihip to diis pafs. They carried him prefendy to his chamber, and fearching for his wounds, they- found none at all : and he told them, he was only bruifed by a great fall he got with his horfe Rozinante, as he was fighting with ten of the moil prodigious and audacious giants that were to be found on the earth. Ho, ho, fays the prieft, what ! there are giants too in 1 Miftaken by tie girl for Alquife, a famous enchanter in Amadis de Gcul and Djr. Belianis of Greece. 1 A moil i otible enchantrefs in Amadis de Gaul, even beyond the fa^e Alquife. the DON QJJIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 23 the dance « : by the holy fign of the crofs I fhall fet fire to them all before to-mor- row night. They asked Don Quixote a thoufand qucflions, and he wou'd anfwer nothing, but only defired fomething to eat, and that they would let him deep, whicli was what he Hood moil in need of. They did lb, and the pried enquired particularly of the countryman in what condition he had found Don Quixote ; who gave him an account of the whole, with the extravagancies he had uttered bodi at the time of finding him and all the way home ; which increafed the Li- centiate's defire to do what he did die next day ; which was, to call on his friend mailer Nicholas the barber, with whom he came to Don Quixote's houfe. CHAP. VI. Of the pleafant and grand fcrutiny made by the priejl and the barber in our ingenious gentleman's library. \T7 HILST Don Quixote Hill flept on, the pried asked the niece for the keys " * of the chamber where the books were, thofe authors of the mifchief j and fhe delivered them with a very good will. They all went in, and the houfe- keeper with them. They found above a hundred volumes in folio very well bound, befides a great many fmall ones. And no fooner did the houfe-keeper fee them, than fhe ran out of the room in great hade, and immediately returned with a pot of holy water, and fome fprigs of hyflbp, and faid ; Signor Licen- tiate, take this and fprinkle the room, left fome enchanter, of the many thefe books abound widi, fhou'd enchant us in revenge for what we intend to do, in banifhing them out of the world. The prieft fmiled at the houfe-keeper 's fim- plicity, and ordered the barber to reach him the books, one by one, that they might fee what they treated of; for, perhaps, faid he, we may find fome, diat may not deferve to be chaflifed by fire. No, faid the niece, there is no reafon why any of them fhou'd be fpared ; for they have all been mifchief-makers : it will be bed to fling them out of the window into the court-yard, and make a pile of them and fet fire to it, or elfe carry them into the back-yard, and diere make a bonfire of them, and the fmoak will offend no body. The houfe-keeper faid the fame ; fo eagerly did they both thirfl for the death of thofe innocents. But the priefl wou'd not agree to that, without firfl reading the titles at lead. And the fird that mailer Nicholas put into his hands was Amadis de Gaul in four parts 2 ; and the pried faid : there feems to be fome mydery in this ; for, as I have heard fay, this was the fird book of chivalry printed in Spain, and all the red have had their foundation and rife from it ; and therefore I think, as head of fo pernicious a feci, we ought to condemn him to the fire without mercy. Not fo, Sir, faid the barber j for I have heard alio, that 'tis die bed of all the books m 1 Alluding- to a paffage in Amadis, where feveral giants are mix'd with ladies and knights, at ConftantU nopkj in a dance. 1 Hence it appeal , that only the firfl four books of Amadis wore thought genuine by CY The fubfecruent volumes, to the number of twenty-one, are condemn' d hereby as fparious. of 24 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of of this kind; and therefore, as ;'b;ing Angular in his art, he ought to be fpared. I: is true, faid the prieft, and for that reafon his life is granted him for the pre- -fent. Let us fee that other that ftands next him. It is," faid the barber, the Ad- ve tures of Efplandian, the legitimate fon of Amadis de Gaul. Verily, faid the ■prieft, the goodnefs of the father fball avail the fon nothing : take him, miftrefs houfe-keeper; open yon cafement and throw him into the yard, and let him give a beginning to the pile for the intended bonfire. The houfe-keeper did fo with much fatisfaction, and honeft Efplandian was fent flying into the yard, there to wait with patience for the fire with which he was threatned- Proceed, faid the prieft. The next, faid the baiber, is Amadis of Greece : yea, and all thefe on this fide, I believe, are of the lineage of Amadis. Then into the yard with them all, quoth the prieft ; for rather than not burn queen Pintiquinieflra \ and the fhepherd Darinel 2 with his eclogues, and the damn'd intricate difcourfes of its author, I would burn the father who begot me, did I meet him in the garb of a knight-errant. Of the fame opinion am I, faid the barber; and I too, added the niece. Since it is fo, {aid the houfe-keeper, away with them all into the yard. They handed them to her, and there being great num- bers of them, to fave herfelf the trouble of the flairs, me threw them all, the fborteft way, out of the window. What tun of an author is that? faid the prieft. This is, anfwered the baiber, Don Olivanfe de Laura. The author of that book, faid the prieft, was the fame who compofed the garden of flowers-, and in good truth I know not which of the two books is the trueft, or rather the leaft lying ; I can only fay, that this goes to the yard for its arrogance and abfurdity. This that follows is Florifmarte of Hyrcania, faid the barber. What ! is Signor Florifmarte there, replied the prieft ; now in good faith he fhall foon make his appearance in the yard, notwithstanding his ftrange birth and chimerical adventures; for the harfhnefs and drinefs of his ftile will ad- mit of no excufe. To die yard with him, and with this other, miftrefs houfe- keeper. With all my heart, dear Sir, anfwered fhe, and with much joy execu- ted what fhe was commanded. This is the knight Platir, faid the barber. That, faid the prieft, is an ancient book, and I find nothing in him deferving pardon: let him keep the reft company without more words; which was ac- cordingly done. They opened another book, and found it intitled The knight of the crofs. So religious a title, quoth the prieft, might, one would think, atone for the ignorance of the author; but it is a common faying, The devil lurks be- hind the crofs: fo to the fire with him. The barber, taking down another book, faid, this is the Mirrour of chivalry. O ! I know liis worfhip very well, quoth the prieft. Here comes Signor Reynaldos de. Montalvan, with his friends and companions, greater thieves than Cac. us ; and the twelve peers, with the faidiful hiftoriographer Turpin. However, I am only for condemning them to perpe- • A terrible fighting giantefs, in Amadis de Gaul, and one of the mod ridiculous characters imaginable. ' A ridiculous buff.on, in love with an emprefs. ibid. tual DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 25 toal banishment, becaufe they contain fome tilings of the famous Mateo Boxar- do's ' invention; from whom alio the chriftian poet Ludovico Ariojlo fpun his web: but if I find even him here, and fpeaking any other language than his own, I will fhew him no refpect; but, if he fpeaks in his own tongue, I will put him upon my head -. I have him in Italian, faid the barber, but I do not underftand him. Neither is it any great matter, whether you underftand him or not 3 , anfwered the prieft; and we wou'd willingly have excufed the good cap- tain from bringing him into Spain, and making him a Caftiliatt; for he has de- prived him of a great deal of his native value : and this is the misfortune of all thofe, who undertake to tranflate books of verfe into other languages; for, with all their care and skill, they can never raife them to the pitch they were at in their firft production. I pronounce, in fhort, that this, and all other books that fhall be found treating of French matters + , be thrown afide, and depofited in fome dry vault, 'till we can determine with more deliberation what is to be done with them ; excepting Bernardo del Carpio, and another called Roncefvalles, who, if they fall into my hands, fhall pafs into the houfe-keeper's, and thence into the fire, without any remiffion. The barber confirmed the fentence, and held it for good, and a matter well determined, knowing that the prieft was fo good a chriftian, and fo much a friend to truth, that he would not utter a falf- hood for all the world 5 . And fo opening another book, he faw it was Palmerin de Oliva, and next it another called Palmerin of England; which the Licentiate efpying, faid; Let this Olha be torn to pieces and burnt, that not fo much as the allies may remain : but let Palmerin of England be preferved, and kept, as a Angular piece; and let fuch another cafe be made for it, as that which Alexan- der found among the fpoils of Darius, and appropriated to preferve the works of the poet Homer. This book, goffip, is considerable upon two accounts; the one, that it is very good in itfelf; and the other, becaufe there is a tradition that it was written by an ingenious king of Portugal. All the adventures of the Caftle of Miraguarda arc excellent, and very artificial; the dialogue courtly and clear; and the decorum preferved in all the characters, with great judgment and propriety. Therefore, mafter Nicholas, faving your better judgment, let this, and Amadis de Gaul, be exempted from the fire, and let all the reft perifh with- out more ado. Notfo, goffip, replied the barber; for this that I have here is the renowned Don Belianis. The prieft replied; This, with the fecond, third, and fourth parts, wants a little rhubarb to purge away its exceffive choler : be- fides we mult remove all that relates to the caftle of Fame, and other imperti- 1 A famous Italian poet, author of feveral cantos of Orlando Inamorato ; from whom Ariollo borrowed a great part of his Orlando Furiofo. 1 A mark of honour and refpeft. 3 It is plain from hence, that Cervantes did not relifh Ariojtts extravagancies. 4 Meaning the common fubjeft of romances, the fcene of which lay in France, under Charlemagne, and the Paladins. s There are feveral fatirical ftrokes upon the clergy in this book, and the author is forced now and then to balance them with fuch open flattery as this here. vol.1. E nencies 26 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of nencies of greater confequence; wherefore let them have the benefit of trans- portation, and, as they fhew figns of amendment, they ihall be treated with mercy or juftice: in the mean time, neighbour, give them room in your houfe; but let no body read them. With all my heart, quoth the barber, and, with- out tiring himfelf any farther in turning over books of chivalry, he bid the houle-keeper take all the great ones and throw them into the yard. This was not fpoken to one ftupid or deaf, but to one who had a greater mind to be burning them, than weaving the fineft and largefl ' web. And therefore laying hold of feven or eight at once, fhe toil them out at the window. By her taking fo many together, there fell one at the barber's feet, who had a mind to fee what it was, and found it to be, The bijlory of the renowned knight Tirant the white. God fave me! quoth the prieft, louder than ordinary, is Tirant the white there? Give me him here, neighbour} for I make account I have found a trealure of delight, and a mine of entertainment. Here is Don Kyrie-eleifon of Mont ah an, a valo- rous knight, and his brother Thomas of Montahan, and the knight Fonfeca, and the combat which the valiant Detriante fought with Alano, and the fmart con- ceits of the damfel Plazcrdemhida % with the amours and artifices of the wi- dow Repofada - ; and madam the emprefs in love with her fquire Hypolito. Ve- rily, goffip, in its way, it is the beft book in the world : here the knights eat, and fleep, and die in their beds, and make their wills before their deaths ; with feveral things, which are wanting in all other books of this kind. Notwith- ftanding all this, I tell you, the author deferved, for writing fo many fooliih things ferioufly, to be fent to die gallies for all the days of his life: carry it home, and read it, and you will find all I fay of him to be true. I will do fo, anfwered the barber: but what ihall we do with thefe little books that remain? Thefe, fa id the prieft, are, probably, not books of chivalry, but of poetry: and open- ing one, he found it was the Diana of George of Montemayor, and faid (believ- ing all the reft to be of the fame kind) thefe do not deferve to be burnt like the reft; for they cannot do the mifchief, that thofe of chivalry have done : they are works of genius and fancy, and do no body any hurt. O Sir, faid the niece,, pray order thefe to be burnt with the reft; for, ihou'd my uncle be cured of this diftemper of chivalry, he may poffibly, by reading thefe books, take it into his head to become a ihepherd \ and wander thro' the woods and fields, finging and playing on a pipe; and, what would be ftill worfe, to turn poet, which, they lay, is an incurable and contagious difeafe. The damfel fays true, quoth the prieft, and it will not be amifs to remove tills ftumbling-block and occafion out of our friend's way. And fince we begin with the Diana of Montemayor, I am of opinion not to burn it, but to take away all that treats of the fiage Feli- » A concealed piece of fatire on the lazinefs and want of good houfewifry of the Spanijb women. 1 Qualities perfonified, or made into fubilantive names. Pfazerdimivida fignifies flcafure of my life : Re- pfada, quiet or fidate. s He did fo, at the end of the fecond part. cia. DON QUIXOTE DE LA MA NC HA. 27 da, and of the enchanted fountain, and almoft all the longer poems ; and leave him the profe in god's name, and the honour of being the lirft in that kind of writing. This that follows, faid the barber, is the Diana called the fecond, by Salmantino; and another of the fame name, whole author is Gil Polo. The Sahnantinian, anfwered the prieft, may accompany and encreafe the number of the condemned; to the yard with him : but let that of Gil Polo be preferred, - if it were written by Apollo himfelf. Proceed, goffip, and let us difpatch ; for it grows late. This, faid the barber, opening another, is the Ten books of the fortune of love, compofed by Antonio de Loj'rnfo, a Sardinian poet. By the holy orders I have received, laid the prieft, fince Apollo was Apollo, the nv. mufes, and the poets poets, fo humorous and fo whimfical a bock as this was never written ; it is the beft, and moft lingular of the kind, that ever appeared in the world; and he, who has not read it, may reckon that he never read any thing of tafte : give it me here, goiiip ; for I value the rinding it more man if I had been prefented with a caflbek of Florence fattin. He laid it alide with ex- ceeding pleafure, and the barber proceeded, laying; The fe that follow are the Shepherd of Iberia, the Nymphs of Enares, and the Cures of jealoufy. There is no more to be done, faid the prieft, but to deliver them up to the fecular arm * of the houfe-keeper ; and ask me not why, for then we lliou'd never have done. This that comes next is the Shepherd of Filida. He is no fhepherd, faid the prieft, but an ingenious courtier; let him be preferved, and laid up as a pre- cious jewel. This bulky volume here, laid the barber, is intkled The treafure of divers poems. Had they been fewer, replied the prieft, they would have been more efteemed : it is neceflary this book fhould be weeded and cleared of all the low things interfperfed amongft its fublimities : let it be preferved, both I te author is my friend, and out of regard to other more heroic and exalted pieces of his writing. This, purfued the barber, is a book of Songs by Lopez •do. The author of this book alio, replied the prieft, is a great friend of mine: his verfes, fung by himfelf, raife admiration in the hearers; and fuch is the fweetnefs of his voice in finging them, that they perfectly enchant. He is a little too prolix in his eclogues ; but there can never be too much of what h really good : let it be kept with the felect. But what book is that next to it ? The Galatea of Michael de Cervantes % faid the barber. That Cervantes has been a great friend of mine thefe many years, and I know that he is better ac- quainted with misfortunes than with poetry. His book has fomewhat of good invention in it; he propofes fomething, but concludes nothing : we muft wait for the -fecond part, which he promifes = ; perhaps, on his amendment, he may ' The clergy of the Inquifition pretend to be fo companionate and averfe to bloodfhcd, that when they have condemned an heretic to the flames, they only deliver him up to the fecular arm, that is, into the hands of the civil magiftrate, who is obliged to put their chriftian fentence in execution. 1 An ingenious advertifement to help the fale of his book. This, and fame other paflages, fliew that our author lived by his writings. 3 Ctrvantet never performed this promife. E 2 obtain 28 tte LIFE and EXPLOITS of obtain that entire pardon, which is now denied him; in the mean time, goffip, keep him a reclufe in your chamber. With all my heart, anfwered the barber; and here come three together : The Araucana of Don Alonfo de Ercilla, the Auftriada of John Rufo, jurat of Cordova, and the Monferrato of Chri/loval de Virves, a poet of Valencia. Thefe three books, faid the prieft, are the beft that are written in heroic verfe in the Caftilian tongue, and may come in compe- tition with the mofl famous of Italy : let them be preferved as the beft per- formances in poetry Spain can boaft of. The prieft grew tired of looking over fo many books, and fo, infide and contents unknown ', he would have all the reft burnt. But the barber had already opened one called The tears of Angelica. I mould have fried tears myfelf (faid the prieft, hearing the name) had I or- dered that book to be burnt ; for its author was one of the moft famous poets, not of Spain only, but of the whole world, and tranflated fome fables of Quid with great fuccefs. CHAP. vir. Of the fecond fally of our good blight Don Quixote de la Mancha. V¥ . 7 HILE they were thus employ'd, Don Quixote began to call out aloud, * * flying : Here, here, valorous knights, here ye muft exert the force of your valiant arms ; for the courtiers begin to get the better of the tournament. This noife and outcry, to which they all ran, put a ftop to all farther fcrutiny of the books that remained ; and therefore it is believed, that to the fire, without being feen or heard, went the Carolca, and Leon of Spain, with the ABs of the Emperor compofed by Don Louis de Avila, which without doubt muft have been among thofe that were left : and perhaps had the prieft feen them, they had not undergone fo rigorous a fentence. When they came to Don Quixote, he was already got out of bed, and continued his outcries and ravings, widi his drawn fword laying furioufly about him, back-ftroke and fore-ftroke, being as broad awake as if he had never been afleep. They clofed in with him, and laid him upon his bed by main force, and after he was a little compofed, turning himfelf to talk to the prieft, he faid; Certainly, my lord archbiihop Turpi??, it is a great difgrace to us, who call ourfelves the twelve peers, to let the knights- courtiers 2 carry off the victory without more opposition, after we the adventu- rers had gained the prize in the three preceding days. Say no more, good gof- fip, faid the prieft; it may be god's will to change our fortune, and what is loft to-day may be won to-morrow : mind your health for the prefent; for I think you muft needs be extremely fatigued, if not forely wounded. Wounded ! no, 1 A cargo, cerrada. A mercantile phrafe ufed in their bills of lading. * The Ivigbts-courtitr, were thofe who maintained the fuperiority of their miftreffes beauty againft all op- pofers : the knigbts-advtnlurers were thofe who entered the lifts with them, without its being known who they were, or from whence they came. Don Quixote in his dream fancies himfelf one of the latter, and wakes un- der the concern of his party being in danger of being worfted. faid DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 29 faid Don Quixote 5 but bruifcd and battered lam for certain; for that baftard, Don Roldan, has pounded me to mafh with the trunk of an oak, and all out of mere envy, becaufe he fees that I am the fole rival of his prowefi. But let me never more be called Rinaldo of Montauban, if, as foon as I am able to rife from this bed, I do not make him pay dear for it, in fpite of all his enchantments ; but at prefent bring me fome breakfaft, for I know nothing will do me fo much gobd, and let me alone to revenge myfelf. They did fo ; they gave him fome victuals, and he fell faft afleep again, and left them in frefh admiration at his madnefs. That night the houfe-keeper fet fire to, and burnt all the books that were in the yard, and in the houfe too ; and fome mull have perifhed that de- fended to be treafured up in perpetual archives ; but their fate, and the lazinefs of the fcrutineer, would not permit it ; and in tlijm was fulfilled the faying, that the juft Jbmetimes fuffer for the unjujt. One of die remedies, which the prieft and barber pre (bribed at that time for their frfc id's malady, was, to alter his apartment, and wall up the room where the books had been, that when he got up he might not find them; in hopes that, the caufe being removed, the effect might ceafe ; and that they mould pretend, that an enchanter had carried them away, room and all ; which was prefently done accordingly. Within two days after, Don Quixote got up, and the firfl thing he did was to vifit his books ; and not finding the room where he left it, he went up and down looking for it : he came to the place where the door ufed to be ; and he felt with his hands, and flared about everyway without fpeaking a word : but after fome time he asked the houfe-keeper whereabouts ftood the room, where his books were. She, who was already well-tutored what to anfwer, faid to him : What room, or what nodiing, does your worfhip look for ? there is neither room, nor books, in this houfe ; for the devil himfelf has carried all away. It was not the devil, faid the niece, but an enchanter, who came one night upon a cloud, after the day of your de- parture hence, and alighting from a ferpent, on which he rode % entered into the room; and I know not what he did there, but after fome little time out he came, flying thro' die roof, and left the houfe full of fmoke ; and when we went to fee what he had been doing, we faw neither books nor room ; only we very well re- member, both I and miftrefs houfe-keeper here, that when the old thief went away, he faid with a loud voice, that, for a fecret enmity he bore to the owner of thofe books and of the room, he had done a mifchief in this houfe, which mould foon be manifeft: he told us alfo, that he was called die fage Munniaton \ Frellon 3, he 1 The enchantrefs Urganda, in Amadis de Gaul, carries her knights, or her prifoners, thro' the air, or over the fea, in a machine figured like a ferpent, and vvrap'd in fire and fmoke. And in the fame romance, Frijlicn the enchanter, viceroy of Sicily, introduces a vapour mixed with a (linking fmoke, and accompanied with a dreadful clap of thunder, and carries off the emperor and his daughters. So that the niece tells her uncle nothing but what was common in books of knight-errantry, and eafily to be believed by him. - The niece, by this fiftion, thinks to frighten Don Quixote from his knight-errantry; for what mifchief might not fuch an enchanter do him in time, when he begins by carrying away part of his houfe, and his choiceft furniture ? But, contrary to her intention, it rather confirms him in his phrenzy, by convincing him there are enchanters. ' An enchanter in Don EtUanit of Crecci, meant 3 o 7%e LIFE and EXPLOIT^/ meant to fay, quoth Don Quixote. I know not, anfwer'd the houfg-keeper, whe- ther his name be Frefton, or Friton ; all I know is, that it ended in ton. It doth fo, replied Don Quixote : he is a wile enchanter, a great enemy of mine, and bears me a grudge, becaufe by his skill and learning he knows, that, in procefs of time, I ihall engage in fingle combat with a knight, whom he favours, and lhall vanquilh him, without his being able to prevent it; and for this cauie he endea- vours to do me all the diskindnefs he can ; but let him know from me, it will be difficult for him to withfland or avoid what is decreed by heaven. Who doubts of that ? faid the niece ; but, dear uncle, who puts you upon thefe fquab- bles? Would it not be better to flay quietly at home, and not ramble about the • world, looking for better bread than wheaten, and not conlidering that many so to feek wool and return fhorn themfelves. O dear niece, anfwered Don Quixote, how little do you know of the matter? before they ihall fhear me, I will pluck and tear off the beards of all thole who dare think of touching the tip of a fingle hair of mine. Neither of them would make any firther reply; for they faw his choler begin to take fire. He flaid after this fifteen days at home, very quiet, without difcovering any fymptom of an inclination to repeat his late frolicks ; in which time there paffed very pleafant ' difcourfes between him and his two gofiips, the pried: and the barber ; he affirming, that the world flood in need of nothing fo much as knights-errant, and the revival of chivalry. The prieft fometimes contradicted him, and at other times acquiefced ; for had he not made ufe of this artifice, there would have been no means left to bring him to reafon. In the mean time Don Quixote tampered with a labourer, a neighbour of his, and an honeft man (if* fuch an epithet may be given to one that is poor) but very ihallow-brained. v In fhort he faid fo much, ulld fo many arguments, and promifed him fuch great matters, that the poor fellow rcfblved to fully out with him,- and ferve him as his fquire. Among other things, Don Quixote told him, he mould difpofe himfelf to go with him willingly; for fome time or other fuch an adventure might prefent, that an island might be won, in the turn of a hand, and he be left governor thereof. With thefe and the like promifes, Sancho Panca (for that was the labourer's name) left his wife and children, and hired himfelf for a fquire to his neighbour. Don Quixote prefently cafe about how to raife money, and by felling one thing, and pawning another, and lofing by all, he fcraped together a tolerable fum. He fitted himfelf likevife with a buckler, which he borrowed of a friend, and patching up his broken helmet the befc he could, he acquainted his fquire Sancho of the day and hour he in- tended to fet out, that he might provide himfelf with what he fhould find to be moft needful. Above all, he charged him not to forget a wallet ; and Sain'o faid, he would be lure to cany one, and that he intended alio to take with him an afs he had, being a very' good one, becaufe he was not uied to travel much on foot. As to the afs, Don Qyi,xote paufed a little, endeavouring to recollect whether is* t^: :>S V SE .. <-&^ :f ■■" sli 3^. uMIMS fc-M Kg ;« • mm m M " ■'-■■ : -~.~ L^/^//^ Y this time Sancho Panca had gotten up, fomewhat roughly handled by the •*-* monks lacqueys, and flood beholding very attentively the combat of his mafter Don Quixote, and befought god in his heart, that he would be pleafed to give him the victory, and that he might thereby win fome ifland, of which to make him governour, as he had promifed him. Now feeing the conflict at an end, and that his mafter was ready to mount again upon Rozinante, he came and held his ftirrup ; and before he got up, he fell upon his knees before him, and taking hold of his hand, kifTed it, and faid to him : Be pleafed, my lord Don Quixote, to beftow upon me the government of that ifland, which you have won in this rigorous combat ; for, be it never fo big, I find in myfelf ability fufficient to govern it, as well as the beft he that ever governed ifland in the world. To which Don Quixote anfwered ; Confider, brother Sancho, that this adventure, and others of this nature, are not adventures of iflands, but of crofs-ways, in which nodiing is to be gotten but a broken head, or the lofs of an ear. Have patience; for adventures will offer, whereby I may not only make thee a governor, but fomething better. Sancho returned him abundance of thanks, and kifling his hand again, and the skirt of his coat of mail, he helped him to get upon Rozinante, and himfelf mounting his afs began to fol- low his mafter; who going off at a round rate, without taking his leave or fpeaking to thofe of the coach, entered into a wood that was hard by. Sancho followed him as faft as his beaft could trqt; but Rozinante made fuch way, that, feeing himfelf like to be left behind, he was forced to call aloud to his mafter to ftay for him. Don Quixote did fo, checking Rozinante by the bridle, 'till his weary fquire overtook him ; who, as foon as he came near, faid to him : Me- thinks, fir, it would not be amifs to retire to fome church; for confidering in what condition you have left your adverfary, it is not improbable they may give notice (frr-'hh/./t'/Orts/// Jiui 7 DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 43 notice of the facl: to the holy brotherhood ', and they may apprehend us : and in faith, if they do, before we get out of their clutches, we may chance to i'weat for it. .Peace, quoth Don Quixote ; for where have you ever iecn or read of a knight-errant's being brought before a court of jufticc, let him have committed never fo many homicides. I know nothing of your Omecills, anfwered Sancho, nor in my life have I ever concerned myfelf about them : only this I know, that the holy brotherhood have fomething to fay to thofe who right in the fields ; and as to this other matter, I intermeddle not in it. Then fet your heart at reft, friend, anfwered Don Quixote; for I fhould deliver you out of the hands of the Chaldeans ; how much more then out of thofe of the holy brotherhood ? But tell me, on your life, have you ever fern a more valorous knight than I, upon the whole face of the known earth ? Have you read in ftory of any other, who has, or ever had, more bravery in aflailing, more breath in holding out *, more dexterity in wounding, or more addrefs in giving a fall ? The truth is, an- fwered Sancho, that I never read any hiftory at all • for I can neither read, nor write : but what I dare affirm is, that I never ferved a bolder mafter than your worihip, in all the days of my life ; and pray god we be not called to an account for thefe darings, where I juft now hinted. What I beg of your worihip, is, that you would let your wound be dreffed ; for there comes a great deal of blood from that ear ; and I have here fome lint, and a little white ointment, in my wallet. All this would have been needlefs, anfwered Don Quixote, if I had bediought myfelf of making a vial of the balfam of Fierabras; for, with one fmgle drop of that, we might have faved both time and medicines. What vial, and what balfam is that ? faid Sancho Panga. It is a balfam, anfwered Don Quixote, of which I have the receipt by heart;- and he that has it need not fear death, nor fo much as think of dying by any wound. And therefore, when I Avail have made it, and given it you, all you will have to do, is, when you fee me in fome battle cleft afunder (as it frequently happens) to take up fair and foftly that part of my body, which fhall fall to the ground, and, with the greateft nicety, befor • the blood is congealed, place it upon the other half that fhall remain in the faddle, taking efpecial care to make them tally exactly. Then muft you immediately give me to drink only two draughts of the bal- fam aforefaid, and then will you fee me become founder than any apple. If this be fo, faid Sancho, I renounce from henceforward the government of the pro- mifed ifland, and defire no other thing, in payment of my many and good fer- vices, but only that your worihip will give me the receipt of this extraordinary liquor • for I dare fay it will any where fetch more than two reals an ounce, and I want no more to pafs this life creditably and comfortably. But I fhould be glad ' An inftitution in Spain for the apprehending of robbers, and making the roads fafe for travellers. ■ When fingle combat was in ufe, nothing was more frequent, than for the parties engaged to retreat by confer t, in order to take breath. If either of the combatants perceived the other to breathe ftiorter or thicker than himfelf, he was at liberty to take this advantage, and to prefs him clofe j though even in this cafe it was ufual, out of a high point of generoii.y, to agree to the adverfary's propofal of taking breath. G 2 to 44- The LIFE and EXPLO ITS of to know whether it will coft much the making ? For lefs than three reals one may make nine pints, anfwered Don Quixote. Sinner that I am, replied Sancho why then does your worihip delay to make it, and to teach it me ? Peace friend, anfwered Don Quixote-, for I intend to teach thee greater fecrets, and to do thee greater kindnefies : and, for the prefent, let us fet about the cure; for my ear pains me more than I could wifh. Accordingly, Sancho took fome lint and oint- ment out of his wallet : but when Don Quixote perceived that his helmet was broken, he was ready to run ftark mad ; and, laying his hand on his fword, and lifting up his eyes to heaven, he faid : I fwear, by the creator of all things, and by all that is contained in the four holy evangelifts, to lead the life that the great marquis of Mantua led, when he vowed to revenge the death of his ne- phew Valdovinos; which was, not to eat bread on a table-cloth, nor folace him- felf with his wife, and other things, which, though I do not now remember, I allow here for exprefied; till I am fully revenged on him who hath done me this outrage. Sancho, hearing this, faid to him j Pray, confider, Signor Don Quixote, that, if the knight has performed what was enjoined him, namely, to go and prefent himfelf before my lady Dulcinea del Tohofo, he will then have done his duty, and deferves no new punifhment, unlefs he commit a new crime. You have fpoken and remarked very juftly, anfwered Don Quixote, and I an- nul the oath, fo far as concerns the taking a frefh revenge : but I make it, and confirm it anew, as to leading the life I have mentioned, till I mall take by force fuch another helmet, or one as good, from fome other knight. And think not, Sancho, I undertake this lightly, or make a fmoke of ftraw; for I have a folid foundation for what I do, the fame thing having happened exactly with regard to Mambrino's helmet \ which coft Sacripante fo dear '. Good fir, replied Sancho, give fuch oaths to the devil ; for they are very detrimental to health, and preju- dicial to the confcience. Befides, pray tell me now, if perchance in many days we fhould not light upon a man armed with a helmet, what muft we do then ? muft the oath be kept, in fpite of fo many difficulties and inconveniencies, fuch as fleeping in your clothes, and not fleeping in any inhabited place, and a thou- fand other penances, which that old mad fellow the marquis of Mantua's oath required, and which you, fir, would now revive ? Confider well, that none of thefe roads are frequented by armed men, and that here are only carriers and carters, who are fo far from wearing helmets, that, perhaps, they never heard them fo much as named, in all the days of their lives. You are miftaken in this, faid Don Quixote; for we fhall not be two hours in thefe crofs-ways, be- fore we fliall fee more armed men than came to the fiege of Albraca ~, to carry off Angelica the fair. Well then, be it fo, quodi Sancho ; and god grant us good fuccefs, and that we may fpeedily win this ifland, which cofts me fo dear ; and then no matter how foon I die. I have already told you, Sancho, to be in 1 The ftory is in Arloflos Orlando Furlofa. 1 Meaning king Marfilio, and the thirty-two kings his tributaries, with all their forces. Ariojlo, no DONf QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 45 no pain upon that account ; for, if an ifland cannot be had, there is the Icings dom of Denmark, or that of Sobradifa ', which will fit you like a ring to your finger ; and moreover, being upon Terra Finna % you fhould rejoice the more. But let us leave this to its own time, and fee if you have any diing for us to eat in your wallet ; and we will go prefently in quell of fomc caflle, where we may lodge this night, and make the balfam that I told you of; for I vow to god, my ear pains me very much. I have here an onion, and a piece of cheefe, and I know not how many crafts of bread, faid Sancho ; but they are not eatables fit for fo valiant a knight as your worfhip. How ill you under- ftand this matter ! anfwered Don Quixote : you muft know, Sancho, that it is an honour to knights-errant not to eat in a month ; and, if they do eat, it muft be of what comes next to hand: and, if you had read as many hifto- rics as I have done, you would have known this : for, though I have peru- fed a great many, I never yet found any account given in them, that ever kni lus-crrant did eat, unlefs it were by chance, and at certain fumptuous ban- quets made on purpofe for them ; and the reft of their days they lived, as it were, upon their fmelling. And though it is to be prefumed, they could not fib'ift without eating, and without fatisfying all other natural wants, it muft likewifc be fuppofed, that, as they paffed moft part of their lives in wandering through forefts and defeits, and without a cook, their moft ufual diet muft con- fift of ruftic viands, fuch as thofe you now offer me. So that, friend Sancho, let not that trouble you, which gives me pleafure ; nor endeavour to make a new world, or to throw the conftitution of knight-errantry off the hinges. Pardon me, fir, faid Sancho ; for, as I can neither read nor write, as I told you before, I am entirely unacquainted with the rules of the knightly profefiion ; and therefore from henceforward I will furnifh my wallet with all forts of dried fruits for your worfhip, who are a knight ; and for myfelf, who am none, I will fupply it with poultry, and other things of more fubftance. I do not fay, Sancho, replied Don Quixote, that knights-errant are obliged to eat nothing but dried fruit, as you fay ; but that their moft ufual fuftcnance was of that kind, and of certain herbs they found up and down in the fields, which they very well knew; and fo do I. It is a happinefs to know thefe fame herbs, anfwered Sancho ; for I am inclined to think, we fhall one day have occafion to make ufe of that knowledge. And fo faying he took out what he had provided, and .they eat together in a very peaceable and friendly manner. But being defirous to feek out fome place to lodge in that night, they foon finifhed their poor and diy commons. They prefently mounted, and made what halte they could t< get to fome inhabited place before night : but both the fun, and their ho. e failed them near the huts of certain goatherds ; and fo they determined to ta ' A fi&ittous kingdom in Amadis de Gaul. » In allufion to die famous Firm ijland, 'w. Amadis de Caul, the land of promife to the faithful fquires of ' knights- errant. up 46 the LIFE and EXP LOITS of up their lodging there : but, if Sancho was grieved that they were not able to reach fome habitation, his mafter was as much rejoiced to lie in the open air, ' making account that, every time this befel him, he was doing an aft pojejive, or fuch an a£t as gave a freih evidence of his title to chivalry. CHAP. III. Of what happened to Don Quixote with certain goatherds. HE was kindly received by the goatherds; and Sancho, having accommoda- ted Rozinante and his ais the belt he could, followed the fcent of certain pieces of goat's-flefh that were boiling in a kettle on the fire ; and though he would willingly, at that inflant, have tried whether they were fit to be tranflated from the kettle to the ftomach, he forbore doing it ; for the goatherds them- felves took them off the fire, and fpreading fome fheep-skins on the ground, very fpeedily ferved up their rural mefs, and invited them both, with fhew of much good-will, to take fhare of what they had. Six of them, that belonged to the fold, fat down round about the skins, having firft, with ruftic compliments, defired Don Quixote that he would feat himfelf upon a trough, with the bottom upwards, placed on purpofe for him. Don Quixote fat down, and Sancho re- mained ftanding, to ferve the cup, which was made of horn. His mafter, fee- ing him ftanding, faid to him; That you may fee, Sancho, the intrinfic worth of knight-errantry, and how fair a profpecT: its meaneft retainers have of fpeedily gaining the refpedt and efteem of the world^ I will, that you fit here by my fide, and in company with thefe good folks, and that you be one and the fame thing with me, who am your matter and natural lord ; that you eat from off my plate, and drink of the fame cup in which I drink : for the fame may be faid of knight-errantry, which is laid of love, that it makes all things equal. I give you a great many thanks, fir, faid Sancho ; but let me tell your worfhip, that, provided I have victuals enough, I can eat as well, or better, ftanding, and alone by myfelf, than if I were feated clofe by an emperor. And farther, to tell you tiie truth, what I eat in my corner, without compliments or ceremo- nies, though it were nothing but bread and an onion, relifhes better than turkeys at other folks tables, where I am forced to chew leifurely, drink little, wipe my mouth often ; neither fneeze nor cough when I have a mind ; nor do other things, which follow the being alone and at liberty. So that, good fir, as to thefe honours your worfhip is pleafed to confer upon me, as a menial fervant, and hanger-on of knight-errantry (being fquire to your worfhip) be pleafed to convert them into fomething of more ufe and profit to me ; for, though I place them to account, as received in full, I renounce them from this time forward to the end of the world. All this notwithflanding, you fhall fit down ; for whofo- ever humbleth himfelf, god doth exalt ; and, pulling him by the arm, he forced him to fit down next him. The goatherds did not underftand this jargon of {quires t/sr 'fSndsruuint Jcacff DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 47 fquires and knights-errant, and did nothing but eat, and liilen, and flare at their euefls, who, with much cheerfulnefs and appetite, fwallowed down pieces as bio- as one's fift. The fervice of fkfh being finifhed, they fpread upon the skins a great quantity of acorns, together with half a cheefe, harder than if it had been made of plaifler of Paris. The horn flood not idle all this while ; for it went round fo often, now full, now empty, like the bucket of a well, diat they prc- fently emptied one of the two wine-bags that hung in view. After Don Quixote had fatisfied his hunger, he took up an handful of acorns, and, looking on them attentively, gave utterance to expreflions like thefe. Happy times, and happy ages ! thofe, to which the ancients gave the name of golden, not becaufe gold (which, in this our iron age, is fo much efleemed) was to be had, in that fortunate period, without toil and labour; but becaufe they, who then lived, were ignorant of thefe two words, Meum and Tuum. In that age of innocence, all things were in common : no one needed to take any other pains for his ordinary fuftenance, than to lift up his hand and take it from the fturdy oaks, which flood inviting him liberally to tafle of their fweet and re- lifhing fruit. The limpid fountains, and running flreams, offered them, in magnificent abundance, their delicious and tranfparent waters. In the clefts of rocks, and in the hollow of trees, did the induflrious and provident bees form their commonwealths, offering to every hand, without ufury, the fertil produce of their mofl delicious toil. The flout cork-trees, without any other induce- ment than that of their own courtefy, diverted themfelves of their light and ex- panded bark ; with which men began to cover their houfes, fupported by rough poles, only for a defence againfl the inclemency of the feafons. All then was peace, all amity, all concord. As yet the heavy coulter of the crooked plow had not dared to force open, and fearch into, the tender bowels of our firfl mo- ther, who, unconftrained, offered from every part of her fertil and fpacious bo- fom whatever might feed fuflain and delight thofe her children, who then had her in poffeffion. Then did the fimple and beauteous young fhepherdeffes trip it from dale to dale, and from hill to hill, their treffes fometimes plaited, fome- times loofely flowing, with no more cloathing than was neceffary modeflly to cover what modefly has always required to be concealed : nor were their orna- ments like thofe now-a-days in fafhion, to which the Tynan purple and the fo- many-ways martyred filk give a value ; but compofed of green dock-leaves and ivy interwoven; with which, perhaps, they went as fplendidly and elegantly decked, as our court-ladies do now, with all thofe rare and foreign inventions, which idle curiofity hath taught them. Then were the amorous conceptions of the foul cloathed in fimple and fincere expreflions, in the fame way and manner they were conceived, without feeking artificial phrafes to fet them off. Nor as yet were fraud, deceit, and malice, intermixt with truth and plain-dealing. Ju- flice kept within her proper bounds ; favour and interefl, which now fo much depreciate, confound, and perfecute her, not daring then to diflurb or offend her, 48 the LIFE and EXPLOITS of her. As yet the judge did not make his own will the meafare of juflice; for then there was neidier caufe, nor perfon, to be judged. Maidens and modefly, as I faid before, went about, alone and miflrefs of themfelves, without fear of any danger from the unbridled freedom and leud defigns of others; and, if they were undone, it was entirely owing to their own natural inclination and will. But now, in thefe deteflable ages of ours, no damfel is fecure, though fhe were hidden and locked up in another labyrinth like that of Crete ; for even there, through fome cranny, or through die air, by the zeal of curled importunity, the amorous peflilence finds entrance, and diey mifcarry in fpite of their clofefl retreat. For the fecurity of whom, as times grew worfe, and wickednefs en- creafed, the order of knight-errantry was inflituted, to defend maidens, to pro- tect widows, and to relieve orphans and perfons diflreffed. Of this order am I, brother goatherds, from whom I take kindly the good cheer and civil recep- tion you have given me and my fquire : for though, by the law of nature, every one living is obliged to favour knights-errant, yet knowing, that, widiout your being acquainted with this obligation, you have entertained and regaled me, it is but reafon that, with all poffible good-will towards you, I fhould acknowledge yours to me. Our knight made this tedious difcourfe ' (which might very well have been fpared) becaufe the acorns they had given him put him in mind of the golden- age, and infpired him with an eager defire to make that impertinent harangue to the goatherds ; who flood in amaze, gaping and liflening, without anfwering him a word. Sancho himfelf was filent, fluffing himfelf with the acorns, and often vifiting die fecond wine-bag, which, that the wine might be cool, was kept hung upon a cork-tree. Don Quixote fpent more time in talking than in eating ; but, Tapper being over, one of the goacherds faid ; that your worfiiip, Signor knight-errant, may the more truly fay, that we entertain you with a ready good-will, we will give yon fome diverfion and amufement, by making one of our comrades fing, who will fcon be here : he is a very intelligent fwain, and deeply enamoured ; and, above all, can read and write, and plays upon the rebeck to heart's content. The goatherd had fcarce faid this, when the found of the rebeck 2 reached their ears, and, prefently after, came he that plaid on it, who was a youth of about two and twenty, and of a very good mien. His comrades asked him, if he hadfupped; and he anfwering, yes, then, Antonio, faid he who had made the offer, you may afford us the pleafure of hearing you fing a little, that this gen- tleman, our guefl, may fee, we have here, among the mountains and woods, fome that underftand muiic. We have told him your good qualities, and would have you fhew them, and make good what we have faid; and therefore I in- 1 Cervantes .ifh proverb, fignifying as old as the itch, which is of great antiquity ; though it is agreed that this is only a corruption of ignorant people faying Sarna for Sana: which lait is ufually ta] en to fignify Sarah, Abraham's wife, either in regard (he lived no years, or becaufe of the long time it is fince fhe lived ; though fome fay that Sa, ra, in the Bi/caine language, fignifies old age, and fo the proveib will be, As old as old age itfelf. * This feems to be a ridicule on the extravagant metaphors ufed by the Spanifh poets, in praife of the beauty of their miftrefies. efpecially 54 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of efpecially in country-towns. It is true, faid Don Quixote, and proceed : for the ftory is excellent, and, honeft Pedro, you tell it with a very good orace. May the grace of the lord never fail me, which is moft to the purpofe. And farther know, quoth Pedro, that, though the uncle propofed to his niece, and acquainted her with the qualities of every one in particular, of the many who fought her in marriage, advifmg her to marry, and choofe to her liking, me ne- ver returned any odier anfwer, but that fhe was not difpofed to marry at pre- fent, and diat, being fo young, fhe did not find herfelf able to bear the burden of matrimony. Her uncle, fatisfied widi thefe feemingly juft excufes, ceafed to importune her, and waited till die was grown a little older, and knew how to choofe a companion to her tafte. For, faid he, and he faid very well, parents ought not to fettle their children againft their will. But, behold ! when we lead imagined it, on a certain day the coy Marcela appears a fhepherdefs, and without the confent of her uncle, and againft the perfuafions of all the neighbours, would needs go into the fields, with the other country-lafTes, and tend her own flock. And now that fhe appeared in publick, and her beauty was expofed to all be- holders, it is impoffible to tell you, how many wealthy youths, gentlemen, and farmers have taken Chryfojlotn's drefs, and go up and down thefe plains, making their fuit to her ; one of whom, as is faid already, was the deceafed, of whom it is faid, that he left off loving her to adore her. But think not, that becaufe Marcela has given herfelf up to this free and unconfined way of life, and that with fo little, or rather no referve, die has given any the leaft colour of fufpi- cion to the prejudice of her modefty and difcretion : no, rather fo great and ftricl is the watch fhe keeps over her honour, that of all thofe, who ferve and follicit her, no one has boafted, or can boaft with truth, that fhe has given him the leaft hope of obtaining his defire. For though die does not fly nor fluin the company and converfation of the fhepherds, but treats them with courtefy and in a friendly manner, yet upon any one's beginning to difcover his intention, though it be as juft and holy as that of marriage, die cafts him from her as out of a ftone-bow. And by this fort of behaviour, fhe does more mifchief in this country, than if ihe carried the plague about with her ; for her affability and beauty attract the hearts of thofe, who converfe with her, to ferve and love her j but her difdain and frank dealing drive them to terms of defpair : and fo they know not what to fay to her, and can only exclaim againft her, calling her cruel and ungrateful, with fuch other titles, as plainly denote her character. And were you to abide here, Sir, a while, you would hear diefe mountains and valleys refound with die complaints of thofe undeceived wretches that yet fol- low her. There is a place not far from hence, where diere are about two dozen of tall beeches, and not one of them but has die name of Marcela written and engraved on its fmooth bark, and over fome of them is a crown carved in the lame tree, ' as if the lover would more clearly exprefs, that Marcela DON (QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 55 Marcela bears away the crown, and deferves it above all human beauty. Here fighs one fliepherd ; there complains another : here are heard amorous fonnets, there despairing ditties. You {hall have one pais all the hours of the night, feared at the foot of fome oak or rock ; and there, without clofing his weeping eyes, wrapped up and tranfported in his thoughts, the fun finds him in the morning. You mail have another, without cefiation or truce to his fighs, in the midft of the moft irkfome noon-day heat of the fummer, extended on the burning find, and fending up his complaints to all-pitying heaven. In the mean time, the beautiful Marcela, free and unconcerned, triumphs over them all. We, who know her, wait with impatience to fee what her haughtinefs will come to, and who is to be the happy man that (hall fubdue fo intractable a difpoiition, aud enjoy fo incomparable a beauty. All that I have recounted being fo affured a truth, I the more eafily believe what our companion told us concerning the caufe of Chryfojlom's death. And therefore I advife you, Sir, that you do not fail to-morrow to be at his funeral, which will be very wejl worth feeing : for Chryfojiom has a great many friends ; and it is not half a league from this place to that where he ordered himfelf to be buried. I will certainly be there iaid Don Quixote, and I thank you for the pleafure you have given me by the recital of Co entertaining a ftory. O, replied the goatherd, I do not yet know half the adventures that have happened to Marcela's lovers ; but to-morrow perhaps, we mall meet by the way with fome fhepherd, who may tell us more : at prefent it will not be amifs, that you get you to fleep under a roof; for the cold dew of the night may do your wound harm, though the filve I have put to it is fuch, that you need not fear any crofs accident. Sancho Panca, who gave this long-winded tale of the goatherd's to the devil, for his part, folicited his mafter to lay himfelf down to fleep in Pedro's hut. He did fo, and paffed the reft of the night in remembrances of his lady Dulcinea, in imitation of Marcela' s lovers. Sancho Panca took up his lodging between Rozinante and his afs, and flept it out, not like a difcarded lover, but like a perfon well rib-roafted. CHAP. V. The conclufwn of the pry of the fiepherdefs Marcela, with other accidents. T> U T fcarce had the day began to difcover itfelf through the balconies of the eaft, when five of the fix goatherds got up, and went to awake Don Quixote, and asked him, whether he continued in his refolution of going to fee the famous funeral of Chryfojiom, for they would bear him company. Don Quixote, who defired nothing more, got up, and bid Sancho faddle and pannel immediately ; which he did with great expedition : and with the fame diipatch they all prefentiy fet out on their way. They had not gone a quarter of a league, " when, upon crofling a path-way, they faw about fix fhepherds making towards them, 56 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of them, clad in black fheep-skin jerkins, and their heads crowned with garlands of cyprefs and bitter rofemary. Each of them had a thick holly-club in his hand. There came alfo with them two cavaliers on horfeback, in very hand- fom riding-habits, attended by three lacqueys on foot. When they had joined companies, they faluted each other courteoufly ; and asking one another whither they were going, they found they were all going to the place of burial ; and (6 they began to travel in company. One of thofe on horfeback, fpeaking to his companion, faid ; I fancy, Signor Vivaldo, we fhall not think the time mifpent in flaying to fee this famous fu- neral ; for it cannot choofe but be extraordinary, confidering the ftrange things thefe fhepherds have recounted, as well of the deceafed fhepherd, as of the mur- thering fhepherdefs. I think fo too, anfwered Fivaldo; and I do not only not think much of fpending one day, but I would even flay four to fee it. Don Quixote asked them, what it was they had heard of Marcela and Chryfojlom ? The traveller faid, they had met thofe fhepherds early that morning, and that, feeing them in that mournful drefs, they had asked the occafion of their going clad in that manner ; and that one of them had related the ftory, telling them of the beauty, and unaccountable humour, of a certain fhepherdefs called Mar- cela, and the loves of many that woed her ; with the death of Chryfoftom, to whofe burial they were going. In fine, he related all that Pedro had told to Don Quixote. This difcourfe ceafed, and anodier began; he, who was called Fiva/do, asking Don Quixote, what might be the reafon that induced him to go armed in that manner, through a country fo peaceable? To which Don Quixote anfwered : The exercife of my profeffion will not permit or fuffer me to go in any other manner. The dance, the banquet, and the bed of down, were invented for foft and effeminate courtiers; but toil, difquietude, and arms, were invented and defigned for thofe, whom the world calls knights-errant, of which number am I, though unworthy, and the leaft of them all. Scarcely had they heard this, when they all concluded he was a, madman. And for the more certainty, and to try what kind of madnefs his was, Vivaldo asked him, what he meant by knights-errant ? Have you not read, Sir, anfwered Don Quixote, the annals and hiftories of England, wherein are recorded the £ :mous exploits of king Arthur, whom, in our Cajlilian tongue, we perpetually call king Artus ; of whom there goes an old tradition, and a common one all over that kingdom of Great Bri- tain, that this king did not die, but that, by magic art, he was turned into a raven; and that, in procefs of time, he fhall reign again, and recover his king- dom and fcepter : for which reafon it cannot be proved, that, from that time to this, any Englijlman hath killed a raven. Now, in this good king's time, was inftituted that famous order of the knights of the round-table ; and the amours therein related, of Don Lancelot du Lake with the queen Ginebra, paffed exact- ly fo, that honourable Duenna Quintaniona b;ing their go-between and confi- dante : DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 57 dante : which gave birth to that well-known ballad, To cried up here in Spain, of Never was knight by ladies jb wellferved, as was Sir Lancelot when he crime from Britain : with the reft of that fweet and charming recital of his amours and exploits. Now, from that time, the order of chivalry has been extending and fpreading itfelf through many and divers parts of the world : and in this pro- feflion many have been diftinguiihed and renowned for their heroic deeds ; as, the valiant Amadis de Gait/, with all his fons and nephews, to the fifth genera- tion; the valorous Felixmarte of Hircania; and the-never-enough to be praifed c Tira?it the white : and we, in our days, have in a manner feen, heard, and converfed with, the invincible and valorous knight Don Belianis of Greece. This, gentlemen, it is to be a knight-errant, and what I have told you of is the order of chivalry : of which, as I laid before, I, though a finner, have made profeflion ; and the very fame thing that the aforelaid knights profeffed, I profefs : and fo I travel through thefe folitudes and deferts, feeking adventures, with a determined refolution to oppofe my arm, and my perfon, to the raoft perilous that for- tune fhall prefent, in aid of the weak and the needy. By thefe difcourfes the travellers were fully convinced, that Don Quixote was out of his wits, and what kind of madnefs it was that influenced him ; which ftruck them with the fame admiration, that it did all others at the firft hearing. And Viva Ida, who was a very difcerning perfon, and withal of a mirthful dif- pofition, that they might pafs without irkfomnefs the little of the way that re- mained, before they came to the funeral-mountain, refolved to give him an op- portunity of going on in his extravagancies. And therefore he faid to him ; Me- thinks, Sir knight-errant, you have undertaken one of the ftricteft profeffions upon earth : and I verily believe, the rule of the Carthufian monks themfelves is not fo rigid. It may be as ftridt, for ought I know, anfwered our Don Q/a'xote ; but that it is fo neceflary to the world, I am within two fingers breadth of doubling : for, to fpeak the truth, the foldier, who executes his captain's or- ders, does no lefs than the captain himfelf, who gives him the orders. I would fay, that the religious, with all peace and quietnefs, implore heaven for the good of the world ; but we foldiers, and knights, really execute what they pray for, defending it with the ftrengdi of our arms, and the edge of our fwords : and that, not under covert, but in open field ; expofed as butts to the unfufferable beams of fummer's fun, and winter's horrid ice. So that we are god's mini- sters upon earth, and the arms by which he executes his juftice in it. And con- fidering that matters of war, and thofe relating thereto, cannot be put in execu- tion without fweat, toil, and labour, it follows, that they, who profefs it, do unqueftionably take more pains than they, who, in perfect peace and repofe, are employed in praying to heaven to aflift thofe, who can do but little for them- felves \ I mean not to fay, nor do I fo much as imagine, that the ftate of the knight -errant is as good as that of the reclufe religious: I would only infer from 1 A fly fatire on the ufelefnefs of reclufe rjligious focieties. Vol. I. I what 58 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of what I fuffer, that it is doubtlefs more laborious, more baftinadoed, more hun- gry and thirfty, more wretched, more ragged, and more loufy ; for there is no doubt, but that the knights-errant of old underwent many misfortunes in the courfe of their lives. And if fome of them rofe to be emperors, by the valour of their arm, in good truth they paid dearly for it in blood and fweat : and if thofe, who arrived to fuch honour, had wanted enchanters and fages to affift them, they would have been mightily deceived in their hopes, and much difap- pointed in their expectations. I am of the fame opinion, replied the traveller : but there is one tiling, in particular, among many others, which I diflike in knights-errant, and it is this : when they are prepared to engage in fome great and perilous adventure, in which they are in manifeft danger of lofing their lives, in the very inftant of the encounter, they never once remember to commend themfelves to god ', as every chriftian is bound to do in the like perils ; but ra- ther commend themfelves to their miftrefies, and that with as much fervor and devotion, as if they were their god ; a thing which, to me, favours ftrongly of paganifm. Signor, anfwered Don Quixote, this can by no means be other wife, and the knight-errant, who mould act in any other manner, would digrefs much from his duty ; for it is a received maxim and cuftom in chivalry, that the knight- errant, who is about to attempt fome great feat of arms, muft have his lady before him, muft turn his eyes fondly and amoroufly toward her, as if by them he im- plored her favour and protection, in the doubtful moment of diftrefs he is juft entering upon. And though no body hears him, he is obliged to mutter fome words between his teeth, by which he recommends himfelf to her with his whole heart : and of this we have innumerable examples in the hiftories. And you muft not fuppofe by this, that they are to neglect recommending themfelves to god; for there is time and leifure enough to do it in the progrefs of the work. But for all that, replied the traveller, I have one fcruple ftill remaining ; which is, that I have often read, that, words arifing between two knights-errant, and choler beginning to kindle in them both, they turn their horfes round, and, fetching a large compafs about the field, immediately, without more ado, en- counter at full fpeed; and in the midft of their career they commend them- felves to their miftreiTes: and what commonly happens in the encounter, is, that one of them tumbles back over his horfe's crupper, pierced through and thro' by his adverfary's launce : and if the other had not laid hold of his horfe's mane, he could not have avoided coming to the ground. Now, I cannot imagine what leifure the deceafed had to commend himfelf to god, in the courfe of this fo hafty a work. Better it had been, if the words he fpent in recommending him- felf to his lady, in the midft of the career, had been employed about that, to which, as a chriftian, he was obliged. And belides, it is certain all knights- » Here it is remarkable, that Cervantes fpeaks only of recommending ourfelves to god, without taking notice of the doing it to any faint, though that be the known practice In the Romijh church, and is what the proteftants charge, in the very words of this author, with favouring ftrongly of paganifm. errant DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 59 errant have not ladies to commend themfelves to ; becaufe they are not all in love. That cannot be, anfwered Don Quixote : I fay, there cannot be a knight- errant without a miftrefs ; for it is as proper and as natural to them to be in love, as to the sky to be full of ftars. And I affirm, you can fhew me no hi- flory, in which a knight-errant is to be found without an amour : and for the very reafon of his being without one, he would not be reckoned a legitimate knight, but a baflard, and one that got into the fortrefs of chivalry, not by the door, but over the pales, like a thief and a robber '. Yet, for all that, find the traveller, I think (if I am not much miftaken) I have read, that Don Galaor, brother to the valorous Amadis de Gaul, never had a particular miftrefs, to whom he might recommend himfelf; notwithstanding which, he was not the lefs efleemed, and was a very valiant and famous knight. To which our Don Quixote anfwered ; Signor, one fwallow makes no fummer. Befides, I very well know, that this knight was in fecret very deeply enamoured : He was a general lover, and could not refift his natural inclination towards all ladies whom he thought handfome. But, in fhort, it is very well attefted, that he had one, whom he had made miftrefs of his will, and to whom he often commended himfelf, but very fecretly ; for it was upon this quality of fecrecy that he efpe- cially valued himfelf. If it be effential that every knight-errant muft be a lover, faid the traveller, it is to be prefumed that your worfhip is one, as you are of the profeffion : and, if you do not pique yourfelf upon the fame fecrecy as Don Ga- laor, I earneftly intreat you, in the name of all this good company, and in my own, to tell us the name, country, quality, and beauty, of your miftrefs, who cannot but account herfelf happy if all the world knew, that fhe is loved and ferved by fo worthy a knight as your worfhip appears to be. Here Don Quixote fetched a deep figh, and faid : I cannot pofitively affirm whether this fweet ene- my of mine is pleafed, or not, that the world fhould know I am her fervant : I can only fay, in anfwer to what you fo very courteoufly enquire of me, that her name is Dulcinea ; her country Tobofo, a town of la Mancha; her quality at leaft that of a princefs, fince fhe is my queen and fovereign lady j her beauty more 'than human, fince in her all the impoflible and chimerical attributes of beauty, which the poets afcribe to their miftreffes, are realized : for her hairs are of gold, her forehead the Ely/ian fields, her eyebrows rainbows, her eyes funs, her cheeks rofes, her lips coral, pearls her teeth, alabafter her neck, her bofom marble, her hands ivory, her whitenefs fnow ; and the parts, which mo- defty veils from human fight, fuch as (to my thinking) the moft exalted imagi- nation can only conceive, but not find a companion for. We would know, re- plied Vivaldo, her lineage, race, and family. To which Don Qiiixotc anfwered ; She is not of the antient Roman Curtii, Caii, and Scipios, nor of the mo- dern Colonnas and Urjinis ; nor of the Moncadas and Requcfenes of Catalonia ; neither is fhe of the Rcbellas and Villanovas of Valentin-, the Palafoxes, Nu$as, Rocabertis, Corellas, Lunas, Alagones, Urreas, Foccs, and Gurrcas of Arra- * This is one inftance of Cervantes % frequent ufe of foiptural cxpreflions. I 2 gon ; 60 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of gon; the Cerdas, Manriques, Mendocas and Gufnans of Caftile ; the Alencajlros, Pallas and Menejes of Portugal: but fhe is of thofe of Tobofo de la Mancha- y a houfe, though modem, yet fuch as may give a noble beginning to the moft il- luftrious families of the ages to come : and in this let no one contradict rne, un- lefs it be on the conditions that Cerbino fixed under Orlando'% arms, where it was faid : Let no one remove tbefe, who cannot Jl and a trial with Orlando. Al- though mine be of the Cachopmes of Laredo, replied the traveller, I dare not compare it with that of Tobofo de la Mancha; though, to fay the truth, no fuch appellation hath ever reached my ears 'till now. Is it pofhble you fhould never have heard of it ? replied Don Quixote '. All the reft went on liftening with great attention to the dialogue between thefe two: and even the goatherds and fhepherds perceived the notorious diffraction of our Don Quixote. Sancho Panga alone believed all that his mafter faid to be true, knowing who he was, and having been acquainted with him from his birth. But what he fomewhat doubted of, was, what concerned the fair Didcinea del Tobofo ; for no fuch a name, or princefs, had ever come to his hearing, though he lived fo near Tobofo. In thefe difcourfes they went on, when they difcovered, through an open- ing made by two high mountains, about twenty fhepherds coming down, all in jerkins of black wool, and crowned with garlands, which (as appeared after- ward) were fome of yew, and fome of cyprefs. Six of them carried a bier, covered with great variety of flowers and boughs : which one of the goatherds efpying, faid ; They, who come yonder, are thofe who bring the corpfe of Chry- I'ojlom ; and the foot of yonder mountain is the place where he ordered them to bury him. They made hafte therefore to arrive ; which they did, and it was juft as the bier was fet down on the ground : four of them, with fharp pickaxes, were making the grave by the fide of a hard rock. They faluted one another courteoufly : and prefently Don Quixote and his company went to take a view of the bier; upon which they faw a dead body, ftrewed with flowers % in the drefs of a fhepherd, feemingly about thirty years of age : you might fee, thro' death itfelf, that he had been of a beautiful countenance, and hale conftitution. Several books, and a great number of papers, fome open and others folded up,, lay round about him on the bier. All that were prefent, as well thofe who looked on, as thofe who were opening the grave, kept a marvellous filence; 'till one of thofe, who brought the deceafed, faid to another; Obferve carefully, Ambrofio, whether this be the place which Chryfoflom mentioned, iince you are fo punctual in performing what he commanded in his will. This is it,, anfwer- ed Ambrofio ; for in this very place he often recounted to me the ftory of his misfortune. Here it was, he told me, that he firft faw that mortal enemy of 1 All the time they are going to the burial, how artfully does the author entertain the reader, by way of digreffion, with this dialogue between Don Quixote and Vi ■■ icuh , -' ■ 1, Jet com Jo A - - -•■ ' 70 73* £JJFi2 W EXP UO ITS * If / who is not always afleep, fo ordered it, that there were grazing in that valley a parcel of Galician mares belonging to certain Yanguefe carriers, whofe cuftom it is to pafs the mid-day, with their drove, in places where there is grafs and wa- ter : and that, where Don Quixote chanced to be, was very fit for the purpofe of the Yanguefes. Now it fell out, that RozifiantehadrtHKHRA-to folaee-himfelf W4th4fee-£lli£s^_ai^-4ia^iflg-4h€m4a4he-wiftd7 broke out of his natural and ac- cuftomed pace, and, without asking his matter's leave, betook himfelf to a / fmart trot, and went to GOtnmunicate- liis need to them. But they, as it feemed, > y ; ' A; "1" ; ' / Tiad mWb inclinationlio-feed-th an any th ing-elfe, and received him with their heels and their teeth, in fuch a manner, that in a little time his girts broke, and v..',, t ^'//^he loft his faddle. But-what mutt have more fenfibly attested him, was, that ; 't,v, the carriers, feeing the violence-ott ered to their mares, ran to him with their pack-ftaves, and fo belaboured him//that tliey laid him along on the ground in wretched plight. fa **/""■ 7* u ***»**i>i •*• <* ***** By this time Don Quixote and Sancho, who had feen the drubbing of Rozi- nante, came up out of breath : and Don Quixote faid to Sancho ; By what I fee, friend Sancho, thefe are no knights, but rafcally people, of a fcoundrel race : I tell you this, becau'fe you may very well help me to take ample revenge for the outrage they have done to Rozinante before our eyes. What the devil of revenge can we take, anfwered Sancho, if they are above twenty, and we no more than two, and perhaps but one and a half? I am as good as a hundred, replied Don Quixote ; and, without faying more, he laid his hand on his fword, and flew at the Yanguefes ; and Sancho did the fame, incited and moved thereto by the example of his mailer. At the firft blow Don Quixote gave one of them a terrible wound, through a leathern doublet which he wore, on the moulder. The Yanguefes, feeing themfelves affaulted in this manner by two men only, they being fo many, betook themfelves to their clubs, and, hemming them in, began to belabour them with great vehemence and animofity. It is true, that at the fecond peal they brought Sancho to the ground, and the fame befel Don Quixote, neither his dexterity nor courage ftanding him in any ftead : And, as fate would have it, he fell juft at Rozinante's feet, who had not yet got up : whence we may learn how unmercifully pack-ftaves will bruife, when put into ruftic and wrathful hands. Now the Yanguefes, perceiving the mifchifcf they had done, loaded their beafts with all fpeed, and purfued their journey, leaving the two adventurers in evil plight. The firft who came to himfelf was Sancho Pan fa; who, finding he lay clofe to his mafter, with a feeble and plaintive voice ; cried, Signor Don Quixote/ ah, Signor Don Quixote ! What would you have, brother Sancho f anfwered Don ... Quixote, in the fame feeble and lamentable tone. I would fain, if it were pof- fible, anfwered Sancho Panca, that your worfhip would give me two draughts of that drink of the Feo Bias, if fo be you have it here at hand ; perhaps it may do as well for broken bones, as it does for wounds. O that I had it! 0.M< it, ^ DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 71 it here ! unhappy I, that wc have it not ! anfwered Don Quixote. But I fwear to you, Sancho Pan$a, on the faith of a knight-errant, that, before two days pafs (if fortune does not order it otherwife) I will have it in my power, or my hand fhall be very much out. But in how many days do you think, Sir, we fhall recover the ufe of our feet, replied Sancho Panca ? For my part, faid the bat- tered knight Don Qtfixote, I cannot limit the number : but it is all my own fault; for I ought not to have laid hand on my fword againfl men, who were not dubbed knights like myfelf. And therefore, I believe heaven has permitted this chaftifement to fall upon me, as a punifhment for having tranfgreffed the laws of chivalry. Wherefore, brother Sancho, it is requifite you be fore- warned of what I mall now tell you ; for it highly concerns the good of us both : and it is this ; that when you fee we are intuited by fuch rafcally rabble, do not flay 'till I lay hand on my fword againft them ; for I will in no wife do it ; but do you draw your fword, and chaftife them to your own heart's con- tent : but if any knights fhall come up to their aid and defence, I fhall then know how to interpofe, to defend you, and offend them with all my might : for you have already feen, by a thoufand tokens and experiments, how far the valour of this ftrong arm of mine extends : fo arrogant was the poor gentleman become by his victory over the valiant Bifcainer. But Sancho Panca did not fo thoroughly like his matter's inftructions, as to forbear anfwering, and faying ; Sir, I am a peaceable, tame, quiet man, and can diffemble any injury whatfo- ever ; for I have a wife and children to maintain and bring up -: fo that give me leave, Sir, to tell you by way of hint, fince it is not my part to command, that I will upon no account draw my fword, neither againft peafant, nor againft knight; and that from this time forward, in the prefence of god, I forgive all injuries any one has done, or fhall do me, or that any perfon is now doing, or -may hereafter do me, whether he be high or low, rich or poor, gentle or Am- ple, without excepting any ftate or condition whatever. Which his mafter hearing, anfwered : I wifh I had breath to talk a little at my eafe, and that the pain I feel in this rib would ceafe ever fo fhort a while, that I might convince you, Panca, of the error you are in. Harkye, finner, mould the gale of for- tune, hitherto fo contrary, come about in our favour, filling the fails of our de- fires, fo that we may fafely, and without any hindrance, make the port of fome one of thofe iflands I have promifed you, what would become of you, if, when I had gained it, and made you lord thereof, you fhould render all inef- fectual by not being' a knight, nor defiring to be one, and by having neither va- lour nor intention to revenge the injuries done you, or to defend your domi- nions? For you muft know, that, in kingdoms and provinces newly conquer- ed, the minds of the natives are never fo quiet, nor fo much in the intereft of their new mafter, but there is ftill ground to fear that they will endeavour to bring about a change of things, and once more, as they call it, to try their for- tune: and therefore the new poffefTor ought to have underftanding to know how to the LIFE and % X P LOITS of i to conduit himfelf, and courage to act ofFenfively and defenfively, whatever fhall happen. In this that hath now befallen us, anfwered Sancho, I wifh I had been furnifhed with that underftanding and valour your worfhip fpeaks of j but I fwear, on the faith of a poor man, I am at this time fitter for plaifters than difcourfes. Try, Sir, whether you are able to rife, and we will help up Ro- zinante, though he does not deferve it; for he was the principal caufe of all this mauling. 1 1 never believed the like of Rozinante, whom I took to be as chafte and as peaceable as myfelf. But it is a true faying, that much time is necefj'ary to come to a thorough knowledge of perfons ; and that ive are Jure of nothing in this life! Who could have thought, that, after fuch fwinging flames as you gave that unfortunate adventurer-errant, there mould come poft, as it were, in pur- fuit of you, this vaft temper): of pack-ftaves, which has difcharged itfelf upon our moulders ? Thine, Sancho, replied Don Quixote, mould, one would think, be ufed to fuch ftorms ; but mine, that were brought up between muflins and cambricks, mud needs be more fenfible of the grief of this mifhap. And were it not that I imagine (do I fay, imagine?) did I not know for certain, that all thefe inconveniencies are infeparably annexed to the profeffion of arms, I would fuffer myfelf to die here out of pure vexation. To this replied the fquire : Sir, fince thefe miihaps are the genuine fruits and harvefts of chivalry, pray tell me whether they fall out often, or whether they have their fet times in which they happen ; for, to my thinking, two more fuch harvefts will difable us from ever reaping a third, if god of his infinite mercy does not fuccour us. Learn, friend Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote, that the life of knights-errant is fubject to a thoufand perils and mifhaps : but then they are every whit as near becoming kings and emperors ; and this experience hath fhewn us in many and divers knights, whofe hiftories I am perfectly acquainted with. I could tell you now, if the pain would give me leave, of fome, who by the ftrength of their arm alone have mounted to the high degrees I have mentioned : and thefe very men were, before and after, involved in fundry calamities and misfortunes. For the valorous Amadis de Gau/fzw himfelf in the power of his mortal enemy, Arche- laus the magician, of whom it is pofitively affirmed, that, when he had him prifoner, he gave him above two hundred lames with his horfe's bridle, after he had tied him to a pillar in his court-yard. And moreover there is a private au- thor, of no fmall credit, who tells us, that the knight of the fun, being caught by a trap-door, which funk under his feet, in a certain caftle, found himfelf, at the bottom, in a deep dungeon under ground, bound hand and foot; where they adminiftred to him one of thofe things they call a clyfter, of fnow-water and /and, that almoft did his bufinefs ; and if he had not been fuccoured in that great diftrefs by a certain fage, his fpecial friend, it had gone very hard with the poor knight. So that I may very well fuffer among fo many worthy perfons, who underwent much greater affronts than thofe we now undergo : for I would have you know, Sancho, that the wounds, which are given with inftruments that are accidentally DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 73 accidentally in ones hand, are no difgrace or affront. And thus it is exprefly written in the law of combat, that if the fhoemakcr ftrikes a perfon with the laft he has in his hand, though it be really of wood, it will not therefore be faid, that the perfon thus beaten with it was cudgelled. I fay dus, that you may not think, though we are mauled in this fcuffle, that we are difgraced : for the arms thofe men carried, wherewith they mafhed us, were no other than their pack-ftaves ; and none of them, as I remember, had either tuck, fword, or dagger. They gave me no leifure, anfwered Sancbo, to obierve lb narrowly ; for fcarcely had I laid hand on my whyniard ', when they crofled my moulders with their faplins, in fuch a manner, that they deprived my eyes of fight, and my feet of ftrength, laying me where I now lie, and where I am not lo much concerned to think whether the bufinefs of the threfhing be an affront or no,^ as I am troubled at the pain of the blows, which will leave as deep an impreilion in my memory, as on my fhoulders. All this notwithstanding, I tell you, bro- ther Panfa, replied Don Quixote, there is no remembrance, which times does not obliterate, nor pain, which death does not put an end to. What greater mis- fortune can there be, replied Panca, than that, which remains 'till time effaces it, and 'till death puts an end to it ? If this mifchance of ours were of that fort, which people cure with a couple of plaifters, it would not be altogether fo bad : but, for ought I fee, all the plaifters of an hofpital will not be fufticient to fet us to rights again. Have done with this, and gather ftrength out of weaknefs, Sancbo, anfwered Don Qiiixote ; for fo I purpofe to do : and let us fee how Ro- zinante does ; for, by what I perceive, not the leaft part of this misfortune has fallen to the poor beaft's fhare. We muft not wonder at diat, anfwered Sancbo, fince he alfo appertains to a knight-errant. But what I wonder at, is, that my afs fhould come off fcot-free, where we have paid fo dear. Fortune always leaves fome door open in difafters whereby to come at a remedy, faid Don Quixote. I fay this, becaufe this poor beaft may now fupply the want of Rozi- na?ite, by carrying me hence to fome caftle, where I may be cured of my wounds. Nor do I take the being mounted in this fafhion to be disho- nourable ; for I remember to have read, diat the good old Silenus, governor and tutor of the merry god of laughter, when he made his entry into the city of the hundred gates, went delightfully mounted on a moft beautiful afs. It is like he went mounted as your worfhip fays, anfwered Sancho : but there is a main dif- ference between riding and lying athwart, like a fack of rubbifh. To which Don Quixote anfwered : The wounds received in battle rather give honour than take it away ; fo that, friend Pan$a, anfwer me no more, but, as I have alrea- dy faid to you, raife me up as well as you can, and place me in whatever man- ner you pleafe upon your afs, that we may get hence, before night comes on and overtakes us in this uninhabited place. Yet I have heard your worlhip fay, ' Tizina : a romantic name given to the fword of Roderick Diaz dt Bi-var, the famous Spani/b General againil the Moors. Vol. I. L quoth 74 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of quoth Panca, that it is ufual for knights-errant to fleep on heaths and defarts moll part of the year, and that they look upon it to be very fortunate. That was, faid Don Quixote, when they could not help it, or were in love : and this is fo true, that there have been knights, who, unknown to their miftreffes, have expofed themfelves, for two years together, upon rocks, to the fun and the' fhade, and to the inclemencies of heaven. One of thefe was Amadis, when, calling himfelf Beltenebros \ he pofled himfelf on the poor rock, whether for eight years or eight months I know not, for I am not perfect in his hiftory. It is fufficient, that there he was, doing penance for I know not what diftafle fhewn him by the lady Oriana. But let us have done wich this, Sancho, and difpatch, before fuch another misfortune happens to the afs as hath befallen Ro- zinante. That would be the devil indeed, quoth Sancho ; and fending forth thirty alas's, and fixty fighs, and a hundred and twenty curfes on whofoever had brought him thither, he raifed himfelf up, but ftaid bent by the way like a Turkijh bow, entirely unable to fland upright : and with all this fatigue he made a fhift to faddle his afs, who had alfo taken advantage of that day's exceffive liberty, to go a lit- tle affray. He then heaved up Rozinante, who, had he had a tongue to com- plain with, it is moft certain would not have been outdone either by Sancho or his mailer. In line, Sancho fettled Don Quixote upon the afs, and tying Rozi- ?iante by the head to his tail, led them both by the halter, proceeding now falter now flower toward the place where he thought the road might lye. And he had fcarce gone a fhort league, when fortune (which was conducting his affairs from good to better) difcovered to him the road, where he efpied an inn, which, to his forrow and Don Quixote's joy, muffc needs be a caftle. Sancho pofitively maintained it was an inn, and his mafter that it was a caftle ; and the obftinate difpute lafted fo long, that they had time to arrive there before it ended y and without more ado Sancho entered into it widi his firing of cattle. CHAP. II. Of what happened to the ingenious gentleman in the bin, which he imagined to be a cajlle. THE inn -keeper, feeing Don Quixote laid acrofs the afs, enquired of Sancho, what ailed him ? Sancho anfwered him, that it was nothing but a fall from a rock, whereby his ribs were fomewhat bruifed. The inn-keeper had to wife one of a different difpofition from thofe of the like occupation j for fhe was naturally charitable, and touched with the misfortunes of her neigh- bours : fo that llie prefently fet herfelf to cure Don Quixote, and made her daughter, a very comely young maiden, affifl her in the cure of her guefl. There was alfo a fervant in the inn, an Afiurian wench, broad- ficed, flat- headed, and faddle-nofed, with one eye fquinting, and the other not much bet- 1 The lovely obfeure. . ter. ?n? rapids. -rvitri A tnir* et CDe/t-n : ^er: rf'and&ri/tuAf Jet/ /v. . DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 75 ter. It is true, the activity of her body made amends for her other defects. She was not feven hands high from her feet to her head ; and her moulders which burthened her a little too much, made her look down to the ground more than fhe cared to do. Now this agreeable lals helped the maiden ; and they two made Don Quixote a very forry bed in a garret, which gave evident tokens of having formerly ierved many years as a horfe-loft. In which room lodged alfo a carder, whole bed lay a little beyond that of our Don Qtiixote. And though it was compoicd of pannels, and other trappings of his mules, it had much the advantage of Don Quixote's, which confuted of four not very fmooth boards, upon two not very equal trcffcls, and a flock-bed no thicker than a quilt, and full of knobs, which, if one had not feen through the breaches that they were wool, by the hardnefs might have beerf taken for pebble- ftones ; with two (beets like the leather of an old target, and a rugg, the threads of which, if you had a mind, you might number without lofing a finglc one of the account. In this wretched bed was Don Quixote laid ; and imme- diately the hoftefs and her daughter plaiftcred him from head to foot, Man- tomes (for fo the Afturian was called) holding the light. And as the hoftefs ftuck on the planters, perceiving Don Quixote to be fo full of bruifes in all parts, fhe faid, that they feemed to be rather marks of blows than of a fall. They were not blows, faid Sancho -, but the rock had many fharp points and knobs, and every one has left its mark : he faid alfo ; pray, forfooth, order it fo, that fome towe may be left ; fomebody elfe may have occafion for it, for my fides alfo ake a little. So then; faid the hoftefs, you too have had a fell. No fall, faid Sancho Panca ; but the fright I took at feeing my mafter fall has made my body fo fore, that methinks I have received a thoufand drubs. That may very well be, faid the girl ; for I have often dreamed that I was falling down from fome high tower, and could never come to the ground ; and when I have awaked, I have found myfelf as bruifed and battered, as if I had really fallen. But here is the point, miftrefs, anfwered Sancho Panca, that I, without dream- ing at all, and more awake than I am now, find myfelf with almoft as many bruifes as my mafter Don Quixote. How is this cavalier called, quoth the Aftu- rian Maritornes ? Don Quixote de la Mancha, anfwered Sancho Panca : he is a knight-errant, and one of the beft and moil valiant that has been feen this long time in the world. What is a knight-errant, replied the wench ? Are you fo lately come into the world, that you do not know, anfwered Sancho Panca ? Then learn, After of mine, that a knight-errrant is a thing that, in two words, is feen cudgelled and an emperor ; to-day is the moft unfortunate creature in the world, and the moft neceffitous ; and to-morrow will have two or three crowns of kingdoms to give to his fquire. How comes it then to pafs, that you being fquire to this fo worthy a gentleman, faid the hoftefs, have not yet, as it fecms, got fo much as an earldom ? It is early days yet, anfwered Sancho ; for it is but a month fince we fet out in queft of adventures, and hi- L 2 thcrto 7 6 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of therto we have met with none that deferve the name. And now and then one looks for one thing, and finds another. True it is, if my matter Don Quixote recovers of this wound or fall, and I am not difabled thereby, I would not truck my hopes for the beft title in Spain. All this difcourfe Don Quixote liftened to very attentively ; and fetting himfelf up in his bed as well as he could, and taking the hoftefs by the hand, he faid to her : Believe me, beauteous lady, you may reckon yourfelf happy in having lodged my perfon in this your caftle, and fuch a perfon, that, if I do not praife myfelf, it is becaufe, as is commonly faid, felf-praife depreciates : but my fquire will inform you who I am. I only fay, that I fhall retain the fervice you have done me eternally engraved in my memory, and be grateful to you whilft my life fhall remain. And had it pleafed the high heavens, that love had not held me fo enthralled, and fubjedted to his laws, and to the eyes of that beautiful ingrate, whofe name I mutter between my teeth, the eyes of this lovely virgin had been miftreffes of my liberty. The hoftefs, her daughter, and the good Maritornes, flood confounded at hearing this our knight-errant's difcourfe ; which they underftood juft as much as if he had fpoken Greek : though they guefTed that it all tended to compli- ments and offers of fervice. And not being accuftomed to fuch kind of lan- guage, they ftared at him with admiration, and thought him another fort of man than thofe now in fafhion ; fo, thanking him with inn-like phrafe for his offers, they left him. The Afturian Maritornes doftored Sancbo, who ftood in no lefs need of it than his mafter. / The carrier and fhe had agreed to folace themfelves together that night ; and fhe had given him her word, that, when the guefts were a-bed, and her mafter and miftrefs afleep, fhe would repair to him, and fatisfy his defire as much as he pleafed. And it is faid of this honeft wench, that fhe never made the like promife, but fhe performed it, though fhe had given it on a mountain, and without any witnefs : for fhe ftood much upon her gentility, and yet thought it no difgrace to be employed in that call- ing of ferving in an inn ; often faying, that misfortunes and unhappy accidents had brought her to that ftate. Don Quixote's hard, fcanty, beggarly, feeble bed, ftood firft in the middle of that illuftrious cock-loft ; and clofe by it ftood Sancho's, which con- fifted only of a flag-matt, and a rug that feemed to be rather of beaten hemp than of wool. Next-thef%TWo4n--eottffe ftood the carrier's, made up, as has /^ n , c( — been faid, of pannels, and the whole furniture of two of the beft mules he had ; which were twelve in number, fleek, fat and ftately : for he was one of the richeft carriers of Arevalo, as the author of this hiftory relates, who makes particular mention of this carrier, whom he knew very well ; nay, fome went fo far as to fay, he was fomewhat of kin to him. Befides, Cid Hamet Benengeli was a very curious, and veiy pundlual hiftoriographer in all things : and this appears plainly from the circumftances already related, which, however feemingly *J*jcftiTiMath€^{hings--the good wenc h ha d flh oH£4^ef^-eQal4^4^fif»rT^ t0 m a ;- c t || , oaiejDu*-a^e^mer-v©mk4 — ¥et-fe^imagin& he held the goddefs of beauty Ise-^ //*» f*/ I tweejiitk-aans - s and fr la fp in g h er-&ftr with an amorous and low voice, he be- gan to fay to her : O ! that I were in a condition, beautiful and high lady, to be able to return fo vafl a favour, as this you have done me by the prefence of your great beauty ; but fortune, who is never weary of perfecuting the good is pleafed to lay me on this bed, where I lye^^bruifed and difabledj -that,' th ough I — were— ev e r fo mu c h inclined - to grati fy— y ou r dciircs, — it- would be - i m- paffihle. And to this is added another feti-g^^ateximpoflibilkyT-v vh i ch is ihe ^'V ' u ^' ** C> ' m*c Antral, ^.plighted faith I have given to the peerlefs Dulcinea del Tobofo, the fole miftrefs iU /jcc^ f m y mo fl- hidden thoughts. Had4^-mMj^een--fef-thefe obftacles, I monkrTiot / have been ib-du]l-aJ4ft ight, as to let flip the happy opport u nity youf gr e at goo d- v n<° fs hns pnl into my haRds< Mar i 'tomes was in the utmoft pain, and in a vio- lent fweat, to find herfelf held fo faft by Don Quixote j and not hearing or minding what he faid to her, fhe ftruggled, without /peaking ,a word, to get loofe from him. The honefr. carrier, whofe 16i2e-a€ttFes kept him awake, heard his fweetheart from the firfr. moment fhe entered the door, and liflened attentively to all that Don Quixote faid ; and iealous^tl?at4he^Z#f : ^rm4rid--broken her-word- with him for another, h e drew nearer and nearer to Don Quixote's bed, and flood ftilL_to fee what would come of thofe fpeeches which he did not underftand. Udtti feeing that the wench flrove to get from him, and that Don Quixote laboured to hold her, not liking the jeft, he lifted up his arm, and difcharged fo terrible a blow on the lanthorn jaws of the enamoured knight, that he bathed his mouth in blood : and not content with this, he mounted upon his ribs, and paced them over, fomewhat above a trot, from end to end. The bed, which was a little crazy, and its foundations none of the ftrongeft, being unable to bear the additional weight of the carrier, came down with them to the ground : at which great noife the hoft awaked, and prefently imagined it muft be fome prank of Maritornes's ; for having called to her aloud, fhe made no anfwer. With this fufpicion he got up, and lighting a candle went toward the place where he had heard the buftle. The wench, perceiving her matter coming, and knowing him to be terribly paffionate, all trembling and confounded, be- took herfelf to Sancho Panda's bed, who was now afleep ; and creeping in, flie lay clofe to him, and as round as an egg. The inn-keeper entering faid ; Where do'n,qluixote de la MANCHA. 7 9 Where are you, ftrumpet ? thefe are mod certainly fonie of your doings. Now Sancho awaked, and perceiving that bulk, lying as it were a-top of him, fancied he had got the night-mare, and began to lay about him on every fide : and not a few of his fifty-cuffs reached Man 'tomes, who, provoked by the fmart, and laying all modefty afide, made Sancho fuch a return in kind, that flic quite rouzed him from fleep, in defpite of his drowzinefs : who finding himfelf handled in that manner, without knowing by whom, raifed himfelf up as well as he could, and grappled with Maritonics ; and there began between them two the toughed and pleafanteft skirmifli in the world. Now the carrier perceiving, by the light of the hoft's candle, how it fared with his miftrefs, quitted Don Quixote, and ran to give her the neceflary affiftance. The landlord did the fame, but with a different intention ; for his was to chaftize the wench, concluding without doubt, that flie was the fole occafion of all this harmony. And fo, as the pro- verb goes, the cat to the rat, the rat to the rope, and the rope to the flick : the carrier belaboured Sancho, Sancho the wench, the wench him, the in-keeper the wench; and all laid about them fo thick, that they gave thcmfelves not a minute's reft : and the beft of it was, that the landlord's candle went out ; and they, being left in the dark, threfhed one another fo unmercifully, that let the hand light where it would, it left nothing found. There lodged by chance that night in the inn an officer, of thofe they call the old holy brotherhood of Toledo ' ; who, likewife hearing the ftrange noife of the fcuffle, catched up his wand, and the tin-box which held his commifllon, and entered the room in the dark, crying out ; Forbear, in the name of juftice ; forbear, in the name of the holy brotherhood. And the firft he lighted on was the battered Don Quixote, who lay on his demolifhed bed, ftretched upon his back, and quite fenfelefs ; and laying hold of his beard, as he was gropr n T about, he cried out inceffantly, I charge you to aid and affift me : but, finding that the perfon he had laid hold of neither ftirred nor moved, he concluded that he muft be dead, and that the people within the room were his murderers : and with this fufpicion he raifed his voice ftill louder, crying ; Shut the inn-door, fee that nobody gets out ; for they have killed a man here. This voice afto- nifhed them all, and each of them left the conflidl the very moment the voice reached them. The landlord withdrew to his chamber, the carrier to his pan- nels, and the wench to her ftraw : only the unfortunate Don Quixote and Sancho could not ftir from the place they were in. Now the officer let go Don Quixote's beard, and went out to get a light, to fearch after and apprehend the delin- quents : but he found none ; for the inn-keeper had purpofely extinguifhed the lamp, when he retired to his Chamber ; and the officer was forced to have re- courfe to the chimney, where, after much pains and time, he lighted another lamp. « They patrouil in fquadrons, to apprehend robbers and diforderly perfons. CHAP. go The LIFE and EXPLOITS of CHAP. III. Wherein are continued the numberlefs hard/hips, which the brave Don Quixote and his good /quire Sancho Par^a underwent in the inn, which he unhappily took for a caftle. BY this time Don Quixote was come to himfelf, and with the very fame tone of voice, with which, the day before, he had called to his fquire, when he lay ftretched along in the valley of pack-ftaves, he began to call to him, faying ; Sancho, friend, fleepeft thou ? fleepeft thou, friend Sancho f How mould I fleep ? woe it me ! anfwered Sancho, full of trouble and vexation ; I cannot but t 1 link all the devils in hell have been in my company to-night. You may very well believe fo, anfwered Don Quixote ; and either I know little, or this caftle is enchanted. For you muft know — but what I am now going to tell you, you muft fwear to keep fecret till after my death. Yes, I fwear, anfwered Sancho. I fay it, replied Don Quixote, becaufe I am an enemy to the taking away any body's reputation. I do fwear, faid Sancho again, I will keep it fecret till after your deceafe, and god grant I may difcover it to-morrow. Have I done you fo many ill turns, Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote, that you would willingly fee me dead fo very foon ? It is not for that, anfwered Sancho ; but I am an enemy to keeping things long, and I would not have them rot with keeping. Be it for what it will, faid Don Quixote ; I truft for greater matters than that to your love and your kindnefs : and therefore you muft know, that this night there has befallen me one of the ftrangeft adventures imaginable ; and, to tell it you in few words, know, that a little while ago there came to me the daughter of the lord of this caftle, who is the moft accomplifhed and beautiful damfel that is to be found in a great part of the habitable earth. What could I not tell you of the gracefulnefs of her perfon ? what of the fprightlinefs of her wit ? what of other hidden charms, which, to preferve the fidelity I owe to my lady Dulcinea del Tobofo, I will pafs over untouched and in filence ? only I would tell you, that heaven, envying fo great happinefs as fortune had put into my hands ; or perhaps (which is more probable) this caftle, as I faid before, being enchanted ; at the time that fhe and I were engaged in the fweeteft aTitbmeft=affiW©»s"con- verfation, without my feeing it, or knowing whence it came, comes a hand, faftened to the arm of fome monftrous giant, and gave me fuch a doufe on the chops, that I was all bathed in blood, , and it afterwards pounded me in fuch fort, that I am in a worfe cafe than yefterday, when the carriers, for Rozi- ?iante'& frolic, did us the mifchief you know. Whence I conjecture, that the treafUre of this damfel's beauty is guarded by fome enchanted Moor, and is not referved for me. Nor for me neither, anfwered Sancho ; for more than four hundred Moors have cudgelled me in fuch a manner, that the bafting of the pack-ftaves was tirts and cheefe-cakes to it. But tell me, pray, Sir, how can you DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. Si you call this an excellent ami rare adventure, which has left us in fiich a pickle r though it was not quite ib bad with your worfhip, who had h ffrwbtM ffififrnVm s that incomparable beauty a I've laid. But I, what had I, befides the heavieft blows that, I hope, I fhall ever feel as long as I live ? Woe is me, and the mother that bore mc ! for I am no knight-errant, nor ever mean to be one ; and yet, of all the mifadventures, the greater part frill falls to my fliare. What ! have you been pounded too? anfwered Don Quixote. Have I not told you, ye ? Evil befall my lineage ! quoth Sancbo. Be in no pain, friend, faid Don Quixote-, for I will now make the precious balfam, with which we will cure ourfelves in the twinkling of an eye. By this time the officer had lighted lamp, and entered to fee the perfon he thought was killed ; and Sancho feeing him come in, and perceiving him to be in his lhirt, with a night-cap on his head, a lamp in his hand, and a very ill-favoured countenance, he demanded of his mailer ; Pray, Sir, is this the enchanted Moor coming to chaflife us again, if any thing be left at the bottom of the ink-horn ' ? It cannot be the Moor, anfwered Don Quixote ; for the enchanted fuffer not themfelves to be feen by any body. If they will not be feen, they will be felt, faid Sancbo ; witnefs my moulders. Mine might fpeak too, anfwered Don Qjtixote : but this is not fuffi- cient evidence to convince us, that what we fee is the enchanted Moor. The officer came, and, finding them communing in fo calm a manner, flood in fufpence. It is true indeed, Don Quixote ftill lay flat on his back, without being able to Air, through mere pounding- and plaiftering. The officer approached him, and faid : How fares it, honefl friend ? I would fpeak more refpedtfully, anfwered Don Quixote, were I in your place. Is it the fafhion of this country to talk in this manner to knights-errant, blockhead ? The officer, feeing him- felf fo ill-treated by one of fo fcurvy an appearance, could not bear it, and lift- ing up the brafs-lamp, with all its oil, gave it Don Quixote over the pate, in fuch fort, that he broke his head ; and, all being in the dark, he ran inflantly out of the room. Doubtlefs, Sir, quoth Sancbo Panga, this is the enchanted Moor ; and he referves the treafure for others, and for us only blows and lamp- knocks \ It is even fo, anfwered Don Quixote ; and it is to no purpofe to re- gard this bufinefs of enchantments, or to be out of humour or angry with them ; for as they are invifible and phantaftical only, we fhall find nothing to be re- venged on, though we endeavour it never fo much. Get you up, Sancbo, if you can, and call the governour of this fortrefs ; and take care to get me fome oil, wine, fait, and rofemary, to make the healing balfam ; for, in truth, I be- lieve I want it very much at this time ; for the wound this phantom has given me bleeds very faft. S: fe dtxo abo en el tintero. The meaning of which phrafe is clear from the like expreflion in the preceding chapter, where Cervantes praifes the punctuality of Cid Hamcte Benengeli in re- counting the minuteit circumftances of the hiftory ; whereas other hillorians relate facts too fucincUy, Ig the moft fubitantial part of the work at the bottom of the ink-horn {dexandefe at el tintero, &C.) that is, having the work imperfect. 1 Candi/azes. A new-coined word in the original* Vol. I. M Sancbo C2 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of Sancho got up, with pain eno,ugh of his bones, and went in the dark towards the landlord's chamber, and meeting with the officer, who was liftening to dis- cover what his enemy would be at, faid to him ; Sir^ whoever you are, do us, the favour and kindnefs to help us to a little rofemary, oil, fait and wine ; for they are wanted to cure one of the beft knights-errant that are in die world, who lies in yon bed, forely wounded by the hands of the enchanted Moor that is in this inn. The officer, hearing him talk at this rate, took him for one out of Ills fenfes. And the day beginning to dawn, he opened "the inn-door, and calling the hoft, told him what that honeft man wanted. The inn-keeper fur- nifhed him with what he defired, and Sancho carried them to Don Quixote, who lay with his hands on his head, complaining of the pain of the lamp-knock, which had done him no other hurt than the railing a couple of bumps pretty much fwelled : and what he took for blood was nothing but fweat, occafioned by the anguifh of the laft night's hurricane. In fine, he took his fimples, and made a compound of them, mixing them together, and boiling them a good while, 'till he thought they were enough. Then he asked for a viol to put it in; and there being no fuch thing in die inn, he refolved to put it in a cruze, or oil-ilask of tin, which the hoft made him a prefent of. And immediately he faid over the cruze above fourfcore Pater-nojiers and as many Ave-maries, Sal- ves and Credos, and every word was accompanied with a crofs by way of bene- diction : at all which were prefent Sancho, the inn-keeper, and the officer : as for the carrier, he was gone foberly about the bufinefs of tending his mules. Now the dofe being ready, he refolved immediately to make trial of the virtue of that precious ballam, as he imagined it to be ; and fo he drank about a pint and a half of what the cruze could not contain, and which remained in the pot it was infufed and boiled in ; and fcarcely had he done drinking, when he began to vomit fo violently, that nothing was left in his ftomach : and thro* the convulfive Teachings and agitation of the vomit, he fell into a raoft copious fweat : wherefore he ordered them to cover him up warm, and to leave him alone. They did fo, and he continued faft afleep above three hours, when he awoke, and found himfelf greatly relieved in his body, and fo much recovered of his bruifing, that he thought himfelf as good as cured. And he was tho- roughly perfuaded that he had hit on the true balfam of Fierabras, and, that with this remedy he might thenceforward encounter without fear any dan- gers, battles, and conflicts whatever, though never fo perilous. Sancho Panca, who likewife took his mailer's amendment for a miracle, de- fired he would give him what remained in the pipkin, which was no fmall quantity. Don Quixote granting his requett, he took it in both hands, and with a good faith and better will, totted it down into his ftomach, fwilling very little lefs than his matter had done. Now the cafe was, that poor Sancho' s ftomach was not fo nice and fqueamifh as his matter's ; and therefore, before he could throw it up, it gave him fuch pangs and loathings, with fo many cold fvveats and DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 83 and faintings, that he verily thought his Lift hour was come : and finding him- felf fo afflicted and tormented, he curfed the balfam, and the thief that had given it him. Don Quixote, feeing him in that condition, faid to him : I be- lieve, Sancho, that all this mifchief has befallen you becaufe you are not dubbed a knight : for I am of opinion, this liquor can do no good to thofe who are not. If your worfhip knew that, replied Sancho (evil betide me and all my genera- tion!) why did you fuffcr me to drink it ? By this time the drench operated effectually, amHKe-pooF-J qui r c began t o4eiLiiy^r4jotrrxrnrrmg& with fo much precipitation, that the flag-mat upon which he lay, and the blanket in which he wrapped himfclf, were never after fit for ufe. He fweated and fvveated again, with fuch faintings and fits, that not only himfclf, but every body elfe thought he was expiring. This hurricane and evacuation-errant lafted him near two hours; at the end of which he did not remain as his mafter did, but fo {battered and broken, that he was not able to ftand. But Don Quixote, who, as is faid, found himfelf at eafe and whole, would needs depart immediately in queft of adventures, believing, that all the time he loitered away there was depriving the world, and the diftrefted in it, of his aid and protection ; and the rather through the fecurity and confidence he placed in the balfem : and thus, hurried away by this ftrong defire, he faddlcd Rozkmttte with his own hands, and pannelled his fquire's beaft, whom he alio helped to drefs, and to mount him upon the als. He prefently got on horfeback, and, coming to a corner of the inn, he laid hold of a pike that ftood there, to ferve him for a launce. All the folks in the inn flood gazing at him, being fomewhat above twenty perfons : among the reft the hoft's daughter flared at him, and he on his part removed not his eyes from her, and now and then fent forth a figh, which he feemed to tear up from the bot- tom of his bowels ; all imagining it to proceed from the pain he felt in his ribs, at leaft thofe, who the night before had feen how he was plaiftered. They being now both mounted, and {landing at the door of the inn, he called to the hoft, and, with a very folemn and grave voice, faid to him ; Many and great are the favours, Signor governor, which in this your caftle I have received, and *I remain under infinite obligations to acknowledge them all the days of my life. If I could make you a return by revenging- you on any infolent, who has done you outrage, know that the duty of my profeflion is no other than to ftrengthen the weak, to revenge the injured, and to chaftife the perfidious. Run over your memory, and if you find any thing of this nature to recommend to me, you need only declare it ; for I promife you, by the order of knighthood I have received, to procure you fatisf iclion and amends to your heart's defire. Tiie hoft anfwered with the fame gravity : Sir knight, I have no need of your worfhip's avenging any wrong for me ; I know how to take the proper revenge, when any injury is done me : I only defire your worfhip to pay me for what you have h id in the inn, as well for the ftraw and barley for your two beafts, as for your fuppcr and lodging. What, then, is this an inn ? replied Don Quixote t And a very credita- M 2 ble 84 the LIFE and EXP LO ITS of ble one, anfwered the hofl. Hitherto then I have been in an error, anfwered Don Quixote-, for in truth I took it for a caftle, and no bad one neither: but iince it is fo, that it is no caftle, but an inn, all that can now be done, is, that you excufe the payment ; for I cannot aft contrary to the law of knights-errant, of whom I certainly know (having hitherto read nothing to the contrary) that they never paid for lodging, or any thing elfe, in any inn where they have lain ; and that becaufe, of right and good reafon, all poifible good accommodation is due to them, in recompence of the infufferable hardfhips they endure in queft of adventures, by night and by day, in winter and in fummer, on foot and on horfeback, with thirft and With hunger, with heat and with cold, fubjetf: to all the inclemencies of heaven, and to all the inconveniencies upon earth. I fee little to my purpofe in all this, anfwered the hofl: : pay me what is my due, and let us have none of your ftories and knight-errantries ; for I make no account of any thing, but how to come by my own. Thou art a blockhead, and a pitiful inn-keeper, anfwered Don Quixote : fo clapping fpurs to Rozinante, and bran- difhing his launce, he fallied out of the inn, without any body's oppofing him, and, without looking to fee whether his fquire followed him or not, got a good way off. The hoft, feeing him go off, without paying him, ran to feize on Sancho Pan fa, who faid, that fince his mafter would not pay, he would not pay nei- ther ; for being fquire to a knight-errant, as he was, the fame rule and reafon held as good for him as for his mafter, not to pay any thing in publick-houfes and inns. The inn-keeper grew very tefty at this, and threatned him, if he did not pay him, he would get it in a way he fhould be forry for. Sancho fwore by the order of chivalry, which his mafter had received, that he would not pay a fingle farthing, though it fhould coft him his life ; for the laudable and an- cient ufage of knights-errant fhould not be loft for him, nor fhould the fquires of future knights have reafon to complain of, or reproach him for the breach of fo juft a right. Poor Sancho's ill luck would have it, that, among thofe who were in the inn, there were four cloth-workers of Segovia, three needle-makers of the horfe- fountain of Cordova \ and two butchers of Sevil, all arch, merry, unlucky, and frolickfome fellows; who, as it were, inftigated and moved by the felf-fame fpirit, came up to Sancho, and difmounting him from the afs, one of them went in for the landlord's bed-blanket : and putting him therein, they looked up and faw that the cieling was fomewhat too low for their work, and deter- mined to go out into the yard, which was bounded only by the sky. There, Sancho being placed in the midft of the blanket, they began to tofs him aloft, and to divert themfelves with him, as with a dog at Shrovetide. The cries, which the poor blanketted fquire fent forth, were fo many, and fo loud, that ' El potro de Cordova. A fquare in the city of Cordova, where a fountain gufhes out from a horfe's mouth; near which is alfo a wh:pping-pofh they DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 85 they reached his matter's ears; who, (lopping to liften attentively, believed that fomc new adventure was at hand, 'till he found plainly that he who cried was his fquire ; and turning the reins, with a conftrained gallop, he came up to the inn; and finding it (hut, he rode round it to difcovcr, if he could, an entrance. But he was fcarcc got to the wall of the yard, which was not very high, when he perceived the wicked fport they were making with his fquire. He faw him afcend and defcend through the air with fo much grace and agility, that, if his eholer would have furfered him, I am of opinion he would have laughed. He tried to get from his horfe upon die pales ; but he was fo bruifed and battered, 'that he could not fo much as alight, and fo from on horfeback he began to call thofe, who were toiling Sancho, fo many ftrange and abufive names, diat it is impoffible to put them down in writing : but they did not therefore defift from their laughter, nor their labour; nor did the flying Saticho forbear his com- plaints, mixed fometimes widi menaces, fometimes with intreaties : yet all availed little, nor would have availed; but at laft they left off for pure weari- nefs. They then brought him his afs, and, wrapping him in his ioofe coat, mounted him thereon. The companionate Maritornes, feeing him fo haraffed, thought good to help him to a jug of water, which flie brought from the well,, becaufe it was cooleft. Sancho took it, and, as he was lifting it to his mouth, flopped at his mafter's calling to him aloud, faying; Son Sancho, drink not water; child, do not drink it; it will kill thee: fee here, I hold the moft holy balfam (fhew- ing him the cruze of the potion) by drinking but two drops of which, you will doubtlefs be whole and found again. At thefe words Sancho turned his eyes as it were askew, and faid with a louder voice; Perhaps you have forgot,. Sir, that I am no knight, or you would have me vomit up what remains of my entrails, after laft night's work. Keep your liquor, in the devil's name, and let me alone. His ceafing to fpeak, and beginning to drink, was all in a mo- ment : but at die firft fip finding it was water, he would proceed no further,, and prayed Maritornes to bring him fome wine : which die did with a very good will, and paid for it widi her own money; for they fay of her, that, though fhe was in that ftation, fhe had fome fhadows and faint out-lines of a chriftian. As foon as Sancho had done drinking, he fell a kicking his afs; and the inn-gate being dirown wide open, out he went, mightily fatisried that he had paid no- thing, and had carried his point, though at the expence of his accuftomed furety, his carkafs. The landlord, indeed, was in poffefiion of his wallets for payment of what was due to him; but Sancho never miffed them, fo confufed was he at going off. The inn-keeper w r ould have faftened the door well after him, as foon as he faw him out ; but the blanketteers would not confent, being perfons of that fort, that, though Don Quixote had really been one of the knights of die round table, they would not have cared two farthings for him. CHAP, 86 Tie LIFE and EXPLOITS of CHAP. IV. In which is rehearfed the difcourfe, which Sancho Panga held with his majler Don Quixote, with other adventures worth relating. OANCHO came up to his mailer, pale, and difpirited to that degree, that he *-* was not able to fpur on his afs. Don Quixote, perceiving him in that con- dition, faid ; Now am I convinced, honeil Sancho, that that caftle or inn is doubtlefs enchanted} for they who fo cruelly fported themfelves with you, what could they be but hobgoblins, and people of the other world ? And I am con- firmed in this by having found, that, when I flood at the pales of the yard, be- holding the acts of your fad tragedy, I could not poffibly get upon them, nor fo much as alight from Rozinante ; fo that they muil certainly have held me en- chanted: for I fwear to you, by the faith of what I am, that, if I could have got over, or alighted, I would have avenged you in fuch a manner, as would have made thofe poltroons and aifaflins remember the jeil as long as they lived, though I knew I had tranfgreffed the laws of chivalry thereby : for, as I have often told you, they do not allow a knight to lay hand on his fword againil any one who is not fo, unlefs it be in defence of his own life and perfon, and in cafe o£ urgent and extreme neceffity. And I too, quoth Sancho, would have avenged myfelf if I could, dubbed or not dubbed ; but I could not : though I am of opinion, that diey, who diverted themfelves at my expence, were no hob- goblins, but men of flefli and bones, as we are; and each of them, as I heard while they were toiling me, had his proper name : one was called Pedro Mar- tinez, another Tenor io Hernandez ; and the landlord's name is John Palomeque the left-handed: fo that, Sir, as to your not being able to leap over the pales, nor to alight from your horfe, the fault lay in fomething elfe, and not in enchant- ment. And what I gather clearly from all this, is, that thefe adventures we are in queil of will at the long run bring us into fo many difventures, that we fhall not know which is our right foot. So that, in my poor opinion, the bet- ter and furer way would be to return to our village, now that it is reaping-time, and look after our buiinefs, and not run rambling from Ceca to Mecca \ leap- ing out of the frying-pan into die fire. How little do you know, Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote, what belongs to chivalry ! peace, and have patience ; the day will come, when you will fee with your eyes how honourable a thing it is to follow this profeffion : for tell me, what greater fatisfuction can tliere be in the world, or what pleafure can be compared with that of winning a batde, and triumphing over one's enemy? none without doubt. It may be fo, an- fwered Sancho, though Ido not know it. I only know, that fmce we have » Ceca was a place of devotion among the Moors in the city of Cordova, to which they ufed to go in pil- grimage from other places; as Mecca is among the Turks: whence the proverb comes to fignify Jauntring about to no furpoje, — A banter upcn pcpifti pilgrimages. been DON QJLJIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 87 been knights-errant, or you have been, Sir, (for there is no reafon I fliould reckon myfelf in that honourable number) we have never won any battle, ex- cept that of the Bifcainer -, and even there you came off with the lols of half an ear, and half a helmet ; and, from that day to this, we have had nothing but drubbings upon drubbings, cuffs upon cuffs, belide the blanket-tolling into the bargain, and that by perlbns enchanted, on whom I cannot revenge myfelf, to know how fir the plea fu re reaches of overcoming an enemy, as your wor- lhip is pleafed to fay. That is what troubles me, and ought to trouble you, Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote : but henceforward I will endeavour to have ready at hand a fword made by fuch art, that no kind of enchantment can touch him that wears it. And perhaps fortune may procure me that of Atnadis, when he called himfelf knight of the burning fivord, which was one of the belt weapons that ever knight had in the world : for, befide the virtue afore- laid, it cut like a razor, and no armour, though ever fo ftrong, or ever fo much enchanted, could ftand againft it. I am fo fortunate, quoth Sancho, that though this were fo, and you fliould find fuch a fword, it would be of fervice and ufe only to thofe who are dubbed knights, like the ballam : as for the poor fquires, they may ring forrow. Fear not that, Sancho, faid Don Quixote; hea- ven will deal more kindly by tliee. Don Quixote and his fquire went on thus conferring together, when Don Quixote perceived on the road they were in a great and thick cloud of duft coming towards them ; and feeing it, he turned to Sancho, and laid : This is the day, O Sancho, wherein will be feen the good that fortune has in ftore for me. This is the day, I fay, wherein will appear, as much as in anv the ft rength of my arm ; and in which I fhall perform fuch exploits, as mall remain written in the book of fame, to all fucceeding ages. See you yon cloud of duft Sancho ? it is raifed by a prodigious army of divers and innumerable nation*' who are on the march this way. By this account there muft be two armies' faid Sancho ; for on this oppofite fide there rifes fuch another cloud of duft' Don Quixote turned to view it, and, feeing it was fo, rejoiced exceedingly ta- king it tor granted, they were two armies coming to engage in the midft of that fpacious plain: for at all hours and moments his imagination was full of the battles, enchantments, adventures, extravagancies, amours, and challenges which he found in the books of chivalry; and whatever he faid, thought & or did, had a tendency that way. Now the cloud of duft he faw was raifed by two great flocks of flieep going the fame road from different parts, and the duft hindered them from being feen, 'till they came near. But Don Quixote amrmed with fo much pofitivenefs, that they were armies, that Sancho be to believe it, and faid ; Sir, what then muft we do ? What, replied Don Quixote, but favour and aflift the weaker fide? Now then you muft know, Sancho that the army, which marches towards us in front, is led and com- manded by the great emperor Alifanfaron, lord of die great ifland of T pro- b.ma : 88 the LIVE and EXPLOITS of bana : this other, which marches behind us, is that of his enemy, the king of the Garamantes, Pentapolin of the naked arm ; for he always enters into the battle with his right arm bare '. But why do thefe two princes hate one another fo, demanded Sancho ? They hate one another, anfwered Don Quixote, becaufe this Alifanjaron is a furious pagan, and is in love with the daughter of Penta- polin, who is a moft beautiful and fuperlatively graceful lady, and a chriftian ; and her father will not give her in marriage to the pagan king, unlefs he will firft renounce the religion of his falfe prophet Mahomet, and turn chriftian. By my beard, faid Sancho, Pentapolin is in the right, and I am refolved to affift him to the utmoft of my power. In fo doing, you will do your duty, Sancho, laid Don Quixote ; for, in order to engage in fuch fights, it is not neceffary to be dubbed a knight. I eafily comprehend that, anfwered Sancho ; but where fhall we difpofe of this afs, that we may be fure to find him when the fray is over ? for I believe it was never yet the fafhion to go to battle upon fuch a kind of beaft. You are in the right, faid Don Quixote ; and what you may do with him is, to let him take his chance, whether he be loft or not : for we fhall have fuch choice of horfes after the victory, that Pozinante himfelf will run a rifque of being trucked for another. But liften with attention, whilft I give you an account of the principal knights of both the armies. And that you may fee and obferve them the better, let us retire to yon rifing ground, from whence both the armies may be diftinctly feen. They did fo, and got upon a hillock, from whence the two flocks, which Don Quixote took for two armies, might eafily have been difcerned, had not the clouds of duft they raifed ob- ftrudled and blinded the fight : but our knight, feeing in his imagination what lie did not fee, nor was to be feen in nature, began with a loud voice to fay : The knight you fee yonder with the gilded armour, who bears in his fhield a lion crowned coachant at a damfel's feet, is the valorous Laurcalco, lord of the filver bridge : the other with the armour flowered with gold, who bears three crowns argent, in a field azure, is the formidable Micocolembo, grand duke of Quiracia : the third, with gigantic limbs, who marches on his right, is the undaunted Brandabarbaran of Bclichc, lord of the three Arabias ; he is armed with a ferpent's skin, and bears inftead of a fhield a gate, which, fame fays, is one of thofe belonging to the temple, which Sampfon pulled down, when with his death he avenged himfelf upon his enemies. But turn your eyes to this other fide, and you will fee, in the front of this other army, the ever victorious and never vanquifhed Timonel de Carcajona, prince of the New Bif- cay, who comes armed with armour quartered, azure, vert, argent, and or, bearing in his fhield a cat or in a field gules, with a fcroll infcribed MIAXJ, being the beginning of his miftrefs's name, who, it is reported, is the peerlefs Miaulina, daughter to Alphvmiqucn duke of Algaroe. The other, who bur- thens and oppreffes the back of yon fpirited fteed, whofe armour is as white as 1 Alluding to the ftory of Scemderbee king of Etirus. fnow, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 89 fnow, and his fhield white, without any device, is a new knight, by birth | Frenchman, called Peter Papin, lord of the baronies of Utrique. The other, whom you fee, with his armed heels, pricking the flanks of that pyed fleet courfer, and his armour of pure azure, is the powerful duke of Nerbia, Efpartafiiardo ot the wood, whofe device is an afparagus-bd ', with this motto, in Caflihav, Raftrca mi fuerte, Thus drags tny fortune. In this manner he went on, naming fundry knights of each fquadron, as his fancy dictated, and diflributing to each their arms, colours, devices, and mottoes, ex tempore, carried on by the (her of his imagination and unaccountable madnefs : and fife, witnout hehtaiion, he went on thus. That body fronting us is formed and compofed of people ot different nations : * here ffand thofe, who drink the fweet waters of the famous Xanthus ; the mountaineers, who tread the Mqfftlian fields ; thofe, who lift the pure and fine gold-duff of Arabia Falix • thofe, who dwell along the famous and refrefhing bonks of the clear Thermodon ; thofe, who drein, by fundry and divers ways, the golden veins of PaBolus ; the Numidians, unfaithful in their promifes ; the Perjians, famous for bows and arrows ; the Parthians and Medes, who fight flying ; the Arabians, perpetually ihifting their habitations ; the Scy- thians^ *& cruel as fair; the broad-lipped Ethiopians ; and an infinity of other nations, whofe countenances I fee and know, though I cannot recoiled: then- names. In that other fquadron come thofe, who drink the chryfltal ftreams of olive-bearing Betis ; thofe, who brighten and poliih their faces with the liquor of the ever-rich and golden Tagus ; thofe, who enjoy the profitable waters of the divine Genii ; thofe, who tread the Tartefian fields, abounding in paflure ; thofe, who recreate themfelves in the Elyfian meads of Xereza ; the rich Man- chegans, crowned with yellow ears of corn ; thofe, clad in iron, the antique remains of the Gothic race ; thofe, who bathe themfelves in Pifuerga, famous for the gentlenefs of its current ; thofe, who feed their flocks on the fpacious paftures of the winding Guadiana, celebrated for its hidden fource 5 thofe, who ihiver on the cold brow of fhady Pyrenens, and the fnowy tops of lofty Apen- ninus; in a word, all that Europe contains and includes. Good god ! how many provinces did he name ! how many nations did he enumerate ! giving to each, with wonderful readinefs, its peculiar attributes, wholly abforped and wrapped up in what he had read in his lying books. Sancho Panca flood confounded at his difcourfe, without fpeaking a word ; and now and then he turned his head about, to fee whether he could difcover the knights and giants his mafter named : But feeing none, he faid ; Sir, the devil a man, or giant, or knight, of all you have named, appears any where ; at leaf! I do not fee them : perhaps all may be enchantment, like laft night's ' This paflage has been utterly mifhken by all tr.-mfiatcrs in all languages. The original word Efparaguera is a mock alluiion to Effartafilardt, and the gingle between the words is a ridicule upo.i the fbolifh quibbles fo frequent in heraldry ; and probably this whole catalogue is a fatire upon feveral creac names and founding titles in Spain, whofe owners were arrant beggars. 1 An imitation of Homer % catalogue of (hips. Vol I. N goblins. 9° Tie LIFE and EXPLOITS of goblins. How fay you, Sancho f anfwered Don Quixote. Do you not hear the neighing of the fteeds, the found of the trumpets, and ratding of the drums ? I hear nothing, anfwered Sancho, befides the bleating of fheep and lambs : and fo it was ; for now the two flocks were come very near them. The fear you are in, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, makes you, that you can neither fee nor hear aright ; for one effect of fear is to difturb the fenfes, and make things not to appear what they are : and if you are fo much afraid, get you afide, and leave me alone ; for I am able, with my Angle arm, to give the victory to that fide I mall favour with my affiftance. And faying this, he clapped fpurs to Rozi- nante, fetting his launce in its reft, and darted down the hillock like lightening. Sancho cried out to him ; Hold, Signor Don Quixote , comeback; as god fhallfave me, they are lambs and fheep you are going to encounter : pray come back ; woe to the father that begot me! what madnefs is this ? Look; there is neither giant, nor knight, nor cats, nor arms, nor fhields quartered nor entire, nor true azures nor be-devilled : finner that I am ! what is it you do ? For all this, Don Quixote turned not again, but ftill went on, crying aloud ; Ho ! knights, you that follow and fight under the banner of the valiant emperor Pentapolin of the naked arm, follow me all, and you fhall fee with how much eafe I revenge him on his enemy Alifanfaron of Taprobana. And faying thus, he rufhed into the midft of the fquadron of the fheep, and began to attack them with his launce, as courageoufly and intrepidly, as if in good earneft he was engaging his mortal enemies. The fhepherds and herdfmen, who came with the flocks, called out to him to defift ; but feeing it was to no purpofe, they unbuckled their flings, and began to let drive about his ears with ftones as big one's fift. Don Quixote did not mind the Hones, but, running about on all fides, cried out ; Where are you, proud Alifanfaron ? prefent yourfelf before me ; for I am a fingle knight, defirous to try your force hand to hand, and to puniih you with the lofs of life, for the wrong you do to the valiant Pentapolin Garatnanta. At that in- flant came a large pebble-ftone, and ftraek him fuch a blow on the fide, that it buried a couple of his ribs in his body. Finding himfelf thus ill-treated, he believed for certain he was flain, or forely wounded ; and remembering his li- quor, he pulled out his craze, and fet it to his mouth, and began to let fome go down : but, before he could fwallow what he thought fufficient, comes an- other of thofe almonds, and hit him fo fall on the hand and on the craze, that it dafhed it to-pieces, carrying off three or four of his teeth by the way, and grievoufly bruifing two of his fingers. Such was the firft. blow and fuch the fe- cond, that the poor knight tumbled from his horfe to the ground. The fhep- herds ran to him, and verily believed they had killed him ; whereupon in all hafte they got their flock together, took up their dead, which were above fe- ven, and marched off without farther enquiiy. All this while Sancho flood upon the hillock, beholding his mafter's extrava- gancies, tearing his beard, and curfing the unfortunate hour and moment that ever ///!'. ■'■'-/,7iu/i'/-/:i'riA i/ir' r/ and thc - f " CCCcd ' ' ihg adventure of the deaf body, with other famous occurrences. T T is my opinion, dear mafter, that all the dilventures, which have befallen A us of late are doubtlefs in punimment of the fin committed by your wor- ffifc acrainft your own order of knighthood, in not performing the oath you took not to eat bread on a table-cloth, nor folace yourklf #itft the queen, with all the reft that you lwore to accomplifh, until your taking away that hel- met of Malandrino, or how do you call the Moor? for I do not well remem- ber. Sancho, you are in the right, faid Don Quixote : but to tell you the truth, it was quite flipped out of my memory ; and you may depend upon it, the s£- fair of the blanket happened to you for your fault in not putting me in mind of it in time : but I will make amends ; for in the order of chivalry there are ways of compounding for every thing. Why, did I fwear any thing? anfwered Sancho. It matters not that you have not fworn, faid Don Quixote: it is enough that I know you are not free from the guilt of an accefiary ; and, at all adventures, it will not be amifs to provide ourfelves a remedy. If it be fo, laid Sancho, fee, Sir, you do not forget this too, as you did the oath : perhaps the goblins' may take a fancy to divert themfelves with me, and perhaps with your worfhip, if they find you perfift. While they were thus difcourfing, night overtook them in the middle of the hio-h-way, without their lighting on or difcovering any place of reception ; and the worft of it was, they were perifhing with hunger : for with the lofs of their wallets they had loft their whole larder of provifions. And, as an additional misfortune, there befel them an adventure, which, without any forced con- ftrudtion, had really the face of one. It happened thus. The night fell pretty dark; ' notwithstanding which they went on, Sancho believing that, fince it was the king's high-way, Vney might very probably find an inn within a league or two. • Thus travelling on, the night dark, the fquire hungry, and the mafter with a . DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. that it proceeded from fome other eaufe, and not from Sancho's cunning, to whom he thus fpoke : Since it is fo, Sancho, that Rozinante cannot ftir, I am contented to ftay 'till the dawning fmiles, though I weep all the time fhe delays her coming. You need not weep, anfwered Sancho ; for I will entertain you till day with telling you ftories, if you had not rather alight, and compofe your felf to fleep a little upon the green grafs, as knights-errant are wont to do, and fo be the lefs weary when the day and hour comes for attempting that unparal- lelled adventure you wait for. What call you alighting or fleeping? faid Don Quixote. Am I one of thofe knights, who take repofe in time of danger? Sleep you, who were born to fleep, or do what you will : I will do what I fee bed be- fits my profeflion. Pray, good Sir, be not angry, anfwered Sancho ; I do not fay it with that defign : and, coming clofe to him, he put one hand on the pommel of the fiddle before, and the other on the pique behind, and there he flood embracing his matter's left thigh, without daring to ftir from him a finger's breadth, fo much was he afraid of the blows, which flill founded alter- nately in his ears. Don Quixote bade him tell fome ftory to entertain him, as he had promifed : to which Sancho replied, he would, if the dread of what he heard would permit him : notwithstanding, faid he, I will force mylclf to tell a ftory, which, if I can hit upon it, and it flips not through my fingers, is the beft of all ftories ; and pray, be attentive, for now I begin. What hath been, hath been; the good that fhall befal be for us all, and evil to him that evil feeks. And pray, Sir, take notice, that the beginning, which the antients gave to their tales, was not juft what they pleafed, but rather fome fentence of Cato Zonzorinus « the Roman, who fays, And evil to him that evil feeks ; which is as apt to the prefent purpofe as a ring' to your finder figmfying, that your woribip mould be quiet, and not go about Searching after evil, but rather that we turn afide into fome other road; for we are under no obligation to continue in this, wherein fo many fears overwhelm us. Go on with your ftory, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, and leave me to take care of the road we are to follow. I fay then, continued Sancho, that in a place of E madura there was a fhepherd, I mean a goatherd; which fhepherd or goatherd as my ftory fays, was called Lope Ruiz; and this Lope Ruiz was in love with a ihepherdefs called Torralva; which fhepherdefs called Torraha was daughter to a rich herdfman, and this rich herdfman If you tell your ftory after this fafhion, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, repeating every tiling you fay twice, you will not have done thefe two days. Tell it concifely, and like a man of lenie or elfe fay no more. In the very fame manner that I tell it, anfwered Sancho, they tell all ftories in my country; and I can tell it no othcrwife, nor is it fit your worfhip mould require me to make new cuftoms. Tell it as you will then, anfwered Don Quixote-, fince fate will have it that I muft hear thee, go on. 1 A miftake for Cam tbt Cenj,,: A. I 102 the LIFE and EXPLOITS of And fo, dear fir of my foul, continued Sancho, as I faid before, this fhep- herd was in love with the fhepherdefs Torralva, who was a jolly {trapping wench, a little fcornful, and fomewhat mafculine : for fhe had certain fmall whiskers; and methinks I fee her juft now. What, did you know her? faid Don Quixote. I did not know her, anfwered Sancho; but he, who told me this itory, faid it was fo certain and true, that I might, when. I told it to another, af- firm and fwear I had feen it all. And fo, in procefs of time, the devil, who lleeps not, and -troubles all things, brought it about, that the love, which the fhepherd bore to the fhepherdefs, was converted into mortal hatred; and the caufe, according to evil tongues, was a certain quantity of little jealoufies fhe gave him above meafure, and within the prohibited degrees 1 : and fo much did he abhor her from thenceforward, that, to avoid die fight of her, he chofe to abfent himfelf from that country, and go where his eyes fhould never behold her more. Torralva, who found herfelf difdained by Lope, prefently began to love him better than ever fhe had loved him before. It is a natural quality of wo- men, faid Don Quixote, to flight thofe who love them, and love thofe who flight diem : go on, Sancho. It fell out, proceeded Sancho, that the ihepherd put his defign in execution, and, collecting together his goats, went on towards the plains of EJlremadura, in order to pafs over into the kingdom of Portugal. 'Torralva knowing it went after him, following him on foot and bare-legged, at a diftance, with a pilgrim's ftafF in her hand, and a wallet about her neck, in which fhe carried, as is re- ported, a piece of a looking-glafs, a piece of a comb; and a fort of a fmall gal- lypot of pomatum for the face. But, whatever fhe carried (for I fhall not now fet myfelf to vouch what it was) I only tell you, that, as they fay, the fhepherd came with his flock to pafs the river Guadiana, which at that time was fwollen, and had almofr. overflowed its banks : and, on the fide he came to, there was neither boat nor any body to ferry him or his flock over to the other fide : which grieved him mightily ; for he faw that Torralva was at his heels, and would give him much difturbance by her entreaties and tears. He therefore looked about 'till he efpied a fiflierman widi a boat near him, but fo fmall, that it could hold only one perfon and one goat : however he fpoke to him, and agreed with him to carry over him, and his three hundred goats. The fiflierman got into the boat and carried over a goat : he returned and carried over another : he came back again, and again carried over another. Pray, Sir, keep an account of the goats that the fiflierman is carrying over ; for if one flips out of your me- mory, the ftory will be at an end, and it will be impoflible to tell a word more of it. I go on then, and fay, that the landing-place on the oppofite fide was co- vered widi mud, and flippery, and the fiflierman was a great while in coming and going. However he returned for another goat, and for others, and for ano- ' Alluding to certain meafures not to be exceeded on pain of forfeiture and corporal puniftiment, as ftvords above fuch a ftandard~ &c. , ther. DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 103 ther Make account he carried them all over, faid Don Quixote, and do not be going and coming in this manner; for, at this rate, you will not have done car- Ln. them over in a twelvemonth. How many are parted already ? laid Sambo How the devil fhould I know? anfwered Don Quixote. See there now; did I not tell you to keep an exaft account? Before god, there is an end of die ftory; I can go no farther. How can this be? anfwered Don Quixote Is it fo effential to the ftory, to know the exadl number of goats that paffed over, that, if one be miftaken, the ftory can proceed no farther? No, Sir in no wife anfwered Sancbo : for when I defired your worfliip to tell me how many goats had paffed, and you anfwered, you did not know, in that very in- ftant aS that I had left to fay fled out of my memory; and in faith it was very edifying and fatisfaftory. So then, faid Don Quixote, the ftoiy-is at an end. As fiire as my mother is, quoth Sancbo. Verily, anfwered Don Quixote, you have told one of the rareft tales, fables, or hiftories, imaginable; and your way of telling and concluding it is fuch as never was, nor will be, fan in ones whole life ; though I expend nothing lefs from your good ^fenfe: but I do not wonder at it; for perhaps this inceffant din may have difturbed your undemand- ing All that may be, anfwered Sancbo: but, as to my ftory, I know there s no more to be faid ; for it ends juft where the error in the account of carrying over the goats begins. Let it end where it will, in god's name, faid Don Quixote, and let us fee whether Rozinante can ftir himfelf. Again he clapt fpurs to him, and again he jumped, and then ftood ftock ftill, fo effectually was he fettered. Now, whether the cold of the morning, which was at hand, or whether fome lenitive'diet on which he had fupped, or whether the motion was purely natural (which is rather to be believed) it fo befel, that Sancbo had a defire to do what no body could do for him. But fo great was the fear that had pofftffed his heart, that he durft not ftir the breadth of a finger from his mafter ; and, to think to leave that bufinefs undone, was alfo impoffible : and fo what he did for peace fake, was, to let go his right hand, which held the hinder part of the faddle, with which, foftly, and without any noife, he loofed the running-point, that kept up his breeches; whereupon down they fell, and hung about his legs like fhackles : then he lifted up his ihirt the beft he could, and expofed to the open air thofe buttocks which were none of the fmalleft : this being done, which he thought the beft expedient towards getting out of that terrible anguifti and di- ftrefs, another and a greater difficulty attended him, which was, that he thought he could not eafe himfelf without making fome noife : fo he fet his teeth clofe, and fqueezed up his moulders, and held in his breath as much as poffibly he could. But notwithftanding all thefe precautions, he was fo unlucky after all, as to make a little noife, very different from that which had put him into fo great a fright. Don Quixote heard it, and faid : What noife is this ? Sancbo. I do not know, Sir, anfwered he : it muft be fome new bufinefs ; for adventures and mifadventures never begin with a little matter. He tried his fortune a fecond • time. io 4 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of time, and it fucceeded fo well with him, that, without the leaft noife or rumbling more, he found himfelf difcharged of the burden that had given him fo much uneafinefs. But as Don Quixote had the fenfe of fmelling no lefs perfect than that of healing, and Sancho ftood fo clofe, and as it were fewed to him, fome of the vapours, afcending in a direft line, could not fail to reach his noftrils : which they had no fooner done, but he relieved his nofe by taking it between his fingers, and with a tone fomewhat muffling faid : Methinks, Sancho, you are in great bodily fear. I am fo, faid Sancho ; but wherein does your worihip perceive it now more than ever ? In that you fmell ftronger than ever, and not of ambergreafe, anfwered Don Quixote. That may very well be, laid Sancho ; but your worihip alone is in fault for carrying me about at thefe unfeafonable hours, and into thefe unfrequented places. Get you three or four fteps off, friend, faid Don Quixote (all this without taking his fingers from his noftrils) and henceforward have more care of your own perfon, and more regard to what you owe to mine ; my over-much familiarity with you has bred this contempt. I will lay a wager, replied Sancho, you think I have been doing fomething with my perfon that I ought not. The more you ftir it, friend Sancho, the worfe it will favour, anfwered Don Quixote. In thefe and the like dialogues the mafter and man paffed the night. But Sancho, perceiving that at length the morning was coming on, with much, cau- tion untied Rozinante, and tied up his breeches. Rozinante finding himfelf at liberty, though naturally he was not over-mettlefome, feemed to feel himfelf alive, and began to paw the ground ; but as for curvetting (begging his pardon) he knew not what it was. Don Quixote, perceiving that Rozinante began to beftir himfelf, took it for a good omen, and believed it figniiied, he mould forthwith attempt that fearful adventure. By this time the dawn appeared, and every thing being diftinctly feen, Don Quixote perceived he was got among fome tall chefnut-trees, which afforded a gloomy made : he perceived alfo that the ftriking did not ceafe ; but he could not fee what caufed it. So without farther delay he made Rozinante feel the fpur, and, turning again to take leave of Sancho, commanded him to wait there for him three days at the far theft, as he had faid before, and that, if he did not return by that time, he might conclude for certain, it was god's will he fhould end his days in that perilous adventure. He again repeated the embafly and meffage he was to carry to his lady Dulci- nea ; and as to what concerned the reward of his fervice, he need be in no pain, for he had made his will before he fallied from his village, wherein would find himfelf gratified as to his wages, in proportion to the time he had ferved ; but if god fhould bring him off fafe and found from that danger, he might reckon himfelf infallibly fecure of the promifed ifland. Sancho wept afrefh at hearing again the moving exprefflons of his good mafter, and refolved not to leave him to the laft moment and end of this bufinefs. The author of this hiftory gathers from the tears, and this fo honourable a refolution of Sancho Panca's, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. l0 5 Tango's, that he mufl have been well born, and at leaf! an old chriftian *. Whofe tender concern fomewhat foftened his mafter, but not fo much as to make him difcover any weaknefs : on the contrary, diflembling the beft he could, he began to put on toward, the placefipmwhence the noife of the water and of the ftrokes feemed to proceed. Sancho fonowed him on foot, leading, as ufual, his afs, that conftant companion of his proiperous and adverfe fortunes, by the halte^ And having gone a good way ampjag^hofe fhady chefnut-trees, they came una$wres>-to a little green fpot/ at the foot of*1ome fteep rocks, from which a mighty gufh of water p AjfwIateAkfelf. ' At the foot of the rocks were certain miferable hutts, wfech^pfced njfffergfte ruins of buildings than houfes ; from whence proceeded, as tli&y perceived, the found and din, of the ftrokes, which did not yet ceafe. Rozinante ftarted at the noife of the water and of the ftrokes, and Don Quixote, gently ftriking him, went on fair and lbftly toward the hutts, recommending himfelf devoutly to his lady, and befeeching her to favour him in that fearful expedition and enterprize j and, by the by, befought god alio not to forget him. Sancho ftirred not 'from his fide, ftretching out his neck, and looking between Rozinanfe's legs, to fee if he could perceive what held him in fuch dread and fufpence. They had gone about a hundred yards far- ther, when, at doubling a point, the very caufe (for it could be no other) of that horrible and dreadful noife, which had held them all night in fuch fufpence and fear, appeared plain and expofed to view. It was (kind reader, take it not in dudgeon) fix fulling-mill-hammers, whofe alternate ftrokes formed that hideous%und. Don Quixote , feeing what it was, was "ftruck dumb, and in the utmoft confufion. Sancho flared at him, and faw he hung down his head ripon his breaft, with manifeft indications of being quite abafhed. Don Quixote ftared alfo at Sa?icho, and faw his cheeks fwollen, and his mouth full of laughter, with evident figns of being ready to burft ; and not- withstanding his vexation, he could not forbear laughing himfelf at fight of Sancho ; who, feeing his mafter had led the way, burft out in fo violent a manner, that he was forced to hold his fides with his hands to five himfelf from {Sitting with laughter. Four times he ceafed^nd four' times he returned to hi? laughter with the fame impetuofity as at flrft. Whereat Don Quixote gave himfelf to the devil, efpecially when he heard him fvv, by way of irony-; ' You ' mufl: know, friend Sancho, that I was born by the will of heaven in this our age * of iron, to revive in it the golden, or that of gold. I am he, for whom are 1 referved dangers, great exploits, and valorous atchievements.' And fo he went on, repeating moil or all of the exprefiions, which Don Quixote had ufed at the firft hearing thofe dreadful ftrokes. Don Quixote, perceiving that Sancho played upon him, grew fo afhamed, and enraged to that degree, that he lifted up his lau/ice, and difcharged two fuch blows on him, that, had he received them on 1 head, as he did on his moulders, the knight had acquitted himfelf of die » In -jyidii'inciion to the Jeivi/b or Mmrijh families, of which there were many in Sfain. Vol. I. P payment V 106 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of payment of his wages, unlefs it were to his heirs. Sancho, finding he paid fo dearly for his jokes, and fearing left his mafter fhould proceed farther, cried out with much humility : Pray, Sir, be pacified : by the living god, I did but ieft. Though you jeft, I do not, anfwered Don Quixote. Come hither, merry Sir ; what think you ? fuppofe thefe mill-hammers had been fome perilous adventure, have I not (hewed the courage requifite to undertake and atchieve it ? Am I, do you think, obliged, being a knight as I am, to diftinguifh founds, and know which are, or are not, of a fulling-mill ? befides, it may be, (as it really is) that I never faw any fulling-mills in my life, as you have, like a pitiful ruftic as you are, having been born and bred arrfongft them. But let thefe fix fulling- hammers be transformed into fix giants, and let them beard me one by one, or all together, and if I do not fet them all on their heads, then make what jeft you will of me. It is enough, good Sir, replied Sancho ; I confefs I have been a little too jocofe : but, pray, tell me, Sir, now that it is peace between us, as god fhall bring you out of all the adventures that fhall happen to you, fafe and found, as he has brought you out of this, was it not a thing to be laughed at, and worth telling, what great fear we were in, at leaft what I was in ; for, as to your worfhip, I know you are unacquainted with it, nor do you know what fear or terror are. I do not deny, anfwered Don Quixote, but that what has befallen us is fit to be laughed at, but not fit to be told ; for all perfons are not difcreet enough to know how to take things by the right handle. But, anfwered Sancho, your worfhip knew how to handle your launce aright, when you pointed it at my head, and hit me on the fhoulders ; thanks be to god, and to my own agility in flipping afide. But let that pafs ; it will go out in the bucking : for I have heard fay ; he loves thee well, who makes thee weep : and befides, your people of condition, when they have given a fervant a hard word, prefently give him fome old hofe and breeches ; though what is ufually given after a beating, I cannot tell, unlefs it be that your knights-errant, after baftinados, beftow iflands or kingdoms on the continent. The die may run fo, quoth Don Quixote, that all you have faid may come to pafs ; and forgive what is paft, fince you are confiderate ; and know that the firft motions are not in a man's power : and henceforward be apprized of one thing (that you may abftain and forbear talking too much with me) that in all the books of chivalry I ever read, infinite as they are, I never found, that any fquire converfed fo.much with his mafter, as you do with yours. And really I account it a great fault both in you and in me : in you, becaufe you refpedt me fo little ; in me, that I do not make my felf be refpedled more. Was not Gandalin, fquire to Amadis de Gaul, earl of the firm ifland ? and we read of him, that he always fpoke to his rnafter cap in hand, his head inclined, and his body bent after the Turk ion. What fhall we fay oiGafabal, fquire to Don Galaor, who was fo filent, that, to illuftrate the excellency of his marvellous taciturnity, his name is mentioned but once in all that great and faithful hiilory. From what I have laid, you may infer, Sancho. DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 107 Sancho, that there ought to be a difference between mafter and man, between lord and lacquey, and between knight and (quire. So that from this day i - ward, we mult be treated with more refpecl ; for which way foevcr I am angry with 'you, it will go ill with the pitcher. The favours and benefits I promifed you, will come in due time ; and if they do not come, the wage?, at lcafi , I ha've told you, will not be loft. Your wormip fays very well, quoth Saricho : but I would fain know (if perchance the time of the favours fliould not come, and it fliould be expedient to have recourfe to the article of the wages) how much might the fquire of a knight-errant get in thofe times ? and whether diey agreed by* the month, or by die day, like labourers ? I dp not believe, anfwered Don Quixote, that thofe fquires were at ftated wages, but relied on courtefy. And if I have appointed you any in the will I left fealed at home, it was for fear of what might happen ; for I cannot yet tell how chivalry may fucceed in thei'e calamitous times of ours, and I would not have my foul fuffer in die other world for a trifle : for I would have you to know, Sancbo y that diere is no ftate more perilous than that of adventurers. It is fo in truth, faid Sancho, lince die noife of the hammers of a fulling-mill were fufScient to difturb and diicompofe the heart of fo valorous a knight as your worihip. But you may depend upon it, that from henceforward I ihall not open my lips to make merry with your worfliip's matters, but fliall honour you as my mafter and natural lord. By fo doing, replied Don Quixote, your days fliall be long in die land ; for, next to our parents, we are bound to refpedt our mafters, as if they were our fadiers. CHAP. VII. Which treats of the high adventure and rich prize of Mambrino'i helmet, with other things which befell our invincible knight. ABOUT this time it began to rain a little, and Sancho had a mind they •*■ ■*■ fliould betake themselves to the fulling-mills. But Don Quixote had con- ceived fuch an abhorrer.ee of them for the late jeft, that he would by no means go in : and fo turning to die right hand, diey ftruck into another road like that they had lighted upon the day before. Soon after Don Quixote difcovered a on horfeback, who had on his head fomething which glittered, as if it had been of gold ; and fcarce had he feen it, but, turning to Sancho, he laid : I am of opinion, Sancho, there is no proverb but wha& is true ; becaufe they are all fentences drawn from experience itfelf, the mother of all die fciences ; efpecially that which fays ; Where one door is Jhut, another is opened. I fay this, be- caufe, if laft night fortune fliut the door againft what we looked for, deceiving us with the fulling-mills, it now fets another wide open for a better and more certain adventure, which if I fail to enter right into, die fault will be mine, without imputing it to my little knowledge of fulling-mills, or to the darknel's P 2 of io8 7k LIFE and EXPLOITS of of the night. This, I fay, becaufe, if I miflake not, there comes one toward us, who carries on his head Mambrino's helmet x , about which I fwore the oath you know. Take care, Sir, what you fay, and more what you do, faid Sancho • for I would not wiih for other fulling-mills, to finim the milling and mafhing our fenfes. The devil take you ! replied Don Quixote : what has a helmet to do with fulling-mills ? I know not, anfwered Sancho ; but in faith If I might talk as much as I ufed to do, perhaps I could give fuch reafons that your worfhip would fee you are miflaken in what you fay. How can I be miflaken in what I fay, fcrupulous traitor? faid Don Quixote. Tell me fee you not yon knight coming toward us on a dapple-grey fleed, with a helmet of gold on his head ? What I fee and perceive, anfwered Sancho, is only a man on a grey afs like mine, with fomething on his head that glitters. Why that is Mam&rino's helmet, faid Don Quixote : get you afide, and leave me alone to deal with him ; you fhall fee me conclude this adventure (to lave time) with- out fpeaking a word ; and the helmet, I have fo much longed for, fhall be my own. I fhall take care to get out of the way, replied Sancho : but, I pray god, I fay again, it may not prove another fulling-mill adventure. I have al- ready told you, brother, not to mention thofe fulling-mills, nor fo much as to think of them, any more, faid Don Quixote : if you do, I fay no more, but I vow to mill your foul for you. Sancho held his peace, fearing left his mafler mould perform his vow, which had flruck him all of a heap. Now the truth of the matter, concerning the helmet, the fteed, and the. knight, which Don Quixote faw, was this. There were two villages in that neighbourhood, one of them fo fmall, that it had neither fhop nor barber, but the other adjoining to it had one ; and the barber of the bigger ferved alfo the leffer ; in which a perfon indifpofed wanted to be let blood, and another to be. trimmed ; and for this pupofe was the barber coming, and brought with him his brafs bafon. And fortune fo ordered it, that, as he was upon the road, it be- gan to rain, and, that his hat might not be fpoiled (for belike it was a new one) he clapt the bafon on his head, and being new fcowered it glittered half a league off. He rode on a grey afs, as Sancho faid ; and this was the reafon why Don Quixote took the barber for a knight, his afs for a dapple-grey fteed, and his bafon for a golden helmet : for he very readily adapted whatever he faw to his knightly extravagancies and wild conceits. And when he faw the poor cavalier approach, without flaying to reafon the cafe widi him, he advanced at Rozi- nante's belt, fpeed, and couched his launce low, defigning to run him through and through. But when he came up to him, without flopping the fury of his career, he cried out : Defend yourfelf, caitif, or furrender willingly what is fo juflly my due. The barber, who, not fufpecling or apprehending any fuch thing, faw this phantom coming upon him, had no other way to avoid the 1 Almonte and Mamlrino, two Saracens of great valour, had each a golden helmet. Orlando Furiofo took away Almtmteh t and his friend Rinaldo that of Mambrino. Ariojlo, Canto L thruft r t4 DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA, 109 thruft of the launce, but to let himfelf fall down from the afs : and no fooner had he touched the ground, when, leaping up nimbler than a roe-buck, he be- gan to fcower over the plain, widi fuch fpeed, that the wind could not overtake him. He left the bafon on the ground, with which Don Quixote was fatisfied, and faid ; The mifcreant had acted difcreetly in imitating the beaver, who, finding itfelf clofely purfued by the hunters, tears off, widi its teeth, that for which it knows, by natural inflinct, it is hunted. He ordered Sancho to take up the helmet, who, holding it in his hand, faid ; Before god, the bafon is a fpecial one, and is as well worth a piece of eight as a farthing. Then he gave it to his matter, who immediately clapped it on hi&Jhead, twirling it about, to find the vizor ; and not finding it he faid ; Doubtlefs the pagan, for whom this famous helmet was firft forged, muft have had a prodigious large head ; and the worft of it is, that one half is wanting. When Sancho heard the bafon called a helmet, he could not forbear laughter ; but, recolle&ing his mailer's late cho- ler, he checked it in the middle. What do you laugh at ? Sancho, faid Don Quixote. He anfwered ; I laugh to think what a huge head the pagan had, who owned this helmet, which is, for all the world, juffc like a barber's bafon. Do you know, Sancho, what I take to be the cafe ? this famous piece, this en- chanted helmet, by fome ftrange accident, muft have fallen into the hands of fome one, who, being ignorant of its true value, and not confidering what he did, feeing it to be of the pureft gold, has melted down the one half for lucre's fake, and of the other half made this, which, as you fay, does look like a barber's bafon : but be it what it will, to me, who know it, its transforma- tion fignifies nothing ; for I will get it put to rights in the firft town where there is a fmith, and in fuch fort, that even that, which the god of fmiths made and forged for the god of battles, fhall not furpafs, nor equal it : in the mean time, I will wear it as I can, for fomething is better than nothing j and the rather, fince it will be more than fufficient to defend me from ftones. It will fo, faid Sancho, if they do not throw them with flings, as. they did in the battle of the two armies, when they croffed your worfhip's chops, and broke the cruze, in which was contained that mod bleffed drench, which made me vomit up my guts. I am in no great pain for having loft it j for you know, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, I have the receipt by heart. So have I too, anfwered Sancho ; but if ever I make or try it again while I live, may I never ftir from this place! Bcfides, I do not intend to expofe myfelf to the hazard of {landing in need of it ; for I intend to keep myfelf, with all my five fenfes, from being wounded, or from wounding- any body. As to being toffed again in a blanket, I fay no- thing ; for it is difficult to prevent fuch mifhaps : and if they do come, there is nothing to be done, but to fhrug up one's fhoulders, hold one's breath, flmt one's eyes, and let one's felf go whither fortune and the blanket plcafe to tofs us. You are no good chriftian, Sancho, find Don Quixote, at hearing this ; for you never forget an injury once done you : but know, it is inherent in generous \:.d. no the LIFE and EXP LO ITS of and noble breafts to lay no ftrefs upon trifles. What leg have you lamed, what rib or what head have you broken, that you cannot yet forget that jell ? for, to take the thing right, it was mere jeft and pailime ; and had I not underflood it fo, I had long ago returned thither, and done more mifchief in revenging your quarrel, than the Greeks did for the rape of Helen ; who, if fhe had lived in thefe times, or my Dulcinea in thofe, would never, you may be fure, have been fo famous for beauty as fhe is : and here he uttered a figh, and fent it to the clouds. Let it then pafs for a jeft, faid Sancho> fince it is not likely to be revenged in earneft : but I know of what kinds the jefts and the earnefts were, and I know alfo, they will no more flip out of my memory than off my fhoul- ders. But fetting this afide, tell me, Sir, what we fhall do with this dapple grey fteed, which looks fo like a grey afs, and which that caitif, whom your worfhip overthrew, has left behind here to fhift for itfelf ; for, to judge by his fcowering off fo haftily, and flying for it, he does not think of ever returning for him ; and, by my beard, dapple is a fpecial one. It is not my cuflom, faid Don Quixote, to plunder thofe I overcome, nor is it the ufage of chivalry to take from them their horfes, and leave them on foot, unlefs the victor hath loft his own in the conflict ; for, in fuch a cafe, it is lawful to take that of the van- quifhed, as fairly won in battle. Therefore, Sancko, leave this horfe or afs, or what you will have it to be j for when his owner fees us gone a pretty way off, he will come again for him. God knows whether it were beft for me to take him, replied Sancko y or at leaft to truck mine for him, which methinks is not fo good : verily the laws of chivalry are very ftricl, fince they do not ex- tend to the fwapping one afs for another ; and I would fain know whether I might exchange furniture, if I had a mind. I am not very clear as to that point, anfvvered Don Quixote ; and in cafe of doubt, 'till better information can be had, I fay you may truck, if ycu are in extreme want of them. So extreme, replied Sancho, that I could not want them more, if they were for my own proper perfon : and fo faying, he proceeded with that licenfe to a change of capa- rifons, and made his own beaft three parts in four the better ' for his new furni- ture. This done, they breakfafted on the remains of the plunder of the fumpter- mule, and drank of the water of the fulling-mills, without turning their faces to look at them, fuch was their abhorrence of them for the fright they had put them in. Their choler and hunger being thus allayed, they mounted, and, without taking any determinate route (for knights-errant are peculiarly in their element, when out of their road) they put on whitherfoever Rozinante's will led him, which drew after it that of his mafter, and alfo that of the afs, which followed in love and good fellowship, where-ever he led the way. Notwith- ftanding which, they foon came back again into the great road, which they fol- lowed at a venture, without any defign at all. 1 Literally, !:ai>ing him better hy a tierce and a quint. A figurative expreffion borrowed from the game of piquet, in which a tierce or a quint may be gained by p utiing out bad cards, and taking in better. As DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. m As they thus fauntered on, Sancbo faid to his matter : Sir, will your worfhip he pleafed to indulge me the liberty of a word or two; for fince you impofed on me that harfh command of filence, fundry things have rotted in my breaft, and I have one juft now at my tongue's end, that I would not for any thing mould mifcarry. Out with it, faid Don Quixote, and be brief in thy difcourfe ; for none that is long can be pleafing. I fay then, Sir, anfwered Sancho, that, for fome days pad, I have been confidering how little is gained by wandering up and down in queft of thofe adventures your worfhip is feeking through thefe de- farts and crofs-ways, where, though you overcome and atchieve the moft peri- lous things, there is no body to fee or know any thing of them; fo that they mud: remain in perpetual oblivion, to the prejudice of your worfhip's inten- tion, and their deferts. And therefore I think it would be more advifeable, with fubmiffion to your better judgment, that we went to ferve fome emperor or other great prince, who is engaged in war; in whofe fervice your worfhip may difplay the worth of your perfon, your great courage, and greater understand- ing : which being perceived by the lord we ferve, he muft of neceffity reward each of us according to his merits ; nor can you there fail of meeting with fome body to put your worfhip's exploits in writing, for a perpetual remembrance of them. I fay nothing of my own, becaufe they muft not exceed the fquirely li- mits; though I dare fay, if it be the cuftom in chivalry to pen the deeds of fquires, mine will not be forgotten between the lines. ' You are not much out, Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote : but before it comes to that, it is neceffary for a knight-errant to wander about the world, feeking adventures, by way of proba- tion ; that, by atchieving fome, he may acquire fuch fame and renown, that, when he comes to the court of fome great monarch, he mail be known by his works beforehand ; and fcarcely mail the boys fee him enter the gates of the city, but they fhall all follow and furround him, crying aloud ; this is the knight of the fun, or of the fei-pent, or of any other device, under which he may have atchieved great exploits. This is he, will they fay, who overthrew the huge giant Brocabruno of the mighty force, in fingle combat ; he who difenchanted the great Mameluco of Perfia from the long enchantment, which held him confined al- moft nine hundred years. Thus, from hand to hand, they fhall go on blazon- ing his deeds; and prefently, at the buttle of the boys, and of the reft of the people, the king of that country fhall appear at the windows of his royal pa- lace; and, as foon as he efpies the knight, knowing him by his armour, or by the device on his fhield, he muft neceflarily fay; ho, up, Sirs, go forth, my knights, all that are at court, to receive the flower of chivalry, who is coming yonder : at whofe command they all fhall go forth, and the king himfelf, de- fending half way down the flairs, mall receive him with a clofe embrace, 1 In the following fpeech of Don Quixote we have a perfect fyftem of chivalry, which was defigncd by the author as a ridicule upon romances in general : notwithstanding which the Beaux E/frits of France, who iaye written romances fince, have copied this very plan. fainting H2 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of faluting andkiffing him; and then, taking him by the hand, fhall conduct him to the apartment of the queen, where the knight mail find her accompanied by her daughter the infanta, who is fo beautiful and accomplished a damfel, that her equal cannot eafily be found in any part of the known world. After this it muft immediately fall out, that flie fixes her eyes on the knight, and he his eyes upon, hers, and each fhall appear to the other fomething rather divine than human ; and, without knowing how, or which way, they fhall be taken and entangled in the inextricable net of love, and be in great perplexity of mind through not knowing how to converfe, and difcover their amorous anguifh to each other. From thence, without doubt, they will conduct him to fome quarter of the palace richly furnifhed, where, having taken off his armour, they will bring him a rich fcarlet mantle to put on ; and, if he looked well in armour, he mull needs make a much more graceful figure in ermins. The night being come, he mall fup with the king, queen, and infanta, where he fhall never take his eyes off the princefs, viewing her by flealth, and fhe doing 'the fame by him with the fame warinefs : for, as I have faid, fhe is a very difcreet damfel. The ta- bles being removed, there mall enter, unexpectedly, at the hall-door, a little ill- favoured dwarf, followed by a beautiful matron between two giants, with the offer of a certain adventure, fo contrived by a mofl antient fage, that he, who fhall accomplifh it, fhall be efteemed the befl knight in the world. The king fhall immediately command all who are prefent to try it, and none fhall be able to finifh it, but the Arranger knight, to the great advantage of his fame ; at which the infanta will be highly delighted, and reckon herfelf overpaid for having placed her thoughts on fo exalted an object. And the befl of it is, that this king, or prince, or whatever he be, is carrying on a bloody war with another monarch as powerful as himfelf; and the ftranger knight, after having been a few days at his court, asks leave to ferve his majefly in the aforefaid war. The king mail readily grant his requeft, and the knight fhall moft courteoufly kifs his royal hands for the favour he does him. And diat night he mall take his leave of his lady the infanta at the iron rails of a garden, adjoining to her apartment, through which he had already converfed with her feveral times, by the mediation of a certain female confidante, in whom the infanta greatly trufred. He fighs, fhe fwoons ; the damfel runs for cold water : he is very uneafy at the approach of the morning-light, and would by no means they mould be difcover- ed, for the fake of his lady's honour. The infanta at length comes to herfelf, and gives her fnowy hands to the knight to kifs through the rails, who kifTes them a thoufand and a thoufand times over, and bedews them with his tears. They agree how to let one another know their good or ill fortune ; and the prin- cefs defires him to be abfent as little a while as poffible ; which he promifes with many oaths: he kifTes her hands^ again, and takes leave with fo much concern, that it almoft puts an end to his life. From thence he repairs to his chamber, throws himfelf on his bed, and cannot fleep for grief at die parting: he rifes early DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 113 early in die morning, and goes to take leave of the king, the queen, and the infanta: having taken his leave of the two former, he is told that the princefs is indifpofed, and cannot admit of a vifit: the knight thinks it is for grief at his departure ; his heart is pierced, and he is very near giving manifeft indications of his paffion : the damfel confidante is all this while prefent, and obferves what pafles ; fhe goes and tells it her lady, who receives the account with tears, and tells her that her chief concern is, that fhe does not know who her knight is, and whether he be of royal defcent, or not : the damfel aflures her he is, fince fo much courtefy, politenefs, and valour, as her knight is endowed with, can- not exift but in a royal and grave fubjedt. The afflidted princefs is comforted hereby, and endeavours to compofe herfelf, that fhe may not give her parents caufe to iufpect any thing amifs, and two days after fhe appears in public. The knight is now gone to the war ; he fights, and overcomes the king's enemy ; takes many towns j wins feveral battles ; returns to court; fees his lady at the ufual place of interview; it is agreed he fhall demand her in marriage of her fa- ther, in recompence for his fervices : the king does not confent to give her to him, not knowing who he is. Notwithftanding which, either by carrying her ofF, or by whatever other means it is, the infanta becomes his fpoufe *, and her father comes to take it for a piece of the greatefl good-fortune, being afTured that the knight is fon to a valorous king, of I know not what kingdom, for I believe it is not in the map. The father dies; the infanta inherits; and, in two words, the knight becomes a king. Here prefently comes in the rewarding his fquire, and all thofe who aflifted him in mounting to fo exalted a flate. He marries his fquire to one of the infanta's maids of honour, who is doubtlefs the very confidante of this amour, and daughter to one of the chief dukes. This is what I would be at, and a clear ftage, quoth Sancho: this I flick to; for every tittle of this muft happen precifely to your worfhip, being called the knight of the forrowful figure. Doubt it not, Sancho, replied Don Quixote ; for by thofe very means, and thofe very fteps I have recounted, the knights- errant do rife, and have rifen, to be kings and emperors. All that remains now to be done, is, to look out and find what king of the chriftians, or of the pa- gans, is at war, and has a beautiful daughter 2 : but there is time enough to think of this; for, as I have told you, we mufr. procure renown elfewhere, before we repair to court. Befides, there is frill another thing wanting ; for fuppofing a king were found, who is at war, and has a handfome daughter, and that I have gotten incredible fame throughout the whole univerfe, I do not fee how it can be made appear that I am of the lineage of kings, or even fecond ' In the former circumftances of this extraft moll romances agree, and therefore the author exhaufts the' whole fubjett; which in this he cannot do, becaufe in thofe itories there are feveral ways of obtaining the lady : and therefore he leaves that point at large. - The ridicule is admirably heightened by the incapacity both knight and fquire are under cf putting this fcheme in practice, the former by his loyalty to Dulcinea, and Sancho by having a wife and children already : neverthelefs the idea is fo pleafing, that it quite carries them away, and they refolve upon it. Vol. I. Q__ coufin H4 Tie LIFE and EX P LO ITS of coufin to an emperor : for the king will not give me his daughter to wife, 'till he is firffc veiy well affured that I am fuch, though my renowned actions mould deferve it ever fo well. So that, through this defect, I am afraid I mall lofe that which my arm has richly deferved. It is true, indeed, I am a gentleman of an antient family, poffeffed of a real eftate of one hundred and twenty crowns a year 1 ;, and perhaps the fage, who writes my hiftory, may fo brighten up my kindred and genealogy, that I may be found the fifth or fixth in defcent from a king. For you muff know, Sancho, that there are two kinds of lineages in the world. Some there are, who derive their pedigree from princes and monarchs whom time has reduced, by little and little, 'till they have ended in a point like a pyramid reverfed : others have had poor and low beginnings, and have rifen by degrees, 'till at lafl they have become great lords. So that the diffe- rence lies in this, that fome have been what now they are not, and others are now what they were not before ; and who knows but I may be one of the for- mer, and that, upon examination, my origin may be found to have been great and glorious ; with which the king my father-in-law, that is to be, ought to be fatisfied : and though he mould not be fatisfied, the infanta is to be fo in love with me, that, in fpight of her father, fhe is to receive me for her lord and hus- band, though fhe certainly knew I was the fon of a water-carrier ; and in cafe fhe fhould not, then is the time to take her away by force, and convey her whither I pleafe ; and time or death will put a period to the difpleafure of her parents. Here, faid Sancho, comes in properly what fome naughty people fay, Never ft and begging for that which you may take by force : though this other is nearer to the purpofe ; A leap from a hedge is better than the prayer of a good man % . I fay this, becaufe if my lord the king, your worfhip's father-in-law, mould not vouchfafe to yield unto you my lady the infanta, there is no more to be done, as your worfhip fays, but to ileal and carry her off. But the mifchief is, that, while peace is making, and before you can enjoy the kingdom quietly, the poor fquire may whiffle for his reward; unlefs the damfel go-between, who is to be his wife, goes off with the infanta, and he fhare his misfortune with her, 'till it fhall pleafe heaven to ordain otherwife ; for I believe his mafter may immediately give her to him for his lawful fpoufe. That you may depend upon, faid Don Quixote. Since it is fo, anfwered Sancho, there is no more to be done but to commend ourfelves to god, and let things take their courfe. God grant it, anfwered Don Quixote, as I defire and you need, and let him be wretched who thinks himfelf fo. Let him, in god's name, faid Sancho ; for I am an old 1 The original is y de dewngar quinhnlos fueldos, literally, to revenge five hundred fueldo's. Tt is a pro- verbial expreffion to iignify a perfon's being a gentleman, and took it- rife from the following occafion. The Spaniards of Old Caflilc being obliged to pay a yearly tribute of five hundred virgins to the Moors, after fe- ver'al battles, in which the Spaniards fucceeded, the tribate « .'. to five hundred fiaW% or pieces of ijh coin. But in procefs of time the Spam, force of arms, delivered thcmfeives from that grofs impofition; and that heroical action being performed by men of figure and fortune, they characterize by this expreffion a man of bravery and honour, and a true lover of his country. * That is, it is better to rob than to ask charity. chrifHan, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 115 chrillian, and that is enough to qualify me to be an carl. Ay, and more than enough, faid Don Quixote: but ;it matters not whether you are cr no; for I, being a king, can eaiily bellow nobility on you, without your buying it, or doing me the leafl fervice ; and, in creating you an earl, I make you a gentleman of courfe ; and, fay what they will, in good faith, they mull llyle you your lord- JJnp, though it grieve them never fo much. Do you think, quoth Sancho, I mould not know how to give authority to the indignity? Dignity, you fhould fay, and not indignity, faid his mailer. So let it be, anfwered Sancho Panga : I fay, I fliould do well enough with it ; for I affure you I was once beadle of a company, and the beadle's gown became me fo well, that every body faid I had a prefence fit to be warden of the faid company. Then what will it be when I am arrayed in a duke's robe, all fhining. with gold and pearls, like a foreign count ? I am of opinion folks will come a hundred leagues to fee me. You will make a goodly appearance indeed, faid Don Quixote : but it will be necef- fary to trim your beard a little oftener ; for it is fo rough and frowzy, that, if you do not Ihave with a razor every other day at leaft, you will difcover what you are a musket-mot off. Why, laid Sancho, it is but taking a barber into the houfe, and giving him wages ; and, if there be occalion, I will make him follow me like a gentleman of the horfe to a grandee. How came you to know, demanded Don Quixote, that grandees have their gentlemen of the horfe to follow them? I will tell you, faid Sancho : fome years ago I was about the court for a month, and there I law a veiy little gentleman riding backward and forward, who, they laid, was a very great lord : a man followed him on horfe- back, turning about as he turned, that one would have thought he had been his tail. I asked, why that man did not come up even with the other, but went always behind him ? they anfwered me, that it was his gentleman of the horfe, and that noblemen commonly have fuch to follow them ; and from that day to this I have never forgotten it. You are in the right, faid Don Quixote, and in the fame manner you may carry about your barber j for all culloms do not arife together, nor were they invented at once; and you may be the firfl earl, who carried about his barber after him: and indeed it is a greater trull to lhave the beard, than to fiddle a horfe. Leave the bufinefs of the barber to my care, faid Sancho ; and let it be your worlhip's to procure yourfelf to be a king, and to make me an earl. So it lhall be, anfwered Don Quixote, and, lifting up his eyes, he faw, what will be told in the fol- lowing chapter. C^ 2 CHAP. xi6 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of CHAP. VIII. How Don Quixote fet at liberty fever al unfortunate perfons, who were carrying, much againfi their wills, to a place they did not like. CID Hamet Benengeli, the Arabian and Manchegan author, relates in this moll grave, lofty, accurate, delightful, and ingenious hiftory, that, du- ring thofe difcourfes, which patted between the famous Don Quixote de la Man- cha and Sancho Panca his fquire, as they are related at the end of the forego- ing chapter, Don Quixote lifted up his eyes, and faw coming on, in the fame road, about a dozen men on foot, ftrung like beads in a row, by the necks, in a sreat iron chain, and all hand-cuffed. There came alfo with them two men on horfeback, and two on foot ; thofe on horfeback armed with firelocks, and thofe on foot with pikes and fwords. And Sancho Panca, efpying them, faid; This is a chain of galley -flaves, perfons forced by the king to the galleys. Howl perfons forced ! quoth Don Quixote : is it poffible the king mould force any body ? I fay not fo, anfwered Sancho, but that they are perfons condemned by the law for their crimes to ferve the king in the gallies/xr force. In fhort, re- plied Don Quixote, however it be, fince they are going, it is ttill by force, and not with their own liking. It is fo, faid Sancho. Then, faid his matter, here the execution of my office takes place, to defeat violence, and to fuccour and relieve the miferable. Confider, Sir, quoth Sancho, that juftice, that is the kinof himfelf, does no violence nor injury to fuch perfons, but only punifhes them for their crimes. By this the chain of galley-ilaves were come up, and Don Quixote, in moll courteous terms, defired of the guard, that they would be pleafed to inform and tell him the caufe or caufes why they conducted thofe perfons in that manner. One of the guards on horfeback anfwered, that they were flaves belonging to his majefly, and going to the galleys, which was all he could fay, or the other need know, of the matter. For all that, replied Don Quixote, I fhould be glad to know from each of them in particular the caufe of his misfortune. To thefe he added fuch other courteous expreffions, to induce them to tell him what he defired, that the other horfeman faid : Though we have here the record and certificate of the fentence of each of thefe wretches, this is no time to produce and read them : draw near, Sir, and ask it of themfelves : they may inform you, if they pleafe ; and inform you they will, for they are fuch as take a pleafure both in acting and relating rogueries. With this leave, which Don Quixote would have taken though they had not given it, he drew near to the chain, and demanded of the firit, for what of- fence he marched in fuch evil plight. He anfwered, that he went in that man- ner for being in love. For that alone ? replied Don Quixote : if they fend folks to the galleys for being in love, I might long fince have been rowing in them. It was not fuch love as your worfhip imagines, faid the galley-flave : mine DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 117 mine was the being fo deeply enamoured of a flasket of fine linnen, and em- bracing it fo clofe, that, if juftice had not taken it from me by force, I mould not have parted with it by my good-will to this very day. I was taken in the feci, fo there was no place for the torture ; the procefs was fhort ; they ac- commodated my fhoulders with a hundred lafhes, and have fent me, by way of fupplement, for three years to the Gurapas \ and there is an end of it. What are the Gurapas ? quoth Don Quixote. The Gurapas are galleys, an- fwered the flave, who was a young man about twenty-four years of age, and laid he was born at Piedrahita. Don Quixote put the lame queftion to the fe- cond, who returned no anfwer, he was fo melancholy and dejecled : but the firft anfwered for him, and faid ; This gentleman goes for being a canary-bird, I mean, for being a mufician and a finger. How fo ? replied Don Quixote ; are men fent to the galleys for being muficians and fingers ? Yes, Sir, replied the flave ; for there is nothing worfe than to fing in an agony. Nay, faid Don Quixote, I have heard lay, Sing aivay forrow. This is the very reverfe, faid the flave ; for here, he who fings once weeps all his life after. I do not un- derftand that, faid Don Quixote : but one of the guards faid to him ; Signor cavalier, to fing in an agony, means, in the cant of thefe rogues, to confefs upon the rack. This offender was put to the torture, and confefled his crime, which was that of being a Quatrero, that is, a ftealer of cattle ; and, becaufe he confefled, he is fentenced for fix years to the galleys, befides two hundred lafhes he has already received on the fhoulders. And he is always penfive and fad becaufe the red of the rogues, both thofe behind and thofe before, abufc, vilify, flout, and defpife him for conferring, and not having the courage to fay no : for, fay they, no contains the fame number of letters as ay ; and it is lucky for a delinquent, when his life or death depends upon his own tongue, and not upon proofs and witneffes ; and, for my part, I think they are in the right of it. And I think fo too, anfwered Don Quixote ; who, pafling on to the third, interrogated him as he had done the others : who anfwered very readily, and with very little concern ; I am going to Mefdames the Gurapas for five years, for wanting ten ducats. I will give twenty with all my heart, faid Don Quixote, to redeem you from this mifery. That, faid the flave, is like having money at fea, and dying for hunger, where there is nothing to be bought with it. I fay this, becaufe, if I had been pofTefTed in time of thofe twenty ducats you now offer me, I would have fo greafed the clerk's pen, and fharpened my advocate's wit, that I fhould have been this day upon the market-place of Zocodover in Toledo, and not upon this road, coupled and dragged like a hound ; but god is great ; patience ; I fay no more. Don Quixote paffed on to the fourth, who was a man of a venerable afpecl, with a white beard reaching below his brcafl j who, hearing himfelf asked the caufe of his coming thither, began to weep, and anfwered not a word : but the fifth lent him a tongue, and faid ; This ' A cant word. honefi: ii8 Tie LIFE and EXP L I T S of honefl gentleman goes for four years to the galleys, after having gone In the ufual procefTion pompoufly apparalled and mounted '. That is, I fuppofe, faid Sancho, put to public fhame. Right, replied the (lave ; ?,rA the offence, for which he underwent this punifhment, was his having been a broker of the ear, yea, and of the whole body : in effect, I would fay, that this cavalier goes for pimping, and exercifing the trade of a conjurer. Had it been meerly for pimp- ing, faid Don Quixote, he had not deferved to row in, but to command, and be general of the galleys : for the office of a pimp is not a flight bufinefs, but an employment fit only for difcreet perfons, and a moft neceflary one in a well- regulated common- wealth ; and none but perfons well born ought to exercife it : and in truth there mould be infpectors and comptrollers of it, as there are of other offices, with a certain number of them deputed, like exchange-bro- kers ; by which means many mifchiefs would be prevented, which now hap- pen, becaufe this office and profeffion is in the hands of foolifh and ignorant perfons, fuch as filly waiting-women, pages, and buffoons, of a few years ftanding, and of fmall experience, who, in the greatefl exigency, and when there is occafion for the moft dexterous management and addrefs, fuffer the morfel to freeze between the fingers and the mouth, and fcarce know which is their right hand. I could go on, and affign the reafons why it would be ex- pedient to make choice of proper perfons, to exercife an office fo neceffary in the commonwealth : but this is no proper place for it ; and I may one day or other lay this matter before thofe, who can provide a remedy. At prefent I only fay, that the concern I felt at feeing thofe grey hairs, and that venerable countenance, in fo much diftrefs for pimping, is entirely removed by the addi- tional character of his being a wizzard : though I very well know, there are no forceries in the world, which can affect and force the will, as fome foolifh peo- ple imagine ; for our will is free, and no herb nor charm can compel it. What fome filly women and crafty knaves are wont to do, is, with certain mixtures and poifons, to turn peoples brains, under pretence that they have power to make one fall in love ; it being, as I fay, a thing impoffible to force the will. It is ' fo, faid the honeft old fellow : and truly, Sir, as to being a wizzard, I am not guilty ; but as for being a pimp, I cannot deny it ; but I never thought there was any harm in it ; for the whole of my intention was, that all the world fhould divert themfelves, and live in peace and quiet, without quarrels or trou- bles : but this good defign could not fave me from going where I fhall have no hope of returning, confidering I am fo loaden with years, and fo troubled with the ftrangury, which leaves me not a moment's repofe : and here he began to weep, as at firfl ; and Sa?icko was fo moved with companion, that he drew out from his bofom a real, and gave it him as an alms. Don Quixote went on, and demanded of another what his offence was ; who 1 Such malefactors as in England are fet in the pillory, in Spain are carried about in a particular ha- bit, mounted on aa air, with their face to the tail ; the cr)cr going before and proclaiming their crime. anfwered, DON QUIXOTE DE LA M A N C H A. 119 anfwered, not with lefs, but much more alacrity than the former : I am going for making a little too free with two fhe-coufin-germans of mine, and with two other coufin-germans not mine : in fliort, I carried the jeft fo far with them all, that the refult of it was the encreaiing of kindred lb intricately, that no cafuift can make it out. The whole was proved upon me ; I had neither friends, nor money ; my windpipe was in the utmofl danger ; I ntenced to the galleys for fix years ; I fubmit ; it is the punimme'nt of my fault ; I am young; life may Lift, and time brings every -thing about : if your worfhip, Signor cava- lier, has any thing about you to relieve us poor wretches, god will repay you in heaven, and we will make it the bulinefs of our prayers to befeech him, that your worship's life and health may be as long and profperous, as your goodly pretence deferves. This Have was in the habit of a ftudent ; and one of the guards laid, he was a great talker, and a very pretty Latinijl. Behind all thefe came a man fome thirty years of age, of a goodly afpect ; only to look at he feemed to thruft one eye into the other : he was bound fomewhat differently from the reft > for he had a chain to his leg, fo long, that it was faftened round his middle, and two collars about his neck, one of which was faftened to the chain, and the other, called a keep-friend, or friend' s- foot, had two ftreight irons, which came down from it to his wafte, at the ends of which were fixed two manacles ', wherein his hands were fecured with a huge padlock ; infomuch that he could neither lift his hands to his mouth, nor bend down his head to his hands. Don Quixote asked, why this man went fettered and fhackled fo much more than the reft. The guard anfwered, be- caufe he alone had committed more .villanies than all the reft put together ; and that he was fo bold and defperate a villain, that, though they carried him in that manner, they were not fecure of him, but were ftill afraid he would make his efcape. What kind of villanies has he committed, faid Don Quixote, that they have deferved no greater puniftiment than being fent to the galleys ? He goes for ten years, faid the guard, which is a kind of civil death : you need only be told, that this honeft gentleman is the famous Gines de PajJ'amonte, alias Ginefillo de Parapilla. Fair and foftly, Signor cornmiflary, faid then the Have ; let us not be now lengthening out names and firnames. Gines is my name, and not Ginefillo ; and Paffamonte is the name of my family, and not Parapilla, as you fay ; and let every one turn himfelf round, and look at home, and he will find enough to do. Speak with more refpect, Sir thief above ftandard, replied the commhTary, unlefs you will o"blige me to filence you to your forrow. You may fee, anfwered the flave, that man goeth as god pleafeth ; but fome body may learn one day, whether my name is Ginefillo de Parapilla or no. Are you not called fo, lying rafcal, faid the guard ? They do call me fo, anfwered Gi, but I will make them that they {hall not call me fo, or I will flea them where I care not at prefent to fay. Signor cavalier, continued he, if you have any ■ The original is efiojas (fpoufes) fo called becaufe they joined the hands together like man and wife. tiling 120 77j* LIFE and EX P L ITS of tiling to give us, give it us now, and god be with you ; for you tire us with en- quiring fo much after other mens lives : if you would know mine, know that I am Gines de PaJJamonte, whofe life is written by thefevery ringers. He fays true, faid the commiffary ; for he himfelf has written his own hiftory, as well as heart could wifh, and has left the book in prifon in pawn for two hundred reals. Ay, and I intend to redeem it, faid Gines, if it lay for two hundred ducats. What ! is it fo good, faid Don Quixote ? So good it is, anfwered Gines, that woe be to Lazarillo de Tonnes, and to all that have written or mail write in that way. What I can affirm to, your worfhip is, that it relates truths, and truths fo inge- nious and entertaining, that no fictions can come up to them. How is the book intituled ? demanded Don Quixote. The life of Gines de PafTamonte, replied Gines himfelf. And is it finifhed ? quoth Don Quixote. How can it be finifh- ed ? anfwered he, fince my life is not yet finifhed ? what is written, is from my cradle to the moment of my being fent this laft time to the galleys. Then belike you have been there before, faid Don Quixote. Only four years, the other time, replied Gines, to ferve god and the king ; and I know already the relifh of the bifcuit and bull's-pizzle : nor does it grieve me much to go to them again, fince I fhall there have the opportunity of finifhing my book : for I have a great many things to fay, and in the galleys of Spain there is leifure more than enough, though I fhall not want much for what I have to write, becaufe I have it by heart. You feem to be a witty fellow, faid Don Quixote. And an unfortunate one, anfwered Gines ; but misfortunes always purfue the ingenious. Purfue the villainous, faid the commiffary. I have already defired you, Signor commiffary, anfwered Pajfamonte, to go on fair and foftly ; for your fuperiors did not give you that fiaff to mifufe us poor wretches here, but to conduct and carry us whither his majefty commands : now by the life of- I fay no more ; but the foots, which were contracted in the inn, may perhaps one day come out in the buck-wafhing ; and let every one hold his tongue, and live well, and fpeak better ; and let us march on, for this has held us long enough. The commiffary lifted up his fiaff, to flrike Pajfamonte, in return for his threats : but Don Quixote interpofed, and defired he would not abufe him, fince it was but fair, that he, who had his hands fo tied up, fhould have his tongue a little at liberty. Then, turning about to the whole firing, he faid : From all you have told me, deareft brethren, I clearly gather, that, though it be only to punifh you for your crimes, you do not much relifh the pains you are going to fuffer, and that you go to them much againft the grain and againft your good-liking : and perhaps the pufillanimity of him who was put to the torture, this man's want of money, and the other's want of friends, and in fliort the judge's wrefting of the law, may have been the caufe of your ruin, and that you did not come off, as in juftice you ought to have done. And I have fo ftrong a perfuafion that this is the truth of the cafe, that my mind prompts, and even forces me-, to fhew in you the effect for which heaven threw me DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 121 me into the world, and ordained me to profefs the order of chivalry, which I do profefs, and the vow I made in it to fuccour die needy, and tkofe opprefTed by the mighty. But knowing that it is one part of prudence, not to do that by foul means, which may be done by fair, I will entreat thefe gentlemen your guard, and the commiffary, that they will be pleafed to loofe you, and let you go in peace, there being people enough to ferve the king for better reafons : for it feems to me a hard cafe to make flaves of thofe, whom god and nature made free. Befides, gentlemen guards, added Don Quixote, thefe poor men have committed no offence againft you : let every one anfwer for his fins in the other world ; there is a god in heaven, who does not neglect to chaftife the wicked, nor to reward the good ; neither is it fitting that honeft men mould be the execu- tioners of others, they having no interefl in the matter. I requeft this of you in diis calm and gentle manner, that I may have fome ground to thank you for your compliance : but if you do it not willingly, this launce and this fword, with the vigour of my arm, fhall compel you to do it. This is pleafant fool- ing, anfwered the counmiffary ; an admirable conceit he has broke out with at the long run : he would have us let the king's prifoners go, as if we had au- thority to fet them free, or he to command us to do it. Go on your way, Signor, and adjuft that bafon on your noddle, and do not go feeling for three legs in a cat. You are a cat, and a rat, and a rafcal to boot, anfwered Don Quixote ; and fo, with a word and a blow, he attacked him fo fuddenly, that, be- fore he could ftand upon his defence, he threw him to the ground, much wounded with a thruft of the launce. And it happened luckily for Don Quixote, that this was one of the two who carried firelocks. The reft of the guards were aftonifhed and confounded at the unexpected encounter ; but recovering themfelves, thofe on horfeback drew their fwords, and thofe on foot laid hold on their javelins, and fell upon Don Quixote, who waited for them with 'much calmnefs ; and doubtlefs it had gone ill with him, if the galley-flaves, perceiv- ing the opportunity, which offered itfelf to them, of recovering their liberty, had not procured it, by breaking the chain, with which they were linked together. The hurry was fuch, that the guards, now endeavouring to prevent the flaves from getting loofe, and now engaging with Don Quixote, who attacked them, did nothing to any purpofe. Sancho, for his part, aflifted in loofing of Gincs de Pajfamonte, who was the firft that leaped free and diiembarraffed upon the plain ; and fetting upon the fallen commiflary, he took away his fword and his ■ gun, with which, levelling it, firft at one, and then at another, without dis- charging it, he cleared the field of all the guard, who fled no lefs from Pojfa- jnonte's gun, than from the fhower of ftones, which the flaves, now at liberty, poured upon them. Sancho was much grieved at what had happened ; for he imagined that the fugitives would give notice of the fact to the holy brotherhood, which, upon ringing a bell, would fally out in queft of the delinquents ; and fo he told his Vol, I. • R matter, 122 Tbe LIFE and EXPLOITS of matter, and begged of him to he gone from thence immediately, and take fhelter among the trees and rocks of the neighbouring mountain. It 'is well, faid Don Quixote ; but I know what is now expedient to be done. Then having called all the flaves together, who were in a fright, and had ftripped the com- mifiury to his buff, they gathered in a ring about him, to know his pleafure • when he thus addreffed them. To be thankful for benefits received, is the pro- perty of perfons well born , and one of the fins, at which god is moft offended, is ingratitude. This I fay, gentlemen, becaufe you have already found, by ma- nifeft experience, the benefit you have received at my hands ; in recompence whereof my will and pleafure is, that, loaden with this chain, which I have taken off from youf necks, you immediately fet out, and go to the city of To- bojo, and there prefent yourfelves before the lady Dulcinea del Tobofo, and tell her, that her knight of the firrowful figure fends you to prefent his fervice to her ; and recount to her every tittle and circumftance of this memorable adven- ture to die point of fetting you at your wifhed-for liberty : this done, you may go, in god's name, whither you lift. Gines de Paffamonte anfwered for them all, and laid ; What your worihip commands us, noble Sir, and our deliverer, is of all impoffibilities the moft impofllble to be complied with : for we dare not be feen together on the road, but muft go feparate and alone, each man by himielf, and endeavour to hide ourfelves in the very bowels of the earth from the holy brotherhood, who, doubtlefs, will be out in queft of us. What your worfhip may, and ought to do, is, to change this fervice and duty ' to the lady Dulcinea del Tobofo into a certain number of Ave Maries and Credos, which we will fay fw the fuccefs of your defign ; and this is what we may do by day or by night, flying or repofing, in peace or in war : but to think that, we will now return to the brick-kilns of Egypt, I fay, to take our chains, and put ourfelves on to the way to Tobofo, is to think it is now night already, whereas it is not yet ten a-clock in the morning • and to expect this from us, is to expect pears from an elm-tree. I vow then, quoth Den Quixote, already enraged, Don ion of a whore, Don Gineflh dePa'rapilla, or however you call yourfelf, you alone {hall go with your tail between your legs, and the whole chain upon your back. Pafa- monte, who was not over-paiiive, and had already perceived that Don Quixpte was not wifer than lie lhould be, fince he committed fuch an extravagance as the fetting them at liberty, feeing himfelf treated in this manner, winked upon his comrades ; and they all, ftepping afide, began to rain fuch a mower of ftones ■ upon Don Quixote, that he could not contrive to cover himfelf with his buckler; and poor Rozinante made no more of the fpur than if he had been made of brafs. Sancho got behind his afs, and thereby flickered himfelf from the ftorm and hail that poured upon them both. Don Quixote could not fcreen himfelf fe well, but that he received I know not how many thumps on the body with fuch force, that they brought him to the. ground 3 and fcarce was he fallen, 1 Montzago, a duty to the king upon cattle. ■■- J7 Uanderbanl- / DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCIIA. 123 when the fludent let upon him, and, taking the bafan Irom off his head, gave him three or four blows with it on the moulders, and then itruck it :. againfl the ground, whereby he almofl: broke it to pieces. They ftripped him of a jacket he wore over his armour, and would have Gripped him of Ins trow- zers too, if the greaves had not hindered them. They took from Sancho his cloak, leaving him in his doublet ' ; and fharing among themfelvQS the fpoils of the battle, they made die beff. of their way off, each a fevered \ '\ more care how to efcape tlie holy brotherhood they were in fear of, than to load themfctves with the chain, and to go and prefent themfelves before the lady Dukinea del Tobofo. The afs and Rozinante, Sancko and D: :te, re- mained by Jiemfelves ; the afs hanging his head and pennVe, and now anil f] Ihaking his ears, diinking that the ftorm of ftones was not yet over, but ilill whizzing about his head ; Rozinante ftretched along clofe by his matter, he alio being knocked down with another ftone ; Sancho in his doublet, and afraid of the holy brotherhood ; and Don Quixote very much out of humour, to find himfelf lb ill treated by thofe very perfons to whom he had done fo much good. CHAP. IX. Of ivhat befell the renowned Don Quixote in the fable mountain, being one of themojl curious and unconimon adventures of any related in this faithful hi/lory. TPVOiV Quixote, finding himfelf fo ill treated, faid to his fquire ; Sancho, I -*- / have always heard it faid, that to do good to low fellows, is to throw wa- ter into the fea. Had I believed what you faid to me, I might have prevented this trouble ; but it is done, I mud have patience, and take warning from hence- forward. Your worfhip will as much take warning, anfwered Sancho, as I am a Turk ; but fince you fay, that, if you had believed me, you had avoided this mifchief, believe me now, and you will avoid a greater ; for, let me tell you, there is no putting off.the holy brotherhood with chivalries : they do not care two farthings for all the knights-errant in the world ; and know, that I fancy I already hear their arrows * whizzing about my cars. You are naturally a cow- ard, Sancho, faid Don Quixote : but that you may not fay I am obftinate, and that I never do what you advife, I will for once take your counfel, and get out of the reach of that fury you fear fo much ; but upon this one condition, that, nei- ther living nor dying, you ihall ever tell any body, that I retired, and withdrew myfelf from this peril, out of fear, but that I did it out of mere compliance With your intreaties : for if you fay otherwife, you will lye in fo doino- • and from this time to that, and from that time to this, I tell you, you lye, and will W n^fi^J^fk C r'' R %" lt ,M naked - Pehta h Iikewife a g^ment formerly ufed in Stai*. fcnfes ^ NV1 " eafl ' y fee ' that h ou S ]lt n °< » be iiix&ftood here in the firft of fhcfc * The troopers of the holy brotherhood carry bows and arrows R z lye, I24 . tte LIFE and EXPLOITS of lye, every time you fay or think it : and reply no more j for the bare thought of withdrawing and retreating from any danger, and efpecially from this, which feems to cany fome or no appearance of fear with it, makes me, that I now ftand prepared to abide here, and expect alone, not only that holy brotherhood you talk of and fear, but the brothers of the twelve tribes of Ifrael, and the feven Maccabees, and Cajior and Pollux, and even all the brothers and brother- hoods that are in the world. Sir, anfwered Sancho, retreating is not running away, nor is ftaying wifdom, when the danger over-balances the hope : and it is the part of wife men to fecure themfelves to-day for to-morrow, and not to venture all upon one throw. And know, though I am but a clown and a pea- fant, I have yet fome fmattering of what is called good conduct : therefore re- pent not of having taken my advice, but get upon Rozhiante if you can, and if not, I will affift you ; and follow me ; for my noddle tells me, that for the prefent we have more need of heels than hands. Don Quixote mounted, with- out replying a word more ; and, Sancho leading the way upon his afs, they en- tered on one fide of the fable mountain ', which was hard by, it being Sancho'* intention to pafs quite crofs it, and to get out at Vifo, or at Almodovar del Cam- po, and to hide themfelves, for fome days, among thofe craggy rocks, that they might not be found, if the holy brotherhood mould come in queft of them. He was encouraged to this by feeing that the provifions carried by his afs 2 had efcaped fafe from the skirmifh with the galley-flaves, which he looked upon as a miracle, confidering what the flaves took away, and how narrowly they fearched. That night they got into the heart of the fable mountain, where Sancho thought it convenient to pafs that night, and alfo fome days, at leaft as long as the provifions he had with him lafled: fo they took up their lodging between two great rocks, and amidft abundance of cork-trees. But deftiny, which, ac- cording to the opinion of thofe who have not the light of the true faith, guides, faihions, and difpofes all things its own way, fo ordered it, that Gines de Pqffa- monte, the famous cheat and robber, whom the valour and madnefs of Don Quixote had delivered from the chain, being juftly afraid of the holy brother- hood, took it into his head to hide himfelf in thofe very mountains ; and his fortune and his fear carried him to the fame place where Don Quixote's and Sancho Panca's had carried them, juft at the time he could diftinguiih who they were, and at the inflant they were fallen afleep. And as the wicked are always ungrateful, and neceffity puts people upon applying to fhifts, and the prefent conveniency overcomes the confideration of the future, Gines, who had neither gratitude nor good-nature, bethought himfelf of dealing Sancho Panca's ■ Sierra morena. A great mountain (or rather chain of mountains, for fo Sierra fignifics) which divides the kingdom of Cajlile from the province of Andaluxia, and remarkable for being (morena) of a Moorijb or fwarthy colour. . 1 The provifions were eaten before, and the wallet left in the inn for the reckoning ; befides, the looie coat, or cloak, which the galley-flaves had taken away from Sancho, had been made ufe of as a bag for the provifions when they were firft taken. %u b ' . caufe I would pafs briefly oyer the account oi my misfortunes, for the bringing them back to my remembrance ferves only to add new ones : and though the fewer queftions I am asked, the iooner I (hall have nnifhed my ftory, yet will I not omit any material circumftance, deligning entirely to fatisfy your deiire. Don Zuixote prornifed, in the name of all the reft, it mould be fo , and, upon this affurance, he began in the following manner. fA uv^«f,ll My name is Cardenio ; the place of my birth one of die beft cities of all Jndaluzia % my family noble ; my parents rich , my wretchedness fo great, that my parents muft have lamented it, and my relations felt it, without being able to remedy it by all their wealth; for the goods of fortune feldom avail any thing towards the relief of misfortunes fent from heaven. In this country there lived° a heaven, wherein love had placed all the glory I could with for. Such is the beauty of Lucinda, a damfel of as good a family and as rich as myfelt, but of more good fortune, and.lefs conftancy, than were due to my honourable in- tentions This Luanda I loved, courted, and adored from my childhood and tender years; and fhe, on her part, loved me with that innocent affedhon, pro- per to her age. Our parents were not unacquainted with our inclinations, and were not difpleafed at them ; forefeeing; that, if they went on, they could end in nothing but our marriage : a thing pointed out, as it were, by the equality of our birth and circumftances. Our love encreafed with our years, infomuch that Luanda's father thought proper, for reafons of decency, to deny me accefs to his houfe ; imitating, as it were, the parents of that tfnsbe, fo celebrated by the poets. This reftraint was only adding flame to flame, and defire to defire : for, though it was in their power to impofe filence on our tongues, they could not on our pens, which difcover to the perfon beloved the moft hidden fecrets of the foul, and that with more freedom than the tongue ; for oftentimes the pre- fence of the beloved object difturbs and ftrikes mute the moft determined in- tention, and the moft refolute tongue. O heavens ! how many billets-doux did I write to her ! what charming, what modeft anfwers did I receive ! how many fonnets did I pen ! how many love-verfes indite ! in which my foul un- folded all its paffion, defcribed its enfkmed defires, chcrkhed its remembrances, and gave a loofe to its wifhes. In fhort, finding myfelf at my wit's end, and my foul languishing with defire of feeing her, I refolvcd at once to put in execu- tion 134 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of tion what feemed to me the moft likely means to obtain my defired and deferved reward : and that was, to demand her of her father for my lawful wife; which I accordingly did. He anfwered me, that he thanked me for the inclination I fhewed to do him honour in my propofed alliance with his family ; but that my father being alive, it belonged more properly to him to make this demand : for, without his full confent and approbation, Luanda was not a woman to be taken or given by ftealth. I returned him thanks for his kind intention, think- ing there was reafon in what he faid, and that my father would come into it, as foon as I iliould break it to him. In that very inftant I went to acquaint my father with my defires ; and, upon entering the room where he was, I found him with a letter open in his hand, which he gave me before I fpoke a word, faying to me ; By this letter you will fee, Cardenio, the inclination duke Ricardo has to do you fervice. This duke Ricardo, gentlemen, as you cannot but know, is a grandee of Spain, whofe eftate lies in the beft part of Andalu- zia. I took and read the letter, which was fo extremely kind, that I myfelf judged, it would be wrong in my father not to comply with what he requefted in it ; which was, that he would fend me prefently to him, for he was defirous to place me (not as a fervant, but) as a companion to his eldeft fon j and that he engaged to put me into a port anfwerable to the opinion he had of me. I was confounded at reading the letter, and efpecially when I heard my father fay : Two days hence, Cardenio, you mail depart, to fulfill the duke's pleafure ; and give thanks to god, who is opening you a way to that preferment I know you deferve. To thefe he added feveral other expreffions, by way of fatherly ad- monition. The time fixed for my departure came ; I talked the night before to Lucinda, and told her all that had paned ; and I did the fame to her father, begging of him to wait a few days, and not to difpofe of her, 'till I knew what duke Ricardo's pleafure was with me. He promiied me all I defired, and me, on her part, confirmed it with a thoufand vows and a thou land faintings. I ar- rived at length where duke Ricardo refided, who received and treated me with fo much kindnefs, that envy prefently began to do her office, by pofiefiing his old fervants with an opinion, that every favour the duke conferred upon me was prejudicial to their intereft. But the perfon the moft pleafed with my being there was a fecond fon of the duke's, called Fernando, a fprightly young gentle- man, of a genteel, generous, and amorous difpofition, who, in a fhort time, contracted fo intimate a friendfhip with me, that it became the fubjecf of every body's difcourfe ; and though I had a great fhare likewife in the favour and af- • fection of the elder brother, yet they did not come up to that diflinguifhing manner in which Don Fernando loved and treated me. Now, as there is no fe- cret, which is not communicated between fiends, and as the intimacy I held with Don Fernando ceafed to be barely fuch by being converted into an abfb- lute friendmip, he revealed to me all his thoughts, and efpecially one relating to his being in love, which gave him no fmall dilquiet. He loved a country girl, a vaflal DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. i 35 a valftl of his father's : her parents were very rich, and Ihe herfclf was fo beautiful, referved, difcreet, and modeit, that no one who knew her could de- termine in which of thefe qualifications ihe moll excelled, or was mo; t accom- plished. Thefe perfections of the country-maid railed Don Fernando' $ defires to fuch a pitch, that he refolved, in order to carry his point, and fubduc the cha- flity of the maiden, to give lier his promife to many her; for, otherwifc, it would have been to attempt an impofiibility. The obligation I was under to his friend/hip put me upon uling the bell reafons, and the moil lively exam- ples, I could think of, to divert and dilfuade him from fuch a purpofe. But finding it was all in vain, I refolved to acquaint his fadier, duke Ricardo, widi the affair. But Don Fernando, being iharp-fighted and artful, fufpe&ed and feared no lefs, knowing that I was obliged, as a faithful fervant, not to conceal from my lord and mailer the duke a matter fo prejudicial to his honour ; and therefore, to amufe and deceive me, he laid, that he knew no better remedy for effacing the remembrance of the beauty that had fo captivated him, than to abfent himfelf for fome months ; and this abfence, he laid, Ihould be effected by our going together to my father's houfe, under pretence, as he would tell the duke, of feeing and cheapening fome very fine horfes in our town, which produces the bell in the world. Scarcely had I heard him fay this, when, prompted by my own love, I approved of his propofal, as one of the bell con- certed imaginable, and Ihould have done fo, had it not been fo plaufible a one, fince it afforded me fo good an opportunity of returning to fee my dear Lueinda. Upon this motive, I came into his opinion, and feconded his defign, defiring him to put it in execution as foon as poffible j fince, probably, abfence might have its effect, in fpight of the ftrongeft inclinations. At the very time he made this propofal to me, he had already, as appeared afterwards, enjoyed the mai- den under the title of a husband, and only waited for a convenient feafon to divulge it with fafety to himfelf, being afraid of what the duke his father might do, when he Ihould hear of his folly. Now, as love in young men is, for the moll part, nothing but appetite, and aspleafure is its ultimate end, it is terminated by enjoyment ; and what feemed to be love vanilhes, becaufe it cannot pafs the bounds afiigned by nature ; whereas true love admits of no limits. I would fay that, when Don Fernando had enjoyed the country girl, his defires grew faint' and his fondnefs abated; fo that, in reality, that abfence, which he propofed as a remedy for his paffion, he only chofe, in order to avoid what was now no longer agreeable to him. The duke gave him his leave, and ordered me to bear him company We came to our town , my father received him according to his quality , I immediately vifited Lueinda ; my paffion revived, though! in truth, it had been neither dead nor afleep: unfortunately for me, I revealed it to Don Fernando, thinking that, by the laws of friendihip-, I ought to conceal - nothing from him I expatiated to him, in fo lively a manner, on the beauty, good humour, and difcretion of Lueinda 3 that my praifes excited in him a defire of 136 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of of feeing a damfel adorned with fuch fine accomplifhments. I complied with it, to my misfortune, and (hewed her to him one night by the light of a taper at a window, where we two ufed to convcrfe together. He faw her, and fuch fhe proved to him, as blotted out of his memory all the beauties he had ever feen before. He was ftruck dumb ; he loft all fenfe ; he was tranfported ; in fhort, he fell in love to fuch a degree, as will appear by the fequel 01 the ftory of my misfortunes. And the more to inflame his defire, which he concealed from me, and difclofed to heaven alone, fortune fo ordered it, that he one day found a letter of hers to me, defiring me to demand her of her father in mar- riage, fo ingenious, fo modeft, and fo full of tendernefs, that, when he had read it, he declared to me, that he thought in Luci?ida alone were united all the graces of beauty and good fenfe, which are difperfed and divided among the reft of her fex. True it is (I confefs it now) that, diough I knew what juft grounds Don Fernando had to commend Luanda, I was grieved to hear thofe commen- dations from his mouth : I began to fear and fufpect him ; for he was every moment putting me upon talking of Luanda, and would begin the difcourfe himfelf, though he brought it in never fo abruptly : which awakened in me I know not what jealoufy ; and though I did not fear any change in the goodnefs and fidelity of Luanda, yet ftill my fate made me dread the very thing the efteem I had for her fecured me from. Don Fernando conftantly procured a fight of the letters I wrote to Luanda, and her aniwers, under pretence that he was mightily pleafed with the wit of both. Now it fell out, that Luanda, who was very fond of books of chivalry, defired me to lend her that of Amadis de Gaul. Scarce had Don Quixote heard him mention books of chivalry, when he faid; Had you told me, Sir, at the beginning of your ftory, that the lady Lucinda was fond of reading books of chivalry, there would have needed no other exaggera- tion to convince me of the fublimky of her underftanding ; for it could never have been fo excellent as you have defcribed it, had fhe wanted a relifh for fuch favoury reading : fo that, with refpect to me, it is needlefs to wafte more words in difplaying her beauty, worth, and underftanding ; for, from only knowing her tafte, I pronounce her to be the moft beautiful and the moll ingenious wo- man in the world. And I with, Sir, that, together with Amadis de Gaul, you had fent her the good Don Rugel of Greece ; for I know that the lady Luanda will be highly delighted with Daraida and Garaya, and the witty conceits of the fhepherd Darine/; alio with thofe admirable verfes of his Bucolics, which he fung and repeated with fo much good humour, wit, and freedom : but the time may come when this fault may be amended, and the reparation may be made, as foon as ever you will be pleafed, Sir, to come with me to our town ; where I c:.n furnifh'you with more than three hundred books, that are the de- light of my foul, and the entertainment of my life : though, upon fecond thought?, I have not one of them left, thanks to the malice of wicked and en- vious DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 137 vious enchanters. Pardon me, Sir, the having given you this interruption, con- trary to what I promifed ; but, when I hear of matters of chivalry and knights- errant, I can as well forbear talking of them, as the fun-beams can ceafe to give heat, or the moon to moiftcn. So that, pray excufe me, and go on ; for that is of moil importance to us at prefent. While Don Quixote was faying all dds, Cardenio hung down his head upon his bread:, with all the figns of a man profoundly thoughtful ; and though Don Quixote twice defired him to continue his ftory, he neither lifted up his head, nor anfwered a word. But, after fome time, he raifed it, and fuid ; I cannot get it out of my mind, nor can any one perfuade me to the contrary, and he mull be a blockhead who underftands or believes otherwife, but that that great villain mailer Elifabat lay with queen Madafima \ It is falfe, I fwear, anfwered Don Quixote, in great wrath ; it is extreme malice, or rather villainy, to fay fo : queen Madafima was a very noble lady, and it is not to be prefumed, that fo high a princefs mould lie with a quack ; and whoever pretends (he did, lies like a very great rafcal : and I will make him know it on foot or on horfeback, armed or unarmed, by night or by day, or how he pleafes. Cardenio fat looking at him very attentively, and, the mad fit being already come upon him, he was in no condition to profecute his ftory ; neither would Don Quixote have heard him, fo difgufted was he at what he had heard of Madafima : and ftrange it was to fee him take her part with as much earneftnefs, as if die had really been his true and natural princefs ; fo far had his curfed books turned his head. I fay then, that Cardenio, being now mad, and hearing himfelf called Ivar and villain, with other fuch opprobrious words, did not like the jeft ; and catching up a ftone that lay clofe by him, he gave Don Quixote fuch a thump with it on the breaft, that it tumbled him down backward. Sancko Panca feeing hismafter handled in this manner, attacked the madman with his clenched fift ; and the ragged knight received him in fuch fort, that with one blow he laid him along at his feet ; and prefently getting upon him, he pounded his ribs much to his own heart's content. The goatherd, who endeavoured to defend him, fared little better and when he had beaten and threfhed them all, he left them, and very quietly marched off to his haunts amidft the rocks. Sancho got up, and in a rage to find himfelf fo roughly handled, and fo undefervedly withal was for taking his revenge on the goatherd, telling him, he was in fault for not having given them warning, that this man had his mad fits ; for had they known as much, they fhould have been aware, and upon their guard. The goatherd anfwered, that he had already given them notice of it, and that, if heliad not heard it, the fault was none of his. Sancho Patina replied, and the goatherd rejoined ; and the replies and rejoinders ended in taking one another by the beard, 1 aac ■ u a great fi S ure ,n the aforcfaid romance. They travel and lye toscther in woods and delerts, without any imputation on her honour. * Y wgitner in VoL ' L T and 138 The LIVE and EXPLOITS of and cuffing one another fo, that, if Don Quixote had not made peace between them, they would have beat one another to pieces. Sancho, jftill keeping faff, hold of the goatherd, faid; Let me alone, Sir knight of the forrowful figure ; for this fellow being a bumpkin, like myfelf, and not dubbed a knight, I may very fafely revenge myfelf on him for the injury he has done me, by fightinp- with him hand to hand, like a man of honour. True, faid Don Quixote ; but I know that he is not to blame for what has happened. Herewith he pacified them; and Don Quixote enquired again of the goatherd, whether it were poffi- ble to find out Cardenio ; for he had a mighty defire to learn the end of his ffory. The goatherd told him, as at firft, that he did not certainly know his haunts; but that, if he walked thereabouts pretty much, he would not fail to meet with him, either in or out of his fenfes. CHAP. XI. Which treats of the Jirange things that befel the valiant knight of la Mancha in the fable mountain ; and how he imitated the penance of Beltenebros. "P\ O N QUIXO TE took his leave of the goatherd, and, mounting again ■*-^ on Rozinante, commanded Sancho to follow him ; which he did with a very ill will. They jogged on foftly, entering into the moft craggy part of the mountain; and Sancho was ready to burft for want of fome talk with his mafter, but would fain have had him begin the difcourfe, that he might not break thro' what he had enjoined him : but, not being able to endure fo long a filence, he faid to him : Signor Don Quixote, will your worfhip be pleafed to give me your bleffing, and my difmiffion ; for I will get me home to my wife and children, with whom I mall, at leaf!:, have the privilege of talking, and fpeaking my mind; for, to defire me to bear your worfhip company through thefe folitudes, night and day, without fuffering me to talk when I lift, is to bury me alive. If fate had ordered it that beaits fhould talk now, as they did in the days of Gui- fopete ', it had not been quite fo bad; fince I might then have communed with my afs as I pleafed, and thus have forgotten my ill-fortune : for it is very hard, and not to be born with patience, for a man to ramble about all his life in quefl of adventures, and to meet with nothing but kicks and cuffs, toffings in a blanket, and brick-bat bangs, and, with all this, to few up his mouth, and not dare to utter what he has in his heart, as if he were dumb. I underftand you, Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote; you are impatient 'till I take off the em- bargo I have laid on your tongue : fuppofe it taken off, and fay what you will, upon condition that this revocation is to laft no longer than whilft. we are wan- dering among thefe craggy rocks. Be it fo, find Sancho : Let me talk now, for god knows what will be hereafter. And fo beginning to enjoy the benefit of this licenfe, I fay; What had your worfhip to do to Hand up fo warmly for that 1 Meaning JEfip, I fuppofe. lame DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 139 fame queen Magimafa, or what's her name ? or, what was it to the purpofe whether that abbot ' was her galant, or no ? for, had you let that pais, feeing you were not his judge, I verily believe die madman would have gone on with his ftory, and you would have efcaped the thump with the ffone, the kicks, and above half a dozen buffets. In faith, Sancho, anfwered Don Quixote, if you did but know, as I do, how honourable and how excellent a lady queen Ma- dafima was, I am certain you would own I had a great deal of patience, that I did not dafh to pieces that mouth, out of which fuch blafphemics iflucd. For it is very great blafphemy to fay, or even to think, that a queen fhould be punk to a barber-furgcon. The truth of the ftory is, that that mafter Elifabat, whom the madman mentioned, was a very prudent man, and of a very found judg- ment, and ferved as tutor and phyfician to the queen : but, to think fhe was his paramour, is an impertinence that deferves to be feverely chaftifed. And, to fhew you that Cardenio did not know what he faid, you may remember, that, when lie fliid it, he was out of his wits. So fay I, quodi Sancho ; and therefore no account fhould have been made of his words; for, if good-fortune had not been your friend, and the flint-flone had been directed at your head, as it was at your breaft, we had been in a fine condition for ftanding up in defence of that dear lady, whom god confound. Befides, do you think, Cardenio, if he had killed you, would not have come off, as being a madman ? Any knight- errant, anfwered Don Quixote, is obliged to defend the honour of women, be they what they will, as well againft men in their fenfes, as againft thofe out of them; how much more then ought they to ftand up for queens of fuch high degree and worth, as was queen Madafima, for whom I have a particular affec- tion, on account of her good parts : for, befides her being extremely beautiful, fhe was very prudent, and very patient in her afflictions, of which fhe had many. And the counfels and company of mafter Elifabat were of great ufe and comfort to her, in helping her to bear her fufferings with prudence and pa- tience. Hence the ignorant and evil-minded vulgar took occafion to think and talk, that fhe was his paramour : and I fay again, they lye, and will lye two hundred times more, all who fay or think her fo. I neither fiy, nor think Co, anfwered Sancho ; let thofe who fay it eat the lye, and fwallow it with their bread : whether they were guilty, or no, they have given an account to god ' before now : I come from my vineyard; I know nothing; I am no friend to enquiring into other men's lives; for he that buys and lyes, fhall find the lye left in his purfe behind : befides, naked was I born, naked I remain ; I neither win, nor lofe ; if they were guilty, what is that to me ? Many think to find bacon, where there is not fo much as a pin to hang it on : but who can hedge in the cuckow ? Efpecially, do they fpare god himfelf ? Blefs me ! quoth Don Quixote, what a parcel of impertinencies are you ftringing ! how wide is the fubject we 1 Abad. Sancho, remembring only the latter part of mafter Llifabai'% name, pleafantly calls him an * Abbot. T 2 are i 4 o The LIFE and EXPLOITS of are handling from the proverbs you are threading like beads ! Pr'ythee, Sancho, hold your tongue, and henceforward mind fpurring your afs, and forbear med- ling with what does not concern you. And understand, with all your five fenfes, that whatever I have done, do, or fhall do, is highly reafonable, and exa&ly conformable to the rules of chivalry, which I am better acquainted with than all the knights, who have profeffed that fcience in the world. Sir, replied Sancho, is it a good rule of chivalry, that we go wandering through thefe moun- tains, without path or road, in quefl of a madman, who perhaps, when he is found, will have a mind to finifh what he begun, not his ftory, but the break- ing of your head, and my ribs. Peace, I fay, Sancho, once again, faid Don Quixote: for you muft: know, that it is not barely the delire of finding the madman that brings me to thefe parts, but the intention I have to perform an exploit in them, whereby I fhall acquire a perpetual name and renown over the face of the whole earth : and it fhall be fuch an one as fhall fet the feal to all that can render a knight-errant complete and famous. And is this fame ex- ploit a very dangerous one? quoth Sancho Pane a. No, anfwered he of the for- ronsoful figure ; though the dye may chance to run fo, that we may have an un- lucky throw, inftead of a lucky one : but the whole will depend upon your diligence. Upon my diligence ? quoth Sancho. Yes, faid Don Quixote ; for if you return fpeedily from the place whither I intend to fend you, my pain will foon be over, and my glory will foon commence : and becaufe it is not expe- dient to keep you any longer in fufpence, waiting to know what my difcourfe drives at, underfland, Sancho, that the famous Amadis de Gaul was one of the moft complete knights-errant : I fhould not have faid one of; he was the fole, the principal, the only one, in fhort the prince of all that were in his time in the world. A fig for Don Belianis, and for all thofe, who fay he equalled him in any thing ! for, I fwear, they are miftaken. I alfo tell you, that, if a painter would be famous in his art, he muft endeavour to copy after the originals of the moft excellent matters he knows. And the fame rule holds good for all other arts and fciences that ferve as ornaments of the commonwealth. In like man- ner, whoever afpires to die character of prudent and patient, muft imitate Ulyjfes, in whofe perfon and toils Homer draws a lively piclure of prudence and patience; as Virgil alfo does of a pious fon, and a valiant and expert captain, in the perfon of M?ieas; not delineating nor defcribing them as they really were, but as they ought to be, in order to ferve as patterns of virtue to fucceeding genera- tions. In this very manner was Amadis the polar, the morning ftar, and the fun of all valiant and enamoured knights, and he, whom all we, who militate under the banners of love and chivdry, ought to follow. This being fo, friend Sancho, the knight-errant, who imitates him the moft. nearly, will, I take it, ftand the faireft to arrive at the perfection of chivalry. And one circumftance, in which this knight moft eminently difcovered his prudence, worth, courage, patience, conftancy and love x was, his retiring, when difdained by the lady Oriana, to do DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 141 do penance in the poor rock, changing his name to that of Beltenebros T ; a name mod certainly Ggnificant, and proper for the life lie had voluntarily cho- fen. Now, it is eafier for me to copy after him in this, than in cleaving giants, beheading ferpents, flaying dragons, routing armies, fluttering fleets, and dif- folvino- enchantments. And fince this place is fo well adapted for that purpofe, there Ts no reafon why I fhould let flip the opportunity, which now fo commo- dioufly offers me its forelock. In effect:, quoih Sancho, what is it your worfliip intends to do in fo remote a place as this ? Have I not told you, anfwered Don Quixote, that I defign to imitate Amadis, ading here the defperado, the fenfe- kfs, and the madman; at the fame time copying the valiant Don Orlando, when he found, by the fide of a fountain, fome indications that Angelica the fain had dishonoured herfelf with Medoro: at grief whereof he ran mad, tore up trees by the roots, disturbed the waters of the cryflal fprings, flew fhepherds, de- fl'royed flocks, fired cottages, d<.molifhed houfts, dragged mares on the ground, and did an hundred thoufand other extravagancies worthy to be recorded, and had in eternal remembrance. And fuppofe that I do not intend to imitate Rol- dan, or Orlando, or Rotolando (for he had all thefe three names) in every point, and in all the mad things he acted, faid, and thought, I will make a sketch of them the be A I can, in what I judge the moft eflential. And perhaps I may fatisfy myfelf with only copying Amadis, who, without playing any mif- chievous pranks, by weepings and tenderneffes, arrived to as great iame as the beff. of them all. It fecms to me, quoth Sancho, that die knights, who acted in fuch manner, were provoked to it, and had a reafon for doing thefe follies and penances: but, pray, what caufe has your worfliip to run mad? What la- dy has* difdained you ? or what tokens have you difcovered to convince you, that the lady Dulcinea del Tobofo has committed folly either with Moor * or chriftian ? There lies the point, anfwered Don Quixote, and in this confifts the Jinejje of my affair: to run mad upon a jufl: occafion, deferves no thanks; but to do fo without reafon is the bufinefs ; giving my lady to underfland what I fhould perform wet, if I do fo much dry 3 . How much rather, fince I have caufe enough given me, by being fo long abfent from my ever honoured lady Dulcinea del Tobofo; for, as you may have heard from that whileome fhepherd, Anbrofio, The abfent feel and fear every ill. So that, friend Sancho, do not wafle time in counfelling me to quit fo rare, fo happy, and fo unheard-of an imitation. Mad I am, and mad I muft be, 'till your return with an anfwer to a letter I intend to fend by you to my lady Dulcinea-, and, if it proves fuch as my fidelity de- ferves, my madnefs and my penance will be at an end : but if it proves the con- * The Lovely obfeure. - Sancho feeras here to miftake Medoro, the name of Angelicas fuppofed galant, for Moro, which fi uni- fies a Moor. 5 A kind of profane allufion to a well-known text of fcripture, which had not efcaped the inquifitor?, hut that they are ignorant of the bible: fuch another we have before, where Don Qtixote promifes long life on earth to Sancho, if he was obedient to his malter. trary, . i 4 2 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of trary, I fhall be mad in earneft, and, being fo, fhall feel nothing : fo that what anfwer foever (he returns, I fhall get out of the conflict and pain where- in you leave me, either enjoying die good you mall bring, if in my fenfes ; or not feeling the ill you bring, if out of them. But tell me, Sancho, have you taken care of Mambrino's helmet, which I faw you take off the ground, when that gracelefs fellow would have broken it to pieces, but could not? whence you may perceive the excellence of its temper. To which Sancho anfwered ; As god liveth, Sir knight of the forrowf id figure, I cannot endure nor bear with patience fome things your worfhip fays : they are enough to make me think that all you tell me of chivalry, and of winning kingdoms and empires, of beftow- ing iflands, and doing other favours and mighty tilings, according to the cuftom of knights - errant, muft be mere vapour, and a lye, and all fridlion, or fidlion, or how do you call it ? for, to hear you fay that a barber's bafon is Mambrino's helmet, and that you cannot be beaten out of this error in feveral days, what can one think, but that he, who fays and affirms fuch a thing, muft be addle-brained ? I have the bafon in my wallet, all battered, and I cany it to get it mended at home, for the ufe of my beard, if god be fo gracious to me, as to reftore me one time or other to my wife and children. Behold, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, I fwear likewife, that you have the fhalloweft brain that any fquire has, or ever had, in the world. Is it poffible, that, in all the time you have gone about with me, you do not perceive, that all matters rela- ting to knights-errant appear chimera's, follies, and extravagancies, and feem all done by the rule of contraries ? not that they are in reality fo, but becaufe there is a crew of enchanters always bufy among us, who alter and difguife all our matters, and turn them according to their own pleafure, and as they are in- clined to favour or diftrefs us : hence it is that this, which appears to you a bar- ber's bafon, appears to me Mambrino's helmet, and to anodier will perhaps ap- pear fomething elfe : And it was a Angular forefight of the fage my friend, to make that appear to every body to be a bafon, which, really and truly, is Mam- brino's helmet : becaufe, being of fo great value, all the world would perfecute me, in order to take it from me; but now, that they take it for nothing but a barber's bafon, they do not trouble themfelves to get it ; as was evident in him who endeavoured to break it, and left it on the ground without carrying it off: for, in faith, had he known what it was, he would never have left it. Take you care of it, friend; for I have no need of it at prefent: I rather think of putting off my armour, and being naked as I was born, in cafe I fhould have more mind to copy Orlando in my penance, than Amadis. While they were thus difcourfing, they arrived at the foot of a fteep rock, which flood alone among feveral others that furrounded it, as if it had been hewn out from the reft. By its skirts ran a gentle ftream, and it was encircled by a meadow fo verdant and fertile, that it delighted die eyes of all who be- held it. There grew about it feveral foreft-trees, and fome plants and flowers, which DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 143 which added greatly to the pleafantnefs of the place. This was the fcene, in which the knight of the forrowful figure chofe to perform his penance, and, upon viewing it, he thus broke out in a loud voice, as if he had been beiide himfclf. This is the place, O ye heavens, which I felect and appoint for bewailing the misfortune in which yourfelves have involved me. This is the fpot, where my flowing tears fhall increafe the waters of this cryftal rivulet, and my continual and pro- found fighs fhall incefiantly move the leaves of thefe lofty trees, in teftimony and token of the pain my pcrfecuted heart endures. O ye rural deities, who- ever ye be that inhabit thefe remote deferts, give ear to the complaints of an unhappy lover, whom long abfence, and fome pangs of jealoufy, have driven to bewail himfelf among thefe craggy rocks, and to complain of the cruelty of that ungrateful lair, the utmoft extent and ultimate perfection of all human beauty. O ye wood-nymphs and dryads, who are accuftomed to inhabit the clofeft receffes of the mountains (fo may the nimble and lafcivious iatyrs, by whom you are beloved in vain, never difturb your fweet repofe) aflift me to la- ment my hard fate, or at lead: be not weary of hearing my moan. O Dulcinea del Tobofo, light of my darknefs, glory of my pain, the north-ftar of my tra- vels, and over-ruling planet of my fortune (fo may heaven profper you in whatever you pray for) conlider, I befeech you, the place and Hate, to which your abfence has reduced me, and how well you return what is due to my fidelity. O ye folitary trees, who from henceforth are to be the compa- nions of my retirement, wave gently your branches, in token of your kind ac- ceptance of my perfon. And, O you my fquire, agreeable companion in my mod: profperous and adverfe fortune, carefully imprint in your memory what you fhall fee me here perform, that you may recount and recite it to her, who is the fole caufe of it all. And, faying this, he alighted from Rozinante, and, in an inftant, took off his bridle and faddle, and giving him a flap on the but- tocks, faidtohim; O fteed, as excellent for thy performances, as unfortunate by thy fate, he gives thee liberty who wants it himfelf. Go whither thou wilt; for thou haft it written in thy forehead, that neither Aflolpho's Hippogriff, nor the famous Frontino, which coft Bradamante fo dear, could match diee jft fpeed. Sancho, obferving all this, faid : God's peace be with him, who faved us the trouble of unpannelling Dapple ' j for, in faith, he fliould not have wanted a flap on the buttocks, nor a fpeech in his praife : but, if he were here, I would not confent to his being unpannelled, there being no occa!:on for it ; for he had nothing to do with love or defpair, any more than I, who was once his mafter when it fo pleafed god. And truly, Sir knight of the forrowful figure, if it be fo, that my departure and your madnefs go on in earned, it will be needful to faddle Rozinante again, that he may fupply the lofs of my Dapple, and fuve me » Here Dapple is loft again, though he has been with Sancho ever iince the very morning lha. Ginit ftole lum, 'till the minute that the bill fur die cults was to be given. time i4+ The LIFE and EXPLOITS of time in going and coming ; for, if I go on foot, I know not when I fhall get thither, nor when return, being, in truth, a forty footman. Be it as you will, anfwered Don Quixote; for I do not difapprove your projec"t; and I fay, you fliall depart within three days, for I intend in that time to fhew you what I do and fay for her, that you may tell it her. What have I more to fee, quoth Sancbo, than what I have already feen ? You are very far from being perfect in the ftory, anfwered Don Quixote; for I have not yet torn my garments, fcat- tered my arms about, and dafhed my head againft thefe rocks ; with other tilings of the like fort, that will ftrike you with admiration. For the love of god, faid Sancbo, have a care how you give yourfelf thofe knocks; for you may chance to light upon fuch an unlucky point of a rock, that, at the firft dafti, you may difiolve the whole machine of this penance : and, I fliould think, fince your worfhip is of opinion that knocks on the head are necefiary, and that this work cannot be done without them, you might content yourfelf (fince all is a fiction, a counterfeit, and a fham) I fay, you might content yourfelf with run- ning your head againft water, or fome foft thing, fuch as cotton ; and leave it to me to tell my lady, that you dafhed your head againft the point of a rock harder than that of a diamond. I thank you for your good-will, friend Sancbo, anfwered Don Quixote; but I would have you to know, that all thefe things that I do are not in jeft, but very good earneft : for, otherwife, it would be to tranfgrefs the rules of chivalry, which enjoin us to tell no lye at all, on pain of being cafliiered as apoftates ; and the doing one thing for another is the fame as lying. And therefore my knocks on the head mult be real, fubftantial, and found ones, .without equivocation or mental refervation. And it will be necef- fary to leave me fome lint to heal me, fince fortune will have it that we have loft the balfam. It was worfe to lofe the afs, anfwered Sancbo ; for, in lofing him, we loft lint and every thing elfe ; and I befeech your worfhip not to put me in mind of that curfed drench; for, in barely hearing it mentioned, my very foul is turned upfide-down, not to fay my ftomach. As for die three days allowed me for feeing the mad pranks you are to perform, make account, I be- feech you, that they are already pafTedj for I take them all for granted, and will tell wonders to my lady : and write you the letter, and difpatch me quickly ; for I long to come back and releafe your worfhip from this purgatory wherein I leave you. Purgatory, do you call it, Sancbo ? faid Don Quixote. Call it ra- ther Hell, or worfe, if any thing can be worfe. I have heard fay, quoth Sancbo, that out of hell there is no retention \ I know not, faid Don Quixote, what re- tention means. Retention is, anfwered Sancbo, that he who is once in hell ne- ver gets, nor never can get out. But it will be quite the reverfe in your worfhip's cafe, or it fliall go hard with my heels, if I have but fpurs to enliven Rozinante: and 'let me but once get to Tobofo, and into the prefence of my lady Dulcinea, and I warrant you I will tell her fuch a ftory of the foolifh and mad things (for they « No redemption, he means. are DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 145 are all no better) which your worfhip has done, and is doing, that I fhall bring her to be as nipple as a glove, though I find her harder than a cork-tree : with whole fweet and honeyed anfwer I will return through the air like a witch, and fetch your worfhip out of this purgatory, which fcems a hell, and is not, be- caufe there is hope to gj out of it; which, as I have (aid, none can have that are in hell ; nor do I believe you will fay otherwife. That is true, anfwered he of the forrowful figure ; but how fhall we contrive to write the letter ? An 1 the afs-colt-bill ? added Sancho. Nothing (hall be omitted, faid Don Quixote ; and, fince we have no paper, we fhould do well to write it, as the ancients did, on the leaves of trees, or on tablets of wax, though it will be as difficult to meet with thefe at prefent, as with paper. But, now I recollect, it may be as well, or rather better, to write it in Cardenio's pocket-book, and you fhall take care to get it fairly tranferibed upon paper, in the firfl town you come to, where there is a fchoolmafler ; or, if there be none, any parifh-clerk will tranferibe it for you : but be fure you give it to no hackney-wnter of the law ; for the devil himfelf will never be able to read their confounded court-hand. But what mufl we do about the figning it with your own hand ? laid Sancho. Billets-doux are never fubferibed, anfwered Don Quixote. Very well, replied Sancho ; but the warrant for the colts mufl of neceffity be figned by yourfelf ; for if that be co- pied, people will fay the figning is counterfeited, and I fhall be forced to go without the colts. The warrant fhall be figned in the fame pocket-book ; and, at fight of it, my niece will make no difficulty to comply with it. As to what concerns the love-letter, let it be fubferibed thus ; Tours, 'till death, the knight of the forrowful figure. And it is no great matter, if it be in another hand; for, by what I remember, Dulcinca can neither write nor read, nor has fhe ever feen a letter, or fingle character, of mine in her whole life ; for our loves have always been of the Platonic kind, extending no farther than to modefl looks at one another ; and even thofe fo very rarely, that I dare truly fwear, in twelve years that I have loved her more than the fight of thefe eyes, which 'the earth mufl one day devour, I have not feen her four times ; and, perhaps, of thefe four times fhe may not have once perceived that I looked at her. Such is the referve and flridlnefs, with which her father Lorenzo Corchuelo, and her mother Aldonza Nogales, have brought her up. Hey day ! quoth Sancho, what, the daughter of Lorenzo Corchuelo I is fhe the lady Dulcinca del Tobofo, alias Aldonza Lorenzo? It is even fhe, faid Don Quixote; and fhe, who defer'ves to be miftrefs of the univerfe. I know her well, quoth Sancho ; and I can aflbre you, fhe will pitch the bar with the lufliefl fwain in the parifli : Long live the giver ; why, fhe is a mettled lafs, tall, flreight, and vigorous, and can make her part good with any knight-errant that fhall have her for a miflrefs : odds my hie, what a pair of lungs and a voice fhe has ! I remember die got one day upon the church-fleeple, to call fome young ploughmen, who were in a field of her fadier's ; and, though they were half a league off, they heard her as VoL ' 1 - U plainly i 4 6 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of plainly as if they had flood at the foot of the tower : and the beft of her is, that fhe is not at all coy ; for {he has much of the courtier in her, and makes a jefl and a may-game of every body. I fay then, Sir knight of the forrowftil figure, that you not only may, and ought to run mad for her, but alio you may juftly defpair and hang yourfelf, and no body that hears it but will fay you did extremely well, though the devil mould carry you away. I would fain be gone, if it were only to fee her ; for I have not feen her this many a day, and by this time fhe muff, needs be altered ; for it mightily fpoils womens faces to be al- ways abroad in the field, expofed to the fun and weather. And I confefs to your worfhip, Signor Don Quixote, that hitherto I have been in a great error ; for I thought for certain, that the lady Dulcinea was fome great princefs, with whom you was in love, or at leaff. fome perfon of fuch great quality, as to de- ferve the rich prefents you have fent her, as well that of the Bifcainer, as that of the galley-flaves ; and many others there mufr. have been, confidering the many victories you mufr. have gained and won, before I came to be your fquire. But, all things confidered, what good can it do the lady Aldonza Lorenzo (I mean the lady Dulcinea del Tobofo) to have the vanquifhed, whom your wor- fhip fends or may fend, fell upon their knees before her ? and who knows but, at the time they arrive, fhe may be carding flax, or threfhing in the barn, and they may be afhamed to fee her, and fhe may laugh, or be difgufled at the pre- fent ? I have often told you, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, that you are an eternal babler ; and, though void of wit, your bluntnefs often occafions fmarting : but, to convince you at once of your folly, and my difcretion, I will tell you a fhort flory. Know then, that a certain widow, handfome, young, gay and rich, and withal no prude, fell in love with a young, flrapping, well-fet lay-brother. His fuperior heard of it, and one day took occafion to fay to the good widow, by way of brotherly reprehenfion : I wonder, Madam, and not without great rea- fon, that a woman of fuch quality, fo beautiful, and fo rich, fhould fall in love with fuch a defpicable, mean, filly fellow, when there are in this houfe fo many graduates, dignitaries, and divines, among whom you might pick and choofe, as you would among pears, and fay, this I like, that I do not like. But fhe anfwered him with great franknefs and good humour ; you are much miftaken, worthy Sir, and think altogether in the old-fafhioned way, if you imagine that I have made an ill choice in that fellow, how filly foever he may appear, fince, for the purpofe I intend him, he knows as much or more philofophy than Ari- Jiotle himfelf. In like manner, Sancho, Dulcinea del Tobofo, for the purpofe I intend her, deferves as highly as the greatefr. princefs on earth. The poets, who have celebrated the praifes of ladies under fictitious names, impofed at pleafure, had not all of them real miftrefTes. Do you think that the Amaryllis's, the Plyllis's, the Sylvia's, the Diana's, the Galatea's, the Alida's, and the like, of whom books, ballads, barbers fhops, and ftage-plays are full, were really DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 147 really miftreffes of rlelh and blood, and to thofe who do, and have celebrated them ? No certainly, but they are for the moll part feigned, on purpofc to be the (ubjedts of their verle, and to make the authors pais for men of gallant and amorous difpofitions. And therefore it is fuf !;cLnt that I think and believe, that the good Aldonza Lorenzo is beautiful and chaile ; and as to her lineage, it matters not ; for there needs no enquiry about it, as if ihe were to receive fome order of knighdiood « ; and, for my part, I make account that (he is the greateft princefs in the world. For you mull know, Sancho, if you do not know it al- ready, that two things, above all others, incite to love, namely, great beauty and a good name : now both thefe are to be found in perfection in Dulcinca - y for, in beauty, none can be compared to her, and, for a good name, few can come near her. To conclude, I imagine that every thing is exa&ly as I fay, without addition or diminution ; and I reprefent her to my thoughts juft as I wim her to be, both in beaury and quality. Helen is not comparable to her, nor is me excelled by Lucretia, or any other of the famous women of anti- quity, whether Grecian, Latin, or Barbarian. And let every one (ay what l.e pleafes ; for if, upon this account, I am blamed by the ignorant, I (hall not be cenfured by the moil fevere judges. Your worlhip, replied Sancho, is always in the right, and I am an afs : but why do I mention an afs, when one ought not to talk of an halter in his houfe who was hanged ? but give me the letter, and god be with you ; for I am upon the wing. Don Quixote pulled out the pocket-book, and ftepping afide began very gravely to write the letter ; and when he had done, he called Sancho, and faid he would read it to him, that he might have it by heart, if he mould chance to lofe it by the way ; for every thing was to be feared from his ill fortune. To which Sancho anfwered : write it, Sir, two or three times diere in the book, and give it me, and I will carry it carefully : but to think that I can carry it in my memory, is a folly ; for mine is fo bad, that I often forget my own name. Nevertheless, read it to me ; I lhall be glad to hear it, for it mull needs be a clever one. Liilen then, faid Don Quixote, for it runs thus. Don Quixote's letter to Dulcinea del Tobojb. Sovereign and high lady, The jlabbed by the point of abfence, and the pierced to the heart, O fiveetej} Dulcinea del Tobofo, fends that health to you, which he wants himfelf \ If your beauty defpifes me, if your worth profits me nothing, and if your difdain /fill purfucs me, though I am enured to fujf'ering, I Jhall ill fupport an ajjli£lion, 1 Knights of Malta muft be nob'e by father and mother for five generations, fcfr, For other honours, it is required that they be old catholics, without any mixture of Moorijb or Jciuijb blood. * This is very like the beginning of fome of 0 Sancho here, by threatening to blurt out fomething, gives a kind of fly prophecy of the Dulcinea he intended to palm upon his mailer's i folly, and prepare, the reader for that grofs impofition of enchanting the three princefles and their palfreys, into three country wenches upon afies. No translation has n.ade feale of this artful paflage ; and even Stephens, with ail his pretences to Stanijh, was fo accurate, as to have it entirely out, as he has done loine others preceding in the fame page. momentj 150 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of moment, Sancho; I will difpatch them in the repeating of a Credo \ Then, ftripping off his breeches in all hafte, he remained naked from the waift down- wards, and covered only with the tail of his fhirt : and prefently, without more ado, he cut a couple of capers z in the air,, and a brace of tumbles, head down and heels up, exposing things that made Sancho turn Rozinante about, that he might not fee them a fecond time ; and fully fatisfied him, that he might fafely fwear his mailer was flark mad : and fo we will leave him going on his way 'till his return, which was fpeedy. CHAP. XII. A continuation of the refinements praSlifed by Don Quixote, as a lover, in the fable mountain. *HP H E Hiflory, turning to recount what the knight of the forrowful figure ■*■ did when he found himfelf alone, informs us, that Don Quixote, having finifhed his tumbles and gambols, naked from the middle downward, and cloathed from the middle upward, and perceiving that Sancho was gone without caring to fee any more of his foolifh pranks, got upon the top an high rock, and there began to think again of what he had often thought before, with- out ever coming to any refolution : and that was, which of the two was befr, and would fland him in mofl ftead, to imitate Orlando in his extravagant mad- nefs, or Amadis in his melancholic moods : and, talking to himfelf, he faid ; If Orlando was fo good and valiant a knight, as every body allows he was, what wonder is it, fince, in fhort, he was- enchanted, and no body could kill him, but by thrufting a needle into the fole of his foot ; and therefore he always wore fhoes with {even foles of iron. Thefe contrivances, however, flood him in no ftead again Bernardo del Carpi o, who knew the fecret, and prefTed him to death, between his arms, in Roncejvalles. Bat, fetting afide his valour, let us come to his lofing his wits, which it is certain he did, occafioned by fome tokens he found in the foreft, and by the news brought him by die fhepherd, that Angelica had flept more than two afternoons with Medoro, a little Moor with curled locks, and page to Agramante. And if he knew this to be true, and that his lady had played him falfe, he did no great matter in running mad. But how can I imitate him in his madneffes, if I cannot imitate him in the occa- fion of them ? for, I dare fwear, my Dulcinea del Tobofo never faw a Moor, in his own drefs \ in all her life, and that fhe is this day as the mother that bore her : and I fliould do her a manifeft wrong, if, fufpe&ing her, I fhould run mad of the fame kind of madnefs with that of Orlando Furiofo. On the other ■ The creed is fo foon run over in catholic countries, that the repeating it is the ufual proverb for brevity. 2 Zapatetas. A kind of capering, Unking, at the fame time, the fole of the Ihoe, or foot, with the hand. 3 Many perfons in Sfain, to all outward appearance Spaniards, aie fufpected of being privately Moors. fide, w wm m *^PpB Vol/ p.ffo DOtt QUIXOT& DE LA MANCHA. tide, I fee that Amadis de Gaul, without lofing his wits, and without acting the madman, acquired the reputation of a lover, as much as the beft of them. For, as the hidory has it, finding himfelf difdained by his lady Oriana, who commanded him not to appear in her prefence, 'till it was her pleafure, he only retired to the poor rock, accompanied by an hermit, and there wept his belly full, 'till heaven came to his relief, in the midft of his trouble and greateft an- guifli. And if this be true, as it really is, why fhould I take the pains to drip myfelf dark-naked, or grieve thefe trees, that never did me any harm ? neither have I any reafon to did urb the water of thefe cryflal dreams, which are to furnidi me with drink when I want it. Let the memory of Amadis live, and let him be imitated, as fir as may be, by Don Quixote de la Mancha, of whom mall be faid, what was faid of the other, that, if he did not atchieve great things, he died in attempting them '. And, if I am not rejected nor difdained by my Dulcinea, it is fufficient, as I have already faid, that I am abfent from her. Well then ; hands, to your work : come to my memory, ye deeds of Amadis, and teach me where I am to begin to imitate you : but I know, that the mod: he did was to pray ; and fo will I do. Whereupon he fining fome large galls of a cork-tree, which ferved him for a rofiuy. But what troubled him very much, was, his not having an hermit to hear his confeflion, and to comfort him ; and fo he pafTed the time in walking up and down the meadow, writing and graving on the barks of trees, and in the fine find, a great many verfes, all accommodated to his melancholy, and fome in praife of Dulcinea. But thofe that were found entire and legible, after he was found in that place, were only thefe following. i I. Ye trees, ye plants, ye herbs that grow So tall, fo green, around this place, If ye rejoice not at my woe, Hear me lament my piteous cafe. Nor let my loud-refounding grief Tour tender trembling leaves difmay, Whilfl from my tears I feek relief, In abfence from Dulcinea Del Tobofo. II. Here the fad lover fnins the light, By for row to this defer t led ; Here, exiled from his lady's fght, He fecks to hide his wretched head. ' This is plainly an allufion to that epitaph of Phaeton, in Ovid; Ific Jilus eft Phaethon, currus auriga palerni, Shiem finon tcnuit, magnis tamtn excidit auf.s. Metam. 1. 2. v. 327. Here, i 5 3 7U LIFE and EXP LO ITS of Here, bandied betwixt hopes and fears By cruel love in wanton play, He weeps a pipkin full of tears, hi abfence from Dulcinea __ Del Tobofo. III. O'er craggy rocks he roves forlorn, And fecks mifliaps from place to place, Curfing the proud relentlefs fcorn That baniflfd him from human race. To wound his tender bleeding heart, Love's hands the cruel la/lj difplay ; He weeps, and feels the ragi?ig /mart, In abfence from Dulcinea Del Tobofo. The addition of Tobofo to the name of Dulcinea occafioned no fmall laughter in thofe, who found the above-recited verfes : for they concluded, that Don Quixote imagined, that if, in naming Dulcinea, he did not add Tobofo, the couplet could not be underftood ; and it was really fb, as he afterwards con- feffed. He wrote many others ; but, as is faid, they could tranferibe no more than thofe three ftanzas fair and entire. In this amufement, and in fighing, and invoking the fauns and fylvan deities of thofe woods, the nymphs of the brooks, and the mournful and humid echo, to anfwer, to confole, and liften to his moan, he patted the time, and in gathering herbs to fuflain himfelf 'till Sancho's return ; who, if he had tarried three weeks, as he did three days, the knight of the forrowful figure would have been fo disfigured, that the very mother, who bore him, could not have known him. And here it will be proper to leave him, wrapped up in his fighs and verfes, to relate what befel Sancho in his embaily. Which was, that, when he got into the high road, he fleered towards Tobofo, and the next day he came within fight of the inn.where the milhap of the blanket had befallen him : and fcarce had he difcovered it at a diftance, when he fan- cied himfelf again flying in the air ; and therefore would not go in, though it was the hour that he might and ought to have flopped, that is, about noon : befides, he had a mind to eat fomething warm, all having been cold-treat with him for many days paft. This neceflity forced him to draw nigh to the inn, flill doubting whether he fhould go in or not. And, while he was in fufpence, there came out of the inn two perfons, who prefently knew him ; and one faid to the other ; Pray, Signor licentiate, is not that Sancho Panca yonder on horfe- back, who, as our adventurer's houfekeeper told us, was gone with her mailer as his fquire ? Yes it is, faid the licentiate, and that is our Don Quixote's horfe. And no wonder they knew him fo well, they being the prieft and the barber of DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 153 of his village, and the perfons, who had fcrutinixcd, and pall a kind of inquiii- toi ial-fentence ' on the books : and being now certain it was Sancbo Panca and Rozinante, and being dcfirous Withal to learn fome tidings of Don Quixote, they went up to him, and the prieft, calling him by his name, (aid ; Friend Sancbo Panca, where have you left your mailer? Scincho Panca immediately knew them, and refolved to conceal the place, and circumllances, in which he had left his mailer : lb he anfwered, that his mailer was very bufy in a certain place, and about a certain affair of the greatefl importance to him, which he durft not difcover for the eyes he had in his head. No, no, quoth the barber, Sancbo Panca, if you do not tell us where he is, we (hall conclude, as we do already, that you have murdered and robbed him, fince you come thus upon his horie ; and fee that you produce the horfe's owner, or woe be to you. There is no reafon why you fhould threaten me, quoth Sancbo ; for I am not a man to rob or murder any body: let every man's fite kill him, or god that made him. My mailer is doing a certain penance, much to his liking, in the midft of yon mountain. And thereupon, very glibly, and without hefitation, he related to them in what manner he had left him, the adventures that had befallen him, and how he was carrying a letter to the lady Dulcinea del Tobofo, who was the daughter of Lorenzo Corcbuelo, with whom his mailer was up to the ears in love. They both Hood in admiration at what Sancbo told them; and though they already knew Don Quixote's madnefs, and of what kind it was, they were al- ways ftruck with frelh wonder at hearing it. They defired Sancbo Panca to fliew them the letter he was carrying to the lady Dulcinea del Tobofo. He faid, it was written in a pocket-book, and that it was his mailer's order he mould get it copied out upon paper, at the firft town he came at. The prieft faid, if he would Ihew it him, he would tranferibe it in a very fair character. Sancbo Panca put his hand into his bofom, to take out the book; but he found it not, nor could he have found it, had he fearched for it 'till now; for it remained with Don Quixote, who had forgotten to give it him, and he to ask for it. When Sancbo perceived he ha i rot the book, he turned as pale as deadi; and feeling again all over his body, in a great hurry, and feeing it was not to be found, without more ado, he laid hold of his beard with both hands, and tore away half of it; and prefently after he gave himfelf half a dozen cuffs on the nofe and mouth, and bathed them all in blood. Which the prieft and barber feeing;, asked him what had happened to him, that he handled himfelf fo roughly ? What Ihould happen to me, anfwered Sancbo, but that I have loll, and let Hip through my fingers, three afs-colts, and each of them as ftately as a caille? How fo ? replied the barber. I have loll the pocket-book, anfwered Sancbo, in which was the letter to Dulcinea, and a bill figned by my mailer, by which he 1 Jluto general. A kind of goal-delivery of the lnyuijition, when the convifts are burnt, and the reft fet at liberty. Vol. I. X ordered 154 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of ordered his niece to deliver to me three colts out of four or five he had at home. And at the fame time he told them how he had loft his Dapple. The prieft bid him be of good cheer, telling him, that, when he faw his mafter, he would engage him to renew the order, and draw the bill over again upon paper, according to ufage and cuftom, fin,ce thofe that were written in pocket-books were never accepted, nor complied with. Sancho was comforted by this, and faid, that, fince it was fo, he was in no great pain for the lofs of the letter to Dulcinea, for he could almoft fay it by heart ; fo that they might write it down from his mouth where and when they pleafed. Repeat it then, Sancho, quoth the barber, and we will write 'it down afterwards. Then Sancho began to fcratch his head, to bring the letter to his remembrance; and now flood upon one foot, and then upon the other: one while he looked down upon the ground, another up to the sky : and after he had bit off half a nail of one of his ringers, keeping them in fufpence, and expectation of hearing him repeat it, he faid, after a very long paufe; Before god, mafter licentiate, let the devil take all I remember of the letter; though at the beginning it faid: High and fubt er- ratic lady. No, faid the barber, not fubterrane, but fuper-humane, or fovereign lady. It was fo, faid Sancho. Then, if I do not miftake, it went on : the wounded, and the waking, and the fmitten, kiJJ'es yoar honour's hands, ungrateful and regardlefs fair ; and then it faid I know not what of health andficknefs that hefent ; and here he went on roving, 'till at laft he ended with Thine 'till death, the blight of the forrouful figure. They were both not a little pleafed, to fee how good a memory Sancho had, and commended it much, and defired him to repeat the letter twice more, that they alfo might get it by heart, in order to write it down in due time. Thrice Sancho repeated it again, and thrice he added three thoufand other extravagan- cies. After this, he recounted alfo many other things concerning his mafter, but find not a word of the tofling in the blanket, which had happened to him- felf in that inn, into which he refufed to enter. He faid likewife, how his lord, upon his carrying him back a kind difpatch from his lady Dulcinea del Tobofo, was to fet forward to endeavour to become an emperor, or at leaft a king ; for fo it was concerted between them two; and it would be a very eafy matter to bring it about, fuch was the worth of his perfon, and the ftrength of his arm x and, when this was accomplifhed, his mafter was to marry him (for by that time he fhould, without doubt, be a widower ') and to give him to wife one of the emprefs's maids of honour, heirefs to a large and rich territory on the main land; for, as to iflands, he was quite out of conceit with them. Sancho faid all this with fo much gravity, and fo little fenfe, ever and anon blowing his nofe, that they were ftruck with frefli admiration at the powerful influence of Don Quixote's madnefs, which had carried away with it this pcor fellow's un- > Here Sancbo recollefts that he has a wife, and that he cannot marry the damfel go-between 'till Uert/a is dead. derftandine DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA, 155 derftanding alfo. They would not give themfelves the trouble to convince him of his error, thinking it better, fince it did not at all hurt his confcicnce, to let ldm continue in it; befides that it would afford them the more plcafure in hear- ing Ids follies : and therefore they told him, he fhould pray to god for his lord's health, fince it was very polhblc, and very feaiible, for him, in procefs of time, to become an emperor, as he laid, or at lead an archbiihop % or fomcthing elfe of equal dignity. To which Sancho anfwered: Gentlemen, if fortune fhould fo order it, that my mailer ihould take it into his head not to be an emperor, but an archbiihop, I would fain know what archbiihops-errant ufually give to their fquires? They ufually give them, anfwered the pried, fome benefice, or cure, or vergerfhip, which brings them in a good penny-rent, befides the pcrquifites of the altar, ufually valued at as much more. Ay, but then it will be neceiTary, replied Saticho, that the fquire be not married, and that he knows, at lead, the refponfes to the mafs; and, if fo, woe is me; for I am married, and do not know the firfl letter of A, B, C. What will become of mc, if my mafter mould have a mind to be an archbiihop, and not an emperor, as is the faddon and cuflom of knights-errant ? Be not uneafy, friend Sancho, faid the barber; for we will intreat your mafter, and advife him, and even make it a cafe of confeience, that he be an emperor, and not an archbiihop ; for it will be better for himfelf alio, by reafon he is more a foldier than a fcholar. I have thought the fame, anfwered Saticho, though I can affirm that he has abili.y for every thing. What I intend to do, on my part, is, to pray to our lord, that he wid direct him to that, which is beft for him, and will enable him to beftow moft favours upon me. You talk like a wife man, faid die pried, and will act therein like a good chriftian. But the next thing now to be done, is, to con- trive how we may bring your mafter off from the performance of diat unprofi- table penance ; and that we may concert the proper meafures, and get ibme- thing to eat likewife (for it is high time) let us go into the inn. Sane ho defircd them to go in, and faid, he would flay there without, and afterwards he would tell them the reafon, why he did not, nor was it convenient for him to go in : but he prayed them to bring him out fomething to eat that was warm, and alfo fome barley for Rozinante: They went in, and left 1dm, and foon after die bar- ber brought him out fome meat. Then they two having laid their heads together, how to bring about their de- fign, the prieft bethought him of a device exactly fitted to Don Quixote's hu- mour, and likely to erf eel: what they delired. Which was, as he told the bar- ber, that he defigned to put himfelf into the habit of a damfel-crrair, and would have him to equip himfelf, the beft he could, fo as to pais for his fq lirej and that in diis difguife they fliould go to the place where Don Quixote ... , ; and himfelf, pretending to be an afflicted damicl, and in diftrefs, wo 1 < beg a 1 The archbifhops of ToitJo and Stvil make as great figure as moll king*, huvhig an annual revenue of little Lefa than an hundred Lhoufand piitoles. X 2 boon 156 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of boon of him, which he, as a valorous knight-errant, could not choofe but vouchfafe : and that the boon he intended to beg, was, that he would go with her whither fhe mould carry him, to redrefs an injury done her by a difcourte- ous knight, intreating him, at the fame time, that he would not defire her to take off her mask, nor enquire any thing farther concerning her, 'till he had done her juftice on that wicked knight : and he made no doubt, but that Don Quixote would, by thefe means, be brought to do whatever they defired of him, and fo they mould bring him away from that place, and carry him to his vil- lage, where they would endeavour to find fome remedy for his unaccountable madnefs. CHAP. XIII. How the priejl and the barber put their defign in execution , with other matters worthy to be recited in this hijtory. TH E barber did not diflike the prieft's contrivance j on the contrary, he ap- proved fo well of it, that it was immediately put in execution. They borrowed of the landlady a petticoat and head-drefs, leaving a new caffock of the prieft's in pawn for them. The barber made himfelf an huge beard of the forrel tail of a pyed ox, in which the inn-keeper ufed to hang his comb. The hoftefs asked them, why they defired thofe things ? The prieft gave them a brief account of Don Quixote's madnefs, and how neceflary that difguife was in order to get him from the mountain where he then was. The hoft and hoftefs pre- fently conjectured, that this madman was he, who had been their gueft, the maker of the balfam, and mafter of the blanketted fquire; and they related to the prieft what had parted between him and them, without concealing what Sancho fo induftrioufly concealed. In fine, the landlady equipped the prieft fo nicely, that nothing could be better. She put him on a cloth petticoat, laid thick with ftripes of black velvet, each the breadth of a fpan, all pinked and flamed ; and a tight waiftcoat of green velvet, trimmed with a border of white fattin ; which, together with the petticoat, muft have been made in the days of king Bamba \ The prieft would not confent to wear a woman's head-drefs, but put on a little white quilted cap, which he wore a nights, and bound one- of his garters of black taffeta about his forehead, and with the other garter made a kind of vizard muffler, which covered his face and beard very neatly. Then he funk his head into his bever, which was fo broad-brimmed, that it might ferve him for an umbrella; and, lapping himfelf up in his cloak, he got upon his mule fide- ways, like a woman : the barber got alfo upon his, with his beard, that reached to his girdle, between forrel and white, being, as has been faid, made of the tail of a pyed-ox. They took leave of all, and of good Ma-' ritom'es, who promifed, though a finner, to pray ov,r an entire rofary, that 1 As we fay, in the days of queen Befs. Bamba was an old Gothic king of Spain. god DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCH'A. i 57 god might give them good fuccefs in fo arduous and chriftian a bafinefs as that they had undertaken. But fcarcely had they got out of the inn, when the prieft began to think he had done amifs in equipping himfelf after that manner, it being an indecent tiling for a prieft to be fo accoutred, though much depended upon it: and ac- quainting the barber with his fcruple, he defired they might change dreflcs, it being fitter that he fhould perfoliate the diftreffed damfel, ami himfelf act the fquire, as being a lefs profanation of his dignity : and, if he would not con fen t to do fo, he was determined to proceed no further, though the devil iliould run away with Don Quixote. Upon this, Sancbo came up to them, and, feeing them boil tricked up in that manner, could not forbear laughing. The barber, irrfhort, contented to what the prieft defired; and, the fcheme being thus al- tered, the prieft began to inftrudt the barber how to act his part, and what ex- i ins to trie to Don Quixote, to prevail upon him to go with them, and to- rn Ae hirri out of conceit with the place he had chofen for his fruitlefs penance. The b iber anfwered, that, without his inftructions, he would undertake to manage tlur point to a tittle. He would not put on the drefs, 'till they came near to the place wheie Don §>ui xote was ; and fo he folded up his habit; and the prieft udjufted his beard, and on' they went, Sancbo Panca being their guide : who, on the way, recounted to them what had happened in relation to the madman they met in the mountain; but fud not a word of finding the portmanteau, and what was in it; for, with all his folly and fimplicity, the fpark was fomewhat covetous. The next day they arrived at the place, where Sancbo had ftrewed the broom- boughs, as tokens to afcertain the place where he had left his mafter ; and knowing it again, he told them, that was the entrance into it, and therefore they would do well to put on their difguife, if that was of any fignificancy to- ward delivering his mafter: for they had before told him, that their going dreffed in that manner was of the utmoft importance towards diiengaging iiis mafter from that evil life he had chofen ; and that he muft by no means I t his mafter know who they were, nor that he knew them: and if he mould ask him, as no doubt he would, whether he had delivered the letter to Dul- cinea, he mould fay he had, and that fhe, not being able to read, had an- fwered by word of mouth, that fhe commanded him, on pain of her diiblea- fure, to repair to her immediately, about an affair in which he was greatly con- cerned: for, with this, and what diey intended to lay to him themfelves, they made fure account of reducing him to a better life, and managing him fo', that he fhould prefently fet out, in order to become an emperor or a king; for, as to his being an archbiftiop, there was no need to fear that. Sancbo liftened at- tentively to all this, and imprinted it well in his memory, and thanked diem mightily for their defign of advifmg his lord to be an emperor, and not an archbifhop; for he was entirely of .opinion, that, as to rewarding their fquires, emperors 158 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of emperors could do more than archbifhops-errant. He told them alfo, it would be proper he fhould go before, to find him,, and deliver him liis lady's anfwer; for,, perhaps, that alone would be fufficient 10 bring him out of that place, without their putting themfelves to fo much trouble. They approved of what Sancho faid, and fo they refolved to wait for his return with the news of finding his mafter. Sancho entered the openings of the mountain, leaving them in a place, through which there ran a little fmooth ftream, cool, and pleafandy (haded by fome rocks and neighbouring trees. It was in the month of Augufl, when the heats in thofe parts are very violent : the hour was three in the afternoon : all which made the fituation the more agreeable, and invited them to wait there for Sancho'?, return, which accordingly they did. While they repofed themfelves in the fhade, a voice reached their ears, which, though unaccompanied by any In- strument, founded fweetly and delightfully : at which they were not a little fur- prized, that being no place where they might expecl: to find a perfon whdic ould fing fo well. For, though it is ufually faid, there are in the woods and fields ihepherds with excellent voices, it is rather an exaggeration of the poets, than what is really true : and efpecially when they obferved, that the verfes, they heard- fung, were not like the compofitions of ruftic fhepherds, but like thofe of witty and courtlike perfons. And the verfes, which confirmed them in their opinion, were thefe following. I. What caufcs all my grief and pain % Cruel Difdain. What aggravates my mifery? Accurfed jealoicfy. How has my foul its patience lo/l? By tedious abfence crojl. Alas! no balfam can be found To heal the grief of fuch a -wound, When abfence, jealoufy, and J corn Have left me hopelefs and forlorn. II. What in- my breajl this grief could move? NegleSted love. IVloat doth my fond def res withjland? Fate's cruel hand. And what corf mis my mifery? Heavn'sfx'd decree. Ah me J my boding- fears portend This fir ange difeafe my life will end: For, die I miif, when three fuch fo~s, ^ Heav'n. fate, and love, my blifs oppofe. III. My DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. j$9 ill. Mi peace of mind what can reforc? Death's welcome hour. What gains love's joys mojl readily ? Fickle inconjlancy. Its pains what med'eine can affwage? Wild ' phrenzf 's rage. 'Tis therefore little wijdom, fire, Forfuch a grief to feck a cure, As knows no better remedy, Than phrenzy, death, inconjlancy. The hour, the feafon, the folitude, the voice, and the skill of the perfon who fang, railed both wonder and delight in the two hearers, who lay ftill, expect- ing if perchance they might hear fomething more : but, perceiving the filence continue a good while, they refolved to iflue forth in fearch of the mufician, who had fung fo agreeably. And juft as they were about to do fo, the fame voice hindered them from ftirring, and again reached their ears with this Sonnet. SONNET. Friend/hip, that hajl with nimble fight Exulting gained th' empyreal height, In heav'n to dwell, whilft here below Thy femblance reigns in mimic fiow ! From thence to earth, at thy behejl, Defends fair peace, cceleftial guefi ; Beneath whofe veil of fining hue Deceit off lurks, conceal' d from view. Leave, friendfip, leave thy heav' nly feat ; Or f rip thy livery off the cheat. Iff ill he wears thy borrowed fmiles, And fill unwary truth beguiles, Soon inujl this dark terrc/lrial ball Into itsfrjl confufon fall. The fong ended with a deep figh, and they again liftened very attentively in hopes of more; but, finding that the mufic was changed into groans and la- ments, they agreed to go and find out the unhappy perfon, whofe voice was as excellent, as his complaints were mournful. They had not gone far, when, at doubling the point of a rock, they perceived a man of the fame ftature and fi- gure that Sancho had defcribed to them, when he told them the ftory of Car- denio. i6o 77js LIFE and EXPLOITS of denio. The man expreffed no furprize at the fight of them, but flood ftill, in- clining his head upon his breaft, in a penfive pofture, without lifting up his eyes to look at them, 'till juft at the inftant when they came, unexpectedly, upon him. The prieit, who was a well-fpoken man, being already acquainted with his misfortune, and knowing him by the defcription, went up to him, and, in few but very fignificant words, intreated and preffed him to forfake that miferable kind of life, left he mould lofe it in that place ; which, of all misfor- tunes, would be the greater!:. Cardenio was then in his perfect fenfes, free from thofe outrageous fits that fo often drove him befide himfelf : and, feeing them both in a drefs not worn by any that frequented thofe folitudes, he could net forbear wondering at them for fome time ; and especially when he heard them fpeak of his affair as a thing known to them ; for, by what the priefr. had faid to him, he underftood as much : wherefore he anfwered in this manner. I am fenfible, gentlemen, whoever you be, that heaven, which takes care to relieve the good, and very often even the bad, fometimes, without any defert of mine, fends into thefe places, fo remote and diftant from the commerce of human kind, perfons, who, fetting before my eyes, with variety of lively arguments, how far the life I lead is from being reafonable, have endeavoured to draw me from hence to fome better place : but, not knowing, as I do, that I fhall no fooner get out of this mifchief, but I fhall fall into a greater, they, doubtlefs, take me for a very weak man, and perhaps, what is worfe, a fool or a madman. And no wonder ; for I have fome apprehenfion, that the fenfe of my misfortune: is fo forcible and intenfe, and fo prevalent to my detraction, that, without my being able to prevent it, I fometimes become like a ftone, void of ail knowledge and fenfation : and I find this to be true, by people's tel- ling and fhewing me the marks of what I have done, while the terrible fit has had the mattery of me : And all I can do, is to bewail myfelf in vain, to load my fortune with unavailing curfes, and to excufe my follies, by telling the oc- cafion of them to as many as will hear me ; for men of fenfe, feeing the caufe, will not wonie: at the effects : and, if they adminifler no remedy, at leaft they will not throw the blame upon me, but convert their difpleafure at my behaviour into companion for my misfortune. And, gentlemen, if you come with the fane indention that others have done, before you proceed any farther in you/ prudent perfuttfions, I befeech you to hear the account of my number- Ids mi fiomnes : for, perhap-, when you have heard it, you may fave your- filves the trouble of endeavouring to cure a malady that admits of no confola- tion. The two, who defired nothing more than to learn, from his own mouth, ■the caufe of bis mifery, intreated him to relate it, affuring him they would do not but what he defired, either by way of remedy or advice : and, upon gentleman began his melancholy ftory, almoft in the fame words an e had uicd in relating it to Don Quixote and the goatherd, fome :, when, on the mention of matter Elifdbat, and Don Quixote's punctuality, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 161 punctuality in obferving the decorum of knight-errantry, the tale was cut ihort, as the hiftory left it above. But now, as good-fortune would have it, Cardenio's mad fit was fufpended, and afforded him leifure to rehearfe it to the end : and fo, coming to the paffage of the love-letter, which Don Fernando found between the leaves of the book of Amadis de Gaul, he laid, he remem- bered it perfectly well, and that it was as follows. LUC IN DA to CARDENIO. I every day difcover fuch worth in you, as obliges and forces me to ejleem you more and more ; and therefore, if you would put it in my power to difebarge my obligations to you, without prejudice to my honour, you may eafily do it. I have a father, who knows you, and has an affection for me ; who will never force my inclinations, and will comply with whatever you can jujlly defre, if you really have that value for me, which you profefs, and I believe you have. This letter made me refolve to demand Lucinda in marriage, as I have al- ready related, and was one of thofe, which gave Don Fernando fuch an opinion of Lucinda, that he looked upon her as one of the mod fenfible and prudent women of her time. And it was this letter, which put him upon the defign of undoing me, before mine could be effected. I told Don Fernando what Lu- anda's father expected ; which was, that my father fhould propofe the match ; but that I durft not mention it to him, left he fhould not come into it ; not be- caufe he was unacquainted with the circumftances, goodnefs, virtue, and beauty of Lucinda, and that fhe had qualities fufficient to adorn any other family of Spain whatever ; but becaufe I underftood by him, that he was defirous I fhould not marry foon, but wait 'till we fhould fee what duke Ricardo would do for me. In a word, I told him, that I durft not venture to fpeak to my father about it, as well for that reafon, as for many others, which difheartened me, I knew not why ; only I prefaged, that my defires were never to take effect. To all this Don Fernando anfwered, that he took it upon himfelf to fpeak to my father, and to prevail upon him to fpeak to Luanda's. O ambitious Marius ! O cruel Catiline ! O wicked Sylla ! O crafty Galalon ! O perfidious Vellido ! O vindictive Julian ! O covetous Judas ' / Traitor ! cruel, vindictive, and crafty ! what diiTervicc had this poor wretch done you, who fo frankly difcovered to you the fecrets and the joys of- his heart ? wherein had I offended you ? what word did I ever utter, or advice did I ever give, that were not all directed to the encreafe of your honour and your intereft ? But why do I complain ? miferable wretch that I am ! fince it is certain, that, when the ftrong influences of the ftars pour down misfortunes upon us, they fall from on high with fuch violence and fury, that ' Every body knows Marius, Catiline, Sylla, and Judas. Galalon betrayed the army that came hto Spain under Cbarlemaine ; Vil iiio murdered king Sancho ; and count Julian Lrojght in the Moors, be- caufe king RoJcrigo had raviflied his daughter. Vol. I. Y no 162 tte LIFE and EXPLOITS of bo human force can ftop them, nor human addrefs prevent them. Who could have thought that Don Fernando, an illuftrious cavalier, of good fenfe, obliged by my fervices, and fecure of fuccefs wherever his amorous inclinations led him, mould be fo peftilentially inflamed, as to deprive me of my fingle ewe- lamb, which yet I had not pofTeffed ? But, fetting afide thefe reflexions as vain and unprofitable, let us refume the broken thread of my unhappy ftory. I lay then, that Don Fernando, thinking my prefence an obftacle to the put- ting his treacherous and wicked defign in execution, refolved to fend me to his elder brother for money to pay for fix horfes, which, meerly for the purpofe of getting me out of the way, that he might the better fucceed in his helliih intent, he had bought that very day, on which he offered to fpeak to my father, and on which he difpatched me for the money. Could I prevent this treachery ? could I fo much as fufpecl it ? No certainly ; on the contrary, with great pleafure I offered to depart inftantly, well fatisfied with the good bargain he had made. That night I fpoke with Luanda, and told her all that had paffed between Don Fernando and me, bidding her not doubt the fuccefs of our juft and honourable defires. She, as little fufpecling Don Fernanda's treachery, as I did, defired me to make hafte back, fince me believed die completion of our wiihes would be no longer deferred than 'till my father had fpoken to her's. I know not whence it was, but fhe had no fooner faid this, than her eyes flood full of tears, and fome fudden obftrudtion in her throat would not fuffer her to utter one word of a great many fhe feemed endeavouring to fay to me. I was aftonifhed at this ftrange accident, having never feen the like in her before ; for whenever good fortune, or my affiduity, gave us an opportunity, we always converfed with the greateft pleafure and fatisfaction, nor ever intermixed with our difcourfe tears, fighs, jealoufies, fufpicions, or fears. I did nothing but applaud my good for- tune in having her given me by heaven for a mifbrefs. I magnified her beauty, and admired her merit and underftanding. She returned the compliment, by commending in me what, as a lover, fhe thought worthy of commendation. We told one another an hundred thoufand little childifh flories concerning our neighbours and acquaintance : and the greateft length my prefumption ever ran, was to feize, as it were by force, one of her fair and fhowy hands, and prefs it to my lips, as well as the narrownefs of the iron-grate, which was betv/een us, would permit. But, the night that preceded the doleful day of my depar- ture, fhe wept and fighed, and withdrew abruptly, leaving me full of confu- fion and trepidation, and aftonifhed at feeing fuch new and fad tokens of grief and tender concern in Luanda. But, not to deftroy my hopes, I afcribed it all to the violence of the love fhe bore me, and to the forrow, which parting occa- fions in thofe, who love one another tenderly. In fhort, I went away fad and penfive, my foul filled with imaginations and fufpicions, without knowing what I imagined or fufpected ; all manifeft prefages of the difmal event referved in ftore for me. I arrived at the place whither I was fent : I gave die letters to Don DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 163 Don Fernanda's brother : I was well received ; but my bufinefs was not foon difpatched ; for he ordered me to wait (much to my forrow) eight days, and to keep out of his father's fight ; for his brother, he faid, had written to him to fend him a certain fum of money, without the duke's knowledge. All this was a contrivance of the falfe Don Fernando-, for his brother did not want money to have difpatched me immediately. This injunction put me into fut h a condition, that I could not prefently think of obeying it, it feeming to me impoflible to fupport life under an abfence of fo many days from Luanda, eipecially confidering I had left her in fo much forrow, as I have already told you. Neverthclcfs, I did obey, like a good fervant, though I found it was likely to be at the expence of my health. But, four days after my arrival, there came a man to look for me with a letter, which he gave me, and which, by the fuper- fcription I knew to be Luanda's ; for it was her own hand. I opened it with fear and trembling, believing it mufl be fome veiy extraordinary matter that put her upon writing to me at a diftance, a thing fhe very fcldom did when I was near her. Before I read it, I enquired of the meilenger, who gave it him, and how long he had been coming. He told me, that, palling accidentally through a ftreet of the town about noon, a very beautiful lady, with tears in her eyes, called to him from a window, and faid to him in a great hurry ; friend, if you are a chriftian, as you feem to be, I beg of you, for the love of god, to carry this letter, with all expedition, to the place and perfon it is directed to ; for both are well known ; and in fo doing you will do a charity acceptable to our lord. And that you may not want wherewidial to do it, take what is tied up in this handkerchief; and fo faying fhe threw the handkerchief out at the window ; in which were tied up a hundred reals, and this gold ring I have here, with the letter I have given you : and prefently, without flaying for my anfwer, flie quitted the window ; but firft fhe faw me take up the letter and the hand- kerchief; and I affured her, by figns, that I would do what fhe commanded. And now, feeing myfelf fo well paid for the pains I was to take in bringing the letter, and knowing, by the fuperfcription, it was for you (for, Sir, I know you very well) and obliged belides by the tears of that beautiful lady, I re- folved not to trull any other perfon, but to deliver it to you with my own hands. And, in fixteen hours (for fo long it is fmce I had it) I have performed the journey, which you know is eighteen leagues. While the kind mefTen°-er was lpeaking thus to me, I hung upon his words, my legs trembling fo, that I could fcarce fland. At length I opened the letter, and faw it contained thefe words. The promife Don Fernando gave you, that he ivou/d defire your father to /peak to mine, he has fulfilled more for his own gratification than your intereft. Know, Sir, he has demanded me to wife ; and my father, allured by the advan- tage he thinks Don Fernando has over you, has accepted this propofal with fo much earnejlnefs, that the marriage is to be folemnized two days hence, and that Y 2 with 1 64 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of •with fo much fecrecy and privacy, that the heavens alone, and a few of our own family, are to be witnefes of it. Imagine what a condition I am in, and confider whether it be convenient for you to return home. Wloether I love you or not, the event of this bufmefs will Jhew you. God grant this may come to your hand, before mine be reduced to the extremity of being joined with his, who keeps his promifed faith fo ill. Thefe, in fine, were the contents of the letter, and fuch as made me fet out immediately, without waiting for any other anfwer, or the money : for now I plainly faw, it was not the buying of the horfes, but the indulging his own pleafure, that had moved Don Fernando to fend me to his brother. The rage I conceived againft. Don Fernando, joined with the fear of lofing the prize I had acquired by the fervices and wiihes of fo many years, added wings to my fpeed ; fo that the next day I reached our town, at die hour and moment mofl conve- nient for me to go and talk with Lucinda. I went privately, having left the mule I rode on at the houfe of the honeft man who brought me the letter. And fortune, which I then found propitious, fo ordered it, that Lucinda was Handing at the grate ', the witnefs of our loves. She prefently knew me, and I her ; but not as fhe ought to have known me, and I her. But who is there in the world that can boaft of having fathomed and thoroughly feen into the in- tricate and variable nature of a woman ? No body, certainly. I fay then, that, as foon as Lucinda faw me, fhe faid : Cardenio, I am in my bridal habit : there are now flaying for me in the hall the treacherous Don Fernando and my co- vetous father, with fome others, who fhall fooner be witneffes of my death than of my nuptials. Be not troubled, my friend ; but procure the means to be prefent at this facrifice, which if my arguments cannot prevent, I carry a dagger about me, which can prevent a more determined force, by putting an end to my life, and giving you a convincing proof of the affection I have borne, and ftill do bear you. I replied to her, with confufion and precipitation, fearing I mould want time to anfwer her : Let your actions, Madam, make good your words ; if you carry a dagger to fecure your honour, I carry a fword to defend you, or kill myfelf, if fortune proves adverfe to us. I do not believe fhe heard all thefe words, being, as I perceived, called away haftily ; for the bridegroom waited for her. Herewith the night of my forrow was fallen ; the fun of my joy was fet : I remained without light in my eyes, and without judgment in my intellects. I was irrefolute as to going into her houfe, nor did I know which way to turn me : but when I reflected on the confequence of my being prefent at what might happen in that cafe, I animated myfelf the beft. I could, and at laft got into her houfe. And as I was perfectly acquainted with all the avenues, and the whole family was buried about the fecret affair then tranfacting, I efcaped being perceived by any body. And fo, without being 1 In Spain, lovers carry on their courtfliip at a low window with, a grate before it, being feldom ad- mitted into the houfe 'till the parents on both fides are agreed. feen, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 165 feen, I had leifure to place myfelf in the hollow of a bow-window of the hall, behind the hangings where two pieces of tapiflry met ; whence, without being feen myfelf, I could fee all that was done in the hall. Who can defcribc the emotions and beatings of heart I felt while I ftood there ? the thoughts that oc- curred to me ? the reflexions I made ? Such, and fo many, were they, that they neither can, nor ought to be told. Let it fuffice to tell you, that the bride- groom came into the hall without other ornament than the cloaths he ufually wore. He had with him for brideman a coufin-gcrman of Luanda's, and there was no other perfon in the room, but the fervants of the houfe. Soon after, from a withdrawing room, came out Lucinda, accompanied by her mou- ther, and two of her own maids, as richly dreffed and adorned as her quality and beauty deferved, and as befitted the height and perfection of all that was gallant and court-like. The agony and diffraction I was in gave me no leifure to view and obferve the particulars of her drefs ; I could only take notice of the colours, which were carnation and white, and of the fplendour of the precious ftones and jewels of her head-attire, and of the reft of her habit ; which yet were exceeded in luftre by the Angular beauty of her fair and golden treffes, which, vying with the precious ftones, and the light of four flambeaux that were in the hall, ftruck the eyes with fuperior brightnefs. O memory, thou mortal enemy of my repofe ! why do you reprefent to me now the incomparable beauty of that my adored enemy ? Were it not better, cruel memory, to put me in mind of, and reprefent to my imagination, what fhe then did; that, moved by fo flagrant an injury, I may fb ive, fince I do not revenge it, at leaft to put an end to my life. Be not weary, gentlemen, of hearing thefe digreflions I make ; for my misfortune is not of that kind, that can or ought to be related fuccindtly and methodically, fince each circumftance feems to me to deferve a long dif- courfe. To this the prieft replied ; that they were fo far from being tired with hearing it, that they took great pleafure in the minuteft particulars he recount- ed, being fuch as deferved not to be paft over in filence, and merited no lefs atten- tion than the principal parts of the ftory. I fay then, continued Cardcnio, that, they being all affembled in the hall, the parifh-prieft entered, and having taken them both by the hand, in order to per- form what is neccflary on fuch occafions, when he came to thefe words, ' Will ' you, Madam Lucinda, take Signor Don Fernando, who is here prefent, for 1 your lawful husband, as our holy mother the church commands ?' I thruft out my head and neck through the partings of the tapiftry, and, with the utmoft attention and diffraction of foul, fet myfelf to liften to what Lucinda anfwered ; expecting, from her anfwer, the fentence of my death, or the confirmation of my life. O that I had dared to venture out then, and to have cried aloud ; Ah, Lucinda, Lucinda! fee what you do ; confider what you owe me: behold, you are mine, and cannot be another's. Take notice, that your faying Tes, and the putting an end to my life, will both happen in the fame moment. Ah, traitor 166 the LIFE and EXPLOITS of traitor Don Fernando ! ravifher of my glory, death of my life ! what is it you would have ? what is it you pretend to? confider, you cannot, as a chriflLin, arrive at the end of your defires ; for Lucinda is my wife, and I am her husband. Ah, fool that I am ! now, that I am abfent, and at a diftance from the danger, I am faying I ought to have done what I did not do. Now that I have fuffered myfelf to be robbed of my foul's treafure, I am curfing the thief, on whom I might have revenged myfelf, if I had had as much heart to do it, as I have now to complain. In fhort, fince I was then a coward and a fool, no wonder if I die now afhamed, repentant, and mad. The prieft flood expecting Luanda's anfwer, who gave it not for a long time; and, when I thought me was pulling out the dagger in defence of her honour, or letting looie her tongue to avow fome truth, which might undeceive them, and redound to my advantage, I heard her fay, with a low and faint voice, / will. The fame fud Don Fer- nando, and, the ring being put on, they remained tied in an indiffoluble band. The bridegroom came to embrace his bride; and flie, laying her hand on her heart, fwooned away between her mother's arms. It remains now to tell you what condition I was in, when I faw, in the confenting Tes, my hopes fruftra- ted, Luanda's vows and promifes broken, and no pofhbility left of my ever recovering the happinefs I in that moment loft. I was totally confounded, and thought myfelf abandoned of heaven, and made an enemy to the earth that fuftained me, the air denying me breath for my fighs, and the water moifture for my tears : the fire alone was fo increafed in me, that I was all inflamed with rage and jealoufy. They were all affrighted at Luanda's fwooning ; and her mother unlacing her bofom to give her air, fhe difcovered in it a paper folded up, which Don Fernando prefently feized, and read it by the light of one of the flambeaux : and, having done reading it, he fat himfelf down in a chair, leaning his cheek on his hand, with all the figns of a man full of thought, and without attending to the means that were ufing to recover his bride from her fainting fit. Perceiving the whole houfe in a confternation, I ventured out, not caring whether I was feen, or not; and with a determined refolution, if feen, to act fo defperate a part, that all the world fhould have known the juft indigna- tion of my breaft, by the chaftifement of the falfe Don Fernando, and of the fickle, though fwooning, traitrefs. But my fate, which has doubtlefs referved me for greater evils, if greater can poflibly be, ordained, that, at that juncture, I had the ufe of my underftanding, which has ever fince failed me ; and fo, without thinking to take revenge on my greateft enemies (which might very eafily have been done when they thought fo little of me) I refolved to take it on myfelf, and to execute on my own perfon that punifhment, which they deferved; and perhaps with greater rigour than I fhould have done on them, even in taking away their lives : for a fudden death foon puts one out of pain; but that, which is prolonged by tortures, is always killing, without putting an end to life. In a word, I got out of the houfe, and went to the place where I had DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 167 had left the mule: I got it fuddled, and, without taking any leave, I mounted, and rode out of the town, not daring, like another Lot, to look bc!i ; nd me; and, when I found myfelf in the field alone, and covered by the darknefs of the night, and the filence thereof inviting me to complain, without regard or fear of being heard or known, I gave a loofe to my voice, and untied my tongue, in a thoufand exclamations on Lucinda and Don Fernando, as if tbat had been fatisfadtion for the wrong they had done me. I called her cruel, falfe, and un- grateful ; but above all covetous, fince the wealth of my enemy had fhut the eyes of her affection, and withdrawn it from me, to engage it to another, to whom fortune had fhewn herfelf more bountiful and liberal : but, in the height of thefe curfes and reproaches, I excufed her, faying; it was no wonder that a maiden, kept up clofe in her father's houfe, and always accuftomed to obey her parents, mould comply with their inclination, efpecially fince they gave her for a husband fo confiderable, fo rich, and fo accomplished a cavalier; and that, to have refufed him, would have made people think (he had no judgment, or that her affections were engaged elfewhere; either of which would have redounded to the prejudice of her honour and good name. But, on the other hand, fup- pofing fhe had owned her engagement to me, it would have appeared that fhe had not made fo ill a choice, but fhe might have been excufed, fince, before Don Fernando offered himfelf, they themfelves could not, confidently with rea- fon, have defired a better match for their daughter: and how eafily might fhe, before fhe came to the laft extremity of giving her hand, have faid, that I had already given her mine : for I would have appeared, and have confirmed what- ever fhe had invented on this occafion. In fine; I concluded, that little love, little judgment, much ambition, and a defire of greatnefs, had made her forget thofe words, by which fhe had deluded, kept up, and nourished my firm hopes and honeft defires. With thefe foliloquies, and with this difquietude, I jour- neyed on the reft of the night, and at day-break arrived at an opening into thefe mountainous parts, through which I went on three days more, without any road or path, 'till at laft I came to a certain meadow, that lies fomewhere hereabouts ; and there I enquired of fome fhepherds, which was the moft foli- tary part of thefe craggy rocks. They directed me towards this place. I pre- fently came hither, with defign to end my life here; and, at the entring among thefe brakes, my mule fell down dead through wearinefs and hunger, or, as I rather believe, to be rid of fo ufelefs a burden. Thus I was left on foot, quite fpent and famifhed, without having or defiring any relief In this manner I continued, I know not how long, extended on the ground : at length I got up, fomewhat refiefhed, and found near me fome goatherds, who mull needs be the perfons that relieved my neceifity : for they told me in what condition they found me, and thai I faid fo many fenfelefs and extravagant things, that they wanted no farther proof of my having loft my undemanding : and I am fenfi- ble I have not been perfectly right ever fince, but fo mattered and crazy, that I commit 168 7%e LIFE and EXP LOITS, &c. commit a thoufand extravagancies, tearing my garments, howling aloud through thefe folitudes, curfing my fortune, and in vain repeating the beloved name of my enemy, without any other defign or intent, at the time, than to end my life with outcries and exclamations. And when I come to myfelf, I find I am fo weary, and fo fore, that I can hardly ftir. My ufual abode is in the hol- low of a cork-tree, large enough to be an habitation for this miferable carkafs. The goatherds, who feed their cattle hereabouts, provide me fuftenance out of charity, laying victuals on the rocks, and in places where they think I may chance to pafs and find it : and though, at fuch times, I happen to be out of my fenfes, natural neceffity makes me know my nourifhment, and awakes in me an appetite to defire it, and the will to take it. At other times, as they tell me when they meet me in my fenfes, I come into the road, and, though the fhep- herds, who are bringing food from the village to their huts, willingly offer me a part of it, I rather choofe to take it from them by force. Thus I pafs my fad and miferable life, waiting 'till it fhall pleafe heaven to bring it to a final period, or, by fixing the thoughts of that day in my mind, to erafe out of it all me- mory of the beauty and treachery of Luanda, and the wrongs done me by Don Fernando : for, if it vouchfafes me this mercy before I die, my thoughts will take a more rational turn; if not, it remains only to befeech god to have mercy on my foul; for I feel no ability nor fixength in myfelf to raife my body out of this ftrait, into which I have voluntarily brought it. This, gentlemen, is the bitter ftory of my misfortune : tell me now, could it be borne with lefs concern than what you have perceived in me ? And, pray, give yourfelves no trouble to perfuade or advife me to follow what you may think reafonable and proper for my cure : for it will do roe juft as much good, as a medicine prefcribed by a skilful phyfician will do a fick man, who refufes to take it. I will have no health without Lucinda: and fince fhe was plea fed to give herfelf to another, when fhe was, or ought to have been, mine, let me have the pleafure of indulging myfelf in unhappinefs, fince I might have been happy if I had pleafed. She, by her mutability, would have me irretrievably undone : I, by endeavouring to deftroy myfelf, would fatisfy her will : and I fhall fiand as an example to pofterity of having been the only unfortunate perfon, whom the impoffibility of receiving confolation could not comfort, but plunged in ftill greater afflictions and misfortunes; for I verily believe they will not have an end even in death itfelf. Here Cardenio ended his long difcourfe, and his flory, no lefs full of misfor- tunes than of love ; and, juft as the prieft was preparing to fay fomething to him, by way of confolation, he was prevented by a voice, which, in mournful ac- cents, faid, what will be related in the fourth book of this hiftory: for, at this point, the wife and judicious hiflorian Cid Hamei Bencngeli put an end to the third. THE THE LIFE and EXPLOITS Of the ingenious gentleman DON (QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. B O O K IV. CHAPTER I. TVhich treats of the new a?id agreeable adventure that bejel the priejl and the barber in the fame fable mountain. O S T happy and fortunate were the times, in which the moft daring knight Don Quixote de la Mancha was ufhered into the world ; fince, through the glorious refolution he took of re- viving and reftoring to the world the long fince loft, and as it were buried, order of knight- errantry, we, in thefe our times, barren and unfruitful as they are of amufing entertain- ments, enjoy not only the fweets of his true hiftory, but alio the ftories and epifodes of it, which are, in fome fort, no lefs pleafing, arti- ficial, and true, than the hiftory itfelf : which, refuming the broken thread of the narration, relates, that, as the prieft was pre- paring himfelf to comfort Cardcnio, he was hindered by a voice, which, with mournful accents, fpoke in this manner. O heavens ! is it poffible I have at laft found a place that can afford a fecret grave for the irkfome burthen of this body, which I bear about fo much again ft my will ? Yes, it is, if the folitude, which thefe rocks promife, do not deceive me. Ah, woe is me ! how much more agreeable fociety fhall I find in th fe crags and brakes, which will at leaft afford me leifure to communicate my n:i- Vol. I. Z feries 170 Ttbe LIFE and EXP LO ITS of feries to heaven by complaints, than in the converfation of men, iince there is no one living, from whom I can expect counfel in doubts, eafe in complaints, or remedy in misfortunes. The priefl, and they that were with him, heard all this very difbinctly ; and perceiving, as they eafily might, that the voice was near them, they rofe up in queft of it ; and they had not gone twenty paces, when, behind a rock, they efpied a youth, dreffed like a peafant, fitting at the foot of an alh-tree ; whole face they could not then difcern, becaufe he hung down his head, on account that he was wafhing his feet in a rivulet which ran by. They drew near fo fi- lently, that he did not hear them ; nor was he intent upon any thing but warn- ing his feet, which were fuch, that they feemed to be two pieces of pure gry- ftal, growing among the other pebbles of the brook. They Hood in adiriigto/ tion at the whitenefs and beauty of the feet, which did not feem to them to** made for breaking of clods, or following the plough, as their owner's drefs might have perfuaded them they were : and finding they were not perceive^ the prielt, who went foremolt, made ligns to the other two, to crouch low, or hide themfelves behind fome of die rocks thereabouts : which they accordingly did, and flood obferving attentively what the youth was doing : he had on a grey double-skirted jerkin, girt tight about his body with a linnen towel. He wore alfo a pair of breeches and gamalhes of grey cloth, and a grey huntfman's cap on his head. His gamafhes were now pulled up to the middle of his leg, which really feemed to be of fnowy alabafter. Having made an end of warn- ing his beauteous feet, he immediately wiped them with an handkerchief,, which he pulled out from under his cap; and, at the taking it from thence, he lifted up his face, and the lookers-on had an opportunity of beholding an incom- parable beauty, and fuch a beauty, that Cardenio faid to the prielf, with a low voice; Since this is not Luanda, it can be no human, but mull be a divine crea- ture. The youth took off his cap, and making his head, there began to flow down, and fpread over his moulders, a quantity of lovely hair, that Apollo him- felf might envy. By this they found, that the perlbn, who feemed to be a pea- fant, was, in reality, a woman, and a delicate one, nay, die handfomelr. that two of the three had ever beheld with their eyes, or even Cardenio himfelf, if he had never feen and known Luanda; for, as he afterwards affirmed, the beauty of Luanda alone could come in competition with her's. Her golden trelTes not only fell on her moulders, but covered her whole body, excepting her feet. Her fingers ferved inft ead of a comb ; and if her feet in the water feemed to be of cryital, her hands in her hair were like driven fnow. All which excited a Hill greater admiration and defire in the three fpectators to learn who Hie was. For this purpofe they jlpRved /to fhew themfelves; and, at the ruffling they made in getting upon their feet, the beautiful maiden raifed her head, and, with both her hands, parting her hair from before her eyes, faw thofe who had made the noife; and fcarcely had {he feen thenij when me rofe ■ * U P> ya"/ah/&r/-/7*tA /w? sS ®6&rt . DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 171 up, and, without flaying to put on her (hoes, or re-place her hair, flic haftily ihatched up fomething like a bundle of clothe?, which lay dole by her, and be- took herfelf to flight, all in confufion and fin-prize: but (he had not gone fix fteps, when, her tender feet not being able to endure the ftiarpnefc of the ftones, (lie fell down : which the three perceiving, went up to her, and the pried was the firft who f aid; Stay, madam, whoever you are; for thole you fee here have no other intention but that of ferving you : there is no reafon why you fhould endeavour to make lb ncedlcfs an efcape, which neither your feet can bear, nor we permit. To all this (he anfwered not a word, being aftonifh- ed and confounded. Then the priefr, taking hold of her hand, went on fay- ing : What your drefs, madam, would conceal from us, your hair difcovers ; a manifeft indication that no flight caufe has diiguiied your beauty in fo unworthy a habit, and brought you to fuch a folitude as this, in which it has been our good luck to find you, if not to adminifter a remedy to your misfortunes, at leafl to affift you with our advice/ fince no evil, which does not deftroy life it- f if, can afflidt fo much, or arrive to that extremity, as to make the fuffercr re- fufe to hearken to advice, when given with a iincere intention : and therefore, dear madam, or dear fir, or whatever you pleafe to be, fhake off the furprize, which the fight of us has occafioned, and relate to us your good or ill fortune; for you will find us jointly, or feverally, diipofed to fympathize with you in your misfortunes. < While the priefr. was faying this, the difguifed maiden flood like one ftupi- fied, her eyes fixed on them all, without moving her lips, or fpeaking a word : juft like a country clown, when he is fhewn of a fudden fomething curious, or never feen before. But the priefr. adding more to the fame purpofe, fhe fetched a deep figh, and, breaking filence, faid : Since neither the folitude of thefe rocks has been fufricient to conceal me, nor the difcompofure of my hair has fuffered my tongue to bely my fex, it would be in vain for me now to drefs up a fiction, which, if you feemed to give credit to, it would be rather out of complaifance, than for any other reafon. This being the cafe, I fay, gende- men, that I take kindly the offers you have made me, which have laid me un- der an obligation to fatisfy you in whatever you have defired of me ; though I fear the relation I fhall make of my misfortunes will raife in you a concern equal to your companion ; fince it will not be in your power, either to remedy, or alleviate them. Neverthelefs, that my honour may not fuffer in your opi- nions, from your having already difcovered me to be a woman, and your feeing me young, and alone, in this garb, any one of which circumftances is fufficient to bring difcredit on the beft reputation, I mufl tell you what I would gladly have concealed, if it was in my power. All this (he, who appeared fo beauti- ful a woman, fpoke without hefitating, fo readily, and with fo much eafe, and fweetnefs both of tongue and voice, that her good fenfe furprif'ed them no lefs than her beauty. And they again repeating their kind offers, and entreaties to Z 2 her, 172 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of her, that (he would perform her promife; (he, without more asking, having firft modeftly put on her (hoes and (lockings, and gathered up her hair, feated herfelf upon a flat (lone; and the three being placed round her, after (lie had done fome violence to herfelf in reflraining the tears that came into her eyes, (lie began the hiflory of her life, with a clear and fedate voice, in this manner. There is a place in this country of Andaluzia, from which a duke takes a ti- tle, which makes him one of thofe they call grandees of Spain. This duke has two fonsj the elder, heir to his eftate, and, in appearance, to his virtues; and the younger, heir to, I know not what, unlefs it be to the treachery of Vellido ', and the deceitfulnefs of Galalon \ My parents are vaffals to this nobleman : it is true, they are of low extraction, but fo rich, that, if the advantages of their birth had equalled thofe of their fortune, neither would they have had any thing more to widi for, nor (hould I have had any reafon to fear being expofed to the misfortunes I am now involved in; for, it is probable, my misfortunes arife from their not being nobly born. It is true, indeed, they are not fo low, that they need to be afhamed of their condition, nor fo high, as to hinder me from think- ing, that their meannefs is the caufe of my unhappinefs. In a word, they are farmers, plain people, without mixture of bad blood, and, as they ufually fay, old rufty chriftians 3 ; but fo rufty, that their wealth, and handfom way of liv- ing, is, by degrees, acquiring them the name of gentlemen, and even of cava- liers ; though the riches and nobility they .valued themfelves mod upon, was, their having me for their daughter : and, as they had no other child to inherit what they poffeffed, and were befides very affectionate parents, I was one of the mod indulged girls that ever father or mother fondled. I was the mirrour, in which they beheld themfelves, the (laff of their old age, and (he whofe happinefs was the fole object of all their wi(hes, under the guidance of hea- ven ; to which, being fo good, mine were always entirely conformable. And, as I was miftrefs of their affections, fo was I of all they porTeffed. As I plea- fed, fervants were hired and difcharged; through my hands paffed the account and management of what was fowed and reaped. The oil-mills, the wine- preffes, the number of herds, flocks, and be-hives ; in a word, all that fo rich a farmer as my father has, or can be fuppofed to have, was entrufted to my care : I was both (leward and miftrefs, with fo much diligence on my part, and fatisfaction on theirs, that I cannot eafily enhance it to you. The hours of the day that remained, after giving directions, and affigning proper tasks to the head-fervants, overfeers, and day-labourers, I employed in fuch exercifes as are not only allowable, but neceffary to young maidens, to wit, in handling the 1 Who murdered Sancho king of Caflile, as he was eafing himfelf, at the f:ege of Catnora. 1 Who betrayed the Trench army at Roncefvalles. 3 That i?, original Spaniards, without mixture of Moor or Jew, for feveral generation?, fuch only being qualified for titles gf honour. needle > DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 173 needle, making lace, and fometimes (pinning : and if now and then, to re- create my mind, I quitted thefe exercii'es, I entertained myfelf with reading fome book of devotion, or touching the harp ; for experience (hewed me, that mulic compofes the mind when it is dilbrdcred, and relieves the fpirits after la- bour. Such was the life I led in my father's houfe ; and if I have been fo parti- cular in recounting it, it was not out of oftentation, nor to give you to undcr- ftand that I am rich, but that you may be apprized how little I deferved to fall from that ftate into the unhappy one I am now in. While I paffed my time in (o many occupations, and in a kind of voluntary confinement, that might be compared to that of a nunnery, without being feen, as I imagined, by any one befides our own fervants,. becaufe, when I went to mafs, it was very early in the morning, and always in company with my mother, and fome of the maid- fervants, and I was fo clofely veiled and referved, that my eyes fcarce faw more ground than the fpace I fet my foot upon; it fell out, I fay, notwithstanding all this, that the eyes of love, or rather of idlenefs, to which thofe of a lynx are not to be compared, difcovered me by the induftrious curiofity of Don Fernanda, for that is the name of the duke's younger fon, whom I told you of. She had no fooner named Don Fernando, than Cardenio's colour changed, and he began to fwcat with fuch violent perturbation, that the pried and the barber, who perceived it, were afraid he was falling into one of the mad fits, to which they had heard he was now and then fubjedt. But Cardenio did nothing but fweat, and fat ftill, fixing his eyes moft attentively on the country-maid, imagining who fhe muft be ; who, taking no notice of the emotions of Cardenio , conti- nued her ftory, faying ; Scarcely had he feen me, when (as he afterwards declared) he fell defperately in love with me, as the proofs he then gave of it fufficiently evinced. But, to fhorten the account of my misfortunes, which are endlefs, I pafs over in filence the diligence Don Fernando ufed in getting an opportunity to declare his paffion to me. He bribed our whole family 5 he gave and offered prefents, and did fa- vours to feveral of my relations . Every day was a feftival and day of rejoicing in our flreet : no body could deep o' nights for ferenades. Infinite were the billet-douxes that came, I knew not how, to my hands, filled with amorous ex- preffions, and offers of kindnefs, with more promifes and oaths in them, than letters. All which was fo far from fofi.ening me, that I grew the more obdu- rate,_as if he had been my mortal enemy, and all the meafures he took to bring me to his lure had been defigned for a quite contrary purpofe ; not that I dif- liked the galantry of Don Fernando, or thought him too importunate : for it gave me I know not what fecret fatisfa&ion to fee myfelf thus courted and refpected by fo confiderable a cavalier, and it was not difagreeable to me to find my own praifes in his letters: for, let us women be never fo ill-favoured, I take it, we are always pleafed to hear ourfelves called handfome. But all this was oppofed by my own virtue, together with the repeated good advice of my parents, who plainly 174 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of plainly faw through Don Fernanda's dcfign ; for, indeed, he took no pains to hide it from the world. My parents told me, that they repofed their credit and reputation in my virtue and integrity alone: they bid me confider the difpropor- tion between me and Don Fernando, from whence I ought to conclude, that his thoughts, whatever he might fay to the contrary, were more intent upon his own pleafure, than upon my good: and if I had a mind to throw an obilacle in the way of his defigns, in order to make him defift from his unjuft pretentions, they would marry me, they faid, out of hand, to whomsoever I pleafed, either of the chief of our town, or of the whole neighbourhood around us 5 fince their considerable wealth, and my good character, put it in their power eafily to provide a fuitable match for me. With this promife, and the truth of what they faid, I fortified my virtue, and would never anfwer Don Fernando the leafl word, that might afford him the moil diftant hope of fucceeding in his de- fign. All this refervednefs of mine, which he ought to have taken for difdain, ferved rather to quicken his lafcivious appetite; for I can give no better name to the paflion he (hewed for me, which, had it been fuch as it ought, you would not now have known it, fince tHre would have been no occafion for my giving you this account of it. At length Don Fernando difcovered, that my parents were looking out for a match for me, 1 Jer .0 deprive him of all hope of gaining me, or at leafl were refolved to ha z more narrowly watched. And this news, or fufpicion, put him upon d< ng what you fhall prefently hear : which was, that, one night, as I was in my chamber, attended only by a maid that waited upon me, the doors being fafl locked, left by any neglect my virtue might be endangered, without my knowing or imagining how, in the midfl of all this care and precaution, and the folitude of this filence and reclufenefs, he flood before me; at whofe fight I was flruck blind and dumb, and had not power to cry out; nor do I believe he would have fuffered me to have done it : for he inflantly ran to me, and, taking me in his arms (for, as I faid, I had no power to flruggle, being in fuch confufion) he began to fay fuch things, that ~ne would think it impoffible falfhood fhould be able to frame them with fuch appearance of tru'. 1 . The traitor made his tears gain credit to his word c , niiJ his fighs to his defign. I, an innocent girl, bred always at home, and not r ed in affairs of this nature, began, I know not how, to deem for true ny -nd fo great falfities : not that his tears or fighs could move me to any C .iminal compafiion. And fo, my firfl furprife being over, I began a little to recover my loft fpirits; and, with more courage than I thought I could have had, faid : If, Sir, as I am between'your arms, I were between the paws of a fierce lion, and my deliverance depended upon my doing or faying any thing to the prejudice of my virtue, it would be as impoffible for me to do or fay it, as it is impoffible for that, which has been, not to have been: fo that, though you hold my body confined between your arms, I hold my mind reftrained within the bounds of virtuous inclinations, veiy different from yours, as you will fee, if DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 175 If you proceed to ufe violence. I am your vafial, but not your flavc: the no- bility of your blood neither has, nor ought to have, the privilege to difhonour and infult the meannefs of mine ; anil though a country-girl, and a farmer's daughter, my reputation is as dear to me, as yours can be to you, who arc a no- ble cavalier. Your employing force will do little with me ; I fet no value upon your riches j your words cannot deceive me, not can your fighs and tears mollify me. Any of thefe things would move me in a perfon, whom my parents fhould " affign me for a husband, nor fhould my inclinations tranfgrefs the bounds which theirs prefcribed it. And therefore, Sir, with the fafety of my honour, though I Sacrificed my private fatisfaclion, I might freely beftow on you what you are now endeavouring to obtain by force. I have faid all this, becaufe I would not have you think, that any one, who is not my lawful husband, fhall ever prevail on me. , If that be all you ftick at, moft beautiful Dorothea (for that is the name of this unhappy woman) faid the treacherous cavalier, lo! here I give you my hand to be yours, and let the heavens, frfftrt, which nothing is hid, and this image of our lady you have here, be witnefTes to this truth. When Cardemo heard her call herftlf Dorothea, he ' fell agtan into his diforder, and was tho- roughly confirmed in his firft opinion : br ' . he would not interrupt the ftory, being defirous to hear the event of what he partly knew already ; only he faid : What! Madam, is your name Dorothea? I have heard of one of the fame name, whofe misfortunes very much refemble yours. But proceed ; for fome time or other I may tell you things, that will equally move your wonder and compafTion. Dorothea took notice of Cardetiio's words, and of his ftrange tat- tered drefs, and defired him, if he knew any thing of her affairs, to tell it pre- fently; for, if fortune had left her any thing that was good, it was the courage me had to bear any difafter whatever that might befal her, fecure in this, that none could noffibly happen, that could in the leaft add to thofe fhe already en- dured. Madam, replied Cardenio, I would not be the means of deftroying tha; courage in you, by telling you what I think, if what I imagine fhould be true ; and hiherto there is no opportunity loft, nor is it of any importance that you fhould know it as yet. Be that as it will, anfwered Dorothea; I go on wit'. n*7 ftory. Don Ferna?ido, taking the image that flood in the room, and placir. for a witnefs of our efpoufals, with all the folemnity of vows and oaths, gave me his word to be my husband; although I warned him, before he had done, to confider well what he was about, and the uneafinefs it muft needs give his father to fee him married to a farmer's daughter, and his own vafial ; and there- fore he ought to beware left my beauty, fuchas it was, fhould blind him, fince that would not be a fufheient excufe for his fault; and, if he intended me any good, I conjured him, by the love he bore me, that he would fuffer my lot to fall equal to what my rank could pretend to; for fuch difproportionate matches are feldom happy, or continue long in that ftate of pleafure, with which they fet out. All 17 6 the LIFE and EXPLOITS of All thefe reafons here recited, and many more which I do not remember, I then urged to him; but they availed nothing towards making him defift from prpfecuting his defign; juft as he, who never intends to pay, flicks at nothing in making a bargain. Upon that occafion I reafoned thus with myfelf. Well! I ill. 11 not b_ the firft, who, by the way of marriage, has rifen from a low to » an high condition, nor will Don Fernando be the firft, whom beauty, or rather blind affeclipn, has induced to take a wife beneath his quality. Since then I neither mcke a new world, nor a new cuftom, fufely I may be allowed to ac- cept this honour, which fortune throws in my way, even though the inclination he mews for me mould laft no longer than the accompli fhment of his will; for, in fhort, in the light of god, I fhall be his wife. Beiides, mould I rejeel him with difdain, I fee him prepared to fet afide all fenfe of duty, and to have re- courfe to violence ; and fo I mall remain difhonoured, and without excufe, when I am cenfured by thofe who do not know how innocently I came into this ftrait. For what reafons can be fufficient to perfuade my parents, and others, that this cavalier got into my apartment without my confent ? All thefe queftions and anfwers I revolved in my imagination in an inftant. But what principally inclined and drew me, thoughtlefs as I was, to my ruin, was, Don Fernando's oaths, the witneffes by which he fwore, the tears he fhed, and, in fine, his gen- teel carriage and addrefs, which, together with the many tokens he gave me of unfeigned love, might have captivated any heart, though before as much difen- gaged, and as referved, as mine was. I called in my waiting-maid, to be a joint witnefs on earth with thofe in heaven. Don Fernando repeated and con- firmed his oaths. He attefted new faints, and imprecated a thoufand curfes on himfelf, if he failed in the performance of his promife. The tears came again into his eyes ; he redoubled his fighs, and preffed me clofer between his arms, from which he had never once loofed me. And with this, and my maid's go- ing again out of the room, I ceafed to be one, and he became a finifhed traitor. The day, that fucceeded the night of my misfortune, came on, but not fo faft as, I believe, Don Fernando wifhed. For, after the accomplishment of our defires, the greateft pleafure is to get away from the place of enjoyment. I fay this, becaufe Don Fernando made hafte to leave me ; and, by the diligence of the fame maid, who had betrayed me, was got into the ftreet before break of day. And, at parting, he faid, though not with the fame warmth and ve- hemency as at his conning, I might entirely depend upon his honour, and the truth and fincerity of his oaths: and, as a confirmation of his promife, he drew a ring of great value from his finger, and put it on mine. In fhort, he went away, and I remained I know not whether fad or joyful : this I can truly fay, that I remained confufed and thoughtful, and almoft diftradted at what had paffed ; and either I had no heart, or I forgot, to chide my maid for the trea- chery fhe had been guilty of in conveying Don Fernando into my chamber : for, indeed, I had not yet determined with myfelf whether, what had befallen me was DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 177 was to my good or harm. I told Don Fernando, at parting, he might, if he pleafed, fince I was now his own, fee me on other nights by the fame method he had now taken, 'till he ihould be pleafed to publiih what was done to the world. But he came no more after the following night, nor could I get a fight of him in the ftreet, or at church, in above a month, though I tired myfelf with looking after him in vain ; and though I knew he was in the town, and that he went alrnoft every day to hunt, an exercife he was very fond of. Thofe days, and thofe hours, I too well remember, were fad and difmal ones to me ; for in them I began to doubt, and at laft to disbelieve, the fidelity of Don Fer- nando. I remember too, that I then made my damfel hear thofe reproofs for her prefumption, which me had efcaped before. I was forced to fet a watch over my tears, and the air of my countenance, that I might avoid giving my parents occafion to enquire into the caufe of my difcontent, and laying myfelf under the neceffity of inventing lyes to deceive them. But all this was foon put an end to by an accident, which bore down all refpecT: and regard to my repu- tation, which deprived me of all patience, and expofed my mofr. fecret thoughts on the public flage of the world : which was this. Some few days after, a report was fpread in the town, that Don Fernando was married, in a neighbour- ing citv, to a young lady of furpafling beauty, and whofe parents were of con- fiderable quality, but not fo rich, that her dowry might make her afpire to fo noble an alliance. Her name, it was faid, was Luanda, and many ftrange tilings were reported to have happened at their wedding. Cardenio heard the name of Luanda, but did nothing more than fhrug up his fhoulders, bite his lips, arch his brows, and foon after let fall two firreams of tears from his eyes. Dorothea did not, however, difcontinue her ftory, but went on, faying : This fad news foon reached my ears ; and my heart, inftead of being chilled at hearing it, was fo incenfed and inflamed with rage and an- ger, that I could fcarce forbear running out into the ftreets, crying out and pub- lishing aloud, how bafely and treacheroufly I had been ufed. But this fury was moderated, for the prefent, by a refolution I took, and executed that very night ; which was, to put my.'et into this garb, which was given me by one of thofe, who, in farmer's houfes, are called fwains ', to whom I difcovered my whole misfortune, and begged of him to accompany me to the city, where I was in- formed my enemy dwelt. He, finding me bent upon my defign, after he had condemned the rafnnefs of my undertaking, and blamed my refolution, offered himfelf to bear me company, as he expreffed it, to the end of the world. ' I immediately put up, in a pillow-cafe, a woman's drefs, with fome jewels and money, to provide againft. whatever might happen : and, in the dead of that very night, without letting my treacherous maid into the fecret, I left our houfe, accompanied only by my fervant and a thouiand anxious thoughts, and took the way that led to the town on foot, the defire of getting thither adding ' A kind of apprentice or journeyman farmer. Vol. I. A a- ■ winga 173 tte LIFE and EXPLOITS of wings to my flight, that, if I could not prevent what I concluded was already done, I might, at leaft, demand of Don Fernando, with what confcience he had done it. In two days and a half I arrived at the place, and, going into the town, I enquired where Luanda's father lived ; and the firft perfon I addrefTed myfelf to anfwered me more than I defired to hear. He told me where I might find the houfe, and related to me the whole ftory of what had happened at the young lady's wedding ; all which was fo public in the town, that the peo- ple affembled in every ftreet to talk of it. He told me that, on the night Don Fernando was married to Luanda, after fhe had pronounced the Tes, by which fhe became his wedded wife, fhe fell into a fwoon ; and the bridegroom, in unclafping her bofom to give her air, found a paper written with Luanda's own hand, in which fhe affirmed and declared, that fhe could not be wife to Don Fernando, becaufe fhe was already Cardenio's (who, as the man told me, was a very confiderable cavalier of the fame town) and that fhe had given her con- tent to Don Fernando, merely in obedience to her parents. In fhort, the paper gave them to underftand, that fhe defigned killing herfelf as foon as the cere- mony was over, and contained likewife her reafons for fo doing : all which, they fay, was confirmed by a ponyard they found about her, in fbme part of her cloaths. Don Fernando, feeing all this, and concluding himfelf deluded, mocked, and defpifed by Luanda, made at her, before fhe recovered from her fainting fit, and, with the fame ponyard that was found, endeavoured to flab her ; and had certainly done it, if her parents, and the reft of the company, had not prevented him. They faid farther; that Don Fernando immediately abfented himfelf, and that Luanda did not come to herfelf 'till the next day, when fhe confefled to her parents, that fhe was really wife to the cavalier afore- faid. I learned moreover, it was rumoured that Cardenio was prefent at the ceremony, and that, feeing her married, which he could never have thought, he went out of the town in defpair, leaving behind him a written paper, in which he fet forth at large the wrong Luanda had done him, and his refolu- tion of going where human eyes fhould never more behold him. All this was public and notorious over the town, and in every body's mouth ; but the talk encreafed, when it was known that Luanda alio was miffing from her father's houfe ; at which her parents were almoft diftracted, not knowing what means to ufe, in order to find her. This news rallied my fcattered hopes, and I was better pleafed not to find Don Fernando, than to have found him married, flat- tering myfelf, that the door to my relief was not quite fhut ; and hoping that, poffibly, heaven might have laid this impediment in the way of his fecond mar- riage, to reduce him to a fenfe of what he owed to the firft, and to make him reflect, that he was a chriftian, and obliged to have more regard to his foul, than to any worldly confiderations. All thefe things I revolved in my imagination, and, having no real confolation, comforted myfelf with framing fome faint and diftant hopes, in order to fupport a life I now abhor. Being DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 179 Being, then, in the town, without knowing what to do with myfclf, fincc I did not find Don Fernando, I heard a public cryer promifing a great reward to any one who fhould find me, telling my age, and defcribing the very garb I wore. And, as I heard, it was reported, that I was run away from my father's houfe with the young fellow that attended mc : a thing, which (truck me to the. very foul, to fee how low my credit was funk j as if it was not enough to faydiat I was gone off, but it mult be added with whom, and he too a perfon fo much below me, and fo unworthy of my better inclinations. At the inftant I heard the cryer, I went out of the town with my fervant, who already began to dif- cover fome figns of ftaggering in his promifed fidelity ; and that night we got into the thickeft of this mountain, for fear of being found. But, as it is com- monly laid, that one evil calls upon anodier, and that the end of one difafter is the beginning of a greater, fo it befel me ; for my good fervant, 'till then faithful and trufty, feeing me in this defert place, and incited by his own bafenefs ra- ther than by any beauty of mine, refolved to lay hold of the opportunity this folitude feemed to afford him ; and, with little fhame, and lefs fear of God, or refpect to his miftrefs, began to make love to me ; but, finding that I an- fwered him with fuch language as the impudence of his attempt deferved, he laid afide intreaties, by which, at firft, he hoped to fucceed, and began to ufe force. But juft heaven, that feldom or never fails to regard and favour our righteous intentions, favoured mine in fuch a manner, that, with the little itrength I had, and without much difficulty, I pufhed him down a precipice, where I left him, I know not whether alive or dead. And then, with more nimblenefs than could be expected from my furprize and.wearinefs, I entered into this defert mountain, without any other thought or defign, than to hide myf.lf here from my father and others, who, by his order, were in fearch after me. It is I know not how many months, fince, with this defign, I came hither, where I met with a fhepherd, who took me for his fervant to a place in die very midft of thefe rocks. I ferved him, all this time, as a fhepherd's boy, endeavouring to be always abroad in the field, the better to conceal my hair, which has now fo unexpectedly difcovered me. But all my care and fol- licitude were to no purpofe ; for my matter came to difcover I was not a man, and the fame wicked thoughts fprung up in his breaft, that had pofleffed my fervant. But, as fortune does not always with the difficulty prefent the reme- dy, and as I had now no rock nor precipice to rid me of the matter, as before of the fervant, I thought it more advifeable to leave him, and hide myfelf once more among thefe brakes and cliffs, than to venture a trial of my ftrcngth or difTuafions with him. I fay then, I again betook myfelf to thefe deferts, where, without moleftation, I might befeech heaven, with fighs and tears, to have pity on my difconfolate ftate, and either to afliit me with ability to ftruggle through it, or to put an end to my life among thefe folitudes, where no me- mory might remain of this wretched creature, who, without any fault of A a 2 her's, z8o the LIFE and EXPLOITS of her's, has miniftred matter to be talked of, and cenfured, in her own and in other countries. CHAP. II. Which treats of the beautiful Dorothea'* dlfcretlon, with other very Ingenious and. entertaining particulars. THIS, gentlemen, is the true hiftory of my tragedy : fee now, and judge, whether you might not reafonably have expected more fighs than thofe you have liftened to, more words than thofe you have heard, and more tears than have yet flowed from my eyes : and, the quality of my misfortune con- fidered, you will perceive that all counfel is in vain, fince a remedy is no where to be found. All I defire of you is (what with eafe you can and ought to do) that you would advife me where I may pafs my life, without the continual dread and apprehenfion of being difcovered by thofe, who are fearching after me ; for, though I know I may depend upon the great love of my parents toward me for a kind reception, yet fo great is the fhame that overwhelms me at the bare thought of appearing before them not fuch as they expected, that I choofe ra- ther to banilh myfelf for ever from their fight, than to behold their face under the thought, that they fee mine eftranged from diat integrity, they had good reafon to promife themfelves from me. Here fhe held her peace, and her face was overfpread with fuch a colour, as plainly difcovered the concern and fhame of her foul. The hearers felt in theirs no lefs pity than admiration at her misfortune. The prieff. was juft going to adminifler to her fome prefent comfort and counfel : but Cardenlo prevented him, faying : It feems then, Madam, you are the beautiful Dorothea, only daugh- ter of the rich Cleonardo. Dorothea was furprized at hearing her father's name, and to fee what a forry figure he made who named him ; for we have already taken notice how poorly Cardenlo was apparelled : and fhe faid to him ; Pray, good Sir, who are you that are fo well acquainted with my father's name ? for, to this minute, if I remember right, I have not mentioned his name in the whole feries of the account of my misfortune. I am, anfwered Cardenlo, that unfortunate perfon, whom, according to your relation, Liccinda owned to be her husband. I am the unhappy Cardenlo, whom the bafe actions of him, who has reduced you to the fiate you are in, have brought to the pal's you fee, to be thus ragged, naked, deftitute of all human comfort, and, what is worft of all, deprived of reafon ; for I enjoy it only when heaven is pleafed to be- flow it on me for fome fliort interval. I, Dorothea, am he, who was an eye- witnefs of the wrong Don Fernando did me ; he, who waited to hear the f ital Yes, by which Luanda confirmed herfelf his wife. I am he, who had not the courage to flay, and fee what would be the confequence of her fwooning, nor what followed the difcovery of the paper in her bofom : for my foul could not DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 1S1 not bear fuch accumulated misfortunes ; and therefore I abandoned the houfe and my patience together ; and, leaving a letter with my hofl, whom I en- treated to deliver it into Luanda's own hands, I betook myielf to thefe foli- tudes, with a refolution of ending here my life, which, from that moment, I abhorred as my mortal enemy. But fate would not deprive me of it, content- ing itfelf with depriving me of my fenfes, perhaps to preferve me for the good fortune I have had in meeting with you; and, as I have no reafon to doubt of the truth of what you have related, heaven, peradventure, may have refcrved us both for a better iffue out of our misfortunes than we think. For, fince Lucinda cannot marry Don Fernando, becaufe me is mine, as (lie has pu- blickly declared, nor Don Fernando Lucinda, becaufe he is yours, there is itill room for us to hope, that heaven will rcftore to each of us our own, fince it is not yet alienated, nor part recovery. And, fince we have this confolation, not arifing from very diftant hopes, nor founded in extravagant conceits, I intreat you, °madam, to entertain other refolutions in "your honourable thoughts, as I intend to do in mine, preparing yourfelf to expe& better fortune. For I fwcar to you, upon the faith of a cavalier and a chriftian, not to forfake you, 'till I fee you in poffeflion of Don Fernando, and, if I cannot, by fair means, per- fuade him to acknowledge what he owes to you, then to take the liberty, al- lowed me as a gentleman, of calling him to an account with my fvvord for the wrong he has done you, without reflecting on the injuries done to myfelf, the revenge of which I leave to heaven, that I may the fooner redrefs yours on earth. Dorothea was quite amazed at what Cardenio faid ; and, not knowing what thanks to return him for fuch great and generous offers, (he would have thrown herfelf at his feet, to have kifled them ; but Cardenio would by no means fuffer her. The licenciate anfwered for them both, and approved of Cardenio's ge- nerous refolution, and, above all things, befought and advifed them to go with him to his village, where they might furnifh themfelves with whatever they wanted, and there confult how to find Don Fernando, or to carry back Doro- thea to her parents, or do whatever they thought moft expedient. Cardenio and Dorothea thanked him, and accepted of the favour he offered them. The bar- ber, who all this time had flood filent and in fufpenfe, paid alfo his compliment, and, with no lefs good-will than the prieft, made them an offer of whatever was in his power for their fervice. He told them alfo, briefly, the caufe that brought them thither, with the flrange madnefs of Don Quixote, and that they were then waiting for his fquire, who was gone to feek him. Cardenio here- upon remembered, as if it had been a dream, the quarrel he had with Don Quixote, which he rekted to the company, but could not recoiled! whence it arofe. At this inflant they heard a voice, and, knowing it to be Sancho Panca's, who, not finding them where lie had left them, was calling as loud as he could to them, i8j fhe LIFE and EXPLOITS of them, they went forward to meet him ; and asking him after Don Quixote, he told them, that he had found him naked to his fhirt, feeble, wan, and half dead with hunger, and fighing for his lady Dulcinea; and though he had told him, that fhe laid her commands on him to come out from that place, and re- pair to Tobofo, where fhe expected him, his anfwer was, that he was deter- mined not to appear before her beauty, 'till he had performed exploits that might render him worthy of her favour : and, if his mafter perfifted in that humour, he would run a rifque of never becoming an emperor, as he was in honour bound to be, nor even an archbifhop, which was the leaft he coul be : therefore they fhould confider what was to be done to get him from that place. The licenciate bid him be in no pain about that matter ; for they would get him away, whether he would or no. He then recounted to Cardenio and Dorothea what they had contrived for Don Quixote's cure, or at leaft for decoying him to his own houfe. Upon which Dorothea faid, fhe would undertake to act die diftrefTed damfel better than the barber, efpecially fince fhe had there a woman's apparel, with which me could do it to the life; and they might leave it to her to perform what was neceffary for carrying on their defign, fhe having read many books of chivalry, and being well acquainted with the fbyle the diftrefTed damlels were wont toufe, when they begged their boons of the knights-errant. Then there needs no more, quoth the prieft, to put the defign immediately in execution; for, doubtlefs, fortune declares in our favour, fince fhe has begun fo unexpectedly to open a door for your relief, and furnifhed us fo eafily with what we flood in need of. Dorothea prefently took out of her bundle a petticoat of very rich fluff, and a mantle of fine green filk; and, out of a casket, a necklace, and other jewels, with which, in an inftant, fhe adorned herfelf in fuch a manner, that fhe had all the appear- ance of a rich and great lady. All thefe, and more, fhe faid,. fhe had brought from home, to provide againft what might happen ; but 'till then fhe had had no occafion to make ufe of them. They were all highly delighted with the gracefulnefs of her perfon, the gaiety of her difpofition, and her beauty; and they agreed, that Don Fernando muft be a man of little judgment or tafle, who could flight fo much excellence. But he, who admired moft, was Sancho Panca, who thought (and it was really fo) that, in all the days of his life, he had never feen fo beautiful a creature; and therefore he earneflly defire i the prieft to tell him, who that extraordinary beautiful lady was, and what fhe was looking for in thofe parts ? This beautiful lady, friend Sancho, anfwered the prieft, is, to fay the leaft of her, heirefs in the direct male line of the great kingdom of Micomicon ; and fhe comes in queft of your mafter, to beg a boon of him, which is, to redrefs her a wrong or injury done her by a wicked giant : for it is the fame of your matter's prowefs, which is fpread over all Guinea, that has brought this princefs to feek him. Now, a happy feeking, and a happy finding, quoth Sancho Panca, and efpecially if my mafter prove fo fortunate as to redrefs that DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 183 that injurV, and right that wrong, by killing that whorefon giant you mention j and kill him he certainly will, if he encounters him, unlefs he be a goblin; for my mafter has no power at all over goblins. But one thing, among others, I would beg of your worfhip, Signor licenciate, which is, that you would not let my mafter take it into his head to be an archbiihop, which is what I fear, but that you would advife him to marry this princefs out of hand, and then he will be difqualified to receive archiepifcopal orders ; and fo he will come with eafe to his kingdom, and I to die end of my wifhes : for I have confidered the matter well, and find, by my account, it will not be convenient for me, that my mafter mould be an archbiihop ; for I am unfit for the church, as being a married man; and for me to be now going about to procure difpenfations for holding church- livings, having, as I have, a wife and children, would be an endlefs piece of work. So that, Sir, the whole bufmefs refts upon my mafter's marrying this lady out of hand. I do not yet know her grace, and therefore do not call her by her name. She is called, replied the prieft, the princefs Micomicona; for her kingdom being called Micomicon, it is clear fhe muft be called fo. There is no doubt of that, anfwered Sancho ; for I have known many take their title and firname from the place of their birth, as, Pedro de Jllcala, John de Ubeda, Diego de Valladolid; and, belike, it may be the cuftom, yonder in Guinea, for queens to take the names of their kingdoms. It is certainly fo, faid the prieft; and, as to your mafter's marrying, I will promote it to the utmoft of my power. With which affurance Sancho refted as well fatisfied, as the prieft was amazed at his fimplicity, and to fee how ftrongly the fame abfurdities were riveted in his fancy as in his mafter's, fince he could fo firmly perfwade himfelf, that Don Quixote would, one time or other, come to be an emperor. By this time Dorothea had got upon the prieft's mule, and the barber had fit- ted on the ox-tail beard ; and they bid Sancho fhew them where Don Quixote was, cautioning him not to fay he knew the licenciate or the barber, for that the whole ftrefs of his mafter's coming to be an emperor depended upon his not feeming to know them. Neither the prieft, nor Cardenio, would go with them ; the latter, that he might not put Don Quixote in mind of the quarrel he had with him ; and the prieft, becaufe his prefence was not then neceftary : and therefore they let the others go on before, and followed them fair and foftly on foot. The prieft would have inftrutted Dorothea in her part ; who faid, they need give themfelves no trouble about that, for fhe would perform all to a tittle, according to the rules and precepts of the books of chivalry. They had gone about three quarters of a league, when, among fome intricate rocks, they difcovered Don Quixote, by this time cloathed, but not armed : and as foon as Dorothea efpied him, and was informed by Sancho, that was his ma- fter, fhe whipped on her palfrey, being attended by the well-bearded barber ; and, when fhe was come up to Don Quixote, the fquire threw himfelf off his mule, and went to take down Dorothea in his arms, who, alighting briskly, went and i8 4 The LIFE and EXP LO ITS of and kneeled at Don Quixote's feet : and, though he ftrove to raife her up" fhe, without getting up, addreffed him in this m: nner. I will never arife from this place, O valorous and redoubted knight, 'till your goodnefs and courtefy vouchfafe me a boon, wliich will redound to the honour and glory of your perfon, and to the weal of the moft difconfolate and aggrieved damfel the fun has ever beheld. And if it be fo, that the va- lour of your puiffant arm be correfpondent to die voice of your immortal fame, you are obliged to protect an unhappy wight, who is come from regions fo remote, led by the odour of your renowed name, to feek at your hands a remedy for her misfortunes. I will not anfwer you a word, fair lady, replied Don Quixote, nor will I hear a jot more of your bufinefs, 'till you arife from the ground. I will not arife, Signor, anfwered the afflicted damfel, if, by your courtefy, the boon I beg be not firfl vouchfafed me. I do vouch- fafe, and grant it you, anfwered Don Quixote, provided my compliance there- with be of no detriment or differvice to my king, my country, or her, who keeps the keys of my heart and liberty. It will not be to the prejudice or dif- fervice of any of thefe, dear Sir, replied the doleful damfel. And, as fhe was faying this, Sancho Panca approached his mailer's ear, and faid to him foftly : Your worfhip, Sir, may very fafely grant the boon fhe asks ; for it is a mere trifle ; only to kill a great lubberly giant : and fhe, who begs it, is the mighty princefs Micomicona, queen of the great kingdom of Micomicon in JEthiopia. Let her be who fhe will, anfwered Don Quixote, I fhall do what is my duty, and what my confcience dictates, in conformity to the rules of my profeffion : and, turning himfelf to the damfel, he faid: Fairefl lady, arife; for I vouch- fafe you whatever boon you ask. Then, what I ask, faid the damfel, is, that your magnanimous perfon will go with me, whither I will conduft you; and that you will promife me not to engage in any other adventure or demand what- ever, 'till you have avenged me on a traitor, who, againlt all right, human and divine, has ufurped my kingdom. I repeat it, that I grant your requeft, an- fwered Don Quixote; and therefore, lady, from this day forward you mayfhake off the melancholy that diflurbs you, and let your fainting hopes recover frefh force and fpirits : for, by the help of god, and of my arm, you fhall foon fee yourfelf reftored to your kingdom, and feated on the throne of your ancient and high eftate, in defpite of all the mifcreants that fhall oppofe it: and there- fore all hands to the work; for the danger, they fay, lies in the delay. The di- ftreffed damfel would fain have killed his hands ; but Don Quixote, who was in every thing a moft galant and courteous knight, would by no means confent to it, but, making her arife, embraced her with much polifenefs and refpedr, and ordered Sancho to get Rozinante ready, and to help him on with his armour in- ftantly. Sancho took down the arms, which were hung like a trophy on a tree, and, having got Rozinante ready, helped his mailer on with his armour in an inflant: who, fnding himfelf armed, faid: Let us go hence, in god's name, to fuc- 'J? DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 185 fuccour this great lady. The barber was flill kneeling, and had enough to do to forbear laughing, and to keep his beard from falling, which, had it happen- ed, would probably h ivc occafioned the mifcarriage of their ingenious device : and feeing that the boon was already granted, and with what alacrity Don Quixote prepared himfelf to accompliih it, he got up, and took his lady by the other hand ; and thus, between them both, they fet her upon the mule. Im- mediately Don Quixote mounted Rozinante, and the barber fettled himfelf upon his beaft, Sancho remaining on foot; which renewed his grief for the lofs of his Dapple : but he bore it chcarfully, with the thought that his mailer was now in the ready road, and juft upon the point of being an emperor: for he made no doubt that he was to many that princefs, and be at leafl king of Micomicon-, only he was troubled to think, that that kingdom was in the land of the Ne- groes, and that the people, who were to be his fubjects, were all blacks : but he prefently bethought himfelf of a fpecial remedy, and fai 1 to lumfelf; What care I, if my fubjects be blacks? What have I to do, but to fhip them off, and bring them over to Spain, where I may fell them for ready money; with which money I may buy fome title or employment, on which I may live at my eafe all the days of my life? No! deep on, and have neither fenfe r.or capacity to manage matters, nor to fell thirty or ten thoufand flaves in the turn of a hand '. Before god, I will make them fly, little and big, or as I can : and, let them be never fo black, I will transform them into white and yellow ; let me alone to lick my own fingers. With thefe conceits he went on, fo bu- fied, and fo fatisfied, that he forgot the pain of travelling on foot. All this Cardenio and the prieft beheld from behind the bullies, and did not know how to contrive to join companies : but the prieft, who was a grand fchemift foon hit upon an expedient ; which was, that, with a pair of fciifars, which he carried in a cafe, he whipped off Cardenio' % beard in an inftant; then put him on a grey capouch, and gave him his own black cloak, himfelf remaining in his breeches and doublet : and now Cardenio made fo different a figure from what he did before, that he would not have known himfelf, though he had looked in a glafs. This being done, though the others were got a good way before them while they were thus difguifing themfelves, they eafily got firft into the high road ; for the rockinefs and narrownefs of the way ' would not permit thofe on horfeback to go on fo faft as thofe on foot. In fhort, they got into the plain at the foot of the mountain ; and, when Don Quixote and his company came out the prieft fet himfelf to gaze at him very earneftly for fome time, giving figns as if he began to know him : and, after he had flood a pretty while viewing him, he ran to him with open arms, crying aloud : In an happy hour are you met, mirrour of chivalry, my noble country-man Don Quixote de la mancha the flower and cream of gentility, the fhelter and relief of the needy, the quinteflence of knights-errant ! and, in faying this, he embraced Don Quixote ' Literally, while one may fay, gi-je me tbofe Jlraiuu Vol. I. Bb by i86 tte LIFE and EXPLOITS df by the knee of his left leg ; who, being amazed at what he faw and heard, fet himfelf to confider him attentively: at length he knew him, and was furprized to fee him, and made no fmall effort to alight ; but the prieft would not fuffer it: whereupon Don Quixote faid; Permit me, Signor licenciate, to alight ; for it is not fit I mould be on horfeback, and fo reverend a perfon as your worfhip on foot. I will by no means confent to it, faid the prieft: let your greatnefs continue on horfeback; for on horfeback you atchieve the greateft exploits and adventures, that our age hath beheld: as for me, who am a prieft, though an* worthy, it will iiiffice me to get up behind forae one of thefe gentlemen who travel with you, if it be not too troublefome to them; and I fhall fancy myfelf mounted on Pegafus, or on a Cebra \ or the fprightly courfer beftrid by the famous Moor Muzaraque, who lies to this day enchanted in the great mountain Zulema, not far diftant from the grand Compluto \ I did not think of that, dear Signor licenciate, faid Don Quixote-, and I know my lady the princefs will, for my fake, order her fquirc to accommodate you with the faddle of his mule; and he may ride behind, if the beaft will carry double. I believe {he will, an- fwered the princefs ; and I know it will be needlefs to lay my commands upon my fquire; for he is fo courteous and well-bred, that he will not fuffer an ec- clefiaftic to go on foot, when he may ride. Very true, anfwered the barber; and, alighting in an inftant, he complimented the prieft with the faddle, which he accepted of without much entreaty. But it unluckily happened, that, as the barber was getting up behind, the mule, which was no other than an hackney, and confequently a vicious jade, flung up her hind-legs twice or thrice into the air, and, had they met with mafter Nicholas's breaft or head, he would have given his coming for Don Quixote to the devil. However, he was fo frighted, that he tumbled to the ground, with fo little heed of his beard, that it fell off: and, perceiving himfelf without it, he had no other fhift but to cover his face with both hands, and to cry out that his jaw-bone was broke. Don Quixote, fee- ing that bundle of a beard, without jaws, and without blood, lying at a diftance from the face of the fallen fquire, faid: As god {hall fave me, this is very wonderful ! no barber could have fhaved off his beard more clean and fmooth. The prieft, who faw the danger their project was in of being difcovered, im- mediately picked up the beard, and ran with it to mafter Nicholas, who ftill lay bemoaning himfelf; and, holding his head clofe to his breaft, at one jerk he fixed it on again, muttering over him fome words, which he faid were a fpecific charm for faftening on beards, as they fhould foon fee : and, when all was ad- jufted, he left him, and the fquire remained as well-bearded, and as whole, as before : at which Don Quixote marvelled greatly, and defired the prieft, when he hadleifure, to teach him that charm; for he was of opinion, that it's vir- tue muft extend farther than to the fafieniig-on of beards, fince it was clear, 1 A fwift beaft of Africa, like a mule. 1 An univeifity of Spain, now Akala de Hsnans. that, DON QJJIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 187 that, where the beard was torn off, the flefli muft be left wounded and bloody, and, fince it wrought a perfect cure, it muft be good for other tilings befides beards. It is fa, laid the pricft, and promifed to teach it him the very nrft op- portunity. They now agreed, that the prieft Ihould get up firft, and that they mould all three ride by turns, 'till they came to the inn, which was about two leagues off. The three being mounted, that is to fay, Don Quixote, the princefs, and the prieft; and the odier three on foot, to wit, Cardenio, the barber, and Sancho Pane a; Don Quixote laid to the damfel : Your grandeur, madam, will be pleafed to lead on which way you like beft. And, before ftie could reply, the licenciate faid; Towards what kingdom would your ladyfliip go? toward that of Micomicon, I prefume : for it muft be thidier, or I know little of kingdoms. She, being perfect in her leffon, knew very well flie was to anfwer Tes, and therefore faid j Yes, Signor, my way lies toward that kingdom. If it be fo, faid the prieft, we muft pafs through our village, and from thence you muft go ftraight to Cartagena, where you may take Ihipping in god's name; and, if you have a fair wind, a fmooth fea, and no ftorms, in little lefs than nine years you may get fight of the great lake Meona, I mean Meotis, which is little more than an hundred days journey on this fide of your highnefs's kingdom. You are miftaken, good Sir, faid fhe; for it is not two years fince I left it ; and though, in truth, I had very bad weather during the whole paffage, I am already got hi- ther, and beliold with my eyes, what I fo much longed for, namely, Signor Don Quixote de la Mancha, the fame of whofe valour reached my ears the mo- ment I fet foot in Spain, and put me upon finding him out, that I might re- commend myfelf to his courtefy, and commit the juftice of my caufe to the valour of his invincible arm. No more; ceafe your compliments, faid Don Quixote, for I am an enemy to all fort of flattery ; and though this be not fuch, ftill my chafte ears are offended at this kind of difcourfe. What I can fay, dear madam, is, that, whether I have valour, or not, what I have, or have not, lhall be employed in your fervice, even to the lots of my life : and fo, leaving thefe things to a proper time, I defire, that Signor the licenciate would tell me, what has brought him into thefe parts, fo alone, fo unattended, and fo lightly clad, that I am furprized at it. To this I (hall anfwer briefly, replied the prieft. Your worfhip, then, is to know, Signor Don Quixote, that I, and mafter M- cholas, our friend and barber, were going to Sevil, to recover fome monies, which a relation of mine, who went many years ago to the Indies, had fent me : and it was no inconfiderable fum ; for it was above fixty thoufand pieces of eight, all of due weight, which is no trivial matter : and, palling yefterday thro' thefe parts, we were fet upon by four highway robbers, who ftripped us of all we had, to our very beards, and in fuch a manner, that the barber thought it expe- dient to put on a counterfeit one 3 and, as for this youth here (pointing to Cardenio) B b 2 you i88 ttt LIFE and EXPLOITS of you fee how they have transformed his \ And the beft of the ftory is, that it is publickly reported hereabouts, that the perfons, who robbed us, were certain Galley-flaves, who, they fay, were fet at liberty, near this very place, by a man fo valiant, that, in fpite of the commiflary and all his guards, he let them ail loofe : and, without all doubt, he muft needs have been out of his fenfes, or as great a rogue as they, or one void of all confcience and humanity, that could let loofe the wolf among the fheep, the fox among the hens, and the wafps among the honey. He has defrauded juflice of her due, and has fet himfelf up againfl his king and natural lord, by a&ing againft his lawful authority : he has, I fay, difabled the gallics of their hands, and difturbed the many years repofe of the holy brotherhood : in a word, he has done a deed, whereby he may lofe his foul and his body, and get nothing by the bargain. Sancho had related to the prieft and the barber the adventure of the galley-flaves, atchieved with fo much glory by his mafte^ and therefore the prieft laid it on thick in the relation, to fee what Don Quixote would do, or fay ; whofe colour changed at every word, and yet he durfl not own, that he had been the deliverer of thofe worthy gentle- men. Thefe, faid the prieft, were the perfons that robbed us ; and god of his mercy pardon him, who prevented their being carried to the punifhment they fo richly deferved. CHAP. III. Which treats of the pleafant and ingenious method of drawing our enamoured blight from the very rigorous penance he had impofed on himfelf. SCARCE had the prieft done fpeaking, when Sancho faid: By my troth, Signor licenciate, it was my mafter who did this feat ; not but that I gave him fair warning, and advifed him to beware what he did, and that it was a fin to fet them at liberty, for that they were all going to the gallies for being moft notorious villains. Blockhead, laid Don Quixote, knights-errant have no- thing to do, nor does it concern them, to enquire, whether the afflicted, en- chained, and opprefled, whom they meet upon the road, are reduced to thofe circumftances, or that diftrefs, by their faults, or their misfortunes : they are bound to affift them merely as being in diftrefs, and to regard their fufferings alone, and not their crimes. I lighted on a bead-roll and ftring of miferable wretches, and did by them what my profeffion requires of me j and for the reft I care not : and whoever takes it amifs, faving the holy dignity of Signor the licenciate, and his honourable perfon, I fay, he knows little of the principles of chivalry, and lyes like a bafe-born fon of a whore v and this I will make good with my fword in the moft ample manner. This he faid, fettling himfelf in his ftirrups, and clappbg down the vizor of his helmet j for the barber's bafon, which, in 1 The prieft had clipped cff Cardenas beard in hafte. his DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 1S9 his account, was Mambrino'i helmet, hung at his (addle-bow, 'till it could be re- paired of the damages it had received from the galley-flaves. Dorothea, who was witty, and of a pleafint difpofition, already perceiving Don Quixote's frenzy, and that every body, except Sancho Panca, turned him into ridicule, refolved not to be behind hand with the reft ; and, feeing him in fuch a heat, faid to him : Sir knight, be pleafed to remember die boon you have promifed me, and that you are thereby engaged not to intermeddle in any other adventure, be it ever fo urgent : therefore aflliage your wrath ; for if Signor the licenciate had known, that the galley-flaves were freed by that invin- cible arm, he would fooner have fewed up his mouth with three flitches, and thrice have bit his tongue, than he would have faid a word that might redound to the diiparagement of your worftiip. I would fo, I fwear, quoth die priefl, and even fooner have pulled off a muftachio. I will fay no more, madam, faid Don Quixote ; and I will reprefs that juft indignation raifed in my breaft, and will go on peaceably and quietly, 'till I have accompliflied for you the promifed boon. But, in requital of this good intention, I befeech you to tell me, if it be not too much trouble, what is your grievance, and who, how many, and of what fort, are the perfons, on whom I muft take due, fatisfactory, and complete revenge. That I will do, with all my heart, anfwered Dorothea, if it will not prove te- dious and irkfome to you to hear nothing but afflictions and misfortunes. Not at all, dear madam, anfwered Don Quixote. To which Dorothea replied j fince it is fo, pray favour me with your attention. She had no fooner faid this, but Cardenio and the barber placed themfelves on each fide of her, to hear what kind of (lory the ingenious Dorothea would invent. The fame did Sancho who was as much deceived about her as his mafter. And (he, after fettling her felf well in her faddle, with a hem or two, and the like preparatory airs, be- gan, with much good humour, in the manner following. In the (irft place, you muft know, gentlemen, that my name is Here (lie (topped (hort, having forgot the name the pried had given her : but he pre- fently helped her out ; for he knew what (he (topped at, and faid j It is no wonder, madam, that your grandeur (hould be diflurbed, and in fome confu- fion, at recounting your misfortunes ; for they are often of fuch a nature, as to deprive us of our memory, and make us forget our very names ; as they have now done by your high ladyfhip, who have forgotten that you are called the princefs Micomkona, rightful heirefs of the great kingdom of Micomicon : and with this intimation your grandeur may eafily bring back to your doleful re- membrance whatever you have a mind to relate. You are in the right an- fwered the damfel, and henceforward I believe it will be needlefs to give me any more hints ; for I (hall be able to conduct my true hiftory to a conclufion without them. My father, who was called Tinacrio the wife, was very learned in what they call art magic, and knew, by his fcience, that my mother, who was called queen 1 9 o The LIFE and EXPLOITS of queen Xaramilla, mould die before him, and that he himfelf muft, fbon after» depart this life, and I be left an orphan, deprived both of father and mother. But this, he ufed to fay, did not trouble him fo much, as die certain fore- knowledge he had, that a monftrous giant, lord of a great ifland, almoft bordering upon our kingdom, called Pandafilando of the gloomy fight (for it is averred, that, though his eyes ftand right, and in their proper place, he always looks- askew as if he fquinted ; and this he does out of pure malignity, to fcare and frighten thofe he looks at :) I fay, he knew that this giant would take the ad- vantage of my being an orphan, and invade my kingdom with a mighty force, and take it all from me, without leaving me the fmalleft village to hide my head in : but that it was in my power to avoid all this ruin and misfortune, by mar- rying him ; "though, as far as he could underftand, he never believed I would hearken to fo unequal a match : and in this he told the truth ; for it never en- tered into my head to marry this giant, nor any other, though never fo huge and unmeafurable. My father faid alfo, that, after his death, when I fhould find Pandafilando begin to invade my kingdom, he advifed me not to flay to make any defence, for that would be my ruin ; but, if I would avoid death, and prevent the total deftruclion of my faithful and loyal fubjedls, my beft way was, freely to quit the kingdom to him without opposition, fince it would not be poffible for me to defend myfelf againft the hellifh power of the giant, and immediately to fet out, with a few attendants, for Spain, where I mould find a remedy for my diftrefs, by meeting with a knight-errant, whofe fame, about that time, fhould extend itfelf all over this kingdom, and whofe name, if I remember right, was to be Don Acote, or Don Gigote. Don Quixote, you would fay, madam, quoth Sancho Pan$a, or, as others call him, the blight of the forroivful figure. You are in the right, faid Dorothea. He faid far- ther, that he was to be tall and thin-vifaged, and that, on his right fide, under the left lhoulder, or thereabouts, he was to have a grey mole with hairs like briftles. Don Quixote, hearing this, faid to his fquire : Here, fon Sancho, help me to ftrip : I would know whether I am the knight prophefied of by that wife king. Why would you pull off your clothes, Sir ? faid Dorothea. To fee whether I have the mole your fuller fpoke of, anfwered Don Quixote. You need not ftrip, faid Sancho ; I know you have a mole with thofe fame marks on the ridge of your back, which is a fign of being a ftrong man. It is enough, faid Doro- thea ; for, among friends, we muft not ftand upon trifles ; and whether it be on the lhoulder, or the back-bone, imports little : it is fufficient that there is a mole, let it be where it will, fince it is all die fame fleih : and doubtlefs my good father hit right in every thing, and I have not aimed amifs in recom- mending myfelf to Signor Don Quixote ; for he muft be the knight, of whom my father fpoke, fince the features of his face correfpond exactly with the great f.me DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 191 fame he has acquired, not only in Spain, but in all La Mancha ' : for I was hardly landed in Ofj'una, before I heard fo many exploits of his recounted, that my mind immediately gave me, that he muft be the very pcrfon I came to feck. But, dear madam, how came you to land at Qffkna ? anfwered Don $nixotc y finee it is no fea-port town. But, before Dvrvthe* could reply, the pjlefl inter- ftofing f iid ; Doribtfefs the princefs meant to fay, that, after (he had landed at Malaga, the firft place, where fhe heard news of your worflup, was Offur.r. That was my meaning, faid Dorothea. It is very likely, quoth the pried ; pleaie your majefly to proceed. I have little more to add, replied Dorothea, but that, having, at Lift, had the good fortune to meet with SignorDo?/ Quixote, I al- ready look upon myfelf as queen and miftrefs of my whole kingdom, fince he, out of his courtefy and generofity, has promifed, in compliance with my re- queft, to go with me wherever I pleafe to carry lum ; which fliall be only where he may have a fight of Pandaflando of the gloomy fight, that he may flay him, and reftore to me what is fo unjuflly ufurped from me : for all this is to come about with the greatcfl eafe, according to the prophecy of the -wife Tinacrio my good father; who, moreover, left it written in Chaldean or Greek (for I cannot read them) that, if this knight of the prophecy, after he has cut off the giant's head, fhould have a mind to marry me, I mould im- mediately fubmit to be his lawful wife, without any reply, and give him poflef- lion of my kingdom, together with my perfon. What think you now ? friend Sancho, quoth Don Quixote : do you not hear what paffes ? did not I tell you fo ? fee whether we have not now a kingdom to command, and a queen to marry ? I fwear it is fo, quoth Sancho, and pox take him for a fon of a whore, who will not marry as foon as Signor P andafilando' % weafon is cut. About it then : her majefty's a dainty bit ; I with all the fleas in my bed were no worfe. And fo faying he cut a couple of capers in the air, with figns of very great joy ; and prefently, laying hold of the reins of Dorothea's mule, and making her flop, he fell down upon his knees before he--, befeeching her to give him her hand to kifs, in token that he acknowledged her for his queen and miflrefs. Which of the by-ftanders could forbear laughing to fee the madnefs of the mafter and the fimplicity of the man ? In fhort, Doro- thea held out her hand to him, and promifed to make him a great lord in her kingdom, when heaven fhould be fo propitious, as to put her again in pofleflion of it. Sancho returned her thanks in fuch expreflions, as fet the company again a^laughing. This, gentlemen, continued Dorothea, is my hiflory : it remains only to tell you, that, of all the attendants I brought with me out of my kingdom, I have 1 This whimfical Anti-climax puts one in mind of the inftances of that figure in the Art of Jinking in poetry, efpecially this : Under the trop'uks is our language fpoke. And fart of Flanders bath received our yoke. Pope and Swift's mifcellanie?, vol. III. p. 57. She/tort, taking it (I fuppofe) for an error of the prefs, has put Ethiopia for La Mancha. none 193 The LIFE and EXPLOIT'S of none left but this honeft fquire with the long beard ; for the refl were all drowned in a violent ftorm, which overtook us in fight of the port. He and I got afhore on a couple of planks, us it were by miracle j fo that the whole progrefs of my life is all miracle and myftery, as you may have obferved. And if I have exceeded in any thing, or not been fo exact as I ought to have been, let it be imputed to what Signor the licenciate faid, at the beginning of my ftory, that continual and extraordinary troubles deprive the fufferers of their very memory. I will preferve mine, O high and worthy lady, faid Don Quixote, under the greater!: that can befal me in your fervice ; and fo I again confirm the promife I have made you, and I fwear to bear you company to the end of the world, 'till I come to grapple with that fierce enemy of yours, whofe proud head I intend, by the help of god, and of this my arm, to cut off, with the edge of this (I will not fay good) fword ; thanks to Gines de PaJJ'a- monte, who carried off my own \ This he muttered between his teeth, and went on faying ; And, after having cut it off, and put you into peaceable poffef- fion of your dominions, it fhall be left to your own will to difpofe of your perfon as you fhall think proper ; fince, while my memory is taken up, my will enthralled, and my understanding fubjecled, to her — I fay no more, it is im- pofTihle I fhould prevail upon myfelf fo much as to think of marrying, though it were a phoenix. What Don Quixote faid laft, about not marrying, was fo difpleafing to Sancho, that, in a great fury, he faid, raifing his voice j I vow and fwear, Signor Don Quixote, your worfhip cannot be in your right fenfes : how elfe is it poffible you fhould fcruple to marry fo high a princefs as this lady is ? Think you for- tune is to offer you, at every turn, fuch good luck as fhe now offers ? Is my lady Dulcinea, think you, more beautiful ? No, indeed, not by half; nay, I could almoft fay, fhe is not worthy to tye this lady's fhoe-ftring. I am like, indeed, to get the earldom I expect, if your worfhip ftands fifhing for mufh- rooms in the bottom of the fea. Marry, marry out of hand, in the devil's name, and take this kingdom that is ready to drop into your mouth ; and, when you are a king, make me a marquis or a lord-lieutenant, and then the devil take all the reft if he will. Don Quixote, hearing fuch blafphemies againft his lady Dulcinea, could not bear it, and lifting up his launce, without fpeaking a word to Sancho, or giving him die leaft warning % gave him two fuch blows, that he laid him flat on the ground ; and, had not Dorothea called out to him to hold his hand, doubtlefs he had killed him there upon the fpot. Think you, faid he to him, after fome paufe, pitiful fcoundrel, that I am always to ftand with my hands in my pockets, and that there is nothing to be done but tranfgrefling on your fide, and pardoning on mine ? Never think it, you ex- ' It does not appear by the ftory, either that Cities took away Don Quixote 's fworc*, or that the knight had any way exchanged his own for another. 1 Literally, without faying, this mouth is mine. communicated DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 193 communicated varlet ; for fo you arc without doubt, iince you have dared to fpeak ill of the peerlefs Dukinca. And do you not know, ruitic, Have, beggar, that, were it not for the force fhe infufes into my arm, I fhould not have enough to kill a flea? Tell me, envenomed icoffer, who, think you, has gained this kingdom, and cut off the head of this giant, and made you a marquis (for all this I look upon as already done) but the valour of Dulcinea, employing my arm as the instrument of her exploits ? fhe fights in me, and overcomes in me ; and in her I live and breathe, and of her I hold my life and being. O whorc- fon villain ! what ingratitude, when you fee yourfclf exalted from the dull of the earth to the title of a lord, to make fo bafe a return for fo great a benefit, as to fpeak contemptuoully of the hand that railed you ! Sancbo was not fo much hurt, but he heard all his matter laid to him j and, getting up pretty nimbly, he ran beliind Dorothea's palfrey, and from thence faid to his mailer : Pray, Sir, tell me, if you are refolved not to marry this princefs, it is plain the kingdom will not be yours, and then what favours will you be able to bellow on me ? This is what I complain of. Many her, Sir, once for all, now we have her, as it were, rained down upon us from heaven, and afterwards you converfe with my lady Dulcinea ; for, I think, it is no new thing for kings to keep mifles. As to the matter of beauty, I have nothing to fay to that ; for, if I mull fpeak the truth, I really think them both very well to pafs, though I never faw the lady Dulcinea. How ! never few her, blafphemous traitor ! iaid Don Quixote : have you not jufl brought me a meffage from her ? I fay, I did not fee her fo leifurely, faid Sancbo, as to take particular notice of her beauty, and her features, piece by piece ; but fhe looks well enough at a blufh. Now I excufe you, faid Don Quixote, and pardon me the difpleafure I have given you ; for the firil motions are not in our own power. I have found it fo, anfwered Sancbo ; and fo, in me, the defire of talking is always a firfl motion, and I cannot forbear uttering, for once at leail, whatever comes to my tongue's end. For all that, quoth Don Quixote, take heed, Sa?icho, what it is you utter ; for the pitcher goes fo often to the well 1 fay no more. Well then, anfwered Sancbo, god is in heaven, who fees all guiles, and fhall be judge who does mod harm, I, in not fpeaking well, or your worfhip in not doing fo. Let there be no more of this, faid Dorothea ; run, Sancbo, and kifs your mailer's hand,, and ask him forgivenefs ; and henceforward go more warily to work with your praifes and diipraifes ; and fpeak no ill of that lady Tobofo, whom I do not know any otherwife than as I am her humble fervant ; and put your truft in god, for there will not be wanting an eftate for you to live upon like a prince. Sand':') went hanging his head, and begged his mailer's hand, which he gave him with t gravity; and, when he had killed it, Don Quixote gave Sancbo his bleffing, and told him he would have him get on a little before, for he had fome queftions to put to him, and wanted to talk with him about fome matters of great con fre- quence. Sancbo did fo ; and, when they two were got a little before the reir, Vol. I. C c Don *9+ 'Tie LIFE and EXPLOITS of Don Quixote faid : Since your return, I have had neither opportunity nor leifure to enquire after many particulars concerning the menage you carried, and the anfwer you brought back ; and now, that fortune affords us time and leifure, do not deny me the fatisfaclion you may give me by fuch good news. Ask me what queftions you pleafe, Sir, anfwered Sancko : I warrant I fhall get out as well as I got in. But I befeech your worfhip, dear Sir, not to be fo very re- vengeful for the future. Why do you prefs that, Sancko f quoth Don Qiiixote. Becaufe, replied Sancko, the blows you were pleafed to beflow on me, even now, were rather on account of the quarrel the devil railed between us the other night, than for what I laid againft my lady Dulcinca, whom I love and reverence, like any relic (though (he be not one) only as fhe belongs to your worfhip. No more of thefe difcourfes, Sancko, on your life, faid Don Qiiixote ; for they offend me : I forgave you before, and you know the common faying, For a new Jin a new penance. While they were thus talking, they faw coming along the fame road, in which they were going, a man riding upon an afs ; and, when he came near, he feemed to be a gypfy : but Sancko Pan fa, who, wherever he faw an afs, had his eyes and his foul fixed there, had fcarce feen the man, when lie knew him to be Gines de Paffamonte, and, by the clue of the gypfy, found the bot- tom of his afs : for it was really Dapple, upon which Paflamonte rode ; who, that he might not be known, and that he might fell the afs the better, had put himfelf into the garb of a gypfy, whofe language, as well as feveral others, he could fpeak as readily as if they were his own native tongues. Sancko faw and knew him, and fcarce had he feen and known him, when he cried out to him aloud ; Ah, rogue Ginefillo, leave my darling, let go my life, rob me not of my repofe, quit my afs, leave my delight ; fly, whorefon ; get you gone, thief, and relinquish what is not your own. There needed not fo many words, nor fo much railing : for, at the firfl: word, Gines nimbly difmounted, and, taking to his heels, as if it had been a race, he was gone in an inftant, and out of reach of them all. Sancko ran to his Dapple, and, embracing him, faid ; How have you done, my deareft Dapple, delight of my eyes, my fweet companion ? and then he kiffed and careffed him, as if he had been a human creature. The afs held his peace, and fuffered himfelf to be kiffed and ca- reffed by Sancko, without anfwering him one word. They all came up, and wifhed him joy of the finding his Dapple ; efpecially Don Quixote, who af- fured him, that he did not, for all this, revoke the order for the three colts. Sancko thanked him heartily. While this paffed, the priefr. faid to Dorothea, that me had performed her part very ingenioufly, as well in the contrivance of the ftory, as in its brevi- ty, and the refemblance it bore to the narrations in bocks of chivalry.- She faid, me had often amufed herfelf with reading fuch kind of books, but that flie did not know the fituation of provinces or of fea-ports, and therefore had faid DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. j 95 laid at a venture, that fhe landed at Of una . I found it was fo, laid the prkft, and therefore I immediately {aid what you heard, which let all to rights. But is it not flrange to fee how readily this unhappy gentleman lielieves all thefe inventions and lyes, only becaufc ihey arc dr-efled up in the flile and manner ol the follies of his books ? It is, indeed, Grid Cardenio, and fomcdiing fo rare, and unfeen before, that I much quefcion whether there be any genius, with all the liberty of invention and fiction, capable of hitting fo extraordinary a d racier '. There is another thing remarkable in it, faid the pricft, which is, that, fetting afide die follies this honefl gentleman utters in every thing relating to his madnefs, he can difcourfe very fenfibly upon odier points, and feems to have a clear and fettled judgment in all things ; infomuch that, if you do not touch him upon the fubjecl of chivalries, you would never fufpedt but that he had a found understanding. While the reft went on in this converfation, Don Quixote proceeded in hi;, and faid to Sancho ; Friend Panca, let us forget what is pad: ; and tell me now, all rancour and animofity apart, where, how, and when did you find Dulci- nea ? what was fhe doing ? what did you fay to her ? what anfwer did flic re- turn ? how did flie look, when fhe read my letter ? who tranferibed it for you ? and whatever elfe, in this cafe, is worth knowing, enquiring after, or being latisfied in, inform me of all, without adding or diminifhing to give me plca- fure, or curtailing aught to deprive me of any fatisfaclion. Sir, anfwered Sancho, if I mufl tell the truth, no body tranferibed the letter for me ; for I carried no letter at all. It is as you fay, quoth Don Quixote ; for I found the pocket-book, I had written it in, two days after your departure j which troubled me exceedingly, not knowing what you would do, when you fliould find you had no letter ; and I ftill believed you would come back, as foon as you fliould mifs it. So I fliould have done, anfwered Sancho, had I not got it by heart when your worfhip read it to me, and fo perfectly, that I repeated it to a parifli- clerk, who wrote it down, as I dictated it, fo exadUy, that he faid, though he had read many letters of excommunication, he had never feen or read fo pretty a letter as that in all the days of his life. And have you it flill by heart, Sancho? faid Don Quixote. No, Sir, anfwered Sancho : for, after I had delivered it, feeing it was to be of no farther ufe, I forgot it on purpofe ; and if I remem- ber aught of it, it is that of the high and fubterrane (I mean fovereign) lady, and the conclufion, thine, 'till death, the knight of the forrowful figure : and' between thefe two things, I put above three hundred fouls and lives, and dear ryes. fay St r t!TSSe^f D S^f **>*'* ^-^ ? ^' and rCndcr k as if Carit ™ mc3nt t0 lay, mat trie character or D,» $u lxot , was fo extraordinary a one, that, in his opinion, the moil ingenious writer could not draw fuch another. But this is low and flat, in companion of CervLuF, tZ meaning , which, by exaggerating the difficulty of drawing the „„y character (not ore Uh it) of />„ $m*,U, does, pi the molt mgen.ous and aufol manner, inunuate his own skill and dexterity in hitting it. C c 2 . CHAP. 19$ *he LIFE and EXPLOITS of CHAP. IV. Of the relifiing converfation, which pajfed between Don Quixote and his fqttire Sancho Pang a, with other accidents. ALL this does not difpleafe me ; go on, faid Don Quixote. You arrived ; **• ■*■ and what was that queen of beauty doing ? Without doubt, you found her bringing pearls, or embroidering fome device with threads of gold for this her captive knight. No, I did not, anfwered Sancho ; but I found her winnowino- two bufliels of wheat in a back-yard of her houfe. Then make account, faid Don Quixote, that the grains of that wheat were fo many grains of pearl, when touched by her hands. And did you take notice, friend, whether the wheat was fine, or the ordinary fort ? It was neither, anfwered Sancho, but of the red- difh kind. Be allured however, quoth Don Quixote, that, when winnowed by her hands, it certainly made the fineft manchet bread : but go on. When you gave her my letter, did (he kifs it? Did fhe put it upon her head ■ ? Did me ufe any ceremony worthy of fuch a letter ? or what did (lie do ? When I was going to give it her, anfwered Sancho, (he was very bufy in winnowing a good fieve-full of the wheat ; and (lie faid to me: Lay the letter, friend, upon that fack; for I cannot read it 'till I have done winnowing all that is here. Difcreet lady ! faid Don Quixote-, this was, to be fure, that (lie might read it, and en- tertain herfelf with it, at leifure. Proceed, Sancho: while (he was thus em- ployed, what difcourfe had (lie with you ? what did (lie enquire of you concern- ing me? and what did you anfwer? Make an end; tell it me all; leave not a tittle at the bottom of the ink-horn. She asked me nothing, faid Sancho ; but I told her how your worfliip was doing penance, for her fervice, among thefe rocks, naked from the waifte upwards 2 , as if you were a favage, deeping on the ground, not eating bread on a napkin, not combing your beard, weeping, and curfing your fortune. In faying that I curfed my fortune, you faid amifs, quoth Don Quixote : I rather blefs it, and (hall blefs it all the days of my life, for having made me worthy to love fo high a lady as Dulcinea del Tobojb. So high indeed, anfwered Sancho, that, in good faith, (lie is a handful taller than I am. Why, how, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, have you meafured with her ? I meafured thus, anfwered Sancho : as I was helping her to put a fack of wheat upon an afs, we flood fo clofe, that I perceived (he was taller than I by more than a full (pan. If it be fo, replied Don Quixote, does (lie not accompany and fet off this ftature of body with a thoufand millions of graces of the mind ? But, Saitcho,. conceal not one thing from me : when you flood fo near 1 A mark of the profoundeft refpeft. 1 The author feems here to have forgot himfelf a little; for in the defcription of Don Quixote's penance (bock 3. ch. 1 1 J we find him naked from the wailte downwards; which occ^iioned Sambo's feeing what he fticuld not have feen. her, DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 197 her, did you not perceive a Sabean odour, an aromatic frag'rancy, and fomc- thing (o fwect, that I know not what name to give it? I fay, a fcent, a fmell, as if you were in fome curious glover's fhop - ? All I can fay, is, quoth Sam that I perceived fomewhat of a mannifh fmell, which muft have proceeded from her being in a dripping fweat with over-much pains-taking. It could not be lb anfwered Don Quixote: you muft either have had a cold in your head, or have fmelt your own felf; for I very well know the fcent of that rofe among thorns, that lilly of the valley, that liquid amber. All that may be, anfwered Sancho- for the lame fmell often comes from me, as, methought, then came from my lady Dukinea j but where's the wonder, that one devil lhould be like another? Well then, contiraied Don Quixote, (lie has now done winnowing, and the corn is fent to the mill. What did lhe do, when fhe had read the let- ter? The letter, quoth Sancho, me did not read; for fhe told me fhe could neither read nor write: on the contrary, fhe tore it to pieces, faying, fhe would not give it to any body to read, that her fecrets might not be known in the vil- lage- and that what I had told her by word of mouth, concerning the love your worfliip bore her, and the extraordinary penance you were doing for her fake was enough: laftly, lhe bid me tell your worfliip, that fhe killed your hands and that fhe remained there with greater deiire to fee you, than to write 'to you; and therefore fhe humbly intreated, and commanded you, at fight hereof, to quit thofe brakes and bullies, and leave off thofe foolifh extra- vagancies, and fet out immediately for Tobofo, if fome other bufmefs of greater importance did not intervene; for fhe had a mighty mind to fee your worlhip. She laughed heartily, when I told her how you called yourfelf the knight of the forrowful figure. I asked her whether the Bifcainer of t' other day had been there with her : fhe told me, he had, and that he was a very honefl fel- low 1 : I asked her alfo after the galley-flaves; but fhe told me lhe had not yet feen any of them. All goes well, as yet, laid Don Quixote. But tell me, what jewel did fhe give you at your departure, for the news you had brought her of me ? For it is an ufual and ancient euftom among knights, and ladies-errant, to beftow fome rich jewels on the fquires, damfels, or dwarfs, who bring them news of thejr miftreffes or fervants, as a reward or acknowledgment for their welcome news. Very likely, quoth Sancho, and a very good euftom it was ; but it muft have been in days of yore ; for, now-a-days, the euftom, I fup- pofe, is, to give only a piece of bread and cheefe : for that was what my lady Dukinea gave me, over the pales of the yard, when lhe difmiffed me; by the fame token that the cheefe ' . le of fheep's-milk. She is extremely gene- rous, faid Don Quixote; and if fhe did not give you a jewel of gold, it muft be b caufe lhe had not one about her: but fleeves are good after Eaftcr ">. I fhall 1 Tn Italy and Spain, gloves are ufually perfumed. » Here the author foftens the fatire upon the Bifcaineru ' A proverbial cxpreffion, figmfying that a good thing is ulvjars feafonable. The Spanifitjs, for the fake 198 The LIFE a?id EXPLOITS of , fee her, and all fhall be fet to rights. But do you know, Saticho, what I am furprized at? it is, that you muft have gone and come dirough the air; for you have been little more than three days in going and coming, between this and Tobofo, though it is more than thirty leagues from hence thither : from whence I conclude, that the fage enchanter, who has the fuperintendance of my af- fairs, and is my friend (for fuch a one there is, and muft of neceffity be, other- wife I fhould be no true knight-errant) I fay, this fame enchanter, muft have affifted you in travelling, widiout your perceiving it : for there are fages, who will take you up a knight-errant fleeping in his bed ; and, widiout his knowing how, or in what manner, he awakes the next day above a thoufand leagues from the place where he fell afleep. And, were it not for this, the knights-errant could not fuccour one another in their refpedtive dangers, as they now do at every turn. For a knight happens to be fighting, in the mountains of Armenia, with fome dreadful monfter, or fierce fpeclre, or fome other knight, and has the worft of the combat, and is juft upon the point of being killed; and, when he leaft expe&s it, there appears upon a cloud, or in a cha- riot of fire, another knight his friend, who juft before was in England; who fuccours him, and delivers him from death; and that night he finds himfelf in his own chamber, flipping with a very good appetite, though there be the di- ftance of two or three thoufand leagues between die two countries. And all this is brought about by the induftry and skill of thofe fage enchanters, who un- dertake the care of thofe valorous knights. So diat, friend Sancho, I make no difficulty in believing, that you went and came, in fo fliort time, between this place and Tobofo, fince, as I have already faid, fome fage our friend muft have expedited your journey, without your being fenfible of it. It may be fo, quoth Sancho ; 'for, in good faith, Rozinante went like any gypfy's afs with quickfilver _ • in his ears. With quickfilver! faid Don Quixote, ay, and with a legion of de-' vils to-boot; a fort of cattle that travel, and make others travel, as faft as they pleafe, without being tired. But, fetting this afide, what would you advife me to do now, as to what my lady commands me, about going to fee her? for, though I know I am bound to obey her commands, I find myfelf, at prefent, under an impoffibility of doing it, on account of the boon I have promifed to grant the princefs, who is now with us; and the laws of chivalry oblige me to comply with my word, rather than indulge my pleafurc. On the one hand^ the delire of feeing my lady perfecutes and perplexes me : on the odier, I am incited and called by my promifed faith, and the glory I fhall acquire in this enterprize. But what I propofe to do, is, to travel faft, and get quickly to the place where this giant is, and, prefently after my arrival, to cut off his head, and fettle the princefs peaceably in her kingdom, and that inftant to return and fee that fun that enlightens my fenfes; to whom I will make fuch an excufe, that flie fliall of warmth, wear fleeves in winter, 'till about Eo/Iir: but, if the weather continues cold, fleeves may be proper after Eafter. .. DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 199 allow my delay was neccffary ; for fhe will perceive that all redounds to the in- creafe of her glorv and fame, fmce what I have won, do win, or (hall win, by force of arms,' in this life, proceeds wholly from the fuccour flic affords me, and from my being her's. Ah! quoth Semcho, how is your worfhip concerned about trifles ' ! Pray, tell me, Sir, do you intend to take this journey for no- thing? and will you let ilip lb conliderable a match as this, when the dowry i kingdom, which', as I haw heard fey, is above twenty thoufand leagues in cir- cumference, and abounding in all things neceffary for the fu pport of human life, and bigger than Portugal and Cajiile together. For the love of god, lav no more, and take fhame to yourfelf for what you have feid already; and follow my advice, and pardon me, and be married out of hand at the firft place where there is a prieit; and, if there be none, here is our licenciate, who will do it richly. And, pray take notice, I am of age to give advice, and what I now give is as fit as if it were caft in a mould for you : for a fparrow in the hand is worth more than a buftard flying ; and, he that may have good if he will, it is his own fault if he choofes ill. Look you, Sancho, replied Don Quixote, if you advife me to marry, that, by killing the giant, I may immediately become a king, and have it in my power to reward you by giving you what I promifed you", I would have you to know, that, without marrying, I can cafily gratify your defire : for I will covenant, before I enter into the battle, that, upon my coming; off victorious, without marrying the princefs, I fhall be intitled to a part of the kingdom, to beftow it on whom I pleafe; and, when I have it, to whom do you think I fhould give it, but to yourfelf? That is clear, anfwered Sancho : but pray, Sir, take care to choofe it toward the fea, that, if I fhould not like living there, I may fhip off my black fubjects, and difpofe of them as I faid before -. And trouble not yourfelf now to go and fee my lady Dukinea, but go and kill the giant, and let us make an end of this bufinefs; for, before god, I verily believe it will bring us much honour and profit. You are in the right, Sancho, faid Don Quixote, and I take your advice as to going firfl with the princefs, before I go to fee Dukinea. And be fure you fay nothing to any body, no, not to thofe, who are in our company, of what we have been dif- courfing and conferring upon: for fince Dukinea is fo referved, that flie would not have her thoughts known, it is not fit that I, or any one elfe for me, fhould difcover them. If it be fo, quoth Sancho, why does your worfhip fend all ' The original is, como tance it is, that there fhould be knights-errant in the world, to redrefs the wrongs and injuries committed in i: by jnfolent and wicked men; you mutt know, good people, that, a few days ago, as I was patting by a wood, I heard certain out- cries, and a very lamentable voice, as of feme peffon in affii&ion and dittrefs. • I hatted immediately, prompted by my duty, toward the place, from which the voice feemed to come; and I found, tied to an oak, this lad, whom you fee ' Thefe mull be the tugged apparel Cttrdenio wore before he was dreffed in tl.e prie/Ts fiiort cafiuck and cloak. here DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 201 here (I am glad, in my foul, he is prefent; for he will atteft the truth of what I fay.) I fay, he was tied to the oak, naked from the waifte upward; and a country-fellow, whom I afterward found to be his mafter, was cruelly lathing him with the reins of a bridle : and, as foon as I faw it, I asked him the rea- fon of fo fevere a whipping. The clown anfwered, that he was his fervant, and that he whipped him for fome inftances of neglecl:, which proceeded rather from knavery than fimplicity. On which this boy (aid; Sir, he whips me only becaufe I ask him for my wages. The mafter replied, with I know not what fpeeches and excufes, which I heard indeed, but did not admit. In (hort, I made him unUe the boy, and fwear to take him home, and pay him every real down upon the nail, and perfumed into the bargain. Is not all this true, fon Andres? and did you not obferve with what authority I commanded, and how fiibmimVely he promifed to do whatever I enjoined, notified, and required of him ? Anfwei ; be under no concern, but tell thefe gentlefolks what pafTed, that they may fee and confider how ufeful it is, as I faid, that there fhould be knights-errant upon the road. All that your worfhip has faid is very true, an- fwered the lad; but the bufinefs ended quite otherwife, Sir, than you imagine. How ocherwife ? replied Don.Qgixote ; did not the ruftic iaftantly pay you? He not only did not pay me, anfwered the boy, but, as foon as your worfhip was got out of the wood, and we were left alone, he tied me again to the fame tree, and gave me fo many frefh mokes, that I was flayed like any faint Bartho- lomew ; and, at every lafh he gave me, he faid fomething by way of feoff or jeft upon your worfliip; at which, if I had not felt fo much pain, I could not have forborne laughing. In fhort, he laid me on in fuch manner, that I have been ever fince in an hofpital, under cure of the bruifes the barbarous country- man then gave me. And your worfliip is in the fault of all this; for had you gone on your way*, and not come whither you was not called, nor intermeddled with ^ other folks bufinefs, my mafter would have been fatisfied widi giving me a do- : zftn or two of lafhes, and then would have loofed me, and paid me what he owed me. But, by your worfhip's abuting him fo unmercifully, and calling hihvfb many hard names, his wrath was kindled; and, not having it in his power to be revenged on your worfliip, no fooner had you left him, but he dis- charged the tempeft upon me, in fuch fort, that I fhall never be a man again £|g^liie 1 live. The mifchief, faid Don Quixote, was in my going away: I mould not have ftirred 'till I had feen you paid; for I might have known, by long experience, that no ruftic will keep his word, if he finds it inconvenient for him fo to do. But you may remember, Andres, that I fwore, if he did not pay you, I would feek him out, and find him, though he hid himfelf in the whale's belly. That is true, quoth Andres ; but it fignified nothing. You fhall fee now whether it fignifies, faid Don Quixote: and fo frying, he arofc up very haftily, and- ordered Sancho to bridle Rozinante, who was grazing while they were eating. Dorothea asked him what it was he meant to do ? He anfwered, Vol. I. Dd that 202 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of that he would go and find out the ruftic, and chaftife him for jfo bafe a pro- ceeding, and make him pay Andres to the laft farthing, in fpite and defiance of all the ruftics in the world. She defired he would confider what he did, fince, according to the ftipulation of the promifed boon, he could not engage in any other adventure, 'till he had accomplifhed her'sj and, fince he could not but know tins better than any body elfe, fhe entreated him to moderate his refent- ment 'till his return from her kingdom. You are in the right, anfwered Don Quixote, and Andres muft, perforce, have patience 'till my return, as you fay, madam; and I again fwear and promife not to reft 'till he is revenged and paid. I do not depend upon thefe oaths, faid Andres : I would rather have wherewithal to carry me to Sevil, than all the revenges in the world. If you have any thing to give me to eat, and to carry with me, let me have it ; and god be with your worfhip, and with all knights-errant, and may they prove as luckily errant to themfelves, as they have been to me. Sancho pulled a piece of bread, and anqfcher of cheefe, out of his knapfack, and, giving it to the lad, faid to him; Here, brother Andres, we all have a fhare in your misfor-* tune. Why, what fhare have you in it? faid Andres. This piece of bread and cheefe, which I give you, anfwered Sancho : god knows whether I may not want it myfelf; for I would have you to know, friend, that we fquires to knights- errant are fubjedt to much hunger, and to ill luck, and to other things too, which are more eafily conceived than told. Andres laid hold on the bread and cheefe, and, feeing that no body elfe gave him any thing, he made his bow, and marched off. It is true, he faid, at parting, to Don Quixote : For the love of god, Signor knight-errant, if ever you meet me again, though you fee they are beating me to pieces, do not fuccour nor aflift me, but leave me to my misfor- tune, which, cannot be fo great, but a greater will refult from your worfhip's aid, whom may the curfe of god light upon, and upon all the knights-errant that ever were born in the world. Don Quixote was getting up to chaftife him; but he fell a running fo faft, that no body offered to purfue him. Don Quixote was mightily abafhed at Andres's ftory : and the reft were forced to re- frain, though with fome difficulty, from laughing, that they might not put him quite out of countenance. CHAP. V. Which treats of what befel Don Quixote'* whole company in the inn. TH E notable repaft being ended, they faddled immediately, and, without any thing happening to them worthy to be related, they arrived the next day at the inn, that dread and terrour of Sancho Panca, who, though he would fain have declined going in, could not avoid it. The hoftefs, the hoft, their daughter, and Maritornes, feeing Don Quixote and Sancho coming, went out to meet them, with figns of much joy; and he received them with a grave dc- DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. deportment, and a nod of approbation, bidding them prepare him a better bed than they had done the time before: to which the hoftefs anfwcrcd, that, pro- vided he would pay better than the time before, (he would get him a bed for a prince. Don Quixote faid, he would; and fo they made him a tolerable one in the fame large room where he had lain before : and he immediately threw himfelf down upon it ; for he arrived veiy much mattered both in body and brains. He was no fooncr (hut into his chamber, but the hoftefs fell upon the barber, and, taking him by the beard, faid; By my faith, you (hall ufe my tail no longer for a beard: give me my tail again; for my husband's thing is tolled up and down, that it is a (hame; I mean the comb I ufed to (lick in my good tail. The barber would not part with it, for all her tugging, 'till the licenciate bid him give it her; for there was no farther need of that artifice, but he might now difcover himfelf, and appear in his own (hape, and tell Don Quixote, that, being robbed by thofe thieves the galley-flaves, he had fled to this inn; and, if he mould ask for the princefs's fquire, they mould tell him, (he had difpatched him before with advice to her fubjects, that (lie was coming, and bringing with her their common deliverer. With this the barber willingly furrendered to the hoftefs the tail, together with all the other appurtenances (lie had lent them, in order to Don Quixote's enlargement. All the folks of the inn were furprized, both at the beauty of Dorothea, and the comely perfonage of the (hepherd Car- denio. The prieft ordered them to get ready what the houfe afforded, and the hoft, in hopes of being better paid, foon ferved up a tolerable (upper. All this while Don Quixote was afleep, and they agreed not to awake him; for at that time he had more occafion for deep than victuals. The difcourfe at fupper, at which were prefent the inn-keeper, his wife, his daughter, and Maritornes, and all the paffengers, turned upon the ftrange mad- nefs of Don Quixote, and the condition in which they had found him. The hoftefs related to them what befell him with the carrier; and looking about to fee whether Sancho was by, and not feeing him, (lie gave diem a full account of his being tofled in a blanket, at which they were not a little diverted. And the prieft happening to fay, that the books of chivalry, which Don Quixote had read, had turned his brain, the inn-keeper (aid : I cannot conceive how that can be ; for really, as far as I can underftand, there is no choicer reading in the world, and I have by me three or four of them, with fome manufcripts, which, in good truth, have kept me alive, and not me only, but many odiers befide. For, in harveft-time, many of the reapers come hither every day for flicker, during the noon-day heat; and there is always one or other among them that can read, who takes one of thefe books in hand, and above thirty of us place ourfelves round him, and liften to him with fo much pleafure, that it pre- vents a thoufand hoary hairs : at leaft, I can fay for myfelf, diat, when I hear of thofe furious and terrible blows, which the knights-errant lay on, I have a month's mind to be doing as much, and could fit and hear them day and night. D d 2 I wifli 20 4 the LIFE and EXP L0 ITS' of I wifh you did, quoth the hoftefs ; for I never have a quiet moment in my houfe but when you are liftening to the reading; for then you are fo befotted, that you forget to fcold for that time. It is true, faid Maritornes, and, in good faith, I too am very much delighted at hearing thofe things ; for they are very fine, efpecially when they tell us how fuch a lady, and her knight, lie embracing each other under an orange-tree, and how a Duenna ftands upon the watch, dying with envy, and her heart going pit-a-pat. I fay, all this is pure honey. And pray, mifs, what is your opinion of thefe matters ? faid the prieft,. addre'f- ling himfelf to the inn-keeper's daughter. I do not know indeed, Sir, anfwer- ed the girl: I liften too; and truly, though I do not underftand it, I take fome pleafure in hearing it : but I have no relifh for thofe blows and dailies, . which pleafe my father fo much; what I chiefly like, is, the complaints the knights make when they are abfent from their miftreffes ; and really, fometimes, they make, me weep, out of the pity I have for them. You would foon afford them relief, young gentlewoman, faid Dorothea, if they wept for you. I do not know what I mould do, anfwered the girl; only I know, that feveral of thofe ladies are fo cruel, that their knights call them tigers, and lions, and a thou- fand other ugly names. And, Jefu ! I cannot imagine what kind of folks they be, who are fo hard-hearted and unconfcionable, that, rather than beftow a kind look on an honeft gentleman, they will let him die, or inn mad. And, for my part, I cannot fee why all this coynefs : if it is out of honefty, let them many them; for that is what the gentlemen would be at. Hold your tongue, huffey, faid the hoftefs : methinks, you know a great deal of thefe matters ; and it does not become young maidens to know, or talk, fo much. When this gentleman asked me a civil queftion, replied the girl, I could do no lefs, fure, than anfwer him. It is mighty well, faid the prieft; pray, landlord, bring me thofe books, for I have a mind to fee them. With all my heart, anfwered the hoft, and, going into his chamber, he brought out a little old cloak-bag, with a padlock and chain to it, and opening it he took out three large volumes, and fome manu- fcript papers written "in a very fair character. The firft book he opened he found 'to be Don Cirongilio of Tbrace, the next Felixmarte of Hyrcania, and the third the hiftory of the grand captain Goncalo Hernandez of Cordoua, with the life of Diego Garcia de Paredes, When the prieft had read the titles of the two firft, he turned about to the barber, and faid : We want here our friend's houfe-keeper and niece. Not at all, anfwered the barber ; for I myfelf can carry them to the yard, or to the chimney, where there is indeed a very good fire. What, Sir, would you burn my books? faid the inn-keeper. Only thefe two, faid the prieft, that of Don Cirongilio, and that of Felixmarte. What then, are my books heretical, or flegmatical, that you have a mind to burn them? Schifmatical, you would fay, friend, faid die barber, and not fleg- matical. It is true, replied the inn-keeper; but if you intend to burn any, let it DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. it be this of the Grand Captain, and this of Diego de Garcia ; for I will fooncr let you burn one of my children, than either of the others. Dear brother, fa id the prieft, thefe two books are great lyars, and full of extravagant and foolifh conceits ; and this of the Grand Captain is a true hiftory, and contains the ex- ploits of Goncalo Hernandez of Cordoua, who, for his many and brave aifliOns, deferved to be called by all the world the Grand Captain ; a name renowned and illuftrious, and merited by him alone. As for Diego Garcia de Pared es, he was a gentleman of note, born in the town of Truxillo in EJiremadnra, a very brave foldier, and of fuch great natural ftrength, that he could flop a mill- wheel, in its greateft rapidity, with a fingle finger ; and, being once ported with a two-handed fword at the entrance upon a bridge, he repelled a prodi- gious army, and prevented their paffage over it. And he performed other fuch things, that if, inflead of being related by himfelf, with the modefty of a cava- lier who is his own hiftorian, they had been written by fome other difpaffionate and unprejudiced author, they would have eclipfed the actions of the Hectors, Achillcfes, and Orlandos. Perfuade my grandmother to that, quoth the inn- keeper ; do but fee what it is he wonders at, the flopping of a mill-wheel ! before god your worfhip fhould have read, what I have read, concerning Felix- marte of Hyrcania, who, with one back-flroke, cut afunder five giants in the middle, as if they had been fo many bean-cods, of which the children make little puppet-friars '. At another time he encountered a very great and powerful army, confifting of above a million and fix hundred thoufand foldiers, all armed from head to foot, and defeated them all, as if they had been a flock of fheep. But what will you fay of the good Don Cirongiiio of Thrace, who was fo flout and valiant, as you may fee in the book, wherein is related, that, as he was failing on a river, a fiery ferpent appeared above water ; and he,- as foon as he faw it, threw himfelf upon it, and, getting aftride upon its fcaly fhoulders, fqueezed its throat with bo'h his hands, with fo much force, that the ferpent, finding itfelf in danger of being choaked, had no other remedy, but to let it felf fink to the bottom of the river, carrying along with him the knight, who would not quit his hold : and, when they were got to the bottom, he found himfelf in a fine palace, and in fo pretty a garden, that it was wonderful; and prefently the ferpent turned to a venerable old man, who faid fo many things to him, that the like was never heard. Therefore, pray, fay no more, Sir ; for, if you were but to hear all this, you would run mad with pleafure. A fig for the Grand Captain, and for that Diego Garcia you fpeak of. Dorothea, hearing this, faid foftly to Cardenio ; Our landlord wants but little to make the fecond part of Don Quixote. I think fo too, anfwered Cardenio ; for, according to the indications he gives', he takes all that is related in thefe boolo for gofpel, and neither more nor lefs than matters of facl: ; and the bare- 1 Cnildren in Spain, we are told, make puppets relijjnl ing friars out of bean cods by breaking as much of the uppi r end as difcovers part of the full bean, which is to reprefent the bald head, and letting the broken coJ hang back like a cowl. footed 206 The LIFE and EXPLOITS of footed friars themfelvcs could not make him believe other wife. Look you, brother, faid the prieft ; there never was in the world fuch a man as Felix- marte of Hyrcania, nor Don Cirongilio of Thrace, nor any other knights, fuch as the books of chivalry mention : for all is but the contrivance and invention of idle wits, who compofed them for the purpofe of whileing away time, as. you fee your reapers do in reading them ; for I vow and fwear to you, there never were any fuch knights in the world, nor did fuch feats, or extravagant things, ever happen in it. To another dog with this bone, anfwered the hoft ; as- if I did not know how many make five, nor where my own fhoe pinches : do not think, Sir, to feed me with pap ; for, before god, I am no fuckling. A good jeft indeed, that your worfhip mould endeavour to make me believe, that all the contents of thefe good books are lyes and extravagancies, being printed with the licence of the king's privy-council ; as if they were people that would allow the impreflion of fuch a pack of lyes, battles, and enchantments, as are enough to make one diftracted. I have already told you, friend, replied the priefl:, that it is done for the amufement of our idle thoughts : and as, in all well-infti- tuted commonwealths, the games of chefs, tennis, and billiards, are permitted for the entertainment of thofe who have nothing to do, and who ought not, or cannot work ; for the fame reafon they permit fuch books to be written and printed, prefuming, as they well may, that no body can be fo ignorant as to take them for true hiftories. And, if it were proper at this time, and my hearers required it, I could lay down fuch rules for the compofing books of chivalry, as lhould, perhaps, make them agreeable, and even ufeful to many perfons : but I hope the time will come that I may communicate this defign to thofe who can remedy it ; and, in the mean while, Signor inn-keeper, be- lieve what I have told you, and here take your books, and fettle the point, whedier they contain truths or lyes, as you pleafe ; and much good may do you with them, and god grant you do not halt on the fame foot your gueft Don Quixote does. Not fo, anfwered the inn-keeper, I mail not be fo mad as to turn knight-errant ; for I know very well that times are altered fince thofe famous knights-errant wandered about the world. Sancho came in about the middle of this converfation, and was much con- founded, and very penfive, at what he heard faid, that knights-errant were not now in fafhion, and that all books of chivalry were meer lyes and fooleries ; and he refolved with himfelf to wait the event of this expedition of his matter's > and, if it did not fucceed as happily as he expected, he determined to leave him, and return home to his wife and children, and to his accuftomed labour. The inn-keeper was carrying away the cloak-bag and the books ; but the prieft faid to him : Pray ftay, for I would fee what papers thofe are that are written in fo fair a character. The hoft took them out, and having given them to him to read, he found about eight meets in manufcript, and at the DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA. 207 the be