UNIVERSITY OF 
 AT LOS
 
 A 
 
 DISCOURSE 
 
 O N 
 
 TRADE, 
 
 l^'^Z/ A N ,^^*f 
 f~ x^ 
 
 Other Matters Relative to it* 
 
 viz. 
 
 OF Trade in general : Of the 
 Trade of England: Of Huf- 
 bandry, Feeding, Tillage, 
 Corn, Fruit, Fifh, Minerals, 
 Trees, Manufactures, Sheep- 
 Wool, Cotton- Wool, Hemp 
 and Flax : Glafs, Earthen- 
 Ware, Silk, Diftilling : The 
 great Advantages of a univer- 
 fal National Bank demonftra- 
 ted : Sugar -baking, Tobacco, 
 Tanning, Clock- Work, Pa- 
 per - Mills, Powder - Mills : 
 Method to improve our Manu- 
 factures, by imploying the 
 Poor : Of Courts of Mer- 
 
 chants, Silver Coin : An effec- 
 tual Method to prevent the 
 Running of Wool : Of our 
 Trade to the Eafi and Weft- 
 Indies, Africa, the Plantations, 
 Iceland, the Canaries, Spain, 
 Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Holland, 
 Hamburgh^ Poland, Rujfia, 
 Sweden, Denmark, and Nor- 
 way, France, South-Sea, &c. 
 What foreign Trades are pro- \, 
 fitable, and what not. An 
 Effay on National Credit, and 
 the Irijh Linnen Manufacture, 
 C5V. fcfr. fcfr. 
 
 Wrote at the Requcft of feveral Members of Parliament. 
 And now Publifhed for univerfal Benefit. 
 
 By JOHN CART, E% 
 MERCHANT of BRISTOL. 
 
 Printed for T. O S B O R N E in Gray's-Itm* 
 Moccxtv,
 

 
 HF 
 
 T O 
 
 The Right Honourable 
 
 Spencer Compton, Efq; 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 c, 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 
 And to the Honourable the 
 KNIGHTS, CITIZENS, 
 and BURGESSES, of this 
 Prefent Parliament of Great- 
 Britain^ Aflembled. 
 
 May it Pleafe your Honours, 
 
 HE Fir/I Edition of this 
 little Trafly Relating to 
 Trade, the Poor y Sec. 
 'was Humbly Dedicated 
 to his Royal Highnefs the Prince 
 of WALES, when Governor of the 
 A a South- 
 
 403516 

 
 iv The DEDICATION. 
 
 South-Sea Company, which I then 
 thought, as I /fill do, might be of 
 Service to the Nation, by alluring the 
 Heir to the Cro<wn, into an Early 
 liking of Trade, and Setting before 
 him the Advantages that Accrue 
 
 o 
 
 from it, i&ith the Methods whereby 
 tt may be Improved', and therefore I 
 Contracted it into a narrow Compafs 
 to Encourage his Reading it. 
 
 THIS Second Edition, whereto 
 1 have added feme Jure and pra&ica- 
 ble Methods, for Difcharging the 
 Public Debts of the Nation, with 
 moft Eaje to the People, I humbly 
 Prefcnt to this Honourable Houfc ; If 
 it may be Ufefull in your Debates, I 
 //mil think myfclf very Happy. 
 
 '77 <S the Bal/ance of our "Trade, 
 that Jupplies ur with Bullion', if 
 That be in our Favour, it brings it to 
 
 us.
 
 The DEDICATION. 
 
 ns.> if otherwife ^ it muft be carried 
 away. 
 
 THIS Ballance is /uf for ted ly 
 OUT Manufactures ^ which keep our 
 People at IVork^ and enable them to 
 Maintain themfelves by their own 
 Labour , 'who muft elfe (land ftill^ and 
 become a Charge on our Lands \ and 
 therefore I humbly conceive it to le 
 our Inter eft y Fir ft, to encourage their 
 leing worn at Home, and then to 
 give a Preference to Juch Things , as 
 are Purchased for them Abroad , ra- 
 ther than to thofe. 'which are lowht 
 
 J 7 O 
 
 for Bullion ; and if our Trade was 
 well regulated^ we Jhou ] d Joon become 
 the Richest , and confe^uently the 
 GreateSt^ People in Europe. 
 
 1 have made feme Ejjay at Juch 
 Methods^ as I doubt not^ leing Im- 
 proved lyyour Wifdoms^ and flrength- 
 
 ned
 
 vi The DEDICATION. 
 
 ned by your Authority ^ may Tend very 
 muchtotheEffefiing thisgreeit Work\ 
 And I humbly Offer the fa Propoft- 
 tions following, as fo many Fundamen- 
 tals^ neccffary^for the better Order- 
 ing of our Trade , the Dijcharging of 
 our public Debts ^ and Supporting the 
 Credit of the Kingdom, whereby His 
 Majefly will be rendred more Glori- 
 ous^ both at Home and Abroad. 
 
 THE Fir/I is^ a Committee of 
 Trade ? made up ofjuch Men as are 
 well vcr/l in the true Principles 
 whereon it is Founded, and thereby 
 enabled to make right Reprefentatims 
 ofjucb things ? as Jhattbe referred to 
 them by the Parliament ; W^ ? Hold- 
 ing their Places ' ? according as they are 
 thought capable of performing them* 
 will be careful to execute thojc Trujts 
 with Judgment ^Honour andHoncfly. 
 
 THE
 
 The DEDIC ATIO N. vii 
 THE Second is, a due Infpetti- 
 on into the Affairs of the Poor, and 
 fulling an End to that Pernicious 
 Trade of Begging, which lean ajjure 
 this Honourable Houfe, from the Ex~ 
 ferience we have had in their Regula- 
 tion at Briftol, may le done, and that 
 the Poor may be trained u to an early 
 Delight in Labour ; the Means and 
 Methods whereby That 'was Accom- 
 f lifted y though at firft Thought Im- 
 prafiicable, I have fet forth in the 
 Afflcndix. pag. 167. 
 
 THE Third is, the Keeping of 
 our own Wool at borne, and prevent- 
 ing the Wool of Ireland from being 
 Tranfported any where elfe except to 
 this Kingdom; which lam ferjuad- 
 ed can never be done, by any other 
 Method, but by a Regi/ter, and that 
 That will effettucdly do it ; toward* 
 
 which
 
 viii The D E D I C A T I O N. 
 
 which I have made an EJJay in the 
 following Treatife. 
 
 THE Fourth is, the Encouraging 
 the Li nnen* Manufacture ^Ireland ; 
 *Tis not cajy to comprehend the Ad- 
 vantages that will thence arife to both 
 Kingdoms, isuhcn each of them fhall 
 le fully employed, on a Diflinct Ma- 
 nufatfure : I he Hands that are now 
 heft at PFork there, on the Spinning 
 of Wool, might le then turned to Lin- 
 nen, and a great Part of their Lands 
 would le taken up, in raijing Flax and 
 Hemp, for which they are very pro- 
 cr; and then a Stop might le put to 
 the Importation of thofe great Quan- 
 tities of Worfted and Woollen Tarn 
 thence, Jo pernicious to the Poor of this 
 Kingdom, the Spinning whereof, if 
 Imported in Wool, would amount to 
 manyThoufand Pounds per Annum, 
 
 to
 
 The D E D I C A T I O N. 
 
 to be divided among them-, and it if 
 certain, that Spinning is the moft pro- 
 fitable Part of the Woollen Manufac- 
 ture ? becaufe it is done by Women and 
 Children^ who can no otberwifi be 
 employed. 
 
 IN the Tear 1 704, / was deftred 
 by the Mini/try to give my Thoughts. 
 ojjuch an Undertaking which 1 then 
 did, and frinted feme Considerations 
 relating thereto^ adapted for that 
 Time, which 2 have added in the 
 stiff endix, pag. 158. 
 
 NOR can this be any Prejudice to 
 the Linncns of North-Britain, being 
 of quite different Sorts ; which Jliould 
 alfijfor many Reajons be Encouraged^ 
 by fuch Means and Methods , as on due 
 Conf deration may be thought proper. 
 
 THE Fifth is^ the carrying on the 
 Fificry, which dcfervcs all the En- 
 couragement the Legijlature can give 
 B ,>:
 
 x The DP: DIG AT ION. 
 
 it ; and I think the readie/1 iswiy to do 
 it, is, by Incorporating Jitch Societies, 
 as are willing to fet upon it with joint 
 Stocks, but not cxtlufve to any others, 
 <wbtcb will promote Induflry, and /hut 
 out Stock-jobbing, the Bane of Jo 
 many good Undertakings. 
 
 THEfatb, <wd Meed the Foun- 
 dation of all the teft, is, the eflablifh~ 
 ing ajubftantial Credit, large enough 
 Ip anfwcr all the Occasions of the Na- 
 tion, both -public and private, which is 
 the Wheel whereon all the reft muft 
 turn, avdwhercby, not only the Trade 
 of l Ix Kingdom, but alfe the Gccafions 
 of the Government may be fufflicd, 
 and the public Debts gradually funk, 
 by a o-ood Management : and This. / 
 
 -/ C5 *O ' 
 
 humbly Conceive, cannot be fettled any 
 other way, but on a parliamentary 
 Foundation, any Thing lefs 'will be 
 too narrow. 
 
 IN
 
 The DEDICATION. 
 
 IN the Tear \ 696, / made feme 
 Ejfay tetsuardsfmh a Credit, -which I 
 then frtfented to both Houfts of Par- 
 liament y and have now incerted it in 
 
 '? P a S- r 74* B U * the'B&nk 
 having about that tz?rie 
 furnifhcd his Majefly <mth a confide* 
 ratie Sum of Money T then very much 
 wanted, far the prefent payment of the 
 Army y which the Miniflry could not 
 otherisxfe have raifed^ tho they ap- 
 proved of theProjefiion^ were uwvuitt- 
 ing to dtfeblige at that ywtture, by 
 fetting up any thing like their s^ mdfo 
 that Mattw Jlept then, as it had 
 ever done^ if 1 bad not obferved that 
 the famous Mr. Laws had drawn a 
 Scheme from it, for the Service of 
 France, as near as the Conftitution of 
 that Kingdom will admit; not that I 
 think it can be laJKffg, the Foundation 
 leing laid on Sand ; Tet it hathferved 
 B a the
 
 xii The DEDICATION. 
 
 the frejent Occajion, to fay ojj the 
 Debts of that Nation,byan incredible 
 Stock-job, which mufl iwtodl 'probability, 
 end inConjufton and Difcontent. 
 
 NOTHING can fuffort a Na- 
 tional Credit^ but afleady Government, 
 where tfe arbitrary Will of a Prince 
 cannot withdraw , or lejjen the Secu- 
 curity at his Pleajure; and had fash 
 a one been then eflabliflfd here, in all 
 Probability, we had been feveral Mil- 
 lions lefs in Debt, and not felt that 
 heavy load of Taxes, which hath of>- 
 fre/l our Lands, andinjui'd ourTrade; 
 nor do 1 think thoje Debts can be dij- 
 charged by any other way, private 
 Men now carrying off thofe Profits, 
 wUch/hould Jink them by degrees. 
 
 T"HE Advantages of a National 
 Bank, <md the good Ejje&s it will 
 have, in this Free Government, to- 
 wards the Lejfemng our national In- 
 
 cumbr antes*
 
 The DEDICATION. xiii. 
 
 cumbrtwces, will plainly appear 5 when 
 it is confidcrcd, that one .hundred 
 Pounds borrowed, will circulate two,, 
 bejides it Jelf, and thereby reduce the 
 Inter eft, to one third Part of what is 
 faid to the Lender ; but if it circulate? 
 three , then to a 'Quarter, and it may 
 be, to much lefe, according as a Bmk 
 hath Credit, and is found UfefuL 
 
 BIT this Rule, if the Public fays 
 Four per Cent. for Inter eft ^ it may by 
 Circulation le reduced to one^ csnd 
 there is no doubt, but that a Wcll-con- 
 ftituted Bank j will be feon fill'd with 
 Money at that Rat e\ the great Ground 
 of Buying and Selling Stock beingjhe 
 vaft Sums of Money which lie dead 
 on Mcns Hands ? wloo'bope thereby to 
 make feme Profit, but would be glad 
 to diffofe of it, on ajubftantial Secu- 
 rity, at a moderate Intcrcfl ; befides 
 the Advantage it will be to ffidows 
 
 and
 
 snr. The DEDICATION. 
 
 and Orphans, isubofe Money would be 
 fafcly lodged^ and Iring them in A 
 certain income 5 fir their Mainte- 
 nance ; and here will be no room left 
 
 ^ */ 
 
 fir Stock-jotting^ which hath now got 
 Juch a Footing^ even into our public 
 j4ffairs T that the Parliament doth not 
 give a L*and-Tax or a Lottery 7 where 
 the Subfcriftions to it are not Ingraft, 
 by thofe who have not Money, in or- 
 der to make an Advantage^ by felling 
 them to Juch as have, bejides the vajl 
 Chargein the management oj Lotteries t 
 AND as to Trade, the Bank of 
 England bath been very firviceable 
 to this great Metropolis, by making a 
 little Money firve the Ufes of a great 
 deal, but the Benefit thereof hath ex- 
 tended no farther ; and Wy other 
 Cities, and indeed the whole King- 
 dom, fhould not hive the fame Ad- 
 vantage^ (which it will, if a Nati- 
 onal
 
 The DEDICATION. xv 
 
 onal Bank be eflabliffted^ and Cham- 
 bers fettled where defired] I cannot 
 conceive. 
 
 AND here ImuSirefer to the 
 ^pfcndix, for the letter Illustrating 
 the Benefit thereof ^ and the manner of 
 its Inflitution^ as then intended^ 
 ww$l now admit of federal 
 aiions. ?>< 
 
 IF fuch a Bank were fettled, the 
 Charge of managing it would be very 
 little, and the Kingdom might grow 
 richer feme Millions every Year, and 
 the Government have an Addition to 
 its Security, by draivivg the Cafl} of 
 other Nations hither , vubofe IntereSt 
 would thereby become interwoven f wttb 
 ours ; and our Manufactures would 
 be encouraged by a Flux of Money > 
 which is the Life of 'Trade -, and this, 
 with the eajtnejs of our Government^ 
 would bring the wonied Men of Eu- 
 rope
 
 xvi The DEDICATION. 
 
 tope to fettle here j'which'wouldle an 
 Addition to our Wealth; the Trader 
 might hence le Jufflied y with fuch 
 Sums of Money as hejhall <want^ and 
 jforfe long time only^ as hejhall have 
 Occafon toufe if, whereby the Fi/he- 
 ry ? and other goodUndertakings ^ may 
 le encouraged* and our Wool be cer- 
 
 O ' 
 
 tainly kept at Home ^jind the Gentle- 
 men of England may be hence far- 
 nifhed 'with Money at the common In- 
 tere/l, and be permitted to make their 
 Payments by Jucb Parts , as they can 
 beft fpare it; the 'want of 'which is 
 wwfuch a Clog upon their EJlates 3 that 
 it destroys many good Families ; WK? ? 
 <whe n they are once got into the Ufa- 
 rers Books ^c an find no <way to get out , 
 till they have faid the whole Debt at 
 once, ft that their Eftates are devour- 
 edj by Procuration and Continuation. 
 
 NOR
 
 The DEDICATION. 
 
 NOR is it herely intended tofut 
 a Force upon any Man ; 'twill be the 
 Interest of the Lender to put his Mo- 
 ney into this Bank, 'where he hath Jo 
 certain a Security ', and of the Bank 
 to take it in; and on the other Side^ it 
 will be the Interest of the Bank to 
 furnifh Money on theTerms here men- 
 tioned y and of the Borrower to receive 9 
 it; and this Jingle thing ^ wittin time 
 bring ft great a Pr&fit to the Public 
 as will very much Jink the Debts of 
 the Nation whilst a Common Ad- 
 vantage is Interwoven with it. 
 
 NEITHER will this break in on 
 
 the Privilcdges granted to the Bank 
 
 of England, by A& of Parliament; 
 
 for though they are allowed to lend 
 
 Money to the Government, on the 
 
 Terms therein mentioned ^ yet the 
 
 Government bath not bound uf itfelf y 
 
 from borrowing of any Others ? and 
 
 C making
 
 xviii The DEDICATION. 
 
 making their Payments in fuch a 
 manner, asjhall be thought moft^Ad- 
 vantagious to the Nation. 
 
 IF any Objections (not grounded 
 on -private Inter eft) /hall le made to 
 what I have here offered, I believe a 
 Jatisfatiory ^nfwcr may be given to 
 them if this Honourable Hcufiftiall 
 think what I have Written, worthy 
 their Confederation. 
 
 ^LL IJhall further add, is, that 
 it canfcarce be Matter of Dou't, but 
 that mofl Men will fart with their 
 Securities on fnvate Funds , and rely 
 on the General Credit of the Nation, 
 though at a lower Jntereft, whereby 
 thofe Funds will by degrees, become 
 a fart of the general Security -, wktcb 
 with whatnewT'axcsJhall be given, 
 will be fo ufijul in Circulation, that 
 it will be next to Imfo/ble,for the 
 tnojl malicious Projectors, to lejfen the 
 
 Credit
 
 The DEDICATION. xlx 
 Credit of Juch a Bank^ or to make a 
 Run upon if, and thofe Taxes that 
 are heavieft on the Poor, and moft In- 
 jurious to our Manufactures, may le 
 taken off : And there will le this 
 farther Advantage , that the feveral 
 Offices, who are entrufted to buy for 
 the Ufe of the Puttie, according to 
 Juih Sums of Money ^ as Jhatt from 
 time to time le /^ffrofriated ly the 
 Parliament, will le enabled to Pur- 
 chafe all things on the lowefl Terms ^ 
 ^whcn their Bills on this Bank^Jhallbe 
 as pun&ually difcharged^ at the time 
 when tbey become due y as if they 'were 
 Bills of Exchange ^ and in the mean 
 time fafs from Man to Man in Pay- 
 ment, 'which 'will be an Addition to 
 the Cajh of the Nation^ whereby a 
 great deal will be Javed in what they 
 lay out; and Men of Induflry, but of 
 ftndl Stocks, will be enabled to deal 
 
 with
 
 xx The D D 1C A T I ON. 
 
 'with the Government^ <wbicb no f w 
 they cannot do ; and will Endeavour 
 *>ho fiall Jupfly it on the be/I Terms ^ 
 'when by Juch Payments^ they /hall 
 bcfurnij^d^ to go to Market again ; 
 and the Debts of the Nation will be 
 Jo Incorporated therewith ^ that it 
 
 'will be every Mans Interefl to (up- 
 -/ * j j. 
 
 fort its Credit', and the Eye of a, Par- 
 liament, 'which hath Po i wer to make 
 Examples of Offenders, 'who through 
 
 . J JJ 
 
 Fraud or Malice, Jhall offer Violence 
 thereto, 'will be Jufficieni to deter 
 any fromfuch Evil Pra&ices. 
 
 I am, 
 
 With all dutiful Refpeft, 
 Your Honours, 
 Moft Obediei% 
 Servant. 
 
 JOHN GARY.
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 H E following Sheets are the 
 Work of a Gentleman, a 
 very confiderable Merchant 
 at Brijloly whofe extenfive 
 Knowledge of, and Judgment in Trade, 
 induced forne Gentlemen who were well 
 acquainted with his Capacity, to deiire 
 him to give them his Opinion on Trade 
 in general, and ours in particular j he did, 
 without any Defign of being an, Author, 
 or the leaft Intention of printing it j but 
 having fhewn his Papers to thofe Gentle- 
 rne, they defired he would publifh them,, 
 a which
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 which he at laft confented to, and had 
 a fmall Number printed in Briftol, at his 
 own Expence. 
 
 THE Book having met with its defer- 
 ved Succefs, he re-printed it, with fome 
 confiderable Additions j but that Edition 
 having been fold of, and himfelf dying 
 foon after, it was with much Difficulty 
 I obtained that Copy from which this is 
 printed, nor mould I as yet have thought 
 of getting it re-printed, but, 
 
 THE many Prizes taken by our Ships 
 of War, as well as Privateers, fince the 
 Commencement of the War with France, 
 feeing a fufficient Proof of the Increase 
 .of her Trade, and the Decay of ours, 
 I imagined any Work that might tend 
 to the promoting our Trade, would meet 
 with due Encouragement j and I am apt 
 to believe -no Book on the Subject de- 
 ferves it more than this.
 
 THERE is annexed to it, the A& of 
 Parliament made in the 7th and 8th of 
 King William, in favour of the City of 
 Briftol, for regulating their Poor; and 
 by way of Appendix, the Proceedings of 
 the Magiftrates in confequence of that 
 Aft, worthy of Imitation. 
 
 Our Streets being daily infefted by 
 fwarms of Beggars, perhaps the Publifh- 
 ipg thefe Proceedings may furnifh fome 
 Hints to thofe Gentlemen, who are daily 
 feeking after a Method of preventing the 
 many Robberies, Cruelties, and Outrages 
 committed in our Streets every Night of 
 late, and no doubt but many of thofe 
 who are Beggars in the Day-time, are 
 the very People who do fo much Mif- 
 chief at Night ; could they therefore be 
 brought under properRegulations,it would 
 undoubtedly in fome Meafure be a Re- 
 medy to that Evit, and at the fame time 
 encreafe the Riches of thefe Kingdoms, 
 
 by
 
 ADVERTISEMENT, 
 
 by keeping fo many idle Perfons of both 
 Sexes employed. 
 
 I mall not trouble the Reader any fur- 
 ther concerning this Work, whofe Merit 
 will J hope fpeak for itfelf, 
 
 DISCOURSE
 
 A 
 
 DISCOURSE 
 
 O N 
 
 TRAD E, &c. 
 
 N Order to difcover, whether a Of 
 Nation gets or lofes by fa* 
 Trade, 'tis neceflfary firft to en- 
 quire into the Principles where- 
 on it is built ; for Trade hath 
 its Principles, as other Sciences have, and as 
 difficult to be underftood ; but when they are, 
 'tis eafy to difcover whether a Nation gets or 
 lofes by its Management, and without this, 
 we are not capable of making any true Judg- 
 ment, it being pofllble for the Public to grow 
 B Poor,
 
 2 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 Poor, whilft private Perfons encreafe their 
 Fortunes. 
 
 THE Defign of this little Treatife, is to 
 difiect and lay open the Trade of this King- 
 dom, as it is now driven, that fo thofe Bran- 
 ches that (hall appear to be Profitable may be 
 Encouraged, and thofe that are Otherwife may 
 be Amended. 
 
 THE Profits of this Kingdom arife from 
 its Product and Manufactures at Home, and 
 v from the Growths of thofe feveral Plantations 
 it hath fettled Abroad, and from the Fifh 
 taken on the Coafts, all which being raifed 
 by the Induftry of the People, are both its 
 true Riches, and the Tools whereby it Trades 
 to other Nations, the Products coming from 
 the Earth, and the Manufacturing of them 
 being an Addition to their Value by the La- 
 bour of the People ; now where we barter 
 thefe Things abroad for fuch as are only fit 
 to be eat and drank, or are wafted among our- 
 felves, though one Man may get by the Lux- 
 ury of another, yet the Wealth of the King- 
 A i dom doth not encreafe -, but it is otherwife 
 where we change them for Bullion, or for 
 Commodities fit to be manufactured again. 
 
 THE
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 THE firft Original of Trade both Dome-7/j 
 flic and Foreign was Barter, when one pri- 
 vate Perfon, having an Overplus of fuch 
 
 r . _ 
 
 Things as his Neighbour wanted, furnifhed 
 him therewith for their Value in fuch whereof 
 'the other had plenty, but he ftood in need 
 of the fame, when one Nation abounding 
 in thofe Products which another wanted, fup- 
 ply'd it therewith, and received for them 
 Things equally neceffary in their ftead ; and 
 by how much the Products of any Nation 
 exceeds its Wants, by fo much it grew richer, 
 the Remainder being fold for Bullion, or 
 fome Staple Commodity, allowed by all to 
 have an intrinfic Value. 
 
 AND as People encreafed, fo did Com- 
 merce, which caufed many to go off from 
 Humandry to Manufactures, and other Ways 
 of Living, for Convenience whereof they 
 began Communities : This was the Original 
 of Towns, which being found neceflary for 
 Trade, their Inhabitants encreafed by Expec- 
 tation of Profit ; this introduced Foreign 
 Trade or Trafic with neighbouring Nations ; 
 and this a Defire to fettle rather on fome na- 
 vigable Rivers, than in remote Inland Places, 
 whereby they might be more eafily fupply'd 
 from the Country with Commodities fit to 
 B 2 export,
 
 4 A Difcourfe on TRADE, {&. 
 
 export, and difperfe thither thofe they had 
 imported from abroad. 
 
 'The Trade I ma ll now take the Trade of this King- 
 ed tits dom, as it is divided into Domeftic and Fo- 
 reign, and confider each, and how they are 
 advantagious to the Nation, and rruy be made 
 more fo. 
 
 Inland THE Domeftic or Inland Trade confifts 
 tfrade. either in Hufbandry, Manufactures, or Buying 
 Buying atut&nd Selling-, the laft of which, whereby one 
 Selling. jy[ an ij ves by t h e p ro fi t he makes by another, 
 
 brings no Advantage to the Public ; Peoples 
 Occaiions requiring Commodities to be retail'd 
 to them in fuch fmall Quantities as would fit 
 their Neceffities, they were willing to allow a 
 Profit to him who bought them in greater ; 
 and as this Sort of Traffic came more in ufe, 
 fo the firft Buyers not only fold their Com- 
 modities to the Confumers in the Places where 
 they dwelt, but alfo to others, who being 
 feated in the Country at a diftance, made an 
 Advantage by fupplying the Inhabitants there : 
 This begat the Ingroffing Commodities, and 
 thence arofe Skill and Cunning to forefee their 
 Rife and Falls, according to their Confump- 
 tion and Profpect of Supply. Hence came 
 the Viciating our Manufactures, every one 
 endeavouring to underbuy, that he might 
 
 underfell
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, $r. 5 
 
 underfell his Neighbour ; which Way of 
 Living being found in Time to have lefs La- 
 bour and more Profit than Hulbandry and 
 Manufactures, was the Reafon fo many fell 
 into it. 
 
 FROM thefe Bargains Differencies arifing, 
 encouraged another Sort of People, whofe 
 Bufinefs it was, either by their Wifdoms to 
 perfuade, or by their Knowledge in the Laws 
 to compel, the unjuft Perfons to do Right to 
 their Fellow-Traders (an Honourable Employ- 
 ment at the ftrft, and is Hill fo in thofe who 
 keep to the ftrict Rules of its Inftitution.) 
 Hence arofe Attorneys, Solicitors, and other 
 Officers, which were found neceflary to at- 
 tend on thofe Suits, and other Services of the 
 Law. 
 
 TRADE brought Riches, and Riches Lux- 
 ury , Luxury brought Sicknefs, and Sicknefs <*- 
 wanted Phyfic ; which required fome to fepa- I 
 rate themfelves to ftudy the Nature of Plants 
 and Simples, as alfo of thofe feveral Difeafes 
 which bring Men to their Ends, who for their 
 Advice received Gratuities from their Patients : 
 Thefe brought in Apothecaries and Surgeons, 
 as neceflary Attendants to their Employments ; 
 all which were maintained by keeping People 
 in their Healths. Many alfo of ripe Parts 
 B 3 were
 
 A Difcourft on TRADE, 
 
 were fitted for the Service of the Church, o- 
 thers of the State ; great Numbers were em- 
 ployed in providing Neceflaries of Meat, 
 Drink, and Apparel, others in fitting Things, 
 for Delights and Pleafure, and by this Means 
 leaving Hufbandry and Manufactures, flock'd 
 off daily to Livelihoods, which though ufe- 
 ful and convenient in their relpe&ive Stations,' 
 yet cannot be faid to encreafe the Riches of this 
 Nation, but to live by getting from one aro-; 
 ther ; Hufbandry and Manufactures being the: 
 profitable Employments, out of which it: ga- 
 thers its Wealth. 
 
 . THE next Part of the Inland Trade of this. 
 Kingdom is Hufbandry, which anteceded 
 Buying and Selling in point of Time, though 
 the other is treated of firfl in this Difcourle 5 
 and this confifts either in Feeding or Tillage, 
 by both which we raife great Store of Cattle, 
 Corn, and Fruits, fit for the Food, Service, 
 and Trade of the Inhabitants. 
 - To begin with Feeding : And here I might 
 enumerate the various Sorts of Cattle raifed and 
 bred by the Care of the Husbandman ; but 
 thofeof inoft Note with refpect to our Trade, 
 are, 
 
 I. THE
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 1. THE Beef ; which befides the Excellen- 
 cy of its Flelh for Food, affords many Ne- 
 cefiaries for our Trade, and is very fervice- 
 able in Tillage ; with this we both nourifh 
 our Inhabitants at home, victual our Ships for 
 Foreign Voyages, and load them with the fe- 
 veral Manufactures wherewith it doth fupply 
 us j from the Milk we make Butter and 
 Cheefe, from the Flefh, Beef, from the Skin, 
 Leather, from the Fat, Tallow, and of the 
 Horns feveral ufeful Neceffaries ; the Over- 
 plus whereof, above our own Confump- 
 tion, we export, and fell in Foreign Mar- 
 kets. 
 
 2. THE Sheep; whofe Golden Fleece be- 
 ing the Primum of our Woollen-Manufactures, 
 does thereby employ Multitudes of our Peo- 
 ple ; which being of different Lengths and 
 Finenefs, makes them of various Sorts ; 
 whereof they afford us a yearly Crop whilft 
 living, and at their Deaths we have their 
 Flefh and' Skins , the firfl ferves for our 
 Food, and of the laft we make Things, fit 
 to be ufed at Home, and traded with A- 
 broad. 
 
 3. HORSES , whofe Labour is fo neceflary, 
 that we can neither carry on our Husbandry 
 or Trade without them , befides their Fit. 
 
 B 4 nefs
 
 $ A Difeourfe on TRADE, 
 
 nefs for War, being accounted the boldeft 
 in the World , and for all thefe Ufes are 
 tranfported abroad ; for the firft, to our Plan- 
 tations in America ; and for the laft, to fome 
 of our Neighbouring Nations : But their 
 Flefh is of no Ufe, their Skins of little, the 
 Leather made of them being very ordinary, 
 only the longefl of their Hair is ufed in 
 Weaving. 
 
 THERE are fundry other Sorts of Beafts, 
 fome whereof require no Care in Raifing, o- 
 thers little, fucq as the Stag, the Deer, the 
 Rabbet, the Hare, the Badger, the Goat, 
 and many others, whofe Skins are neceffary 
 for our Trade, and ufeful in our Manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 TILLAGE is that whereby we raife our 
 Corn by turning up the Earth ; the feveral 
 Sorts whereof are Wheat, Rye, Barley, Peafe, 
 Beans, Vetches, Oats, &c. which not only 
 afford Nourifhment to ourfelves, and the 
 Beafts we ufe in Labour, but ferve alfo for 
 Trade ; as they give Employment to our 
 People at home, and are tranfported abroad, 
 more or lefs, tccording to the Overplus of 
 our Expence, and the Want of our Neigh- 
 bours, befides the great Quantities us'd in our 
 Navigation* 
 
 THESE
 
 A Difeourfe on TRADE, 
 
 THESE Products are all clear Profit to 
 the Nation, being raifed from Earth and La- 
 bour ; but their chief Advantages arife from 
 their being exported, either in their own. 
 Kinds, or when wrought up, the Remainder, 
 which is fpent at home, tending rather to 
 fupply our Wants, than to advance our 
 Wealth : Which Exports being more or lefs, 
 according to the Price they bear in other 
 Countries, and thofe arifing from the Pro- 
 portion their Lands holds with ours in their. 
 Yearly Rents, are not fo great in Specie, as 
 when wrought up. Butter is the chiefeft, 
 wherewith we fupply feveral Foreign Mar- 
 kets, and did formerly more, till by making 
 it bad, and ufing Tricks to encreafe its 
 Weight, we loft much of that Trade, and 
 are now almoft beaten out of it by Ireland, 
 which every Year makes theirs better ; be- 
 fides, they underfell us in the Price, as they 
 do alfo in Beef, occafioned by the low Rents 
 of their Lands. 
 
 'TWAS the Act of Prohibition made for- 
 merly in England^ that firft ufhered them 
 into a Foreign Trade, their fole Dependance 
 before that Time being on our Markets, and 
 from hence they were fupplied with what they 
 wanted 5 but being thereby prohibited from 
 
 bringing
 
 io A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 bringing hither their Cattle and other Pro- 
 vifions, they endeavoured to find a Vent for 
 them in other Markets, which they did with 
 good Saccefs, and to more Advantage ; the 
 Sweetnefs whereof gave a Spring to their 
 Induftry, and put them on the Woollen-Ma- 
 nufactures, which they alfo vended where 
 they exported their Provifions, till in time it 
 became fo great and flourifhing, as to give us 
 Apprehenfions it would endanger ours. 
 
 Com. AS for Corn ; foreign Markets are fupplied 
 
 therewith, both from thence, and from the 
 Iflands of the Azores^ cheaper than the Rents 
 of our Lands will admit ; but our Plantations 
 have ftill fome Dependance on us for our Pro- 
 duct, and as the Lands of Ireland rife in their 
 yearly Value, they will have more. We al- 
 fo raife confiderable Quantities of Hemp and 
 Flax, both which are ufeful in our Trade. 
 
 Fruits THE other Fruits of the Earth, fuch as 
 
 Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plumbs, together 
 with the Herbs and Plants, ferve rather for 
 Food and Delight than for Trade; Some 
 Cider we do export ; alfo Spirits raifed by the 
 Diftillers, both from fome of thefe, and from 
 Early. 
 
 Ftft. ON the Sea-Coaft both of this Kingdom, 
 
 and alfo of Newfoundland^ and New-England, 
 
 art:
 
 A Difcourfc on TRADE, f$c. 1 1 
 
 are caught great Store of Cod-Fifh, Herrings, 
 and Pilchards, which are faved, and ibid in 
 foreign Markets. 
 
 NOR is this all the Product of our Earth, Minerals. 
 whofe Womb being big with Treafure, brings 
 forth Lead, Tin, Copper, Calamy, Coal, 
 Culm, Iron, Allom, Copperas, and fundry 
 other Minerals, which are fold in foreign 
 Markets, whither we fend them : Befides a 
 great Expectation we have from a much richer 
 and more valuable Difcovery, lately made in 
 that Part of Great- Britain called Scotland. 
 
 AMONG the feveral Trees that adorn our ef reetm 
 Fields, the Oak, the Elm, and the Am, are 
 the chiefeft ; thefe not only ferve in Building 
 our Ships and Houfes, but alfo furnifh us 
 with materials, wherewith our Artificers make 
 many things fit for Commerce : And it were 
 much to be wifh'd, that better Care was taken 
 to preferve our Timber, for the Benefit of 
 Pofterity. 
 
 THE third Part of our Inland Trade \sManu~ 
 our Manufactures, whereby our Products are /#*''" 
 improv'd in their Values and made ufeful in 
 fundry Manners, both for our felves and o- 
 thers, by the labour of our People; and fitted 
 for fuch Services, as of their own Natures, 
 without the help of Art, they could not have 
 
 been
 
 12 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 been proper ; and thofe to fuit the Necefllties 
 and Fancies, both of our own, and alfo of 
 foreign Countries to which we export them ; 
 where they yield a Price, not only accord- 
 ing to the true value of the Materials and 
 Labour, but an Overplus according to the Ne- 
 cefiity and Humour of the Buyers : And this 
 adds to the Profit, and encreafes the Wealth 
 of the Kingdom. 
 
 THESE Manufactures, as they employ 
 Multitudes of our People in their Making, 
 fo alfo in Exporting them, and importing fo- 
 reign Materials to be ufed with our own, fuch 
 asOyl, Dye-ftufF, Silk, Wooll, Cotton, Baril- 
 lia and many others, which are either manu- 
 factured here by themfelves, or workt up with< 
 our own Product. 
 Steep**- AND firft to begin with Sheep's- Wooll, 
 
 Wool. . 
 
 whereof either by it felf, or mixt with Silk 
 or Linnen, we make Variety of pretty Things, 
 fit for all Climates, and proper for the Wear- 
 ing of both Sexes ; wherein the Invention and 
 Imitation of our Workmen have been fb great, 
 that they have out-done all thac went before 
 them. From a ftrong Cloth, fit to keep out 
 Cold in Winter, they have turn'd their hands 
 to a fine thin fort, which will fcarce keep 
 warm in Summer ; from hence they fell on 
 
 Perpets
 
 A Difeourfe on TRADE, &c. 13 
 
 Perpets, Serges, Crapes, Stuffs, Sayes, Ra- 
 toons, Antherines, and many other Things, 
 fit both for outward Garments, and inward 
 Linings ; of various Colours, Stripes, and 
 Flowers, fome of them fo fine and pleafant, 
 as fcarce to be known from Silk : Befides 
 thofe Multitudes of coarfer Cloth for the Poor; 
 alfo Rugs, Blankets, and all forts of Furni- 
 ture for Houfes. And fuch a Progrefs have 
 they made in thefe Manufactures, that a Man 
 may have his Picture wrought at the Loom, 
 with the fame Exactnefs as if drawn with a 
 Pencil ; one Work-man vying to excell ano- 
 ther, they make Things to anfwer all Occa- 
 fions. And as for Arras and Tapeftry, I 
 believe it will be allowed, that they do not 
 fall ihort of thofe from whom they firft had 
 the Art : Add to thefe, Hats, Stockings, and 
 many other things, which are both worn at 
 home, and exported abroad. 
 
 THE next material for the Manufactures Cotton- 
 is Cotton Wool, which is now become a great 
 
 Imployment for the poor, and fo adds to the 
 Wealth of the Kingdom ; This being curioufly 
 pickt and fpun, makes Dimities, Tapes, 
 Stockings, Gloves, befides feveral things 
 Wove fit for ufe, as Wattcoats, Pettycoats, 
 and Drawers, of different Stripes and Fine- 
 
 nefsj
 
 14 ADifcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 nefs ; and I doubt not the Workmen would 
 equal the Eaft Indies for Callicoes, had they 
 Encouragement ; with all which we fupply 
 our Plantations and other foreign Markets, 
 befides what ferves for our Confumption at 
 Home. 
 
 Hemp and HEMP and Flax are the Grounds for ano- 
 Tlax. ther Manufacture; for tho* Weaving of Lin- 
 nen is not fo much ufed in South Britain^ 
 as of Woollen, yet in North Britain it is, and 
 may be farther improved, not fb much by 
 Laws todireflthe Workmen in their making 
 it, as by apt Methods to encourage them; 
 and even in South Britain feveral Counties 
 are imployed thereon, who not only fupply 
 themfelves, but furnifh thofe bordering on 
 them, with fuch Cloth as anfwers the ends of 
 French Linnens: Befides which great Quanti- 
 ties of Ticking, of all FinefTes, Incle, Tapes, 
 Sacking, Girtwhip, and many other Things 
 are made thereof; alfo Cordage, Twine, Netts, 
 with Multitudes of other Manufactures, which 
 imploy the Poor, and bring by their Exports 
 
 
 
 Profit to the Nation ; and I can not here o- 
 mit Sail-cloth, wherein we have made a won- 
 derful Progrefs in a little time, at the Charge 
 and Expence of private Stocks, who deferve 
 to be encouraged. 
 
 GLASS
 
 'ADifcourfe on TRADE, c. 15 
 
 GLASS is a Manufacture brought to foc/af*. 
 great a Perfection, that it keeps many of our 
 People at Work , and the Materials whereof 
 it is made being generally our own, and in 
 themfelves of fmall Value, cofts the Nation 
 little, in comparifon of what it formerly did, 
 when we fetch'd it from Venice ; the Noble 
 Plate GlafTes which we now make of all forts, 
 both for Houfes and Coaches, do greatly fet 
 forth the Genius of our Workmen ; befides 
 the various Sorts of Utenfils made for com- 
 mon ufe, fit for all the Occafions of a Fa- 
 mily, which look almoft as well as Silver, 
 and it would be better for the Nation that 
 
 i 
 
 they were more ufed in its (lead; alfo the 
 Glafs for Windows, of different Beauties; 
 and Glafs Bottles , all which find a greater 
 Vent both at Home and Abroad by their 
 Cheapnefs, 
 
 AND as for earthen Ware, the Progrefs Earthea- 
 we have made therein is fuch, as may give w re 
 us Hopes, that Time will bring it to fuch a 
 Perfection, as to equal if not exceed the 
 Dutch. 
 
 SILK is another Material for a great Ma-^. 
 nufa&ure ; which being brought from abroad 
 Raw, we here Twift, Dye, and Weave into 
 different Goodnefles, both Plain, Striped, and 
 
 Flowered,
 
 1 6 A Dtfcourfe on T R A D E, gfc. 
 
 Flowered, either by itfelf, or mixt with Gold 
 and Silver ; fo Richly Brocaded, that we ex- 
 ceed thofe from whom we firft had the Art - 
 befides great Quantities of Ribbons, Silk 
 Stockings, and other Things, nof only to ferve 
 ourfelves, but alfo to Export. 
 
 Drilling. DISTILLING is an Art fo exceedingly im- 
 proved, that had it not met with difcouraging 
 Laws, 'twould by this Time have attained 
 to a very great Heigth, and brings great 
 Profit to the Nation ; for next to making, 
 fomething out of nothing, is the making 
 fomething that is Valuable out of what would 
 otherwife be worth nothing ; therefore this 
 Art ought to have been handled charily, to 
 have been trained up with a great deal of 
 Gentlenefs, and not loaded with Taxes in 
 its Infancy, by which Means we were like to 
 difcourage it in the beginning ; however it 
 hath flill bore up under all the Weight laid 
 upon it ; 'twas a great miftake to appoint 
 Meafures by Aft of Parliament to the Diftil- 
 lers in their Workings ; Mens Knowledge 
 encreafes by Obfervation, and this is the 
 Reafon why one Age exceeds another in any 
 Sort of Miftery, becaufe they improve the 
 Notions of thole who went before them ; 
 Therefore confining the Diitillers to Corn 
 
 only,
 
 A Dtfcourfe on T R A D E, <r. 
 
 only, was an Error, ( J Tis true, other Things 
 were allowed to be ufed, but on fuch Terms 
 and ReftricYions, as were next to a Prohi- 
 bition) who by degrees would have made 
 Experiments on that themfelves, ufmg it with 
 other Mixtures, and thereby drawing from 
 it a cleaner Spirit than it doth of itfelf afford, 
 which they might in Time have rectified to 
 fuch a Finenefs, as to have encreafed very 
 much its Ufe , no Kingdom can give more 
 Encouragement to Diftilling than this, whofe 
 Plantations being many, and well Peopled, 
 where thofe Spirits are fo neceflary, and ufe- 
 ful for the Inhabitants, and thefe depending 
 wholly on us for all things, would have caufed 
 a Confumption of very great Quantities, be- 
 fides what is ufed in our Navigation ; we have 
 many Materials of our* own to work on, fuch 
 as are Molofies, Cyder, Perry, Barley, and 
 others, all which in Time they would have 
 ufed ; for as they found their Sales increafed, 
 they would have made new Effays -, it was a 
 very wrong Step, to difcourage Diftilling from. 
 Molofies, Scum, Tilts and Wafh , an Error 
 the Dutch^ nor no Trading Nation, would 
 have been guilty of, and proceeded from ill 
 Advice given the Parliament, by thofe, who 
 
 C under
 
 1 8 A Difeourfe on TRADE, 
 
 under Pretence of advancing Corn, defign'd 
 to difcourage Diftilling, only offered it by 
 that handle they thought it would be beft 
 received in the Houfe ; Trade and Lands go 
 hand in hand as to their Intereft, if one 
 Flourifhes fo will the other j Incourage Di- 
 ftilling, and it will fpend Hundreds of Things 
 now thrown away. 
 
 Sugar- REFINING of Sugars have given Imploy- 
 a ing ' ment to our People, and added to their Value 
 in foreign Markets, where we found great 
 and profitable Sales, till the Dutch and French 
 beat us out, occafioned by the Duty of 2 s. 
 4 d. per Cent, laid on Mufcovado Sugars, 
 i Jac. id. to be drawn back at Exportation, 
 whereby they were wrought up abroad cheaper 
 then they could be at home ; but that Law 
 'being now expired, and the Parliament have 
 fince granted a draw back on refined Sugars 
 when Ihipt out, hath very much helpt that 
 Manufacture. 
 
 TOBACCO alfo hath imployed our Poor 
 by cutting and Rowling it, both for a home 
 Confumption, and alfo for Exportation ; but 
 the latter is lefifen'd, as the Places, to which 
 we ufed to export it, work it up them- 
 felves. 
 
 TANNINP
 
 T A Difcourfe on TRADE, j$c. 
 
 TANNING of Leather is an Employment T 
 which deferves to be encouraged* becaufe it 
 furnifhes us with a Commodity* fit to be far- 
 ther Manufactured at home, and alfo to be 
 tranfported abroad j I know the Exportation 
 of Leather hath been much oppofed by the 
 Shoemakers, and others who cut it at home* 
 and reprefented as attended with ill Confe* 
 quences, one whereof is the making it dear ; 
 but, would it not be of much worfe to con- 
 fine and limit that Employment to an In- 
 land Expence ? On the other fide, would it 
 not naturally follow, that when Leather rifes 
 to a great Price, the Exportation muft ceafe* 
 becaufe Ireland will underfell us ? And would 
 it not feem an unreafonable difcouragement to 
 Trade, if Tobacco, Sugar, and the Woollen. 
 Manufactures, were debarred from being ex- 
 ported, only becaufe they mould be fold 
 cheaper at home ? For fuppofe the Occafions 
 of the Nation could not confume all the Lea- 
 ther that is made, to what a low Price muft 
 Hides be reduced* for no other Reafon, but 
 thats the Shoemakers may get more by their 
 Shoes *, 'Tis true, if they could make out, 
 that thofe Countries muft then have their 
 Shoes from us, where we now fell our Lea- 
 ther, I mould be of their Minds j but it muft 
 C 2 need?
 
 20 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 
 
 needs be otherwife, feeing Ireland is able to 
 fupply them ; this proceeds from a very nar- 
 row Spirit, and fuch as ought not to be en- 
 couraged in a trading Nation ; a good ex- 
 port for Leather, will caufe a great Import 
 of Raw-H,ides, which will be more Ad- 
 vantage to the Nation, then if they were 
 tann'd in Ireland, and fent abroad thence. 
 Minerals. N OR can i om it the feveral Manufactures 
 made of the fundry Mineral we dig, and ren- 
 der malleable, which would be endlefs to e- 
 numerate, viz. of Tin, Lead, Iron and Cop- 
 per, wherewith we not only furnim enough 
 V for our own ufe, but fupply our Plantations, 
 
 and other Places Abroad, the Workman (hip 
 whereof adds much to their Value; and from 
 the laft of thefe we have of late made Brafs 
 and Battery; an undertaking begun by private 
 Stocks, and carryed on without the help of a 
 Patent for fourteen Years, and I am of Opi- 
 nion, it would be much better for the Nation, 
 if good Projections were rewarded fome other 
 way, and left open, to be improved by all 
 who were*willing to make Experiments at their 
 own Charge ; this in all Probability would be 
 a more likely way to bring them to perfection, 
 and in lefs Time, then to tye Men down like 
 the Motions of a Clock, to be directed only 
 by one leaden Weight ; of this we have a 
 
 late
 
 A Difcourfe on T R A D E, f$c. si 
 
 late Inftance in the Project of Beech Qy/, 
 for if but one half of the Profit can be made 
 thereby, that is fet forth by the ingenious 
 Patentee, in his Book written n that Subject, 
 againft which I fee no Objection, if the Com- 
 putations are rightly ftated, I make no man- 
 ner of doubt, but that private Stocks would 
 before this Time have made a greater Pro- 
 grefs therein, than hath been done by the 
 grefent Undertakers, on the joint Stock ; and 
 therefore I think it would be very proper, 
 where fuch Patents are granted, after fome 
 reafonable Time, to enquire into the Pro- 
 ceedings of the Patentees, lead the Nation 
 be deprived of the Advantages it expected to 
 receive, by the granting thofe Patents. Clock-work 
 
 THERE are many other Things which 
 may be, and daily are improved amongft 
 us; as Clock-work, wherein we fell little but 
 Art and Labour, the Materials whereof they 
 are made being but of fmall Value ; Watches 
 and Clocks of great Prices being fold for the 
 Courts of foreign Princes. 
 
 PAPER Mills are a Benefit to the Nation, Paper" 
 as they make that Commodity from things of Ullls ' 
 themfelves worth little; fo are Powder-Mills ; P ^ er ' 
 alfo Handicrafts, who fupply us with things ^ r/ ; w .. 
 for our own ufe, which muft otherwife be 
 C 3 had
 
 aa A Difcourft on TRADE, 
 
 had from abroad, and alfo with others, which 
 when exported, are more or lefs profitable, 
 as the Labour of oujr People adds to their 
 Value, Things being cheaper to us when we 
 pay only for the firft Materials whereof they 
 are made, the reft being Work done at Home, 
 is divided amongft our felves ; fo that on the 
 Methods to whole it appears to be the great Intereft of 
 
 improve ^ Kingdom to advance its Manufactures ; 
 
 our Manu- 
 
 and this I humbly conceive may be done 
 thefe feveral Ways. 
 
 "By imply i. BY providing Work-Houfes for the 
 
 Poor 6 P or an d niaking good Laws, both to force 
 
 and incourage them to work ; But defigning 
 
 to fpeak larger to this in the Clofe of this 
 
 Tract, I fhall refer the Reader thereto. 
 
 By freting 2 . BY difcharging all Cuftoms payable on 
 
 pur Manu- Qur Manufactures at their Exportation, and 
 
 fafiures f 
 
 from Cu/- alfo in the Materials ufed in making them 
 at their Importation; for as one would en- 
 courage the Merchants to fend more abroad, 
 fo the other would enable the Manufacturers 
 to afford them cheaper at home; and 'tis 
 llrange that a Nation, whofe Wealth de- 
 pends fo much on its Manufactures, and whofe 
 Intereft it is to out do all others, by under- 
 felling them in foreign Markets, fhould load 
 either with Taxes ; but there having been 
 
 fomething
 
 r A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 fomething done in this fince my offering it 
 to the Confideration of the Parliament in a 
 former Difcourfe, both as to the woollen ma- 
 nufacture exported, and alfo to dye Stuffs 
 imported, which hath evidently appeared to 
 be an Advantage to our Trade, it may be 
 reafonably hoped, that great Council of the 
 Nation will make a farther Progrefs therein, 
 when it mail come regularly before them ; 
 becaufe the Exportation of all our Manufac- 
 turers ought to be encouraged, and not re- 
 ceive a check by any Modus of railing Money, 
 that fo they may be rendred abroad on fuch 
 Terms, as no other Nation may underfell us ; 
 this whole Kingdom being as one great Work- 
 houfe, wherein if we keep our Poor im- 
 ployed, they will advance the Value of our 
 Lands, but if we do not, they will become 
 a Load upon them. 
 
 AND here I cannot but mention that 
 Logwood, a Commodity much ufed in Dy- 
 ing, which pays five Pounds per Tun Cuf- 
 ftom when imported, and draws back three 
 Pounds fifteen Shillings when fhipt out again, 
 by which means the dyers in Holland ufe it 
 fo much cheaper then ours do here ; now if 
 it was imported Cuftom Free, and paid 
 twenty five Shillings fer Tun at its Exporta- 
 tion,
 
 44 A Difcourfe on TRADE, <r. 
 
 tion, the Dyers there would ufe it fo much 
 dearer than ours ; and I think it would be 
 well worth Inquiry, whether a Prohibition, 
 either total or in Part, of Shipping out our 
 Manufacturers thither, and to the northern 
 Kingdom, undy'd and undreft, might not be 
 made, I am fure it would be a great Ad- 
 vantage to this Kingdom if it could be done, 
 without running into greater Inconveniences; 
 the Dutch difcourage their being brought in 
 dyed or dreft, that they may thereby give 
 imployment to their own People, and en- 
 creafe. their Navigation by the Confumption 
 of Dye-Stuff; the fame Reafon mould pre- 
 vail with us to dye and drefs them at home ; 
 but this requires the due Confideration of a 
 Committee of Trade, to hear what may be 
 faid both for and againft it, before it be of- 
 fered to the Parliament. 
 
 %. BY difcouraging the Importation of 
 Commodities already manufactured (unlefs 
 . purchafed by our own, or by our Product) fuch 
 as wrought Silks, Callicoes, Brandy, Glafs, &V. 
 and encouraging the bringing in the Materials 
 whereof they are made, to be wrought up here ; 
 by which Means more Ships will be freighted, 
 and more Sailors imploy'd, befides the great 
 Advantage to the Nation in the Ballance of its 
 
 Trade,
 
 A Difconrfe on TRADE, Qfc. aj 
 
 Trade, which muft be returned in Bullion, as 
 thofe coft lefs abroad than the other ; and this 
 will enable us to afford a greater Confumption 
 of foreign Commodities to pleafe our Palates, 
 fuch as Wine, Fruit, and the like, all which 
 fill our Ships, and are fit Subjects for Trade, 
 when they are purchafed by our Product and 
 Manufactures, and that the Profit of our 
 Trade will enable the Nation to bear the Ex- 
 pence. 
 
 4. By freeing the Manufactures from bur-^y freeing 
 thenfome Excifes, which do much difcourage ""' ' Manu ~ 
 
 3 failures 
 
 fmall Stocks, who are not able to carry on/rom Ex- 
 their Trades, and make Provifion for fuch"^* 
 great Payments, befides the Swarms of Offi- 
 cers, to whom we lay open the Houfes of thofe 
 Men, who deferve all the Encouragement we 
 can give them, and ought to have things made 
 as eafy to them as may be -, had they been laid 
 on our Woollen Manufactures, as was once 
 haftily propofed, we might have repented it 
 at Leifure ; Trade ought to be handled gent- 
 ly, we may tax the Trader without medling 
 with his Trade ; and he that confiders the Ex- 
 pence of this Nation at Five Pounds fer 
 Head (accounting only Eight Millions of Peo- 
 ple,) comes to Forty Millions per Annum, and 
 
 the
 
 ADifcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 the Lands only to Twelve or Thirteen, which 
 is more than they can be computed at by the 
 Act of Four Shillings in the Pound, may fee 
 how much we are beholding to Trade. 
 
 5. BY fecuring the Merchants in their 
 our foreign Trades, who export our Product and Manu- 
 
 V rade fafe r 
 
 andeafy. factures, and making their Bufinefs, m rela- 
 tion to the Payment of their Cuftoms, as eafy 
 to them as may be : To this End good Con- 
 voys mould be provided in Time of War, and 
 good Cruizers maintained to prefer ve their 
 Ships, it being certain, that whatever is dimi- 
 nifhed out of the Merchants Stocks, doth fo 
 far difable them in their Trades, and confe- 
 quently leffen their Exports ; great Care mould 
 Cujlomi. be taken, that the. Modus of their Entries at the 
 Cuftom-Houfe made as eafy to them as might 
 be, and a due Attendance given at the loading 
 and difcharging their Goods when the Cuftoms 
 are paid, fo that they may be difpatched with- 
 out Delay, and no unneceflary Remoras put in 
 their Way, the Lofs of one Tide being many 
 \ Courts of U mes tne overthrow of a Voyage ; Courts of 
 : Merchants. Merchants mould be erected for the fpeedy 
 deciding all Differences relating to Sea-Affairs, 
 which are better ended by thofe who under- 
 ftand them, than they are in Weftmnfter-Hall> 
 ' where all things are tried by the nice Rules of
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 Law, and therefore after much Attendance and 
 Expence, are often referred by the Judges to 
 fuch as are converfant in Trade ; by this 
 Means the Merchants would fee fhort Ends 
 to their Differences ; but no General Rules 
 can be given for thefe Courts, which muft be 
 fettled, as they fuit the Conveniencies of 
 Trading Cities. 
 
 6. BY rendering the Bank of Engtand more fy mating 
 applicable to the Encouragement of our Trade mort u j- e . 
 than now it is, which I cannot believe the/'- 
 JVIembers of that Corporation will oppofe, ^ 
 when it (hall manifeftly appear, not only to 
 be the Intereft of the Nation in General, but 
 alfo their own. And I humbly conceive that 
 it may be fo directed, that every Subject in 
 his particular Station, may receive a Benefit 
 by it. 
 
 EASE, Profit, and Security, will keep a 
 Bank always full of Money, the firft of which 
 was formerly anfwered by the private Bankers, 
 who received and paid out Money in the fame 
 Manner that the Bank now does, and their 
 Notes generally were as current i but being 
 founded on their own Credits, great Lofifes 
 often happened, which gave great Shocks to 
 Trade ; 'tis true, this Mifchief is now guarded 
 againft, by the Fund which the Bank of Eng- 
 land
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 land hath in the Hands of the Government, 
 yet Widows, Orphans, and others out of Trade, 
 
 Tbam '' are not P rov ided f r > which might be done, 
 if the Bank did take in what Money might 
 be tendred to them, for fuch People who are 
 not able to manage it themfelves, and to allow 
 
 an Intereft of per Cent, per Annum^ 
 
 whilft it continued in their Hands ; which tho* 
 it may be below the common Rate, yet by 
 Reafbn of the Security and Readinefs of Pay- 
 ment, 'twould be preferrable to a greater, at- 
 tended with Hazard and Uncertainties ; by 
 this Means none of the Money would lie dead 
 and ufelefs , and on the other Hand, the Bank 
 might have Liberty to Jend any Sums at the 
 legal Intereft, on this Condition, that the 
 Borrower may repay it by fuch Parts as he can 
 fpare it, and be difcharged of the Intereft of 
 what he fo pays in, from the Time of its Pay- 
 ment, and from thenceforward be chargeable 
 with no more, than doth arife from the Mo- 
 ney that remains unpaid. 
 
 ,, NOR is there fuch a fafe and fettled Courfe 
 
 Remit tan- 
 
 es, of Remittances from Place to Place as Trade, 
 and the other Occafions of the Nation do re- 
 quire; Men oftentimes paying their Money 
 for Bills which are not punctually difcharged, 
 and fometimes never, tho' they give a Pra-
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 mlo to the Drawer, which obliges the travel- 
 ling with fo much Money, and gives En- 
 couragement to Robbers ; but this alfo might 
 be prevented, if the Bank of England (that is 
 now fettled in London) did appoint Chambers 
 in other Places of the Kingdom, at fuch Di- 
 ftances as might beft fuit the Occafions of the 
 Country, and that their Notes given out for 
 Money, either at London^ or in any one of 
 thofe Chambers, mould be demandable in any 
 other ; or by drawing Bills at one Chamber 
 payable in another, the Receiver allowing for 
 
 fuch Returns after the Rate of per Cent. 
 
 in the Chamber where he receives his Mo- 
 ney. 
 
 IF the Bank was thus regulated, the Nation 
 would foon fee its good Effects; Truftees 
 might place out Orphan's Money with good 
 Security, and Widows and others, whole 
 Maintenance depends on their Intereft, would 
 have it duly paid to anfwer their Occafions ; 
 the whole Cafh of the Kingdom would be in 
 a continual Circulation, and not lie dead, as 
 too much of it now does ; the Gentry and 
 Traders, who are obliged on many Occafions 
 to take up great Sums at Intereft, would 
 have it made eafy to them, when they might 
 
 pay
 
 3<> 'A Difcourft on TRADE, {&, 
 
 pay in by fuch Parts, as they could convent 
 ently fpare it ; and on the other Hand, it 
 would be no Inconvenience to the Bank to re- 
 ceive it, which will by this Means never want 
 Borrowers, and their Notes pafling in Pay- 
 ment, will circulate inftead of Money. 
 
 THESE Methods will prevent many Cheats 
 and LofTes, which are often occasioned by frau- 
 dulent and inefficient Drawers, and abate the 
 excefllve Pr<emio*s which are demanded by 
 Remitters, when they can take Advantages of 
 Men's Necefiities ; and the Taxes received in 
 the Country might be quicker and fafer paid 
 into the Treafury. And if the Bank was 
 likewife extended to Ireland, it would be an 
 Advantage to both Kingdoms, which I mail 
 fpeak farther to, when I come to difcourfe of 
 the Trade we drive to that Kingdom. 
 5y increa- J '. BY increafing the Silver Coin of this 
 fmg tkeSil- Kingdom, which are the Tools wherewith the 
 
 ver Com. 
 
 Trader works : It may at firft feem flrange^ 
 that our Silver Coin fhould grow fcarcer, at a 
 Time when we are at Peace with all Nations, 
 our Trade open^ and vaft Quantities of Bul- 
 lion yearly imported -, but he that confiders 
 how much thereof is carried away to the Eafl- 
 Indies, and how little Encouragement the Im- 
 porter hath to fend it to the Mint, when he 
 
 cars
 
 on TRADE, c. 3* 
 
 can fell it for more to export, than it will- 
 come too when coined, will ceafe to wonder ; 
 and except fome Care be taken in this Mat- 
 ter, we mall foon be reduc'd to fuch Straits, 
 that the Manufacturers muft Hand ftill : For 
 tho* Gold may ferve for large Payments, yet 
 it can't anfwer the Occafions of the Manu- 
 facturers, who are to make their Payments a- 
 mong the Poor. 
 
 Now if thefe, or fuch like Methods, were 
 made ule of, they might very much encreafe 
 our Silver Coin ; as, 
 
 1. LET the Eaft-India Company be limit- 
 ted in the Quantity of Bullion they mail fhip \fJ* f 
 out yearly, whether the Number of Ships 
 
 they fend be few or many -, and let them be 
 oblig'd to carry to the Mint fuch a fuitable 
 Proportion according to what they fend away, 
 as to the Wifdom of the Parliament lhall 
 feem meet. 
 
 2. LET Encouragement be given to all 
 Perfons, who fhall voluntarily bring Plate or 
 Bullion to be coined. 
 
 3. LET the Plate of Orphans be brought 
 into the Mint, which will tend to their Ad- 
 vantage as well as to the Nations, whereas 
 now great Quantities lie dead, and grow out 
 
 of
 
 3* A Difcourfs on TRADE, &c. 
 
 of Fafhion before they come to ufe it, which 
 will by this Means be turned into ready Mo- 
 ney, and being put into the Bank, the In- 1 
 tereft thereof may be employ'd for their better 
 Maintenance, and the Trade of the Nation 
 will alfo receive a Benefit thereby : If it be 
 objected, that 'tis now Ibid to Goldfmiths, I 
 think this make the Argument for fending it 
 to the Mint much ftronger, becaufe it is much 
 better that it were turn'd into the Coin of the 
 Kingdom, then difpofed of in any other 
 Way. 
 
 As for Gold, there is no need to give En- 
 couragement to bring it to the Mint, 'tis on- 
 ly a Commodity, and not the Standard, as 
 Silver is ; befides, 'tis generally worth more 
 here than in any other Country ; and 'tis ap- 
 parent from the great Quantity thereof which 
 is coined yearly more than of Silver, that 
 it is every one's Intereft to fend it thi- 
 ther. 
 
 8. BY difcouraging Stock-jobbing : This 
 
 By difcou" ~. , " _ 
 
 raging hath been the Bane of many good Deiigns, 
 Stock-job- wn j cn b egan well, and might have bsen car- 
 ryed on to Advantage, if the Promoters had 
 not fallen off by felling their Parts, and flight- 
 ed the firft Defign, winding themfelves out 
 with Advantage, and leaving the Manage- 
 ment
 
 A Difcourfe on T R A D E, &c. 33 
 
 ment to thofe they had decoyed in, who un- 
 derflood nothing of the Bufmefs, whereby all 
 Fell to the Ground -, which may be prevented 
 ( I mean, fo far as concerns incorporated 
 Stocks) by Laws framed for that end, or 
 by Claufes in their Charters. 
 
 9. BY ftrengthening the Laws againft the ty p""- 
 Exportation of Wool, by fuch Practicable 
 methods as may prevent its being done : For o 
 feeing the Nations Intereft fo much de- 
 pends thereon, no Care can be too great, nor 
 Methods laid too deep: Laws concerning 
 Trade, whofe ible Strength are Penalties, 
 rarely reach the thing aimed at; but practi- 
 cable Methods, whereby one thing may an- 
 fwer another, and all confpire to carry on 
 the fame Defign, hanging like fo many 
 Links in a Chain, that you cannot reach 
 the one. without ftepping over the other, 
 thefe are more likely to prevent Mifchiefs: 
 'Tis one thing to punifh People when a Fact 
 is committed, and another to prevent their 
 doing it, by putting them as it were under 
 an Inability ; Now where the Welfare of the 
 Kingdom lies fo much at Stake, certainly it 
 cannot be thought grievous to compell fub- 
 miflion to good Methods, tho* they may 
 feem troublefome at firft. 
 
 D AND
 
 34 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 
 
 7 be ill Con- AND that we may the better perceive the 
 jbippin"eut Mifchiefs that attend the carrying abroad of 
 our Wool. Wool unwrought to other Nations, let us 
 confider the Confequences thereof in what is 
 fhipt to France ; whofe Wool being very 
 coarfe, and fit only for Rugs and Blankets, 
 and fuch ordinary Cloth, is by mixture with 
 ours and Irijh, ufed in the making of many 
 Sorts of Stuffs and Druggets, whereby the 
 Sales of our Woollen Manufactures are leffen- 
 ed, both there, and in other Places whither 
 we export them ; and by this Means, every 
 Pack of Wool fent thither, works up two 
 befides itfelf, being chiefly combed, and 
 combing Wool, which makes Wool for the 
 French Wool, and the Pinions thereof ferve 
 with their Linnen to make coarfe Druggets, 
 like our Linfey-Woolfey, but the Linnen be- 
 ing fpun fine, and coloured, is not eafily dif- 
 cerned-, alfo our fineft mort Wool, being 
 mixt with the loweft Spani/h^ makes a mid- 
 dling Sort of Broad-cloth, and being woven 
 on Worfted Chains, makes their bed Drug- 
 gets, neither of which could be done with the 
 French Wool only, unlefs in Conjunction with 
 ours or Iri/h, Spani/h Wool being too fine and 
 too mort for Worfted Stuffs, and unfit for 
 combing, fo that without one of thofe two 
 
 Sorts,
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 35 
 
 Sorts, there cannot be a Piece of Worfted 
 Stuff, or middle Broad-Cloth made ; no o- 
 ther Wool but ' Englijh or Irijb will mix well 
 with Spani/h for Cloth, being originally raifed 
 from a Stock of Englijh Sheep, the Difference, 
 arifing from the Nature of the Land whereon 
 they are fed ; of this we have Experience in 
 our own Nation, where we find, that Lemjler 
 Wool is the fineft, next, Part of Shropfhire 
 and Stafford/hire, Part of Gloucefterjhire, Wilts, 
 Dorfet and Hampjbire, Part of Sujfcx, Kent^ 
 Somerfet, Devon, and Cornwall, thefe are pro- 
 per chiefly for Cloth, fome Part for WorfteoV; 
 SuJJex, Surry, Middlefex, Hertford/hire, and 
 fome other Counties, produce Wool much 
 coarfer and cheaper : But then Berk/hire, B t uck- 
 ingham, Warwick, Oxon, Leicefter, Nottingham, 
 Northampton, Lincoln, and Part of Kent called 
 Rumney Marfh, the Wool in moft of thefe 
 Counties is fo proper for Worfted, that all 
 the World (except Ireland) cannot compare 
 with it, therefore requires our greater Care to 
 prevent its Exportation ; and more particu- 
 larly from Ireland, whence it is exported 
 to our Neighbouring Nations, and fold 
 cheap. 
 
 D 2 As
 
 $6 A Difcourfe on T R A D F, $*. 
 
 As for the Wool of North-Britain, I am 
 not fufflciently verft therein, to give a true 
 Account of the Nature of it. 
 
 Methods to I know many Methods have been thought 
 prevent the tf to p revent t hi s pernicious Mifchief, butall 
 
 Exportati- r r 
 
 i of Wml. the Laws I have yet leen, leem to reach but 
 half Way, they depend too much on Force 
 and Penalties, and too little on Method ; we 
 mufl begin deeper, and fecure the Wool from 
 the Time of its growing, till 'tis wrought up 
 into Manufactures, and I think nothing lefs 
 'than a Regifter, to be kept in every County, 
 will do it. 
 
 NOR will this be attended with fo much 
 Trouble and Charge to the Nation in general, 
 or to private Perfons in particular, as may at 
 fjrft be thought : The Time of Sheering be- 
 ing once a Year, thofe who keep Sheep may 
 give Notice to the Officer appointed for that 
 Diftrict, of the Number of Sheep they have 
 to Iheer, and the Day whereon they intend to 
 do it, that fo he may be prefent to fee the 
 Fletces weighed, and to charge them there- 
 with ; which Charge mufl remain upon them 
 till they fell their Wool, and give Notice 
 thereof to the Office, when the next Buyer 
 mufl be charged, and fo toties quoties^ till it 
 comes into the Hands of him that works it
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, Sir. 37 
 
 up ; and all this may be done by the Officers 
 of the Excife, in fuch a manner, as may coft 
 the Nation little. 
 
 AND to prevent Frauds, let no parcel of 
 Wool above fuch a Weight as the Parlia- 
 ment fhall think fit, be carried from place 
 to place, but in the day time, nor without 
 a Letpafs, or Cocket, fetting forth from whence 
 it came, and whither it is going; and the fame 
 Method muft alfo be extended to Ireland, till 
 it is either ufed there, or fhipt thither ; and 
 if the Wool of both Kingdoms by theie or 
 any other Methods could be fecured from being 
 carried abroad, our Manufactures would find 
 a furer Vent in foreign Markets, and yield 
 better Prices : And the Wool of France would 
 lye on their Hands, and become almoft ufe- 
 lefs ; the Credit of the Nation would be raifed, 
 and our Factories abroad courted as much as 
 formerly they have been, becaufe the Manu- 
 factures we fhip out are fuch, as no Nation 
 can be without, nor can they then be well 
 (applied elfewhere ; they are not things only 
 for Pleafure, but for Ufe, and both the Rich 
 and the Poor ftand in need of them ; whilft 
 the Profit of this pernicious Practice of Ship- 
 ping out the Wool, is funk in the Pockets of 
 private Men, who former Laws accounted 
 D 3 Felons, 
 
 40351 

 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, fgc. 
 
 Felons, and cannot be thought to deferve any 
 favour from the Nation. 
 
 BESIDES 'tis well known, that the export- 
 ing our Wool hath by the ill Conferences 
 thereof abated its Price a*t Home : This hath 
 been obferved by Calculations made by con- 
 fiderate Men ; and the Reafon is, becaufe 
 thofe Countries whither it is fhipt, being 
 thereby enabled to work up much larger 
 Quantities of their own, the Sale of our Ma- 
 nufactures are grown (lack abroad, and we 
 have been forced to fell them cheaper, which 
 beat down the Prices both of Wool and La- 
 bour i whereas if we had kept our Wool at 
 Home, this had been prevented , and itmuft 
 be allowed, that it was not our Intereft to fall 
 our Manufacturers, if we had been the only 
 Sellers ; for according as they yield in Price, 
 fo is the Wealth of the Nation advanced, 
 which our Forefathers well knew, when they 
 made Laws to prohibit the Exportation of 
 Wool, which cannot be too much ftrengthned, 
 or ftrongly put in Execution. 
 
 io. BY taking Care, that in all Treaties of 
 ging Tree* Peace, and other Negotiations with foreign 
 Peace to Princes, due Regard be had to our Trade 
 the Ad- anc j Manufactures; that our Merchants be 
 
 vantage 
 
 of Trade, well treated by the Governments where they 
 
 refide
 
 A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, c. 3? 
 
 refide ; that all things be made eafy to them, 
 and both their Liberties and Properties fe- 
 cured ; that our Manufactures be not prohi- 
 bited, or burthened with unreafonable Taxes, 
 which is the fame in Effect ; that fpeedy Juf- 
 tice be done in recovering Debts contracted 
 afliongft the Natives, and pun idling Abufes 
 put on our Factories by them : Thefe are 
 Prefiures our Trade hath formerly groaned 
 under, whereby the Merchants abroad, and 
 Manufacturers at home, have been much dif- 
 couraged, and the Englijh Nation hath been 
 forced to truckle under the French in fome 
 foreign Parts, only becaufe that King fooner 
 refented Injuries done to his trading Subjects, 
 and took more Care to demand Reparation 
 than fome former Reigns have done ; but 
 Thanks be to God, we have both Power and 
 Opportunity to do the fame ; and there is 
 no Caufe to doubt His Majefty's Royal In- 
 clinations, to make ufe of both for the Good 
 of his Merchants, when things are duly re- 
 prefented to him . 
 
 AND thus I have run through the feveral 
 Parts of our Inland Trade, and fhewed, that "' 
 the Profit thereof arifes chiefly from our Pro- 
 duct and Manufactures : Before I proceed to 
 our Foreign Trade, I fhall fpeak fomething 
 D 4 of
 
 4 A Difcourfe on T R A D E, 
 
 of Navigation, which is the Medium be- 
 tween both : This is carried on by Ships and 
 Sailors, the former are the Sea- Waggons, 
 whereby we tranfport and carry Commodities 
 from one Market to another, and the latter 
 are the Waggoners who drive and manage 
 them : Thefe are a Sort of jolly Fellows, who 
 are generally bold in their Undertakings, and 
 go thro* any Kind of Labour in their own 
 way, with a great deal of Chearfulnefs, are 
 undaunted by Storms and Tempefts, the Sea 
 being as it were their Element, and are al- 
 lowed by all to be the beft Navigators in the 
 World -, they are our Wealth in Peace, and 
 our Defence in War, and ought to be more 
 encouraged than they are in both, but efpeci~ 
 ally in the latter, which might be done, if 
 better Methods were ufed to engage them in 
 the Service, and better Treatment when they 
 Manning are there : Now I mould think, if no Man 
 our Ships was f orcec j into the King's Ships till he had 
 
 ef War. 
 
 been three Years at Sea, nor to flay there 
 above that Time without his free Confent, 
 and then to be permitted to take a Mer- 
 chant's Employment fo much longer, and fo 
 toties quoties, 'twould encourage them to 
 come willingly into the Service, which they 
 look upon now to be a Slavery, whereto 
 
 they
 
 A Difeourfe on TRADE, 
 they are bound for their Lives : This, and 
 the Manner of prefling them, hinders very 
 much the making of Sailors, Landmen not ^ 
 caring to put their Hands to the Oar, leaft 
 the next Day they mould be hailed away to 
 the Fleet, tho* they underftand nothing 6f 
 the Sea : By this Means our Men of War 
 would be mann'd with able Seamen, and not 
 with fuch who only ftand in the Way, and 
 are ufelefs, when they are moft wanted ; nor 
 do I take Embargoes to be any Helps to- 
 wards it, for many Sailors do then lie hid, 
 who would appear to ferve in Merchant Ships, 
 and might be eafily met with at the return 
 of their Voyages : By thefe Means in a (hort 
 Time three would be a double Set of Mari- 
 ners, enough both for the Service of the Fleet 
 and of Trade, the laft of which would every 
 Year breed more. 
 
 THIS would alfo prevent great Mifchiefs, 
 which arife from prefling Sailors out of Mer- 
 chant Ships whilft on their Voyages, many 
 of them being thereby loft at Sea, and others 
 have been detained in the Weft-Indies^ to the 
 Difcouragement of Trade ; and it would alfo 
 prevent another Mifchief, too much practiced 
 abroad, where Captains of Men of War prefs 
 
 Sailors
 
 4* A Diftourfe on TRADE, 
 
 Sailors from- one Merchant Ship, only to 
 make Advantage by felling them to ano- 
 ther. 
 
 Foreign I come now to the Trade we drive with 
 Foreign Countries. 
 
 Hm this HERE 'tis necefiary to enquire, how each 
 
 Kingdom * 
 
 may be encourages our Product and Manufactures, 
 
 how our Navigation, what Commodities we 
 h our receive in Return, and how the Ballance of 
 
 T ' 
 
 'Trad" our Trade ftands with either, that fo we may 
 be the better able to know, which of them we 
 ought to encourage, and which to difcourage ; 
 I fhall therefore lay down fuch general Rules, 
 as I prefume will be allowed by all Unbiafied 
 Perfons ; as, 
 
 1. THAT Trade is an Advantage to this 
 Kingdom, which takes off our Product and 
 Manufactures. 
 
 2. WHICH fupplies us with fuch Com- 
 modities as we ufe in making our Manufactures, 
 and encreafes our Bullion. 
 
 3. WHICH uicourages Navigation, and 
 - breeds up Sailors. 
 
 AND confequently, any Trade which Ex- 
 ports little or none of our Product or Manu- 
 factures, nor fupplies us with things neceflary 
 for the latter, nor incourages Navigation, can- 
 not be fuppofed to be profitable to the King- 
 
 dom
 
 A Dijcourfe on TRADE, &e. 43 
 
 dom in general, though perhaps it may be 
 fo to particular Perfons ; efpecially if it carries 
 away our Bullion. 
 
 I (hall begin with the Eaft-lndia Trade, Eaft- 
 which I take to be very prejudical to us, as , J. 
 
 'tis now driven ; becaufe it exports our Bullion, "\~ , 
 fpends little of our Product or Manufactures, 
 
 n v 
 
 and brings in Commodities perfectly manu- 
 factured, which hinder the Confumption of 
 our own, and difcourage the wearing fuch as 
 are purchafed with them -, the chief Profit 
 thereof arifing from Underfelling the Labour 
 of our Poor, becaufe 'tis bought there cheap- 
 er, than by reafon of the Value of our Lands, 
 and the prices of Provifions, they are able to 
 work here. But having fpokea fully of this 
 in a former Difcourfe, and the Parliament ha- 
 ving fince been pleafed, by an Act made in 
 the i oth and 1 1 th Years of his late Majefty 
 King William^ to prohibit the wearing of 
 wrought Silks, Bengals, Stuffs mixt with Silk 
 or Herba, of the Manufacture of Perjia 9 
 China, and India, and all Callicoes painted, 
 dy'd, printed or ftained there. The Reafon 
 of which, is in the faid Act fet forth to be, 
 The great Detriment the Nation received as 
 the Trade was then managed, by exhaufting 
 the Treafure thereof, and taking away the 
 
 Labour
 
 44 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 
 
 Labour of the People, whereby very many 
 of the Manufacturers were become exceflively 
 bur then fome and chargeable to their refpective 
 Parifhes, and others compelled to feek for 
 Employment in foreign Parts, I mall not now 
 repeat what I then wrote, but will confider 
 how far the Remedy they then provided hath 
 anfwered the End. 
 
 THE making this Law, gave a new Life 
 to our Manufactures, and would have given 
 more, if the true Intent of the Parliament 
 had been anfwered : But we have fince found 
 that it has not ; fot it neither keeps our Trea- 
 fure at home, nor prevents thofe Commodities 
 from being worn here, which they defign'd 
 it mould ; and I very much queftion, whether 
 any thing lefs than a total Prohibition of their 
 Importation will do it ; for though they are 
 directed to be exported again, yet there is 
 great Reafon to believe,that they are privately 
 brought back, both from Ireland, our Plan- 
 tations, and other Places to which they are 
 fent, to the Lofs of his Majefty*s Cuftoms, 
 and the Prejudice of the Stainers and Paint- 
 ers her, befides the Injury to our Manufactures : 
 Otherwife, how come fuch great Quantities to 
 be worn and ufed here, when the Stock in 
 hand hath been fo long fince fpent ? 
 
 THERE
 
 A Difcottrfe on TRADE, fc. 45 
 
 THERE are other Commodities, which the 
 Company may trade in, and the Tract of 
 Land within their Charter is large enough to 
 afford an advantagious Commerce there, the 
 Profits whereof might be returned hither, in 
 things no way injurious to our Manufactures, 
 fuch as Raw-Silk, Indigo, Pepper, Salt-Peter, 
 Spices, Drugs, China- Wares, Coffee, Tea, 
 and many other Things, if they were induf- 
 trious to make Difcoveries, as private Mer- 
 chants would do, if the Trade lay open ; and 
 I believe it will not be difputed, that great 
 Quantities of Raw-Silk, have been brought 
 thence fince the Making of that Law, than 
 were ufed to be done before. 
 
 I know it hath been alleadg'd, That by the 
 Exportation of thofe Manufactures again, 
 more Bullion in fpecie is brought into this 
 Kingdom, than is carry'd out for the buying v / ^^AJW 
 them in India ; but this was never yet made \ 
 
 I f V-? 
 
 out, and it would be much to the Satisfaction 
 
 of the People, who daily fee that Bullion car- 
 ried away, and alfo for the Honour of the / 
 Company, that it was done ; which if it be 
 really fo, might be fet forth in this, or any 
 other Method that the Parliament lhall think 
 fit. 
 
 i. LET 
 
 
 iw
 
 46 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 1 . LET them give an Account what Quan- 
 tities of Bullion they export on every Ship 
 they fend abroad, and on what Commodities 
 'tis laid out. 
 
 2. LET them fet forth, how and in what 
 manner, thefe prohibited Manufactures do, on 
 their being Exported again, bring in as much 
 Bullion mjpecie, as was carry *d out to pay for 
 them in the Indies. 
 
 AND I think it a proper Work for a Com- 
 mittee of Trade, to receive thefe Accounts 
 from time to time, and after a juft Examina- 
 tion, to lay them before the Parliament at 
 every Meeting, with their Opinions thereon. 
 
 BUT if they only mean, that the Exporta- 
 tion of thofe Manufactures is a help to us in 
 the Ballance of our Trade, which mud other- 
 wife be paid in Bullion, I anfwer, that our 
 own Product and Manufactures always have, 
 and afe flill fufficent to fupport the Ballance 
 of our Trade. 
 
 As for whiteCallicoes and Muflins, they have 
 beat out the wearing of Lawns, Cambricks, 
 and other thin German and Silefia Linnens, 
 which has been the Occafion of turning 
 many of thofe Looms to the Woollen Manu- 
 factures there, that were formerly employed 
 in the weaving them, and hath abated the 
 
 Exportation
 
 ADifcourfe on TRADE, &c. 47 
 
 Exportation of great Quantities of Cloth ; 
 befides the -hinderance Callicoes give to the 
 confumption of Scots - Linnens, which being 
 thin and foft, are as proper for dying, print- 
 ing, and ftaining, as they are, and may be 
 made as white. 
 
 THE Eaft-Indies is a bottomlefs Pit for our 
 Bullion, which can never circulate hither again ; 
 whereas, if it was fent to any Part of Europe, 
 there might be fome hopes, by the Ballance 
 of our Trade, to bring it back again ; and 
 when our Bullion fails, that Trade muft ceafe 
 of courfe, which it will foon do, if the Com- 
 pany continue to carry out yearly as much as 
 our other Trades brings us in. 
 
 I wifh the Nobility and Gentry of this 
 Kingdom would be in Love with our own 
 Manufactures, and thofe which are purchafed 
 with them, and that they would by their Ex- 
 amples encourage the ufing them, which 
 would be attended with the Prayers of the 
 Poor, befides the Advantage it would bring 
 to their Eftates. 
 
 Atfo -as to Navigation, I think it will not 
 be difputed, that long Voyages rather ufe 
 Sailors than make them, both the Employers, 
 and the Employed, chufing rather to make 
 their firlt Experiments on fhort ones. 
 
 I
 
 4* A Difcourfe on TRADE, 8*. 
 
 Weft-In- I w iH next proceed to the Weft-India and 
 Africa. -African Trades, which I efteem the moft pro- 
 fitable we drive, and join them together, be- 
 caufe of their dependance on each other. 
 Whether BUT before I enter farther, thereon, I will 
 Settling of confider of one Objection, it having been a 
 
 Plantati' n . , , r , - - 
 
 ens hath g reat Queftion among many thoughtful Men, 
 teen an whether the fettling our Plantations Abroad 
 has been an Advantage to the Nation; the 
 Reafons they give againft them are, That 
 they have drained us of Multitudes of our 
 People, who might have been ferviceable at 
 Home, and advanced Improvement in Huf- 
 bandry and Manufactures ; that this Kingdom 
 is worfe peopled, by fo much as they are in- 
 creafed ; and that Inhabitants being the 
 Wealth of a Nation, by how much they are 
 leflened, by fo much we are poorer, than 
 when we firft began to fettle thofe Colonies. 
 
 To all which I anfwer; that though I 
 allow the laft Propofition to be true, that 
 People are the Wealth of a Nation, yet it 
 can only be fo, where we find Imployment 
 for them, otherwile they muft be a Burthen 
 to it : 'Tis my Opinion, that our Plantations 
 are an Advantage to this Kingdom, though 
 not all alike, but every one more or lefs, as 
 they take off our Product and Manufactures, 
 
 fupply
 
 A Difc'ourfc on T R A D E, 
 
 fupply us with Commodities, which may be 
 either wrought up here, or exported again, or 
 prevent fetching things of the fame Nature 
 from other Places for our Home Confumption, 
 employ our Poor, and encourage our Navi- 
 gation ; for I take this Kingdom, and all its 
 Plantations., to be one great Body, thofe being j . ' 
 as fo many Limbs or Counties belonging to 
 it i therefore when we confume their Growth, 
 we do as it were fpend the Fruits of our 
 own Land ; and what thereof we fell to our 
 Neighbours, brings a fecond Profit to the 
 Nation. 
 
 THES? Plantations are either the great 
 Continent from Hudfon's-Bay Northward to 
 Florida Southward, containing Nova Scotia, 
 New-England, New-Jerfy, New - York, Pen- 
 fihania, Virginia, Mary - Land, Carolina ; and 
 alfo our Iflands, the Chief whereof are, New- 
 foundland, Barbadoes, Antegoa, Nevis, , St. 
 Cbriftophers, Montferat, and Jamaica-, the 
 Commodities they afford us are more efpecially 
 Sugars, Cotton, Tobacco, Piamento and 
 Fuftick, of their own Growth ; alfo Log- 
 wood, which we bring from Jamaica (but 
 firft brought thither from the Bay of Cam- 
 pecbia on the Continent of Mexico, belong- j^ 
 ing to the Spaniards, but cut by the Subjects 
 E of
 
 A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 of this Kingdom, who have made fmall fQttle- 
 ments there) befides great Quantities of Fifh, 
 taken on the Coafts both of Newfoundlands^ 
 New-England : Thefe being the Product of 
 Earth, Sea and Labour, are clear Profit to 
 the Kingdom, and give a double Employ* 
 ment to our People, firfr, to thofe who raile 
 them there, next to thofe who prepare Ma- 
 nufactures here, wherewith they are fupplied, 
 befides the Advantage they afford to our Na-> 
 vigation ; for the Commodities exported thi- 
 ther, and thofe imported thence hither, being 
 generally bulky, do thereby employ more 
 Ships, and confequently more Sailors, which 
 leaves more Room for other labouring People 
 to be kept at work in our Hufbandry and 
 Manufactures, whilft they confume the Pro- 
 duct of the one, and the Effects of the other, 
 in an Employment of a diftinct Nature from 
 either. 
 
 TH is was the firft Defign of fettling Plan- 
 tations abroad, that we might better main- 
 tain a Commerce and Trade among ourfelves, 
 the Profit whereof might redound to the Cen- 
 ter : And therefore Laws were made to pre- 
 vent the carrying their Product to other Pla- 
 ces, and their being fupply'd with NecefTaries 
 lave from hence only, and both to be done 
 
 in
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 51 
 
 in our own Ships, navigated by our own 
 Sailors, except in fome Cafes permitted by the 
 Act of Navigation ; and fo much as the Reins 
 of thofe Laws are let loofe, fo much lels pro- 
 fitable are the Plantations to us. 
 
 AMONG theie Plantations, I look upon 
 New-England to bring the leaft Advantage to'\ -jJj^ 
 this Kingdom ; for the Inhabitants thereof 
 employing themfelves rather by trading to the 
 others, than railing a Product proper to be 
 tranfported hither, and fupplying them (ef- 
 pecially the Iflands) with Fim (which they 
 catch on their Coaft) Deal-Boards, Pipe- 
 Staves, Horfes, and fuch like Things of their 
 own Growth, which they cannot be fo well 
 furnifhed with hence, alfo with Bread, Flow- 
 er, Peafe, and other Grain ; and from thence 
 fetching the refpective Products of thofe 
 Iflands, and fometimes Tobacco from Virgi- 
 nia and Mary-Land, have carried them to 
 foreign Markets, to the great Prejudice of 
 this Kingdom : But to prevent this, they 
 have been by fundry Laws obliged to bring 
 them all hither, except what is confumed a- 
 mong themfelves : By which Means this 
 Kingdom is become the Center of Trade, 
 and {landing like^ the Sun in the midft of 
 its Plantations, doth n6t only refrelh them, 
 E 2 but
 
 5* A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 but alfo draws Profit from them : And in- 
 deed it is a Matter of exact Juftice that it 
 fhould be fo, for from hence it is that Fleets 
 of Ships, and Regiments of Soldiers are 
 frequently fent for their Defence, at the Charge 
 of the Inhabitants, towards which they con- 
 tribute but little. 
 
 BESIDES the forementioned Commodities, 
 we have from Carolina excellent Rice, and 
 there has been Cocheneel taken, which as yet 
 is but a Difcovery, and perhaps may not 
 meet with any confiderable Improvement, till 
 that Colony is better peopled ; what I have 
 feen thereof in the Hands of a Gentleman who 
 brought it thence, feems by its Figure, to be 
 much like what we call a Lady-Cow, or Lady- 
 Bird, but is very fmall, and I take it to be the 
 Fatus of an Infect, which laying its Eggs on 
 a Shrub called the Prickle-Pear, or fomething 
 very like it, leaves them there, till Time 
 brings them to Maturity, in the fame Man- 
 ner as the Caterpillar does with us in the Cab- 
 bage or Collard Leaves, wife Nature thus di- 
 recting, that the Fatus may find its Food, ib 
 foon as it wants its Suftenance. It gives a 
 very curious Colour when bruifed, but being 
 extraordinary fmall, does require long Time 
 to gather in any Quantity, and Labour being 
 
 very
 
 r A Difcourfe on TRADE, gr. 53 
 
 very dear there, 'twill not yet anfwer the 
 Charge ; but by cultivating and improving 
 the Plant, which now grows wild, and by 
 being better acquainted with the proper Sea- 
 fons to collect them, when they are at a more 
 mature Growth, greater Quantities may pro- 
 bably hereafter be procured, and at lefs 
 Charge ; and I think it would be a good Step 
 towards it, if an Encouragement was given 
 on its Importation hither, in fuch a Manner, 
 as to the Wifdom of the Parliament fhall 
 feem fit and proper. 
 
 Now, that which makes thefe Plantations Africa, 
 more profitable to this Kingdom, is the Trade 
 to Africa^ whereby the Planters are fupplied 
 with Negroes for their Ufe and Service ; a 
 Trade of the moft Advantage of any we 
 drive, and as it were all Profit, the firft Coft 
 being fome Things of our own Manufactures, 
 and others generally purchafed with them, for 
 which we have in return, Gold, Teeth, Wax, 
 and Negroes, the laft whereof is indeed the 
 beft Traffic the Kingdom hath, as it occafi- 
 onally gives fo vaft an Employment to our 
 People both by Sea and Land. Thefe are 
 the Hands whereby our Plantations are im- 
 proved, and it is by their Labours fuch great 
 Quantities of Sugar, Tobacco, Cotton, Gin- 
 E 3
 
 4 Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 ger, Fuftick and Indigo, are raifed, which 
 employ great Numbers of Ships for tranf- 
 porting them hither , and the greater Num- 
 ber of Ships, employs the greater Number of 
 Handicraft Trades at home, fpends more of 
 our Product and Manufactures, and makes 
 more Sailors, who are maintained by a lepa- 
 rate Employment ; for if every one raifed the 
 Provifions he eat, or made the Manufactures 
 he wore, Traffic would ceafe, which is a Va- 
 riety of Employments Men have fet them- 
 felves on, whereby one is feryiceable to ano- 
 ther, adapted to their particular Genius's, 
 without invading each other's Provinces : 
 Thus the Hufbandman raifes Corn, the Mil- 
 ler grinds it, the Baker makes it into Bfead, 
 and the Citizens eats it : Thus the Grafier fats 
 Cattle, and the Butcher kills them for tt^ 
 Market : Thus the Shepherd fheers his Sheep, 
 the Spinfter turns the Wool into Yarn, the 
 Weaver makes it into Cloth, and the Mer- 
 chant exports it, and every one lives by each 
 other : Thus the Country fupplies the City 
 with Provifions, and that the Country wjtfy 
 Neccflaries ; now the advifing a former Reign 
 to monopolize this Trade, and confine it to 
 an exclufive Company, was the fame, as to 
 advife the People of JEgypt, to raife bigty 
 
 Banks
 
 r A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, &c. 55 
 
 Banks to keep the River Nilus from over- 
 flowing, lead it fhould fertilize their Lands 5 
 or the King of Spain to fhut up his Mines, 
 leaft he fhould fill his Kingdom too full of 
 Silver : This Trade indeed is our Silver Mine, 
 for by the Overplus of Negroes above what 
 will ferve our Plantations, we draw greafi 
 Quantities thereof from the Spaniards, who , 
 are fettled on the Continent of America, both 
 for the Negroes we furnifh from Jamaica, and 
 alfb by the Afliento, lately fettled by a Com- 
 pact of both Nations : 'Twas thefe which firft 
 introduced our Commerce with that People, 
 and gave us Opportunities of felling our Ma- 
 nufactures to them. 
 
 BUT tho* this Trade be now laid open, 
 yet it will not be amifs to enquire what Rea- 
 fons fliould perfuade that Government to mo- 
 nopolize it, and what has been the Confe- 
 quences thereof, in order to obviate any fu- 
 ture Attempts that may be made to get it 
 done again. 
 
 As for the Firft ; The Necefllty of having 
 Forts, Caftles, and Soldiers to defend the 
 Trade which could not be carried on without 
 them, had then Force enough to prevail. 
 
 E 4 BUT
 
 A Difcotirfe on T R A D E, K^. 
 
 BUT let us confider what thefe Forts, 
 Caftles, and Soldiers were, their Ufe, and 
 whither the Trade is not as well fecured now 
 it lies open. 
 
 THE greateft Number of Soldiers, offered 
 as I remember at a Committee formerly ap- 
 pointed by the honourable Houfe of Com- 
 mons to enquire into that Affair, did not ex- 
 ceed One Hundred and Twenty on the whole 
 Coaft, nor did their Forts and Caftles appear 
 to be any thing elfe than Settlements for their 
 Factors, nor was it ever made out, or indeed 
 pretended, that they were fitted to wage a 
 National War, or to fecure againft a National 
 Invafion, nor were there any Magazines laid 
 up to expeft a Siege from the Natives ; nor 
 could they hinder Interlopers from trading 
 on the Coaft of what Nation foever ; but the 
 Company having obtained Frigates from the 
 Government, deftroyed our own Merchant 
 Ships (unlefs permitted on the Payment of 
 great Mulfts at home) whjlft they let others 
 alone : This, together with the Powers given 
 them in their Charter, to feize in the Planta- 
 tions, fuch as had the good Fortune to efcape 
 them on the Coaft, and alfo their Cargoes, 
 difcou raged private Traders, who elfe found 
 no Difficulties, the Natives receiving them as 
 
 Friends,
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 37 
 
 Friends, and chufing rather to deal with them 
 than the Company, whofe Factories alfo be- 
 ing at remote Diftances from each other, great 
 Part of that Coaft was untraded to. 
 
 NOR do I fee what Need there was to fight 
 our Way into a Trade, altogether as advanta- 
 geous to the Natives as to us ; for whilft we 
 fupplied them with Things they wanted, and 
 were of Value amongft them, we took in ex- 
 change Slaves, which were elfe of little Worth 
 to the Proprietors 5 and there was no Reafon 
 to think, that the People of this Kingdom, 
 who had fettled fuch large Colonies on the 
 Continent of America, (befides it feveral I- \/ 
 flands) where there was at firft fuch fmall 
 Hopes of Advantage, without the Help of a 
 Company, fhould fall fliort in fecuring this 
 Trade, which carried with it the ProfpecT: of 
 fo great a Profit. 
 
 I will next confider the Inconveniencies 
 that have attended this Monopoly, and the 
 Advantage the Nation reaps by the Trades 
 being laid open i we now fend more Ships, 
 and fupply the Plantations with more Ne- 
 groes, and vend more of our Commodities 
 for their Purchafe : Befides, every Negro in 
 the Plantations gives a fecond Employ to the 
 Manufacturers of this Kingdom ; and had we 
 
 many
 
 'A Difcowfe OH TRADE, K*. 
 
 many more to fpare, the Spaniards would buy 
 them, and pay us in Bullion, fo there could 
 be no Ground for putting this Trade into few 
 Hands, unlefs 'twas defigned thofe few mould 
 grow rich, whilft for their Sakes, the Na- 
 tion fuffered in its Trade and Navigation, the 
 Company having made this detrimental Uie 
 of their Charter, that they bought up our 
 Manufactures cheaper at home, and made the 
 Planters pay dearer for Negroes abroad, than 
 could have been done, if there had been 
 more Buyers for the One, and Sellers of the 
 Other. 
 
 IT is not to be doubted, whether the vend- 
 ing our Manufactures, and encouraging our 
 Navigation, on advantagious Terms, are the 
 true Intereft of this Kingdom, and that all 
 Foreign Commerce, as it advances either, is 
 more or lefs profitable to us ; but the confin- 
 ing this Trade to an exclufive Company could 
 promote neither ; and I believe 'tis one great 
 Reafon, why we know fo little of that great 
 Continent, becaufe the Company, finding 
 Ways enough to employ their Stock amongft 
 thofe few Settlements they had made on the 
 Sea-Coaft, never endeavoured a farther Inland 
 Difcovery ; whereas, now the Trade is laid 
 open, the bufy Merchant, that induftrious 
 
 Bee
 
 A Difcourfs an TRADE, 
 
 $ee of the Nation, will not leave any Creek 
 or River untraded to, from whence he may 
 hope to make Advantage. 
 
 ? Tis to Trade and Commerce we are be- 
 folding for what knowledge we have of for- 
 reign Parts, and it is obfervable, that the 
 more remote People dwell from the Sea, the 
 lefs they are acquainted with Affairs abroad. 
 Africa is a large Country, and doubtlefs the 
 Trade to ir, may be much enlarged to our 
 Advantage : Ufe and Experience, make us by 
 degrees, Mafters of every thing, and tho* the 
 firft Undertakers of a Defign may fall fliort 
 of anfwering their private Ends, yet they often 
 Jay open beaten Paths, wherein Pofterity do 
 tread with Succefs, though they mifcarried : 
 Now that all Places are permitted freely to 
 fend Ships, and to have the Management of 
 their own Affairs, Induftry is encouraged, and 
 Peoples Heads are fet at work how they may 
 out-do each other, by getting firft into a new 
 Place of Trade. Befides, the more Traders, 
 the more Buyers at home, and Sellers abroad, 
 and by this means, our Plantations on the 
 large Continent of America, are better fur- 
 nimed with Negroes, for want of which the 
 Inhabitants there could never arrive to thofe 
 Improvements they have done on the Iflands, 
 
 the
 
 'o 'A Difcourfe en TRADE, 
 
 the Company having given them litttle or no 
 Supply, but chofe rather to fend their Negroes 
 to the latter, becaufe they were able to make 
 them better Payments ; but the Free-traders 
 have lince done it, to the great Advantage of 
 thofe Plantations, and of the Nation in gene- 
 ral. 
 
 As for the other Commodities brought in 
 returns from Africa, viz. Wax and Teeth, 
 one ferves for a foreign Export, without any 
 Difadvantage to our own Product ; and the 
 other is manufactured at home, and afterwards 
 carried to Markets abroad : And as for the 
 Gold brought thence, I need not mention how 
 much it doth advance our Wealth, all allow it 
 to be a good Barter. 
 
 ON the whole, I take the African Trade, 
 both for its Exports and Imports, and alfo, as 
 it fupplies our Plantations, and advances Na- 
 vigation, to be very beneficial to this King- 
 dom, and will every Year grow more fo, if it 
 remains open. 
 
 Ireland. I come now to difcourfe of Ireland, and of 
 the Trade we interchangeably drive with that 
 Kingdom, with whom it is neceflary to main- 
 tain a good Correfpondence, which muft be 
 done on fuch Terms, as may be profitable to 
 us both t and I think nothing is more likely 
 
 to
 
 A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, c. 61 
 
 to anfwer this End, than the encouraging the 
 Linnen Manufacture there, which it is highly 
 our Intereft to promote, and theirs to fet upon, 
 being for the moft Part of another Nature, 
 than what is made either in the North or South- 
 Britain ; for, befides the Employment it will 
 give to the Poor, large Tracts of Land will 
 be taken up for raifing Hemp and Flax, both 
 which thrive well in many Parts of that King- 
 dom ; on the other Hand, the low Labour of 
 Ireland being employed on that Manufacture, 
 will no way prejudice ours, but make them 
 better able to trade with us, for fuch things 
 wherewith they are fupplied hence, it being ' 
 undoubtedly the Intereft of this Kingdom, 
 that all thofe Nations we trade with mould 
 grow rich, by any Methods that do not make 
 us Poor ; and more-elpecially Ireland, whofs 
 Profits are generally fpent here. 
 
 BUT then, how fhall this Manufacture be 
 carried on ? Truly, the firft Step muft be, by 
 furnifliing Money on reafonable Intereft, and 
 receiving it again by fuch Payments as the 
 Borrowers can make, and buying up the Lin* 
 nens when made, and th$n the landed Men 
 will encourage it, on their own Eftates, and 
 thereby enable their Tenants to pay their 
 Rents better 5 which laft Effect it hath already 
 
 had
 
 ADtfcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 had in the North of Ireland, where by fplnning 
 the Yarn in the Winter Nights, and getting 
 their Cloth ready, and fit for Sale, early in 
 the Year, they provide for their May Rents, 
 without being conftrained to fell their Cattle 
 whilft they are lean, and their November Pay- 
 ments do not become due, till they are fat> 
 and their Harveft is over. 
 
 Now thefe Loans muft be made, either by 
 a Joint-Stock raifed for that Purpofe, of by 
 the Bank of England, which will be attended 
 with good Security ; for by reafon of the 
 Regifter fettled there by Aft of Parliament, 
 I take the Securities of Ireland, to be rather 
 better than thofe in England : and this way of 
 lending Money, muft likewile be very accep- 
 table to all thofe whofe Eftates are under dif- 
 ferent Incumbrances, which may by this means ' 
 be reduced into one, and paid off, as they can 
 fpare the Money by degrees. 
 
 NOR can I fee how any ill Confequences 
 wrll attend the bringing the Money to Par in 
 both Kingdoms, I know it had none when 
 the Crown-piece was fome Years fince reduced 
 from fix Shillings to pafs at five Shillings and 
 five Pence, and all other Money in Propor- 
 tion ; it neither caufed an Alteration in the 
 Rents to the Landlords, nor in the Price of 
 
 the
 
 ADtfcourfe on TRADE, 
 the Product to the Tenants ; and I cannot 
 fee why the falling it to five Shillings (as it 
 pafifes here) Ihould carry with it any ill Effect; 
 the Lands of Ireland would thereby be more 
 worth to the Proprietors, who would then be 
 more willing, and better able, to fpend their 
 Money here, when they were freed from fuch 
 high Exchanges -, befides the Advantage to 
 the King in his Revenue. 
 
 THE Commodities we have thence are, 
 Wool, Hides, Tallowy and Skins, all ufeful 
 in our Manufactures ; as alfo fome Herrings, 
 which we export again ; and we fhip from 
 thence for other Markets, Beef, Pork, Salmon 
 and Butter ; we likewife fupply them with 
 Tobacco, Sugar, and other Plantation Goods ; 
 alfo with fine Broad-Cloth, Silk Manufactures, 
 and feveral other things made here ; and with 
 fundry of our Products, as Lead, Tin, Coal, 
 &V. of which lad, fo great Quantities are 
 carried thither yearly, that it will fcarce be 
 credited, how much they fay there it amounts 
 unto; befides Muflins, Callicoes, China- Ware, 
 Tea, Cof&e, and other Eaft-India Goods: 
 They have indeed, difcouraged the Importa- 
 tion of Callicoes, by loading them with a great 
 Duty, but I wonder they do not totally pro- 
 hibit them, for that fingle Commodity doth 
 
 more
 
 64 A Difcourft on T R A D E, 
 
 more Injury to their Manufactures, both of 
 Ltnnen and Wollen, than all the Things they 
 import befides. 
 
 I mould be very glad to fee the Linnen 
 Manufacture there brought to a good Per- 
 fection ; and I am fure if the Government 
 were at fome Charge in doing it, 'twould not 
 be ill laid out. 
 
 Canaries, I mall proceed next to the Trade we drive 
 to the Canary-IJlands, which brings us nothing 
 but what we confume, and I believe takes 
 from us little of our Product or Manufactures ; 
 but fince we muft drink Wines, 'tis better to 
 have them from the Spaniard than the French ; 
 the firft takes off much of our Manufac- 
 tures, the other little -, and I am apt to think, 
 thofe Wines are paid for out of what we (hip 
 to Spain. 
 
 Spain. THIS brings me to the Spamjh Trade, 
 which I take to be very profitable to this King- 
 dom, as it vends much of our Product and 
 Manufactures, and fupplies us with many 
 Things neceflary to be ufed in making the 
 Latter, and furnifties us with great Quantities 
 of Bullion -, I mail divide it into three Parts, 
 Spain, Bifeay, and Flanders. 
 
 To begin with Spain, by which I mean, 
 that Part from the Bay of Cadiz inclufive, Eaft- 
 
 ward
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 65 
 
 ward into the Straits of Gibraltar, as far as 
 Catalonia ; whither we fend all Sorts of 
 Woollen Manufactures, Lead, Fifh, Tin, 
 Silk and Worded Stockings, Butter, Tobacco, 
 Ginger, Leather, Bees- Wax, and fundry o- 
 ther Things. And in Return we have 
 thence, fome Things fit only for Confump- 
 tion, fuch as Fruit and Wines ; others for our 
 Manufactures, fuch as Oil, Cochineal, Indi- 
 go, Anata., Barillia, and fome Salt, with a 
 great Part in Gold and Silver, wherewith 
 they are fupplied from their large Empires 
 on the main Land of America, whither 
 they export much of the Goods we carry to 
 them. 
 
 THE Spaniards are a (lately People, not 
 much given to Trade or Manufactures them- 
 felves i therefore the firft they carry on by 
 fuch chargeable and dilatory Methods, both 
 for their Ships and ways of Navigation, that 
 other trading Nations, fuch as the Engli/h y 
 French, Dutch, and Genoefe, take Advantage 
 of them ; only their Trade to their Weft- 
 Indies, hath, on drift Penalties, been re- 
 ferved to themfelves ; but having no Manu- 
 factures of their own, the Profit thereof 
 comes very much to be reaped by thofe who 
 furnifh them : Nor is it fo well guarded and 
 F fecured,
 
 66 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 fecured, but that the Inhabitants thereof have 
 been plentifully fupplied by us with Manu- 
 factures, and many other Things from Ja- 
 maica, and may be more, by the Liberty late- 
 ly granted to the South-Sea Company, where- 
 by we get greater Prizes for them, than 
 when they were firft fhipp'd to Cadiz, and 
 exported thence thither, which adds to the 
 Wealth of the Nation : This I take to be 
 the true Reafon why our Vent for them at 
 Cadiz is leflened, becaufe we fupply New- 
 Spain direct with thole Things they ufed to 
 have thence before. 
 
 BY Bifcay, I mean all that Part under the 
 Spani/h Government, which lies in the Bay of 
 that Name, or adjoining to it : The Com- 
 modities we fend thither are generally the 
 fame as we do to Spain, and in Return we 
 have Wool, Iron, and fome Bullion, whereof 
 the firft is the beft and moft profitable Com- 
 modity, which could we fecure wholly to our 
 felves , 'twould be of great Advantage to the 
 Nation ; but both the Dutch and French 
 come in for their Shares , tho* I am apt to 
 think the former mightibe induced to bring 
 it hither by way of Merchandize, if we did 
 ib far relax the Act of Navigation, as to give 
 them Liberty to do it. 
 
 THE
 
 A Difcoutfe on T R A D E, &c. 67 
 
 THE third Part of our Spanijh Trade is 
 that to Flanders, whereby I mean all thofe 
 Provinces that were formerly under its Go~ 
 vernment, but are now under the Emperors, 
 whether we fend Commodities much of the 
 fame Nature as thofe we fend to the other 
 Parts, tho' not in fo great Quantities, and a- 
 mong our Woollen Manufactures more coarfe 
 Medleys ; alfo Mufcovado Sugars and Coals, 
 but not fo much Leather as we have formerly 
 done, being fupplied with raw Hides from 
 Ireland, which are tann'd there : We have 
 thence Linnens, Thread, and other Things, 
 which are ufed both at Home, and alfofhipp'd 
 to our Plantations. 
 
 THE next is the Trade we drive to the Portugal: 
 Kingdom of Portugal, and its Ilhnds, where 
 we vend much of our Product and Manu- 
 factures, little different in their kinds from 
 what are fent to Spain j and from thence we 
 have in Return, Salt, Oil, Woad, Fruit, 
 and Wines, befides Gold and Silver : We 
 have, fince the War with France, increafed 
 our Importation of their Wines, which is 
 more our Intereft to do, than to have them 
 from France, whence our Imports have been 
 always more than our Exports would pay for, 
 and to this Kingdom our Exports are greater 
 F 2 than 
 
 
 OJ3
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 than their Products can make us Returns, ef- 
 pecially fince we have defifted from bringing 
 hither their Sugars and Tobacco, Commo- 
 dities wherewith we are more advantageoufly 
 fupplied from our Plantations in America, and 
 are now abk to furnifh foreign Markets 
 cheaper than they can. 
 
 THESE People were formerly the great 
 Navigators of the World, as appears by 
 their many Difcoveries, both in the Eaft and 
 Weft-Indies^ befides the feveral Iflands of the 
 Azores, Cape de Verd, and alib Maderas, 
 where they have fettled Colonies ; to thefe 
 they admit us a free Trade, but referve their 
 remoter Settlements on the Continent of Brazil 
 more ftrictly to themfelves, whither they ex- 
 port many cf the Commodities we fend them, 
 and in Return have Sugars and Tobacco, 
 which are again exported to the European 
 Markets, though little cf them hither : Befides 
 which, they have of late brought from thence 
 great Quantities of Gold ; rheir Iflands we 
 fupply directly with our Manufactures, and 
 from the Azores load Corn, Woad, and fome 
 Wines, which we receive in Barter for them, 
 and are the Product of thofe Iflands ; the firft 
 we. carry to Maderas, where 'tis again bar- 
 tered for the Wines of the Growth of that I- 
 
 fland,
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 69 
 
 fland, which are fhipt thence to our Planta- 
 tions in America : In thefe Settlements the 
 Inhabitants live well, and are plentifully fup- 
 plied, becaufe they "have wherewith to pay for 
 what is brought them ; but thofe refiding on 
 the Cape de Verd Iflands, being generally made 
 up of Negroes, Molattoes, and fuch like Peo- 
 ple, and having little Product to give in Re- 
 turns, are but meanly furnifhed, and have 
 fcarce enough to ferve their Neceffities, much 
 lels to pleafe their Luxuries, Afles, Beeves, 
 and Salt, being all we have from them, which 
 we generally carry to our Plantations in Ame- 
 rica : fome Salt we bring home ; Beef might 
 be made there very cheap, could it be faved, 
 being purchafed for little, and Salt for lefs, 
 but the Climate will not allow it , only the 
 Ifland of St. Jago is rich, well governed, and 
 a Bi (hop's See, where they are well fupplied 
 with Necefiaries, becaufe they have Money to 
 pay for what they buy. 
 
 THE Porlugueze, as they are now become 
 bad Navigators, fo they are not great Manu- 
 facturers ; fome Sorts of coarfe Cloth they do 
 make, which is often fhipp'd to the Iflands 
 of Maderas and the Azores* where 'tis worn 
 with great Delight, and preferred before any 
 other of the like Goodnefs, becaufe its made 
 F 3 in
 
 , 
 
 70 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 in Portugal ; and they did once attempt the 
 making Bays, for which they drew over fome 
 of our Workmen, but it foon came to ari 
 End, and they returned Home again by En- 
 couragement given them here, fo prudent 
 a Thing it is to ftop an Evil in the- Begin- 
 ning. 
 
 Turkey. THE Trade driven to Turkey is very profi- 
 table, as it affords us Markets for great Quan- 
 tities of our Woollen Manufactures, together 
 with Lead, and other Product, fhipp'd hence 
 to Conftantinople, Scandaroon, and Smyrna^ and 
 from thence difperft all over the lurkijh Do- 
 minions, as alfo into Perfia. The Commo- 
 dities we have thence in Return are, Raw 
 Silk, Cotton-Wool and Yarn, Goat's- Wool, 
 Grogram - Yarn, Cordivants, Gauls, Pot- 
 Afhes, and other Things, which are the 
 Foundations of feveral Manufactures different' 
 from our own, by the Variety whereof we 
 better fuit Cargoes to export again ; and tho* 
 this Trade may require fome Bullion to be 
 carried thither, yet there is a great Difference 
 between buying for Bullion, Commodities al- 
 ready manufactured, . which hinder the Ufe 
 and Confumption of our own, fuch as thofe 
 brought from the Eaft-Indifs, or Things to 
 be fpent on Luxury, fuch as Wines and Fruit, 
 
 and 

 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 buying therewith Commodities to keep our 
 Poor at Work ; thefe muft be had, tho' pur- 
 chafrd with nothing elfe. 
 
 To the feveral Parts of Italy we fend great Italy. 
 Quantities of Lead and other our Product, 
 and many Sorts of Woollen Manu failures, 
 but chiefly thofe made f Worfted ; alfo 
 Fifli, and Sugars, both white and brown, the 
 Jaft principally to Venice ; We bring thence 
 raw and thrown Silk, and Red- Wooll ; alfo 
 Oyl and Soap, (of the latter we now make 
 a great deal in England,) both ufed in Work- 
 ing up our Wool, forne Paper, Currants, 
 and other things. 
 
 BOTH Venice and Genoa have made fome 
 Attempts on a Woollen Manufacture, being 
 furnifhed with Wool from Alicant, and thole 
 Eaftcrn Parts of Spain ; wrought Silks and 
 Glafs are not fo much imported thence as 
 the formerly were, fince we have fallen on 
 making them here. 
 
 THE Dutch likewife Buy many of our Holland. 
 Manufactures, and much of our Pro- 
 dud, as Coals, Butter, Lead, Tin, befides 
 things of fmaller Value, fuch as Clay, Red- 
 ding, &JV. which are exported to Holland, 
 not only for their own ufe, but being a 
 Mart of Trade for Germany, they difperfe 
 
 F 4 them
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 
 
 them for the Expence of thofe Countries ; a- 
 mong whom they alib Vend our Weft-India 
 Commodities, fuch as Sugar, Tobacco, In- 
 digo, Logwood, Fuftick, Ginger, Cotton- 
 Wool, befides what they ufe themfelves ; 
 they are an induflrious People, but having 
 little Land, want Product of their own 
 to Trade on, except what they raife by their 
 Fimeries, or bring from the Eaft- Indies^ where- 
 of Spices and Salt-Petre are many times ad- 
 mitted to be brought hither, tho* contrary to 
 the Ac~l of Navigation ; indeed the Trade of 
 the Dutch confifts rather in Buying and Selling 
 than Manufactures, moft of their Profits arifing 
 from that, and the Freights they make of 
 their Ships; which being Built for Burthen, 
 are imployed generally in a Home-Trade, for 
 bulky Commodities, fuch as Salt from St. Ubes 
 to the Baltick^ Timber, Hemp, Corn, Pitch, 
 and fuch forts of Goods thence to their own 
 Country, which Ships they Sail with few 
 Hands ; and this, together with Lownefs of 
 Intereft, enables them to afford thofe Com- 
 modities at fuch Rates, that they are often 
 fetch t from them by other Nations, cheaper 
 then they could do it from the Places of their 
 Growth, all charges confidered : 'Tis ftrange 
 to fee how thefe People Buz up and down 
 
 among
 
 ADtfcourfe on TRADE, c. 73 
 
 among themfelves, the Greatnefs of whofe 
 Numbers caufes a vaft Expence, and that 
 Expence muft be fupplied from Abroad, fo "^ j \ X* 
 
 A. LI iv jt-A/^W"' ~ '**- 
 
 one Man gets by another, and they find by / 
 Experience, that as a Multitude of People j 
 brings Profit to the Government, fo it ere- ? 
 ates Imployment to each other , befides they 
 Invent new ways of Trade, by felling, not 
 only Things they have, but thofe they have 
 not, great Quantities of Brandy and other 
 Commodities being difpofed of every Year, 
 which are never intended to be delivered, 
 only the Buyer and Seller get or loofe, ac- 
 cording to the Rates it bears at the time agreed 
 on to make good the Bargain ; fuch a Com- 
 merce to this Kingdom would be of little 
 Advantage, and would not advance its Wealth 
 more than Stock-jobbing, our Profits depend- 
 ing on the improving our Product and Ma- 
 nufactures; but that Government railing its 
 Income by the Multitude of its Inhabitants, 
 who pay on all they eat, drink and wear, and 
 almofl on every thing they do, cares not fo 
 much by what Methods each Perfon gets, as 
 that they have People to pay ; which are ne- 
 ver wanting from all Nations, for as one 
 goes away, another comes, and every tem- 
 porary Refident advances their Revenue j 
 
 therefore
 
 74 A Difcourfe OH TRADE, 
 
 therefore to increafe their Numbers, they 
 make the Terms of Trade eafy ; contrary to- 
 the Cuftoms of Cities and private Corpora- 
 tions with us, the Narrownefs of whofe Char- 
 ters difcourages Induftry, and hinders Im- 
 provements both in Handicrafts and Manu- 
 factures, becaufe they exclude better Artifts 
 from their Societies, unlefs they purchafe their 
 Freedoms at unreafonable Rates. 
 
 Hamburgh HAMBURGH is another Market for our 
 Manufactures -, this City vends great Quan- 
 tities of our Cloth, as alfo Tobacco, Sugars, 
 and other Plantation Commodities, together 
 with feveral of our Products, which are alfo 
 thence fent into Germany ; from whence we 
 have in Return Linnens, Linnen-yarn, and 
 other Commodities, very necefiary both for 
 the Ufe of our felves and of our Plantations, 
 and little interferring with our own Manu- 
 factures. 
 
 Poland. POLAND alfo takes off many of our Ma- 
 nufacturers, wherewith it is fupplied chiefly 
 from Dantzick, whither they are flrft car- 
 ried, and thence difperft into all Parts of 
 that Kingdom, which hath but little Wool of 
 its own, and that chiefly in Ukrania ; but the 
 Expence of our Cloth hath been leflened there, 
 fince Silefta, and the adjoining Parts of Ger-
 
 A Difcottrfe on TRADE, *. 75 
 
 many, have turn'd their Looms to that Com- 
 modity, occafioned by our difufing their Ltn- 
 nens, and wearing Callicoes in their Room ; 
 we have thence fome Linnens, alfo Potatoes. 
 
 RUSSIA is likewife fupplied by way of . Ruffia - 
 St. Angela, with our Woollen Manufactures, 
 and other Things, alfb with fome Tobacco ; . 
 but the Sale of the latter is decreafed, occa- 
 fioned (as I am informed) by the Indifcretion 
 of our Merchants that imported it ; who putt- '. 
 ing an excefiive Price thereon, caufed the Czar \ 
 to encourage the Planting it in his Dominions, \ 
 which being very large, and reaching from 
 the Mare Album Northward, to the Cafpiait 
 Sea Southward, befides its vaft Extent from 
 Eaft to Weft, affords Climates enough proper 
 for it , by which means, we are in danger of 
 lofing the Sale of that Commodity, fo profi- 
 table t the Nation, which we might have 
 continued, if they had not been too covetous 
 at firft : We have in Return from thence, 
 Hemp, Potames, Ruffia Hides, with fome 
 Linnen, and other Commodities, both ufeful 
 at Home, and fit to be carried abroad. 
 
 SWEDEN and its Territories, takes off Sweden, 
 great Quantities of our Manufactures, both 
 fine and coarfe, and fome of our Product, be- 
 fides Tobacco and Sugars, and other Planta- 
 tion.
 
 76 ADifcottrfe on TRADE, 
 
 tion Goods ; but the Sale of our Cloth hath 
 been leflen'd there, occafion'd by their load- 
 ing it with great Duties, on purpofe to en- 
 courage a Manufacture of their own ; their 
 Wool is coarfe, fo confequently the Cloth 
 made thereof rriuft be ordinary ; however, the 
 Jate King encouraged the Wearing it, by his 
 own Example, and thought it the Intereft of 
 his Kingdom fo to do : Yet all forts of Serges, 
 Stuffs, and Perpets are carried thither, and I 
 think as freely as before ; from thence we have 
 Copper, Iron, and fome other Things. 
 Denmark DEN MAR K is fupplied from us with 
 
 i 
 
 Noway. Woollen Manufactures, yet takes no great 
 Quantities, and Norway lefs, the People of 
 the latter being generally poor ; fome To- 
 bacco and Sugar is alfo fhipp'd hence and fpent 
 amongft them. 
 
 FROM thefe three laft Northern Kingdoms 
 we are furnifhed with Pitch, Tar, Hemp, 
 Mails, Baulks, and Deal boards, all very ufe- 
 ful to us, and without which, we can't carry 
 on our Navigation, and therefore we muft 
 have them, though purchas'd with Money; 
 but the Parliament having encouraged the 
 | Importation of fome of them from our Plan- 
 tations on the Continent of America, our De- 
 pendence on them for thofe Things, will in 
 
 all
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 77 
 
 all probability be lefiened every Year : I look 
 on any thing that faves our Timber, to be an 
 Advantage to the Nation, which Baulks and 
 Boards do. 
 
 THE French Trade hath every Age grown France. * 
 lefs profitable to our Woollen Manufacturers, 
 as the Inhabitants make wherewith to fupply, 
 both themfelves and other Nations, which 
 they could not do, were they not furnifhed ! 
 with Wool from hence and Ireland, their own '-'.-' 
 being unfit to work by it felf : Nor doth 
 France fpend much of the Growth and Pro- 
 duct, either of this Kingdom, or of our 
 
 Plantations, and furnimes us with nothing to o ''c 
 
 be manufactured here, fo that the Trade we 
 
 drive thither, turns only to their Advantage ; ^ ^ &**<* 
 
 which being generally for Things confumed 
 
 among ourfelves, and our Imports exceeding 
 
 our Exports, muft needs be Lofs to the King- 
 
 dom; but if the Linnen Manufacture can be/ 
 
 fettled in Scotland and Ireland, Paper, Diftill- 
 
 ing, and Silk Manufactures, encouraged here, 
 
 the Ballance will foon be altered, efpecially 
 
 fince the Portuguefe have made fuch Improve- 
 
 ments in their Wines; only their Salt we /hall 
 
 ftill want for our Fifheries. 
 
 As to the South-Sea Trade, I cannot under- South Sea. 
 take to fay much to it, being but lately en- 
 
 tered
 
 ;S A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 tered upon, and limited by Act of Parlia- 
 ment to an exclufive Company, according to 
 , whofe Management it may prove more or lefs 
 \\r Advantagious to the Nation ; only in this I 
 believe we may be certain, that they will 
 never carry away our Bullion, as the Eaft-In- 
 s*\^* V'f dia Company does, but in all Probability, will 
 
 bring us more. 
 
 What AND thus I have run through the Foreign 
 
 <rrad"s are Trades driven from this Kingdom, and fhew'd 
 profitable how they advance its Intereft, by taking off 
 *Manufac- our Product and Manufactures, and fupply- 
 tures, and ing us with Materials to be manufactured a- 
 
 what are . , . , . -n i i r r 
 
 not. g aln > wherein 'tis a certain Rule, that lo far 
 as any Nation furnimes us with things already 
 manufactured, or only to be fpent amongft 
 our felves, fo much lefs is our Advantage by 
 the Trade we drive with them ; efpecially if 
 
 thofe Manufactures interfere with our own, 
 
 ^ 
 
 and are purchafed with Bullion. Therefore I 
 think the Soft-India Trade to be unprofitable 
 to us, hindering by its Silks, Muflins, and 
 Callicoes, the Confumption of more of 
 our Manufactures in Europe, than it takes 
 from us. The Spanifb, Turkey, and Portugal 
 Trades, are very advantagious, as they vend 
 great Quantities of our Manufactures, and fur- 
 nifti us with Materials to be wrought up here, 
 
 and
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 7? 
 
 and difperfe our Commodities to other Places, 
 where we could not fo well fend them our- 
 felves ; this Spain doth to its Settlements in 
 America ; Turkey to all its Territories, both 
 in Europe and Afia, and alfo to Perfia \ Por- 
 tugal doth the fame to Brazil. The Dutch? 
 Hamburgh, and Dantzick Trades are very ufe- 
 ful, as they fupply Germany, Poland, and fome 
 Parts of RuJJia, with our Manufactures, and 
 little interfere with us in theirs. Sweden and 
 Denmark are profitable, both in what they 
 take from us, and in what we have from them 
 again. Italy takes off much of our Worfted 
 Manufactures, and fends us little of its own, 
 fave wrought Silks, whereof we fhall every 
 Year import lefs, as we increafe that Manu- 
 facture at home ; but above all, I efteem the 
 African and Weft-India Trades to be moft pro- 
 fitable to the Nation, as they imploy more of 
 our People at Home, and give greater In- f. 
 couragement to our Navigation by their Pro- ^ 
 duct -, but the French Trade is certainly our 
 Lofs, France being like a Tavern, with whom 
 we fpend what we get by other Nations ; and 
 'tis ftrange, we mould be fo bewitcht to that 
 People, as to take off their Growth, which 
 confifts chiefly of things for Luxury, and re- 
 ceive a Value only for the Efteem we put on 
 
 them
 
 8o A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 them, whilft at the fame Time, they pra- 
 hibit our Manufactures, in order to fet up 
 the like among themfelves, which we en- 
 courage, by furnifhing them with Wool. 
 fit Sal- THE Ballance of that and the Eaft-India 
 
 lance of 
 
 each " Trade, is always againft us, from whom ' we 
 Trade. fays in Goods more than we fhip them, and 
 therefore muft lefien our Bullion ; the Ballance 
 of Spain and Portugal is always in our Favour, 
 and therefore muft encreafe it ; as for the 
 Dutch, Germany, and Hamburgh, their Ballan- 
 ces are not yet agreed on ; fbme think we fhip 
 them mod, others, that we receive moft from 
 them ; I incline to the former : The North- 
 ern Crowns fupply us with more than they 
 take from us, but they are Commodities we 
 can't be without, at lead, till we can be better 
 furnifh'd with them from our Plantations in 
 America ; Turkey may require fome Bullion, 
 yet the Trade we drive thither is very bene- 
 ficial to us ; Italy will grow more and more 
 in its Ballance on our Side, as the Importa- 
 tion of wrought Silks is lefien'd, and turn'd 
 into raw and thrown. Now confidering, 
 that almoft the whole World is fupplied by 
 our Labour, and that our Plantations do 
 daily bring us fuch Incomes, 'tis ftrange, if 
 this Nation mould not grow rich, which 
 
 doubtlefs
 
 'A Dtfcourft on T R A D E, t. Si 
 
 doubtlefs it would do above all our Neigh- 
 bours, were our Trade rightly looked after. 
 
 THOSE who cope with Us in our Manu- ?^kai 
 faftures, are chiefly the French 5 but let due chie ji v co p t 
 Care bs taken to prevent their being fupplied '" 7 ^j_ ;a 
 with Wool from hence* and from Ireland, nufatfurts* 
 and we (hall foon fee an Alteration therein: 
 'Tis true* they have Wool of their own* but 
 they cannot work it without ours or Irijh : 
 The Commodities they make, are generally 
 flight Stuffs, wherein they ufe a great deal of 
 Combing Wool ; and thefe they not only 
 wear themfelves, but fend them to Portugal, 
 and other Parts, with good Succefs ; to 
 countermine which* We have fallen on ma- 
 king them, by Afiiftance of the French Re- 
 fugees ; I wonder at the Fancies of thofe Men, 
 who are always finding Fault, that we do not 
 make our Manufactures as ftrong as formerly 
 we did* wherein I think they are to be 
 blamed, for we muft fit them to the Humours 
 of the Buyers* and flight Cloth brings as much 
 Profit to the Nation as ftrong, and the fame 
 Employment to the Poor ; yet where Seals 
 and other Marks are fet* let them be certain 
 Evidences to the Truth of what they certify, 
 either as to the Length of the Piece, or thai 
 the Infide is fuitable to the Outfide, or that 'tis 
 G truly 
 

 
 83 JL Difcourfe on T R & D E, 1c. 
 
 truly wove, and without Flaws -, the fame 
 
 
 with refpect to the Colour, that 'tis woaded, 
 or madder'd, or the like : But there is a great 
 deal of Difference between this, and obliging 
 "" the Manufacturer to make his Cloth or Stuff 
 to a certain Weight and Thicknefs, without 
 refpect to the Buyer, or the Climate to which 
 it is fent. As for the Dutch, as I take them 
 to be no good Planters, fo likewife no good 
 Manufacturers, their Heads are not turned 
 that Way, but rather to Traffic and Naviga- 
 tion. The Flanderkins were once famous in 
 the Art of Cloth-making, which they carried 
 on by the Wool they fetch'd hence : But King 
 Edward the Third, by keeping our Wool at 
 home, put a flop to that Manufacture. If 
 therefore the prohibiting our Wool to be 
 carried out, had at that Time fo good an Ef- 
 fect and Confequence againlt thpfe People, 
 why mould not our Care to prevent its being 
 carried out now, have the fame againft the 
 French ? We. cannot indeed hinder them from 
 Spanifb, but we may from our own and Irijh. 
 As for Sweden* I am apt to think their Ma- 
 nufactures will come to little. And as for 
 Germany^ the Woollen Manufacture is not fo 
 natural to then? as the Linnen, which they 
 would keep clofe to, if we gave, them En- 
 couragement,
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 couragement, by wearing it here, and fend- 
 ing it to our Plantations, which would be 
 more advantagious to us, than by the ufe of 
 Muflins and Callicoes, to put them on fen- 
 cing with us at our own Weapons, which they 
 very unwillingly undertake. The Woollen 
 Manufactures in Italy are but fmall, and thofe 
 chiefly among the Venetians, fomething a- 
 mong the Genoefe -, thefe we cannot hinder, 
 being fupplied with Wool from thofe Parts 
 of Spain which are near them, except we 
 could promote a Contract with the Spaniard 
 for all he hath ; and if it mould be objected 
 that we mould then have too much, 'tis bet- 
 ter to burn the Overplus at the Charge of 
 the Public (as the Dutch do their Spices) than 
 to have it wrought up abroad, which we 
 can't otherwife prevent, feeing all the Wool 
 of Europe is Manufactured fome where ; and 
 if the Act for burying in Woollen did ex- 
 tend to our Plantations in America, 'twould 
 be of great ufe towards the Confumption of,/ 
 our Wooll i thus, when the Nation comes to 
 fee, that the Labour of its People is its 
 Wealth, 'twill put us on finding out Methods 
 to make every one Work that is able ; which 
 muft be done, by hindring fuch fwarms from 
 going off to idle and ufelefs Employments, 
 G 2 and
 
 84 A Dzfcourfe on TRADE, &c. 
 
 and by preventing fuch Multitudes of lazy 
 People from being maintained by begging. 
 
 j s fafa^ to be noted in our 
 
 in Em- 
 
 ploying our Trade with Foreign Nations, that where 
 
 the y fetch from us our ProducT: and Manu- 
 factures, and make their Imports to us, in 
 their own Ships, we get lefs by the Trade we 
 drive with them, than if we did it in ours, 
 becaufe that doth alfo encourage our Navi- 
 gation ; and Freights are a great and profi- 
 table Article in Trade ; therefore we get more 
 by the Spanijh Trade, becaufe we generally 
 drive it in our own Bottoms ; and we lofe 
 more by the French Trade, when they bring us 
 their Wines and Brandy, than when we fetch 
 them ourfelves ; and accordingly we may take 
 our Meafures in judging of all other Trades. 
 Whether a IT hath been a great Debate how the Bal- 
 true 7 uj s- lance O f our Foreign Trade (hall be comput- 
 
 ment may 1 
 
 be made of^ and what Methods we mould take 
 
 *Unfe a of whereby to know it, and it has been thought, 
 
 Foreign fa^ t h e mo ft proper way to make a true 
 
 Judgment therein is, by taking an Account 
 
 from the Cuftom-houfe Books of our Exports 
 
 and Imports ; but if this Method would do, 
 
 yet I do not think there can be any Certainty, 
 
 either of the one or the other, drawn from 
 
 thence ; for, as for our Imports, the Bullion, 
 
 1 and
 
 r A Difcourfe on T R A D E, r. S j 
 
 and fuch Things of Value, are not entered 
 there, and feldom prefented -, and as to the 
 Exports, feeing our Woollen Manufactures 
 go out Cuftom-Free, the Entries there made 
 of them cannot be depended on ; but fuppofe 
 a more exact Account of our Exports and Im- 
 ports could be had, yet, fince fo great a part 
 of the Trade of this Kingdom is driven by 
 Exchange, and fuch vaft Quantities of Com- 
 modities are Imported from our Plantations 
 for Account of the Inhabitants there, the Pro- 
 duce whereof they leave here as a flock at 
 Home, and that they are fupply'd hence w.ith 
 fo many Things for their own Confumption, 
 I cannot fee how any moderate Computation 
 can be this way made of our general Trade, 
 much lefs of that we drive with any partial-. 
 Jar Nation, the Commodities which we re- 
 ceive at one place, being often carried to ano- 
 ther j thus we tranfport to Italy the Sugars we 
 receive for our Manufactures in Portugal^ and 
 bring thence Silk and other Things to be 
 manufactured here, and yet we muft not con-. ^ ? -^ 
 
 elude we lofe by the Portugal Trade, becaufe 
 
 \ \*& A 
 the Returns thence fall fhort by the Cuftom- r 
 
 Houfe Books, or that we get more by the I * 
 Italian Trade, becaufe it doth not appear by 
 thofe Books how we exported Commodities 
 G 3 to
 
 86 A Dtfceurft on- T R A D E, 
 
 ' to pay for what we Import thence , and as to 
 the Profits we make by the Freights of our 
 Ships, it doth not at all appear from them, 
 nor at what Rates our Product and Manu- 
 factures are fold Abroad, or our Plantation 
 Goods to Foreigners at home ; fo the Thing 
 muft ftill remain doubtful ; and I know no 
 more certain way to Judge of it, than by the 
 Increafe the Nation makes in its Bullion, 
 which always arifes from the over Ballance of 
 bur Foreign Barter and Commerce. 
 Committee AND for the better Encouraging the Trade 
 of Trade. o f tn j s Kingdom, I think it well worthy the 
 Thoughts of a Parliament, whether a ftanding 
 Committee, made up of Men well verft there- 
 in, mould not be appointed ; whofe fole Bu- 
 finefs it fliould be to confider the State there- 
 of, and to find out Ways to improve it ; to 
 vup.fee how the Trades we drive with Foreign 
 Kingdoms, grow more or lefs profitable to us ; 
 how, and by what Means we are out-done 
 
 *$VJr ' 
 
 vjf* by others in the Trades we drive, or hinder- 
 ed from enlarging them j what is necefiary to 
 be prohibited, both in our Exports and Im- 
 ports, and for how long Time ; to hear Com- 
 plaints from our Factories Abroad, and to 
 correfpond with our Minifters there, in Afl 
 fairs relating to our Trade, and to reprefent 
 
 all
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, f$c. 87 
 
 all Things rightly to the Government, with 
 their Advice, what Courfes are proper to be 
 taken for its Encouragement; and generally 
 to fludy by what means and Methods the 
 Trade of this Kingdom may be improved, 
 both abroad and at home. 
 
 IF this was well fettled, the good Effects 
 thereof would foon be feen ; but then, great 
 Care mud be taken, that thefe Places be not 
 fill'd up with fuch who know nothing of the 
 Bufinefs, and thereby this excellent Conftitu- 
 tion become only a Matter of Form and Ex- 
 pence. 
 
 IN the Management of Things of much 
 lefs moment, we employ fuch who are fup- 
 pofed to underftand what they undertake, and 
 believe they cannot be carryed on without 
 them ; whilft the general Trade of the Na- 
 tion (which is the fupport of all) lies neglect- 
 ed, as if the Coggs that direct its Wheels did 
 not need (kill to keep them true: Trade re-\ \A# 
 quires as much Policy as Matters of State, V 
 and can never be kept in a regular Motion 
 by Accident ; when the Frame of our Trade 
 is out of Order, we know not where to be- 
 gin to mend it, for want of a fet of expe-< 
 rienced Builders, ready to receive Appli 
 
 G 4 lions,
 
 'A Difcourfe on T R A D E, &c. 
 
 tions, and able to judge where the Defect 
 lies. 
 
 SUCH a Committee as this, will foon ap* 
 pear to be of great Ufe and Service, both 
 to the Parliament in framing Laws relating 
 to Trade, and alfo to the Government in 
 the Treaties they make with Foreign Na- 
 tions. 
 
 As to the firft, it hath fometimes been 
 thought, that when that great and glorious 
 Afiembly hath medled with Trade, they 
 have left it worfe than they found it ; and the 
 Reafon is, becaufe the Laws relating to Trade, 
 require more time to look into their diftant 
 Confequences y than a Seffion will admit ; 
 whereof we have had many Inftances. 
 
 To begin with the French Trade ; in the 
 22 d Car. II. a new Import was laid on Wines, 
 viz. Eight Pounds per Ton on the French, 
 and Twelve Pounds per Ton on Spanifh and 
 Portuguese : This Difference (with the low 
 Subfidies put on their Linnens by former Acls, 
 in refpect to thofe of other Places) was a 
 great Means of bringing the Ballance of that 
 Trade fo much againft us, that the Parlia- 
 ment in the fth and 8/ of Gul. III. thought 
 fit to make an Aft, (and is continued by this 
 prefent Parliament for a longer time) which 
 
 in
 
 r A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 in Effect, prohibited all Trade with that Na- 
 tion for One and Twenty Years, by laying 
 a great Duty on the Importations thence, in 
 order to prevent a Correfpondence, till the 
 Trade fhould be better regulated. 
 
 IN the i4tb Car. II. Logwood was per- 
 mitted by Act of Parliament to be imported, 
 paying five Pounds per Ton Duty , the fame 
 Act repeals two Statutes of Queen Elizabeth 
 againft Importing and Ufing it in Dying 
 here, and fets forth the Ingenuity of our Dy- 
 ersj in finding out Ways to fix the Colours 
 made with it; and yet at the fame time gave 
 a Draw-back of three Pounds fifteen Shillings 
 per Ton on all that mould be Exported, 
 whereby Foreigners ule it fo much cheaper in 
 their Manufactures than ours can here ; which 
 proceeded from a too hafty making that Law, 
 and being advifed, or rather abufed, by thofe, 
 who regarded more their own Intereft, than 
 that of the Nation. 
 
 BY an Aft made i Ja. II. an Import of 
 Two Shillings and Four Pence per Cent, was 
 laid on Mufcovado Sugars imported from the 
 Plantations, to be drawn back at Exporta- 
 tion ; the Traders to the Plantations ftirr'd V 
 in this Matter, and fet forth, That fuch a 
 puty would difcourage the Refining them 
 
 here,
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 here, by hindering the Exportation of refined 
 Sugars, which was then confiderable, and 
 carry that Manufacture to Holland and Flan- 
 den ' 9 but the Commiffioners of the Cuftoms 
 prevailed againft them, and the Bill pad ; the 
 fatal Confequences whereof foon appear'd ; for 
 the Exporters of Mufcavado Sugars, drawing 
 back two Shillings and Four-pence per Cent. 
 by that Act, and Nine-pence per Cent, by the 
 Ac~b of Tunnage and Poundage, foreign Mar- 
 kets were fupplied with refined Sugars from 
 - other Places cheaper, by about Twelve per 
 
 Cent, than we could furnifh them hence, by 
 
 v>>- < ..; _ \ J 
 
 which means we were beat out of that Trade : 
 
 jtiJK" ' " '''' ' '" ' ' 
 
 and though the Duty of two Shillings and 
 V " &* Four- pence per Cent, was not continued on the 
 
 Expiration of that A 61, by the Parliament 
 id W. and M. as they did the Three-pence 
 per Pound on Tobacco) the bad Effects there- 
 of being then apparent, yet 'tis Difficult to 
 retrieve a loft Trade, trading Nations being 
 like expert Generals, who make Advanta- 
 ges of the Mi flakes of each other, and take 
 care to hold what they get. 
 
 BY a Statute 4th and 5th /sPVand M. 
 twenty Shillings per Ton was laid on Lapis 
 Caliminaris dug here and Exported, on an 
 Information given to the Houfe of Commons, 
 
 that
 
 A Difcourfe on T R A D E, ffr. 
 
 that it was not to had any where elfe 5 the 
 Merchants concerned in exporting that Com- 
 modity, made Application, and fet forth, that 
 fuch a Duty would bring in nothing to the 
 Crown, but be a total Bar to its Exportation; 
 yet the Act paft, and we were like to have 
 made a fatal Experiment ; for till the Statute 
 of the 7th and 8th of the fame King, which 
 reduced the Duty to two Shillings per Ton, 
 the Exportation cealed ; and in the mean 
 Time, thofe Places which had been difcourag- 
 ed.from digging, and calcining it, becaufe we 
 undcrfold them, fet again to work, and fup- 
 plied the Markets where we vended ours. 
 
 WHAT Injury was done by the Act made 
 in the yth and ioth W. III. for the more 
 effectual preventing the Importation of Fo- 
 reign Bonelace, &V. doth fufficiently appear 
 by the Preamble of that made in the ntb 
 and iitb of the fame Reign, for repealing it 
 three Months after the Prohibition of our 
 Woollen Manufactures in Flanders (which was 
 occafioned by it) fhould be there taken off ; 
 but I don't underfland that is yet done, and 
 it may prove an irrecoverable Lofs to the Na- 
 tion. 
 
 I men-
 
 r A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 I mention thefe Things with great Sub- 
 miffion to the Judgment of that glorious Af- 
 iembly, the Wifdom and Strength of the Na- 
 tion ; to whom I only prefume with all Hu- 
 mility to offer my Thoughts, that it would 
 very much tend to the putting Matters of 
 Trade into a true Light before them, if they 
 were firft referred to a Body of Men, well 
 verfed in the true Principles thereof, and able 
 to fee through the Sophiftical Arguments of 
 contending Parties, to be by them confidered, 
 and well digefted, before they received the 
 Sanction of a Law. 
 
 AND as to foreign Treaties ; I do not 
 think our Trade hath been fo much bettered 
 by them as it might have been, for want of 
 fuch a Committee ; the Reprefentations made 
 by private Merchants, (who generally differ 
 according as their Interefts clalh with each 
 other) tending rather to diftract, than to in- 
 form the Government ; which would not be, 
 if their firft Applications were made to an 
 experienced Committee, who had Judgment 
 enough to fubftract out of them what was pro- 
 per to be offer'd ; by which means, our De- 
 mands might be rendered fhort and com- 
 prehenfive, 
 
 WE
 
 r A Difcourfe OH TRADE, 
 
 WE have natural Advantages in Trade 
 above other Nations, befides the Benefit of 
 our Situation, the Foundation of our Woolen 
 Manufactures being as it were peculiar to our 
 own Growth, and may be retained amongft 
 ourfelves ; an Advantage the French have nor, 
 whofe Wealth arifing chiefly frona the Ex- 
 portation of their Wines, Brandy, Salt, Paper, 
 Silks, and Linnens, both we and other Na- 
 tions, have made fuch a Progrefs in them all 
 fmce the War began, as to render theirs lefs 
 fought for; whereas, nothing but our own 
 Neglects, and ill Managements, can let our 
 Neighbours into our Manufactures, which we 
 may foon put a flop to, by fecuring our Wool 
 at Home. 
 
 I cannot clofe this Difcourfe without fpeak- 
 ing fomething of Infurance. The firft Defign 
 whereof, was to encourage the Merchants to 
 export more of our Product and Manufactures, 
 when they knew how to eafe themfelves in 
 their Adventures, and to bear only fuch a Pro- 
 portion thereof as they were willing and able 
 to do ; but by the Irregular Practices of fome 
 Men, this firft Intention is wholly obviated ; 
 who without any Intereft, have put in early 
 Policies, and gotten large Subfcriptions on 
 
 Ships
 
 ADifcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 Ships, only to make Advantage by felling 
 them to others ; and therefore have indul- 
 trioufly promoted falfe Reports, and fpread 
 Rumours, to the Prejudice of the Ships and 
 Matters, filling Mens Minds with Doubts, 
 whereby the fair Trading Merchant, when he 
 comes to infure his Intereft, either can get no 
 one to underwrite, or at fuch high Rates, that 
 he finds it better to buy the others Policies at 
 advance ; by this means thefe Stock-jobbers 
 of Infurance, have, as it were, turn'd it into 
 a Wager ; to the great Prejudice of Trade : 
 likewife many ill-defigning Men, their Policies 
 being over-valued, have (to the Abhorence of 
 honeft Traders, and to the Scandal of Trade 
 itfelf) contriv'd the Lois of their own Ships : 
 On the other Side, the Underwriters, when 
 a Lofs is ever fo fairly proved, boggle in 
 their Payments, and force the Infured to be 
 content with lefs than their Agreements, for 
 fear of engaging, themfelves in long and 
 chargeable Suits. 
 
 Now, if the Parliament would pJeafe to 
 take thefe Things into their Confideration, 
 they may reduce Infurance^ to its firfl Inten- 
 tion, by obliging the Infured to bear fuch a 
 proportionable Part of his Adventure, (the 
 
 Premio
 
 AVtfcourfe on TRADE, &?. 95 
 
 Premio included) as to them fhall feem fit, 
 and alfo the Infurers, when a Lofs is fully 
 made out, to pay their Subfcriptions without 
 Abatement, which will prevent both ; and 
 if any Differences (hould arife, to direct eafy 
 ways for adjufting them, without attending 
 long IfiTues at Law, or being bound up to 
 fuch nice Rules in their Proofs, as the Affairs 
 of foreign Trade will not admit. 
 
 I know, that by a Claufe in a Statute made 
 primo Anv<e^ the wilful cafting away, burning, 
 
 or otherwife deftroying a Ship, by any Cap- fy the 
 tain, Mafter, Mariner, or other Officer be- 
 longing to it, is made Felony, without Bene- 
 fit of Clergy ; but that Statute is fo qualify'd, 
 that it is difficult to convict the Offender, be- 
 caufe the Fact muft be done, to the Prejudice 
 of the Owner, or Owners, or of any Mer- 
 
 chant or Merchants that fhall load Goods 
 thereon, elfe he doth not come within its 
 
 Penalty, fo it doth not reach the Evil I here 
 mention, viz. the abominable Contrivance of- 
 the Owners to have their own Ships deftroy- 
 ed, in order to make an Advantage by their 
 Infurancesj a Crime fo black in itfelf> that 
 it cannot be mentioned without Horror.) 
 Thefe Men, when they frame their dark De- 
 
 figns,
 
 r A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 figns, will take Care, for the Security of thofe 
 they employ, that none betides themfelves 
 mall load Goods on the Ships they intend 
 fhall be thus deftroyed, and it cannot be fup- 
 pofcd that they receive Prejudice thereby 
 themfelves, fo the Profecution on that Statute 
 is evaded; but if the Infured were bound to 
 make out their Interefts, and to bear a Pro- 
 portionable Part of the Lofs themfelves, this 
 would, as it were, naturally prevent fuch 
 fcandalous Practices. 
 
 BEFORE I enter on the Bufinefs of the 
 
 If Labour Poor > * wil1 confider of a Queftion tha t hath 
 it a Hin- arrifen, and I have heard fometimes debated 
 e- by Men of good Underftanding, which is, 
 
 taenti in "Whether the Labour of the Poor being fo 
 JuSs and high, does not hinder Improvements in our 
 
 c- Product and Manufactures; which having 
 
 tures. 
 
 fome Relation to the Subject Matter of this 
 Difcourfe, I fhall offer my Thoughts thereon, 
 with Submiflion to better Judgments, viz. 
 That both our Product and Manufactures 
 may be carried on to Advantage, without 
 running down the Labour of the Poor. 
 
 As to the firft, our Product, I am of 
 Opinion, that the running down the Labour 
 
 of
 
 A Difcourfe on T R A D E, gfr. 
 
 the Poor, is no advantage to it, nor is it the 
 Interefl of that part of the Kingdom called 
 England to do it, nor can the People thereof 
 live on fo low Wages as they do in other 
 Countries ; for we mud confider, that Wages 
 fnuft bear a Rate in all Nations according to 
 the Price of Provifions-, where Wheat is fold 
 for one Shilling per Bufhel, and all Things 
 fuitable, a labouring Man may afford to work 
 for Three-pence a Day, as well as he can for 
 Twelve-pence, where it is fold for four Shill- 
 ings ; and this Price of Wheat arifes chiefly 
 from the Value of the Land ; for it cannot 
 be imagined, that the Farmer who gives 
 twenty Shillings per Acre, can afford it as low 
 'as he whofe Lands coft him but five Shillings 
 per Acre, and produces the fame Crop, nor 
 can Labour be ex peeled to be fo low in fuch 
 a Country, as in the other ; this is the Cafe of 
 England^ whofe Lands yielding great Rents, 
 require good Prices for the Product ; and 
 this is the Freeholders Advantage ; for fup- 
 pofing Neceffaries to be the Current Payment 
 for Labour, in fuch Cafes, whether we call 
 a Bufhel of Wheat one Shilling, or Four 
 Shillings, it will be all one to him, for fo 
 much as he pays, but not for the Overplus of 
 H his
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 his Crop, which makes a great Difference in- 
 to his Pocket ; you cannot fall Wages, unlefs 
 you fall Product ; and if you fall Product, 
 you muft neceffarily fall Lands. 
 
 AND as for the fecond, our Manufactures, I 
 am of Opinion, that they may be carried on to 
 Advantage, without running down the La- 
 bour of the Poor ; for which I offer, 
 
 i. Obfervation, or Experience of what 
 hath been done ; we have and daily do fee 
 that it is fo ; the Refiners of Sugars fell for 
 Six-pence per Pound, what yielded formerly 
 Twelve-pence ; the Diftillers fell their Spirits 
 for one half of what they formerly did : Glafs 
 Bottles, Silk Stockings, and other Manu- 
 factures (too many to be here enumerated) are 
 fold for not much more than half the Price 
 they were fome Years fince, without falling 
 the Poor. 
 
 BUT then the Queftion will be, how this 
 } is done ? Truly it proceeds from the Ingenui- 
 : ty of the Manufacturer, and the . Improve- 
 ments he attains to in the Ways of his 
 Working : Thus the Refiners of Sugars go 
 through that Operation by eafier Methods, and 
 in leis Time, than their Predeceffors did : 
 Thus the Diftillers draw more Spirits from 
 
 the
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, f$c. 
 
 the Things they work on, than thofe former- 
 ly did who taught them the Art. The Glafs- 
 Maker hath found a quicker way of making 
 it out of Things which coft him little. Silk 
 Stockings are wove ; Tobacco is cut by En- 
 gines ; Books are printed ; Deal Boards are 
 lawn with Mills ; Lead is fmelted by Wind- 
 Furnaces , all which fave the Labour of 
 many Hands, fo the Wages of thofe employ- 
 ed need not be fallen. 
 
 BESIDES which, there is a Cunning crept 
 into Trades : The Clock-Maker hath im- 
 proved his Art to fuch a Degree, that La- 
 bour and Materials are the leaft Part the 
 Buyer pays for. The Variety of our Woollen \ . 
 Manufactures is fo pretty, that Falhion makes \ . 
 a Thing worth twice the Price it is fold for 
 after, the Humour of the Buyer carrying a 
 great Sway in its Value. Artificers, by Tools 
 and Laves, fitted for different Ufes, make 
 fach Things, as would puzzle a Stander-by to 
 fct a Price on, according to the worth of 
 Mens Labour. The Plumrner by new In- 
 ventions cafts a Tun of Shot for ten Shillings, 
 which might feem to deferve forty. 
 
 THE fame Art is crept into Navigation ; 
 
 Freights are much fallen from what they for- 
 
 H 2 merly
 
 too A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 merly were at, and yet Sailors Wages are dill 
 the fame : Ships are built more for Stowage, 
 and made ftrong enough; to beloaden between 
 Decks, and Voyages ar performed in lefs 
 Time. Wool is fteved'into them by fuch 
 proper Inftruments, that three or four Bags 
 are put, where one would not elfe lye ; 
 Cranes and Blocks help to draw up more for 
 one Shilling, than Mens Labour without 
 them would do for Five. 
 
 NEW Projections are every Day fet on Foot 
 to render the making our Woollen Manu- 
 factures eafy, which mould be rendered cheap- 
 er by the Contrivance of the Manufacturers, 
 not by falling the Price of Labour : Cheap- 
 nefs creates Expence, and gives frefh Em- 
 ployments, whereby the Poor will be ftill kept 
 at Work. 
 
 THE fame for our Product ; Mines and 
 Pits are drained by Engines and Aquseducts 
 inflead of Hands : The Hufbandman turns 
 up the Ground with his Sullow, not digs it 
 with his Spade ; covers his Grain with the 
 Harrow, not with the Rake ; brings home 
 his Harveft with Carts, not on Mens Backs ; 
 and many other eafier Methods are ufed, both 
 for improving of Land, and raifing its Pro- 
 duct,
 
 A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, gr. 101 
 
 duct, which leflen the Number of Labourers, 
 and make Room for better Wages to be gi- 
 ven thofe that are employed. 
 
 NOR am I of their Opinion, who think 
 the running down the Price of our Growth 
 and Prod uft, that fo they may buy Provi- 
 fions cheap, an Advantage to the inland 
 Trade of this Kingdom, but of the con- 
 trary. 
 
 To underftand this rightly, let us begin 
 with the Shop-keeper, or Buyer and Seller, 
 who is the Wheel whereon the inland Trade 
 turns, as he buys of the Importer and Ma- 
 nufacturer, and fells again to the Country ; 
 fuppofe this Man fpends two hundred Pounds 
 per Annum^ in all Things necefTary for him- 
 felf and Family, as Provifions, deaths, 
 Houfe-Rent, and other Expences, the Que- 
 ftion will be, what Part of this is laid out 
 in Flefh, Corn, Butter, Cheefe, &c. barely 
 confidered according to their firft Coft in. the 
 Market ? I prefume fifty or fixty Pounds per 
 Annum to be the moft, whereon the Advance 
 to him will not be fo much, by keeping up 
 our Product to a good Rate, as the Profits 
 which will confequently arife in his Trade will 
 amount unto : For by this Means the Farmer 
 H 3 will
 
 ioa A Difcourfe on TRADE, g*. 
 
 will be enabled to give a better Rent to his 
 Landlord, who may then keep a more plen- 
 tiful Table, fpend more Wine, Fruit, Sugar, 
 Spices, and other Things wherewith he is 
 furniihed from the City, fuit himfelf and his 
 Family oftner, and carry on a great Splendor 
 in every Thing ; the Farmer according to 
 his Condition may do the fame, and give 
 higher Wages to the Labourers imployed in 
 Hufbandry, who may then live better, and 
 buy new Cloathes oftner, inflead of patching 
 up old ones ; by this means the Manufacturers 
 will be encouraged to give a better Price for 
 Wool and Labour, when they flmll find a 
 Vent as faft as they can make ; and a Flux of 
 Wealth caufing a Variety of Falhions, will 
 add Wings to their Inventions, when they 
 {hall fee their Manufactures advanced in their 
 Values by the Buyer's Fancy ; this likewife 
 will encourage the Merchants to encreafe their 
 Exports, when they fhall find a quick Vent 
 / for their Imports ; by which regular Circu- 
 ; lation, Payments will be fliort, and all will 
 grow rich ; but when Trade deadens in the 
 : Fountain, when the Gentlemen and the Farm- 
 ers are kept low, every one in his Order feels 
 it : It being moft certain, and grounded on 
 
 the
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 103 
 
 the Obfervation of all Men who have lookt 
 into it, that in thofe Countries where Pro- 
 vifions are Cheap, the People are generally 
 Poor, both proceeding from the want of 
 Trade; fo that he who will give a right 
 Judgment in this Matter, muft not confider 
 Things only as they offer themfelves at the 
 firft Sight, but as they will be in their Con- 
 fequences. 
 
 As to the other Part of Great Britain, call- 
 ed Scotland^ I can fay little with Relation to 
 this Matter, my Knowledge of that part of 
 the Kingdom being not futEcient to enable me 
 to do it : But I am apt to believe, that the 
 fame general Maxim muft hold good there 
 alfo, viz. That the Rates of Labour muft be 
 according to the Prices of Provifions, and 
 thofe according to the Rents of the Lands. 
 
 HAVING thus gone through the State ofTte Poor 
 the Nation with refpect to its Trade, I will 
 next confider it with refpetfl to the Poor. 
 
 AND here it cannot but feem ftrange, that 
 this Kingdom, which fo much abounds in 
 Product and Manufactures, befides thelmploy- 
 rnent given in Navigation, mould want work 
 for any of its People ; the Dutch, who have 
 little of the two former, if compared with 
 H 4 us,
 
 104 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 1$c. 
 
 us, and do not exceed us in the latter, fufTer 
 no Beggars ; whereas we, whofe Wealth con~ 
 fifts in the Labour of our Inhabitants, feem 
 to encourage them in an idle way of Living, 
 contrary to their own and the Nations In- 
 tereft. 
 
 THE Curfe under which Man firft fell, was 
 Labour ; 'That by the Sweat of his Brows he 
 Jhould eat his Bread : This is a ftate of Hap- 
 pinefs, if compared to that which attends Idle- 
 nefs : He that walks the Streets of London, 
 and obferves the Fatigues ufed by Beggars, to 
 make themfelves feem Objects of Charity, 
 muft conclude, that they take more Pains 
 than an honeft Man doth at his Trade, and 
 yet feem not to get Bread to eat : Beggary 
 is now become an Art or Myftery, to which 
 I Children are brought up from their Cradles ; 
 any thing that may move Companion is made 
 a Livelyhood, a fore Leg or Arm, or for 
 want thereof a pretended one , the Tricks 
 and Devices I have obferved to be ufed by 
 thefe People, have often made me think, 
 that thofe Parts, if better employed, might 
 jbe made ufeful to the Nation. 
 I will confider, 
 
 i. WHAT
 
 A Dtftourfe on TRADE, &c. ioj 
 
 1 . WHAT hath been the Caufe of this Mif- 
 chief of Idlenefs, and how it hath crept in 
 upon -us. 
 
 2. WHAT muft be done to reftrain its go- 
 ing farther. 
 
 3. WHAT Methods are proper to be ufed, 
 in order to make a Provifion for thofe who 
 are pafl their Labour. 
 
 A s to the firft, we fhall find that it hath 
 proceeded, partly from the Abufe of thofe 
 Laws we have, and partly from want of 
 better ; Licences for Alehoufes were at firft 
 granted for good Ends, not to draw Men afide 
 from their Labour by Games and Sports, but 
 to fupport and refrefh them under it ; and as 
 they were then a Maintainance to the Aged, 
 fo poor Families had Opportunities of being 
 Supplied with a Cup of Ale from Abroad, 
 who could not keep it at Home ; great Ob- 
 fervation was alfo made to prevent idle Tip- 
 ling, our Fore- fathers confidered, that Time 
 fo fpent, was a Lofs to the Nation, whofe 
 Intereft was improved by the Labour of its 
 Inhabitants ; whereas, Alehoufes are now en- 
 couraged, to promote the Income of Excite, 
 on whom there muft be no Reftraint, left the 
 King's Revenue mould be leflened j thus we 
 
 live
 
 ic6 ADtfcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 live by Senfe, and look only at Things we 
 fee, without revolving on what the JiTue will 
 ^ be, not confidering, that the Labour of each 
 Man, if well employ'd, whilft he fits in an 
 Ale-houfe, would be worth much more to the 
 Nation, than the Excife he pays. 
 
 BUT above all, our Laws to fet the Poor 
 at Work are fhort and Defective, tending 
 rather to maintain them fo, then to raife them 
 to a better way of Living ; 'tis true, thofe 
 Laws defign well, but confiding only in Ge- 
 nerals, and not reducing Things to practicable 
 Methods, they fall fhort of anfvvering their 
 Ends, and thereby render the Poor more bold, 
 when they know the Parifh Officers are bound, 
 either to provide them Work, or to give them 
 Maintenance. 
 
 Now, if we delighted more in the En- 
 couraging our Manufactures, our Poor might 
 be better Employed, and then 'twould be a 
 fhame, for any Perfon capable of Labour, to 
 live idle ; which leads me to the fecond Con- 
 fideration, What muft be done to reftrain 
 this Habit of Idlenefs from going farther. 
 
 HERE I find, that nothing but good Laws 
 can do it, fuch as may provide Work for 
 thofe who are willing, and force them to work 
 
 that
 
 A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, c. 107 
 
 that are able ; and for this ufe, I think Work- 
 houfes very expedient, but they muft be 
 founded on fuch Principles, as may employ the 
 Poor, for which they muft be fitted, and the 
 Poor for them ; wherein Employments muft 
 be provided for all forts of People, who muft 
 alfo be compelled to go thither when fent, 
 and the "Work-houfes to receive them ; and 
 the Materials which feem moft proper for 
 them are Simples, fuch as Wool, Hemp, 
 Cotton, and the like, which may either be 
 fent in by the Manufacturers, or be bought 
 up on a Stock raifed for that End ; thefe will 
 employ great Numbers, of both Sexes, and 
 all Ages, either by beating and fitting the 
 Hemp, or by drefiing and fpinning the Flax, 
 or by carding and Spinning the Wool and 
 Cotton, of different Finenefles ; and if a Re- 
 ward was s;iven to that Perfon who fhould 
 
 O 
 
 fpin the fined Thread of either, as they do 
 in Ireland for their Linnen, to be adjudged 
 Yearly, and paid by the County, or by any 
 other manner as mail be thought fit, 'twould . *- 
 
 very much promote Induftry and Ingenuity, ~\ 
 whilft every one being ftir'd up by Ambition I 
 and Hopes of Profit, would endeavour to ex- \ 
 
 ceed
 
 icS A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 
 
 ceed the reft ; by which means we mould alfo 
 grow more excellent in our Manufactures. 
 
 NOR Ihould thefe Houfes hinder any who 
 defire to Work at Home, or the Manufac- 
 turers from employing them, the Defign be- 
 ing to provide Places for thofe who care not 
 to Work any where, and to make the Parifh 
 Officers more Induftrious to find them out, 
 when they know whither to fend them, by 
 which means they would be better able to 
 maintain the Impotent. 
 
 IT feems alfo convenient, that thefe Work- 
 houfes, when fettled in Cities and great Towns, 
 mould not be only Parochial, but one or more 
 in each Place, as will beft fuit it ; which would 
 prevent the Poors being fent from Parifh to 
 Parim, and provided for no where ; and when 
 / once the Poor mail come by ufe to be in love 
 with Labour, 'twill be ftrange to fee an idle 
 Perfon ; then they will be fo far from being a 
 Burthen to the Nation, that they will become 
 its Wealth, and their own Lives alfo will be 
 more comfortable to them. 
 
 THERE are other things which will em- 
 ploy the Poor befides our Manufactures, and 
 are alfo equally Beneficial to the Nation ; fuch 
 as Navigation, Hufbandry, and Handicrafts ; 
 
 here
 
 A Diftourfe on TRADE, 8*. 109 
 
 here if thefe or fuch-like Rules were obferved, 
 they might be made more advantagious to 
 all. 
 
 A s firft, Let the Juftices of the Peace have 
 Power to afiign Youth to Artificers, Huf- 
 bandry, Manufacturers, and Mariners, and to 
 bind them Apprentices for a Time certain, 
 at fuch Ages as they fhall think 'em fit to go 
 on thofe Employments, who fliould alfo be 
 obliged to receive them ; and though this 
 may at firft feem hard, as hindring the Maf- 
 ters from taking Servants who may bring them 
 Money, yet after fome time it will not, when 
 thofe who were fo bound out themfelves, fhall 
 only do for others, what was done for them 
 before ; and this alfo may be now made good 
 to them, by fuch an Overplus of Years in 
 their Apprentifhips, as may be an Equivalent 
 to the Money. 
 
 AND as for thofe of elder Years, who will 
 rather Beg than Work, let them be forced to 
 ferve the King in his Fleet, or the Merchants 
 on board their Ships ; the Sea is very good 
 to cure fore Legs and Arms, efpecially fuch 
 as are Counterfeits, againft which, the Cap- 
 ftern, with the Taunts of the Sailors, is a 
 certain Remedy. 
 
 NEXT,
 
 no 
 
 
 y Difcourfe on TRADE, fc. 
 
 NEXT, for Ale-houfes, Coffee-houfes, and 
 fuch like Employments, let them fee kept 
 only by aged People, or fuch who have nu- 
 merous Families. 
 
 LET Matters of Ships be obliged to carry 
 with them fome Landmen every Voyage, 
 which will increafe our Seamen ; and let the 
 Juftices have Power to force them to receive 
 fuch as are willing to enter themfelves, and to 
 fettle the Rates of their Wages. 
 
 LET young People be prohibited from 
 Hawking about the Streets, and from Singing 
 Ballads ; if thefe Things be allowed, they are 
 fitter for Age. 
 
 STAG E -Plays, Lotteries, and Gaming- 
 houfes mould be ftrictly look'd after, Youth, 
 in this Age of Idlenefs and Luxury, being 
 not only drawn afide by them, but alfo more 
 willing to put themfelves on fuch eafy ways 
 of living, than on Labour: 
 
 THESE, and fuch like Methods, being Im- 
 proved by the Wifdom of a Parliament, may 
 tend, not only to the Introducing a Habit of 
 Virtue amongft us, but alfo to the making 
 Multitudes of People ferviceable, who are 
 now ufelefs to the Nation ; there being fcarce 
 any one, who is not capable of doing fome- 
 
 thing
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. nt 
 
 thing towards his Maintenance, and what his 
 Labour doth fall fhort, muft be made up by 
 Charity : but as Things now are, no Man 
 knows where 'tis rightly plac'd, by which 
 means thofe who are truly Objects do not par- 
 take thereof; and let it be confider'd, that if 
 every Perfon did by his Labour add one Half- 
 penny per diem to the Public, 'twould bring 
 in Seven Millions fix Hundred and four Thou- 
 land one Hundred Sixty-fix Pounds thirteen 
 Shillings per Annum> (accounting ten Millions 
 of People to be in the Kingdom) fo vaft a 
 Sum may be raifed from a Multitude, if every 
 one adds a little. 
 
 NOR is the fending lazy People to our 
 Plantations abroad (who can neither by good V 
 Laws be forced, or by Rewards be encou- -\ 
 
 rag'd to work at home) fo prejudicial to the \ ^ 
 
 Nation as fome do imagine, where they muft 
 expeft another fort of Tre^ment, if they LW&Ak- 
 will not labour ; 'tis true, they give no help j 
 in the Manufactures here, but That is made 
 up in the Product they raife there, which is 
 alfo. Profit to the Nation; befides, the Hu- 
 mours and other Circumftances of People are 
 to be enquir'd into, fome have been very ufe- 
 ful there, who would never have been fo here : 
 
 And
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &c. 
 
 And if the People of this Kingdom be em. 
 ploy'd to the Advantage of the Community, 
 no Matter in what part of the King's Do- 
 minions it is; many hundreds by going to 
 thofe Plantations, have become profitable 
 Members to the Common-wealth, who, had 
 they continued here, had ftill remain'd idle 
 Drones ; now they raife Sugar, Cotton, To- 
 bacco, and other Things, which employ 
 Sailors abroad, and Manufacturers at home, 
 all which being the Product of Earth and 
 Labour, I take to be the Wealth of the Na- 
 tion. 
 
 THE Employment of Watermen on the 
 River 'Thames breeds many Sailors, and it were 
 good to keep them ftill fill'd with Apprenti- 
 ces ; alfo the Employment of Bargemen, 
 Lightermen, and Trowmen, both on that and 
 other Rivers, does the fame, who fhould be 
 encouraged to breed up Landmen, and fit 
 them for the Sea. 
 
 IDLENESS is the Foundation of all thofe 
 Vices which prevail among us, People aiming 
 to be maintain'd any way rather than by La- 
 bour, betake themfelves to all forts of Villanies ; 
 the ill Confequences whereof cannot be pre- 
 vented, but by encouraging Youth in an early 
 
 delight
 
 A Difconrfe on T R A D E, &c. 113 
 
 delight of living by Induftry, and on what 
 they call their own, rather than by Dc;pen- 
 dance on others, which will keep up a true 
 Britifh Spirit, and put them on honeft En- 
 deavours, and will get them Credit and 
 Reputation, and give them Opportunities of 
 advancing their Fortunes -, and if fuch an 
 Emulation went through the Kingdom, we 
 ftiould not have fo many lazy Beggars, or 
 licentious Livers, as now there are ; nor is 
 God more honoured among any, than He" is 
 among fuch induftrious People, who abhor 
 Vice, on equal Principles of Religion and 
 good Husbandry, Labour being ufually a 
 Barrier againft Sin, which generally enter 
 at the Doors of Idlenefs. 
 
 THE third Confideration is, what Methods 
 muft be ufed to provide for thofe, who either 
 are not able to work, or whofe Labour can'c 
 iiipport their Charge ; here I take Alms- 
 houfes to be good Gifts, where they are de- , r 
 figned to relieve old^Age, QLeducate youth ; 
 nor to maintain idle Beggars, or eafe rich 
 Parimes, but to provide for thofe who have 
 been bred up in careful Employments, tho* 
 not able to flem the Current of crofs Fortunes : 
 
 Two fuch have been fumptuoufly founded, fon '' t 
 
 T j Almshcufes 
 
 and
 
 ii4 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 and fuitably endowed, in the City of Britfol 9 
 Edward Colfon^ Efq; a Merchant and Native 
 thereof, who is ftill living ; one of them for 
 twenty-four Men and Women, who had for- 
 merly lived well ; the other for one hundred 
 Boys, to be educated in the Principles of 
 Vertue, and afterwards fet out to ! Trades, 
 whereby they may get their Livelihoods ; a 
 Charity fo great in itfelf, and carried on fo 
 free from Oflentation, that the like is not to 
 be feen in any Part of this Kingdom, of the 
 free Gift of one Gentleman in his Life-time ; 
 which he hath fettled in the Society of Mer- 
 chants-Adventurers within that City, of whofe 
 Care and Fidelity in the well Management 
 thereof, he is fully fatisfied. 1 
 
 ANOTHER way to provide for thole who 
 are true Objects of Charity, is, by taking 
 Care that the Poors Rates be made with more 
 equality in Cities and great Towns, efpecially 
 in the former ; where the greateft Number of 
 Poor ufually refiding together in the Suburbs 
 or Out-parifhes, are very ferviceable by their 
 Labours, to the Rich, in carrying on their 
 Trades ; yet when Age, Sicknefs, or a nu- 
 merous Family, may make them defire Re- 
 lief, their chief Dependance muft be on People 
 
 but
 
 A Dtfcourfe on TRADE, &c. 115 
 
 but one ftep above their own Conditions ; by 
 which means thefe Out-parifhes are more 
 burthened in their Payments, than the In- 
 parifhes are, though much richer, and is one 
 Reafbn why they are fo ill Inhabited, no 
 Man caring to come to a certain Charge : 
 And this is attended with another ill Con- 
 fequence, the wanting of better Inhabitants 
 making way for thofe Diforders which eafily 
 grow among the Poor , whereas, if Cities and 
 Towns were made but one Poors Rate, or 
 equally divided into more, thefe Inconve- 
 niencies would be removed, and the Poor 
 be maintained by a more equal Contribu- 
 tion. 
 
 AND that a better Provifion may be made 
 for the Relief of Sailors (who having fpent 
 their Labours in the Service of the Nation, 
 and through Age and Difafters are no longer 
 fit for the Fatigues of the Sea, ought to be 
 
 sr tf' 
 
 taken Care of at Home) let a fmall Deduction ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 be made from the Freights of Ships, and from I 
 Stamens Wages, to be collected by a Society \ 
 of honefl Men in every Sea-port ; this, with 
 what Additions might be made by the Gifts 
 of worthy Benefactors, would be fufHcient 
 to raife a Fund, to maintain them in their 
 I 2 old
 
 u6 A Difcourfe on TRADE, t$c. 
 
 old Age, who in their Youths were our Walls 
 and Bulwarks , but it muft be fettled by Law, 
 and no Man left at his Liberty whether he 
 will pay or no ; thefe are generally the molt 
 laborious People that we have ; I do not mean 
 thofe fcoundrel Fellows, who often creep in 
 under that Name, but the true Sailor, who 
 ,t- can turn his Hand to any thing rather than 
 begging, and I am many times troubled to fee 
 the mifcrable Conditions they and their Fa- 
 milies are reduced to, when their Labours are 
 done. Alms-Houfes raifed for them, are as 
 great Acts of Piety as building of Churches, 
 Age requires relief, efpecially where Youth 
 hath been fpent in Labour fo profitable to the 
 Hofpital Public as that of a Sailor ; and not only them- 
 for ancient fe\ ve ^ b ut their Widows ought to be provid- 
 and their } ed for; in this, the Worfhipful Society of the 
 Widow. M erc h an ts - Adventurers within the City of 
 r j^' . ; Briftol are a worthy Pattern. 
 
 AND as for thofe who loofe their Lives or 
 * V* 
 
 Limbs fighting againft the Enemy, them- 
 
 felves, or families ought to be rewarded with 
 bountiful Stipends, which if raifed by a Tax, 
 I doubt not would be cheerfully paid : 'Tis 
 attended with fad Thoughts, when a Woman 
 fees her Hufband preft into the Service, and 
 
 knows,
 
 A Difcourfe on T R A D E, $r. 1 17 
 
 knows, if he mifcarries, her Family is un- 
 done, and Ihe and they muft come to the 
 Parifh j whereas, if this Provifion was made, 
 the Fleet would be more eafily mann'd, our 
 Merchants Ships better defended, Sailors more 
 ready to ferve in both, and their Wives to let 
 them go ; but great Care muft be taken, that 
 Charity be not abufcd, by being put into the 
 Pockets of thofe who are appointed to difpofe 
 of it. 
 
 THESE, or fuch-like Heads, being laid 
 down in a former Difcourfe on this Subject, 
 the Magiftrates of the City of Briftol were the 
 firft that approved of the Scheme, and de- 
 fired the Subftance thereof might be reduced 
 to Particulars, fuitable for that Place ; where- 
 upon the following Propofals were laid before 
 them, viz. 
 
 1. THAT afpacious Work-houfe be erected 
 in fome vacant Place within this City, on a 
 general Charge, large enough for the Poor 
 who are to be employed therein, and alfo with 
 Rooms for fuch, who being unable to work, 
 are to be relieved by Charity. 
 
 2. THAT the Rules of this Houfe be fuch, 
 as may force allPerfons to work, that are abk, 
 and encourage the Manufacturers of this City 
 
 I to
 
 ti8 A Difcourfe on TRADE, &*. 
 
 to fupply them with Materials to work on ; 
 which they will "be ready to do, having fo 
 good a Security as this will be, for their 
 being returned to them again when wrought 
 up. 
 
 3. THAT all People who are not able to 
 maintain their Children, may put them into 
 this Work-houfe or Hofpital at what Ages 
 they will, where they mail be fettled till the 
 Age of Years, by which means they 
 may in the end be of no Charge to the faid 
 Work-houfc or Hofpital : And the good Ef- 
 fecls will be thefe, Children will be bred up 
 to Labour, Principles of Virtue will be im- 
 planted in them early by the good Govern- 
 ment thereof, and Lazinefs and Beggary will 
 be difcouraged. * 
 
 4. T H A T the antient People who are paft 
 their Labours, fhall have Lodgings, and 
 weekly pay, or be otherwife provided for, ac- 
 cording to their Wants, who may ftill do 
 fomething towards their mantenance, and the 
 Women may look after the young Children. 
 
 5. THAT the Rates of the Poor of this 
 City, being all united into one common 
 Fund, may be enough to carry on this good 
 Work i by which means the Magiftrates will 
 
 be
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 
 
 be freed from the Trouble which they daily 
 have about the Settlement of the Poor, the 
 Parim-Officers will be eafed, the Poors Stock 
 will not be fpent in Law, but they will be 
 provided for, without being fent from Parifh 
 to Parim, and their Children will be fettled 
 in ways of being ferviceable to the Public 
 Good, and not be bred up in all manner of 
 Vice, as now they are. 
 
 6. T H A T the Governors of this Hofpital, 
 or Work-Houfe, have Power to force all 
 poor People to work in it, who do not be- 
 take themfelves to fome lawful Imployment 
 elfewhere, but fpend their Time lazily and 
 idly. 
 
 7. THAT the faid Governors have Power to 
 fettle out the young People at fuch Ages as 
 they (hall think fit , the Boys to Navigation, 
 Hufbandry, and Manufactures ; the Maids in 
 Service, and to bind them Apprentices for 
 certain Years. 
 
 8. THAT this will prevent Children from 
 being Starved, by the Poverty of their Parents, 
 and neglect of the Parim-Officers, which is 
 now a great Lofs to the Nation ; forafmuch 
 as every Perfon if imployed, would by his 
 Labour add to the Wealth of the Public. 
 
 I 4 THAT
 
 i2o A Difcourfe on T R A D E, 
 
 9. THAT this will encourage Men of 
 Charity to make Endowments, when they 
 ihall fee their Bounties fo well laid out. 
 
 10. THAT Application be made, in order to 
 procure an Act of Parliament, for the better 
 carrying on this Work. 
 
 WHICH Propofals being confidered of in 
 feveral Meetings of the Citizens appointed for 
 that Purpofe, were with forne Alterations 
 made the Model for an Act of Parliament, 
 which pafb Anno Septimo 5? Offavo Gulielmi 
 tferti'i, being the firfl Act of that Nature^ 
 from which fundry Acts for many other Pla- 
 ces have taken their Frame ; and though the 
 Promoters thereof, met with more difficulties 
 and difcouragements in the Execution, than 
 they did expect, yet to the Honour of thofe 
 Gentlemen it muft be faid> that they never 
 looked back, but with the utmoft Application, 
 profecuted what they had undertaken, till 
 they brought it to fuch a Scate, as to render it 
 , plain and practicable to their Succeflbrs *, and 
 this good Effect it hath had, that there is not 
 a common Beggar, or diforderly Vagrant, 
 feen in their Streets, but Charity is given in 
 its proper Place and Manner, and the Ma- 
 giftrates are freed from the daily Trouble they 
 
 had
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, Qfc. 
 had with the Poor, and the Pariflies they 
 lived in, and are difcharged from the Invidi- 
 ous Fatigues of their Settlements, when a 
 great deal of what fhould have maintained 
 them, was fpent in determining what Pariflies 
 were to do it. 
 
 I wifh it could be faid fo of the two Metro- 
 politan Cities of England and Ireland, where 
 fuch Swarms of lazy Beggars pefter the Streets, 
 that they are not only troublefome, but alfo 
 naufeous to the Beholders ; and the Church 
 Doors are fo crouded with them, that you can 
 fcarce pafs to your Devotion; nor do you 
 know when you beftow your Charity rightly, 
 thofe who do not deferve it, taking fuch 
 Methods to move Compafiion, that you can- 
 not eafily diftinguifh them from thofe who 
 do. 
 
 AND fince I have mentioned this Act, and 
 the well executing thereof by the firft Under- 
 takers, I think it cannot be amifs to fet it 
 forth Verbatim (being never yet printed, favc 
 only fome Copies for the Ufe of the Corpo- 
 ration) together with the Steps whereby the , 
 firft Guardians proceeded, and as it was laid 
 before the Parliament Anno 1 700 ; which I 
 have done in the Appendix, becaufe it may 
 
 probaoly
 
 ADifcourfe on TRADE, 
 
 probably be of ufe to thofe, who fhall be will- 
 ing to take Pains in a Work of fuch Service, 
 both to God and the Public. 
 
 BUT becaufe this Aft was adapted only 
 for Cities and great Towns, and can't be a 
 Model for the Counties at large, I will here 
 fubjoin fuch Methods as may be proper to 
 carry on this charitable Defign throughout the 
 whole Kingdom, if Power be given by fome 
 public Act of Parliament, for all Places to 
 incorporate who are willing (but may not be 
 able to be at the Charge of a private Act) and 
 to build, or otherwiie provide, Hofpitals, 
 Work-Houfes, and Houfes of Correction, for 
 the better maintaining and imploying their 
 Poor, under the Management of fuch Cor- 
 porations ; which in the Counties muft be by 
 uniting one or more Hundreds, whofe Parifh- 
 es muft be comprehended in one Poors Rate, 
 and each of them contribute to the Charge 
 thereof, not by bringing them to an equal 
 Pound Rate on their Lands and perfonal E- 
 ilates, as in Cities and great Towns, but by 
 Taxing every Parifh according to what it paid 
 before, there not being the fame Parity of 
 Reafon for that way of raifing Money in the 
 Hundreds, as there is in Cities and Towns ; 
 
 becaufe
 
 A Difcourfe on TRADE, 1c. 
 
 becaufe in the former, the Parifhes do not re- 
 ceive an equal Benefit from the Labour of 
 the Poor of other Parifhes, as they do in the 
 latter; which Hofpitals, Work-Houfes, and 
 Houfes of Correction, to be provided at the 
 general Charge of the Parifhes thus united, 
 according to the Proportion that each of them 
 pays to the Poor. 
 
 THE Guardians of thele Corporations to 
 confift of all the Juftices of the Peace inhabit- 
 ing within the feveral Parifhes thus united, 
 together with a Number of Inhabitants chofen 
 out of each Parifh, in proportion to the Sum 
 of Money it pays ; which Choice to be made 
 every Year, or once in two Years, when one 
 half of thofe that were firft chofen mutt go 
 out, and the Remainder ftay in, to inftruct 
 thofe who were laft chofen j the Electors to 
 be the Freeholders of per Annum ; 
 
 and on the Death of any Guardian, another 
 to be chofen in his Room, by the Parifh for 
 which he ferved. 
 
 THAT the Guardians being thus fettled, 
 they fhall have Power to choofe a Governor, 
 Deputy-Governor, Treafurer, and Afllftants, 
 Yearly, and to hold Courts, and make By- 
 La ws, and appoint a Common Seal ; and alfo 
 
 to
 
 A Difiourfe on TRADE, gr. 
 
 to Summon the Inhabitants to anfwer to Mat- 
 ters relating to the Corporation , and to com- 
 pel all People, who feek for Relief, to dwell 
 in their Hofpitals and Work-Houfes, if they 
 fee fit ; and to take in young People of both 
 Sexes, and breed them up to work, who they 
 fhall alfo be obliged to teach to Write and 
 Read, and what elfe mall be thought ne- 
 ceflary, and then to bind them out Appren- 
 tices ; and likewife to provide for the aged 
 and Impotent, and to affift thole whofe La- 
 bours will not maintain their Charges, and to 
 apprehend Rogues, Vagrants and Beggars, 
 and caufe them to be fet at Work, and alfo to 
 inflict reafonable Correction where they fee it 
 necefiary, and to entertain proper Officers, 
 and pay them out of the Stock ; with a Claufe 
 to fecure them from vexatious Suits ; and they 
 muft be obliged once in at leaft to 
 
 hold a General Court, where the Governor, 
 Deputy-Governor, or one half of the Affift- 
 ants, together with fuch a proportionable 
 Number of the Guardians as they mall agree 
 on, mall be prefent. 
 
 THAT the Court mail once, in fix Months 
 agree and fettle how much Money will be ne- 
 ceflary for maintaining and imploying the 
 
 Poor
 
 "A Difcourfe on TRADE, c. 105 
 
 Poor for the fix Months next enfuing, and 
 certify the fame to the Juftices inhabiting 
 within the faid Hundred or Hundreds, at a 
 Meeting to be had for that Purpofe, who (hall 
 proportion the fame Regularity in each Parifh, 
 and grant out their Warrants to proper Per- 
 fons to Aflefs the fame, and afterwards, other 
 Warrants to col left, and pay it to the Trea- 
 furer of the Corporation -, with a Power to 
 inflict Penalties on the AfTeifors and Collectors, 
 if they refufe or neglect to do their Duty, in 
 Affefling, Collecting, and paying the faid 
 Money, according to their Warrants. 
 
 THAT each Corporation be one Body Po- 
 litic in Law, and be capable of Suing and be- 
 ing Sued, and be enabled to Purchafe, Take 
 and Receive, Lands, Tenements and He- 
 reditaments, Goods and Chatties, for the Be- 
 nefit of the Pcor. 
 
 THESE, or fuch like Methods, being 
 rectified by the Wifdom of Parliament, will 
 foon appear to be of great ufe to the Nation, 
 and alio to the Poor who are truly Objects 
 of Relief; and will alfo put a Stop to 
 wand'ring Vagrants, againft whom, every 
 Corporation will then be a Barrier, and none 
 will expect Charity, but from the Parimes to 
 
 which
 
 A Dtfeourfe on TRADE, 
 
 which they belong, and who are the moft 
 
 proper Judges whether they deferve it. 
 Conclufm. AND thus j haye gone t h rou gh w j iat j 
 
 undertook, and have given my Thoughts of 
 thefe important Subjects; wherein I have no 
 other View than promoting the Welfare of this 
 Kingdom, by improving its Trade and Com- 
 merce and providing for the Poor in a regular 
 Method : Both which will tend to the Honour 
 of His Majefty's Government, and the advanc- 
 ing the Wealth and Profperity of the Nation. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 THE
 
 THE 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Anno Septimo & Odavo 
 GULIELMl IIL Regis. 
 
 An Aft for Er eft ing of Hoffitals and 
 Work - Houfes within the City of 
 Briftol, for the Better Employing and 
 Maintaining the 'Poor thereof. 
 
 H E R E A S it is Found by Ex- 
 perience, That the Poor in the 
 City of Briftol do daily mul- 
 tiply, and Idlenefs and Debauch- 
 ery amongft the meaner Sort, doth greatly In- 
 creafe, for want of Work-houfes to fet them 
 to Work, and a fufficient Authority to corn- 
 pel
 
 Ue APPENDIX. 
 
 pel them thereto, as well as to the Charge of 
 the Inhabitants, and Grief of the charitable 
 and honeft Citizens of the faid City, as the 
 great Diftrefs of the Poor themfelves ; for 
 which fufficient Redrefs hath not yet been 
 provided : For Remedy whereof, Be it enaft- 
 ed by the King's moft Excellent Majefty, by 
 and with the Advice and Confent of the 
 Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons 
 in Parliament afiembled, and by the Au- 
 thority of the fame, That from and after the 
 Twelfth Day of May, which fhall be in the 
 Year of our Lord, One thoufand fix hundred 
 ninety and fix, there be, and fhall be, a Cor- 
 poration to continue for ever within the faid 
 City of Briftol> and the County thereof, con- 
 fiding of the feveral Perfons herein after-men- 
 tioned (that is to fay) of the Mayor and Al- 
 dermen for the time being, and of eight and 
 forty other Perfons, to be chofen out of the 
 honefteft and difcreeteft Inhabitants of the 
 City and County, by the Eleven Wards in 
 the faid City, and the Caftle Precincts there, 
 which to all Intents and Purpofes, fhall be 
 from henceforth for ever a Ward within the 
 faid City, (that is to fay) Four out of each 
 Ward, and of fuch other charitable Perfons 
 
 as
 
 ^APPENDIX. 
 
 as Ihall be Elected and Conftituted Guardians 
 of the Poor of the faid City, in a manner as 
 is herein after exprefied : And the firft eight 
 and forty Perfons fhall be Elected at a Court 
 for that purpofe to be held within each Ward, 
 by the Alderman of the fame, or his Deputy, 
 by the Votes of the Inhabitants of fuch Ward, 
 paying one Penny per Week, or more, in his 
 own Right, for and towards the Relief of the 
 Poor of the faid City, or of the major part 
 of them then prefent. 
 
 AND be it further Enacted by the Authority 
 aforefaid, that the faid Eight and Forty Per- 
 fons fhall be chofen in manner, as aforelaid, 
 the Twelfth Day of May next following, and 
 fhall continue in their Office until others fhall 
 be elected in their Rooms, according to the 
 Direction herein after-mentioned ; and in cafe 
 any of the faid Perfons fo Elected, or any 
 other Perfon fo Elected in their Room, fhall, 
 after their refpective Elections, happen to die, 
 That then it (hall, and may be Lawful to and 
 for the Alderman of the Ward, for which 
 fuch Perfon fo dying was Elected, or his 
 Deputy, at a Court to be held within the 
 faid Ward for that purpofe, within the Space 
 of ten Days next after the Death of fuch 
 K Perfons
 
 The APPENDIX. 
 
 Perfons, to Elect others in their Place, in 
 
 "*%f 
 
 manner, as aforefaid ; which Court and Elec- 
 tion, fuch Alderman, or his Deputy, is and 
 are hereby required to Hold and Make : 
 Which faid Mayor and Aldermen, and Forty- 
 eight Perfons, and fuch other Charitable Per- 
 fons, fo Elected and Conftituted for the Time 
 being, fhall be called Guardians of the Poor 
 of the City of BriftoL 
 
 AND to the intent that the faid Guardians 
 fo Elected out of the faid Wards may have 
 perpetual Succeffion : Be it further Enacted by 
 the Authority aforefaid, That the faid re- 
 fpective Aldermen for the Time being, or 
 their refpective Deputies, mail and may, and 
 are hereby required, on the firft Thurfday in 
 April, in every fecond Year, from henceforth, 
 to hold a Court in their refpective Wards, 
 and then and there, by the Votes of the In- 
 habitants of fuch Ward, fo qualified, as afore- 
 faid, or of the Majority of them then prefent, 
 to Elect and Choofe two of the honefteft and 
 difcreeteft Perfons out of the faid Inhabitants 
 of the faid City, to be Guardians of the Poor 
 of the faid City for the faid Ward ; which 
 faid two Perfons, fo Elected, fhall be Guardi- 
 ans, and mail fucceed the two Perfons before 
 
 that
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 131 
 
 that firft Elected, and then being Guardians 
 for the faid Ward ; and the faid two Perfons 
 fb firft Elected, (hall immediately upon fuch 
 Election, and Notice thereof given to them, 
 ceafe to be Guardians. 
 
 AND be it enacted by the Authority afore- 
 faid, That the faid Mayor, Aldermen, Eight 
 and forty Perfons, and fuch other Charitable 
 Perfons elected and conftituted, as is herein 
 mentioned and exprefied, for the time being, 
 (hall for ever hereafter in Name and Fact, be 
 one Body Politic and Corporate in Law, to 
 all Intents and Purpofes, and fhall have a 
 perpetual Succefiion, and be called by the 
 Name of The Governor, Deputy-Governor, 
 Affiftants, and Guardians of the Poor in the 
 faid City of Briftol-, and that they fliall be 
 enabled to Plead and Sue, and to be Sued and 
 Impleaded by that Name, in all Courts and 
 Places of Judicature within this Kingdom 5 
 and by that Name fhall and may, without 
 Licenfe in Mortmain, Purchafe, Take, or 
 Receive any Lands, Tenements or Heredita- 
 ments, of the Gift, Alienation or Demife of 
 any Perfon or Perfons, who are hereby, 
 v/ithout further Licence, enabled to transfer 
 the fame, and any Goods and Chatties what- 
 K 2 foever,
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 foever, for the Ufe and Benefit of the Corpo- 
 ration aforefaid. And for the better govern- 
 ing of the faid Corporation, the faid Mayor, 
 Aldermen, and Eight and forty Perfons, or 
 the Majority of them, fhall have, and here- 
 by have Authority to meet on the Nineteenth 
 Day of May next following, in St. George's 
 Chappie in the faid City, or in fome other 
 convenient Place there, and fhall on that Day, 
 or any other Day or Time, that to them 
 fhall feem convenient, Elect and Conflitute 
 out of and from amongft themfelves, the fe- 
 veral Officers following (that is to fay) one 
 Governor, one Deputy-Governor, one Trea- 
 furer, and twelve Affiftants, to continue in the 
 faid Office for one Year, and no longer ; and 
 from thenceforth the faid Governor, Deputy- 
 Governor, Afliftants, Treafurer, and other 
 Officers, mail Yearly, and every Year, by 
 the faid Mayor, Aldermen, Forty-eight Per- 
 fons, and fuch other charitable Perfons as mall 
 be Elected and Conftituted as is herein men- 
 tioned and exprefied, or the Majority of them, 
 be Elected and Conftituted out of and from 
 amongft themfelves, on the Second fburfday 
 in the Month of April, or any other Day or 
 Time, as they fhall think convenient, to con- 
 tinue
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 133 
 
 tinue in their refpective Offices for one Year 
 and no longer -, and the faid Mayor, Alder- 
 men, and Forty-eight Perfons, and fuch other 
 Charitable Perfons that fhall be Elected and 
 Conftituted, as herein mentioned and expref- 
 fed, for the Time being, or the Majority of 
 them, mail have Power, in cafe of the Death 
 of any fuch Officer fo Elected and Conftituted, 
 before the faid Year expired, to Elect; and 
 Conftitute others in their Room, to hold the 
 faid Office for the Remainder of the (aid Year, 
 and fhall have Power and Authority at any 
 Time or Times, for juft Caufe, to -remove, 
 difplace, and put out any fuch Officer out of 
 his laid Office, and to Elect and Conftitute 
 another in his Room. 
 
 AND be it further Enacted by the Au- 
 thority aforefaid, That the faid Governor, or 
 in his Default, the faid Deputy-Governor, or 
 in both their Defaults, Six of the faid Affift- 
 ants for the Time being, fhall have, and 
 hereby have Power and Authority, and are 
 hereby Enjoyned and Required from time to 
 time, upon the Second Thurfday in every Se- 
 cond Month in every Year, accounting Janu- 
 ary for the firft Month, to hold and keep a 
 Courc or Affembly of the faid Corporation 
 K 3 within
 
 134 ne APPENDIX. 
 
 within the faid City of Erlftol^ of one and 
 Twenty of the faid Guardians at leaft, on 
 the Days and Time, and in manner, and for 
 the ends in this A6t mentioned ; (that is to 
 fay) The faid Governor fhall hold the faid 
 Court or Affembly between the Hours of One 
 and Two in the Afternoon 5 and in his De- 
 Jault, the faid Deputy 'Governor, or any Six 
 of the faid Affiftants, fliall, after the Hour 
 of Two, hold the fame ; and alfo, the faid 
 Governor for the time being, fliall have, and 
 hereby hath Power and Authority, at any 
 fuch other time or times as to him fhall feem 
 meet, to Summon, AfTemble and hold a 
 Court or AfTembly of the faid C r ^oration, 
 upon two Days Notice or Warning at the 
 leaft to be given of fuch Court or AfTembly 
 to be held ; and in cafe any twenty of the 
 faid Guardians, upon any Emergency, figni- 
 fyin'g it under their Hands to the Governor 
 for the time being, That it is their Defire 
 that an extraordinary Court or AfTembly of 
 the faid Corporation may be called and held, 
 the faid Governor fhall be bound, and is here- 
 by Enjoyned and Required to call and hold 
 fuch Court or Aflembly at fuch Time as the 
 faid twenty Guardians fliall fo defire ; and on 
 
 his
 
 Z&APPENDIX. 135 
 
 his Refufal, the faid Deputy-Governor for the 
 Time being, on , fuch Signification, fhall be 
 Bound, and is hereby likewife Enjoyned and 
 Required to call and hold the faid Court or 
 AfTembly, and on his Refufal, any fix of the 
 faid Afliftants (hall have, and hereby have Au- 
 thority to call and hold the faid Court or 
 Affembly; at all which Courts or Affemblies 
 all and every Member and Members of the 
 faid Corporation for the Time being, are 
 hereby Enjoyned to appear and be prefent, 
 and not to depart from the fame without the 
 Licence of the faid Court or AfTembly, on 
 pain to Forfeit fuch reafonable Sum and Sums 
 of Money, not exceeding Five Shillings, to 
 the Ufe of the faid Corporation, as by the 
 faid Court or AfTembly, or any fucceeding 
 Court or AiTembly, (hall be AfiHTed upon 
 them, unlefs they can mew fome reafonable 
 Excufe to be allowed of by the faid Court or 
 Affembly ; and the faid Court or AfTembly 
 are hereby Impowered to Summon to appear 
 before them any of the Inhabitants of the faid 
 City to anfwer to Matters relating to the faid 
 Corporation, who are hereby required to ap- 
 pear upon fuch Summons, and anfwer fuch 
 Queftions, on Forfeiture, to the Ufe of the 
 K 4
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 faid Corporation, of a Sum not exceeding two 
 Shillings and Six-pence for every Default to 
 be Levied as is herein after directed. 
 
 AND be it further Enacted by the Autho- 
 rity aforefaid, That the faid Corporation, at 
 the faid Court or Aflembly, fhall have, and 
 hereby have Power and Authority from time 
 to time to make and appoint a Common Seal 
 or Seals for the Ufe of the faid Corporation, 
 and to make and ordain By-Laws, Rules and 
 Ordinances for and concerning the better Go- 
 verning the faid Corporation, and the Poor 
 of the faid City, and fhall have, and have 
 hereby Power to Purchafe, Buy or Ereft an 
 Hofpital or Hofpitals, Work-houfe or Work- 
 houfes, Hoqfe or Houfes of Correction, and 
 to provide other Necefiaries they {hall think 
 convenient for the fitting to work the Poor 
 of the faid City, of what Sex or Age foever 
 they be, and fhall have, and hereby have 
 Power and Authority to compel fuch idle or 
 poor People begging or feeking Relief, who 
 do not betake themfelves to fome lawful Im- 
 ployments, and fuch other Poor who do or 
 Ihall hereafter receive Alms of the refpedlive 
 Parifhcs or Places where they Inhabit or Seek 
 the fame, or by any of the Laws now in force 
 
 pught
 
 The APPENDIX. 137 
 
 ought to be maintained or provided for by 
 any Parifh or Place within the faid City, to 
 Dwell and Inhabit in fuch Hofpital or Hof- 
 pitals, Work-houfe or Work-houfes, and to 
 do fuch Work as they fhall think them able 
 and fit for ; and to detain and keep in the 
 Service of the faid Corporation, until the Age 
 of fixteen Years, any poor Child or Children 
 of the faid City, left to be maintained by the 
 faid City, or any Parim or Place in the fame, 
 or begging or feeking Relief, or which by 
 any of the Laws now in force ought to be 
 maintained and provided for by any Parifh or 
 Place within the faid City, or the Child or 
 Children of any other Perfon or Perfons, that 
 are or fhall be willing or defirous to place or 
 put their Child or Children in fuch Hofpital 
 or Hofpitals, until their faid Age of fixteen 
 Years , and after they fhall have attained their 
 faid Age of Sixteen Years or fooner, the faid 
 Corporation, by Indenture, fhall have Power 
 to Bind and Put forth fuch Child or Children 
 Apprentices, to any honefl Perfon or Perfons 
 within the Kingdom of England, for any 
 Number of Years, not exceeding feven Years, 
 as they fhall think convenient ; which In- 
 denture
 
 i 3 8 ne APPENDIX. 
 
 denture (hall be binding to fuch Child or 
 Children. 
 
 AND be it further Enacted by the Autho- 
 rity aforefaid, That the faid Court or Affemb- 
 fy fo conftituted, as aforefaid, (hall have, and 
 hereby have Power to inflict fuch reafonable 
 Correction and Punifhment on any poor Per- 
 fon or Perfons within the faid Hofpital or 
 Hofpitals, Work - houfe or Work - houfes, 
 Houfe or Houfes of Correction, that fhall 
 not conform to fuch Rules, Orders and Or- 
 dinances fo made, as aforefaid, or mifbehave 
 themfelves in the fame ; and that the faid 
 Court or Affembly fo conftituted, as aforefaid, 
 fhall have, and hereby have Power to appoint 
 a Committee to confift of One and Twenty of 
 the Guardians at the leaft, who, or any five 
 of them, of which two fhall be Affiftants, 
 fhall from time to time, or at any time until 
 the next Court, have Power to inflict fuch 
 reafonable Correction and Punifhment, as 
 aforefaid, on any fuch poor Perfon or Perfons 
 offending as aforefaid. 
 
 AND for the better carrying on fo Pious 
 and Charitable a Work, be it Enacted by 
 the Authority aforefaid, That it fhall and may 
 be Lawful for the faid Corporation, in their 
 
 faid
 
 the APPENDIX. 139 
 
 faid Courts or AfTemblies 3 from time to time, 
 
 to fet down and afcertain what Sum, or Sums 
 
 of Money fhall be needful for the Building 
 
 and Erecting of fuch Hofpitals, Work-houfes, 
 
 or Houfes of Correction, fo that the fame do 
 
 not exceed the Sum of five Thoufand Pounds, 
 
 to be raifed within the Space of three Years, 
 
 or any longer Time, as to them fhall feem 
 
 meet, by fuch Quarterly or other Payments, 
 
 as they in their Difcretion fhall think fit ; 
 
 and alfo from time to time, to fet down and 
 
 afcertain what Weekly, Monthly, or other 
 
 Sums, fhall be needful for the Maintenance 
 
 of the Poor in the faid Hofpital or Hofpitals, 
 
 Work-houfe or Work-houfes, Houfe or Houfes 
 
 of Correction, or within the Care of the laid 
 
 Corporation, fo that the fame do not exceed 
 
 what hath been paid in the faid City towards 
 
 the Maintenance of the Poor thereof, in any 
 
 one of the three laft Years , and fliall and 
 
 may, under their Common Seal, certify the 
 
 fame unto the Mayor and Aldermen of the 
 
 faid City for the time being , which faid 
 
 Mayor and any two of the Aldermen, or any 
 
 Five of the faid Aldermen without the Mayor, 
 
 may, and are hereby required from time to 
 
 time, to caufe the fame to be raifed and levied 
 
 by
 
 140 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 by Taxation of every Inhabitant, and of all 
 Lands, Houfes, Tythes Impropriate, Appro- 
 priation of Tythes, and all Stocks and Eftates 
 in the faid City and County of the fame, in 
 equal Proportion, according to their refpective 
 Worth and Values : And in order thereunto, 
 the laid Mayor and any two of the faid 
 Aldermen, or any five of the faid Aldermen 
 without the Mayor, (hall have power, and are 
 hereby required indifferently, to proportion 
 out the faid Sum and Sums upon each Parim 
 and Precinct within the faid City, and by 
 their Warrants under their Hands and Seals 
 to authorize and require the Church-wardens 
 and Overfeers of the Poor of each refpective 
 Parim and Precinct, to Affefs the fame re- 
 ipectively j and after fuch Affeflment made, 
 by like Warrant under their Hands and Seals, 
 to authorize the faid refpective Church- war- 
 dens and Overfeers to Demand, Gather, and 
 Receive the fame, and for Non - payment 
 thereof (being lawfully demanded) to Levy 
 the fame by Diftrefs and Sale of the Goods 
 of the Offender, refroring the Surplufage to 
 the Party fo di drained ; and if no Diftrefs 
 can be found, then it (ball and may be lawful 
 to and for the faid Mayor, and jiny two of 
 
 the
 
 The APPENDIX. 141 
 
 the Aldermen, or any five of the faid Alder- 
 men without the Mayor, to commit fuch Of- 
 fender to Prifon, there to remain without 
 Bail or Mainprize, till the fame fhall be paid: 
 And after the fame fhall be received, to pay 
 the fame unto the Treafurer of the laid Corpo- 
 ration for the time being. Provided always, 
 That if any Perfon or Perfons, Parifh or 
 Precinct, find him or themfelves to be un- 
 equally Taxed or AfTefied, he or they may 
 Appeal to the Juftices of the Peace of the 
 faid City and County, at their next General 
 Quarter-Seflfions after fuch AfiefTment made 
 and demanded, who (hall and hereby have full 
 Power and Authority, to take and make a 
 final Order therein. 
 
 AND for the Encouragement of fuch as 
 (hail be Benefactors to fo good a Defign, Be 
 it enacted by the Authority aforefaid, That if 
 any Man charitably difpofed, fhall give one 
 hundred Pounds, or more, towards carrying 
 on the faid Work, It (hall and may be Law- 
 ful for the faid Corporation, at a Court where 
 there fhall be prefent three and thirty of the 
 faid Guardians at the lead, to elect and con- 
 ftitute fuch charitable Perfon to be Guardian of 
 the Poor of the faid City, and to continue in 
 
 the
 
 i 4 2 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 the faid Office, as long as to the faid Corpo- 
 ration mall feem meet. 
 
 AND be it further enacted by the Autho- 
 rity aforefaid, That the faid Corporation (hall 
 have the Care of, and provide for the Main- 
 tenance of all the Poor of the faid City, of 
 what Age foever they be, except fuch as fhall 
 be otherwife fufficiently Provided for by the 
 charitable Gifts of other Perfons, or in Hof- 
 pitals or Alms-houfes within the faid City al- 
 ready erected : And*in order thereunto fhall 
 have full Power to examine, fearch and fee 
 what poor Perfons there are come into, In- 
 habiting and Refiding within the faid City or 
 any Part thereof; and fhall have Power to ap- 
 prehend or caufe to be apprehended any 
 Rogues, Vagrants, or Sturdy-Beggars, or idle 
 or diforderly Perfons withjn the faid City and 
 the County thereof, and to caufe them to be 
 kept and fet to Work in the faid Work- 
 houfes, Hofpitals or Houfes of Correction, for 
 the Space of three Years. 
 
 PROVIDED always, and be it enacted by 
 the Authority aforefaid, That this Act, or any 
 thing herein contained, fhall not any ways 
 extend to give the faid Corporation any Pow- 
 er or Authority over any Alms-houfe or Hof- 
 
 pitaJ,
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 143 
 
 pital, or any other charitable Gift or Ufe, 
 within the faid City, already Given, Settled 
 or Erected, but that the fame fhall be wholly 
 exempted therefrom ; any thing herein to the 
 Contrary notwithftanding. 
 
 AND be it further enacted by the Autho- 
 rity aforefaid, That the faid Corporation in 
 their faid Court or AfTembly, lhall have here- 
 by Power to choofe and entertain all fuch 
 other Officers as fhall be needful to be em- 
 ployed in and about the PremifTes, and them 
 or any of them, from time to time to remove 
 as they fhall fee Caufe ; and upon the Death 
 or removal of them, or any of them, to 
 choofe others in their Place, and to make 
 and give fuch reafonable Allowances to them, 
 or any of them, out of the Stock or Revenue 
 belonging to the faid Corporation or Hofpitals, 
 as they fhall think fit. 
 
 PROVIDED always, and be it further en- 
 acted by the Authority aforefaid, That no 
 Officer or Officers, who lhall be elected, 
 chofen, appointed or employed, in the Exe- 
 cution of, or by Virtue of this Act, or any 
 of the Powers or Authorities thereby given, . 
 fhall be liable for or by reafon of fuch Office 
 or Execution, to any of the Penalties men- 
 tioned
 
 M4 the APPENDIX. 
 
 tioned in an Act made the Five and Twentieth 
 Year of the Reign of King Charles the Se- 
 cond, for the Preventing the Dangers which 
 may hapen from Popifh Recufants. 
 
 AND it is further enacted by the Authori- 
 ty aforefaid, That the faid Treafurer for the 
 Time being, and all other Officers belonging 
 to the faid Corporation, Hofpitals, Work- 
 houfes, or Houfes of Correction, fhall, from 
 time to time, before fuch Perfon or Perfons 
 as the faid Corporation {hall thereto appoint, 
 account for fuch Moneys, Stock, and other 
 Things belonging to the faid Corporation, 
 Hofpitals, Work-houfes, or Houfes of Cor- 
 rection, as (hall come to their refpective 
 Hands, or be under their refpective Care, up- 
 on every reafonable Warning and Notice there- 
 of, by the faid Corporation to them refpective - 
 ly given -, and on their Neglect or Refufal to 
 Account, as aforefaid, fhall or may be, by the 
 faid Mayor, or any two of the faid Aldermen, 
 committed to the County Goal for the faid 
 City and County of Bri/lol, there to remain 
 without Bail or Mainprize, untill they fhall 
 become conformable, and Account, as afore- 
 faid ; and if upon (uch Account there fhall 
 appear any Thing to be in their Hands be- 
 longing
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 145 
 
 longing to the faid Corporation, Hofpitals, 
 Work-houfes, or Houfes of Correction, they 
 fhall pay and deliver the fame, as the faid 
 Corporation fhall direct, or give fuch Security 
 for the fame, as the faid Corporation fhall ap- 
 prove of, on pain to forfeit double the Value 
 thereof, to be recovered by the faid Corpo- 
 ration, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint or In- 
 formation in which no Protection, EfToign, 
 or Wager in Law, or any more than one 
 Imparlance, fhall be admitted or allowed. 
 
 AND it is further enacted, That all other 
 Pains, Penalties and Forfeitures by this Act 
 appointed, fhall be Levied by Diftrefs and 
 Sale of the Offenders Goods, by Warrant un- 
 der the Hand and Seal of the faid Treafurer 
 for the time being, refloring to the Offender 
 the Overplus. 
 
 AND be it further enacted by the Autho- 
 rity aforefaid, That if any Perfon or Perfons 
 fhall be fued for any Matter or Thing which 
 he fhall do in Execution of this Act, he may 
 plead the General Iffue, and give the fpecial 
 Matter in Evidence : And if the Verdict fhall 
 pafs for the Defendant, or the Plaintiff fhall 
 be nonfuited, or difcontinue his Suit, the De- 
 fendant fhall recover his Treble Cofts. And 
 L this
 
 146 Ue A P P E N D I X. 
 
 this Aft (hall be taken and be allowed in all 
 Courts within this Kingdom as a Public Act ; 
 and all Judges and Juftices are hereby re- 
 quired, as fuch, to take Notice thereof, with- 
 out fpecially Pleading the fame ; and all 
 Mayors, Juftices, Sheriffs, Bayliffs, Conftables, 
 and all other Officers and Minifters of Juftice, 
 are hereby required to be aiding and atlifting 
 to the faid Corporation, and to fuch Officers 
 as fhall be employed by them, or any of 
 them, in Execution of this Act, or any of 
 the Powers or Authorities hereby given. 
 
 A N
 
 A N 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 PROCEEDINGS 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Corporation of B R i s T o L, 
 
 In Execution of the 
 
 of Parliament 
 
 For the Better 
 
 EMPLOYING and MAINTAINING 
 THE 
 
 POOR 
 
 Of That CITY.
 
 T O T H E 
 
 RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 AND 
 
 HONOURABLE, 
 
 THE 
 
 Lords Spiritual and Temporal, 
 
 AND 
 
 Commons in Parliament 
 
 ASSEMBLED. 
 
 May it pleafe your Honour s 9 
 
 HUMBLY make bold to lay 
 before You, an Account of our 
 Proceedings in the City of 
 Brifto! 9 on the Adi of Parlia- 
 ment for Erecting Hofpitals and 
 Work-houfes for the .better employing and 
 maintaining the Poor of that City, which 
 L 3 patted
 
 ijo Ue APPENDIX. 
 
 panned in the firft Seffions of the Parliament 
 begun at Weftminfter the 22d of November, 
 1695, whereby the Power inverted in the 
 Corporation commenced from the i2th of 
 May 1696. 
 
 THE firft Thing we did, was to choofe 
 four Guardians for each of our twelve Wards, 
 as the Statute directs, which, with the 
 Mayor and Aldermen, amounted to fixty 
 Guardians, and made up our Court. 
 
 THE Court being thus conftituted, at our 
 firft Meeting we chofe our Officers appointed 
 by the faid Act, viz. a Governor, a Deputy- 
 Governor, twelve Afliftants, a Treafurer, a 
 Clerk, and a Beadle. 
 
 THIS being done, we order'd the Guardi- 
 ans who dwelt in each Parifli, to bring in an 
 Account of all the Poor in their refpective 
 Parifhes, their Names, Ages, Sexes, and 
 Qualifications. Alfo an Account of the 
 Charges expended for maintaining them in 
 each of the laft three Years, that fo we might 
 bring it to a Medium. We alfo appointed 
 certain ftanding Rules for the better govern- 
 ing our Debates, and ordered all Things done 
 in the Court to be fairly enter'd in a Journal. 
 
 Ws
 
 He A P P E N D I X. 151 
 
 WE likewife confidered which would be 
 rnoft for the advantage of the Corporation, to 
 build Work - houfes, or to purchafe fuch 
 Houfes, which being already built, might be 
 alter'd and made fit for our purpofe. 
 
 THESE Things fpent much Time, and it 
 was about the Month of September before we 
 could fettle the Medium of the Poor's Rates, 
 in order to certify to the Mayor and Alder- 
 men what Sum was necefiary to be raifed on 
 the City for the next Year. 
 
 BUT here we met with an unexpected 
 Remora, Mr. Samuel Wallis was fucceeded in 
 his Majoralty by Mr. J. H. and this Change 
 made a great Alteration in our Affairs : For 
 whereas the former had given us all the In- 
 couragement we could expect from him, and 
 had done us the Honour to be our firft Go- 
 vernor, the latter refolved to obftrucl us all 
 he could. And becaufe the Power of raifing 
 Money was vefted in him and the Aldermen, 
 he abfolutely refufed to put that Power in 
 Execution. 
 
 THIS, together with his other Endea- 
 vours to Brow-beat the Corporation, kept 
 us at a ftand till Oftober (97 .) only our Court 
 met, and difcourft things, and we laboured 
 L 4 to
 
 The APPENDIX. 
 
 to keep up the Spirits of our Friends, who 
 began to fink under thefe Difcouragements, 
 and to defpair of Succefs, the Work feeming 
 difficult enough in it felf ; our undertaking 
 being nothing lefs, then to put to Work a 
 great Number of People, many of which 
 had been habited to Lazinefs and Beggary -, 
 to civilize fuch as had been bred up in all the 
 Vices, that want of Education could expofe 
 them to , and to cloth, lodge, and feed 
 them well, with the fame Sum of Money 
 which was diftributed among them when 
 they beg'd, lay in the Streets, and went 
 almoft naked. 
 
 YET all this would not have difcouraged 
 us, could we have prevailed on Mr. Mayor 
 to have joyned with us. We often fought it, 
 and he as often refufed us, till his time be- 
 ing expired, his Succeflbr granted our Re- 
 queft ; and then, having loft much time, we 
 were forced to make large fteps. 
 
 THE fir ft we made was, a Vote to take 
 on us the Care of the Poor of the City ; and 
 as I remember, this Vote paffed in October 
 or November 1697, though we had then no 
 Money raifed, nor could we expedt any till 
 after our Lady-day 1698. So that from the 
 
 pafling
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 pafiing that Vote to this Time is about two 
 Years. 
 
 THE next ftep was to appoint a Com- 
 mittee of Twelve to hear the Complaints 
 of the Poor, to relieve them, and fet them 
 at work ; fix whereof were to go out every 
 Month, and to be fucceeded by Six more, 
 to be chofen by Ballad ng. 
 
 WE had formerly obtained from the Mayor 
 and Common Council, in the Majoralty of 
 Alderman Wallis, the Grant of a Work-houfe, 
 which then lay unoccupied, and the Court 
 had appointed a' Committee to place as many 
 Girls in it as it would conveniently contain, 
 both as to Lodging and Working. This is 
 that we called the New work-houfe. 
 
 BUT all things having flood ftill fo long, 
 we refolved now to loofc no more time ; yet 
 we had no Money, nor could we expect any 
 in lefs than fix Months, from the Poor's 
 Rates ; therefore we refolved to make our 
 feveral Loans for twelve Months without In- 
 tereft to the Corporation on the Credit of 
 their Common Seal ; in which Defign many 
 of the Citizens lent their Afliftance, whereby 
 we became foon Mailers of about fix Hun- 
 dred Pounds Stock. Likewife our Guardians. 
 
 who
 
 ij4 We A P P E N D I X. 
 
 who were appointed to pay the Poor in their 
 feveral Parifhes, voluntarily advanced their 
 weekly Payments, till they could be reim- 
 burft by the Treafuren The other Stock 
 we employed to furnifh Beds, and other Ne- 
 ceflaries for our Children to be taken in, and 
 Materials for their working. 
 
 We had now two Committees ; one for 
 the Poor, the other for the New Work- 
 houfe. 
 
 THE Committee for the Poor met twice 
 every Week : And in this Committe we 
 proceeded thus : 
 
 Fir/I, We voted that the Poor of the City 
 fhould be vifited in their refpeclive Parifhes, 
 and that new Poor's Rates mould be made ; 
 and accordingly we ordered the Guardians of 
 each Parim to bring together the Poor on a 
 certain Day in fome convenient Place, where 
 the Committee met, and without Partiality 
 endeavoured to provide for every one accord- 
 ing to their Wants, we likewife took No. 
 tice of all the young Girls that were on our 
 Poor's Books, and of fuch whofe Parents took 
 no due Care of them : and thefe we recom- 
 mended to the Committee of the New Work- 
 houfe, to be taken in, and employed by 
 them. 
 
 OUR
 
 Ue A P P E N D I X. 155 
 
 OUR Poor's Rates we made in this man? 
 ner : Every one that expected Relief, came 
 before us with their whole Families, except 
 fuch as was impotent and could not come : 
 In our Books we put down the Name of 
 the Man, the Woman, and each Child ; 
 together with the Qualifications of all, either 
 as to Age, Health, Civility, &c. what each 
 Perfon did, or could get by the Week, and 
 in what Employment. We likewife fet 
 down for what Reafon the Charity was be- 
 ftowed ; that when that mould ceafe, or we 
 could find out any other Way to provide for 
 it, the Charity mould likewife ceafe. 
 
 HAVING thus feen the State of all our 
 Poor, and provided for them, the Committee 
 fat twice a Week in the Public Court, to 
 hear and provide for all cafual Complaints ; 
 which we did in this Manner : We ordered 
 that the Poor in their refpeftive Pari flies, 
 mould firft apply themfelves to their Guardi- 
 an or Guardians, who were to relieve them 
 as they law fit, till the next Sitting of the 
 Committee, when they were to bring them 
 up with their Complaints, if they were able 
 to come j and this we did, left the Com- 
 mittee (three whereof made a Quorum} mould 
 
 be
 
 The APPENDIX. 
 
 be deceived ; who could not be fuppofed to 
 know the State of all the Poor in the City, 
 and by this Means we had the Opinion of 
 the Guardian of each Parifh -, nor could he 
 eafily deceive us, becaufe he brought the Poor 
 with him, and thereby the Committee be- 
 came Judges of the Matter laid before them. 
 At thefe Meetings, Care was taken of the va- 
 rious Cafes and Exigencies which ofFer'd, and 
 in all Things there was a Regard, as much as 
 could be, to put People on living by their own 
 Labours. 
 
 To fuch as were fick, we gave Warrants 
 to our Phyfician to vifit them ; fuch as want- 
 ed the Afiiftance of our Surgeons were di- 
 rected to them, and all were reliev'd till 
 they were able to work ; by which Means 
 the Poor having been well attended, were fet 
 at work again, who, by Neglect, might with 
 their Families have been chargeable to the 
 Corporation ; for fome we provided Cloaths, 
 for others Work ; where we found People 
 careful, but wanted a Stock to employ them- 
 felves and Children, we either lent or gave 
 it ; where they wanted Houfes, we either 
 paid the Rent, or became Security for it ; 
 where we found them oppreft, we flood by 
 
 them i
 
 Ue A P P E N D I X. 157 
 
 them ; where Differences arofe, we endea- 
 voured to compofe them ; fo that in a little 
 time all the Complaints of the Poor came to 
 this Committee, which faved our Magiftrates 
 a great deal of Trouble, and Care was taken 
 that none went away unheard. 
 
 THE Committee at firft fat twice a Week, 
 but now only once in a Fortnight ; not that 
 we grew flack in the Care of our Poor, but 
 becaufe their Number being fo much abated, 
 by thofe received into our feveral Work- 
 houfes, the Bufmefs not requiring their meet- 
 ing oftner. 
 
 THE other Committee, viz, That for the 
 new Work-houfe, having firft furnilhed it in 
 order to receive in the young Girls, began, 
 with fuch as were recommended to them by 
 the Committee for the Poor; and this Me- 
 thod hath been generally obferved ever fince, 
 both by that Committee, and alfo by the Com- 
 mittee fince chofen for our other Work-houfe , 
 not that either of them depends on the other, 
 but becaufe the firft application for Relief is 
 made to the Committee for the Poor. 
 
 BUT before we took in the Girls, we firft 
 confidered of proper Officers to govern them ; 
 and thefe confifted of a Mafter, whofe Bufi- 
 
 nefs
 
 ij8 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 nefs was to receive in Work, and deliver it 
 out again, and to keep the Account of the 
 Houfe, fcfr. 
 
 A Miftrefs, whofe Bufinefs was to look 
 after the Kitchen and Lodgings, to provide 
 their Meals at fet Times, and other Things 
 which related to the Government of the 
 Houfe. 
 
 Tu TRESSES to teach them to Spin, un- 
 der each of which we put Five and Twenty 
 Girls. 
 
 A School-Miflrefs, to teach them to read. 
 
 SERVANTS in the Kitchen, and for warn- 
 ing, &c. but thefe we foon difcharged, and 
 caufed our biggeft Girls to take their Turns 
 every Week. 
 
 WE alfo appointed an old Man to keep the 
 Door, and to carry forth and fetch in Work, 
 and fuch kind of Services. 
 
 BEING thus provided, we received in one 
 hundred Girls, and fet them to work at Spin- 
 ning of Worfted Yarn ; all which we firffc 
 caufed to be ftript by the Miftrefs, wafhed, 
 and new Clothed from Head to Foot ; which, 
 together with wholefome Dyet at fet Hours, 
 and good Beds to lie on, fo incouraged the 
 Children, that they willingly betook them- 
 
 (elves to their Work. 
 
 WE
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 WE likewife provided for them Apparel 
 for Sundays ; they went to Church every Lord's 
 Day ; were taught their Catechifms at home, 
 and had Prayers twice every Day ; we appoint- 
 ed them fet Hours for working, eating, and 
 playing; and gave them leave to walk on 
 the Hills with their Tutrefies, when their 
 Work was over, and the Weather fair ; by 
 which means we won them into Civility, and 
 a love to their Labour. But we had a great 
 deal of Trouble with their Parents, and thofe 
 who formerly kept them, who having loft the 
 fweetnefs of their Pay, did all they could to 
 fet both their Children and others againft us $ 
 but this was foon over. 
 
 HITHERTO things anfwered above our 
 Expectations ; our Children grew fober, and 
 worked willingly, but we very much queftiwi- 
 ed, whether their Labours at the Rates we 
 were paid, would anfwer the charge of their 
 Maintenance ; and if not, our great Doubt 
 was how we might advance it, without pre- 
 judicing the Manufactures. 
 
 To clear the firft, we fuppofed ourfelves 
 in a fair way, having appointed their Diets to 
 be made up of fuch Provifions as were very 
 whojefome, afforded good nourishment, and 
 
 were
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 were not coftly in Price, viz. Beef, Peafe, Po- 
 tatoes, Broatli, Peafe-porridge, Milk-porridge, 
 Bread and Cheefe, good Beer, (fuch as we 
 drank at our own Tables) Cabbage, Carrots, 
 Turnips, &c. in which we took the Advice 
 of our Phyfician, and bought the beft of every 
 Sort. They had three Meals every Day, and 
 as I remember, it flood us (with Soap to 
 wafh) in about Sixteen-pence per Week for 
 each of the one hundred Girls. We foon 
 found the effect of their Change of Living, 
 Nature being well fupported, threw out a 
 great deal of Foulnefs, fo that we had gene- 
 rally twenty down at a Time, in the Meafels, 
 Small-pox, and other Diftempers ; but by the 
 Care of our Phyfician, and the Blefiing of 
 God on his Endeavours, we never buried but 
 Two, though we have had feldom lefs than 
 one hundred in the Houfe at any Time. 
 
 HAVING thus provided for their Diets, 
 we next appointed their Times of Working -, 
 which in the Summer was ten Hours and a 
 half every Day, and an Hour lefs in the 
 Winter ; by which means we anfwered the 
 two Objections raifed againft the Poor, viz. 
 That they will not work, and that they fpend 
 
 what they get in fine feeding. 
 
 BUT
 
 The APPENDIX. 161 
 
 BUT we foon found, that the great Caule 
 of begging did proceed from the low Wages 
 for Labour; for after about eight Months 
 time, our Children could not get half fo 
 much as we expended in their Provifions. 
 The Manufacturers, who employed us, were 
 always complaining the Yarn was fpun coarfe, 
 but would not advance above Eight-pence per 
 Pound for Spinning, and we muft either take 
 this, or have no Work. On the other fide, 
 we were labouring to underfland how we 
 might diftinguilh, and put a Value on our 
 Work, according to its Finenefs. This we 
 did by the Snap Reel, which when we were 
 Mailers of, the Committee ' made an Order, 
 That the Matter fhould buy in a Stock of 
 Wool, and Spin it up for our own Accounts, 
 and then proceeded to fet the Price of Spin- 
 ning by the Snap Reel, wherein we endea- 
 voured to difcourage coarfe Work, and to en- 
 deavour fine, becaufe we faw the latter was 
 likely to bring more Profit, not only to the 
 Poor, but to the Kingdom in general. We 
 likewife ordered fome Things to be made up 
 of the feveral Sorts of Yarn, at the Rates 
 we had fet them ; and on the whole, we 
 found the Commodities made of fine Yarn, 
 M though
 
 l5a The APPENDIX. 
 
 though they were much better than thofe 
 made of Coarfe, yet flood us in little more ; 
 becaufe what the one exceeded in the Charge 
 of Spinning, was very much made good in 
 Abatement of the Quantity ufed. We there- 
 fore fent to the Manufacturers, and mewed 
 them what Experiments we had made ; but 
 finding them ftill unwilling to advance above 
 the old Rate, the Committee voted, that they 
 would give Employment to all the Poor of 
 the City, who would make Application to 
 them, at the Rates we offer'd to work, 
 and pay them ready Money for their La- 
 bour. 
 
 WE foon found we had taken the right 
 Courfe, for in a few Weeks we had Sale for 
 our fine Yarn as faft as we could make it, 
 and they gave us from Eight-pence to Two 
 Shillings per Pound for Spinning the fame 
 Goods, for which a little before they paid but 
 Eight-pence, and were very well pleafed with 
 it, becaufe they were now able to diftinguifh 
 between the fine and the coarfe Yarn, and to 
 apply each Sort to the Ufe for- which it was 
 mod proper : Since which, they have given 
 us Two Shillings and Six-pence per Pound 
 for a great many Pounds, and we fpin fome 
 
 worth
 
 The APPENDIX. 
 
 worth Three Shillings and Six-pence $er Pound 
 Spinning. 
 
 BY this Means we had the Pleafure of fee- 
 ing the Children's Labour advanc'd, which a 
 little before I came up, amounted to near , 
 Six Pounds per Week, and would have been 
 much more, but that our biggeft Girls, we 
 either fettle forth, or put in the Kitchen ; 
 and thofe we receive in being generally fmall, 
 are able to do but little for fbme Time 
 after. 
 
 THE Encouragement we had received on 
 this Beginning, put us on proceeding further : 
 The Court refolved to purchafe a great Su- 
 gar-Houfe, out of the Money directed by the 
 Act to be raifed for Building of Work' 
 Houfes, and fit it up for the receiving in the 
 Remainder of the Poor, (viz.) ancient Peo-: 
 pie, Boys, and young Children , which was 
 accordingly done, and a Committee was 
 appointed to manage it. This we called 
 the Mint Work-Houfe^ becaufe it had been 
 hired by the Lords of -the Treafury for that 
 
 M 2 THS
 
 The APPENDIX. 
 
 THE Committee began to take in the Boys 
 in Auguft Jaft ; thefe we cloathed, dieted, and 
 governed, much after the fame Manner as we 
 had done the Girls, but put them on a diffe- 
 rent Employment, (viz.} Spinning of Cotton 
 Wool, and weaving of Fuftians : We have 
 now about one hundred of them together,' 
 who fettle well to their Work, and every 
 Day mend their Hands ; they get us already 
 Six Pounds per Week -, they are like wife 
 taught to read, and we fhall hereafter teach 
 them to write. 
 
 WE next took in our ancient People ; and 
 here we had principally a Regard to fuch as 
 were impotent, and had no Friends to help 
 them, and to fuch as we could not keep from 
 the lazy Trade of Begging ; thefe we cloath'd 
 as we faw they needed, and put on fuch Em- 
 ployments as were fit for their Ages and 
 Strengths, having our Eyes chiefly on thofe 
 to which they were bred ; we found it diffi- 
 cult at firft to bend them down to good Or- 
 ders, but by Degrees we have brought them 
 under Government. 
 
 THEN we called in all the Children that 
 were on our Poor's Books, and put them un- 
 der Nurfes ; thofe who can fpeak and go, 
 
 are
 
 A P P E N D I X. 163 
 
 are carried down into the School, to learn 
 their .//, 5, C, fcfc. As they grow up, we 
 fhall put them into the working Rooms. 
 
 THE Boys are kept at a Difiance from the 
 ancient People, who do alfo lodge in diftinct 
 Apartments, the Men in feveral Chambers 
 on one Floor, and the Women on another ; 
 all do fomethino;, though perhaps fome of 
 
 i < XAT> A 
 
 their Labours comes to little, yet it keeps \ -te 
 them from Idlenefs : Both the Old and Young 
 attend Prayers twice a Day, (except the Bed- i \>$&' 
 ridden, for whom other Care is taken) and go * 
 
 to Church twice on Sundays. v ^> 
 
 WE have now three (landing Committees, 
 (viz.} For the Poor, for the New Work- 
 Houfe, and for the Mint Work-Houfe : The 
 firft gives all Directions, and makes all Al- 
 lowance, for the Poor, without whofe Order 
 no Guardian can act any Thing confiderable, 
 except in Cafes of abfolute Neceffity, which 
 at the next Meeting of the Committee he 
 mud give an Account of, and defire their 
 Approbation. The other two Committees 
 have Power to act in the Affairs of that 
 Work-Houfe for which they are chofen : 
 They receive in both Old and Young ; they 
 bind forth Apprentices, correct, order the 
 M 3 Dice
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Diet as they pleafe, overfee the Working, fell 
 the Manufactures, when made, order the 
 Payment of all Moneys, which cannot be 
 done unlefs the Note be fign'd by the Chair- 
 man ; and generally direct every Thing re- 
 lating to thofe Houfes. 
 
 THE Accounts are made up thus: The 
 Treafurer's Account is audited every Year, 
 by a Committee chofen for that purpofe ; 
 at which Time he is fucceeded by another 
 Treafurer, chofen by the Court t The Ac- 
 counts of the Guardians who pay the Poor in 
 their feveral Parifhes are audited every three 
 Months, by a feleft Committee chofen like- 
 wife by the Court, and are then paid by the 
 Treafurer : The Accounts for each Work- 
 houfe are audited by the refpective Committee 
 every Month, when the Matter adjufts, not 
 only his Account of Cafh, but alfo of each 
 particular Specie of Goods he hath under his 
 Care, the Ballance whereof is flill carried for- 
 ward to the next, which when allowed of is 
 jQgned by the Chairman : And the Account 
 for each Houfe is fo dated, that it fhews at 
 one Sight, what the Houfe is indebted ; what 
 Debts are out-ftanding, and from whom ; what 
 
 Goods
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Goods remain in the Houfe, and the Quan- 
 tity of each Specie. 
 
 AT the making up thefe Accounts, nothing 
 (unlefs very trivial) is allowed, for which an 
 Order is not produced, or found entered 
 in our Books, fo that 'tis very difficult to 
 wrong the Corporation of any thing, if the 
 Guardians fhould endeavour it. 
 
 THESE Committees keep their Journal 
 Books, wherein all they do is fairly tranfcrib- 
 ed, and figned by the Chairman. 
 
 THIS is what at prefent occurs to my Me- 
 mory touching our Work-houfes at BriftoL 
 I have been as brief as the nature of the Thing 
 would admit : The Succefs hath anfwered our 
 Expectation ; we are freed from Beggars, our 
 old People are comfortably provided for ; our 
 Boys and Girls are educated to Sobriety, and 
 brought to delight in Labour ; our youno- 
 Children are well lookt after, and not fpoiled 
 by the neglect of ill Nurfes ; and the Face of 
 our City is fo changed already, that we have 
 great reafon to hope thefe young Plants will 
 produce a virtuous and laborious Generation 
 with whom Immortality and Prophanefs may 
 find little Incouragement ; nor does our hopes 
 appear to be groundlefs, for among three 
 M 4 hundred
 
 The APPENDIX. 
 
 hundred Perfons now under our Charge with- 
 in Doors, there is neither Curfing nor Swear- 
 ing, nor prophane Language, to be heard, 
 though many of them were bred up in all 
 manner of Vices, which neither Bridewell 
 nor Whippings could fright them from, be- 
 caufe, returning to their bad Company, for 
 want of Employment, they were rather made 
 worfe, than bettered by thefe Corrections ; 
 whereas, the Change we have wrought on 
 them, is by fair means. We have a Bride- 
 ivelly Stocks, and Whipping-Pofl^ always in 
 their Sights, but never had occcafion to make 
 ufe of either. 
 
 WHAT is done in that City, I humbly 
 hope may be carried on by the fame Steps 
 throughout the Kingdom ; the Poor may be 
 fet at Work, their Wages advanced without 
 Danger to our Manufacturers, and they there- 
 by enabled to live on their own Labours, 
 whereby the Charge of the Poor's Rates may 
 be faved, and a great many worthy Benefac- 
 tors encouraged to give, when they mail fee 
 their Charity fo well difpofed of. This I have 
 great reafon to hope, becaufe we have had 
 near one Thoufand Pounds freely given to us 
 within, the Compafs of one Year, and much 
 
 thereof
 
 The A P P E N D I X. i6 9 
 
 thereof by Gentlemen who dwelt at a Dif- 
 tance from us, only were willing to encou- 
 rage a Work they faw likely to be carried 
 on, which might be of good Example to the 
 
 Nation. 
 
 I am, 
 
 Right Honourable 
 
 And Honourable, 
 Tour Honours moft 
 Obedient Servant, 
 
 JOHN GARY. 
 
 A N
 
 A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 Towards Settling a 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 CREDIT. 
 
 By JOHN GARY, Efq; 
 
 The Fifth EDITION, Correted. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed in the Year M.DCC.XLV.
 
 To the Right Honourable the LORDS 
 SPIRITUAL and TEMPORAL, and to 
 the Honourable the Commons of 
 ENGLAND in Parliament Aj- 
 fembled. 
 
 AV ING lately prefented your 
 Honours with An EJJay on Coin 
 and Credit, the chief Defign 
 whereof was to fliew the Ne- 
 cefilty of Settling a well-ground- 
 ed Credit in this Nation, for Support of the 
 Government, and carrying on its Trade ; I 
 do now with all Humility lay before you Pro- 
 pofals to anfwer that End, which I have not 
 clogg'd with Compulfion to the Subject, fup- 
 pofing nothing of this Nature can be good, 
 where a common Confent, grounded upon 
 Intereft, doth not make it valuable. 
 
 BANKS
 
 An ESSAY 
 
 BANKS, as I humbly conceive, ought chiefly 
 to be calculated for the Ufe of Trade, and 
 modeled fo as may beft content the Traders. 
 What gives them Satisfaction, will anfwer 
 all other Occafions of the Kingdom. Mo- 
 ney pafies through the Hands of the Nobi- 
 lity and Gentry, only as Water doth through 
 Conduit-Pipes into the Ciftern, but Centers 
 in the Hands of Traders, where it circu- 
 lates, and may be faid to be ufed ; and a- 
 mong thefe, Eafe, Profit, and Security, are 
 Arguments to keep a Bank always full : Be- 
 fides, when the Streights of the Government 
 are taken of, greater Sums will come into 
 Trade, which are now drawn out, in order to 
 make Advantages, above what the Profits of 
 Trade will bring in. 
 
 THE Heads whereon I propofe to build 
 this National Credit, are thefe which fol- 
 low : 
 
 THAT a Bank be erected on the Credit 
 of Parliament, the Profit or Lofs thereof to 
 redound to the Nation, whofe chief Cham- 
 ber mall be fettled in London^ but lefler 
 Chambers in other Places of this Kingdom, 
 at fuch Diftances, as may beft anfwer the 
 
 Oc-
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT. 175 
 
 Occafions of the Country, which Cham- 
 bers to account with that of London, and 
 that to Commiflioners appointed by Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 THAT this Bank mail take in what run- 
 ning Cam mall be offered, and mall give 
 their Notes for it ; and mall alfo allow In- 
 tereft after the Rate of per Cent, per 
 
 Annum, after the firft Days, till thofe 
 
 Notes be paid, and lhall alfo pay it again to 
 the Proprietors, or any Part thereof, when 
 demanded. 
 
 THAT if any Man put in his Money for 
 a Time certain, not lefs than Months, 
 
 he mall receive Intereft from the Time 
 of paying it in, to the Time he is Re- 
 paid. 
 
 THAT this Bank mall let out any Sum a- 
 gain on reafonable Security, either Real, Per* 
 fonal, or Goods, receiving Intereft after the 
 Rate of per Cent, per Annum, till the 
 
 Borrower mall think fit to pay it in, which 
 he fhall do, by fuch Parts as will beft fuit his 
 Occafions, and be difcharged from the Intereft 
 of what he fo pays, and only pay after the 
 Rate aforefaid, for fo much as doth remain 
 in his Hands. 
 
 THAT
 
 17$ An ESSAY 
 
 THAT Lombards be erected to attend 
 this Bank, for the Benefit of Traders, 
 under Regulations, which may Encourage 
 Trade: 
 
 THAT for the Benefit of Returns, the 
 Notes given in any one Chamber of this 
 Bank, fhall be demandable in any other, to- 
 gether with the Intereft due till Payment, the 
 Receiver allowing for fuch Returns after the 
 Rate of for each Hundred 
 
 Pounds, in the Chamber where he receives 
 his Money. 
 
 THAT to prevent Counterfeits, all Notes 
 given out at any Chamber, fhall be made pay- 
 able to or Order, and affigned from 
 one to another, each Affignee to be Warrantee 
 for the Note, both to the Bank, and alfo to 
 every later Aflignee. 
 
 THAT thefe Notes fhall be taken by the 
 King in all Payments, which will make them 
 current among the Subjects. 
 
 THAT this Bank do fupply the King with 
 all Loans at per Cent. Intereft per Ann. from 
 the Time of borrowing, to the Time the 
 Money is paid in again, and that it hath the 
 Taxes, or Funds fettled by Act of Parliament, 
 for it Security. 
 
 THAT
 
 on NATIONAL CRECIT. 
 
 THAT all Debts con traded to this Bank, 
 fhall be of the fame Nature with D^bts con- 
 tracted to the King, and be firft paid ouc of 
 the Eflates of the Debtors ; and that Ex- 
 tents fhall lye accordingly. 
 
 THAT an Account be kept of Profit and 
 Lofs in each Chamber, together with the 
 Charges of the Officers, &c. And that it be 
 return'd up every three Months, as alfo Ac- 
 compt Current, to the Grand Chamber in 
 London, where the whole fhall be Examined 
 by the Commiflioners, and they be liable to 
 the infpection of the Parliament. 
 
 THAT Regifters for Lands be creeled in 
 all Countries, &V. where defired, by Act of 
 Parliament. 
 
 THAT Bills be pad on the Bank by fuch 
 as are appointed to buy for the Public Ufe 
 of the Nation, payable at the Time of their 
 Agreement *, by which means every one will 
 endeavour to furnifli the Government cheap- 
 eft, when their Payments fhall be punctual 5 
 the King will fave a great deal of Money, 
 paid now for Procuration, Exceffive Intereft, 
 &V. and the Fleet and Army will be well 
 paid. 
 
 N &c.
 
 17* An E S S A Y 
 
 THAT the Commiflioners do once every 
 Year at Jeaft, make up the Accounts depend- 
 ing between the Public and the Bank, al- 
 lowing per Cent. Intereft as before; 
 and make Application to the Parliament for 
 its Reimburfement. 
 
 THAT Bills and Bonds be made Aflignable 
 by Law, and the Property be thereby tranf- 
 fer'd to the Affigne. 
 
 THAT Truftees may put the Money be- 
 longing to Orphans into this Bank, which 
 fliall be a Difcharge to them for fo much of 
 their Truft, the Intereft to be duly iflued out 
 for the Maintenance of the faid Orphans ; and 
 that all Plate and Bullion belonging to the 
 faid Orphans be by the Truftees coined up at 
 the next Mint, and the Money put into the 
 Bank for the ufe of the faid Orphans. 
 
 THAT the Money in this Bank be freed 
 from Taxes. 
 
 CONCERNING which Credit I fliall briefly 
 fpeak to thefe Four Things. 
 
 I. Firft, Its Security. 
 
 II. Secondly, Some of thofs Advantages the 
 Nation will reap by it. 
 
 III.
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT. 
 
 III. Thirdly, / Jhatt make fme Comparifon 
 between this Credit, and the prefent Bank of 
 England. 
 
 IV. Fourthly, I Jhatt fet forth the necejjity 
 of fetling the Nations Credit in this prejent 
 Sejfions. 
 
 I. As to the Firfti It hath the Legiflative 
 Power of the Kingdom of England for its 
 Foundation, a Security ftrong enough, and 
 nothing elfe can be fo, to build this Great Su- 
 perftructure upon, the well modeling whereof, 
 will keep it from being fubject to the Defigns 
 of private Perfons : This will laft fo long as 
 the Peoples Liberties laft, for no Change can 
 weaken it, fo long as the People of England 
 have a hand in making their own Laws, whofe 
 Common Interefb will be riveted and made 
 up with the Security of this Bank, that they 
 will in a fhort time become one thing, fo that 
 nothing lefs than a Conqueft will be able to 
 make it : This we cannot fear from any Na- 
 tion befides the French^ nor from them neither, 
 till Holland is firft fubdued ; therefore, as thofe 
 States muft firft truckle, fo far will our Bank 
 be more fecure than theirs : France cannot 
 erect a Bank on any fort of Security, becaufc 
 N 2 the
 
 An ESSAY 
 
 the Will of the Prince being his Law, alters 
 according to his prefent Occafions : Nor can 
 'Spam do it j where, not only the Government 
 but alfo the Profits thereof, are divided a- 
 mongft its Minifters : As for Sweden, Den- 
 mark, and Portugal^ the Princes of Italy and 
 Germany, few believe their Circumftances to 
 be fuch, as to render them capable of creel- 
 ing a Bank, which may draw the Eyes of 
 Europe trflook towards it ; England only can 
 do it, for as an eafy Government is its own 
 Security, Ib that Security encourages Trade, 
 and thefe two, accompanied with the Profits 
 offered to a running Cafh, will make all - 
 rt>J>e defire to fettle their Monies here. 
 
 SEEING then, that nothing but the fame 
 Power which firft conftituted this Bank can 
 deftroy it, (a Power with whom we intruft 
 our Lives, Liberties, and Eftates) I cannot 
 fee the leaft Room left for diftruft ; for what 
 Advantage can any future Parliament expect 
 by a defign of feizing this Bank, when the 
 Treafure thereof may be drawn out, whilft 
 they are framing the Law; and the Con- 
 fequence thereof will be, the Ruining their 
 own Eftates, for which they can promife no- 
 thing
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT. 
 
 thing to themfelves, fave the being pofleft of 
 empty Papers. 
 
 WHAT farther Hazard the Nation can 
 run, mud proceed from the Negleft of the 
 Managers, or the Fraud of under Officers, 
 which, Care in the Firft, and Security for 
 the Lait, will prevent. 
 
 II. THE next Thing is to (hew the Ad- 
 vantages which England will reap by fetling 
 the Credit here propofed ; whereof fome do 
 immediately attend it, others are confequen- 
 tial. 
 
 THOSE which immediately attend it, 
 are, 
 
 ift. THE Rate of Intereft will hereby be 
 
 brought lower, to the Advance of our Lands, 
 
 <-'\ t^ 1 
 and Encouragement of our Trade, by 
 
 Methods altogether as profitable to the Ufurer, 
 who will be willing to let his Money Cheaper, 
 when it fhall never lie dead without his Con- 
 fent, his Security be unqueftionable, and freed 
 from the Charges of litigious Suits, which fo 
 frequently accompany doubtful Mortgages. 
 
 2^/y, BOTH Gentlemen and Traders will 
 
 hereby be fupplied with Money to ferve their 
 
 Occafions, on fuch reafonable Security as they 
 
 are able to give, when that Security fhall be 
 
 N 3 ftrength-
 
 i8 An ESSAY 
 
 ftrengthned, by having the Preheminence 
 above all other obligations ; they may alfo 
 have Liberty to pay it in by fuch Proportions, 
 as they can beft fpare it, when it lhall be 
 equally the Intereft of the Bank to receive it 
 fo, which will never want new Opportunities 
 to let it out again. 
 
 %dly, THIS Credit will give us an Efleem 
 in Foreign Parts, draw their Moneys hither, 
 and confcquently their Trade, and thereby 
 their People, all which will be an Advantage 
 to England. 
 
 4/y. IT will fupply the Government with 
 Money to carry on the War at moderate In- 
 tereft, and make its Credit good ; whereby 
 the public Revenues will reach farther to ferve 
 its Occafions, and the Minifters of State be 
 Freed from many anxious Thoughts, which 
 now make them uneafy. 
 
 5/y. IT will make Returns from place to 
 place in England, both cheap and certain, 
 which will help our Inland Trade, and pre- 
 vent Robberies, now too much encouraged 
 by travelling with Money ; It will alfo be 
 profitable to our Foreign Trade, by bringing 
 Exchanges low in our favour.
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT, 183 
 
 6ly, THE Frauds put on the County, by 
 Counterfeit Notes will be prevented -, for 
 though the Method of Indentures and ftained 
 Paper now ufed by the Bank of England, may 
 be a Security to it felf, yet it is not fo to any 
 one elfe, feeing Art is able to counterfeit every 
 Thing, at leaft fo like, as not to be eafily 
 difcover'd : Now, what Satisfaction will it be 
 to thofe who have received their Notes inftead 
 of Money, to be told by the Managers that 
 they are counterfeit, when they know not 
 where, nor from whom to get Reparation ; 
 whereas, being Afiigned from Man to Man, 
 they are taken on the Credit of the Afllgnor, 
 who runs no other rifque thereby, fave his 
 Warrant that they are truly what he pays 
 them for. 
 
 7/y. THIS Bank will be free from Stock- 
 Jobbing, the Bane of all good D..figns, 
 which will find no room here, becauio it 
 cannot be divided into private and particular 
 Interefts. 
 
 THE Confequential Advantages will bethefe, 
 
 iy?. By this means the Taxes for carrying 
 
 on the War the enfuing Year, together with 
 
 N 4 the
 
 184 An E S S A Y 
 
 the Twenty - five hundred and Sixty - four 
 Thoufand Pounds, which fell fhort on the 
 Salt Fund, may be raifed, by Methods, where- 
 in the King's Revenue, and the Peoples Pro- 
 fits, fhall go hand in hand, without Antici- 
 pations. 
 
 2ly. THE Funds now fettled on our Manu- 
 factures, which diicourage our Trade, and 
 ruin our Poor, may be funk and taken off; 
 fuch as thofe on the Glafs-makers^ Tobaccopipe- 
 makers, Diftillers, and others, many whereof 
 have yielded little to the Government, above 
 the charge of Collecting, and the beft of them 
 have done great Mifchief to our Trade ; now 
 feeing thefe are only fo many feveral Mo- 
 dus's of raifing Money, thofe Methods muft 
 doubtlefs do bed, which leaft injure our 
 Trade. 
 
 3^. THE Debt due to the Tranfport- 
 Ships may be paid off, and thofe People, to 
 whofe early Loyalty and Reduction of Ire- 
 land is very much owing, be contented, 
 
 4/y. THE Mints may be kept Imployed, 
 and the Kingdom thereby filled with Coin. 
 
 5/y. OUR Wool may be kept at home, 
 which I humbly conceive can never be done, 
 till a good Credit be fettled, any thing lefs 
 
 will
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT 185 
 
 will not be large enough to cover the Sore 
 intended to be cured. 
 
 6ly. TH E Plantation Trade may be better 
 fecured, efpeciaily that of Tobacco, and Me- 
 thods may be propofed to render it more pro- 
 fitable, both to the King, and alfo to the 
 Subjed. 
 
 7/y. THE Bank of England* 's Notes may 
 be brought to Par, and Tallies of all forts 
 in a fhort time be paid off at their full Value, 
 which I humbly conceive will be difficult to 
 be done, any other way, the fettling a Credit 
 on either, or grafting them both together, 
 feem improbable Methods to anfwer thofc 
 ends. 
 
 I humbly hope to make Propofals in this 
 prefent Seflions for putting thefe into praclife, 
 if a good Credit be timely fettled. 
 
 BESIDES thefe, many other Advantages 
 will accrue to the Nation, many of which I 
 have fet forth in my before recited Eflay on 
 Coin and Credit. Pag. 27, 28, 29. 
 
 III. THE third Thing is to make fome 
 Comparifon between the Credit here propo- 
 
 pofed,
 
 An E S S A Y 
 
 pofed, and the prefent Bank of England-, 
 which I humbly conceive is fo fliaken in its 
 Reputation, as hath rendred it uncapable to 
 be made the Foundation of a national Credit ; 
 and whilft we labour to recover it, we may 
 run the hazard of deftroying our Trade, dif- 
 turbing the Government, and keeping our 
 felves under a lingring War, whilft we encou- 
 rage the French King, to try his utmoft Ef- 
 forts, hoping, that our Difficulties at home, 
 will force us to accept of a difhonourable 
 Peace. 
 
 'Tis certain, nothing can be the Support 
 of a National Credit, which is not better, or 
 at leaft fo good as Money ; and this is not to 
 be found in the Bank of England, whofe 
 Notes whilft they are One per Cent, worfe 
 than Specie, will always keep their Coffers 
 empty, becaufe no Man will put into it a 
 hundred Pounds in Money, when he can pur- 
 chafe a Note of the fame Value for Ninety- 
 nine ; and the Confequcnce will be this, that 
 the Lender, or rather the Jobber, will never 
 reft till he is repaid, that fo he may be ma- 
 king advantage by a new Purchafe , and if 
 this will be the Effect of a Credit worfe only 
 by One per Cent, than Money, what will it 
 
 be
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT. 
 be when 'tis funk to fixteen ; Whereas, on 
 the other fide, when a Credit is better than 
 Money, the Coffers will ever be full, becaufe 
 all Men will endeavour to put in their Mo- 
 ney, and be impatient till 'tis done ; and thus 
 it will be, when the Lender thinks himfelf 
 fecure, and makes more Profit by having his 
 Money in the Bank then in his Cheft, who 
 will therefore receive out no more at a Time, 
 then his Neceifities mail require, and for the 
 fame Reafon, thofe to whom he pays it, will 
 endeavour to return it thither again fo foon 
 as they can, 
 
 IV. As to the fourth Thing propofed, 
 The Necefiity the Nation lies under to have 
 its Credit fettled this prefent Seffions, it will 
 appear, if we confider, how London now 
 (lands in Competition with all England be- 
 fides, as to the Specie of Money, and how 
 it will ftand before another Seflions : 'Tis 
 generally agreed, that about one Moiety of 
 the Money of England is already Center'd in 
 that great City, and the reft is not enough to 
 pay the Debts owing to it, together with 
 his Majefty's Revenues, Bonds already enter- 
 ed into, and Taxes now to be given, for 
 
 fix
 
 i88 'An ESSAY 
 
 Six Months longer, befides the Foreign Bills, 
 which are generally made payable there, all 
 which muft be return'd in Specie , for though, 
 by an Act of this prefent Seflions : Intituled, 
 An Aft for the farther Remedying the ill State 
 of the Coin of this Kingdom, it is among other 
 things provided, That all Money that lhall 
 be brought in upon Account of Taxes, or 
 Revenues, or Loans, at Five Shillings and 
 Eight Pence per Ounce, lhall be carried to 
 the next adjacent Mint, in order to be Re- 
 Coined, yet this will no way be Serviceable to 
 the Country, unlefs a Credit be fettled, it 
 muft otherwife be fent up to London after 
 coined for want of Returns, the Debts due to 
 the Country being paid there in Bank, which 
 is Sixteen per Cent, worfe than Money, and 
 thofe due from the Country demanded in 
 Specie, fo that the Money of England is every 
 Week brought up thither ; and then, if it be 
 next confidered, what Methods are left to 
 the Country to draw it back again, viz. by 
 Provifions and fome few other Things, 'twil! 
 be reafonabfe to believe, that feeing the fup- 
 ply made from that City to the Country is 
 greater than what is made from the Country 
 thither, all the CaJfh of England will center 
 
 there
 
 on NATIONAL CREDIT. 
 
 there in a fhort Time, to the Ruining of the 
 other Trading Cities, and difabling of the 
 Country to pay future Taxes ; and this will 
 makv- the dependence on London Hill greater, 
 till by its own Bloatinefs it muft at laft burft, 
 when the Eftates of the Traders fhall confift 
 only in Debts due from the Country, which 
 muft flill lye out for want of a Specie to pay 
 them in , fo that all the Advantage London 
 will receive, is, that it will be laft ruined. 
 
 Now if a good Credit be fettled out of 
 Hand, and the Mints continued in the 
 Country, the Money that is now there, may 
 be ftill kept there, and Methods found out to 
 increafe it, and the Trade of England carried 
 on with an equal Circulation in all places; 
 this will keep up the Rents of the Lands of 
 England^ which muft otherwife fall in their 
 Values, fui table to the diftance they ftand in 
 from that great Metropolis. 
 
 IF it be objected, That the Management 
 of this Credit will be very coftly to the Na- 
 tion; I humbly conceive, that the Profits 
 thereof will not only fupport its Charge, but 
 alfo bring in a great Overplus, which may 
 be ufefully Imployed to the Nation's Ad- 
 vantage j yet were this Objection true, no- 
 thing
 
 ipo An ESSAY 
 
 thing can be termed good Hufbandry which 
 fpoils our Trade, the flopping whereof but 
 for one Month, will be many Millions loft to 
 the Kingdom. 
 
 IF by rectifying this, or any better Pro- 
 pofal from a more thinking Head, the Credit 
 of the Nation may be fettled in this prefent 
 Seffions, I have reaped the End I aimed at, 
 the Good and Welfare of my Native Country ; 
 which I humbly fubmit to your Honours great 
 Wifdom, and fliall be ready to explain any 
 Thing that may feem doubtful, when I am 
 thereto commanded. 
 
 Tour Honours* 
 Moft Obedient Servant^
 
 SOME 
 
 CONSIDERATIONS 
 
 Relating to the carrying on 
 
 The Linnen Manufa&ure 
 
 I N T H E 
 
 K I N G D O M 
 
 O F 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 By JOHN GARY, Efq; 
 
 The Fifth- EDITION, Corre&ed. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed in the Year M.DCG.XLV-
 
 S O M E 
 
 Relating to 
 
 The Linnen Manufa&ure 
 
 In the KINGDOM of 
 
 / R E L A 
 
 D 
 
 H E Linnen Manufacture in 
 Ireland, being a Subject fo much 
 difcoursM of the laft Sefiions 
 of Parliament, I humbly pre- 
 fume to offer fome Thoughts 
 how it may beft be carried on. 
 
 O 
 
 BUT
 
 i 94 The APPENDIX 
 
 BUT, before I enter upon it, I will con* 
 fider the State of that Kingdom, with re- 
 fpeft to its Foreign Trade ; the Ballance 
 whereof I take to be againft them, and muft 
 therefore be fupplied, by carrying out their 
 Coin, which is already grown fo fcarce, that 
 'tis to be fear'd, in a fhort time there will be 
 little left. 
 
 To explain this, I will lay down fome of 
 thdfe Steps, by which the Ballance of Trade 
 daily alters to their Prejudice. 
 
 ift. THE great Fall of their Produces, 
 viz. Wool, Tallow, Hides, Beef, &c. which 
 are abated in their Prices above one Third 
 of what they yielded before the War ; fo that 
 fliould the fame Quantities of thofe Com- 
 modities be bought up for Exportation, as 
 formerly there were, yet they would not 
 amount to the Value they then did. 
 
 2/y. THE Ports of Sfain, France^ and 
 Flanders^ which were their great Markets, 
 being now fhut againft them, the Profits 
 which they made by their Foreign Trade in ' 
 
 the
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 the Times of Peace, over and above the firil 
 Value of the Commodities exported, are allb 
 loft to the Kingdom. 
 
 3fy. THE Prohibiting the Exportation 
 of their Woollen Manufactures, whereby 
 their People were employed, and their La^ 
 bours fold to Foreign Nations, hath very 
 much lefifened the Ballance of their Foreign 
 Trade, 
 
 4/y. THE great Sums of Money fpent in 
 this Kingdom by the Nobility and Gentry 
 of Ireland, who come over hither for Pkafure, 
 or neceflary Attendances, on the Court, Parr 
 liament, or private Affairs, and lend hither 
 their Children for Education ; the Purchafes 
 they have lately made of the Forfeited E- 
 ftates ; and the yearly Remittances thence for 
 the Rents of Lands belonging to the Nobility 
 and Gentry of this Kingdom, do all make 
 againft them. 
 
 5/y. THE great Confumption of Com- 
 modities among them from this Kingdom, 
 which, though it encreafes our Trade, and 
 makes it our Interefb to Support that King- 
 
 Q 2
 
 Ue APPEND I.X. 
 
 dom, muft be allowed to be a Prejudice to 
 them. 
 
 ALL which being laid together, it Teems 
 apparent to me, that the Ballance of their 
 Trade mufl every Year grow more againft 
 them, till their Money is drawn away, ex- 
 cept fome New Manufacture, fit for Expor^- 
 tatiqn, be encouraged amongft them, 
 
 AND I think none more proper than that 
 of Linnen 5 which, befides the Employment 
 it will give to their Poor,' will alfo take up 
 large Tracts of Land for raifing of Hemp 
 and Flax ; and being a Manufacture no way 
 Interfering with our own, we may take if 
 from them, in Barter for what they have 
 hence, without any Manner of Prejudice to 
 the Trade of this Kingdom. 
 
 BESIDES, The People of Ireland, being 
 employed on the Linnen Manufacture, would 
 by degrees be taken off from making fo much 
 \\ 7 'orfted and Woollen Yarn as they now 
 do, which they fend hither at Cheaper Rates 
 than we are able to make 'em : The Price 
 of Labour in all Places being according 
 
 to
 
 The A P P E N D I X. 
 
 to the Rents of Lands, the Poor can af- 
 ford to work there on lower Terms than it 
 can be expected they Ihould do here : On 
 the other fide, if the low Labour of the 
 Poor of Ireland^ was employed on Spinning 
 of Linnen Yarn, it would be an Advantage 
 to the Kingdom of Ireland, to have it fent 
 hither, becaufe it would enable us to make 
 our Fuftions, and other Manufactures, where- 
 it is ufed, cheaper than now we do ; whilft 
 pur own Poor might be employed on Spin- 
 ning of Wool j and we might afford to give 
 them better Wages, without fear of being 
 beat out of our Manufactures by any other 
 JsTation, provided Care was taken to keep our 
 Wool at Home. 
 
 THE next Thing to^be confidered is, how 
 this Work may be bed carried on i which I 
 am of Opinion muft be done by a Corpora- 
 tion, with a Joint-Stock, fufficient, not only 
 to buy up what Linnens fhall be made, but 
 alfo to furnim the Kingdom with Money on, 
 eafy Terms ; which will likewife encourage 
 the Raifmg of Hemp and Flax. 
 
 IF
 
 7he APPENDIX. 
 
 I F the High Rates of Intereft in Ireland 
 be confidered, and the prefent [State of the 
 Linnen Manufacture there, 'twill not be 
 difficult to fee, how unlikely it is to be car- 
 ried on by private Stocks, who can make 
 Ten per Cent, per Annum, by letting out 
 their Money ; 'tis true, the late Act hath re- 
 duced it to Eight, but that Act having no 
 regard to Incumbrances entred into before the 
 25th of March, 1704, I do not fee how it 
 will much help the People of Ireland at this 
 Time, when the Scarcity of Money does dif- 
 able them to difcharge prior Engagements ; 
 fo that private Men have Opportunities e- 
 nough to fettle theirs at Ten per Cent, which 
 in all probability they will rather chufe, than 
 to lay it out in Linnens, unlefs they can be 
 allured of a far greater Profit, than they can 
 make by letting it out. 
 
 BESIDES, as Intereft is now managed, 
 'tis both a Clog to the Gentlemen's Eftates, 
 and a Difcouragement to Traders and Manu- 
 facturers, confidering, that the whole Sum 
 borrowed muft be paid in at once ; by which 
 means, being got into the Ufurer's Books, 
 
 they
 
 APPENDIX. 199 
 
 they cart fcarce ever find the way out ; Now 
 if the Borrower had Liberty to pay in the 
 Principle^ by fuch Parts as he is able to raife 
 it, and the Intereft for fo much to ceafe from 
 that time, this would encourage Induftry^ 
 and promote Improvements, both in Pro- 
 duct and Manufactures, which are the two 
 Things that encreafe the Wealth of a Na- 
 tion. 1 
 
 A N Infant - Manufacture muft be carried 
 on at a'fmall Profit, and muft as I may lay, 
 Fight its way through ; which cannot be 
 done, where Intereft carries fuch a Load 
 with it j and, therefore, I am of Opini- 
 on, that nothing lefs than a Joint- Stock, 
 can make Ireland Flourifli ; which will in 
 the Confequence turn likewife to the Advan- 
 tage of England ; the Gentlemen of Ireland, 
 being by thefe Means made more eafy in 
 their Circumftances, and having their former 
 Incumbrances brought Lower, will fpend 
 more of their Money here, and wear more of 
 our Manufactures there. 
 
 NOR will this way of Lending out Mo- 
 ney be any Difadvantage to a Corporation, 
 
 who
 
 4QO Ue A P E N D I X. 
 
 who 'will find fit Opportunities of Employ* 
 ing their Stock, as faft as it is paid in ; and 
 the Profits thereof being returned hither in 
 Linnens, they may afford to fell them cheap* 
 er than private Stocks can do. 
 
 BUT I do not think this Work can be 
 prcfently brought about i 'twill not be eafy 
 to perfuade the Landlords nor Tenants o- 
 Ireland* to leave off" the way of Hufbandry 
 they are now upon, and to turn their Lands 
 to Hemp and Flax, till they fee fome En- 
 couragement ; but when they mall find thi 
 new Product bring ready Money, they wii 
 foon Set upon it ; if the Manufacturer receive 
 ready Money for his Cloath, he will be abl< 
 to pay ready Money both for Materials anc. 
 Labour, which Circulation will Encourage 
 both the Farmer and the Manufacturer ; and 
 by Degrees, Hemp and Flax-feed will be 
 Sowed in all Lands proper for them, and the 
 Owners will foon fee the Difference, be* 
 tween raifing Commodities, for which there 
 is a prefent Demand, and fuch, as lye on 
 their Hands : For though Ireland may in 
 time produce greater Quantities of Hemp 
 and Flax than they can work up, yet not 
 
 more
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 more than England may Take off, without 
 Prejudice to any Foreign Trade we drive ; 
 and their Number of Hands will in all Pro- 
 bability be encreafed by the French Refugees, 
 who will be glad to go thither, where they 
 may be employed in a Manufacture, fo na- 
 tural to them as Linnen is ; which will allb 
 give a fatal Blow to the Kingdom of Prance 
 in that Manufacture. " 
 
 THE People in the North of Ireland, 
 make good Cloth, fell it at Reafonable Rates, 
 and would every Year make much more, 
 had they Vent for it ; and it is to be obferv- 
 ed, that Money is not plentier, nor Rents 
 paid better, in any Part of Ireland, than 
 there. 
 
 THE Rents of Ireland grow due at two 
 Times of Payments viz. ift of May, and 
 i ft of November; the firft becomes payable 
 whilft their Cattle are lean, which puts the 
 Tenants under great Straits, and forces them 
 to fell very low, if they are preft for Money j 
 but the Second Payment is more eafily made* 
 their fat Cattle being fold, and their Harveft 
 over : This is the State of that part of the. 
 P King,
 
 202 jfe APPENDIX. 
 
 Kingdom that depends on Feeding and Til- 
 lage ; but where the Linnen Manufacture is, 
 the Tenants are much eafier; they fpin in 
 the Winter Nights, and at other leifure times, 
 which being wove into Cloth, an4 whiten'd 
 early in the Year, provides Money for their 
 6rft Payment, without felling their Cattle be- 
 fore fatted for a Market. 
 
 . IT is necefiary for a new Undertaking* to 
 be attended with ibme lucky Accident j the 
 Linnen Manufacture can never be begun in 
 Ireland at a more feafbnable Time than now, 
 being imported hither Cuftom-Free, when all 
 the other Linnens of Europe pay confiderable 
 Duties. 
 
 TH E Gentlemen of Ireland at this Time, 
 feem to be Difcon tented, they find themfelves 
 Uneafy, but cannot tell where the Sore lies ; 
 therefore, fometimes they Complain of one 
 Thing, and fometimes of another ; but the 
 true Ground of all is this : Their Exports 
 are leffened, whilft their Imports encreafe 
 upon them, and the Specie of their Money 
 decreafes every Day ; by which means their 
 Rents come in (lowly, their Produ&s fall 
 
 on
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 on their Hands, and will more,, as they en* 
 creafe above their Expence; fo that their 
 Improvements rather turn to their Difadvan- 
 tage ; and their Lands muft fall (which 'tis 
 our Intereft to keep up) unlefs ibme new 
 Product be encouraged, which may be Ma- 
 nufactured amongft them : If this was done, 
 They would foon fee where their Intereft 
 lay ; and though I do not believe they would 
 all fall on fowing Hemp and Flax, nor is 
 it neceflary they mould, yet there would be 
 w r.'uch Land turned that way, as might 
 reftrain their other Products, within the 
 Compafs of their Exports, and Home Con- 
 ftion, and caufe a Circulation of Mo- 
 ney through all Parts of the Kingdom. 
 
 THIS will give a greater Employment 
 to the Poor of Inland, and encourage People 
 to fettle among them, without any Manner 
 of Prejudice to England ; and Create a mu- 
 tual Friendmip, and a profitable Correfpon- 
 dence, between both Kingdoms. 
 
 AND as the Eftablifhing fuch a Fund 
 will be an Advantage to that Kingdom, fo it 
 
 will
 
 ao 4 ne APPENDIX. 
 
 will bring a confiderable Profit to the Un- 
 dertakers, befides the Benefit which may 
 arife from it to the Government, during the 
 Continuance of this War. 
 
 F 1 N I S. 
 
 552
 
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