mm V* ^ >f*4 UC-NRLF n^B i w LI BRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIRT OK Received Accessions No sonal property pledged in payment. 16. Business Terms. bank An establishment for the custody, loaning, exchange, or issue of money, draft Or Bill of Exchange A written order fo* money, drawn in one place and payablt in another. drawer The maker of the draft, drawee The party on whom the draft is drawn, bank-check A written order to the bank for the pay ment of a specified sum of money. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 41 ''bulls and bears" interest discount bonds note A written promise to pay a certain sum of money. stock-broker A broker who deals in stocks. brokerage The commission paid a broker for buying or selling stocks for others. "Bulls" are brokers that try to make a rise in the value of stocks, and " bears " are those who operate for a fall. The sum paid for the use of money. Or "per cent off/' is a sum deducted from a bill or debt paid cash down before it becomes due. Written obligations by corporations or by governments to pay specified sums of money at a certain time, with a certain rate of interest. 17. Real Estate. real estate Property in lands and buildings, as distin- guished from personal or movable prop- erty. title The legal right by which real estate is held. deed A written document, signed, witnessed, or attested before a notary public, making a legal conveyance of the title to real estate. mortgage A conveyance of real estate as security for the payment of, a promissory note, to be- come null and void on payment of the note. lien A legal right to hold property until a claim upon it has been paid. Require pupils to collect and define additional words relating to real estate. NORMAL WORD BOOK. 18. Agriculture. farming The cultivation of a farm ; agriculture, horticulture The cultivation of a garden, floriculture The cultivation of flowers. arboriculture The cultivation of trees or shrubs, sericulture The cultivation of the silk-worm, arboretum A place in which different kinds of trees are cultivated. conservatory A greenhouse for the cultivation of exotic or tender plants, hot-house A glass-covered house kept warm for the cultivation of exotics. arable Capable of cultivation ; tillable. Require pupils to collect and define additional words under this head. 19. Mechanic Arts. architecture The art of planning and erecting buildings. vestibule The porch or entrance into a building. buttress A support or abutment of a building. corridor A gallery around a building. rotunda A building that is round, both on the in- side and outside. amphitheatre An oval or circular building, having seats rising one above another all around the walls on the interior. renaissance A style of decorative art freer than the antique, but resulting from the antique. 20. Exercise in Defining. Define in your own words, or by referring to the diction- ary, the following groups of words : WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 43 I. Poetry. doggerel blank verse prosody epic lyric sonnet stanza canto couplet rhyme poet rhymester II. Sculpture and fainting. picture drawing portrait statue intaglio model bust cast image statuette cameo medallion in. Music. overture symphony serenade oratorio dirge requiem organist pianist vocalist flageolet trombone ophicleide 21. Exercise in Defining. I. Debts. debtor liquidation assets suit creditor insolvency surety - dun solvent bankrupt attachment receipt II. Partnersltip. capital assessment insurance premium stock dividend policy company 22. Exercise in Grouping Words. Teachers will require pupils to make out lists of the technical words used in the various industrial pursuits, suck a* : 1. Agriculture. 2. Mining. 3. Commerce. 4. Lumbering. 5. Stock-raising. 6. Dairying. 7. Dressmaking. 8. Shoemaking. 9. Printing, etc. 44 WORD BOOK. 23. Words Relating to War. campaign The time that an army keeps the field either in action, marches, or in camp. bivouac The watch of a whole army in case of danger. reconnaissance An examination of the position of an op- posing army, for military operations. armistice A temporary cessation of hostilities in time of war. cartel An agreement for the exchange of prisoners of war. conscription An act of the government drafting citizens into the army. militia regulars volunteers 24. Spelling and Defining. 1. Arms. ammunition battery powder mortar cartridge musket ordnance rifle carbine shell breech-loader bullet revolver saber projectile knapsack II. Army. division company brigade infantry regiment cavalry III. Soldier. artillery sharp-shooters barracks dragoon ensign general conscript grenadier lieutenant marshal deserter zouave captain veteran picket artillery-man major volunteer scout Require pupils to collect arms, army, or soldier. additional words relating to WORDS GEOUPED AND DEFINED. 25. Commercial Terms. Commerce merchant house warehouse trade tradesman firm depot traffic salesman company office barter clerk concern imports bargain grocer merchandise exports jobbing broker goods dry-goods speculation peddler wares hardware auction store-keeper commodities breadstuffs 26. Education. instruction lesson school-mistress school learning lecture pedagogue college knowledge teacher professor university teaching instructor educationist academy training tutor educator seminary schooling preceptor scholar institute drilling school -master pupil kindergarten 27. Generic Term, Change. mutable Subject to change ; changeable. convertible Capable of being changed. vicissitude Regular change or succession from one thing to another. reversal Change to the opposite, reversion The act of changing back, transmutation A change of one substance into another, transposition A change of position. migration A change of dwelling-place. innovation A change made by introducing something new. amendment A change for the better in manners or morals. reciprocity An equal interchange of rights or privileges. 46 NORMAL WORD BOOK. commutation in statu quo metempsychos vacillation erratic stable fickle oscillation A change of punishment ; a change in rates of fare ; as, a commutation ticket. Without change. The doctrine of the passing of the soul of man after death into the body of some animal The act of changing mentally from one side to another ; wavering. Changing irregularly ; wandering. Not subject to change. Changeful ; unstable ; inconstant. Act of moving back and forth. 28. Writing and Printing, chirography Handwriting. calligraphy Fine writing. transcript A written copy. autograph One's own handwriting. hieroglyphics The sacred writing of the priesthood of Egypt. telegram A written telegraphic despatch. orthography The correct writing of a word, manuscript Written by hand, amanuensis One who writes what another dictates, endorse To write on the back, escritoire A writing-desk with drawers, typography The art of printing, bibliography Knowledge of the history of books. Require pupils to collect and define additional word* relating to writing and printing. 29. Generic Term, Name. nominal Existing only in name, noun The name of anything. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 4? surname pseudonym nom deplume anonymous cognomen misnomer nickname nameless nomenclature homonyms chronology anachronism antediluvian prehistoric epoch era eternal millennium contemporaneous procrastination hebdomadal quotidian ephemeral The family name. A fictitious name. The assumed name of a writer. Without a name, or name unknown. Family name ; surname. A misapplied name. A familiar or an opprobrious name. Without a name. A list of names. Words pronounced alike, but spelled dif- ferently. 30. Generic Term, Time. The science of computing the dates of past events. An error in computing time by which events are misplaced in order of occur- rence. Existing before the deluge. Existing before the time of written his- tory. A point of time marked by some great event. A series of years reckoned from some fixed point of time. Existing without beginning or without end. A period of a thousand years. Existing at the same time. The act of putting off until to-morrow or some future time. Occurring every seven days. Occurring every day. Existing only for a day. 48 NORMAL WORD BOOK. longevity Long life ; old age. transient Of short duration. chronic Lasting a long time. evanescent Fleeting ; passing away ; momentary. perpetual Lasting forever. perennial Lasting through the year ; perpetual. chronometer A clock or watch which keeps exact time, almanac A yearly calendar. coeval Of the same age. pristine Former ; belonging to the earliest time. quondam Former. superannuated Impaired by old age ; worn out. matutinal Pertaining to the morning. 31. Spelling and Defining. Sea Terms. cable top-sail larboard binnacle anchor shrouds leeward compass grapnel spars windward fathom hawser yards helm knot main-mast canvas wheel cargo mizzen-mast oakum rudder cabin fore-mast rigging ballast keel jury-mast starboard salvage deck square-rigged log-book bulwarks carriage wagon coach chaise canvas can'vass phaeton omnibus car 32. Vehicle. sleigh sled truck dray cart wheel-barrow ambulance stage-coach 33. Words Sometimes Confounded. Sails ; cloth ; as, the ship spread all her canvas. A political campaign ; to examine ; as, the Presi- dential Canvass ; Canvass the matter well. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. cur'rants cur' rents com'pliment com'plement con'fident con'fidant told ) tolled ) desert' dessert' indite' indict' man'tel man'tk stationary nta'tionery prin'cipal prin'ciple Fruit ; as, Currants are red and sour. Streams ; as, Ocean-currents. Praise ; as, The compliment was merited. Full number ; as, The ship has her comple- ment of men. Sure ; as, I was confident of success. Trusted friend ; as, He was my only con- fidant at school. " They went and told the sexton, and the sexton totted the bell." Hood. Forsake ; as, Never desert your friends. Our dessert consisted of delicious fruit. Compose ; as, Indite a sonnet to my lady's eyebrow. To charge ; as, Indict the criminal for murder. The mantel of Italian marble. The king's mantle was of costly furs. Fixed ; as, The cars were stationary for an hour. Stationers deal in stationery ; i. e., writing materials, etc. Chief ; as, His principal ob'ject was money. Eule of action ; as, A principle of morality. 34. Class Exercise. Distinguish the following pairs of words, making a free use of the dictionary. cel'lar sel ler can non can on cou ri er cur ri er au'ri cle a loud' cru'el or a cle al lowed crew el ac ci dents borne ca ret ac ci dence bourne car at al tar cap'i tal ce re al al ter cap i tol se ri al 50 NORMAL VVOED BOOK. cel'e ry fellow or'di nance serf sal a ry fel loe ord nance surf colonel flow er pal ate skull leer nel flour pal let scull dying isle rad ish sweet dye ing aisle red dish suite eu lo gy in ge'nious root wheth er el e gy in gen u ous route weath er ex tent' lev'y stat ure wry ex'tant lev ee stat ue rye ge nus min er stake write ge ni us mi nor steak right 35. Words Distinguished by Accent. In the nouns or adjective* the accent is on the first syllable ; in the verbs, on the last syllable. ac'cent Accent' the second word by placing the ac'cent on the last syllable. He was ab'sent without cause, but promised not to absent' himself again. We must concert' measures for acting in con'cert. If you will contract' to do the work, I will sign the con'tract at once. The music will entrance' you on your en 'trance into the hall. In'cense is perfume exhaled by fire ; hence, to incense' means to inflame or fire the feelings. The agent will not permit' you to enter the mills without a written per'mit. The farmers send all the prod'uce which the^ produce' to the New York market. To project' means to throw forward ; hence, a prSj'ect is something planned, or thrown forward bv the mind. ac cent 9 ab'sent ab sent' con'cert con cert' con/tract son tract' en'trance en trance' ; n'cense in cense' per'mit per mit' pr6d'uce pro duce' proj'ect project' WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 51 36. Class Exercise. Explain the difference, and illustrate by using in sen- tences. abstract con'vict fre'quent refuse ab stract' con vict' fre quent' re fuse' con'duct des'ert im'port sub'ject con duct' de serf im port' sub ject' con 'sort es'cort im'press trans'port con sort' es cort' im press' trans port' 37. Miscellaneous Words. Spelling and Defining. aph'o rism A short, pithy saying. ap'o thegm A terse, pointed saying. au'top sy Medical examination of a corpse. a nach'ro nism A misplacing of events in order of time. am a teur' One who studies art, but not as a pro- fession. aus'pi ces Patronage ; protection. an'ti dote A remedy for poison. an i mad ver'sion Severe censure or criticism. a poc'ry phal Of doubtful authority or authenticity. al lu'vi al Relating to deposits made by water. ad ven ti'tious Accidental ; foreign ; casual. ad o les'cence Age between boyhood and .manhood. au rif'er ous Bearing or yielding gold. ar gen tif'er ous Bearing or yielding silver. a gra'ri an ism The doctrine of the equal division of lands or fields ; communism. ab o rig'i nes The primitive inhabitants of a country. au tom'a ton A self-moving machine. an i mal'cule A little animal invisible to the naked eye ; plural, animal' cules. NORMAL WORD BOOK. an i mal'cu la Ar chae ol'o gy ar'chives biv'ouac bi tu'men each in na'tion com'plai sant com pla'cent chi me'ra char'la tan con nois seur' cod'i cil con'so nant 38. Spelling and Defining. Little animals ; the plural of animal'" culum. AnimalculcB is incorrect. The science of antiquities. Government records. An encampment without tents. Petroleum ; coal-oil ; asphaltum. Loud laughter. Seeking to please by manners. Being self-satisfied. A vain, idle, unreal fancy. A chatterer ; quack ; humbug. A critic of fine arts. An addition or supplement to a will. Agreeing with ; a letter sounded with the aid of a vowel. 39. Spelling and Defining. car niv'o rous Feeding on flesh, cor'ru ga ted Wrinkled ; ridged ; furrowed, ca dav'er ous Having the appearance of a corpse, cal ca're ous Having chalk or lime, con va les'cent Recovering from sickness ; getting well, cen trif 'u gal Tending to fly from the center, cen trip'e tal Tending to fly to the center, cha lyb'e ate Impregnated with iron, caout'chouc (koo'chook) India rubber, ca'per To skip like a goat ; to dance, ce ram'ic Pertaining to pottery, cha grin' A gnawing of the mind ; vexation ; mor- tification. com'pro mise A settlement by mutual agreement, con stel la'tion A cluster of stars. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 53 cor us ca'tion cos mog'o ny co'te rie cro chef crotch'et chi ca'ne ry cur mud'geon cyn'o sure di shev'eled der e lic'tion dec'a logue de coc'tion de lir'i ous des'ic ca ted di ag no'sis dis cern' dit'to (do.) dy nam'ic e lu'ci date et y mol'o gy ex or'bi tant el ee mos'y na ry ex trav'a sate em pir'ic al em pir'i cism 40. Spelling and Defining. A sudden spark or flash of light. Theory of the creation. A small select company of friends ; a club ; a social set. Fancy knitting by means of a hook. A whim or conceit. Mean tricks ; petty wrangling. (Corruption of corn-merchant) & mean, miserly person. Center of attraction ; the north star. Spread loosely and disorderly. The act of forsaking entirely. The ten commandments. An extract made by boiling or steeping anything. 41. Spelling and Defining. Having a delirium ; wandering in mind ; insane. Dried up ; thoroughly dried. Judging of a disease by the symptoms. To perceive in all its parts. The same thing ; that which has been said. Eelating to power or force. To make lucid or clear. The true derivation or origin of words. Excessive ; going beyond its usual limits. Eelating to alms-giving ; charitable. To let out of the proper vessels, as blood. Founded on experiment alone. Quackery ; the practice of medicine with- out a regular medical education. 54 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 42. Spelling and Defining. el'i gi ble Fit to be elected or chosen ; suitable ; desirable, es'pi on age Practice or employment of spies ; a close watch. eb ul li'tion The act of boiling. e phem'e ral Existing only for a day ; short-lived, ef flo resce' To blossom out. ef fete' "Worn out with age. e lim'in ate To turn out of doors ; to leave out. e lix'ir The quintessence of anything, es'cu lent Fit to be used for food by man ; eatable ; edible. eu'phu ism A high-flown or stilted expression. ex u da'tion An oozing out through the pores, fe'brile Pertaining to fever. 43. Spelling and Defining. flag el la'tion The act of whipping, flogging, or scourg- ing. fa ce'tious Witty ; humorous ; funny ; droll. far'ci cal Kelating to a farce ; ludicrous. fer'rule A metal ring on a staff to keep it from splitting. fer'ule A wooden rule. fil'i gree Ornamental work of gold or silver wire. fis'cal Pertaining to the public treasury or rev- enue. fri'a ble Capable of crumbling. frip'per y Useless trifles. flum'mer y Anything worthless, light, or insipid ; nonsense. f ul'min ate To hurl lightning ; to explode. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 55 44. Spelling and Defining. guer'don A reward or recompense. guer ril'la An irregular soldier. gran'ite A rock composed of grains, quartz, feld- spar, and mica. sy'e nite A species of granite in which hornblende takes the place of mica. hy poc'ri sy Feigning to be what one is not. hy'gi ene The science that treats of health. hal lu ci na'tion A wandering of the mind ; delusion. hom'o nym A word having the same sound as an- other, but a different meaning. hy drop'a thy The treatment of diseases by cold water. hy per'bo le An exaggerated form of expression. hi a'tus A gap ; an opening ; a defect ; a pause. i ras'ci ble Easily irritated or provoked. ir rep'a ra ble Not capable of being repaired. 45. Spelling and Defining. ir rev'o ca ble Not capable of being revoked or altered, in cor'ri gi ble Not capable of being corrected or re- formed. ir re triev'a ble Not capable of being retrieved, in ef 'f a ble Not capable of being spoken, in su'per a ble Not capable of being overcome, in de fat'i ga ble Not capable of being fatigued, in scru'ta ble Not capable of being searched into, in noc'u ous Not poisonous ; harmless, in dig'e nous Native, born, or originating in a country, in nu en'do An indirect allusion, is o la'tion State of being alone, in ter'po late To insert a spurious word or passage, in ter ne'cine Mutually destructive. 56 FORMAL WORD BOOK. id i o syn'cra sy id'i om ig no ra'mus im pe cun'i ous in fin i tes'i mal in f u so'ri a in vei'gle i so ther'mal i tin'er ant in ex'pli ca ble lu gu'bri ous lab'y rinth lit i ga'tion ma raud'er men ag'e rie mer e tri'cious mu nic'i pal mon o ma'ni a ma la'ri a mal'con tent mal'le a ble mel lif 'lu ous me trop'o lis mer'ce na ry mag nan'i mous mag nil'o quent me di o'cre 46. Spelling and Defining. Peculiarity of temperament. A form of expression peculiar to a lan- guage. An ignorant person making a pretence to knowledge. Having no money. Infinitely small. Microscopic animals in water. To entice ; to delude. Having an equal degree of heat. One who travels from place to place. Not able to be explained. Mournful ; sad. A place full of winding passages. The act of carrying on a lawsuit. 47. Spelling and Defining. One who is in search of booty or plunder. A collection of foreign or wild animals. Having a gaudy appearance ; false. Pertaining to a city or town. Insanity on one subject. Bad air ; noxious exhalations causing fever. One who is disaffected. Capable of being hammered out. Flowing as with honey ; sweet-flowing. Chief city of a country. Hired for money ; selfish. Great-souled ; noble. Speaking in a pompous or bombastic style. Middling, or moderate. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 57 mol'e cule mcm'o lith mo nop'o ly mu nif'i cent my thol'o gy ne crol'o gy nec'ro man cy ne fa'ri ous nem'e sis nep'o tism non cha lance' nu mis mat'ics 48. Spelling and Defining. A little mass; a minute particle of matter. A shaft of a single stone. The sole power of dealing in anything. Present-giving ; liberal ; generous. The science of myths. A record of deaths. The art of revealing future events by a pretended communication with the dead. Wicked in the extreme. Retributive justice. Fondness for nephews ; favoritism to one's relatives. Coolness ; self-possession ; indifference. The science of coins and metals. na ive te' nup'tial om niv'o rous os'cil late os'si fy o dor if'er ous o bes'i ty ob'so lete ob so les'cent oc'ci put oc cult' oc to ge na'ri an oph thal'mi a op pro'bri um 49. Spelling and Defining. Native simplicity ; artlessness. Pertaining to marriage. Feeding on all kinds of food. To swing to and fro. To change into bone. Diffusing a sweet odor. Extreme corpulence or fatness. Gone out of use. Going out of use. The back part of the head or skull. Covered over ; hidden ; unknown. One who is eighty years old. Inflammation of the eyes. Contemptuous reproach ; disdain. 58 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 50. Spelling and Defining. One who holds that everything is for the best. or'gies Drunken nocturnal revelry, ob se'qui ous Basely submissive ; cringing ; fawning, os'tra cize To banish from society, pres'tige Influence arising from past conduct, par'a phrase A loose or free rendering, phleg mafic Not easily excited ; sluggish ; dull ; cold, pan'to mime A representation by mute action, par'ri cide The murder, or the murderer, of a parent, par'a site One who feeds upon another ; a hanger-on, pro pi'tious Disposed to be favorable, pet'ri fy To change into stone. pu'tre fy pla'gi a rism per tur ba'tion pe des'tri an pre di lec'tion pug na'cious per ti na'cious pu sil lan'i mous ped'ant ped a go'gics per'i phrase per ni'cious per pet'u al per spi cu'i ty 51. Spelling and Defining. To become rotten. Literary stealing. Disturbance ; confusion. One who goes on foot. A liking or preference beforehand. Inclined to fight ; quarrelsome. Thoroughly tenacious ; holding obsti- nately to anything. Mean-spirited ; little-souled ; cowardly. One who makes a vain display of learning. The science of teaching. A roundabout way of speaking ; circum- locution. Killing utterly ; exceedingly destructive. Continuing indefinitely ; never-ceasing. State of being clear ; free from obscurity. WORDS GROUPED AND DEFINED. 59 pes^sijnist par a pher na'li pet'ti fog ger phle bot'o my pre co'cious pre da'ceous pre var'i cate psy chol'o gy quer'u lous quan'da ry ram'i fy ric o chef ra pa'cious 52. Spelling and Defining/ One who complains of everything as being for the worst. a Ornaments ; trappings ; appendages. A lawyer who practises only in petty cases. The act of cutting a vein ; blood-letting. Ripe before the natural time. Living by prey. To evade the truth ; to quibble. The science of the mind. Habitually fretful or complaining. Doubt ; uncertainty ; perplexity. To separate into branches. A rebounding or rolling along. Seizing by force ; subsisting on prey ; ravenous. rec i proc'i ty re con'nais sance ra ti oc in a'tion re sus'ci tate re cip'ro cal rem i nis'cence ren'dez vous rep ar tee' re spond'ent sol'e cism sub'tle ty sac'cha rine 53. Spelling and Defining. A mutual obligation, advantage, or right. A preliminary survey. The act of reasoning. To bring to life again after apparent death, as by drowning. Done by each to the other ; given and received ; mutual. That which is recalled to mind ; recollee- An appointed place of meeting. [tiou. A smart, witty, and ready reply. One who responds or answers. A gross deviation from the rules of grammar. Acuteness ; sharpness. Having the quality of sugar. 60 NORMAL WORD BOOK. scin'til late sar coph'a gus sym met'ri cal si mil'i tude syn on'y mous soph'is try su per cil'i ous su per fi'cies su per'flu ous su per sede' sur veil'lance tal'is man ter gi ver sa'tion tur'pi tude tes'sel la ted tel'e gram tel'e phone 54. Spelling and Defining. To emit sparks ; to sparkle. A stone coffin. Proportional in all parts. Likeness in all parts. Similar in meaning. Specious or fallacious reasoning. Lifting of the eyebrows ; disdainful. The upper face or surface. Overflowing more than enough. To take the place of. Inspection ; watchfulness. Something superstitiously used as a charm. A turning of the back ; a subterfuge ; an unexpected change ; fickleness of coii- duct. Extreme depravity. Formed in squares of mosaic work. A message sent by telegraph. An instrument for conveying sound to a distance by means of electricity. PA.RT III. ETYMOLOGY. SECTION I. PREFIXES. I. Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon Prefixes. NOTE. Require pupils to define every word given under the head of " Examples," and to add one or more words as illustrations. MODEL. A-shore = on shore ; a-bed = in bed ; a- wake = to wake out of sleep. Prefix. Force . Examples. j on, in, at, a-shore * a-bed ' a- \ out of, from. a-rouse a-stern * ( to make, be-friend be-little be- < intensive, be-fall * be-moan \^ ( by, in, over. be-side - be-daub fore- beforehand. fore-tell' fore-sight for- from, away. for-bid for-bear / mis- wrong, wrongly. mis-deed ' mis-lead * on- on. on-set v/ on-slaught out- from, beyond. out'-break S out-do' over- above, beyond. over-flow' over-look' ^ ( not (in adi.) un-wise , un-fair un- \ v / \ reversion (in v.) un-do un-twist under- beneath, below. under-lie' un'der-brusli up- above, over. up-lift' up'-land with- against, back. with-draw' with-hold' 62 NOK.MAL WORD BOOK. 2. Blank Book Exercise. Require each pupil to collect a list (1) Of 40 words having the prefix out-. (2) Of 50 adjectives having un- ; also 10 verbs, 3. Latin or Romanic Prefixes. Prefix. Force. Example. Definition. a- 1 ab- from, a-vert, ab-rupt, to turn from. broken off. abs-> ) M' abs-tract', to draw /row. ad- at, to. ad-here', to stick to. ambi- both, around. ambi-ent, going around. ante- before. ante-cedent, going before. bis-, bi- two, twice. bi-sect, to cut in two. circu.ni- around. circum-spect, looking around. con- together, ivith. con-nect, to join together. contra- against. contra-diet, to speak against. de- down, from, de-press, to press down. (from, away. dis-pel, to drive away. dis- < reversion (v.) dis-obey, the reverse of obey. ( not (adj.) dis-honest, not honest. ex- ( out of, from, ex-haust, to draw out of. V4& \ beyond. ex-ceed, to go beyond. en- to make. en-act, to make an act. v 4. Latin or Romanic Prefixes. _- -^ Prefix. Force. Example. Definition. extra- beyond. extra-ordinary, beyond ordinary. in- ( into (v.) in-vade, to go into. ( not (adj.) in-sane, not sane. inter- between. inter-pose, to place between, intro- within. intro-duce, to lead within. juxta- near. juxta-position, near position. ETYMOLOGY. Prefix. Porce. Example. non- not. non-sense, ob- against. ob-struct, ( through. per-vade, per- \ thoroughly. per'fect, pen- nearly. pen-insula, post- after. post-pone', pre- before. pre-cede, pro- forth. pro-ceed, j bade. re-vert, re- \ again. re-affirm, Definition. not sense, to build against. to go through. made thoroughly, nearly an island, to place after. to go before. to go forth. to turn back. to affirm again. 5. Latin Prefixes. Prefix. Force. Example. retro- backwards. retro-spect, se- aside. se-cede, semi- half. semi-tone, sub- under. sub-scribe, { over. super- \ 7 7 ( beyond. super-vise, sur-pass, trans- across. trans-gress, ultra- beyond. ultra-marin vice- instead of. vice-roy, Definition. a looking backwards. to go aside. a half tone. to write under. to oversee. to go beyond. to step across. beyond marine. in place of the king. 6. Blank Book Exercise. I. Write 20 words having the prefix ad- ; 20 with con-, II. 20 words with dis- ; with ex- ; with in- ; with re-. III. 10 words with ob- ; 5 with inter- ; 5 with pro-. 7. Euphonic Changes in Prefixes. NOTE. The final consonant of some prefixes is changed into the first letter of the root word, or is dropped ; and, in words that have come into English through the French, the Latin forms have undergone material modifications. 64 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 0> ad- = con- ac cede' ac quire ag grieve col lect mand ( ( j ( e^ qui quire occur pro- sub- super- *= { tend sue ceed' ./ =, V sur'f&CQ an nex' apply ar range as sent cor rect com mix e lude im pious im press o/'fer 2?e lucid jt??r sue' sup press' sws pend' sir loin a tack' tain al lege gree co here co eval e vade ir regular ir rigate op pose' joflr'don &/" fuse' sum'mon 5^r / name 8. Blank Book Exercises. L Collect and write 20 words to illustrate any of the euphonic changes of the prefix ad-. II. 20 words to illustrate the prefix in-. III. 20 words to illustrate con-. 9. Greek Prefixes. Prefix. an-, a- ana- anti- amph- apo- cata- dia- dis-, di- dys- (dus) Force. Examples. not, without, an-archy away, from, ana-t'omy, against. anti-p'athy, both, around, amphi-theater, from, asunder apo-s'trophe, down. cata-ract, through, two. dia-m'eter, two, twice. di-ph'thong, ill, difficult, dys-pepsia, without rule, a cutting away. a feeling against. a double theater. a turning away. a rushing doivn. measure through, two sounds in one. difficult digestion. hypo- ETYMOLOGY. Prefix. Force. Exam en- on, in. em-phasis, epi- upon. epi-taph, eu- well. en-phonic, hyper above, over. hyper-critical, under. hypo-th'esxs, stress upon. upon a tomb. sounding well. over-critical, j that which is ( placed under. jieta- para- peri- pro- syn- ( after, with, ) , 1 J ' \ meta-inorph< ( change. \ JfcYfe,m-i M | trary to. ) round, with, peri-m'eter, before. pro-logue, together, with, syn-tax, i one an- other. measure round. what is said before. a putting together. 10. Blank Book Work. 1. Collect and define 5 words having the prefix ant- or anti-. 2. Define the word ambidextrous. 3. Collect and define 5 words having the prefix cata-. 4. Five words having the prefix meta-. 5. Five words having the prefix syn-. SECTION II. SUFFIXES. II. Teutonic, or Anglo-Saxon Suffixes. DEFINING MODEL. begg-ar, one who begs Suffix. Force. Examples. -ar one ivho. begg-ar li-ar one who. drunk-ard slugg-ard ( state of being. free-dom wis-dom -ard -dom dominion. king-dom earl-dom 66 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Suffix. Force. Examples. f to make. hard-en fast-en made of, like. wood-en earth-en -en j j y past part. writt-en driv-en I plural. ox-en ki-ne ed past part. lov-ed di-ed f one who. farm-er driv-er -er -j that ivhich. dipp-er ladd-er I more. fast-er redd-er -era direction. north-ern west-era 12. Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon Suffixes. -erly direction. east-erly south-erly erel 7 *t/7 _ i * 1 1 "niact-erel httte. picK-erel 1 ( little. \ that which. satch-el shov-el gird-le spin-die ( plural. fox-es hand-s -es, -s \ verb suf. go-es think-s -est most. sadd-est tall-est -eth verb suf. think-eth lov-eth -fold times. four-fold ten-fold -ful full of. hope-ful health-ful -hood state of being. child-hood man-hood -ing j pres. part. \ verbal noun. lov-ing read-ing think-ing speak-ing ( like. child-ish fool -ish -ish \ somewhat. sweet-ish . salt-ish 13. Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon Suffixes. -kin little. lamb-kin pip-kin -less without. speech-less thought-less -ling little. gos-ling duck-ling -like similar to. god-like life-like . ( like. man-ly woman-ly y 1 in a manner. slow-ly quick-ly ETYMOLOGY. 67 Suffix, Force. Examples. -ness state of being. good-ness bright-ness -ock little. hill-ock bull-ock ( state of being. friend-ship hard-ship -ship \ business. seaman-ship clerk-ship ( office. lord-ship wor-ship -some quality. glad-some win-some -ster one who. game-ster trick-ster -teen ten. four-teen fif-teen -th state of being. wid-th weal-th -ward direction. home-ward north-ward -wards direction. back-wards to-wards -wise manner. end-wise length-wise -y full of, having. ston-y wind-y 14. Blank Book Work. , Require each pupil to collect and ivrite out : 1. A list of 20 words having the suffix -en. 2. A list of 20 words having the suffix -ed. 3. A list of 30 words having the suffix -er. 4. A list of 10 words having a suffix meaning little. 5. A list of 40 words having the suffix -ness. 6. A list of 10 words having the suffix -less. 7. A list of 10 words having the suffix -ful. 8. A list of 10 words having the suffix -y. 9. A list of 10 words having the suffix -ship. 1 0. A list of 20 words having the suffix -es. 15. Latin or Romanic and Greek Suffixes. I. Vet-Its. Force. to make, to make, to make, to make. -ise \ fo make. Suffix. -ate -ish -fy -ize(G.) Examples, regul-ate humili-ate fin-ish publ-ish simpli-fy glori-fy legal-ize equal-ize advert-ise critic-fa* 68 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 16. Blank Book Work. Require each pupil to correct and write out : 1. A list of 40 words having the verb suffix -ate. 2. A list of 20 words having the suffix -fy. 3. A list of 10 words having the verb suffix -ish. td 4. A list of 20 words having the suffix -ize. / Q 5. A list of 5 words having the suffix -ise. 17. Nouns and Adjectives. NOTE. Only the leading suffixes are included in this list; the remainder will be found in the Appendix. Many of the adjective suffixes are also used as noun suffixes. Require the words under the head of " Examples " to be defined by means of the root-word and the literal meaning of the suffix ; as, e&t-able, fit to be eaten. Suffix. -able -ble -age -al -an -ance, -ancy -ant -ar Force. ( fit to be. \ capable of being. act of, state of. pertaining to. ( pertaining to. \ one who. Examples. eat-able mov-able till-age mort-al hum-an republic-an port-able sta-ble dot-age flor-al Eom-an Itali-an state of being. repent-ance brilli-ancy j belonging to. \ one who. (pertaining to. ( one who. triumph-ant vigil-ant attend-ant . inhabit-ant regul-ar -ary ( belonging to. < one who. ( place where. 18. Nouns and Adjectives. honor-ary secret-ary avi-ary tubul-ar tempor-ary advcrs-ary gran-ary ETYMOLOGY. 69 Suffix. Force. Examples. -ate j having. fortun-ate passion-ate \ one who. deleg-ate advoc-ate -cy state of being. bankrupt-cy accura-cy -ee one to whom. trust-ee patent-ee ( act of. refer-ence conflu-ence -ence \ { state of being. differ-ence diffid-ence -ency state of being. flu-ency despond-ency -ent ( belonging to. depend-ent escu-lent [ one who. stud-ent presid-ent -ery, -y place where. treasur-y nurs-ery -ess fern. suf. lion-ess host-ess -et, -ette 'little. bull'et ros-ette' -ible capable of being. aud-ible ed-ible 19. Nouns and Adjectives. -ic j belonging to. cub-ic Eoman-ic Av \ one who. crit-ic lunat-ic -ics science, art. opt-ics mechan-ics -ical belonging to. monarch-ical algebra-ical -id having. viv-id torr-id -1PP ( state of being. coward-ice avar-ice AvC ( that which. just-ice not-ice -ile ( belonging to, like . puer-ile host-ile AAU \ capable of being. duct-ile doc-ile -ine belonging to. serpent-ine aquil-ine -ion act of, state of. collect-ion intent-ion -ism j act of, state of. liero-ism patriot-ism ( doctrine. commun-ism catholic-ism -ist one who. art-ist novel-ist -itp ( belonging to. fin-ite favor-ite Auw \ one who. Israel-ite Lev-ite ( belonging to. attent-ive nat-ive -ive \ one wlio. capt-ive fugit-ive 70 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 20. Nouns and Adjectives. Suffix. Force. Examples. -let little. stream-let rivu-let -ment ( act of) state of. judg-ment state-ment { that which. argu-ment command-ment ( act of, state of. testi-mony matri-mony -mony } that which. patri-mony ali-mony -or, -er r one who. \ govern-or receiv-er -ier, -eer cash-ier engin-eer ( pertaining to. compuls-ory promiss-ory -ory ( place where. dormit-ory observat-ory -ose, -ous full of. verb-ose danger-ous -tude state of being. grati-tude lati-tude -ty state of being. anxi-ety stupid-ity -ule little. glob-ule nod-ule ( state of being. expos-ure ten-ure -ure \ act of) that which. creat-ure verd-ure 21. Blank Book Work. Require each pupil to collect and write : 1. A list of 20 adjectives having 2. A list of 20 adjectives having 3. A list of 20 nouns having the 4. A list of 10 adjectives having 5. A list of 10 adjectives having 6. A list of 10 nouns having the 7. A list of 10 nouns having the 8. A list of 40 nouns having the 9. A list of 10 nouns having the 10. A list of 10 nouns having the 11. A list of 20 nouns having the 12. A list of 10 adjectives having the suffix -able. the suffix -ible. suffix -ance. the suffix -ant. the suffix -ent. suffix -ant or -ent. suffix -ess. suffix -ion. I suffix -ist. suffix -ism. suffix -or. the suffix -ous. ETYMOLOGY. 71 SECTION III. EXERCISES IN DEFINING. NOTE. The following exercises will illustrate tlie method to be pursued in the study of words. First, the root or literal meaning ; secondly, the secondary or synonymous signification. 22. Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon Prefixes. Word. a-back, a-blaze, be-calm, be-come, be-tide, for-swear, for-give, fore-see, fore'-taste, mis-lay, mis-take, un-belief, un-bind, un-bound, with-draw, Word. slugg-ard, nigg-ard, weav-er, reap-er, trick-ster, nap-kin, hire-ling, gos-ling, Literal Dcf. on the back, in a blaze, to make calm, to come to, to happen to, to swear /row or off, to give away, to see before, taste beforehand, to lay wrongly, to take wrongly, want of belief, the reverse of bind, not bound, to draw from or back, Syu. Def. backwards. on fire. to make still. to befit. to befall. to deny. to pardon. to know beforehand. anticipation. to lose. to err. disbelief. to set free. free. to retire. 23. Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon Suffixes. Root Def. Syii. Dcf. one who is slow, an idler. one who scrapes up, a miser. one who weaves. that which reaps, a machine. one who plays tricks, a rogue. a little cloth. one who is hired, a servant. a little goose, a young goose. NORMAL WORD BOOK. Word. Root Def. Syn. Be*. bright-ness> state of being bright, brilliance. owner-ship, state of being an owner, possession, health-fal, full of health, wholesome, streng-th, that which is strong, power, heav-en, that which is heaved up, the sky. bright-en, to make bright, to cheer. 24. Latin or Romanic Prefixes. NOTE. Require pupils to give the prefix, the root or literal signifi cation, and the secondary or synonymous meaning. abs-tain, abs-cond, abs-truse, ab-sorb, ad-mire, ad-verse, al-ly', ap-peal, ar-rive, as-perse, as-suage, circTun-spect, circum-vent, con-found, eon-nive, con-nect, eon-ooct, con-cur, con'flict, con-spire, con-vene, to hold from, to hide from, thrust from, to suck in from, to wonder at, turned against, to bind together, to call to, to come to the bank, to scatter over, to make sweety 25. Latin Prefixes. looking around, to come round, to pour together, to ivink together, to knit together, to cook together, to run together, a dashing together, to breathe together, to come together, to keep from. to run away. hidden. to take up. to regard highly- opposed to. to unite. to refer. to reach. to slander. to soften. cautious, to outwit, to perplex, to fail to see. to join, to prepare, to agree, a fight, to plot, to meet. ETYMOLOGY. 73 Word. Root Def. cog-nate, lorn together, de-cide, to cut from, de-clare, to make quite clear, de-cry, to cry down, de-duct, to take from, dis-arm, to deprive of arms, Syn. Def. of the same kind. to end, to settle. to assert. to blame. to subtract. to make harmless. 26. Latin Prefixes. dis-belief, want of belief, unbelief. dis-contented, not contented, uneasy. di-late, to carry apart, to widen. di-gress, to go aside from, to wander. dif-fuse, to pour apart, to spread. dis-tant, standing apart, remote. ex-cite, to call out, to stir up. ex-hume, out of the ground, to disinter. ex-pect, to look for, to hope. ex-ult, to leap out, to rejoice. e-ducate, to lead out, to teach. ef-fluyium, a flowing out, a smell. e-yent, a coming out, an occurrence. ef-frontery, -j a pushing out of the forehead, [ impudence. e-lect, ec-centric, em-bellish, in-dent, in-dorse, in-fringe, in-flate, im-mure, 27, Latin Prefixes. to choose out, to select for office. out of center, to make beautiful, to put the teeth into, to put on the back, to break into, to blow into, within walls, odd, singular, to adorn, to mark, to sign, to violate, to puff up. to shut up. 4 NORMAL WORD BOOK. \Vortl. Root Def. Syn. Def. im-pede, to put the feet into, to hinder, in-stigate, to prick on, to set on. in-constant, not standing together, changeable, in-correct, not straight together, wrong, in-dependent, not hanging upon others, free, bold, im-politic, not politic, imprudent, im-pugn, to fight against, to call in question, im-plicate, to fold into, to involve. im-pudent, inter-cept, inter-diet, inter-sect, inter-rupt, inter-rogate, ob-viate, oc-casion, ob-stacle, ob-vious, op-pose, op-po'nent, per-secute, per-ceive, per-ennial, per-manent, per-plex, post-erity, pre-destine, pre-fer, pre-sent, 28. Latin Prefixes. lacking shame, to take between, to speak between, to cut between, to break in between, to ask between, to meet in the way, that which falls against, that which stands in the way, meeting in the way, to place against, one who opposes, to pursue thoroughly, to take thoroughly, through the year, remaining through, 29. Latin Prefixes. brazen-faced. to stop by the way. to forbid. to divide. to stop. to question. to remove. opportunity. impediment. evident. to resist. an adversary. to harass. to understand, perpetual. lasting. to interweave thoroughly, to puzzle. those coming after, descendants. to destine beforehand, to preordain. to take before, to select. to set before, to offer. ETYMOLOGY:. 75 IVord. pre-text, pre-vious, pre-posterous, pro-claim, pro-fuse, pro-ject, pur-pose, pur-sue, re-deem, re-fleet, re-lapse, re-side, re-veal, re-trieve, retro-grade, se-clude, se-crete, sub-vert, sub- jugate, sug-gest, sup-plant, sus-pect, sus-pend, super-sede, super-fluous, sur-vey, sur-vive, Iran-scribe, trans-late, Root Def. woven before, on the way before, the back in front, to call forth, pouring forth, to throw forward, to set forth, to follow onwards, to buy back, to bend back, to slip back. to sit back, to put back the veil, to find again, 30. Latin Prefixes. to step backwards, to shut apart, to put aside, to turn from beneath, to put under the yoke, to carry up, to trip up one's heels, to look under, to hang beneath, to set above, flowing over, to look over, to live beyond, 31. Latin Prefixes. to write over again, to carry across, Syii. Def. a pretence, former, absurd, to announce, extravagant, to plan, to propose, to chase, to ransom, to think over, to fall, to dwell, to disclose, to recover. to become worse, to keep apart, to conceal, to overthrow, to enslave, to hint, to undermine, to mistrust, .to delay, to displace, abundant, to inspect, to outlive. to copy, to interpret. 76 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Word. Root Wef. Syn. Def. tran-spire, to breathe through, to become known. tran-scend, to climb beyond, to excel. trans- verse, turned across. trans-fer, to carry over, to transport. trans-ient, going across, passing. 32. Defining Lesson. Greek Prefixes. a byss', without bottom, a deep pit. an' ar chy, without rule, confusion. a mor'phous, without form, shapeless. a non'y mous, without signature, nameless. am big'u ous, driving two ways, equivocal. a nal/y sis, a loosening away, separation. a nat'o my, a cutting up, dissection. an tith'e sis, a placing against, contrast. a pol'o gy, a speaking out of, an excuse. cat'a logue, a counting doivn, a list. di ag'o nal, through the angle, j from corner to \ corner. en'er gy, inherent power for work, vigor. ep i dem'ic, among the people, contagious. e clipse, a leaving out, darkness. e clip tic, the line on which eclipses take place. hy per'bo le, a throwing beyond, exaggeration. hy poth'e cate, to place under, to mortgage. met a phys'ics, after physics, j mental philoso- phy- par'a dox, against opinion, j apparent con- ( tradiction. per i cra'ni um, around the skull, the membrane. syn op'sis, a seeing together, a summing up. sym'me try, measurement with, proportion. ETYMOLOGY. 77 33. Dictionary Lesson. Define the following words : an'te date di'a gram ep i der'mis a pos'tro phe en thu'si ast hy pot'e nuse a phel'ion en co'mi um par'a digm cat'a combs em po'ri um pa ral'y sis 34. Latin and Greek Suffixes. NOTE. Require each pupil to select and define, orally, one addi- tional word under each suffix. ar'able dur'able li'able respect'able leg'ible flexible mar'ri-age cart'age car'ri-age fo'li-age her'it-age gramma'ri-an Itali-an frug-al diurn'al contriv-ance main'ten-ance sus'ten-ance vig'il-ant exult'ant Fit to be ploughed ; tillable. Capable of lasting ; enduring. Capable of being bound ; responsible ; sub- ject to. Worthy to be respected. Capable of being read ; distinct ; clear. Capable of being bent ; pliant. Act of or state of being married. The act or cost of carting or carrying. Act of carrying ; vehicle. A collection of leaves. That which is inherited. One who is versed in grammar. Pertaining to Italy ; a native of Italy. Belonging to fruit ; thrifty ; temperate. Pertaining to a day ; daily. Act of contriving ; invention ; plan. 35. Latin and Greek Suffixes. Act of maintaining or supporting. That which sustains ; provisions. Keeping watch ; watchful. Having exultation ; exulting ; triumphant. 78 NORMAL WORD BOOK. complain'ant One who brings a ^iit in law. con'fid-ant One who is confided in, or trusted. an'nul-ar Having the form of a ring ; ring-like. regul-ar According to rule ; orderly. plen-ary Having full powers. milit-ary Pertaining to soldiers ; warlike. statu-ary A collection of statues. api-ary A place where bees are kept. incen'di-ary One who sets fire to property. leg'is-late To make laws. del'eg-ate One who is sent by others. fortun-ate Having good fortune ; lucky. delica-cy State of being delicate. refer-ee One to whom something is referred. 36. Latin and Greek Suffixes. mortgag-ee One to whom a mortgage is given. conflu-ence State of flowing together. refer-ence Act of referring. conf er-ence Act of conferring ; meeting. ferv-ent Having fervor ; boiling ; warm. ag-ent One who does something. resid-ent One who resides in a place. rust-ic Belonging to the country ; a countryman. arct-ic Relating to the constellation of the Great Bear; northern. eth-ics The doctrines of morality, mathemat-ics The science of quantity, opt-ics The science of vision or light, orthograph-ical Pertaining to correct spelling. 37. Latin and Greek Suffixes. viv-id Having life ; lifelike. vir-ile Pertaining to a man ; strong ; manly. ETYMOLOGY. 79 feb-rile Pertaining to a fever. doc-He Capable of being taught ; teachable, can-ine Pertaining to dogs, fel-ine Pertaining to cats, mascul-ine Pertaining to the male sex. femin-ine Pertaining to the female sex. probat-ion Act of proving ; trial, suspic-ion Act of looking under ; mistrust, cynic-ism State of being like a cynic, or dog ; snarling, critic-ism The act of criticising, or judging, athe-ist One who does not believe in God. favor-ite One luho or that which is favored, persuas-ive Having the power to persuade. 38. Latin and Greek Suffixes. nat-ive One who is born in a place ; from or by birth. adject-ive That which is joined to a noun. narrat-ive That which is narrated or told ; story. util-ize To make useful. vital-ize To make vital, or full of life. testi-mony Tliat which is testified ; proof. ali-mony TJiat which is allowed for food, or for sup- port. legislat-or One who makes laws. laborat-ory Place where chemists woric. dormit-ory Place for sleeping. dubi-ous Having doubt ; doubtful. coma-tose Having a deep sleep ; drowsy. forti-tude Quality of being strong ; power of endur- ing pain. legislat-ure The body which makes laws. literat-ure The science of letters. NORMAL WOED BOOK. SECTION IV. ROOTS AND COMPOUNDS. I. TEUTONIC OR ANGLO-SAXON WORDS. 39. Teutonic Roots. The suffix -an in the root-verbs denotes the present infinitive. Root. Force. Derivatives. bugan to bend. bough bight bow buan to till boor boorish neighbor cunnan to know. ken cunning ceapian to buy. cheapen chaffer cheapness cleofan to split. cleave cleft cleaver cun race. kin kind kindred cnytan to tie. knit knot deman to judge. deem doomsday freedom dragan to pull. drag draw drudge faran to oo. fare ford ferry farewell welfare thoroughfare fion to hate. fiend foe fliogan to fly, or flee. fleet flit flag frean to love. friend freedom frolic grafan to dig. grave groove graft gyrdan to bind. girdle girth habban to hold. have haft had halig whole, holy. heal hail hallow healdan to hold. hilt halter halt slagan to kill. slay slaughter sledge steoran to guide. steer stern starboard stede place. homestead bedstead stead sceran to cut. scar share shear screopan to nib. scrape scrap scraper stician to make fast. stick stake stock ETYMOLOGY. 81 Boot. teogan thirlian wendan witan writhan wefan Force. to puU. to bore, drill, to go. to know, to twist, to weave. Derivatives. tug tin-ill tight thrall tough went wend wander to wit wise wizard writhe wreath wrath web wife woof 40. Anglo-Saxon Compounds. The following compounds illustrate the formation of English words from Teutonic words. answer acorn barn brimstone bridegroom daisy fulsome gospel gooseberry husband homestead Icicle neighbor righteous step-child stirrup walnut wiseacre I. and-swarian, aec-cern. bere-ern. bryne-stone. bryd-guma. daeges-aege, fill-some, god-spell, gorse-berry* hus-boda, home-stede, IL neah-bur, riht-wys, sfeop-cild, stige-rap, weahl-knut, weise-sagan, to speak against. oak-corn, or kernel. barley house. burn-stone. bride-man. day's eye, foul-some good-story. rough-berry. house-master. home-place. ice-jag, or cone, nigh-dweller, or boor right wise, bereaved child, climbing rope, foreign nut. a wise sayer. KOKMAL WORD BOOK. Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday jSunnes-daeg, Monan-daeg, Tmcs-daeg, Wodnes-daeg, Thunres-daeg, Frige-daeg, Sun's day. Moon's day. Tuisco's day. Woden's day. Thor's day. Fria's day. 41. Word Exercise. 1. Make out a list of the compounds formed with man ; with self; with sea. 2. Make a list of the compounds of house ; of home ; of school. 3. Form as many compounds as possible with steam ; all; white; hand; head; horse. 42. English Compounds of Teutonic Origin. NOTE. The following lists of compound words show how largely the Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon words enter into the vocabulary of English speech. These compounds are written and printed without a hyphen. backbone black'smith break'fast cling'stone back slide black board bread stuffs corn field back bite black leg break down cow hide back ground block head broad sword day break back side blood shed broad cast dead head bare foot blind fold brow beat dooms day bed stead boat swain broom stick down right bed side bond man brides maid down fall bed room bow sprit bride groom drum stick birth day bow string brow beat draw back birth right bird's nest brim stone draughts man black bird brake man buck wheat dum found ETYMOLOGY. 83 43. English Compounds. eaves'drop freed'man ground'work hearth'stone earth quake free hold grey hound helms man eye brow free stone hail stone hear say eye lash fur long hand cuff help meet eye lid god son hand maid hence forth' eye sight god send hang man here in' foot fall gos pel hard ware here with' foot hold gos sip head land hind most foot path gold smith head long- home spun foot man green house heads man home stead foot step green stone head stone home sick foot stool green wood head stall horse back fort night green sward head strong horse man fare well grind stone head wind horse shoe free man grooms man head work horse whip 44. English Compounds. house'hold land'mark mid'rib noth'ing house wife lands man mid ships noon day high land land lord mid land noon tide hedge hog land slide milk man num skull hogs head land scape milk sop out break hood wink life long milk weed out bid' haw thorn live long mil dew out'cast ice berg lock smith moon beam out come is land log wood moon shine out crop jaw bone low land moon light out cry keep sake lime stone moon struck out let kins man luke warm neigh bor out set king craft man kind' night fall out growth kins folk marks man night mare out lay knap sack mid night night shade out look NORMAL WORD BOOK. 45. English Compounds. oat'meal oars man patch work play thing plough share plow share seeds'man spokes'man there by' sheep fold steam boat there of shep herd steam ship there with' sheep skin stead fast townsfolk ship board sweet meats towns man ship mate sweet heart toad stool quick sand ship wreck swords man tip toe quick lime ship wright sun rise work man quick step skin flint sun set work shop red wood sky light sun shine wed lock road stead sky lark sun stroke wood bine sand stone slip shod sun light wood land scare crow snow drop sun beam wood man scarf skin snow ball tell tale work folks sea man steel yards thread bare wel fare. 46. English Compound s. wind'fall bus'y body land'la dy witch craft bar'ley corn man slaugh ter wheel wright bed'fel low now a days whirl pool ev'e ry bo dy nev er the less whirl wind ev e ry thing there a bout' white wash ev e ry where there after whet stone ev er green thence for ward ware house fore hand'ed weath'er wise wrist band fool hard y where with al' an'y thing goose bcr ry wherc'a bouts an'y body hon ey moon where up on' after noon bus band man where so ev er after thought house keep er who ev er be fore hand hon ey suck le which ev er be hind hand land hold er whom so ever ETYMOLOGY. 85 47. Hyphenized Teutonic Compounds. NOTE. The following compound words are generally written and printed with a hyphen, though there is a tendency to fuse many of them into one word, omitting the hyphen. bird's-eye day-book dry-goods good-day blood-hound dead-light dog-days grave-stone book-mark dead-weight ear-drop grave-yard book-shelf dear-bought fast-day ground-nut bulk-head death-bed first-born hair-breadth by-gone death's-head fish-hook half-blood by-word death-knell flag-staff half-breed cheek-bone death-stroke fly-leaf half-moon club-foot death-blow fly-wheel hand-book club-room door-stone full-moon hand-breadth corn-bread door-sill gold-dust hard-fought corn-stalk door-nail gold-leaf hang-dog cut-off door-way gold-fish " head-first cut-throat drift-wood good-by head-stone day-dream dray-horse good-night head-gear 48. Hyphenized English Compounds. head-wind heart's-ease life-like nest-egg hearth-stone horse-block loop-hole rough-shod heart-sick horse-laugh love-lorn rough hew heartVblood horse-flesh love-knot sea-shore herd's-grass house-maid love-sick sea-breeze high-born house-dog milk-tooth sea-sick high-flown house-room milk-pan sea-girt high-strung house-top milk-pail sea-room home-made knee-pan milk-white sea-king home-brewed life-boat night-gown sea-fight home-like life-blood night-sweat sea-shell 86 NORMAL WORD BOOK. shell-fish skim-milk small-pox snow-plough snow-shoe snow-white snow-bird snow-drift snow-flake snow-storm spruce-beer steam- tug stone-wall stone-ware stone-work stone's-throw sweep-stakes sweet-fern sword-fish town- house true-blue twin-born wash-house wash-tub well-spent well-sweep wood-house wood-work word-book work-house work-box 49. Hyphenized English half-wit'ted hard-fist'ed hard-heart'ed heav'en-born har'vest-moon short-sight'ed short-com'ings short-breathed' wa'ter-wheel wa'ter-spout wa'ter-works wa'ter-mark whif'fle-tree win'dow-blind thor'ough-bred Compounds. step'-fa ther step'-moth er step'-son step'-daugh ter step'-child half -broth er half-sis ter moth'er-in-law father-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law out-of-door man-of-war SECTION V. LATIN ROOTS. I. VERBS. NOTE. The present infinitive of the verb is put in black letter; the supine, in common type, and the signification in italics. Teachers should first require pupils to give, orally, the prefix or suffix, with its force : then the root, with its force ; next, the literal or root definition ; and finally, the secondary meaning, or current signification. Afterwards, the exercises may be written. Pupils should be encouraged to make a free use of the Unabridged School Dictionary. An Alphabetical Reference List of Prefixes and Suffixes will be found in the Appendix. ETYMOLOGY. 87 50. Models for Preliminary Oral Exercises. 1. Discretion. The prefix dis-=from; the suffix -ion =. act of; the root cret comes from cretum, the supine of cer'ne-re, mean- ing to sift ; to separate. Dis-cret-ion = tlie act of sifting from ; hence, cautious judgment. 2. Concurrence. con with, or together ; -ence =. act or condition of ; -curr- comes from cur'rere = to run. DEFINITION. The act of running together ; hence, agree- ment. 3. Circumvent. circum = around; the root vent comes from venturn, the supine of veni're = to come. DEF. To come round ; hence, to outwit, to deceive. 4. Profusion. pro- = forth ; -ion = state of; root fus comes from fusum, the supine of fun'dere, to pour. DEF. The state of being poured forth; hence, great abundance. 5. Irrepressible. ir- from in = not ; re- = back or down ; -ible = capable of being ; press, the root, comes from pressum, the supine of prem'ere, to press. DEF. Not capable of being pressed down or bach 6. Incision. in- = into ; -ion act of; cis, the root, is from cced'ere, to cut. DEF. The act of cutting into. 7. Recreation. re- = again ; -ion = act of; crea're = to create. Liter- ally, the act of creating again ; hence, recreation is applied to amusements that renew our strength. FORMAL WORD BOOK. . 51. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. Derivatives. a'gere ) = to do act-0r en-act actum f ag-ent Sici-ion re-act audi're } to hear audit-or audit-ory audi'tum ancU&fe aadi-ence in-aud-ible auge're ) =to increase auth-or au-tumn - auc'tum ) aug-ment auct-ion auxili-ary cad'ere 1 = to faU de-c&d-ence cas-cade ca'sum i cad-ence oc-cas-ion casu-al cred'ere ) to believe credul-^/ in-cred-ible cred'itum f CTQd-ence credul-o?^s ciedeTit-ials caed'ere cas'sum ) to cut \ ~ to Ml ^e-cide' de-cis-ion in-cis-ive homi-cide 52. Roots and Derivatives. cap'ere ) = to take capt-^ ex-cept-ion captum ) capt-or c&pt-ure ac-cept-able ced'ere ) = to go se-cede suc-cess-ion cessum f pre-ce&G cow-cede ac-cess-ible cer'nere }=to sift dis-CTet-ion con-cern cretum ) dis-cern se-cret-ion ex-crete clama're \=to call ac-clam&t-ion de-claim clama'tum j clam-or pro-clam&t-ion re-claim clau'dere ) .= to shut m-clus-ive se-clud-ed V clausum ) pre-clu&e ex-clus-ion in-clos-ure cres'cere \ = to grow CYesc-ent in-crease cretum f ^e-crease con-cret-ion ac-crue 53. Roots and Derivatives. cur'rere != to run curr-ency cuTS-ory cursum curr-ent con-cuYY-ence com'-ier di'cere != to speak contra-diet pre-dict dictum diet-ate inter-diet e-dict ETYMOLOGY. 89 Verbs. Derivatives. da're }= to give ad-dit-ion e-dit-ion datum dat-a con-dit-ion e-dit-or du'cere ) = to lead e-duc-ate re-duce ductum ] de-duct in-duct-ion co^-duce fa'cere ) = to make fact-ory in-fect-ious factum } fact-or per-iect ef-fect-ive fun'dere fusum ) = to pour f = to melt con-f us-ion in-f\i.8-ible dif-fus-ive in-lus-ing 54. Roots and Derivatives. fer're latum ) = to bear f = to carry o/-fer collate transfer pro-fie? flu'ere \ = to flow tw'flux af-ftu-ence fluxum f nu-ent e/'flux con-ftu-ence flec'tere \=to bend ^e-flect re-fleet flex'um J flex-life in-f(.ect-ion etrci/m-flex fran'gere \ = to break tract-ion re-fract frac'tum I fra,g-ment frag-ile m-fringe gra'di \ to step de-grade di-gress-ion gressus } e-gress grad\i-ate trans-gress habe're ) = to have abil-tYy un-able liab'itum f able dis-a\)le in-abil-ity ja'cere \=to throw e-ject de-ject-ion jactum j in-ject pro-ject ofi-]ect-ion jun'gere ) = to join con-j\mct-ion sub-jom junc'tum } junct-ion dis-junct-ive c?-junct 55. Roots and Derivatives. J^ jura're ) = to swear jur-# con-juie jura'tum f jur-or i ab-jure ad-jure le'gere lectum ) = to read } = to gather leg-ible collect c-lect' -se-lect-eow 90 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Verbs. Derivatives. leva're ) to raise lev-ee e-levat-ion leva'tum j leav-en lev-er \ev-y liga're ) = to bind ob-lige liga-ment ligatum j ob-lig-ate al-\i'ance ligat-ure lo'qui \=to speak col-loqui-al loquaci-o?^ locu'tus j e-loqii-ence loqnac-ity soli-loqny mit'tere \ = to send re-miss-ion re-mitt-ance missum f mias-ive dis-miss-al inter-mitt-ent move're ) = to move mob-ile re-mov-al mo'tum ) mot-ion mom-ent e-mot-ion / 56. Roots and Derivatives. mtita're )=to change im-mut-able trans-mute muta'tum } mutat-ion com-mutat-ion per-mutat-ion nas'ci \ = to be born nat-ion nas-cent na'tus j nat-ive nat-al *co-g-nate nec'tere I = to bind an-nex-ation con-nect-ion nexum ) #ft-nex con-nect dis-co n-nect-i i 'e nos'cere ) = to know notori-ous *recog-nize notum ) not-ion notice-able *recog-nit-ion ora're ) = to speak orat-ion ad-oxe ora'tum J orat-or ora-cle ad-OT-able ori'ri ) = to rise oii-gin ori-gin-al ortus ) (m-ent on-ent-al ori-gin-ate pan'dere \ = to spread ex-panse corn-pass pansum ) expand ex-pan-sion sur-pass para're ) = to make ready pre-pare re-pair para'tum f par-ade corn-pare se-par-ate pel'lere \ = to drive ex-piils-ion re-pel pulsum f dis-pel corn-puls-ion pro-pell-er Old forms, QUO*?} and gnoscert '. ; hence con bocomc 1 '- co. ETYMOLOGY. 91 57. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. pende're }=to hang up Derivatives. im-pend. sus-pens-ion pensum ) = to weigh ap-pend. com-pend-ium pen'dere ) =. to pay ; to think pens-ive e^-pend pen'snm 1 pens-ion pens-ion dis-pense C pet'ere }=to seek \_peti'tum ) = to ask petit-low com-pete re-peat com-petit-or pliea're ) = to fold corn-ply du-plic-ate plica' turn ) tri-ple ap-plj com-p\ic-at-ed ple're \=to fill com-p\et-ion com-ple-ment pletum ) de-p\ete re-plet-ion un-com-plet-ed pon'ere ) = to place sup-pose ap-posit-ion pos'itum ) posiWow op-pose com-posit-ion porta're ) = to carry ex-port' trans-port' porta'tum i port'e/* im-port' re-port' 58. Roots and Derivatives. pos'se ) = to ~be able potent-ial poss-ible po'tens f pot-ent pot-enci/ im-poss-ible proba're ) to prove probat-ion ap-prov-al probatum f prob-able ap-prob&t-ion dis-ap-prove pun'gere ) to prick punct-ure punctuat-io^ punctum j pung-ent ex-pnnge poign-ant puta're ) = to think im-pu.te' putat-n-e puta'tum f = to reckon com-pute' c-count prehen'dere ) = to seize apprehend re-prehend prehen'sum j prehens-i7e com-prehend ap-prent-ice prem'ere | = to press com -press re-press-ion pressum f press-ure im -press ex-press-ive , x qu8er'er8 ) = to seek quer-ist in-quire 1 x \ quaesi'tum f = to ask quer-?/ a m'-quest NOKMAL WOBD BOOK. 59. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. Derivatives. rap'ere ) = to snatch rapac-ity rav-ish rap'tum 1 r&p'ine W Tapa-cious rapt-ure reg'ere ) = to rule re-gion di-rect rec'tum I reg-ent reign e-rect ride're ) = to laugh ris-i-ble de-ride ri'sum f rid-i-cule ri-dic-u-lous de-ris-ive roga're i =: to asJc inter-roga'tive ar-rog-ate roga'tum interrogate inter-rog'at-ive super-er'oga-tion rump 'ere i sr to break e-rupt-ion ab-rupt rup'tum f rupt-ure dis-rupt-ion bank-rupt scan'dere ) - to climb de-seen^ de-scend.-ant scan'sum i a scend' tran-scend tran-scend-ent sci're i to know sci entific om-ni'sci-ent sci'tum 1 sci-ence con-sci-ence pre-sci-ence ser ib 'ere i zs to write sub-scribe post-script scrip'tum f script-ure pro-scribe circum-scribe 60. Roots and Derivatives. seca're ) = to cut fe-sect' in'-sect sec'tum f sect'-ion bi-sect' inter-sect sede're I = to sit sess-ion super-se&e ses'sum 1 pre-si&e as-sess-or sed-ent-ary sen ti're 1 = to feel dis-sent as-sent sen'sum I = to think con-sent BGTLS-ible sequi } = to follow seqa-el con-secut-ive. se cu'tus f scqi\-ence con-seqa-ence snb-sequ-ent ser vi're ) = to serve serv'-^7e sub-scr\-ient Her vi'tum 1 SGTv-ant serf ser va're i to save j??re-serve con-serv-atory ser va'tum 1 re serve cow- serve ob-verv-atory sol've re ) = to loosen c?is-solut-ion ab-sol\e L so lu 'turn f e/?'*-solve re-solve soh\-ble \. A.\T W Ox) ETYMOLOGY. cf 61. Roots and Derivatives. Verbs. Derivatives. \s sis'tere ) = to stand con-sist per-sist sta'tum j as-sist in-sist re-sist / sta're | = to stand stat-ute stat-ion ^ sta'tum ( spi ra're ) sta-ble stat-ure = to breathe ez-pire con-stant per-spire ( spira'tum f in spire ^5-pire tran-spire strin'gere ) = to draw tight strict-wre con-strain / ^^4y stric'tum f string-ent re strain X \A>''^ 94 KOKMAL WORD BOOK. Verbs. veni're Derivatives. | = ^o come inter-vent-ion circum-vent ven'tum f convene con-veut-ion super-vene ver'tere ) to turn rfi'-vert' re-verse' ver'sum 1 -vert cow-vert' re-vert' vide're | =: to see ad-vise pro-vide vis'um f vis-ion re-vis-ion super-vis-ion vin'cere I = to conquer vict-ory con-vict-ion vic'tum f vict-or cow'-vict cow-vince viv'ere } to live vivi-fy con-vivi-al ^\j vic'tum voca're f i re-vive swr-vive to call con-voke viva-clous in-voke voca'tum j voc&t-ion re-voke pro-voke vol'vere 1 m: to roll e-volut-?*ow re-volut-ion volu'tum 1 re-volve in-volu.t-ion con-volut-ion 64. Verb-Roots. Take up each root and let the pupils give, orally, as many derivatives as possible. Afterward require written lists. f . ama're to love. fu'ge re = to flee. an'ge re = to vex. gig'ne re = to beget. can'e re ^0 sing. has re 're = to stick. > ere a're fa create. ju di ca're = to judge. 'jjUioV^ cred'e re =. fa trust. lin'que re = to leave. cum'be re ^ lie down. man da're to command. di ca're //K do ce're as to to set apart, teach. ma ne're mer'ge re to stay. = to plunge. er ra/re to err. mi gra're = to move. fen'de re rrz to strike. mis ce're = to mix. fer ve're to boil. mo ve're = to move. fi'de re = to trust. mon stra're= to point out. fla gra're = to burn. nec'te re = to tie. flec'te re to turn. ne ga're to deny. ^HyKfran'ge re " to break. no ta're = to mark. ETYMOLOGY. 95 65. Verb-Roots. nu me ra're = to number. sap'e re = to taste. nu'be re = to marry. scin'de re = to cut. op ta're = to wish. sci're = to know. or na're = to adorn. spe ra're = to hope. pan'de re to spread. splen de're = to shine. pa ra're = to make ready. spon de're to promise. pa'ti to suffer. su'me re = to take. pla ce're = to please. tac e're = to be silent. prem'e re = to press. va ca're = to be empty. rap'e re = to snatch. va'de re to go. ri de're = to laugh. TO ra're = to devour. ro'de re = to gnaw. vel'le to 'wish. reg'e re = to rule. va le're = to be well. sa li're = to leap. YO la're = to fly. II. NOUNS. NOTE. The genitive case of the noun is given whenever the root is materially changed in that case. As a preliminary oral exercise, teachers should require pupils, with open books, to distinguish pre- fixes, suffixes, and roots ; to define orally, by means of the literal or root signification ; and afterwards to give the current meaning of the word. 66. Model for Oral Recitation. annual = pertaining to a year ; yearly. centennial centum + annus + al = pertaining to a hundred years. manuscript = manus 4- scriptum = written by hand. egregious = ex -f- gregis -f- ous = pertaining to one out of the flock ; extraordinary ; remarkable ; enormous. 96 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 67. Noun-Roots and Derivatives. annus ) armu-al per-Qnui-al tri-enm-al year [ bi-ermi-al cent-enm-al semi-annu-al-ly anima ) amm-al amm-ate re-anim-ate life; soul 1 ammal-cule in-anim-ate animus ars i = art artis-an arti^e artis f art-ist art-less art-ful ca'put = head capit-o^ de-capii-ate cap'itis f capit-al chap-ter capitat-z'ow ca'ro \ = flesh carnat-ion in-carn-ate earn is f carn-al cam-age carm-i'or-ous cen'tum i centu-n/ centu-ple cent-enni-al a hundred f per-cent-age centipede centuri-ow cor'pus = a 5o^ corpor-ate corpus-cfe cor'poris f corpor-o/ corpu-lent cors-e^ 68. Noun-Roots and Derivatives. cor ) = the heart cordi-aZ c-cord-ance cordis 1 core cour-a^e dis-cord-ant crux ) = a cross cruci^ ex-cruci-at-ijig crucis [ CTVLGl-fy eruei-dfo ci-nci-form cura ) cura-^or ae-cui-ate care-less care I sme-cure in-ac-cm-ate care-less-ly dens !' = a tooth dent-ist dent-it-ion dentis dent-aZ dent-ist-ry in-dent-ed dominus ) domin-io/i domin-ate pre-domiu-ant lord; master t Aomin-ant domin-eer pre-domiu-a?ic6 fi'nis i fin-ite in-nn-it-ive fin-al-ly end; limit f in-nn-ite fin-ish de-Ru- it-ion fi'des Mel-ity dif-fid-ent in-fid-el faith I cow-fide feal-ty per-nd-y flos 1 = a flower flo-ra/ ftor-ist flo'ris s flo-ra flor-iW flow-er ETYMOLOGY. Roots. for'ma shape form-al form-ula Derivatives. con- form. per-foTm re-form trans-form 69. Noun-Roots and Derivatives. grex I = a flock se-greg-ate con-greg&t-ion gregis i greg-arious e-gregi-ous ag-gregat-ion ge'nus i = a kind gen-der genu-ine gen'eris t gener'-ic gener- con-geni-al ho'mo l = a man hum-awe era-human-Zy hom'inis i hum-an human-tYy human-t^ hos'pes l = a host ho-^e^ hospit-^^ hos'pitis i = a guest host-fer hospit-J/e lex 1 = law t'Meg-al legitimate legis \ leg-al legis-fe^e legislat-wre litera ) litQY-al o7-literat-wi oJ-liter-a^ letter 1 liter-ary t^-liter-crffl literat-^^re locus ) loc-al loc-a^e ^'-locate a place 1 local-ity loco-mo^u'e col-loc&t-ion ma'nus \ manu a? manu-fact-ures man-a-cle hand i manu-script mam-ten-ance main-tain mors mortis men'sura measure no'men nominis pars partis pes pedis 70. Noun-Roots and Derivatives. death mortu-ary morti-fy mort-al mur-der mort-gage mensura-tion di-mens-ions measure-men f com-niensur-able im-mense im-measur-able a name nom.in.-ate cog-nomen nomin-al pro-noun pro-nomin-al a part pari-ner partis-an pars-ing part-ial par-eel foot pedtes-tal centi-pede ped-al pe&es-trian bi-ped 98 XOKMAL WORD BOOK. Roots. Derivatives. poe'na ) penal pen-ance re-pent-ance punishment ) penaWy -peni-tent 5wJ-poe'na tes'tis ) testi-fy testament attest witness f testi-mony testat-or pro-test vo'tum | votary de-vote devout a vow ) vot-ive de-vot-ee -vow 71. Blank Book Work. Keqnire pupils to collect and write out under each root as many words as possible. a'ger (a'gri) = field. ig'nis = fire. ar'ma = iveapons. lac (lac'tis) milk. ars (ar'tis) art. li'ber = book. ar'tus = a joint. lin'gua = tongue. au'ris = ear. lo'cus = place. a'vis = bird. lux (lu'cis) = light. a'qua = water. lu'na = moon. bel'lum = war. ma're = sea. ca'lor = heat. ma'ter = mother. ca'ro (car'nis) = flesh. mons = mountain. car'rus = wagon. mos (mo'ris) = custom. ci'vis = citizen. mens (men'tis)= mind. cor'pus = a body. mi'les = soldier. char'ta = a paper. mod'us = manner. cir'cus = circle. na'vis = ship. crux (cru'cis) = cross. nor'ma = rule. de'us = a god. op'us = work. di'es =. day. oc'u lus = eye. flam'ma = flame. OS bone. fra'ter = brother. pars (par'tis) = part. fu'mus = smoke. pax (pa'cis) = peace. hu'mus = earth. pre'ti urn = price. ETYMOLOGY. 99 pa'ter ro'ta so'nus so'por stel'la tem'pus ter'ra ter 'minus father, wheel. um'bra un'da sound. urbs sleep. vac'ca star. ven'tus time. ver'mis earth. ves'tis limit. ver'bum shade. wave. city. cow. wind. worm. garment. ivord. III. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. 72. Roots and Derivatives. Boots. se'quus equal cla'rus clear for'tis strong li'ber free rnem'or mindful mag'nus great ma'le ill nov'us new sat'is enough Derivatives. equ.i-nox e-qvta-ble clear-ance clari-cw forti-fy forti-tude equat-or equat-ion clari-fy clear-ness fort forte liber-ate lil)er-at-ion il-liber-al-ly memor-y re-member memor-able re-merabr-ance magni-^ magn-anim-ous magni-tude magm-jic-ence male-vo-lent male-dict-ion male-fact-or mal-con-tent 73. Roots and Derivatives. e-qui-vocate de-clare' de-clar-at-ive forc-ible re-en-force liber-ty de-liver-ance memor-andum memento majesty nov^c6 nov-el in-uov-at-ion re-nov-ate sati'-ety satis-faction m&l-apropos mal-form-ation nov-el-ist nov-el-ette in-sati-ate dis-satis~fy 100 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Roots. sol'iduB firm; hard tres three u'nus one va'gus wandering be'ne well bis, bi twice; two Derivatives. sold-er tri-o tyin-ity nm-t uni-^0 vagr-ant vaga-bond loene-fact-or bi-sect ki-ped um-on dis-uni-on vague-ness vag-ary bene-fit lois-cuit \)i-valve \m-anim-ous extra-vag-ant extra-vag-ance loene-vol-ent bi-ennial })i-cuspid 74. Word Exercise. NOTE. Take each root separately, and let the class give orally as many derivatives as possible. Afterwards require each pupil to make out a written list. al'tus as'per brev'is cru dus du rus de cem dig nus du o fac'i lis firm us grav is lax us lev is mi nor high. ma'jor = greater. rough. mol lis = soft. short. mul tus = much. raw. neu ter neither. hard. om nis = all. ten. pie nus full. worthy. plus = more. two. quat u or = four. easy. sex = six. firm. sep tern = seven. heavy. sua vis = sweet. loose. ve rus = true. light. vet us = old. less. vi'lis ^ base. ETYMOLOGY. 101 75. Anglicized Latin Nouns. Adopted into English without change of spdling. Eequire the plural, if any, and the definition. max'imum scintil'la min'imum sta'tus o'dium oppro'brium pab'ulum pen'dulum pre'mium ra'dius reg'imen rega'lia re'quiem aca'cia acan'thus are'na an'imus an'imal acu'men adden'dum allu'vium cer'ebrum curric'ulum cra'nium detri'tus empo'rium enco'mium fari'na ge'mus hon'or in'cubus ignora'mus in'terim interreg'num la'bor lan'guor lam'ina manda'mus momen'tum memoran'dum spec'ulum minu'tiae speculator mod'icum stra'tum millen'nium stra'tus spe'cies se'ries se'rum se'nior sim'ile stim'ulus tu'mulus ter'minus tribu'nal tym'panum vin'culum vac'uum ver'tebra 76. Words of Romanic Origin. Chiefly from the Italian and the Spanish. Require a definition, referring pupils to the dictionary. alcal'de buffoon' car'icature garrote' arma'da cam'eo canta'ta gazelle' ambuscade' can'nibal despera'do guerril'la al'ligator com'modore embar'go har'lequin brava'do cu'pola fil'igree macaroon' bandit'ti cor'ridor fili'buster macaro'ni burlesque' char'latan flotil'la mantil'la barricade' cas'tanet fandan'go me ri'no bagatelle' coch'ineal gazette' mosqui'to 102 NORMAL WORD BOOK. molas'ses punctil'io pimen'to stilet'to mulat'to provi'so par'a sol torna'do mustache' por'tico regat'ta umbrel'la op'era poltroon' sopra'no vermicel'li pantaloons' pia'no sas'safras vanil'la peccadil'lo piaz'za stu'dio volca'no 77. Monosyllables of Romanic Origin. Coming into English through French. aid couch gain hue oust aim count garb join piece bail crape gauze juice pique chair cream gleam lace quart chaise cue gorge lease quit chance dame gouge league quite change daunt grape liege reign chant dress grease lieu rout charge due grief mail route charm faint guard main ruse chase fair guide marque rouge chat farce guise moist taunt check feign haunch munch tour chief fierce haunt niche view coach foist hearse niece vein coin frieze heir noise veil SECTION VI. I. CURRENT WORDS OF FRENCH ORIGIN. NOTE. The following words have come into use in English speech through the French and Norman French, though many of them were originally of Latin or Greek derivation, and some few of Teutonic. ETYMOLOGY. 103 Some of these words have become fully Anglicized in pronunciation and accent ; others are only partially Anglicized ; while some are purely foreign words. As these words are in current use in news- papers and magazines, it is desirable that pupils should know how to pronounce them and spell them. Teachers must give the correct pronunciation. It is also desirable that pupils should be required to define every word, and, as far as practicable, to give the derivation and root-meaning. bal'ance brill iance bal let beau ty bis cuit bu reau bon bon cham ois chign on cou pon cous in cogn ac colo nel cur few cui rass chat tel 78. Words Derived from the French. coiffure jaun'dice pal'ette de pot jeop ard por trait en nui jour ney peas ant fau cet lat tice prai rie fra cas lev ee piqu ant flam beau li en pig eon fash ion lei sure pres tige fillet laun dry pur lieu fran chise mem oir prov ost griev ance mort gage poign ant gor geous mat tress plain tiff gau ger mis chief pur pose gus set nui sauce rel ict haut boy na ive rai sin hein ous neph ew rea son nar ass par lance re tail 79. Words Derived from the French. saun'ter toi let sor tie toi lette sur feit tour ist sir loin ta pis sur name tis sue sur tout' truf fle vas sal vign ette vil lain a dieu' a chieve ac crue a droit' an tique ar raign ba ton ba rege bou quet 104 NORMAL WORD BOOK. bi zarre' che nille' con tour' du ress' bi jou ehi cane ere vasse e meute bru nette chas tise cro chet es cheat ca bal cha teau cro quet fa 9ade ca nard ehi mere cri tique fas cine cha grin eo quette co coon fi nesse charade cor net dev oir fa tigue eham pagne cor vette de tour fron tier che mise cor tege des sert gri mace 80. Words from the French. gui pure'' pla teau' at ta ch6 harangue phy sique am a teur hau teur pla toon chem i sette hal loo pur loin con nois seur lorgn ette pur suit chev a lier main tain quar tette chif fon ier mi rage quad rille des ha bille mo raine ra gout ex po se m61ee ro sette em ploy e par quet re gime es cri toire par cjuette ra vine et a gere par terre ra zee es ca pade pe tite rou tine fric as see perdu re gime flag eo let pe lisse soir ee guil lo tine 81. Words from the French. gren a dier* mil lion aire' non cha lance' guar an tee mi trail leuse neg li gee im mor telle min u et rep ar tee mat in ee na ive t6 ri co chet mign on ette nov el ette res u m6 ETYMOLOGY. 105 av'e nue en'tre p6t re plen'ish av a lanche pro te ge port man teau bad in age par ve nu av oir du pois' com plai sance ret i nue deb on air' co te rie rev e nue em bel'lish char la tan res er voir gar'ri son cic a trice ren dez vous gor mand ize et i quette res tau rant mer chan dise ep au let co till'ion sus'te nance ep au lette re veil le re con'nais sance 82. French Words Current in English. NOTE. These words retain the French pronunciation, and, in general, are printed in italics. The correct pronunciation must be given to pupils by the teacher, and also their signification and use. bouil'lon mo rale' bon lio mie' confrere mor ceau con ire temps cafe me nage dis tin gue en nui ma dame de colle te lacJie mon sieur de none ment gour mand me lange em presse ment se ance pas se em bon point bla se pat ois fi an cee can aille pen chant feu ille ton cui sine rou e porte-mon naie debut sa vant per son nel dou ceur sa Ion ren ais sance e clat trous seau re trous se e lite a bat toir re clier che en tree a ban don rep er toire 106 NORMAL WORD BOOK. SECTION VII. MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIONS. 83. Words from Historical or Mythological Names. Circe A fabled sorceress who first charmed her vic- circean tims, and then transformed them into swine. Ceres The goddess of grain and tillage ; hence the cereals grains are called cereals. Dahl A Swedish botanist whose name has been given dahlia to the flower dahlia, indigenous to Mexico. Eschscholtz A botanist after whom is named a yellow eschscholtzia flower known as the " California poppy." Mercury The god of eloquence and commerce ; hence mercurial mercurial means active, changeable, full of fire and vigor. 84. A Dictionary Exercise. In a similar manner explain the origin and meaning of the following words : atlas galvanism mansard pasquinade augean gordian martinet phaeton buncombe hy'giene maud'lin quixotic bria'rean hector mausole'um stentorian bacchanalian hermetical macadamize saturnine calli'ope Jesuit nicotine saturnalian camellia jehu orrery tantalize cicero'ne jovial prote'an terpsichore'an darwinian jeremiad platonic titanic epicurean lobelia plutonic voltaic eschalots lynch-law philippic volcanic esculapian martial procrus'tean vulcanized fuchsia mesmerism palladium vandalism faro magnolia pickwickian vernier ETYMOLOGY. 107 85. Words from Names of Places. Arcadia A mountain region of Greece, inhabited by arcadian a pastoral people ; hence arcadian means relating to the simple delights of rural life. Attica A part of Greece of which Athens was the attic principal city ; hence attic means pertain- ing to the delicate wit, pure style, etc., of the Athenians. " Attic salt" means sharp wit. Gascony A province of France noted for its boastful gasconade people ; hence, gasconade, vain boasting, or "brag." Milan A city in Italy ; milliner originally was Mi- milliner laner, a man from Milan who imported into England the female finery made in Milan. Sybaris An ancient city of Italy noted for the effem- sybarite inacy and luxury of its people ; hence, a sybarite is a devotee of pleasure. Laconia The country of the Lacones, or Spartans, who laconic affected short, pithy answers ; hence, laconic means short, concise. Myrmidons A people of Greece who followed Achilles to myrmidons the siege of Troy. They were noted for their savage brutality ; hence, we speak of the myrmidons of a tyrant, etc. 86. Dictionary Exercise. Find out the derivation of the following words : agate cambric cologne dollar currant crayon champagne damask copper cravat cordwainer florin cherry calico cantaleup fustian 108 NORMAL WORD BOOK. guinea hessian indigo italics jalap jet landau muslin magnet punic spruce meander pandour sherry morocco parchment solecism Olympic pheasant stygian peony quince tariff parian rubicon tophet pistol sardine topaz peach sardonic worsted 87. Dictionary Exercise. From the dictionary find out the origin of these words alligator dido lynch-law soldier assassin dunce magnesia sarcasm artesian 4emijohn mentor sycophant balmoral ierrick madeira scrupulous bantam fuchsia pinchbeck supercilious bankrupt gossamer promethean shibboleth billingsgate gutta-percha prevaricate stygian bedlam gossip poltroon sarsaparilla bohemian gypsy pander spencer carronade gentian pythian siren caucus heathen pyrrhic turkey cmard handsome quiz thespian cinchona hyacinth quassia tribulation isinglass salary troglodyte SECTION VIII. GREEK WORDS. 88. Greek Roots. Root. Force. Examples. Her = air. er-ated #er-onaut astron = a star. astr-al astr-onomy agogeus = a leader. dem-agogue ped-ngogue ETYMOLOGY. 109 Boot. autos bios ballein cho'le chroma chronos deka demos doxa ethnos gamos genea gonia graphein gramma helios hema hex hieros hippos homos hydor idios isos kosmos kratos krites lithos Force. Examples. one's self. aw'fo-graph au'to-crsit life. fo'o-graphy bio-\ogj to throtu. para-bola, hyper-bole bile. choler-ic mel&u-choly color. chroma-tic chromo time. chroni-c\Q chrono-meter ten. deca-logne deca-gon. the people. demo-crat demagogue opinion. oxtho-dox hetero-dox race. ethno-logy ethn-ic marriage. *bi-gamy J>oly-gamy 89. Greek Roots. the earth. ^e-ography ge-ology birth; race, genea-logy homo-gene-ous angle. ipolj-goti dia-gon-al to write. graph -ic tele-graph a letter. grammar mono-gram the sun. helio-tTope ap-helion blood. hemor-rhage hemor-rhoid. six. hexagon hexa-m'eter sacred. hiero-glyphics hier-ai'chy a horse. hippo-drome hippo-pok&miis similar. homo-geneous homo-logous water. hydro-phobia, hydro-statics peculiar. idiot idiom equal 150-ther'mal isos'-celes the world. cosmo-gonj cosmo-politan power. Siuto-crat demo-cracy a judge. criti-cise hypo-crite 90. Greek Roots. a stone. ft^o-grapliy aeT-olite science-. ge-ology astro-logy 110 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Root. Force. Examples. lysis = a loosening. aua-lysis para-lysis metron = measure. gaso-meter ihermo-meter mikros = small. micro-scope micro-cosm nionos = alone. mono-toriQ mon-arch morphe = form. dimorphous meta-morphosis mythos = fiction. mytho-logy myth-ical nomos = law. astro-nomy eco-nomy naus = a ship. naus-ea aero-naut nekros = dead. necro-logy nec'ro-mancy ode = song. mel-ody par-ody onoxna = a name. a>n-onym-ous syn-onym orthos = right. ortho-graphy or'tho-epy pneuma protos psyche 91. Greek Roots. oxys = sharp. oxy-gen oxy-d.izQ pan = all pan-arama pan-t\ieou pathos = feeling. a-pathy patho-logy petra = a rock. petri-fy petr-oleum pherein = to hear. meta-phor phos-phor-ous phos = light. phos-phorus photo-graph phanein = to appear. phan-tom phen-omenon philos = a friend. philos-opher philo-logist phone = sound. phon-ic phono-graphy phren = the mind. frenzy frantic phrasis = a saying. para-phrase phraseo-logy physis = nature. phys-ics phys-iology polls = city. metrop-olia metropolitan polys = many. poly-pus poly-gon 92. Greek Roots. breath; air. first. soul. pneumo-ma proto-type psycho-logy pneum-a-tica proto-plasm metem-psycho-BiB ETYMOLOGY. Ill Root. Force. Examples. fire. /?^r0-technics pyre to flow. cata-rrA rheum to look. tele-scope micro-scope leisure. school schol-astic wisdom. philo-sophy sophi-stiy sphere. hemi-sphere spher-icity a placing. system ec-stas-y a placing. syn-thesis anti-thesis art. techno-logy ipoly-technic god. atheist theo-logy heat. therm-om'eter therm-al a cutting. ana-tomy epi-t'ome 93. Greek Roots. rhein scopein schole sophia sphaira stasis thesis techne the os therme tonios tecton telos thermos tones topos tropos typos zoon 94. Words of Greek Derivation. Graphein = to write. Graphy = writing. Gramma = writing. Require the root signification and the full definition. builder. axchi-tect arch'i-^ec^-ure end; distance, hot. tone. tele-phone therm-ic a-ton-ic tele-scope therrno-graph mono-tone a place, a turning, an impress, an animal. topo-graphy helio-trope typ-ical zoo-logy u-top-io, trop-ic typo-gr&phy 2;oo-phyte au'tograph bi og'ra phy au to bi og'ra phy bib li og'ra phy chi rog'ra phy cal lig ra phy ge og'raphy his to ri og'ra phy hy drog'ra phy li thog ra phy lex i cog ra pher pho nog ra pher ste nog'ra phy or thog ra phy te leg ra phy tel e graph ic gram ma'ri an par al lei o gram 112 NORMAL WORD BOOK. ep i gram mafic ty pog'ra phy bi o graph'ic al pho tog ra phy ty po graph'ic gram mafic al pho to graph'ic par'a graph ist 95. Words of Greek Derivation. Logos = science, reason, a speech, a word. Eequire the root meaning and the full definition. apol'o gy a pol'o gize a pol'o gist eu'lo gy eu'lo gize eu'lo gist ge ol'o gy ge ol'o gize ge ol'o gist psy chol'o gy psy chol'o gize psy chol'o gist phi lol'o gy phi lol'o gist phi lo log'ic al phy si ol'o gy phys i ol'o gist phys i o log'ic al min er al'o gy min er al'o gist min er a log'ic al phre nol' o gy phre nol'o gist phre no log'ic al et y mol'o gy et y mol'o gist et y mo log'ic al or ni thol'o gy or ni thol'o gist or ni tho log'i cal en to mol'o gy en to mol'o gist en to mo log'ic al chro nol'o gy chro nol'o gist chro no log'ic al ich thy ol'o gy me te or ol'o gy psy cho log'ic al tech nol'o gy pa thol'o gy ge o log'ic al 96. Words of Greek Origin. Many of these words have come into English through the Latin. Require either a synonym or a definition of each word. Let the pupils use the dictionary. alms chord choir fame air chrome chart gnome arc chyme crypt hymn ache chyle cone lobe blame chrism cyst lyre balm chair clef lymph base chasm disc nymph ETYMOLOGY. ac'me arc tic as tral ath lete ar chives asth ma ax is ba sis caus tic col ic con ic cli mate cli max cyn ic cha os chron ic oys'ter ox ide ol ive o zone pa per pyre schist theme plague sphere throb rheum sphinx thyme rhythm spasm tomb rhomb style tome school spleen tone scene schism type scheme sylph trope scope sketch zone 97. Words of Greek Origin. ehro'mo eth'nic i'dol chlo rine em bleni idyl cy cle ep ode i ris crys tal fran tic li chen com ma f ren zy log ic cos mos gas trie mar tyr des pot graph ite ma cron delta glu cose mag ic di et gym nasfc meth od dog ma gyrate mon ad dra ma geode mu sie diph thong ha lo mim ic ech o hec tic mor pliine ep ic her mit no mad e poch hy drant o men e ther hy dra op ties 98. Words of Greek Origin. pan'ic pha rynx phthis ic po et pha lanx phos phate pet al phys ics plas tic pars ley pleu ra plan et phan torn pigmy pseu do 114 NOIiMAL WORD BOOK. pas'on skep'tic triph'thong tro'chee rhu barb styp tic ther mal trag ic sa tyr stig ma the ist tra peze' sar casm ster num the sis zeal'ot sched ule stom ach tho rax com ic si pbon sto ic tro phy co ma syn od soph ist ty rant crit ic sym bol tac tics ty phoon an gel symp torn top ic ty phus as ter sys tern trop ic ty phoid prob lem syr inge tri pod tro che bap tism 99. Words of Greek Origin. ap'o thegm a zo'ic chol'e ra cal'o mel ar go naut a or'ta chrys a lis ce phal ic al pha bet a sylum cat a comb di'a phragm aph o rism a pos'tle era ni urn di a dem ax i om aes thet ic clin ic al di a torn ag o ny aes thet ics croc o dile dy nas ty an o dyne an then tic cyn o sure di dac'tic at mos phere bot'a ny co ma tose dys pep tic am nes ty big a my cos mic al di lem ma an to crat bron chi a crit i cism dy nam ic an eu rism cat a plasm cyn i cism di plo ma ac ro bat cat a clysm cyl in der e clip'tic as ter old cat e chism chi me'ra ec cen trie at ro phy char ac ter cha ot ic ec stat ic a cous'tics chlo ro form chro mat ic ec lec'tic a cros tic chlo ro phyl cos met ic el lip'sis 100. Words of Greek Origin. e pis'tle eu re'ka ep'i sode ep'i logue ex ot ic em'pha sis ep i gram eth ic al e nig ma elegy ep i taph ex o dus ETYMOLOGY. 115 ex'o gen ho' mo nym i o'ta le the'an en do gen ho ro scope id'i ot ma'ni a eu phe mism hy gi ene id i om ma ni ac gan gli on hy dro gen i o dine mas to don gen e sis hem i sphere i ron y mel o dy glyc er ine hec to gram kil o gram me te or gy ro scope her e tic lab y rinth met a phor hal cy on hex a gon log a rithm mech a nism her o ism hyp o crite lex i con myr i ad her o ine hys ter'ics lit ur gy mys te ry hem or rhage hy draul ics lie o rice mon o lith hec a tomb hyp not ic lym phat ic mon o dy her ni a i de'a ly ce'um mi cro scope 101. Words of Greek Origin. ma chin'ist par'al lax pho'to sphere pseu'do nym mo sa ic par al lei phar ma cy pa py'rus mu se um par a site pro to type pho net ics mi as ma par a gon pro to plasm pneu mat ics nine mon ics par o dy pros o dy pe dan tic ne cro sis par ox ysm pros e lyte pro phet ic ne pen the par a dox pyth i an py ri'tes no mad ic pan ere as proph e sy rhap'so dy ne'o phyte pan the ism pleu ri sy rhet o ric oph i cleide pan to mime plat y pus rheu ma tism or ches tra pan o ply pleth o ric sel e nite ox y gen par a ble pie o nasm sem i tone ob e lisk pel i can pol y glot scor pi on os tra cize pen ta gon pol y gon skel e ton or tho dox pet ri fy por phy ry spher i cal par a digm phar i see pyr a mid soph is try 102. Words of Greek Origin. syn'o nym syn co pe sym'pho ny syn a gogue syn the sis sym me try sym pa thy syc a more 116 KOKMAL WORD BOOK. syc'o phant stra bis'mus tym'pa num anon'y mous syl la ble tal'is man trop i cal a nal y sis syl la bus tet a nus typ i cal a poc ry phal syl lo gism tel e scope trog lo dyte a pos tro phe sy nop'sis tel e phone the sau'rus a pos ta sy sy rin ga tech ni cal tra'che a a rith me tic scle rot ic the ory tri chi'na as phyx i a sphe roid al trag e dy zo'o phyte au torn a ton spas mod ic trag a canth zy mot'ic a ris to crat sar cas tic tril o bite a nath'e ma a nach ro nism 103. Wcrds of Greek Origin. antag'onism diag'onal empir'ical allop'athy diaer'esis epit'ome anom'aly dissyl'lable ephem'eral ae'rial diphthe'ria ethe'real acad'emy demo'niac eulo'gium antithesis diarrhoe'a elec'trotype antip'odes diapa'son eupho'nious antisep'tic diaton'ic enthu'siasm amauro'sis epidem'ic gramma'rian cat'alepsy epiglot'tis geom'etry crite'rion esoph'a gus gymna'sium catas'trophe empyre'an hexam'eter chame'leon ep'ilepsy he'lioscope chalyb'eate epicy'cle hec'tometer cat'egory econ'omy hypot'enuse calisthen'ics ellip'tical hip'podrome 104. Words of Greek Origin. hypoc'risy hyper'bole isother'mal hyste'ria hyper'trophy kalei'doscope hypoth'esis isos'celes monop'oly hilar'ity iron'ical monog'amy ETYMOLOGY. 117 misan'thropy oligarchy phlebot'omy melo'deon olean'der phenom'enon morphol'ogy paren'thesis pyrom'eter meton'ymy parhe'lion paregor'ic mathemat'ics paral'ysis protozo'a metamor'phic periphery polyg'amy metaphys'ics perim'eter panegyr'ic mon'otheism parab'ola pneumo'nia nec'romancy periph'rasis polytech'nic necrol'ogy petro'leum stalac'tite neural'gia philos'ophy therapeu'tics ophthal'mia philan'thropy theod'olite 105. Words of Greek Origin. analytical hieroglyph'ics parapherna'lia apothe'osis homoeop'athy paleontol'ogy baromet'rical homoge'neous pandemo'nium cyclope'dia heteroge'neous physiog'nomy electric'ity idiosyn'crasy spermace'ti eleusin'ian icon'oclast stereoscopic erysip'elas kleptoma'nia ste'reotype eleemos'ynary meteor'olite sciat'ica epigrammat'ic monochromat'ic synec'doche ecclesias'tical monoma'niac tautology hydroceph'alus metaphysi'cian typography hypercritical metempsycho'sis trigonom'etry hypocrit'ical phantasmago'ria theolog'ical liypochon'dria perihe'lion tyran'nical hippopofamus pharmacopoe'ia teleg'raphy hyperbore'an polysyl'lable anthropoph'agi 106. Interesting Derivations. Bankrupt. Money-lenders in Italy used to sit on a banco, or bench, in the market-place, and when one of them was 118 NORMAL WORD BOOK. unable to continue business, his bench was broken up, and he was called a bancrotto, or bankrupt. Buckwheat, A corruption of boc-wheat, i. e., beech -wheat; so-called because the kernel is triangular like a beech-nut. Canard [canard, F. = a duck]. A French writer, in order to test the gullibility of the public, set afloat in the newspapers a story that one duck ate up nineteen other ducks, feathers and all. Hence an improbable story is called a canard. Desultory. Roman circus-riders that rode two horses, leaping from one to the other, were called desulto'res; hence desultor came in Latin to mean one who was incon- stant, or going from one thing to another. Good-by. A contraction of God be with you. Grass- widow. A grace widow, a widow by courtesy ; that is, one temporarily separated from her husband. Gooseberry. A corruption of kraus, or gorse-berry. Gorse means rough, prickly, hairy. Saunter [F., sainte terre, holy land]. From idle persons that roamed about the country, begging alms under the pretence of going on a pilgrimage a la sainte terre, i. e., Palestine, or the Holy Land. Stalwart \stael-weortli\ means worth stealing. A stal- wort yeoman was one worth stealing, or taking captive in warfare. Supercilious. Haying an elevated eyebrow ; that is, raised in contempt, or scorn. Shakespeare speaks of " woe- ful ballad made to his mistress' eyebrow ; " woeful, because she is supercilious. Lady [A. S., Itlaef-dige, loaf -server]. One who serves bread to the family. Jerusalem Artichoke. A corruption of the Italian word girasole, sunflower ; called the girasole artichoke because its flower turns to the sun. ETYMOLOGY. 119 107. Curiosities of Derivation. coil count curfew dandelion debonair kerchief legerdemain madame rally verdict verjuice verdigris vinegar = con -\-ligare = con+putare = couvre-feu = dent-de-lion = de bon aire = couvre-chef leger de main = mea domina = re -\- ad + ligar\ = vere dictum = vert jus = viride ceris = vinum acer to bind together, to reckon together, to cover the fire, tooth of a lion, of fine air or mien, to cover the head, light of hand, my mistress, to bind together again, truly said, green juice, green of brass, sour wine. 108. Hybrids. NOTE. As a general rule Teutonic suffixes and prefixes are joined to Teutonic root- words ; Romanic to Romanic roots, etc. ; but there are some exceptions. Words formed by a combination of Old English and Romanic elements are termed hybrids. The following are given as a few illustrations : I. English Words with Romanic Suffixes. -ance hindr-ance further-ance forbear-ance -age bond-age tonn-age wharf-age -ment ship-ment lodg-ment wonder-ment -let stream-let brook-let ham-let -ess godd-ess shepherd-ess songstr-ess -able eat-able laugh-able read-able II. Romanic Words with English Suffixes. -ful fruit-ful peace-ful grace-ful -ish slav-ish Rom-ish brut-ish 120 NORMAL WORD BOOK. -less merci-less passion-less grace-less -ly intimate-ly savage-ly final-ly -ness factious-ness savage-ness useful-ness -ship court-ship apprentice-ship III. Romanic Words \vith English Prefixes. un- un-fortunate un-equal un-aided over- over-rate over-taxed over-power be- be-siege be-powder be-tray under- under-value under-estimate under-prize IV. English Words with Romanic Prefixes. dis- dis-like dis-masted dis-heart-en re- re-light re-build re-told 109. Double Forms of Words from the Same Root. Explain the difference in signification. balsam lalm kill quell captive caitiff legal loyal cadence chance market mart cattle chattel milk milch estate state mint money esquire squire metal mettle especial special person parson engine gin penitence penance fantasy fancy quiet coy fact feat secure sure fragile frail scatter shatter fidelity fealty school shoal flower flour wagon wain genteel gentle ward guard history story wise guise ETYMOLOGY. 121 MO. Dictation Exercise. JT. Spelling, Capitals, and Punctuation* The imperial astronomers of Chaldea went up almost to the stars in their observatories ; but it was a Greek who first foretold an eclipse, and measured the year. The nations of the East invented the alpha- bet : but not a line has reached us of profane literature, in any of their languages and it is owing to the embalming power of Grecian genius, that the invention itself has been transmitted to the world. The Egyptian architects could erect structures, which, after three thousand five hundred years, are still standing in their uncouth, original majesty ; but it was only on the barren soil of Attica, that the beautiful columns of the Parthenon and the Theseum could rest, which are standing also. With the decline of liberty in Greece, began the decline of all her letters, and all her arts, though her tumultuous democracies were succeeded by liberal and accomplished princes. Edward Everett. II, Etymology. 1. Count the words in this paragraph. 2. Italicize the words of Latin or Greek derivation. 3. Find the per cent of Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon derivation. III. Dictation Exercise. I. Spelling, Punctuation, and Capitals. In all its history it has been beneficent. It has trodden down no man's liberty, it has crushed no State. Its daily respiration is liberty and patriotism. Its youthful veins are full of enterprise, courage, and honorable love of glory and renown. Large before, the country has now, by recent events, become vastly larger. This Republic now extends, with a vast breadth, across the whole continent. The two great seas of the world wash the one and the other shore. We realize on a mighty scale the beautiful description of the ornamental edging of the bucklers of Achilles " Now the broad shield complete, the artist crowned With his last hand, and poured the ocean round, In living silver seemed the waves to roll, And beat the buckler's verge and bound the whole." Daniel Webster. II. Etymology. ~ Find the per cent of classical words. 122 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 112. Dictation Exercise. Treat as in 111 and 112. Oh ! But he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge ! a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner ! Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire ; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shriveled his cheek, stiffened his gait ; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue ; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. A frosty rime was on his head, and on his eyebrows, and his wiry chin. He carried his own low temperature always about with him ; he iced his office in the dog-days ; and didn't thaw it one degree at Christmas. 113. Dictation Exercise. Two men I honor, and no third. First, the toil-worn craftsman that with earth-made implement laboriously conquers the earth and makes her man's. Venerable to me is the hard hand, crooked, coarse, wherein notwithstanding lies a cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal as of the sceptre of this planet. Venerable too is the rugged face, all weather-tanned, besoiled, with its rude intelligence, for it is the face of a man living manlike. 0, but the more venerable for thy rude- ness, and even because we must pity as well as love thee, hardly- entreated brother ! Thomas Carlyle. 114. Dictation Exercise. Had the Plantagenets, as at one time seemed likely, succeeded in uniting all France under their government, it is probable that Eng- land would never have had an independent existence. The noble language of Milton and Burke would have remained a rustic dialect without a literature, a fixed grammar, or a fixed orthography, and would have been contemptuously abandoned to the use of boors. No man of English extraction would have risen to eminence, except by becoming, in speech and habits, a Frenchman. Macaulay. FA.RT SYNONYMS NOTE. Synonyms are words that agree in their general meaning, but differ in their special application ; hence, a careful study of their shades of signification is required in order to secure accuracy and elegance in their use. In the study of the following elementary les- sons, pupils should be trained to make use of the Unabridged Dic- tionary. I. Adjectives. ancient Is opposed to modern ; as, ancient ruins and castles. old Is opposed to new and young ; as, old things and men. antique Kelates to ancient style of art. antiquated To what is old, and out of date or fashion. contagious Means spread by actual contact. infectious Communicated in any manner. corporal Pertaining to the body externally j as, cor- poral punishment. corporeal Relating to internal structure ; as, corporeal substance. enormous Out of rule ; as, enormous expense, immense Out of measure ; as, immense expanse. everlasting Means having no end. eternal Having neither beginning nor end. 124 NORMAL WORD BOOK. general Includes nearly all. universal Includes entirely all. great Implies extent ; as, great barns, fields, lakes, etc. grand Includes the idea of greatness and supe- riority. sublime Expresses the highest degree of grandeur. human Pertaining to man ; it denotes what we are. humane Kind ; it denotes what we ought to be. 2. Synonymous Adjectives. handsome Applies to what is striking, grand, or noble ; as, handsome men, horses, etc. pretty To what is small, delicate, or fine ; as, pretty girls, flowers, etc. beautiful Is a higher term than either pretty or hand- some, and has a wider application ; as, beautiful landscapes, women, etc. impracticable From the circumstances of the case. impossible From the nature of things. inevitable From the nature of things. unavoidable From circumstances. indolent Averse to action of any kind. lazy Averse to work, labor, or useful employment. ignorant Lacking knowledge or information. illiterate Lacking education, or the ability to read and write. high Is opposed to low ; as, high hills, houses, etc. lofty Includes the idea of grandeur as well as height. noted Well known for good qualities. notorious Well known for bad qualities. SYNONYMS. 125 primary First in order of place or rank ; as, primary schools, readers, etc. primeval First in order of age ; as, " This is the forest primeval." primitive First in order of time ; as, primitive customs. 3. Nouns. Require pupils to illustrate the proper use of each word by constructing sentences. Is the act of refraining from using at all. Consists in the moderate enjoyment of things. One skilled in the fine arts, such as painting, music, etc. One skilled in the mechanical trades. Is the act of putting into the ground. Is the act of burying with ceremony. Is the quality that enables us to meet danger bravely. Enables us to bear pain or suffering. Are the established practices of a people or society. Relate to the behavior of individuals toward others. Relates to actions in general in all places. Includes particular actions on special occa- sions. Lies in the qualities of a person. Consists in what is said of a person. abstinence temperance artist artisan burial interment courage fortitude customs manners conduct behavior character reputation competition Is a struggle for superiority over others. emulation Is an effort to imitate and equal. 126 NORMAL WORD BOOK. doubt Arises from want of evidence. suspense Arises from want of certainty. humor Consists in an amusing arrangement of ideas. wit In a brilliant and unexpected combination. humor Is genial, and laughs with people, wit Is cutting, and laughs at people. haughtiness Springs from self-esteem. disdain Springs from a low opinion of others. 4. Synonymous Nouns. instant An instant is the shortest conceivable point of time. moment A moment is a little longer than an instant. informant An informant is one who tells anything. informer An informer is one who tells from interested motives. inability Means lack of power from the nature of things. disability Arises from circumstances, and may be tem- porary. impediments Hinder progress, and must be removed. obstacles Stand in the way, and must be surmounted. knowledge Is a general term for whatever is known. science Signifies systematized or classified knowledge. killing Is the mere act of taking life. murder Is the malicious killing of a human being. maxims Are evident truths in morals. axioms Are evident truths in science. neglect Is the act of leaving something undone. negligence Is the habit of leaving things undone. name Is a general term applied to anything. appellation Is a descriptive name expressing some quality. SYNONYMS. 127 news May be expected or not, important or unim- portant. tidings Is applied only to expected, important, or personal news. pretences Are made to conceal the real purposes, pretexts Are given to conceal actions. persuasion Is the act of affecting the feelings or will, conviction Is the act of influencing the reason and judg- ment. plenty Includes all that is needful. abundance Expresses the idea of more than is needed. pride Is based on a high opinion of ourselves, vanity On a desire for the good opinion of others. truth Concerns what is said. veracity Concerns the person who says it. 5. Verbs. assent' "We assent' by an act of the understanding, to the views or opinions of others. consent' We consent' by an act of the will or the feelings. ask Is Teutonic, general, and colloquial. inquire Is Eomanic and specific. build Is a general term of Teutonic origin. construct Of Eomanic origin, means to build with care or skill ; as, we build anything ; we con- struct complicated machines. discover To make known existing things unknown before ; as, discover new lands. invent To find out by making new combinations of things ; as, invent printing, gunpowder, etc. 128 NORMAL WOKD BOOK. educate To develop all the faculties of body or mind, instruct To give information or directions. equivocate To convey a double meaning. prevaricate To evade the question at issue by false state- ments. forbid To merely tell a person not to do. prohibit To forbid in a formal or judicial manner. do Is Teutonic and general ; we do anything. perform Is Romanic, and means to do thoroughly, or to do some particular thing or task. should Implies the obligation of custom. ought Implies duty ; it is stronger than should. 6. Verbs in Sentences. accent' Syllables ; emphasize words. cry From pain ; weep from grief. differ We differ in opinion ; dispute about differ- ences ; quarrel after disputing, and fight to settle quarrels. excuse We excuse mistakes ; forgive injuries. exonerate We exonerate others from blame ; exculpate ourselves. esteem We esteem for merit ; respect for character ; honor for superiority ; reverence for holi- ness. enlarge We enlarge by adding to extent of surface ; increase number, bulk, or quantity. have We have what we hold; possess what we own and have. see We see by merely opening the eyes ; observe by looking at closely. antipathy aversion approbation approval belief faith culture cultivation civility politeness capacity ability facility fertile fruitful honorable honored malignant malicious peaceful peaceable SYNONY 7. Active and Passive Is & feeling against. Is an active feeling against, expressed by turn- ing away from. A state of feeling awakened in the mind. The act of commending. Is a passive acceptance of facts or truth. Is active, and expresses strong belief. Relates to condition as the results of improve- ment. Relates to the act of improving. Is passive courtesy required by custom. Is the result of an active desire to please. Relates to the power of receiving and holding. Signifies inherent power to do. Relates more to the condition of the doer. To the readiness with which the actor does anything. Implies a condition capable of producing ; as, a fertile soil. Signifies actually producing ; as, fruitful fields, gardens, etc. Worthy to be honored ; as, honorable services. Actually receiving honor ; as, honored heroes. Having malice ; as, a malignant disposition. Actually exerting malice ; as, malicious deeds. In a passive state of peace. Desiring peace ; as peaceable tribes. 130 KOEMAL WOKD BOOK. 8. Active and Passive Synonyms. rational Means having the quality of reason ; as, Man is a rational being. reasonable Signifies actually exercising reason ; as, The teacher made a reasonable request. strength Implies the possession of power. force Is power positively exerted. fortitude Is the passive power of enduring. bravery Is the active power of meeting danger. posture Signifies a passive position. attitude A studied position for effect. unbelief Is a negative state of mind ; a mere failure to admit the truth of any proposition. disbelief Is a positive rejection of anything after con- sidering proofs. 9. Synonyms of Degree. appears Is applied more to the senses ; as, The sun appears through the clouds, seems More to the mind ; as, The story seems to be true. companions Are persons occasionally in our company, associates Are our habitual companions, charge Means the direct care of anything, management Is the direction of important business affairs. allow By tacit consent what is not objected to. permit By formal consent what is asked for. alter Anything by making it different. change By putting something else in its place, confuse Means to bewilder the mind, confound To stupefy the faculties. SYNOXYMS. 131 definite Leaves nothing to be explained ; as, definite instructions. positive Leaves no room for doubt ; as, positive com- mands. remember By a spontaneous action of the mind, recollect By a specific effort of the mind. glaring Relates to the thing ; as, a glaring lie. bare-faced Relates to the person ; as, a bare-faced liar. untruth Merely a statement that is not true. falsehood An intentional untruth, harmless or otherwise. lie A deliberate falsehood for the purpose of deceiving. face Natural features ; as, the human face divine. countenance The expression of the face ; as, the light of your countenance. 10. Synonyms of Degree. evident Means clear or plain ; as, His guilt was evi- dent. obvious Is unmistakably evident ; as, His confusion was obvious. excite Means to stir up the feelings ; as, The news excited the people, incite To urge on to action ; as, The leaders incited the mob to open violence. forsaken Means left by others. forlorn Utterly forsaken. defective Lacking in some respect. faulty Having something actually wrong. inhuman Cruel from lack of feeling. barbarous Actually delighting in cruelty. 132 NORMAL WORD BOOK. reports Things said generally. rumors Flying reports. idle Means doing nothing at some particular time, indolent Naturally averse to any kind of effort. miserable Relates to the state of mind or feelings. wretched To condition as regards external circum- stances. pleasure Is a short state of enjoyment dependent mainly on the senses. happiness Is continued pleasure dependent upon the disposition. should Implies obligation. ought Very strong obligation. trifling Of little importance, trivial Of less importance. repartee Means a witty reply, retort A sharp or cutting reply. loquacious Very talkative. garrulous foolishly loquacious. absurd Means without reason, ridiculous Both absurd and laughable. Require each pupil to add 20 pairs of words to the pre- ceding. II. Miscellaneous Synonyms. argue To adduce reasons for or against. debate To interchange arguments in a formal manner. attack To attack is to begin an onset, assail To make a sudden and violent attack. assault To leap upon ; to assail vehemently. SYNONYMS. 133 attempt An attempt is a specific trial to do. endeavor An endeavor is a continued attempt, effort An effort is a sudden trial. exertion Is a trial of full strength. ask Is a Teutonic generic term. request To request is to ask politely for some par- ticular thing. beg Is used interchangeably with both ask and request. accordingly Marks a natural connection, consequently Marks a logical connection. account Is a general description taken as a whole, narrative Is a detailed description of a connected train of events. accuse To accuse is to make a formal charge against, arraign To accuse before a tribunal of justice. anticipate Both words convey the idea of looking bef ore- expect hand ; but expect is the stronger term. apprehension Moderate sense of danger. alarm Strong sense of immediate danger. acute Capable of piercing facts as with the point of a needle. subtile Capable of spinning out a fine thread of intricate thought. 12. Miscellaneous Synonyms. adhesion Is used in reference to material substances. adherence To principles of belief. beside Is used only and always as a preposition. besides Is an adverb, signifying "in addition to," moreover, beyond. 134 NORMAL WORD BOOK. bound We are bound by duty or contract. obliged We are obliged to do things by necessity. besides Introduces an additional reason. moreover Introduces a supplemental or superfluous one. compel To force by direct means. coerce To force by indirect or by legal means. cessation Is either a temporary or a final stop. pause Is a temporary stop. rest Is a stop for relief. intermission Is a stop at intervals. mortification Is pain from wounded pride, chagrin Is keen mortification. conceal Is merely not to make known, secrete Is to hide with extreme care. current Carries only the single idea of running, stream Conveys the idea of onward flow caused by uniform force. candid Free from reserve or prejudice ; candid re- marks. frank Speaking without restraint ; frank manners. sincere Speaking without untruth. 13. Miscellaneous Synonyms. continual Having no interruption in time, continuous Having no interruption in space, constant Admitting of no change, perpetual Having no end. compare Things that are somewhat alike. contrast Things that are strikingly unlike, disdain Is indignant contempt. scorn Is extreme disdain. SYNONYMS. 135 decided Settled beyond doubt ; applied to both per- sons and things. decisive Is applied to things only ; conclusive ; end- ing the matter. design A design is a specific aim. intention Relates to the general state of mind or feelings. purpose A settled choice or determination. disposition Is a constitutional state of mind. temper Is a variable state of mind as regards the feelings and passions. deist A deist believes in God but not in revelation, atheist An atheist disbelieves in both God and reve- lation. delightful Relates to a state of mind. delicious Relates to the state of the senses in matters of taste, touch, and smell. entreat To ask earnestly, beseech To entreat strongly. implore To beseech with fervor, supplicate To implore of superiors. enmity A hostile state of feeling. rancor Intense, deep-seated, personal hatred. 14. Miscellaneous Synonyms. evident From being clearly proved. obvious Needing no proof. expect What is likely to happen, hope for What we desire to happen. equivocal Having a double meaning, ambiguous Apparently having two meanings. 136 NORMAL WORD BOOK. fallacy Is professed reasoning evidently false, sophistry Is false reasoning skillfully concealed. fervor Is a 'boiling heat ; fervid declamation. ardor Is a turning heat ; ardent friendship, genius The power to create ideas. talent The power to use ideas. grace May be a gift of nature, elegance Is the result of cultivation. hinder "What is unfinished or uncompleted, prevent What is not begun. incapable From absolute want of natural power, incompetent From a temporary lack of power. impending Something hanging over us. imminent Something ready to fall on the instant* impudence Is unblushing impertinence, effrontery Is brazen-faced impudence in public. 15. Miscellaneous Synonyms. lifeless Is applied to bodies capable of life, inanimate To things not capable of life. dead Is a general term applied to things both capable and incapable of life. murder The unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. manslaTighter The unlawful killing of a human being with- out premeditation. homicide The unlawful killing of a human being, generally applied to killing in self-defence or by accident. motion Denotes the act of moving, movement The manner of moving. SYNONYMS. 137 meaning Is a Teutonic word of general application. We speak of the meaning of words or sen- tences. signification The act of making known, is a Eomanic word of limited application ; as, The signification of a word. observance Is the act of keeping ; as, The observance of Sunday. observation Is the act of considering attentively, or some remark made about the result of considering. pupil In connection with school, these words are scholar interchangeable. In strict signification, pupil carries the idea of more direct super- vision. picture Is a general term for any kind of drawing. painting Is a representation by means of colors. 16. Miscellaneous Synonyms. pique A slight resentment. spite A settled resentment. grudge A long-settled ill-feeling. rancor Deep seated hatred. rage Is vehement and excessive anger. fury Is excessive rage. robust Having the constitutional ability to bear labor or fatigue. strong Having power to act. repeat Is to utter or express a second time, reiterate Is to repeat many times. spectator A looker-on. observer One who looks on attentively. 138 NORMAL WORD BOOK. sentimental Implies an excess of the sensibilities. romantic An excess of wild imagination. sulky Having temporary fits of occasional ill- humor. sullen Having an innate disposition to habitual sulkiness. terror Is excessive fright or fear. consternation Is excessive and bewildering terror. terse Concise and elegant. laconic In the fewest possible words, with implied incivility. concise Having only the words necessary. usefulness Teutonic word, applied to concrete and com- mon things. utility Romanic, and used in a more general and abstract sense. 17. Defining by Means of a Generic Term. Generic Term " Building." building Anything built or constructed, as house, barn, etc, structure A large and imposing building, edifice A large and elegant building. pile A large building or a mass of buildings. house A building for shelter, especially of man. mansion A large, fine, and costly house, palace A magnificent building for the residence of kings or nobles. church A building for religious worship by Christians. temple A magnificent building for religious worship, cathedral A building for religious worship, the largest in the diocese, containing the chair of the bishop. SYNONYMS. 139 synagogue A Jewish house of worship. mosque A Mohammedan house of worship. pagoda A pagan house of worship. hotel A large building for the entertainment of travelers. villa A fine country house. cottage A small house. cabin A small, mean house, hut A small, rude building for shelter. barn A building for the shelter of cattle, or the storing of farm products. stable A building for the shelter of horses, castle A strongly-built or fortified building. barracks Buildings for the shelter of soldiers. kennel A house for dogs. 18. Dictionary Exercise. In a similar manner define the following groups of words I, Room. chamber court boudoir attic parlor hall dormitory garret kitchen saloon nursery basement apartment state-room study cellar office closet studio pantry II. Vessel. ship corvette boat steamer coaster barque cutter launch steamboat frigate brig smack wherry steamship man-of-war sloop yawl scull packet ironclad schooner skiff canoe whaler monitor junk barge gondola collier ram 140 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 19. Dictionary Exercise. Under the following generic terms group from 2 to 10 words having a somewhat similar meaning. axiom clear give advice draw go answer danger God apparel destroy heart bind equal hard belief fall help break force kill conduct famous leave law speak motion secret mind send order see power take prove teach play work skill worship 20. Discrimination of Synonyms. [Model Exercise.] 1. Act, a single action ; Deed, a voluntary act. Differ- ence of general and particular ; as, This act of charity was only one of his many good deeds. 2. Force, active power ; Energy, inherent power. Differ- ence between external and internal ; as, He controlled his associates by his strong force of character and his energy of action. 3. Exertion is general and continued ; Effort is specific. Difference between general and particular ; as, He failed after all his exertions, though he made a final effort of great power. 4. Work, active, useful exertion ; Labor, continuous work. Difference between occasional and habitual ; as, Labor was distasteful to him, though he sometimes did short jobs of work. 5. Task, set work ; Toil, excessive labor ; as, Our daily tasks at school seemed light when compared with our toil on the farm. SYNONYMS. 141 6. Employment, specific work ; Occupation, regular work. This man had no occupation, but he sometimes found em- ployment in doing odd jobs and chores for his neighbors. 7. Business, general occupation ; Pursuit, specific occu- pation. 8. Industry, habitual labor ; Diligence, earnest and sus- tained labor, mental rather than manual. 21. Discrimination of Synonyms. NOTE. In the following pairs of words, the first word is of Teu- tonic or Anglo-Saxon origin, the second of Romanic derivation. In general, the words of classical derivation are used in the more formal or more elevated styles of expression ; those of Teutonic or Anglo- Saxon origin, in the more familiar forms of speech. Scientific names and law-terms are generally of classical derivation. daily Both words relate to day, but the first is collo- diurnal quial and general ; the other scientific and exact ; as, A daily paper, but the diurnal rotation of the earth. fatherly Difference as above. We speak of. fatherly care, paternal but of the paternal mansion or name. warm Both words have the general idea of moderate tepid heat, but tepid expresses less than warm and is more definite. bequeath We may bequeath anything in an informal man devise ner. We devise only property, and by written legal forms. gather Both words contain the idea of bringing together, collect but collect expresses more than gather ; as, We gather flowers or fruit ; we collect rare shells, books, or paintings. 142 NORMAL WORD BOOK. begin is the generic term ; we begin anything. commence is applied more formally ; we commence impor- tant undertakings. knee-pan is Anglo-Saxon, used colloquially. patella is Latin, used as an exact term in anatomy. 22. Synonyms Teutonic with Romanic. Point out the difference in the application. Teutonic. Romanic. Teutonic. Romanic. answer reply. crazy insane blessing benediction climb ascend brotherly fraternal clothes garments boyish puerile darken obscure bondage servitude die expire buy purchase daring audacious business occupation dread terror building edifice do perform backbone vertebra earthly terrestrial beginning commencement eatable edible behold view eastern oriental build construct enough sufficient brittle fragile elder senior behead decapitate egg-shaped ovate cat-like feline end termination dried desiccated guess conjecture eat friendly fullness food fodder forsake frighten 23. Synonyms. devour amicable plenitude victuals provender abandon intimidate farming agriculture freedom liberty father papa forswear perjure fleshiness corpulence fat obese SYNONYMS. 143 Teutonic* Romanic. Teutonic. Romanic. friend associate have possess folks people hurt injure guest visitor heathen pagan gift present hatred enmity grave sepulchre hinder delay guilty criminal heedless careless ghost apparition house mansion get acquire happen occur ham bacon hard difficult 24. Synonyms. heavenly celestial motherly maternal hearer auditor mother mamma hearty cordial mighty powerful idle indolent meaning signification inborn innate nose-gay bouquet keeping custody overcome conquer kingly regal overflow inundation kindred relatives overbearing domineering knowledge science outside exterior kind species outward external knee-pan patella overseer supervisor loving affectionate ownership possession living existing outdo surpass last final pick select likeness image put place lucky fortunate priestly sacerdotal 25. Synonyms. right equitable shame disgrace see perceive soul spirit stay remain shorten abbreviate 144 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Teutonic. Romanic. Teutonic. Romanic. shock concussion toughness tenacity strengthen invigorate tasteless insipid shun avoid teachable docile scatter disperse threat menace sweat perspiration talk conversation smell odor therefore consequently slaughter carnage unwise injudicious sugary saccharine uprightness rectitude quicken accelerate weight gravity timely seasonable want necessity true veracious watery aqueous 26. Synonyms. weak impotent wedlock matrimony woman female wooer suitor womanly feminine wages salary womanish effeminate watchful vigilant wealth riches welfare prosperity work labor witness deponent workman laborer whim caprice workhouse alms-house wickedness iniquity woods forest worship adoration worth value wan pallid worthy deserving weighty ponderous wish desire withstand oppose wrath indignation warlike hostile wordy verbose warrior soldier wife spouse wonder astonishment wedding marriage wrong injury 27. Synonyms. Give a Teutonic synonym for each Roman word, intrinsic opprobrium par'venu transform irrigate odium res'taurant fumigate SYNONYMS. 145 languor onus douceur perfume nonchalance quondam madame' language occult requiem penchant illiterate occidental brilliance denouement osseous oriental fracas provisions salutary osculation grievance tete-a-tete subterraneous saponaceous parlance agriculture acidity sanitary petite peregrination amplify dilatory souvenir animosity infirmity succinct employ^ pusillanimous illiberal utility promenade decapitate erudite ineffectual revenue carnivorous erudition pabulum avenue culpable similarity 28. Words and their Opposites. Name the word in the first column and require pupils to give its opposite in the second column. Word. Opposite. Word. Opposite. attraction repulsion clean dirty ascent descent conduct misconduct assent dissent consequent antecedent answer question density rarity attack defence difference similarity absence presence difficulty ease abstract concrete discord harmony bane antidote exertion repose beginning end earth heaven borrowing lending elevate depress blame praise enough insufficient commencement close equitable unjust concise diffuse expansion contraction cunning artless equable variable 146 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 29. Words and their Opposites. Word. Opposite. Word, Opposite. fruitful barren morning evening fertile sterile offer refusal freedom bondage order confusion gain loss prosperity adversity great small plenty scarcity general special plus minus good evil pleasure pain gladness sadness perspicuous obscure hope despair permission prohibition happiness misery scholar ignoramus health sickness safety danger harmony discord sweetness sourness innocence guilt superior inferior increase decrease truth error knowledge ignorance talkative taciturn liberty slavery wisdom folly 30. Word Exercise. Keqnire the OPPOSITE of each word. approbation education honor loyal beauty effect handsome modern acute empty hardness memory credit friend humanity make content friendship heretic mother courage fail hardship marriage caution faith hill meekness courtesy fall import night-time convex foolish inside normal disgrace foreigner legality organic division goodness life philanthropy elegance government lofty public SYNONYMS. 147 piety quiet right respect reward sober suffix storm sanity synthesis torrid vanguard 31. Words and their Opposites. Give the opposites of the following : antipathy entrance junior promote ancestor either listless retard affirm exogen land remain affirmation endogen literal survive attach exosmose laughter straight attack economy lachrymose slave convict fierce motion sorrow corpulent generous maximum secretions corporeal guilty monogamy something culpable grand monopetalous soprano capable generally orthodox sublime conceal homogeneous ordinary subsequent complex initial permanent seek dexterous indicate practical temporal deciduous indefatigable palace tallest decency industrious power termination 32. Teutonic and Greek Synonyms. Teutonic. Greek. Teutonic. Greek. belt zone gap chasm burning caustic graveyard cemetery bleeding hemorrhage godless atheistic blood-letting phlebotomy heaven elysium clock chronometer hand-writing chirography cold catarrh hatred antipathy funny comic likeness analogy flatterer sycophant long-standing chronic food diet madman maniac 148 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Teutonic. Greek. Teutonic. Greek. outgoing exodus skull cranium spelling orthography true authentic shapeless amorphous well-bred polite short-lived ephemeral weather climate smell odor warm thermal stress emphasis wild frenzied 33. Romanic and Greek Synonyms. Latin. Greek. Latin. Greek. abstract synopsis nameless anonymous animadversion blame origin genesis compendium epitome oratory rhetoric circumference periphery omission ellipsis confusion chaos praise eulogy era period personification prosopopoe'ia fables myths poultice cataplasm fallacy sophistry pain ache fabulous mythical perfume aroma foreign exotic records archives globular spherical remedy panacea letter epistle religion theology measure meter sign symbol missionary apostle subject theme 34. Teutonic, Romanic, and Greek. " Whatever pupils do for themselves and ly themselves educates them" Require pupils to distinguish the differences in use. Let them make free use of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Model. curse (T.) Threat of evil declared upon oath. malediction (R.) A bitter reproach, or prediction of evil, anathema (G.) A religious curse accompanied by excom- munication. SYNONYMS. 149 falls cascade cataract (T.) (R.) (G.) town (T.) city (R) metropolis (Gr. ) foe foolish fullness forebodings foretell ground ghost happiness hatred heathen hidden General term for any fall of water. A small stream falling over a precipice. A great fall of rushing water. A general term, loosely used. An incorporated town. The chief city or business center. 35. Synonyms. Teutonic. Romanic. Greek. builder constructor architect belief doctrine dogma bold courageous heroic cold frigid phlegmatic choked strangled asphyxiated cutting incisive sarcastic cross captious splenetic dislike aversion antipathy drowsiness stupor lethargy drift aim scope face countenance physiognomy feeling sentiment pathos 36. Synonyms. opponent demented repletion portents predict foundation specter felicity enmity pagan occult antagonist idiotic plethora auguries prophesy basis phantom ecstasy antipathy idolatrous mysterious 150 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 37. Synonyms Teutonic. Romanic. Greek. king- sovereign monarch laughable ludicrous comic listless languid apathetic list inventory catalogue list register schedule learner pupil scholar likeness image idol madness fury frenzy madness insanity mania madman lunatic maniac meddlesome officious pragmatical meeting-house temple church mite particle atom odd singular eccentric 38. Synonyms. oddity peculiarity idiosyncrasy rise sad saw origin dispirited proverb genesis melancholy aphorism saying sight soothsayer standard maxim appearance fortune-teller test axiom phenomenon astrologer criterion sameness shape short uniformity form concise monotony phase laconic shelter skin speech sweetness refuge cuticle language perfume asylum epidermis dialect aroma SYNONYMS. 151 Teutonic. strong strong strength sweating swearing teacher truthful tales trick tittle thrift throat true thought workman word-book worth wild wit wandering wizard 39. Synonyms. Romanic, muscular vivid power sudorific profanity instructor veracious annals artifice particle frugality genuine notion artisan dictionary reputation furious humor itinerant sorcerer Greek. athletic graphic energy diaphoretic blasphemy pedagogue authentic stories stratagem iota economy oesophagus authentic idea mechanic lexicon character frantic irony peripatetic necromancer 40. Dictionary Exercise. Find a synonym for each of the following words, refer- ring, if necessary, to the dictionary. Teachers should first take the exercise orally in the class, and then require a written list from each pupil. ability celerity entreat hauteur abstemious chattels eulogy hypocrisy adequate complaisant expunge impostor affable compliment exuberant incommode 152 NORMAL WORD BOOK. answer courteous fascinate insipid apprise disguise gratuitous irony banquet eccentric harangue jocund bondage eligible harass judgment ludicrous profit resume taciturn maintain. redress sapient transient mania rehearse saunter trespass noisome repeal scholar uncouth occult requisite sequel visage principle residue sorry vulgar privilege respite squalid wedding 41. Synonyms of Phrases. Write one or more words equivalent in meaning to each phrase, using a Romanic word if possible. To put about. To put by. To put down. To put forth. To put in. To put off. I. To Put. To put up. To put upon. To put out. To put over. To put to death. To put together. II. To Get. To get up. To get down. To get on. To get in. To get together. To get back. To get along. To get over. To get off. To get out. To get by. To et ready. SYNONYMS. III. To Set. To set about. To set up. To set against. To set down, To set a-going. To set forth. To set apart. To set free. To set aside. To set off. To set before. To set upon. To set by. To set out. IV. To Go. To go on. To go in. To go forth. To go over. To go off. To go against. To go about. To go for. To go out. To go with. To go up. To go through. To go down. To go around. To go together. To go back. V. To Cut. To cut off. To cut off a limb. To cut again, or off. To cut off a head. To cut short. To cut in two pieces. To cut from. To cut into. To cut apart, or in pieces. To cut with a knife. 153 42. Spelling and Defining. Generic Term To Join. Point out the distinction between any pair of these words conjoin pinion bind lash chain connect button tie truss link attach buckle stitch braid yoke affix bandage tack splice hasp fasten tether knit strap clasp secure picket hitch gird nail 154 NORMAL WOED BOOK. To Disjoin. disconnect isolate unfix uncouple disunite unloose unbuckle unrivet detach unfasten unchain unsolder separate untie unfetter unravel segregate unbind unharness disentangle 43. Veracity and Falsehood. I. truthfulness fidelity falseness equivocation sincerity openness mendacity evasion frankness bluntness falsification duplicity candor plainness romance dissimulation honesty ingenuousness prevarication cant IL true open-hearted false Pharisaical candid plain-spoken faithless double-faced frank simple-minded unfair smooth-tongued open undisguised hollow insidious simple unfeigned canting Machiavelian artless unflattering insincere fictitious pure veracious hypocritical untrue m. deception quackery deceiver rogue deceit empiricism liar trickster imposition humbug hypocrite blackleg artifice stratagem pretender quack trickery forgery impostor charlatan imposture delusion swindler mountebank collusion maneuver sharper empiric SYNONYMS. 155 44. Good Taste and Bad Taste. delicacy vulgarity fashion rustic refinement coarseness style boorish elegance grossness manners clownish amateur clownishness breeding outlandish connoisseur homebred politeness antiquated classical uncouth etiquette gaudy aesthetic slovenly custom tawdry 45. Courage and Cowardice. courage cowardice valiant cowardly bravery timidity valorous timorous valor effeminacy spirited faint-hearted boldness poltroonery mettlesome chicken-hearted gallantry baseness daring dastardly intrepidity pusillanimity audacious craven 46. Beauty and Ugliness. handsome symmetrical homely homespun pretty becoming plain haggard lovely attractive u g!y misshapen graceful blooming inelegant deformed elegant brilliant unsightly ill-made delicate splendid ill-looking grotesque comely grand unseemly distorted shapely gorgeous ill-favored ghastly well-favored superb uncouth cadaverous well-made magnificent clumsy hideous well-formed sublime rough monstrous 47. Wisdom and Folly. wisdom sharp-sighted folly dull sense wise absurdity childish 156 FORMAL WORD BOOK. reason rational foolishness idiotic judgment sensible conceit intelligent enlightened shallow sagacious long-headed weak-minded acute prudent half-witted astute discreet shallow-brained shrewd thoughtful stupid quick-witted reflecting stolid imbecile witless thick-skulled foolish silly senseless ridiculous 48. Spelling and Defining. Generic Terra Motion. I. movement nomadic quiescence transit vagrant suspension evolution mercurial stoppage mobility discursive stand-still stationary sedentary moored steadfast n. journey peregrination navigation traveling pilgrimage voyage excursion promenade swimming expedition migration boating circuit rafting to walk saunter wander stroll sail III. itinerant nomad fugitive passenger straggler pedestrian tourist tramp mariner vagabond courier navigator sailor tar aeronaut balloonist 49. Degrees of Motion. fast fleet slow dilatory speedy nimble slack sluggish swift brisk tardy snail-like rapid hasty lazy hobbling quick hurried easy lumbering post-haste headlong apace leisurely expeditiously SYNONYMS. 157 50. Direction of Motion. I. progression advance headway retrogression propulsion refluence projection countermarch traction approach recession retreat H. attraction confluence aberration arrival repulsion convergence divergence concourse separation congress dispersion concurrence diffusion departure advent outset 51. Spelling and Defining. Generic Term Change. I. mutation inversion conversion alternation variation subversion reduction substitution modification revolution metonymy convertible modulation transfiguration relapse exchange deviation transmigration revulsion interchange II. inconstant mobile undeviating irreversible unsteady wavering steadfast irreducible unfixed wayward immovable indestructible fluctuating immutable established undying versatile unalterable inconvertible imperishable restless permanent stagnant unchangeable unsettled invariable settled unaltered 158 NORMAL WORD BOOK. 52. Latin Phrases in Current Use. ad captan'dum, al'ma ma'ter argumen'tum ) ad hom'inem, ) a prio'ri a posterio'ri a fortio'ri, ca'sus belli, caet'eris par'ibus, cui bono? cum gra'no sails dram'atis perso'nae, ex tem'po-re ex cathedra e plu'ribus unum, et id genus omne, fidus Acha'tes, fac'totum hab'itat, infra dig. in statu quo, in loco paren'tis, for the purpose of capturing. [benign mother], the college from which one graduates. an argument to the man; i.e.,' a per- sonal application of the argument. [from the former], from cause to effect ; theoretically. [from the latter], from effect to cause ; practically. with stronger reason. justifiable cause for war. other things being equal. for whose good ? what is the use ? with some allowance. the characters of a play. [at the time] ; i. e., without previous writing or premeditation. [from the chair] ; i. e., in an authorita- tive manner. one out of many ; the national motto of the United States. and all of that sort or class used as a term of disparagement. a true friend ; a constant attendant. [do all] ; hence, a man of all work. the natural locality of a plant or ani- mal. [dignitatem] ; below one's rank or dig- nity. in the state in which it was ; just as before. in the place of a parent. SYNONYMS. 159 personally, and not by deputy. a slip of the tongue ; an inadvertent expression. [freak of nature] ; a deformed plant, animal or thing. much in little ; condensed. nothing more beyond ; hence, per- fection. tem'pora ! mores ! the times ! the manners ! in pro'pria perso'na, lapsus linguae, lusus natu'rse multum in parvo, ne plus ultra, the first impulse ; the moving power, for the public good ; hence, unsel- fishly. asses' bridge.* [what now ?] ; hence applied to a busybody. reductio ad absurdum, a reducing to an absurdity. rara avis, a rare bird ; hence, an eccentric per- son ; a prodigy, may he rest in peace ! [holy of holies] ; hence, a private apartment. [not without which] ; an indispen- sable condition, scan'dalum magna'tum [scan, mag.] ; defamation of persons of dignity. words a foot and a half long, according to professional art or rule, [of its own kind] ; peculiar; unique; odd. smooth in manner, [under the rose] ; hence, confiden- tially, summum bonum, the chief good. * A name given to the fifth proposition of first book of Euclid, because tyros usually find much difficulty in getting over it. primum mo'bile, pro bono pub'lico, pons as'inorum, quid nunc requies'cat in pa'ce, sanctum sancto'rum sine qua non sesquipeda'lia verba, secun'dem artem, sui generis suaviter in modo, sub rosa 160 NORMAL WORD BOOK. verbum sat sapient! [verb, sat sap.] ; a word to the wise is enough. vis inertise, power of passive resistance. vade mecum [go with me] ; hence, a constant companion. 53. Latin Words and Phrases Relating to Law. The teacher must give the pupils the correct pronunciation, a'lias [otherwise]. A term used when a party has passed under assumed names ; as, Smith alias Brown. As a noun, it means an assumed name ; also, a second writ. alibi [elsewhere]. A person on trial " proves an alibi" when he proves that he was in some place other than that place where it is charged in the indictment he committed the act. habeas corpus [you may have the body]. A writ to bring a person charged with crime to imme- diate trial in order to protect the right of personal liberty. Magna Charta [kar'ta]. The Great Charter (of England), the basis of English liberty, extorted by the barons from King John A. D. 1215. non est inventus [he has not been found]. Written on the back of a writ by the sheriff, when he is unable to find the person on whom the writ is to be served. nolle pros'equi [do not proceed]. A dismissal of a case from court at the request of the plaintiff or the prosecuting attorney. SYNONYMS. 161 quid pro quo [something for something]. A mutual equivalent ; an equivalent. sub posna [under a penalty]. A peremptory legal summons to appear in court as a witness. de fac'to, de ju're, dies non, et alii, ex par'te, ex post fac'to, in re, ip'so ju're, ip'so fac'to, lex talio'nis, lex non scripta non compos mentis, onus proban'di, par'ticeps crim'inis, prima fa'cie, qua'si, veni're facias, vi et armis, from the fact ; by one's own power. by legal right, though not in fact. a day on which the judges do not sit ; a legal holiday. and the others ; abbreviated into et al. on one side only ; as, ex parte evidence. after the deed is done. in the matter of ; as, " in re Doe vs. Roe" by the law itself. by the act itself. the law of retaliation. [law not written] ; hence, "the com- mon law." not of sound mind ; an imbecile. the burden of proof. an accomplice in crime. at first view. in a manner ; partial. the writ for summoning a jury. by main force. APP EN DIX. REFERENCE LIST OF PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. I. Prefixes. T. = Teutonic. L. = Latin. G. = Greek. Prefix. a- (T.) Force. on; in; at. Prefix. dia- (G.) Force. through. ab-, ) dis-, di- (G.) two ; twice. a-, f (L.) off ; from. ( in two. \ abs- dis- (L.) < asunder. a-, an- (G.) not; without. ( negative. ad- (L.) at; to. dys- (G.) bad; ill. ambi- (L.) both; around, en- (G.) in; on. amphi- (G.) both ; around. ( to make. an- (G.) not; without. eii- (T.) ( intensive. ana- (G.) away from. epi- (G.) on. ante- (L.) before. eu- (G.) well. anti- (G.) against. eso- (G.) in; into. apo- (G.) from; asunder. ex- (L.) out of; from. be- m (by; before. extra- (L.) beyond. ( ) ( intensive. for- (T.) from ; against. bis-, bi- (L.) two; twice. fore- (T.) before. cata- (G.) down. hyper- (G.) over; above. circum- (L.) around. hypo- (G.) under; below. con- (L.) together. | not (in adj.) contra- (L.) against. in- (L.)- in; into (in counter-(L.) against. 1 verbs). de- (L.) down ; from. in,- en- (L.) to make. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 163 Prefix. Force. Prefix. Force. inter- (L.) between. DO!-. ^ / intro- \ / (L.) within; into. 7 / per-, I (Fr.) \ other forms of A f juxta- (L.) near. pur- ) > L. pro. f with ; after. preter- (L.) beyond. meta- (G.) < change. re- (L.) back; again. ( in the middle. retro- (L.) backward. mis- (T.) amiss; wrong. se- (L.) aside ; by itselj non- (L.) not. semi- (L.) half. n- (T.) no; not. sine- (L.) without. ob- (L) {in the way of. sub- (L.) under. ( ) against. subter- (L.) under. off- (T.) away from. super- (L.) over. out- (T.) from; beyond. supra- (L.) over ; above. over- (T.) above; beyond. sur- (F.) over ; above. para- (G.) beside. syn- (G.) together ; with. per- (L.) through. to- (T.) this; as, to-day. pen- (L-) almost. trans (L.) across ; beyond. peri- (G.) round. ultra- (L.) beyond. TJftcf _ , ( after. r not (in adj.) UU&L ( ; ( backwards. un- (T.) - reversion (in pre- (L.) before. , verbs). ( before. under- (T.) beneath; below. pro- (L.) < forth. up- (T.) above. ( fonuard. vice- (L.) instead of. pro- (G.) before. with- (T.) against; back. 2. Suffixes. . Suffix. Force. Suflftx. Force. -able j (T. f fit to be. -ac (G.) pertaining to. -ible V & < able. i having the i } -aceous ( T*J 1 " * -ble ) L.) ( capable. ! quality of. 164 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Suffix. -acious Force. (L.) full of. Suffix. -flom Force. ,-,,. j state; power. -acy v j act of doing. ^ M thing done. "UVJU -ed ^ "M dominion. (T.) verb-suffix, p.t. -ade ,-r \ j one who. * *M that which. -ee (F.) owe ft) whom. -al /T \ (pertaining to. * '' 1 that wldch. -eer (F.) -! ( frequentative. ,_, . j ^Aa^ which. -an /T N j pertaining to. * \ one who. -el -el ( '(little. -age f act of. (F.) ) that which. -en (made of. * ' } ( quality of. ( collective. -en (T.) verb-suffix, p.p. -ance ) (L.) state of. -en (T \ -I f em - an d plural -ancy ) ' SUjJlX. -ant , T v j belonging to. -ence (L.) action; state. ( one who. *-r v J SvCtvUm -ar (L.) pertaining to. -ency ^ ( condition. -ar -ard (T.) one who. (T.) one who. -ent /T \ j belonging to. ^ - { owe 2^0. -art (T.) owe who. * T \ J ^ ew ^ y owe w/^o. < belonging to. -er (T. vSJ J_J I ) -ary (L.) < owe wAo. -er (T.) ?wore (in comp.) ( /?/#ce where. -erel (T.) ZiV^e. -asm (state of. v ' ( that which. -ern -ery (T.) direction. (L.) ^??ace ivhere. -ate . . j to make. -erie ^ ' ( owe who. -erly (F.) ^t?^ce where. (T.) direction. -cy * -cal (L.) -I SZfa ^ ^ * e ^' ( collective. (L.) pertaining to. -ene -es (L.) beionging to. / T x (plural suffix ( of noun*. -cle (L.) foYrffe. (rr\\\3d per. sing. -cule (L.) ^fe. -es, -s ( o/ verbs. SUFFIXES. 165 Suffix. -escent (L.) Force. j becoming. ( growing. Suffix. -ize -ise (G.) (G.) Force. to make, to make. -ese (L.) belonging to. -ish (T.) quality ; little. -esque (F.) belonging to. -ish (L.) to make. -est most (in comp.) -isk (G.) little. -ess (F.) j fern, suffix of \ some nouns. -ism (G.) i act; state, doctrine. -et (L.) little. -ist (G.) one who. -ette -etc (L.) (G.) little, one who. -ite(L.&G.) i belonging to. one who. -eth (T.) {verb suffix of inflection. -ity -ive (L.) CD i state of being, belonging to. -ful (T.) full of. \**/ 1 one ivho. -fy (L.) to make. -ix (L.) fern. term. -hood (T.) ( state ; place. ( collective. -kin -le, -el (L.) (T.) little ; dimin. that which. -ic (L. &G.) belonging to. -le (T.) little. -ics(L. &G.) science; art. -lent (L.) full of. -ical -id (L.) (L.) belonging to. belonging to. -less (T.) i without, free from. -ible (L.) capable of being -let (L.) little; dim. -ice (L.) condition. -ly (T.) like. -ide -ie (G.) (T.) used for metals, little; dim. -ment (L.) i act of; state of. that which. -ier (F.) one who. ( state of being. -eer (F.) one who. -mony (L.) act of. -ile CL.) belonging to. ' that which. -ine (L.) belonging to. -most (T.) highest degree. -ine (L-) fern. term. -ness (T.) state of being. -ing (T.) part. term. -ock (T.) little; dim. / T \ ( state of. -oon (It.) large. -ion (L.) j ( act of. /T \ j one who. -ique (F.) belonging to. -or (L.) i state of being. 166 NORMAL WORD BOOK. Suffix. Force. Suffix. Force. -ory (i,) j pertaining to. ( place where. -stress -teen (T.) (T.) fern. suf. ten. -ose -ous (L.) (L.) full of. full of. -th (T.) ( state; act. ( order. -ote (T.) little; dim. -tude (L.) state of being. -red (T.) i state, those who. -ty -ule (L.) (L.) state of being, little; dim. -ric (T.) ) dominion, power; region. -ure (L.) ( act of. ( state of being. -ry (T.) place where. -urnal (L.) belonging to. -ship (T.) i state of. quality; office. -ward -wards (T.) (T.) direction, direction. -some (T.) ) qualify, full of. -wise -y (T.) (T.) manner, full of; having. =ster (T.) agent; one who. -y (L. & 0.) state of ; act of. SwiNTON's GEOGRAPHIES. "The famous Two-Book Series," By PROF. WILLIAM SWINTON, CONSISTING OF I. INTRODUCTORY GEOGRAPHY, in Read- ings and Recitations; and II. GRAMMAR-SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY,?hys. ical, Political, and Commercial. The Geographies are fresh and progressive in character, and meet with great favor everywhere. The Grammar- School Geography is published in six different editions, treating the local geography of different sections. / / 1. New-England Edition, containing supplement of thirty-three pages, with special text and maps, lor the New- England btatcs. 2. Middle-States Edition, with special supplement of thirty-one pages, for the Middle States and the District of Columbia. 3. Southern -States Edition, with supplement of thirty-seven pages, for the Southern States. 4. East-Central States Edition, with supplement of thirty-three pages, for the East-Central States. 5. "West-Central States Edition, with supplement of thirty-eight pages, for the West-Central States and the Territory of Dakota. 6. Pacific-States Edition, with supplement for the Pacific High- land and Coast States and Territories. Both the Introductory and Grammar -School Geographies are new works, thoroughly modern in treatment, and handsomely illustrated. The maps and statistics are fresh and reliable, and every effort is made to keep them up to date in all particulars. * # * Liberal Terms for Supplies for Examination or In troduction . IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. New York, and Chicago. SwiNTON's READERS, An Entirely New Series of School Reading Books, BY PROF. WM. SWINTON. nPHESE books are preeminently Language Readers. They J. present a most complete development of the study of words and sentences as an essential condition of good understanding and correct reading. The illustrations are by the most eminent American artists : Church, Dielman, Fredericks, Pyle, Harper, White, and others, and were drawn expressly for these books. I. Swinton's Primer and First Reader. In print and script exercises. The script exercises are a specially attractive feature, being white on black, as in blackboard and slate work, the script being the result of careful experiment in securing a practical style of letter for this sort of work. Another noticeable feature of this book is the type, which was made for us, and which is unlike any other font of type heretofore cut, in the matter of size and face. Handsomely illustrated, and bound in cloth. One volume; 120 pages. II. Swinton's Second Reader. In print and script exercises. This h also a beautiful book, and commends itself especially for its grading, for the purity and sweetness of its literary form, and for the development of " language work." Illustrated, and bound in cloth. 1 76 pages. III. Swinton's Third Reader. Presenting many new and original features. Noticeable for the charming series of original lessons entitled "Home Pets," "Bright Examples," and " About Plants." Illustrated, and bound in cloth. 240 pages. IV. Swinton's Fourth Reader. A book of choice selections for this important grade, carefully edited and arranged. It contains also many useful and entertaining original lessons, especially on " Useful Knowledge" and " Pictures of American History." Illustrated, and bound in cloth. 384 pages. V. Swinton's Fifth Reader and Speaker. This book con- tains abundant exercises in language reading, recitation, _ and declamation. An instructive and entertaining original feature is the series of lessons under the title of " Glimpses of Science," presented in the highest form of literary art. Illustrated, and bound in cloth. 480 pages. *** Sample pages and full descriptive circulars, by tnail, to teachers and educationists. %* A s?t of the Readers, from the First to the Fifth, inclusive, sent to any teacher or educationist on receipt of $1. 7J". IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO. New York and Chicago. YB 12467