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 PHONETIC SHORTHAND.
 
 PHONETIC SHORTHAND PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Phonetic Shorthand Manual,.. $1.25 
 
 Phonetic Shorthand Speed-Book, 1.25 
 
 Phonetic Shorthand Word-Book, 1.25 
 
 Phonetic Shorthand Pocket Dictionary, cloth, $1.25; in flexible 
 
 leather, round corners,.. 1.50 
 
 The Great Moon Hoax A Story in engraved Shorthand, 1.25 
 
 Student's Pocket Reminder, with all the general rules fully 
 
 illustrated, 25 
 
 ^P~ Any of these books will be sent postpaid, upon receipt of the 
 price by postal or express money order or by draft. 
 
 W. W. OSGOODBY, Publisher, 
 
 ROCHESTER, N. Y.
 
 Phonetic Shorthand 
 
 A COMPLETE MANUAL OF 
 
 PITMAN'S PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 WITH ALL THE MODERN IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM W. OSGOODBY 
 
 Official Stenographer of the New 
 
 York Supreme Court since 
 
 1862 
 
 TENTH EDITION 
 
 ROCHESTER, N. Y. 
 
 MCMII
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY WILLIAM W. OSQOODBY. 
 
 E. R. ANDREWS PRINTING Co., 
 
 ROCHESTER, N. Y.
 
 in 
 
 To ISAAC PITMAN, 
 
 By whose Genius the Basis of Phonographic Art was laid, 
 and to the many Practitioners by whose Labors it has been 
 brought to its present State of Perfection, all Stenographers 
 of the English-speaking World owe a Debt of profound 
 Gratitude. 
 
 452281
 
 ALPHABET. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 DUPLICATES. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 
 SOUND. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 
 SOUND. 
 
 Pe 
 
 \ 
 
 P in PIP 
 
 Iss 
 
 o 
 
 S in BLISS 
 
 
 
 
 Ses 
 
 
 
 Ses in BASES 
 
 Be 
 
 
 B in BIB 
 
 1st 
 
 o 
 
 St in BLAST 
 
 Te 
 
 
 T in TIGHT 
 
 Ster 
 
 
 
 Ster in ULSTER 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Ye 
 
 u n 
 
 Y in YOKE 
 
 De 
 
 1 
 
 D in DIED 
 
 We 
 
 C 3 
 
 W in WALK 
 
 Chay 
 
 l_ 
 
 CH in ETCH 
 
 
 
 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 Jay 
 
 
 J in EDGE 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Kay 
 
 
 
 K in KICK 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 as in BEAT 
 
 Gay 
 
 
 
 G in GIG 
 
 A 
 
 * 
 
 
 as in BAIT 
 
 Ef 
 
 ^ 
 
 F in FIFE 
 
 AH 
 
 
 
 
 as in BALM 
 
 Ve 
 
 v^ 
 
 V in VIVE 
 
 AW 
 
 1 
 
 as in BOUGHT 
 
 Ith 
 
 ( 
 
 THin THIN 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 as in BOAT 
 
 The 
 
 ( 
 
 TH in THEN 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 
 as in BOOT 
 
 Es 
 
 ) 
 
 S in HISS 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 Ze 
 
 ) 
 
 Z in HIS 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 as in BIT 
 
 Ish 
 
 ^ 
 
 SH in ASSURE 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 as in BET 
 
 Zhe 
 
 ^ 
 
 ZH in AZURE 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 as in BAT 
 
 Lay 
 
 r 
 
 L in LEAL 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 as in BOG 
 
 Ar 
 
 r\ 
 
 R in ROAR 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 as in BUN 
 
 Ray 
 
 / 
 
 R in ROAR 
 
 66 
 
 - 
 
 
 as in FOOT 
 
 Em 
 En 
 
 ^~^ 
 
 M in MAIM 
 
 N in NUN 
 
 
 DIP! 
 
 v 
 
 [THONGS. 
 
 Yay 
 
 r 
 
 Y in YEA 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 
 as in BITE 
 
 Way 
 
 ~> 
 
 W in WAY 
 
 OI 
 
 
 
 as in BOIL 
 
 Hay 
 
 x-v 
 
 H in HAY 
 
 ow 
 
 A 
 
 
 as in BOUT 
 
 Ing 
 
 ^ 
 
 NG in SONG 
 
 EW 
 
 
 
 
 as in. BREW
 
 PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Sec. i. Introductory. a. In Phonetic Shorthand words 
 are spelled as they are pronounced, and no silent letters are 
 used. In the English alphabet the sounds of Ch as in chain, 
 Th in thin, Sh in show, and Ng in sing, are not provided with 
 distinct letters, though they are really simple sounds. The 
 same letter often indicates different sounds, in different words, 
 as the letter G, in the words gun, gem ; the use of two or more 
 letters to indicate a sound for which a single character is pro- 
 vided, is also very frequent, as 'the sound of F in the word trough, 
 triumph ,' and a single, simple sound is often indicated by let- 
 ters to which entirely different values are usually assigned, as 
 in the words pleasure, azure, the letters S and Z are used to 
 indicate a sound which has no precise representative in the 
 language. Similar inconsistencies exist with respect to vowel 
 sounds. In Phonetic Shorthand, however, each distinct vooal 
 sound is provided with a distinct letter. 
 
 b. Careful attention to the following mnemonic arrange- 
 ment of the consonant stems, will greatly assist the student in 
 learning their names and sounds : 
 
 0*1 
 
 Hay lng y 
 
 c. It is only by careful and persistent practice, not only in 
 writing but in reading his shorthand notes, that a legible style 
 can be acquired by the student ; and an illegible style is worth- 
 less, even though written at high rate of speed. Every charac- 
 ter should be made with precision, and no attempt should be
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 made to write rapidly ; speed will come when practice has given 
 the necessary facility for smooth and graceful writing. 
 
 d. The different principles should be taken in order, and 
 each thoroughly understood before the next one is taken up. 
 These principles do not apply to single words alone they apply 
 to classes of words and phrases ; and if any one of them be mis- 
 understood or misapplied, the error is far-reaching, involving 
 all the words or phrases in the language to which the rule is 
 applicable. 
 
 e. The student should not be satisfied with once reading 
 the engraved exercises ; they should be read and copied in 
 shorthand many times, until each word-form can be recognized 
 instantly. The same care should be taken in the use of the 
 writing exercises, which begin on page 73. The value of one's 
 knowledge in this study, depends not only upon his perfect 
 familiarity with every principle, but upon his ability to apply 
 each of those principles readily and correctly ; and this ability 
 can only be attained by earnest and painstaking effort. 
 
 f . The proper use of punctuation will very much aid the 
 student in reading his written exercises. The following 
 marks are used in shorthand : x> Period ; ff Semicolon ; == 
 Hyphen; ~" ~ Dash; .. x> .. Interrogation; / Exclamation; 
 
 / Paragraph. Excepting these, the ordinary marks of punct- 
 uation are used. The dot of the comma should be distinctly 
 made. " SteV written in the margin of the notes, indicates 
 that an ' erasure has been made by mistake. Particular 
 emphasis to a word or phrase is indicated by underscoring it 
 with a waved line. If more than one outline is to be under- 
 scored, a light, straight line is used. Two inclined ticks are 
 placed under a word to indicate that it should be written with 
 a capital in transcribing notes ; as, 
 
 When Envy cannot deny Merit, it ignores it. 
 A proper name, consisting of two or more words may be 
 underscored with a light, straight line ; as, J" X-^
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 Sec. 2. The alphabet of Phonetic Shorthand contains forty 
 letters, representing the forty elementary sounds of the English 
 language. These letters are divided into two general classes, 
 namely, Consonants and Vowels. The consonant sounds are 
 represented by straight and curved lines (called stems), and 
 the vowels by dots, dashes, and angles. The stems of a word 
 are written together, each stem after the first one being joined 
 to the one preceding it, without lifting the pen ; and the stems 
 thus joined are termed the outline of the word. The vowels are 
 inserted after the outline is thus completed. 
 
 a. The names of the letters, and the sounds indicated by 
 them, must be thoroughly learned. Make the stems uniform in 
 length, and exact in form, direction, and shading. Write on 
 ruled paper paper ruled with double lines is by far the best 
 and always write with pen and ink. When stems are joined at 
 an angle, make the angle distinct. When two straight stems 
 are joined without an angle, write them with a continuous 
 straight line twice the length of a single stem ; and if one stem 
 be light and the other heavy, shade them carefully into each 
 other. (See illustrations on page 5. ) 
 
 b. In writing the exercises upon the consonants, the first 
 upright or inclined stem in an outline should be placed upon the 
 line; and if the first stem be horizontal, followed by a stem 
 struck upward or doAvnward, the former must be placed in such 
 position that the latter may rest upon the line ; but if all the 
 stems of an outline be horizontal, it should be written on the 
 line. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Sec. 3. The consonants are divided into three groups, 
 viz. : 1. Regular Straight Stems ; 2. Regular Curved Stems ; 
 3. Irregular Stems. The regular stems are arranged in pairs, the 
 second one of each pair being shaded, thus indicating the natural 
 distinction between the vocal and whispered sounds represented 
 by them. The irregular stems are not thus paired. 
 
 NOTE. The sound of Th in them, is indicated by the letters Dh, in the 
 rules aud writing exercises, the name of the stem being pronounced like 
 the word the. 3
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 a. Regular Straight Steins. These are all written down- 
 ward, except Kay and Gay, which are written from left to 
 right. Great care should be taken to strike these stems in the 
 exact directions shown in the engraving. (See lines 1 and 2.) 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 P, b, t, d, ch, j, k, g ; p-b t-d, ch-j, k-g, p-t, 
 t-p, b-t, t-b, t-k, k-t, t-ch, eh-t, k-p, p-k, k-b, b-k, 
 k-ch, ch-k, ch-g, g-ch, k-j, j-k, d-t, b-p, g-k, p-p, 
 t-t, k-k, b-b, d-d, g-g, j-j, k-d, d-k, p-ch, ch-p, b-ch, 
 ch-b, b-j, j-b, t-b-k, k-b-t. 
 
 b. Regular Curved Stems. These may all be written 
 downward, at present. Rules will hereafter be given for writing 
 Sh upward in certain cases. Shade the heavy curves carefully, 
 to give them a graceful appearance. Light and heavy curves 
 are shaded into each other, when joined without an angle. 
 (Lines 3-5.) 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 F, v, th, dh (the), s, z, sh, zh ; f-g, g-f, f-p, 
 
 p-f, s-p, t-th, ch-s, f-th, sh-f, v-g, g-th, g-dh, f-b, 
 b-f, s-b, t-dh, ch-z, f-dh, sh-v, k-f, s-k, f-t, p-v, s-t, 
 
 d-dh, j-s, f-v, sh-z, v-f, k-sh, f-ch, p-th, sh-p, t-s, 
 p-sh, f-sh, s-s, g-v, g-sh, f-j, b-th, sh-b, t-z, b-sh, 
 
 f-th, s-z, k-th, sh-k, th-t, p-dh, sh-d, d-s. ch-sh, d-z, 
 j-sh, v-sh, s-v, f-f, th-th, s-s, sh-sh, v-v, dh-dh. 
 
 c. Irregular Stems. L is written upward, when stand- 
 ing alone, and in most other cases. Rules will hereafter be 
 given for striking it downward under some circumstances. Ar, 
 Way, and Yay are struck downward. M, N, Ing, and Hay are 
 struck from left to right. Ray, which is a duplicate for R, is 
 always struck upward, and is more inclined than Chay. (Lines 
 6-14.) 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE. 
 
 L-p, p-1, 1-t, t-1, 1-ch, ch-1, 1-k, k-1, 1-b, b-1, 1-d, 
 d-1, 1-j, j-1, 1-g, g-1, 1-f, M, 1-v, v-1, 1-th, th-1, 1-s, 
 s-1, 1-z, z-1. P-m, m-b, t-m, m-d, ch-m, m-j, k-m, 
 m-k, g-m, m-g, m-n, n-m, m-1, 1-m, n-1, 1-n, 1-ng. 
 (Use Ar.) P-r, r-p, t-r, d-r, ch-r, r-m, 1-r, r-1, r-sh, 
 sh-r. W-k, w-1, w-r. Y-l, y-k. ( Use Ray, for Italic 
 letters.) .R-ch, ch-r, r-r, r-p, ch=p, r-k, k-r, p-r, p-ch, 
 p-r, r-d, ch-d, b-r, b-ch, f-r, f-ch, f-r, m-r, m-ch, 
 n-r, n-ch, ?'-n ch-n, r-sh, sh-r, r-z, z-r, z-r. .
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 REGULAR STRAIGHT STEMS. 
 Pee\ Bee\ Tec Dee I Chay/ Jay/ Kay Gay 
 
 n i_ / \~\ 
 
 \ 
 
 6 r\ \ 
 
 7 y r 
 
 ^~ 
 
 io\\ 
 11 U ^7 
 
 12/f 
 
 13 , 
 
 \ 
 
 REGULAR CURVED STEMS. 
 Vee^- Ith ( Dhe ( Es ) Zee ) Ish J Zlic 
 
 ) 
 
 IRREGULAR STEMS. 
 
 r\\rn 
 
 n-rr\r\V 
 
 n (r n v~ 
 
 
 V
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Sec. 4. There are sixteen vowel sounds provided for in 
 Phonetic Shorthand, and these are divided into three classes, 
 namely : 1. Long Vowels ; 2. Short Vowels ; 3. Diphthongs. 
 Long vowels are indicated by a heavy dot or dash, placed at the 
 beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stem ; short vowels, 
 by a light dot or dash similarly placed ; diphthongs, by com- 
 pound characters, placed at the beginning or end of a stem. The 
 vowel signs are called first-, second-, or third-place, accord- 
 ing to the positions they thus occupy, If placed at the left of 
 any upright or inclined stem, or above a horizontal stem, a 
 vowel sign is read before the stem ; if placed at the right of 
 an upright or inclined stem, or below a horizontal stem, it is 
 read after the stem. When vowels are inserted in an outline, 
 it is said to be vocalized. * 
 
 a. Long Vowels. These are indicated by heavy dots or 
 dashes, placed near the stem, in the positions above described. 
 Dash vowels are struck at right angles with the stem, but must 
 not be allowed to touch it. The sound of a, as in fair, dare, is 
 indicated by the second-place heavy dot. (See lines 1-3.) 
 
 b. Positions of Words. Pew vowels are used by report- 
 ers, but the leading or accented vowel is indicated by the posi- 
 tion in which the outline is written. 
 
 1. When the accented vowel is a first-place vowel, the first 
 upright or inclined stem of the outline is written above the line. 
 (Lines 4-6.) 
 
 2. When the accented vowel is second-place, such stem is 
 written on the line. (Lines 7-9.) 
 
 3. When the accented vowel is third-place, such stem is 
 written through the line. (Lines 10-12.} 
 
 If the outline contain horizontal stems only, it is written 
 above the line, on the line, or below the line, in like accordance 
 with the position of its accented vowel. (Lines 13-14. ) 
 
 * Writing exercises under this section, will be found on page 73, post.
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 EE 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 AH AW~ 
 
 6 - 
 
 66 
 
 (- K ft 
 
 rs c -r r r 
 t - 
 
 ' \ \- v r r i* ! P I* i~ / A N 
 
 5 
 
 7 \ |- / J, f (- \ \ -i \ ,-( k \ (' 
 
 9 L- A U, ^ \; Y ^ |^ -r\ 
 
 ) V-V--V=; 
 
 , / ..A.... 
 
 ^ V 
 
 / 
 
 1 3 _.H-J^.. jZ_. _.! :. .C"Z..." ...I 
 
 i6 V-^ ^ ^ ^ ^ A...<n_. ^ 
 
 17
 
 8 VOWELS. 
 
 c. Short Vowels. These are indicated by light dots and 
 dashes. The difference in the sizes of the long and short vowels 
 should be distinct, but without making the former so heavy as 
 to detract from the beauty of the writing. The sound of e , as in 
 mercy, is indicated by the second-place light dot. (Lines 1-5. } 
 
 d. Vowels between Consonants. When a vowel occurs 
 between two stems, observe the following rules : 
 
 1. First-place vowels are written after the first stem. 
 
 2. Second-place long vowels (5, 0) are written after the 
 first stem. 
 
 3. Second-place short vowels (8, u) are written before the 
 second stem. 
 
 4. Third-place vowels are written before the second stem. 
 Notice carefully the illustrations of each of these rules, in 
 
 lines 1 to 8. See, also, Diagram of Vowels, p. 71. 
 
 e. Diphthongs. These signs should be accurately made, 
 and should never be inclined from the perpendicular. The 
 character for I, in words containing more than one stem, may 
 be written in either the first or third place, but it is always 
 to be considered as first-place when the position of an outline 
 depends upon it. (Lines 9-12, ) 
 
 f . A small tick, joined to one of these signs, indicates that 
 another vowel sound follows the diphthong. (Line 13.} 
 
 g. When two vowels occur between two stems, one of them 
 may be written to each ; or both vowels may be indicated by an 
 acute angle, inclined in the direction of Chay, written in the 
 place of the first of the two vowels. This angle opens upward 
 if the first one be a dot vowel, and downward if it be a dash 
 vowel. The down-stroke of the angle is shaded, if the first 
 vowel to be indicated be long. (Line 14. } 
 
 h. When two vowels are written to the same stem, the one 
 pronounced nearest the stem is placed somewhat nearer it than 
 the other. (Line 15.} 
 
 i. When a word begins with I or Oi, the diphthong sign may 
 often be joined to the stem. The signs for I, Ow. and Ew, may 
 sometimes be joined to a stem at the end of a word. (Line 15. }
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 E 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 
 U - 
 
 00 
 
 t-__S=^lr^J^-4_lJ 
 
 2 \ Ll : A 1 " . x\ 
 
 3 ...rr^.._./. | .^ \- ./< \ /- -\ X^= 
 
 N \ 
 
 4- <^^I /....TTj. 
 
 5 B -^ : L %<- ^ i 
 
 6 * v. ^~~~^ t ' ^/ 
 
 * '" **~ ~\j~-~^/- - J. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 \/ Ai . 
 
 I OI OW EW 
 
 A A! 
 
 I v \v I v / I ' ^ 
 
 -! ^ ! ^ ^4 ^ ; - 
 
 ioJ.:.... x; .../i..^....L..2i.'.,^ 
 
 ^i-vj 
 
 :::: :?) N 
 
 14 ^ . ~n N-r:... ^ " L^rd.. \ 
 
 ' vi. 
 
 15 ^. -I. ' S' \ >. Vs-
 
 10 RULES FOR L, R, AND SH. 
 
 j. W and Y are often conveniently indicated by small semi- 
 circles prefixed to a stem. The semi-circle for W may open 
 either to the right or left ; that for Y, either upward or down- 
 ward. They should be written in such direction as to make a 
 distinct angle with the stem, and vowels may be placed to the 
 stem in the same manner as if the semi-circle were not used. 
 ( Lines 1,2.} 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING L, R, AND SH. 
 
 Sec. 5. When the stems representing L, R, and Sh, are 
 written upward, they are named Lay, Ray and Shay, respect- 
 ively ; when written downward, they are named El, Ar, and 
 Ish. The following rules are to be observed, in forming out- 
 lines containing these stems : 
 
 a. When L is the only consonant stem in a word, Lay is 
 used. (Lines.} 
 
 b. When L is the first consonant in an outline containing 
 other stems, El is used if preceded by a vowel ; and Lay, if 
 not. (Line 4-) 
 
 c. When L is the last consonant represented by a stem, in 
 an outline containing other stems, Lay is used if followed by a 
 vowel ; and El, if not. (Line 5.) 
 
 d. When R is the first or only stem in a word, Ar is 
 used if a vowel precede it ; and Ray, if not. (Line 6. } 
 
 e. When R is the last consonant represented by a stem, in 
 an outline containing other stems, Ray is used if followed by a 
 vowel ; and Ar, if not. (Line 7. } 
 
 f . When Sh begins an outline, or when it is the only con- 
 sonant stem in a word, Ish is used. (Line 8.} 
 
 g. When Sh is the last consonant, in an outline contain- 
 ing other stems, Shay is used if followed by a vowel ; and Ish, 
 if not. (Line 9. ) 
 
 Make the following exceptions to the foregoing rules : 
 h. Lay is used before P, B, T, D, F, V, Th, Dh, Sh, Zh, 
 Lay, Y, and Ray ; and after S, Z, Sh, Zh, Lay, R, M, W, and 
 Y. El is usually employed after N and Ng. (Lines 10, 11. } 
 
 i. Ray is used before T, D, Ch, J, Th, Dh, F, and V ; and 
 after Th, Dh, M, and H. Ar is used before M and H. (Line 12,}
 
 RULES FOR L, R, AND SH. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 5 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 16 Y ^ T -\ >' ^ ^ 
 
 M -> ^- > 
 
 18 -i.f r^Ji v
 
 THE ASPIRATE. 
 
 Sec. 6. The stem x-v is seldom used, but the sound of H is 
 usually indicated in one of the following ways : 1. By a 
 small dot opposite a vowel sign ; 2. By a light tick '.. struck 
 in the direction of Chay, whenever it will make an acute 
 angle with the succeeding stem ; 3. By writing a dash vowel 
 parallel with the stem. (Lines 1-3. ) 
 
 a. For the sound of Wh (pronounced hw), the tick 
 may be shaded, or it may be prefixed to the stem or semi- 
 circle W. (Line 4-) 
 
 WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Sec. 7. Abbreviated forms, called word-signs and contrac- 
 tions, are used for words of very frequent occurrence. A word-sign 
 may be either a vowel sign, a circle, or a loop, or a simple 
 stem. A contraction is formed of more than one stem, or of 
 a single stem having some attachment (as a circle, or hook), 
 the whole sign indicating some prominent portion of the word 
 represented by it. These abbreviated forms are written in 
 various positions, generally dependent upon the position of the 
 accented vowel of the word. In some instances, two or more 
 words are represented by the same sign, but when written in 
 a sentence the context will invariably determine which word 
 is intended. (Lines 5-12.) 
 
 ijgT Write Exercises I., II., and III., of the Speed-Book. 
 
 a. Phrasing. Two or more word-signs, if closely related 
 in sense, may be joined in a phrase-sign. The first stem of the 
 phrase is generally written in its usual position, the others 
 following it without lifting the pen. (Line 1%. ) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 12. Before-that. It-was. Shall-come. They-do. 
 Do-they. Which-can. Or- that. Which- was. Can-do. That-was. Was-that. 
 It-was-no. 
 
 b. Small ticks, one-fourth the length of a stem, are used 
 for certain words, and they are named, from the stems they 
 resemble, the P-tick, T-tick, Chay-tick, Bay- tick, etc. 
 
 J. Use the P- or Ray-tick for I, before any stem except Ar 
 and Way; and before those stems use the T-tick only. In the
 
 THE ASPIRATE WORD-SIGNS. 13 
 
 1 6 \ 7 '/ L 
 
 " ( ^~ ^~ 
 
 2 "-^-- ^ * ~\ -'-- 
 
 r ^ ^ 
 
 \ \ ^ / i 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 4 \ cr' X ' " ^ Y v< >' 
 
 s ~ % V" ^^ 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 The .!___ A . An.And . All.l..Too,Two N Wlio / LHigli *_ On '... He/.. 
 
 Put\. Before \ What,Ought . 
 
 At,Tt,Take Out,To,Took ._ I 
 
 i\ , 
 
 Did 1 Do | Had 1 Watch.Each L 
 
 ..Which, Change / Come, Came 
 
 J , i 
 Can Give-n _ If ^- ForV^_ Of,Live Have I With v 
 
 They ( That ( Was ) As,Has ^ She, Wish .^...., Shall J 
 
 Should _..)_ Will, Well C Hear,Here,From 1_ Were^i Our,Hour _.TN.. 
 
 Or "-^" Their, There ---* In.Any 
 
 _.... You-ry: We,Why__.J.... 
 
 
 Away. Would _>^.... Him .' 
 
 When ^-v How 
 
 
 5 / } ^ 
 
 ) .A \ v 
 
 \ 
 
 
 6 .I^y_j. f~-.fr. ^~ 
 
 "^ * / \ 
 
 
 r i 
 
 ,1 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 jo K 
 
 7...! /<-.... x-^, 
 
 * . _jx _L__i 
 
 f 
 
 1 ~ 7" 
 
 8 . f r 
 
 1 X\ 
 
 i 1 r- 
 
 ...J- 
 
 9 l_ ^ "> /f 
 
 , 1 . /-^ ^- _y x 
 
 ^ r _ 
 
 / \ v 
 
 f \ ' 
 
 1 I 'J 
 
 11 ^ ' ^ v | C ^ 
 
 f V 
 
 12 > \ ^ \ ( ^ 
 
 -^- ( _ j |." ': , 
 
 
 1
 
 14 PHRASING SMALL. CIRCLE FOR S AND Z. 
 
 middle, or at the end of a phrase-sign, / is always indicated by 
 the T-tick. ( See lines 1-3. ) 
 
 HE. Use the Chay-tick only, for He, at the beginning of a 
 phrase. In other places, use any inclined tick that will make a 
 sharp angle with the stem. (See lines 4, 5.) 
 
 THE. Use the Chay- or Ray-tick for The, before or after 
 another word ; except that the P-tick may be used after a stem 
 wherever it will make a better angle. (See lines 6-9.) 
 
 A, AN, AND. Use the Kay-tick for these words, wherever 
 it will make a distinct angle. In other cases, use the T-tick. 
 (See lines 10, 11.) 
 
 AVrite and a, and an ^ , and tlie, and lie -?. , on a ^ t on tlie ^ . 
 
 ij^See further explanations of the ticks, page 77, post. 
 
 c. Where two different ticks are provided for either of the 
 above words, that one should be used which will make the most 
 distinct angle with the word-sign to which it is attached, and a 
 tick cannot be used where it will not make a distinct angle. 
 
 SMALL CIRCLE FOR S AND Z. 
 
 Sec, 8. S is most frequently represented by a small 
 circle, initial or final, named Iss, written on the right side 
 of an upright or inclined straight stem (except Ray), on the 
 upper side of Ray, Kay, and Gay ; and on the inner side of 
 curved stems. The sound of Z may also be represented by the 
 small final circle. Z is never indicated by an initial circle. 
 
 a. Between two straight stems forming an angle, a circle is 
 written outside the angle. Between two curved stems, the circle is 
 written within the first curve, except in a few combinations such as 
 are shown in line 13, on the opposite page, in which it is necessary 
 to place it within the second curve. Between a tick and a stem, 
 the circle is written precisely as if it were between two stems. 
 (Lines 12, 13.) 
 
 b. An initial circle is always read before the stem, and 
 before all vowels written to the stem. A final circle is always 
 read after the stem, acid after all vowels written to the stem. 
 (Lines 14-17.) 
 
 igf" Write Exercise IV. of the Speed-Book.
 
 PHRASING SMALL, CIRCLE FOR S AND Z. 
 
 15 
 
 1 I. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 > vl->' 
 
 S I i L 
 
 8 ^ ^ 
 
 -i- - x 
 
 9 V -^ L_f > )... 
 
 10 A. An, And. A ~] .....]_... ._.-\....L ( 
 
 n i ...L i 
 
 5 x ... 
 
 v> 
 
 13 r\ 
 
 14...5Z. 
 
 s 
 
 15 _J?... 
 
 sir v, _ f 
 
 \ 
 
 17 
 
 "t- t.
 
 16 SMALL CIRCLE FOR S AND Z. 
 
 c. When a vowel precedes S or Z, at the beginning of a 
 word, and when a word ends with S or Z followed by a vowel, 
 the stem must be used. The stem must also be used when S or 
 Z is the only consonant in a word, and when two vowels occur 
 between S or Z and a preceding or succeeding stem. (Lines 1-3.) 
 
 d. When a singular noun ends with a stem S or Z, the 
 circle is added to form the plural number or the possessive 
 case ; also, to form the third person, singular, of a regular verb 
 ending with either of these stems. (Compare Sec. 9, a.) The cir- 
 cle may also be added to a word sign, for the same purpose. 
 (Line 4.) 
 
 e. If a circle occurs between two stems, vowels are 
 necessarily written to the stem with which they are pro- 
 nounced. (Lines 5, 6.) 
 
 f . When Z is the first consonant in a word, the stem must 
 be used. (Line?.) 
 
 g. A small hook may be made on the back of a stem 
 ending with a circle, to indicate the sound of N following that 
 of S ; and another circle may be written within the hook for a 
 finals. (Lines 8, 9.} 
 
 h. The circle is sometimes used for Sh, and with the back- 
 hook forms the termination Tion, as is more fully explained in 
 section 22. 
 
 i. If R is the only stem in a word, and it is preceded and 
 followed by vowels, and also preceded by a circle or loop, Ray 
 is used. Ray is also used when R is preceded by a circle or loop 
 and followed by a downward stem. (See Sec. 10.) (Line 10.) 
 
 j. Phrasing. Is, His, As, Has, Us, or Say, is added to 
 another word by the small circle. (Line 11.) 
 
 k. Is, His, As, or Has, is prefixed to another word by 
 the small circle. When thus used, Is and His are always 
 written above the line, and As and Has on the line. (Line 12.} 
 
 KEY TO LINES 11 AND 12. All-is. Who-is. He-is. He-has. Before-his. 
 "What-is. Had-his. Which-has. For-us. Above-us. With-us. From-his. 
 There-is. 
 
 Is-he. Has-be. As-if. As-thougb. As-was. As-shall. As-will. As- 
 you. As- we. Is-so. Is-without. His-own.
 
 SMALL CIRCLE FOR S AND Z. 
 
 17 
 
 2 _ - \ X 
 
 ...- 
 7^ 
 
 ..... -$- V--- ..... -w4-'>- 
 
 6 .-I. ....... ...... 4- 
 
 ..... .5< 
 
 8 __._. \> A- 4- 
 
 Q^V \, L- ^g 
 1 
 
 10 ^- ..^_..._^...._:%_ ....... 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 His, Is ....... Upon, Property \ ____ Up, Hope \ Be, By, Buy >_ 
 
 Talk, Between..L._Charge,Much ./ After ..L... Above ^.....Ever, Heavy V 
 Thought .(_. They, Though ( House ^ ..... "While ^....Where, Her "^ 
 3Ie, 3Iy, Time ....... May ^ Am. __ Know,Xo ^_^ Witbout .J_.. 
 
 "Wliether^N Among ^, 
 
 11 JL, -I.... 6 v JL__ i L -_.A..1 xf 
 
 13 
 
 /* 
 
 /o ------ D ______ >D_ _______ a ________ q ...... _6 ______ xo ....... o 
 
 ) .^: ..... L^rT. ..... k._l. -f 
 
 -^-^-. -4-^ -v-^ .
 
 LARGE CIRCLE FOR SES AND SEZ. 
 
 Sec. 9. A large circle, called Ses, indicates that syllable 
 or any similar one. It is written on the same side of a stem as 
 the Iss-circle. It may be vocalized by writing a vowel sign 
 within it, and, if desired, the exact vowel may be indicated 
 by placing the sign in the upper, middle, or lower part of the 
 circle. (Line 1.) 
 
 a. The plural number, or the possessive case of a noun 
 ending with Iss, is indicated by enlarging the circle. 
 The third person, singular, of a regular verb ending with 
 Iss, is indicated in the same manner. (Compare Sec. 8, d.) 
 (Line 2.} 
 
 b. A small circle may be written within a final large 
 circle, for the additional sound of S. (Line 3.) 
 
 c. Phrasing. 7s his, As has, and similar phrases, are pre- 
 fixed or added to a word-sign by the large circle, Is his being 
 written above the line, and As has on the line, when used 
 initially. Is or .As is prefixed to an initial Iss-circle, or added 
 to a final one, by enlarging the circle. (Line 4. ) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 4. It-is-his. What-is-his. Which-is-his. Before-his-is. 
 If-his-is. For-as-is. It-is-as-large. Is-said. Is-supposed. Is-such. As-such. 
 
 Hg Write Exercise V. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 LOOPS FOR ST AND STR. 
 
 Sec. 10. Iss is changed into a short loop, to indicate the 
 sound of St ; and by widening and lengthening the loop, Str is 
 indicated. The Str-loop is not used initially. 
 
 a. The St-loop is less than half the length of a stem ; the 
 Str-loop extends to the middle of a stem. (Lines 5-10.} 
 
 b. A final circle is added to either loop for S. A hook 
 on the back of a stem, after a loop, indicates N or Ng, and 
 a final Iss-circle may be written within the back-hook. (Lines 
 11, 12.} 
 
 c. An initial loop is read before the stem, and before any 
 vowel written to the stem. A final loop is read after the stem, 
 and after all vowels written to the stem. 
 
 18
 
 SES AND SEZ LOOPS FOR ST AND STR. 
 
 19 
 
 3 __lC. 
 
 c 
 
 
 510... X 
 
 6 'L. J 
 
 ~f 
 
 } 
 
 7 _ V A. v v I- L. \f i- l- / / /-...-<' 
 
 8.JL ^ ....^ r .. k .5.....^.....^ :L -<) ...'^ * ^ 
 
 -. ^-^ ^T> ^. .1. 'P. 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 10 ^ 
 
 11 ^ 
 
 J2 f^ ^ v ^ ^ ?' 
 
 "" ^ 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 First # Is there .ff....As there. ...Part-y...\.- About ..V.... Object-eel.^/ 
 
 Large, Advantage. /..Common, "\Veek..T7...Company Ago, Together. 
 
 Form.Sr... Against Worth, Oath, Mouth ( Whole...^-- Usual-ly J 
 
 Recollected S* Long,Think,Thing -You are... f~. 
 
 13 i ^ i ^ ^ JL--.*\ r ^ 
 
 15. 
 
 /- r-
 
 20 COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS THE R-HOOK. 
 
 d. A final circle or loop may be shaded, to distinguish. Z 
 from S. (Line 1.) 
 
 e. Phrasing. The small loop adds to a word-sign the 
 words Is it, Is the, As it, As tlie, Has it, Has the, or First. 
 The verb State may also be prefixed or added to a word-sign 
 by this loop. When a word ends with the Iss-circle, the word 
 It or The may be added, by changing the circle to a loop. In 
 the same manner, the word Their or There may be indicated by 
 the use of the large loop. (Line 2. } 
 
 KEY TO LINE 2. What-is-it. What-is-there. It-is-the. It-is-there. 
 Does-it. Does-their. Which-is-the. \Vhich-is-their. At-flrst. State-what. 
 State-whether. State-where. You-state. 
 
 l^ W rite Exercises VI. and VII. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 Sec. 1 1 . Certain combinations of consonants are of frequent 
 occurrence, and they are represented by attaching a hook to the 
 stem indicating the first sound in such combinations. With 
 respect to these hooks, the following rules must be carefully 
 observed : 
 
 a. Initial hooks are read AFTER the stem to which they 
 are attached, and AFTER all vowels written before the stem ; 
 but BEFORE any vowels written after the stem, and BEFORE 
 any final hook, circle, or loop. 
 
 b. Final hooks are read AFTER the stem to which they 
 are attached, and AFTER all vowels or initial hooks, but 
 BEFORE a final circle. 
 
 INITIAL HOOK FOR R. 
 
 Sec. 12. A small initial hook, on the LEFT side of any 
 upright or inclined straight stem except Ray ; on the LOWER 
 side of Ray, Kay, and Gay ; or on the inner side of a curved 
 stem ; indicates that the sound of R occurs immediately after 
 the stem. 
 
 a. The consonants thus combined are named Per, Ber, 
 etc., and vowels may be written before or after them in the 
 same manner as to simple stems. (Lines 3-11.)
 
 
 INITIAL HOOK FOR R. 
 
 21 
 
 X ^-o 
 1 .^ >... 
 
 ^ * ^ S ^ ^ S 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 [ b [ 
 
 b t b / 6 \ p ^ ' ^ - 
 
 
 3 12.-V- 
 
 
 j 
 
 4...r...^ . 
 
 v- <_ _ e ^ e c 
 
 C- 
 
 
 *- 1 "i 
 
 
 R F ** 
 \j i -j 
 
 \ "1 o ~*l i *i * 4 
 
 \ L."1 i L -I -1 / / ^- 
 
 Al 
 
 f- 
 
 e ...n. <j- 
 
 P T T *f 9 A" .^ ex <r-N 
 
 ^ ..>. >. .>.. y -^ C >.... n . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 {/ 
 
 // 
 
 7__J \ . 
 
 >....v_...|: ^ i^ =i>v 
 
 S, 
 
 \ N.. 
 
 K IT L" / ^ * 
 
 - 
 
 8 7 X 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 9 ( J. 
 
 i_Ji /^\ /^\ x-1 ~^ X ^^? k 
 
 s^ 
 
 I && 
 
 _ /c _j.__^. :7 /. Y y 
 
 <j 
 
 11 \ \.... 
 
 ^ ^ i ^ r^~^ p - 
 
 / 
 
 12 ^ ^ 
 
 \v %. fcr tr - ' 
 
 ^? 
 
 
 A \i>~~ ft ' ' "//'" 
 
 i // i 
 
 \ 
 
 
 R-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 
 Appear, Proper 
 
 <\ f\ 
 
 ........... Upper \ Practice ... ?V. . Re-member 
 
 \ 
 
 Brother, Number...!!^.... Truth 1 True .. ..._ Dear.. ' Doctor 
 
 1 
 
 Durijig, Dark ... 
 
 1 .. Adjoura-ed / Jury, Larger ...1 Decree. 
 
 EZ 
 
 Care, Occur <^ 
 
 Cure, Car _ Degree, Asrree . T. Over 
 
 ^ 
 
 Every, Very Q. 
 
 Railroad c Lawyer....^. Mere, Remark 
 
 r> 
 
 Xear, Nor 
 
 Manner <^, Longer "Work ^ Younger 
 
 r 
 
 
 Measure J) Pleasure o 
 
 c\ 
 
 13 ~ !" 
 
 1 r -\-^-\-~l-~^^ L -^ 
 
 \ 
 

 
 22 THE R-HOOK THE L-HOOK. 
 
 b. When R is the last of two or more consonants in an 
 outline, and is immediately preceded and followed by vowels, 
 the stem must be used ; also, when R is the last sound in a word 
 and two vowels occur between it and a preceding stem ; and 
 generally when a long vowel precedes the sound ofR. (Lines 1-8.) 
 
 c. Words ending with -rer, may be distinguished from those 
 ending with -Her, by writing the former with Ar and the latter 
 with Ray. (Line 4- ) 
 
 d. Phrasing. The R-hook adds to a word-sign the word 
 Or, Were, or Her. (Line 5.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 5. Two-or-three. When-or-where. What-were-they. 
 They-were. You-were. We-were. Where-were. Which-were. There- 
 were. For-her. With-her. When-her. 
 
 W Write Exercise VIII. of the Speed-Book. 
 INITIAL HOOK FOR L. 
 
 Sec. 13. A small initial hook, on the RIGHT side of any 
 upright or inclined straight stem except Ray ; or on the 
 UPPER side of Ray, Kay, or Gay ; indicates that the sound of L 
 occurs immediately after the stem. (Line 6. ) 
 
 a. A short, broad initial hook, on the inner side of curved 
 stems, adds the sound of L in like manner. (Line 7.) 
 
 b. The consonants thus combined are named Pel, Bel, etc., 
 and vowels are written before and after them in the same 
 manner as to simple stems. (Lines 6-9.) 
 
 c. When L is the last of two or more consonants in an 
 outline, and is immediately preceded and followed by vowels, 
 the stem must be used ; also, when L is the last sound in a 
 word and two vowels occur between it and a preceding stem ; 
 and generally when a long vowel precedes the sound of L. 
 (Lines 10-12.) 
 
 d. Words ending with -rl may be distinguished from those 
 ending with -ril, -rel, -rol, etc., by writing the former with Ar 
 and the latter with Ray. (Line 13. ) 
 
 e. Phrasing. The L-hook adds to a word-sign the word 
 All, Witt, or Well. (Line 14.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 14. Upon-all. About-all. At-all. For-all. Of-AU. 
 With-all. In-all. It-will. They-will. So-will. She-will. We-will. 
 As-well. 
 
 ^ Write Exercise IX. of the Speed-Book.
 
 THE R-HOOK THE L-HOOK. 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3...^ 
 4 \ 
 
 5 -~-| ^ 'I- C -(*--- ^ 7 ^ ^ - 1 - 
 
 6 ia._v~ V A ...tZ.. <^ v ... c _. ...^ ..A .4.. 
 
 i 
 
 > ^ -- v 
 
 ^ 
 
 '"" \^~ v 
 
 " ' ^ ' Y~ 
 
 11 X 
 
 13 
 
 ') ^ \/ f 
 
 L-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Comply .S.....Compel,People ^\ Apply..o... Belonged .>.... Belief-ve-d \ 
 Tall .L... Tell, Till P Deliver-ed-y \ Children / Angel / 
 Largely./)..... Call, Equal .7... Claim-eel o_ Clerk........ Fill.Sr... Fell ^ 
 
 Full-y p Value.. O Rely, Real-ly J^.....Ra.il,Ron </ Rule ...^/. 
 
 Declare-il J Disclaim-ed 4 
 
 r C c n c\ 7 c\
 
 HOOKS COMBINED WITH CIRCLES AND LOOPS. 
 
 Sec. 14. Iss is combined with the R-hook, by changing 
 the hook to a circle, on straight stems, and by writing the 
 circle within the hook on curves. If the R-hook on a straight 
 stem be changed to a loop, the sound of St is indicated as 
 occurring before the stem and hook. (Lines 1-8.) 
 
 a. Iss is combined with the L-hook, on both straight and 
 curved stems, by writing the circle within the hook. (Line 4.) 
 
 b. When combined with either the R-hook or the L-hook, 
 the circle is read first ; a vowel before the stem, next ; the stem 
 next ; the hook next ; and a vowel after the stem next. 
 
 c. Ses is never written within a hook or another circle. 
 
 d. When combinations of circles and hooks occur in the 
 middle of a word, they are made as indicated in lines 5 to 7. 
 
 igg" Write Exercise X. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 VOCALIZATION OF INITIAL HOOKS. 
 
 Sec. 15. When vowels occur between stems and their 
 initial hooks, they are indicated as follows : Dot vowels are 
 represented by small circles, written in the position of the 
 vowel, before the stem to indicate a long vowel, and after 
 the stem to indicate a short vowel ; and dash vowels and 
 diphthongs are struck through or across the end of the hooked 
 stem, in their proper positions. (Lines 8-10. ) 
 
 <gi Write Exercises XL and XII. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 FINAL HOOK FOR N. 
 
 Sec. 16. A small final hook, on the R-hook side of straight 
 stems, and on the inner side of curves, indicates an added N. 
 
 a. The N-hook is always read after the stem to which it is 
 attached, and after any vowel or initial hook written to the 
 stem, but before a final circle. When N is the last consonant 
 sound of a word and is followed by a vowel, the stem is used, 
 and not the hook. (Lines 11-14-) 
 
 b. If two vowels occur between N and a preceding stem, 
 the N-stem must be used, excepting such words as criterion, 
 
 in which the hook is used. (Line 15.) 
 
 24
 
 VOCALIZATION OF HOOKS THE N-HOOK. 
 
 , M_i \ r. i- ..^ v * -i -i - ;1 n 
 
 2-4 ,;... > L^'^vJ--t-i/^_ 
 
 4 I p _/ .^17. ..^7- .:: . $ ----- " ej - 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 ^ ^ ^LL 
 
 RIK x ^ v r 
 
 oOl'Srv 'X 'r1\ 9 
 
 \cv s~~ *\ 1 -9 c - J y 
 
 V^ipy? .C^-+^-^^ 
 
 '7 ^ Co 01 01 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 Ah....... Awe, Already _ Oh, Owe i How --,-.. Occupy .>..... But....|... 
 
 Dollar, Differ-ed-ent-euce JL__ Defendant I Adjoin-ed ../..Agent, Age / 
 Judge-d../. Commit-ted-tee..7HI_. Accompany-ied, County .___.. Gave ^_ 
 If,Wife ...S^... Forget V_ Thank, Youth -(.-.. Worthy ( Whose.....).. 
 
 11 16 ^ ^ V .. V ...V J- J 3 - 3- KJL/J" 
 
 12 J' _______ ..^.....rZ. ^r^> - - ^ -~ ~~ ^ -^ -.S? 
 
 14 
 15
 
 26 FINAL, HOOK FOR N. 
 
 c. The N-hook on a straight stem, when changed to a 
 small circle, indicates Ns or Nz. If a back hook be added, it 
 indicates Nsn, and a circle may be written within the back- 
 hook for a final S. (Lines 1-3. } 
 
 d. The N-hook, on a straight stem, when changed to a loop, 
 indicates Nst. If the loop be lengthened and widened, it indi- 
 cates Nstr. A circle may be added to either loop, for a final 
 S. (Line 4.) 
 
 e. The N-hook, on a straight stem, changed to a large 
 circle, indicates N-ses or N-sez. (Line 5.} 
 
 f. S is added to the N-hook on curves, by writing the 
 circle within the hook. (Lines 6, 7.) 
 
 g. Phrasing. The N-hook adds to a word-sign the word 
 An, And, Not, Own, or Tlian. (Line 8.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 8. About-an-hour. Half-an-hour. By-and-by. Off-and- 
 on. You-and-I. Did-not-know. Cannot-be. Have-not-known. Our- 
 own. Their-own. More-than. 
 
 N-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 Puuish-ed-mentA.- Combine .~ Bank ..^_... .Taken J At once J 
 
 But once_J__.-Denominate-d-^ Religion. /._._General-lyi/Imagine-ary_ / 
 
 / / -3 x 
 
 Generalize c/ Generalized </ Contiuue-d Continual-ly .....T2.... 
 
 Continuous .77? .Continuously Conuect-ed -.Constitute-d 
 
 Constitution L Constable ^, Begin, Organ ~~^. Begun, Again 5 
 
 Began Beginner ^ Organize TT^L.Organized .~^.. Organic""^". 
 
 Forgotten^ Financial-ly l v>_^ Divine-ity.S^-.'WJtliin C... Reference ^ 
 
 Men.-.. ,_MaB^->, Human Opinion, Any one _^?__... No one v^> 
 
 None ^_y Lengthen ^y Unifonn-ity s; 
 
 S- 
 
 NOTE. The N-Hook may be used before K, in many words, 
 instead of the Ng-stem, as shown in the following illustrations: 
 
 \ v 9^ "v r 
 
 .fTTT.. i_ il_ _J\ V \ Arr VTT C 
 
 V-' JJ !' Ill <^~ = 5 
 
 ^ Write Exercise XIII. of the Speed-Book.
 
 FINAL HOOK FOR N. 
 
 27 
 
 J 
 
 *~3T 
 
 </ A 
 
 - J- 3-JLJ 
 
 jr 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 V < 
 
 v--\: ...... v 
 
 \ 
 
 -^" 
 
 
 \ ^ ^ 
 
 9 These ...... This C Those .../... Also /9 Into | Ask^ Book\ 
 
 10 - / y-~ U <^ r> l> ^-1^^D // 
 
 "^ 
 
 ni.v vjLk.i .: 
 
 < o I I * I xa 
 I >3 I .../^- v s '.._ /?_ 
 
 f A'V 
 
 14 I _J J -J -X- J 
 
 17 
 
 / ..:\... ( 1. _) 
 
 J \ 
 
 / 
 
 L x 
 ) ...
 
 FINAL HOOK FOR F AND V. 
 
 Sec. 17. A small final hook, on the L-hook side of a 
 straight stem, or a lengthened final hook on the inner side of a 
 curved stem, indicates an added P or V. (Lines 1-4.) 
 
 a. S or Z is added to the P-hook by writing the circle 
 within the hook. (Line 5.) 
 
 b. The P-hook is always read after the stem to which it is 
 attached, and after any vowel or initial hook, but before a final 
 circle. When F or V is the last consonant sound of a word, 
 and is followed by a vowel, the stem must be used. 
 
 c. Phrasing. The P-hook adds to a word-sign the word 
 Have, Of, Ever, or Live. (Line 6.) 
 
 d. A small hook within the P-hook on curves, indicates 
 N or Ng, and also adds the word Been, in phrasing. (Line 6.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 6. It-will-have-been. Oujrht-to-have-known. To-have- 
 known. To-have-been. There-have. They- have. You-have. Part-of. 
 Which-of -these. Forever. Have- ever. It-may-have-been. They-have- 
 been. 
 
 F-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Poverty-.^ -Perform-ed, Hope to have\ Part of ...x^...Perfonnaiice\^_p 
 Subjective-ly \, Whatever, Ought to kave.L.Deform-ed-ity.L_Difficult-y I 
 
 Develope L Advice, Advise-d..|. .Objective-ly../. Suggestive-ly / 
 
 Govcrn-ed => Government j^> Refer /* Thoughtful V. 
 
 ^ Write Exercises XIV. and XV. of the Speed-Book. 
 INITIAL HOOK FOR Y. 
 
 Sec. 1 8. A large initial hook, on the R-hook side of 
 straight stems, or a long and narrow initial hook on the inner 
 side of curves, adds the consonant sound of Y. This hook is 
 used in phrasing only, and adds to a word-sign the word You, 
 Your, You are, or Year. (Line 11.) 
 
 a. The Y-semi-circle may indicate the same words, where 
 the hook cannot be conveniently used. (Line 11.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 11. Do-you-not. Did-you-ever. Which-you-have. If-you- 
 will. Have-you-seen . Should-you-say. May-you-not. For-your-own. 
 What-year. What-were-you. Where-were-you. In-that-year. 
 
 iglf Write Exercise XVI. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 28
 
 THE F-V-HOOK THE Y-HOOK. 
 
 29 
 
 > 
 
 3 .......... - 
 
 I 1 
 
 U ' 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 
 8 ( 
 
 9 ( 
 
 11 18 
 
 12 ^- 
 
 13 1 
 14 
 
 L- 
 
 /x 
 
 r 
 
 .y 
 
 ^ 
 
 _. V U 6 
 
 I_ > 
 
 
 
 --| ..... \- ^ 
 
 J..... c i Oi 
 
 ^ I V ... ^ 
 
 J. ...... LA 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 15 1L ^ 
 
 QL 
 
 16 
 
 ^ 
 
 -\ 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 Issue ..y.... They are /Are, Recover-ed-y. /^....Whom Own.. 
 
 Now v , Knew, New ..._ Year, Beyond ..^..Nothing, Length 
 
 Young f~ Along, Language....^..-
 
 INITIAL HOOK FOR W. 
 
 Sec. 19. A large initial hook, on the L-hook side of 
 straight stems only, adds the sound of W, and is read after the 
 stem but before any final hook, circle, or loop. (Lines 1-3.) 
 
 a. Phrasing. The W-hook adds to a word-sign the word 
 We, Would, What, Whether, Way, or Away. (Line 4-) 
 
 b. The W-semi-circle may indicate the same words, where 
 the hook cannot be conveniently used. The semi-circle is also 
 used for Were. (Line 4- ) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 4. Before- we-came. Did-we-not. "Which-we-may-have. 
 Can-we-not. Upon-what. By-what-means. About-what-time. But-whether- 
 you-can. Part-way. Go-away. If-they-were. If-we-were. 
 
 1^ Write Exercise XVII. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 FINAL HOOK FOR TER, DER AND THER. 
 
 Sec. 20. A large final hook written in place of the 
 N-hook, on any straight stem, adds to the stem the syllable Ter, 
 Der, or Ther, to be read after the stem and after any vowel or ini- 
 tial hook, but before a final circle or N-Hook. (Lines 5, 6.) 
 
 a. A final Iss-circle, or a small hook for N, may be writ- 
 ten within the Ter-hook. (Line 6. ) 
 
 b. The final N-hook written within the Ter-hook, may be 
 used for the affix -ing. 
 
 C. Phrasing. The Ter-hook adds to any word-sign the 
 word Their, There or They are, and occasionally the word Other. 
 (Line 7.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 7. Upon-their. Put-their. By-their. Before-their. 
 About-there, What-there-is. At-their. Did-their. Had-their. Which- 
 their. Came- there. Can-there-be. Or- there. Each -other. 
 
 @* Write Exercise XVIII. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 FINAL HOOK FOR M. 
 
 Sec. 21. A short, broad final hook, written in place of the 
 F-hook on straight stems, and on the inner side of curves, adds 
 the sound of M to the stem. This hook is read after the stem, 
 and after any vowel or initial hook, but before a final circle or 
 
 N-hook. (Lines 8-16.) 
 
 30
 
 THE W-HOOK THE TER-HOOK THE M-HOOK. 31 
 
 ' 
 
 ...^..- c ..... e ..... c 
 
 - 3 V ^ h - \ 
 
 W-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Bewikler-ed-> _ D\vell-t-ing \ Qtiarter-ed ............ QuestLon-ed c _ 
 
 C_^J? (~ ^-~* / 
 
 Acquiesce ------ Acquiesced . _ Railway c/ 
 
 6 20.1. S' J_J ...... V >. ..... V J ...... L..V Ol 
 
 6 J-. , J". j- J .....y; ........ ^ ...... _. 
 
 eJ. JA c/ i 3 3) 
 
 - J - 
 
 
 8 21 V. .3-.y-V-^ - b -UrJ 
 
 ^ T 5 --^3- , ----- - i - -p* -<^> 
 
 11 t ^ , <o r ^ 6~ 6 oi 
 j^_j,- ~u*~ 
 
 i 
 
 12 i/* 5 ^? _n p. & s....^5 s-z ^ ..<?..^:zz. 
 
 C/ I % ' -----j r -^ - /> 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 ...^ S j 
 
 . ..... o a? 

 
 32 THE M-HOOK THE TION-HOOK. 
 
 a. A final Iss-circle, or a small hook for N, may be writ- 
 ten within the M-hook. This N-hook may also be used for the 
 affix -ing. When M is the last consonant in a word, and is fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, the stem is used. (Line 1. } 
 
 b. If two vowels occur between M and a preceding stem, 
 the M-stem is used, excepting such words as are illustrated in 
 line 2. 
 
 c. Phrasing. The M-hook adds to a word-sign the word 
 May, Him, Time, Make or My. (Line 3.} 
 
 d. Than, Been or Own, is added by the small N-hook writ- 
 ten within any final large or lengthened hook. (Line 4- ) 
 
 KEY TO LINES 3 AND 4. It-may-be. Which-may-be. Pay-him. Bv- 
 him. About-him. For-him. With-him. Saw-him. Show-him. At-that- 
 time. A-different-time. Did-you-make-known. In-my-room. 
 
 Better-than. Rather-than. Ever- have-been. Have-ever-been. Shall- 
 have-been. TJpon-their-own. TJpon-my-own. At-their-own. At-my-own. 
 Had-their-own. Had-my-own. 
 
 ^ Write Exercise XIX. of the Speed-Book. 
 FINAL HOOK FOR TION. 
 
 Sec. 22, The syllables Tion, Sion, etc., are expressed by a 
 small circle and back-hook similar to the expedient for Sn. 
 (See Sec. 8, g, h). A small circle may be written within the back- 
 hook to add S. The syllable Tion may be added to an N-hook, 
 on a straight stem, by changing that hook to a circle and con- 
 tinuing the stroke to form a back-hook ; and another circle for 
 S may be written within the back-hook. (Lines 6-12.) 
 
 a. Tion may be indicated after the D-stem and an F-hook, 
 by a small hook outside of the F-hook ; but when two vowels 
 immediately precede this syllable, in such cases, Ish with the 
 N-hook is used for Tion. (Line 12.) 
 
 b. In such words as dictionary, stationer, national, the back- 
 hook is omitted. (Lines 13, 14. ) 
 
 c. The past tense of verbs ending with Tion, is indicated 
 by halving the stem immediately preceding that syllable. In 
 words ending with -ate following Tion, a half-length N is used 
 after the circle, instead of the back-hook. (See Section 23.) 
 (Line 15.)
 
 THE M-HOOK THE TION-HOOK. 
 
 33 
 
 2 c_4? \j _K_, "^ 
 
 I* 
 
 \ \ - I 
 
 4 \ >a- - . \o -_i ox cj Ifl . 
 
 ' -/&- -<vcj J b 
 
 M-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Discriminate-d J-^ Commission-eu_ Commissioner.. Criniinate-d 
 
 Familiar-ly 'o Familiarize-d'o Family.-^... Themselves G Minimum.... 
 Memorandum s~^> Memoraiida.<rp...Soiiietime <r^> Nominate-d 
 
 5 .-1 :|-.-.SfL I ^i^y, ^ 
 
 A ^ 1 
 
 6 22 \ .-->> -- I- 
 
 O >a* .fa 
 
 ey 
 
 8 
 
 VV 6 2. I I /*> \ \^ 
 
 9 X ....y^....\C M ...^ |^*... K \- _ 
 
 10 ^e ^_e V^---^ 
 ] 2 \ 1' t V 
 
 UL* 1^^ i ^s ^^s\ *^o 
 
 -~t ^ -- - X /-"" r~ 
 
 b\ I V6 
 
 15
 
 34 THE TION-HOOK THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 
 
 d. The termination S-tion, in such words as position, 
 physician, is indicated by a large circle and back-hook ; and a 
 final circle may be written within the back-hook. (Line 1. ) 
 
 e. S-tion is added to an N-hook, by changing the hook to 
 a large circle and adding a back-hook ; and a final circle may 
 be written within the back-hook. (Line 2.} 
 
 f. In words ending with -est or -ist, following Tion, 
 the syllable may be indicated by a small loop added after the 
 circle, or by using a half-length S. (Line 2.} 
 
 ^g" Write Exercise XX. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 HALVING TO ADD T OR D. 
 
 Sec. 23. Making any stem half-length, except as stated in 
 this section, adds to it the sound of T or D. The added sound 
 is read after the stem, and after all vowels and hooks, but before 
 a final circle or loop. (Lines 3-9. ) 
 
 a. Words containing a second-place vowel, with no other stem 
 than L, R, M, or N, halved to add the sound of D, may occasionally 
 be mistaken for similar words ending with the sound of T ; as, met, 
 made. In such cases, the vowel should be inserted when the word 
 ends with D ; or, if the half-length ends with a hook, the sound of 
 D may be distinguished by shading the hook. 
 
 b. Half-length stems are written below the line, for the 
 third position. 
 
 c. A half-length stem must not be joined to another stem, 
 except where its length can be readily distinguished. 
 
 d. Ray is seldom halved to add D, except when hooked, or 
 when preceded by F, V, M or L. (Line 10.) 
 
 e. The syllable -tive is usually indicated by a V-stem follow- 
 ing a half-length. (Line 11. ) 
 
 f. Phrasing. Halving any word-sign, or the last stem of 
 an outline, adds the word It or The, and occasionally the word 
 To. (Lines IS, 13.) 
 
 KEY TO LINES 12, 13. Take-it-away. Did-it-mean. If-it-had-not-been. 
 For-which-it-was. Can-it-be. If-it-were. Is-it-not. After-it-was. Shall- 
 it-be-said. Where-it-was, May-it-not-be. Whether-it-is-or-not. 
 
 TJpon-the-occasion. About-the-same. At-tbe-time. Charge-the- 
 amount. Por-the-sum. Of-the. With-the-details. From-the-tiine. What- 
 were-the-means. Go-to-him. 
 
 NOTE. A dot at the beginning of a stem indicates the prefls: Com or 
 or Con. See (*) on page 35. A dot at the end of a stem, indicates Ing.
 
 THE 
 
 TION-HOOK THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 35 
 
 r^ NS 
 
 (J* Oy fv \ ' ^*-O 
 
 2 - ^ 
 
 I' / ' - NL *" 1' 'X- i 
 
 JL ^-> <S~ "* > V V 'f* fy 
 
 Occupation JEL 
 Possessi on.. v_ 
 Denomination 
 
 TION-HOOK CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 Compassion \ Passioa.V Opposition .L. Position Vi 
 i <^, i 1 
 Contention _* Attention k Tension J, Decision JH_ 
 
 ^ Condensation d Condi tioiial-lv ../?. .Additional-lv... i.... 
 
 Continuation ~ 
 
 - r r. 
 Connection s Actionahle-y ..Organization ._[_? 
 
 Formation _S! 
 
 7^ JL 
 
 Conviction V.. _ Recollection /~ Resolution ...._y2.. 
 
 Nomination 
 
 Information Incision Institution 
 
 3 523 x 
 
 
 
 r r ^ L _ i: / 7 / 
 
 
 ^ '; - 5- ^ r- 
 
 o/ 
 
 6 ^~ <+ - 
 
 -T* ^ <L- ^ vi ^ ^ 
 
 7 t 
 
 G c " 0- '^ J rjLjLf 
 
 8 ^ > 
 
 "^ /> O " >1 " 
 
 9 ~^' 
 
 S I " . 
 ^ V | <V^" S~ 
 
 10 Jb 
 
 ^yL'^^,^^' ^ 
 
 
 i; -v < -\ K 
 
 12 L ... I 2 > ._ 
 
 Y s ^ ^ -\ -^ 
 
 
 ------" | : ^-
 
 36 LENGTHENING SPECIAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 g. Halving a pronoun or adverb, adds the word Did. Halv- 
 ing any preposition which is written with a curved stem, adds 
 the word What. (Line 1. ) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 1. What-did-you-mean. Which-did-you-get. When- 
 did-you-go. We-did. You-did. If -they -did. He-did-not. She-did-not say- 
 that. Whether- he- did-or-not. Where-did-you-see-him. From-w hat-time. 
 
 ^ Write Exercises XXL and XXIL of the Speed-Book. 
 
 LENGTHENING FOR TER, DER, AND THER. 
 
 Sec. 24. Lengthening a curved stem, or a straight stem 
 which ends with a hook, adds the syllable Ter, Der, or Ther. 
 The added syllable is read after all vowels and hooks, but before 
 a final circle. (Lines 2-9.) 
 
 a. The first half of a lengthened stem is placed in the posi- 
 tion indicated by the leading vowel of the word, in accordance 
 with the rule at section 4, 6, in the same manner as if it were a 
 single stem. 
 
 b. Phrasing. Lengthening a stem, adds to it the word 
 Ttieir, There or They are, and sometimes the word Other. 
 (Line 10.) 
 
 KEY TO LINE 10. If-there-h as-been. For-there-is-not. Have-there- 
 been. Thought-there-might-be. Of-their. So-there-was. May-there. 
 In-there. I-think-there-is. Whether- there-is-or-not. When-they-are. 
 
 W Write Exercise XXIII. of the Speed-Book. 
 SPECIAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 Sec. 25 . a. When a regular verb in the present tense ends 
 with a half length stem, the syllable -ed may be added for the 
 past tense by an inclined final tick struck at a distinct angle 
 with tlie half-length or with its final hook. This tick is not used, 
 where -ed is not a separate syllable. (Lines 11-13.) 
 
 b. Words of the same part of speech and containing the 
 same consonants, must be distinguished by vocalization, or by 
 difference of position or outline. When two such words belong 
 in the same position, the most frequently occurring one should 
 have the preference ; but where there is little or no differ- 
 ence in that respect, preference should be given to one con- 
 taining a diphthong, or an accented long vowel. (Seep. 69.)
 
 LENGTHENING SPECIAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 37 
 
 ^ ~_t 
 
 HALF-LENGTH CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 P:irticular.._L...Opportuuity, Pretty <\ Except ^ Accept Expand... 
 
 Expeud-iture S Decreed. According to ._.._Built-d-ing A.... Able to 
 
 Toward 1 Gentlemen .../... Gentleman J Quite Could _ Good 
 
 Guilty ...Neglect e_ Negligent <^, Somewhat -T..... Mental-ly , 
 
 Not, Need Under, Hundred ^ Nature, Hand .. ludividual-ly .. 
 
 Nevertheless"*^. Notwithstanding .....:r^.. Understood ^f Understand 
 Anybody.-^T^..... Nobody -\ Neighborhood ^ Immediate -ly ... 
 
 v \ j--/-/- 
 
 3' \v . u -P</ .v ,V 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 25 
 
 12 
 
 VL vUx ) 
 
 Sc* r i - ' 
 
 "7T ^ : 
 
 c' J ^ 
 
 13 
 
 s s v 
 
 /? 
 
 K, 
 
 V --' 
 
 ..^ ^ 
 
 452281
 
 38 SPECIAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 c. Words having peculiar outlines, and most words con- 
 taining more than two upright or inclined stems, may be 
 written on the line. (Line 1.) 
 
 d. No hook, circle, or loop, can be used at the end of a 
 word, when the sound indicated by it is immediately preceded 
 and followed by vowels. 
 
 e. As far as possible, derivatives should be written with 
 outlines similar to those of their primitives, and usually in the 
 same position. 
 
 f . The sound of Sh is sometimes indicated by the circle or 
 loop, as in accomplish, negotiate. (Line 2.) 
 
 g. When T or D is followed by the consonant sound of Y, 
 both sounds may be expressed by Chay or Jay. (Line 2.) 
 
 h. In words ending with K-tion following T or D, K may 
 generally be omitted. K may also be omitted in many words in 
 which K-tion follows other consonants ; and other letters are 
 omitted in some cases, as indicated in lines 3 to 5. 
 
 i. Foreign sounds are indicated by striking a light waved 
 line through stems most nearly representing them. (Line 6.) 
 
 j. The termination -ure may be indicated by the stem Y ; 
 also, by the Ter-hook, by Chay or Jay with the R-hook, by the 
 Str-loop, or by lengthening a curved stem. (Line 7.) 
 
 k. The semi-circles for the coalescents W and Y may be 
 written by the side of a stem, in the position of a vowel, thus 
 indicating both the consonant and the vowel which follows it. 
 In such cases the W-semi-circle opens to the right to indicate 
 a dot vowel, and to the left to indicate a dash vowel ; and 
 the Y-semi-circle opens upward for a dot vowel, and downward 
 for a dash vowel. The semi-circles may be shaded for long 
 vowels, and made light for short vowels, if desired. (Line 8.) 
 
 1. The back-hook after a circle may often be used to indi- 
 cate the affix -ing, but care should be taken that the resulting 
 outline be not of such form as to be mistaken for a different 
 word. In outlines of two or more stems, the N-hook may be used 
 for -ing, the same precaution being taken. To indicate -ings, the 
 circle is written within the Jiook. (Line 9.) 
 
 ^ Write Exercise XXIV. of the Speed-Book.
 
 SPECIAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 39 
 
 4_ 
 
 ) 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 h = '< T> 
 
 p 1 = 1 /r= ^i/r -^ = ^ 
 
 v 
 
 6 (Ger. ) Einig :Z7... Ich ^ (/>.)In^f> en..^... bon S 
 
 7 V "V X-P ^r ,. ^-(-j ^7 -.' - 1^ 
 
 COALESCENTS. 
 
 WEE c WA c| WAH e | WAW *| WO >| WOO 
 YEE " YA | YAH | YAW YO "| YOO 
 
 8 _^_ 
 
 9 -v>- \ ^ .-L-J -\....J: ct ...\ .VS V 
 
 >S *.* x cy- </ 
 
 ^A I ^- -I ^^\5 /^> > 
 
 ID b L-j5> i a^s> ^~ 1 ; 
 
 HALF-LENGTH CONTRACTIONS. 
 Quantity .. "r?.. ... Acquaint-ance c^ Contract...?. Trade 1 Attract 
 
 Direct, Day or two 1 Effect v. Affect, Fact -^- Frequent-ly.....^. 
 
 Convict Authority......... With regard to... Without regard to__L 
 
 Iniport-ant...'?^.. Imports-ance .^T?5...1ndependeut '"^, Intelligent ...^ 
 
 Q 
 
 Subjected ^ Consequent-ly .-..Tl...-Exaniined Mentioned s-s 
 
 Remarked. .^._ Measured ) In regard to Water ..7... As regards ..... 
 
 Year or two ..' .... Yet f Behind ... \._. Movement ....
 
 40 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 m. Phrasing. It was stated in section 23, /, that the 
 word To is sometimes added to a word by halving. To is gen- 
 erally indicated, however, by writing the preceding and 
 following words near each other, rather than by halving ; but 
 where To is followed by a word which may be added to it by a 
 hook, circle, loop, or other expedient, in accordance with the 
 phrasing rules heretofore given, the better practice is to write 
 the word-sign for To, with the subsequent word so added. (Lines 
 14-18, page 47.} 
 
 @* Write Exercise XXV. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 Sec. 26. One of the most important methods of abbre- 
 viation in Phonetic Shorthand, is that of using certain signs 
 for frequently occurring prefixes and affixes, rules for which 
 are given in this section. Illustrations of the use of these 
 rules will be found on page 43. 
 
 Prefixes. 1. The prefix Accom, is indicated by the stem K, 
 joined to the remainder of the word. (Line 1. ) 
 
 2. Com, Con, or. Cog, is generally indicated by a dot at the 
 beginning of the first stem of an outline. In some words, how- 
 ever, it is better to use K with the N-hook for Con. (Line 2.) 
 
 3. In the middle of a word, Com, Con, or Cog, is indicated 
 by. disconnecting the outline at the point where the syllable 
 occurs. (Line 3.) 
 
 4. Contra, Counter, by an inclined tick written in place of 
 the Con-dot ; by a half-length K with the N-hook, followed 
 by Ar or Ray as is most convenient ; or, in a few instances, by 
 T with the R-hook, preceded by the Con-dot. (Line 4-} 
 
 5. For, Fore, by F, joined to the remainder of the word. 
 (Line 5.) 
 
 6. In, Un, by the N-stem ; or, when followed by Iss, by an 
 initial back-hock, if the N-stem will not readily join. (Line 6.) 
 
 7. Inter, Intro, Enter, by a half-length N, either joined or 
 disjoined. If disjoined, it should be written to the succeed- 
 ing stem in the position of the first vowel of the prefix. (Line 7. }
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 41 
 
 8. Magna, Magni, by a disjoined M, written over or near 
 the remainder of the word. Magnify, and its derivatives are 
 written MG. (Line 8.) 
 
 9. Kel, by the stem Ray with the L-hook. (Line 9. } 
 
 10. Self, by the syllable written in full, where convenient. 
 In other cases, by the Iss-circle, as shown in line 10. 
 
 11. There should always be written with the stem Ray, 
 but in such words as thereupon, therefore, thereafter, the inclina- 
 tion of the Ray should be so changed as to bring the remainder 
 of the word in its proper position. (Line 11.) 
 
 Affixes. 12. Ble, Bly, are indicated by B and the 
 L-hook ; or where the hook cannot be used conveniently, by 
 B alone. (Line 12.) 
 
 13. Bleness, by B with the L-hook and final Iss, disjoined 
 and written through the line. (Line 13.) 
 
 14. Ed, by halving the last stem of an outline ; by a half-length 
 T or D, joined or disjoined, after a full-length stem ; or by an 
 inclined tick after a half-length stem, as provided in section 25, a. 
 (Line 14.) 
 
 15. Ential, Entially, by Sh following the N-hook. Essen- 
 tial and essentially are written SN. (Line 15.) 
 
 16. Ever, by the P-hook ; Soever, by the circle and 
 V-stetn. (Line 16.) 
 
 17. For, Fore, Form, by F joined to the preceding por- 
 tion of the word. (Line 17.) 
 
 18. Fid, Fully, by the F-hook, except when the affix 
 follows a circle or hook, in which case it is indicated by the 
 stemF. (Line 18.) 
 
 19. Fullness, by F followed by Iss, written through the 
 line near the preceding portion of the word. (Line 19.) 
 
 20. Ing is better indicated by the Ing-stem, in many 
 cases. After the Tr- or M-hook, or after the F-hook on a 
 curved stem, it is indicated by a small hook within the larger 
 one. In other cases, it is indicated by a dot at the end of the
 
 42 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 last stem of an outline. In such words as exceedingly, the Ing- 
 dot is placed at the end of the last stem preceding L. See, also, 
 section 10, 6, and section 25, I. (Line 20.} 
 
 21. A perpendicular or horizontal tick, in place of the 
 Ing-dot, indicates the syllable Ing followed by a, an or and. 
 An inclined tick, in the same position, indicates ing followed 
 by the. (Line SI.) 
 
 22. When a word ends with ing, it is often convenient to 
 indicate the affix by beginning the next word near the Ing-dot 
 place, or by striking the first stem of the succeeding word 
 through the last stem of the word to which the affix -belongs. 
 (Line 22.) 
 
 23. Ings may be written with Ing and the small circle, 
 or by making a circle in place of the Ing-dot. (Line S3. ) 
 
 24. L-ty or R-ty, in such words as formality, popularity, may 
 be expressed by detaching the preceding stem. In some cases, 
 these terminations may be indicated by halving Lay or Ray, or 
 by halving a stem bearing the L- or R-hook. Eility, as well 
 as Ble and Bly, is expressed after a circle by the stem B. 
 (Line 24.) 
 
 25. Lessness, by Lay and the Iss-circle, disjoined. (Line 25.) 
 
 26. Merit , by a half-length M with the N-hook ; Mental-ly-ity, by 
 the same, disjoined. If M cannot be readily joined, a half-length 
 
 N is used for Ment. (Line 26.) 
 
 
 
 27. Ology, Ological, by J, joined or disjoined. (Line 27.) 
 
 28. Ography, Ographer, by G. with or without the R-hook. 
 (Line 28.) 
 
 29. Self, Selves, by the syllable written out, except in a 
 few cases where it is more convenient to indicate the affix by a 
 small circle. (Line 29.) 
 
 30. Ship, by Sh, either joined or disjoined. (Line 30.) 
 
 31. Ly, by El, or by Lay joined or disjoined. (Line 31 ) 
 <^* Write Exercise XXVI. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 NOTE. When an outline is disconnected, the different parts must be 
 written very near each other.
 
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 Accomplish 
 \T~V, 1 Accomplishment 
 Accommodation 
 V Combination 
 <J 3 Conscience 
 
 18 ^> 6 
 
 Careful-ly 
 Cheerful-ly 
 ' 'J houghtful-ly 
 
 Successful-ly 
 Harmful 
 Painful 
 Cheerfulness 
 
 Wilfulness 
 
 Being 
 Tottering 
 Teaming 
 
 Moving 
 Going 
 Accordingly 
 
 Taking a 
 Forming a 
 Giving a 
 
 Taking the 
 Seeing the 
 Giving the 
 Storing go: ds 
 Receiving them 
 Having done 
 Complainings 
 Pleadings 
 Proceedings 
 Formality 
 Popularity 
 Feasibility 
 
 Liability 
 Majority 
 Vitality 
 
 Thoughtlessness 
 Carelessness 
 Fearlessness 
 Rudimental 
 Fundamental 
 Instrumental 
 
 Theology 
 Physiology 
 Geology 
 
 Geography-er 
 Biography-er 
 Stenography-er 
 
 Myself 
 Of itself 
 Themselves 
 
 Friendship 
 Hardship 
 Ownership 
 
 Kindly 
 Suddenly 
 Early 
 
 a^__^_\ 
 
 ioj 
 
 ^ \o " \o~ 
 20 - X ^'- .A. ^ 
 
 '^" Contour 
 Unconditional-ly 
 ^""/^ ^""C /"-" Incumbent 
 
 Recognition 
 
 \ Contravene 
 Counterplf a 
 
 Contradiction 
 
 Forenoon 
 v-^v^. v. Formidable-y 
 \ N Forbid 
 
 V j^\> Inspiration 
 
 ..^..-.T 
 21 ! ia 
 
 Uncotsidered 
 
 ^| ^-i 2. ! Introduce 
 b V/ J Introversion 
 Entertain 
 ^ ^. Magnanimous 
 v_^~j, fr~|.. Magnesia 
 
 1 ) -' 
 
 i.-L^xY 
 
 23 ^..V^ 
 24 V^ \r-^4 
 
 Magna C'larta 
 e. Q- .\ Relation 
 x Realization 
 
 Reliable 
 
 s~> /^> I Self-esteem 
 6 f-~.6j U_p Selfish 
 Self-defense 
 Thereupon 
 / / v--^l Theref or-e 
 
 
 ^ Thereafter 
 
 ^-c L \ Notable-y 
 \ -\ ... y.. . Feasible-y 
 Profltable-y 
 Changeableness 
 '\---Qt- V- Tractableness 
 Curableness 
 
 , , *> ^-si Located 
 
 25 ^r ^-r (/ 
 
 Y'" 
 
 27 / .. ^ ^ 
 28 ^~^-L 
 
 Invited 
 
 c I 1 ^i /) Credential 
 j 3 ^/ ^y Deferential 
 Inferential 
 
 Whatever 
 Wherever 
 Whenever 
 . b Whosoever 
 
 29.d!^L6 
 
 30 ^ -^ j 
 
 17 
 
 v - Whatsoever 
 /\^ \^ Theref or-e 
 
 V Platform 
 
 31 2C fi \~
 
 PHRASING. 
 
 Sec. 27. The student will have noticed that there are two 
 kinds of phrase-writing taught in the rules heretofore given 
 Simple Phrasing, which is the joining of two or more outlines ; 
 and Group Phrasing, which is the representation of phrases by 
 the use of hooks, circles, or loops, attached to a word-sign, or 
 by the halving or lengthening principles. As to either method, 
 the following directions should be carefully observed : 
 
 a. Such words only should be joined as have a close 
 grammatical relation to each other. 
 
 b. If the elements of a phrase cannot be easily and readily 
 joined, or if for any reason they would not be distinct when 
 joined, the combination should not be made. 
 
 c. Two distinct phrases should not be joined together. 
 
 d. Two large hooks should not be written on the same side 
 of a straight stem, in phrasing, as they would have a tendency 
 to curve the stem ; and no hook can be used to add a word to a 
 stem which is halved or lengthened for a preceding word. 
 
 e. Unusual phrases, as come what will, should not be joined. 
 
 f . When a phrase begins with the tick word-sign for A, 
 An, And, I, He, or The, the second word of the phrase should 
 be written in position, and not the tick. 
 
 g. When a phrase begins with the tick for Awe, All, 
 Already, or On, or with the circle for Is or His, or with a first- 
 position horizontal or half-length word-form, such tick, circle, 
 horizontal or half-length may be slightly raised or lowered 
 when joined to a word beginning above the line of writing, in 
 order to bring the next word to its usual position. 
 
 h. In all other cases, the first word of a phrase should be 
 written in the position it would occupy if standing alone. 
 
 i. A word or letter may be omitted from a phrase-sign, or 
 changed in form, if the context will clearly and certainly 
 suggest it. (Lines 1, 2, page 47.) 
 
 NOTE. IP a very few instances, it may be found that a word-sign 
 cannot be distinguished readily if written out of its natural position in a 
 phrase-sign. No general rule can be given to govern such cases, but the 
 student must learn, by practice in reading, to avoid such combinations. 
 
 44
 
 PHRASING. 45 
 
 j. Special phrasing contractions may be made, where 
 difficult or lengthy combinations of words occur frequently in a 
 report. (Line 3.) 
 
 k. Simple Phrasing The simplest phrase-sign is made 
 by joining two or more words without change of form. (Line 4- ) 
 
 1. Words forming part of a complete phrase may be joined, 
 and the remainder written separately, if necessary on account 
 of especial difficulty of junction. (Line 5.) 
 
 m. Group Phrasing. Having may be added by the F-Hook 
 and the Ing-dot, but in most cases it is sufficiently indicated by 
 the hook alone. (Line 6.) 
 
 n. After a final circle or hook, or after a half-length 
 curve, Their or Tliere is added by a heavy tick. (Line 6.) 
 @* Write Exercise XXVII. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 o. Than, Been, Own, or One, is indicated by a back-hook, 
 after a circle or loop. (Line 7.) 
 
 p. It may be indicated by a final tick, struck at an acute 
 angle with any final hook or half-length stem. (Line 7.) 
 
 q. If for any reason Him cannot be conveniently indicated 
 by the M-hook, it should be written with Hay, though it may 
 be represented by a P- tick after a final hook. (Line 8.) 
 
 r. Himself may often be indicated by the M-hook and final 
 circle. Myself must never be written with the M-hook. (Line 8. ) 
 ^ Write Exercise XVIII. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 s. One may be added by the N-hook to either of the 
 following words : At, But, Each, Which, Some, Any, No, Long, 
 Every, Either, Other, Only. (Line 9.) 
 
 t. When an outline ends with Iss, enlarging the circle 
 adds to it the word Is, His, As, or Has. (Line 10.) 
 
 u. In or In the is prefixed by an initial back-hook to a word 
 or phrase beginning with Iss, if the N-stem cannot be used as 
 conveniently. (Line 10.) 
 
 v. Should may be indicated by the Ray-tick, if that can be 
 more easily joined than Sh. When preceded by /, He or You, 
 or when used initially, the tick must rest upon the line. (Line 11. ) 
 
 w. Very careful writers may use the small hooks and 
 circles on the tick word-signs. (Line 12.)
 
 46 PHRASING. 
 
 x. Of and Of the are generally omitted between two nouns 
 which are joined in a phrase-sign. (Line 13.} 
 
 y. Or is implied between two sets of figures, when the 
 second set is written above the line. And or To is implied 
 when the second set is written below the line. (Line 13.) 
 
 & Write Exercise XXIX. of the Speed-Book. 
 
 KET TO PHRASES ON PAGE 47. 1. Moat-likely. Ought-to-have-been. 
 Ought-not-to-have-been. It-seems-to-be. Hefresh-your-recollection. 
 Yes-or-no. Five-or-9ix. Great-deal. Couldn't-tell. In-order-to-have. 
 
 2. Night-time. The-other. I-am- not-sure. It-must-have-been. Did- 
 you-have-any-conversation. Bear-ln-mind. In-earnest. In-reply-to-your- 
 letter. Do-you-not-remember. Once-or-twice. Eternal-life. 
 
 3. New- York-Central-Railroad. German-Insurance-Company. Mutual- 
 Life-Insurance-Oompany. Where-do-you-reside. Where-do-you-live. 
 How-long-have-you-lived. In-Rochester. Entitled-to-recover. Guilt-or- 
 innocence. What-is-your-business. 
 
 4. It-was. It-has-been. It-may-be. Upon-that-subject. Do-so. 
 Shall-be. Hand-in-hand. Will-be-certain. It-has-not-been. Is-not-inclined. 
 That-which may-be. 
 
 5. It-must-not-be supposed. If-that could-be. There may-not-be. 
 If-they should-come. Which-has-been chosen. May-require adjustment. 
 
 6. After-having. Tor-having. In-having. With-having. Upon- 
 having. About-having. Gives-their. Puts-their. Knows-there. Been- 
 there. Gone-there. Done-their. Affect-their. Note -their. 
 
 7. Less-than. That-there-has-been. For-it-has-been. By-his-own. 
 Find-it. Around-it. Maintained-it. Renewed-it. They-did-it. Why-did-it. 
 
 8. Bid-him. Taught-him. Affect-him. Lend-him. Mind-him. 
 Around-him. Offend-him. Attend-him. Dun-him. By-himself. For- 
 himself. With-himself. 
 
 9. At-one. But-one. Each-one. Which-one. Some-one. Any-one. 
 No-one. Long-one. Every-one. Either-one. Other-one. Only-one. 
 
 10. What-is-his-name. It-is-as-much. Enlarges-his. Where-is-his. 
 He-tells-us. In-the-sarae. In-the-spring. In-the-street. In-the-same- 
 place. In-the-supreme-court. In-the-same-room. 
 
 11. It-should-be. It-should-not-have-been. Which-should-have. We- 
 should-not. I-should-not-be. He-should-not-know. Should-not-suppose. 
 Should-have-said. You-should-have-seen. You-should-not-be. You- 
 should-not-have-been. 
 
 12. All-were. All-will. All-of. All-have-been. All-is-done. All-has- 
 been. Who-will. Who-were. Who-have. I-have-bcen. He-is. He-has. 
 Is-he. Has-he. On-his-own. 
 
 13. What-time-of-day. What-time-of-night. Piece-of-land. Acts-of- 
 congress. Bill-of-sale. Bills-of-sale. 25-or-26. 25-or-30. Between-7-and- 
 10. From 5-to-6-hundred-dollars. 
 
 14. Charley is-to-be-sent-to-New-York tomorrow-to-meet-his-mother, 
 and-hewillgo with-her on-Saturday to-your-brother's house. 
 
 15. After-having-been advised as-to-bis condition, they-decided not-to- 
 remove him at-present, and-he-remains in-the-same-room where-you saw- 
 him today. 
 
 16. Our general-agent expects-to-be at-your-place next-week, and- 
 will call upon-you and explain the-matter fully. 
 
 17, 18. Complete lists of-the word-signs and-contractions of -the 
 system are given in-the-pages which follow this -exercise. The student is- 
 advised-to-examine these lists with care, and-to- write out and-commit-to- 
 memory those which he-has-not already learned.
 
 PHRASING. 
 
 47 
 
 -V-i- 
 ( k - 
 
 7---=r- 
 
 m 
 
 5 L- &-A \> _/7... v / /' i >o ..^.....y....x> c/ 
 
 't 5 
 
 9 J 
 
 11 k 
 
 \ i 
 
 (N < V V 
 
 12 .... ^ 
 
 13.Ji !L_V_ 
 
 
 X. 
 
 p 
 6 ..- /. 
 
 \Br~~t 
 
 A 
 
 ~v 
 
 
 
 ...(... ^ ....^
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 The ticks for TO, HOW, and SHOULD, and the circles for AS and HAS, are iised in phrasing 
 
 only. The word-signs for ON, SHOULD, and HOW, are written upward. 
 
 \ I / o 
 
 ....The ....All ...Awe, Already ....He ....Is.His 
 
 .A / Who i Oh, Owe On As ,,Has 
 
 V X7 
 
 ....Ah \ Two, Too ....I, High x Should ...Is there 
 
 . An, And \ To First ....How H-as there 
 
 \ \ Upon, Property, Occupy 
 .... \ \ . . Up, Hope, Pay 
 N Put, Part, Party, Happy 
 
 ) \ \ Ease, Easy 
 / . . I . . Was, Owes 
 7 Has, As, Whose 
 
 \ \ Be, By, Buy 
 .... \ \ . . Before 
 
 -^ ; She, Wish 
 ' ) . Shall, Show 
 
 x About 
 
 Should, Issue 
 
 What,Ought,Talk, Between 
 At, Take, It 
 
 -X Usual, Usually 
 
 . Out, To, But, Took [Dollar 
 
 / *- 
 
 Did, Differ-ed-ent-ence, 
 
 ' /~ . While, 111, Lie 
 
 .... I ...1 ..Do, Defendant, Day 
 
 . . . . ' f . Will, Well, Low 
 
 Had, Add 
 
 -. Allow, Whole, 
 
 / / , Watch, Each 
 .... / /..Which, Change 
 Charge, Much 
 
 J ~N From, Here, Hear 
 .... "X .. Where, Were, Her 
 , ) Our, Hour 
 
 / / . Object-ed, Adjoin-ed 
 ' / . . Agent, Age 
 
 / / , Or [Recollect 
 ....' /. . . There, Then-, They are, 
 
 Judge, Large, Advantage 
 
 Recover, Recovery, Are 
 
 . [Week 
 Common, Commit-ted-tee, 
 
 Me, My, Time 
 
 Company, Come, Came 4 
 Can, Accompany-ied, 
 
 -' ~ May 
 ""* Am, Whom 
 
 Give, Given Bounty 
 Go, Gave, Against, 
 Ago, Together 
 
 In, Any 
 ~^~^ No, Know 
 ' Knew, Own 
 
 V^_ i If, Wife, Form 
 v. I For. Forget, Forgot 
 v -" After, Half 
 
 Not, Need 
 ... ^-^ Under, Hundred 
 Nature, Hand 
 
 ^ i Of, Live 
 v_ i . . . Ever, Heavy 
 , v - Have, Above 
 
 f~ Year, Beyond 
 T f~ Yes, Young 
 You, Your, You are 
 
 ( ( , Thought 
 . V . ( . . Worth, Oath, Month 
 , ^ Thank, Youth 
 
 ^> -s We, Why, Without, 
 .... ' ^..Whether, Way [Wheel 
 ' Would, Away 
 
 ( / . With, Thy 
 
 s~~^ Him, he 
 
 .... \ . . I . . They, Though, Worthy 
 
 * - ^s When 
 
 " That, Thou 
 
 ^""^ How 
 
 > g e6i g aw 
 
 ^ ' Think, Long, Thing 
 
 .... / :. ).. So, Say, Us 
 
 s ' Nothing,Among,Length 
 
 House, Sue 
 
 ^^ Language, Along 
 
 48
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 
 
 SnrPLE CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 -A October 
 \ Quite 
 
 Could 
 
 * s~ Altogether 
 r Good deal 
 Good while 
 
 i V_^ Few 
 -W--. \ :C>- February 
 \ Former 
 
 V / i Formerly 
 ..^.-...\_ "s Forgiven 
 ** Affidavit 
 
 ^ Effect 
 V- .. Affect, Fact 
 
 . Public-ly-ish 
 \ V \ . Publication 
 \ V Peculiar-ly-ity 
 
 \/- Perpendicular-ly 
 \s \ \ : .. Pecuniary 
 
 Operation 
 Portion 
 \X_.V_&.> Apportion 
 Became, Become 
 
 v v Bv virtue of 
 ' \X Bond and mortgage 
 Better 
 Better than 
 V/ cL 1 At any rate 
 Teehnical-ly-ity 
 
 At last 
 1^ l~~. Dignify-ied-ty 
 Democrat-ic-cy 
 
 i Domestic 
 | i li Downward 
 "1^ J Doctrine-al 
 
 Determine 
 L L Determined 
 Determination 
 
 J in 
 
 . . Danger 
 L 1 Dangerous 
 / / Declare 
 Declaration 
 U-. I. Demonstrate 
 T Demonstration 
 
 Chattel mortgage 
 / / Changeable-y 
 'i^^. \ ' V Chargeable-y 
 . January 
 O / / Agency 
 } ( Advantageous 
 
 Capable-y 
 \ / 7 Acknowledge 
 Acknowledged 
 
 _^ ^^Acknowledgement 
 f-, ( Commonly 
 
 Convict 
 
 v 9 L f> \. Verse, Various 
 V/ V/V/ Versed 
 Version, Variation 
 
 Especial-ly 
 / i_x ...) Essential-ly 
 \ *"> Assume 
 
 ) Assumption 
 Assignment 
 ^5- \ Establish-ed 
 
 \^> L Establishment 
 ) Eastern,Astronomy 
 v-t> East and West 
 ) ,-, Easterly 
 J il Eastward 
 
 Legislate-d-or-ure 
 
 s~, /\ xv Legislation 
 t 4 / \ / \j Represent -ed 
 Representative 
 
 ^ __ Representation 
 /> X// Original-ly-ate-d 
 Regular-ly 
 x\ x/ Republic-ish-ed 
 X\ / \ /rf Republican 
 \ i Regeneration 
 e s Require 
 / / "N Required 
 
 Architect-ure-al 
 Argue-ment 
 .^v.... Xv x^% Reform 
 
 Common law 
 f *. _ . r Commercial-ly 
 ( / ( Catholic 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 L Reformation 
 
 p ~x > Retrospect 
 \X\ J C ^Vherefore 
 v. Heretofore
 
 50 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 
 
 ~\ /\^ jt Arrangement [rive 
 
 INITIAL CIRCLES, 
 o o Is, His 
 
 Reverend, Revenue 
 
 x ID '~- f \ Revolution 
 -/\:- ' Reorganize 
 Import ant 
 
 ^ -r^o '~ v \, Importance 
 
 Is his, His is 
 
 \ As has, As is 
 .0 -e .\... And so forth 
 Speak, Speech 
 
 \ \ Spoke, Special-ly 
 \ .....X^ _ i Expect-ed 
 Spoken 
 
 V 9 Exception 
 p -v - i Expectation 
 Expense-ive-ly 
 p o Expanse-ive-ly 
 -V q ^ Expand 
 
 Imperfect 
 Improvement 
 
 Mutual-ly 
 
 ., ,-^-x-^i Maturity 
 -~/\ x From time to time 
 Manufacture-d 
 
 ^^^ ^-^ Manufactory 
 
 ^^ Immediate-ly 
 . Movement 
 ^-iX Material-ly 
 
 Subject, Subpoena 
 D D Subjective-ly 
 X V ^ Subjection 
 Subjected 
 Satisfv-ied 
 P Satisfies 
 
 Any other 
 No other 
 
 Now 
 
 v o ^~^^ ^_^ Any way 
 V. Anything 
 
 b D O Satisfaction 
 Satisfactory 
 p/ o_ f Satisfactorily 
 f T" Circunistantial-ly, 
 [Extension 
 p p Circumstance, Ex- 
 o _H__ 1 Setoff [tensive-ly 
 
 \ Envelope 
 v _^^ Anybody 
 ^"* ^_^\ v A Nobody 
 
 Neighborhood 
 
 ^_jr^- -V-T^^P Inquire-y 
 Inquired 
 
 Set forth 
 P P p Consist 
 ^ System 
 Considerate 
 
 / f> f> Situate-d 
 
 In accordance with 
 Engage-d 
 v_x v^x^V Negotiated 
 Inform 
 
 ^. Information 
 ^P *^ ^~\ Involve 
 
 Suggest 
 
 /> D Q -* Suggestive-ly 
 L Consequence 
 
 November, Never 
 
 ^^, , Anniversary 
 ^--i ^^ ^s Involution [tial-ly 
 Influential-ly, Ini- 
 Nevertheless 
 V ^ J Independent-ly 
 f^ Intelligence 
 
 ^ v_ Intelligent 
 ^ ^- ( Notify 
 Until 
 ^^ Entire 
 ) / ^ Natural-ly 
 Undertake 
 
 Undertaken 
 
 3,..v-i .....7>... Undertook 
 Individual-ly 
 
 Consequential-ly 
 o_, Q a-, Consequent-ly [ied 
 . . Signature, Signifv- 
 
 Significant-ly 
 
 n _ p Significance 
 ^~^x Signification 
 
 Sufficient 
 Sufficiency 
 Va_^ V P.... Several 
 Southeast 
 p Southeastern 
 /" C <y<-*' Southern 
 Certainly 
 
 Certify 
 O-A ^\ o^ Certification 
 = Circumference
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 51 
 
 Somebody 
 6~X <j~i ~^-^ Sometime 
 Some of the time 
 g-s , g~^ Somewhat 
 
 i 1 Dissimilar-itv 
 < (Z 1... Conditional-Iy 
 f* Additional-ly 
 
 i 1 | Disclaim-ed 
 <2_ e__^ S- Disqualify 
 V ^ Disqualification 
 ^ Do^y^l stairs 
 
 Similar-ity 
 
 ^y Similarly 
 f <s~^ -=_,- Some one, Summon 
 Examine 
 
 Examined 
 ~V~ Examination 
 
 Because 
 
 p f Actionable-y 
 .Trr^_ 3 / Expend-iture 
 Exchange-d 
 
 . Counsel-cil 
 (~~f~^ e~v Custom 
 Customer-ary 
 ^TS~^ / Accustom 
 
 Southwesterly 
 
 o^ <^ Southwestern 
 _?y_ t Single-ular 
 Singly 
 
 FIXAL CIRCLES AND LOOPS. 
 
 \> \> V Possible-y-ity 
 
 Executor-y 
 
 -^> i Executrix 
 - va^ Extraordinary-ily 
 Efficient 
 
 . i Efficiency [geon 
 ^ \ y> (- Phvsician and Sur- 
 / Thousand 
 
 ( t These 
 .5. b _y__ This 
 * Those 
 
 o. /-^> Reason 
 /^TS~N Almost 
 Most of the time 
 Mistake 
 ^8 /"-fe-^ Mistaken 
 
 Up stairs 
 YJ \/ Possess 
 
 Observe 
 
 V/ \>2-V~s_D Observance 
 a o Observation [gages 
 
 Bonds and mort- 
 
 V-^ V Bondsman 
 
 ^ b Advertise 
 
 Advertised 
 Advertisement 
 *~* \ <h> Advertiser 
 
 Testament 
 
 Testify 
 k b <K^ Testified 
 Testimony 
 
 . i December 
 
 <J-\ A h Destruction 
 4, / Discharge-d 
 
 /Disadvantage 
 1 1, Administer 
 
 ^~e Mistook 
 
 /^ -^bv Misgovern 
 <^~~lr^> / Mr. 
 Mrs. 
 ^5 ^-^n blisses 
 
 Mention 
 
 v_p v^ Mentioned 
 s~ Influence 
 Influenced 
 
 ^p v_f Influences 
 _. ^-^ l^ Next, Commenced 
 Inconsiderate " 
 
 ^.A^ v_p Insignificant 
 
 <^\ o Administrate 
 
 Administrative 
 [sf^ 1 ^*\/i Administration 
 
 o i i Administrator 
 
 . i Administratrix 
 ..i . J _2_2 Discover-ed-y 
 
 *~ Discontinue-d 
 
 i J Disconnect-ed 
 } r > <J ~' < *^ 5 Disorganize 
 
 Institute 
 
 v^j M? v_o Institution 
 Inconsistent 
 Instead 
 
 Next day 
 -S-p_... ^~o v_o^v \ext week 
 Next time 
 
 Disorganized 
 
 1 , i Disorganization 
 Jl_5_ J ? J-^- 1 Discriminate-d 
 Discrimination
 
 52 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD FORMS. 
 
 VD Next month 
 -s^a. . . . .sy. . . . a Next year 
 Indispensible-y 
 
 Y Y vo Interest 
 1 A Interested 
 
 f. \ IN Brother in law 
 -\- 8 -A- Remembrance 
 Brethren 
 
 n Transient 
 -J 1 Internal-ly 
 tf Truth 
 
 n o True 
 -1 J ^ Eternal-ly-ity 
 V- Controversy 
 
 o "1 n Trustworthy 
 /t _J^-__. b Transform-ed 
 V V. Transfer-red 
 n H/ i Treasure-r 
 
 Anticipate 
 
 vj? Anticipation 
 V> T j Understood 
 Understand 
 
 vj -^ Notwithstanding 
 _*-. v-0 e Q^ Intersection 
 
 Western 
 
 -y- ->. ^ Westerly 
 J"~^ cf Once more 
 \> Once or twice 
 
 R-HOOK. 
 
 'X <\ Appear, Proper 
 
 Contract, Tried 
 
 Trade, Tract, To- 
 .- -1-- Attract [ward 
 10 Attraction 
 
 ) n Dear 
 .:_ 1 ... I _ Doctor 
 
 x Practice 
 cv Practiced 
 
 ' During, Dark 
 
 1 1 Drink 
 J 1 Drunk 
 
 *\ Practicable-y 
 ^ Perhaps, Propose 
 \ \ Probable-y-ity 
 \ \ Profit 
 <\ Particular, Pride 
 <\ Opportunity,Pretty 
 
 ^ Drank, Darken 
 
 < Direction 
 ro -T 1 Duration 
 Direct, Day or two 
 
 XI, Darkens, Darkness 
 X- Derive 
 Derivative 
 
 y y Charity 
 -v, / f^> Adjourn-ed 
 Adjournment 
 
 ^ Jury, Larger, Junior 
 -1. .J. </ Juryman 
 ' t ~^ \ Jurisprudence 
 
 2 c Jurisdiction 
 cf c Decree 
 
 ^ Proud 
 Project-ed 
 *\ *\ % Projection 
 / ^ / Privilege 
 r. Person 
 %. c \_ ^ Personal-ly [fessor 
 C " Perfect-ed-ly, Pro- 
 Proof, Prove 
 <\ c. % Approve-al 
 -\5 Perfection 
 Proficient-cy 
 c\ J *\ <\ Comprehend-ed 
 
 * Care, Occur 
 
 c c ^> Accrue, Car, Cure 
 Correct 
 
 [Principal-ly 
 c\ CN Apprehend-ed 
 ex V d Comprehension 
 i """ Comprehensive-ly, 
 [Appearance 
 j, ^\ /- Apprehensive-ly 
 5V. \p .y... Preponderance 
 Properly 
 
 <\ / \ J> t\ Preserve 
 X y lA Preservation 
 Preservative 
 
 ^ Liberty 
 > \ <\ Member,Remember 
 "^""Brother, Number 
 
 Corrective 
 
 c ? c o <rf Correction 
 / Corrector 
 
 Chris tian-ity 
 
 Character 
 c c ^ ^ Characterize 
 Characterized 
 
 ,__ Characteristic 
 = c o Occurrence [to 
 Decreed, According 
 
 ,. Occurred 
 e ~ _ Accrued 
 Degree, Agree
 
 COKTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 53 
 
 _- Agricnlture-al 
 ct tr- f* Great deal 
 Great while 
 
 / s> Grand jury 
 <a^ "^ Greater 
 Greater than 
 
 r n n Frequency 
 .^?.... \> Furnish-ed 
 
 <5 i <i^e. Near, Nor 
 
 In relation to 
 <; - ^ <z^* In order to 
 
 In reference to 
 
 "^.J? <^_j? c_-< In respect to 
 N \i \ In respect of 
 In reply 
 
 t^^s <^_f? In writing 
 
 Frequent-ly 
 p n Furniture 
 
 ^x ..Sl__V. OviT 
 
 l Every, very 
 
 n f> Verdict 
 S. Vo VQ Converse 
 Conversed 
 
 Conversation 
 \f> Q.._ Avert 
 S- V> Averse 
 
 n Everybody 
 v_. v^^ C Everything 
 ^ Everywhere 
 
 (? (L Authorize 
 ^ u p Authorized 
 
 North and South 
 
 <^ ' z ~^f ^r Northern 
 \i Q y Northeast 
 Northeastern 
 
 c^^y^ ^-^v ^-^ Northwesterly 
 U Northwestern 
 Longer 
 ^ ^ _ Without regard to 
 
 One or two 
 
 cv ex ex Work 
 ^-^ V-ja Workman 
 
 ' Workmanship 
 
 <^\s S> f Workmanlike 
 
 Authorization 
 
 C C f Authority 
 Authoritative 
 
 Either 
 
 f (' f Other 
 V 3 _ Otherwise 
 
 Year or two 
 
 L-IIOOK. 
 
 \ p Comply 
 \ ^. Compel, People 
 
 Either one 
 
 f C f Other one 
 \j 5 ^ Either way 
 
 Other way 
 
 C -, ( On either hand 
 C On the other hand 
 
 \ Apply 
 p Completion 
 \> V <? Complication 
 " V Application 
 
 7 Applicable-y-ity 
 <J o r Compliance 
 
 With regard to 
 
 )C C C With relation to 
 -- _L- -X. With reference to 
 ' With respect to 
 
 ) As regards 
 .. - ' y Measure 
 Measured 
 
 /^-> Lawyer 
 t 6 Learned 
 Learned 
 
 / ox. Lord 
 6 1 Railroad 
 
 ^ Appliance 
 
 - Plaintiff [Plenty 
 ^ Complaint-ed, 
 
 ^ Applicant 
 
 s c p Belong-ed 
 V \ Believe-d 
 
 Build-ing, Built 
 
 c Able to 
 t \- c Obligation 
 ~~TT Blank 
 
 Balance 
 ^ t J Balanced 
 o At length 
 
 n n n At all, It will 
 U_p J) At all events 
 At least 
 
 Error 
 cr N cr- <^~y Remark, Mere 
 
 Merchant 
 
 <T~y <^~> <r^ Merchandise 
 6 i Mercantile 
 Mortgage-d
 
 54 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 
 
 r r> P Deliver-ed-y 
 1 J J Deliverance 
 
 a; cv Extravagant-ce-ly 
 .q ' I Instruct 
 Instructive 
 <v <y . Q Instruction 
 ^ I Instrument-al-ly 
 Consider-able-y 
 
 q < * Consideration 
 * 1 * Inconsiderable-y 
 Inconsideration 
 o; o ~ Unconsidered 
 
 Delinquent 
 
 ;x> /> Diligent 
 / _ Children 
 Child 
 /5 r, Challenge-d 
 ./?.... ' L Angel 
 Angelic 
 
 c Largely 
 XL c Equal, Call, Kill 
 ' Claim Coal 
 ^__D <^= Clerk, Cool 
 Equalize 
 
 Descriptive 
 o e _, Description 
 
 Equalized 
 r Q c c 3 Equalization 
 Collect 
 
 Prescriptive 
 Prescription 
 
 o e I Secure 
 
 Collective 
 c Q c _, t_^ Collection 
 (p Collector 
 
 1 Security 
 a d e Inscribe 
 3 I Inscription 
 
 Qualification 
 t. Guilt-y, Gild 
 - o Neglect, Gold 
 Negligence 
 
 Negligent 
 c-, Afflict 
 Ni Affliction 
 
 P p .- Philanthropy-ic 
 i___5S___. Voluntary 
 
 1 Insecurity 
 F-HOOK. 
 
 V \ \ Poverty [to have 
 JJ \i V_JP Perform-ed, Hope 
 Performance 
 kl i Develope-d 
 \- I Deform-ed-ity 
 Difficult-y 
 / Advice, Advise-d 
 I S. s Objective-ly 
 Govern 
 
 Government 
 s^> ^ ^ Refer 
 Referred 
 
 N-HOOK. 
 
 \ V Pennsylvania 
 o V .?...._ Punish-ed-ment 
 o Combine 
 
 ^ \ Combined 
 -V - Combination 
 
 * Bank 
 
 Banker 
 \._ V.......V... Bankable 
 ^ ^ \ Bankrupt 
 
 I Bankruptcy 
 .V.... d i. At once 
 a But once 
 i I Contention 
 * k .. J .. . Tension 
 
 Rely, Real-ly 
 
 j> Rail, Roll 
 <XL_^_' XI Rule 
 Real estate 
 
 CIRCLE AND HOOK COM- 
 BINATIONS. 
 
 <\ \, Superflcial-ly 
 ^VjX N ^> Experiment-ed 
 Surprise 
 
 \ a ov Express 
 
 Superintend-ent 
 \ ^ Expression 
 Ys" Suppression 
 Experience 
 
 %cl (3 
 >, ^ Experienced 
 
 Inexperienced 
 <5 Explain 
 Explained 
 Explanation 
 Q P Ext ernal-ly, strength 
 ]> Extra 
 / Stranger 
 
 Denominate-d
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 55 
 
 J 
 
 I / Denomination 
 (/> Condensation 
 
 <^> -n^. Universe-al-ity 
 ../?- Behind 
 V Behindhand 
 
 LARGE HOOKS. 
 
 r r c_ Bewilder-ed 
 > 1 Dwell-ing 
 
 / 
 
 Religion 
 
 . General-ly 
 ..y tf Imagine-ary, June 
 Generalize 
 
 . / Generalized 
 f <*. Generalization 
 Generation 
 
 Gentlemen 
 
 Quarter-ed 
 
 C_o C-o Question-ed 
 
 - 
 
 Imagined 
 a Connect-ed 
 
 Acquiesced 
 c n c^ Acquisition 
 
 Continue-d 
 D Continual-ly 
 Continuous 
 
 Acquaint-ance 
 
 s | , Railway 
 C/ VJ Vs Familiar-ly-ity 
 Familiarize-d 
 
 G 3 Family 
 Themselves 
 
 - 
 
 Continuously 
 ^ -fe Continuation 
 . Const itute-d 
 
 
 Constitution 
 
 Constable 
 Account 
 
 Commission-ed 
 f^ Commissioner 
 
 WS 
 
 ~~"~\ Accountable-y 
 
 Begin, Organ 
 . T> Begun, Again 
 
 T Memoranda 
 ^"5 ^~y vE? Minimum 
 
 rf 
 
 ~ > Began 
 o = Beginner 
 Organize 
 
 Nomination 
 TION-HOOK. 
 
 V \ Occupation 
 V \- Compassion 
 V Passion 
 V> . Opposition 
 p ._A - Position 
 fS Possession 
 
 I 1 a Attention 
 ,t <O <6 Decision 
 
 Organized 
 
 , i Organic [graphy 
 vs v> " Forgotten, Phono- 
 
 c 
 
 Financial-ly 
 (, _ Within 
 
 r^ With interest 
 
 ^ 
 
 Reference 
 Men 
 ^~s Man 
 
 ^-X-s 
 
 ^ Human 
 ->*-$ Meantime 
 
 Situation 
 /. Objection 
 ff Q Justification 
 
 1 
 
 Woman 
 
 Mental-ly 
 -^_^ ^_^ Maintain 
 Maintained 
 
 . ? Maintenance 
 =->_?.._ Any one. Opinion 
 No one 
 
 None 
 ^2 _.s.._ Lengthen 
 *V. Unitorm-ed-ity 
 
 Accession 
 
 v i Accusation 
 >g ^2 Formation 
 
 Conviction 
 
 ,, Recollection 
 ^** Q- Resolution 
 ~" Examination 
 v _ . r, Institution 
 ? Information 
 
 Incision
 
 STENOTYPY. 
 
 Stenotypy is the indication of stenographic outlines by the use 
 of ordinary types, in accordance with the following rules : 
 
 1. The stems Chay, Ith, Dhe, Ish, Zhe, and Ing, are indicated by the 
 Roman letters Ch, Th, Dh, Sh, Zh, and Ng, respectively. All other stems, 
 except upstrokes, are indicated by Roman capitals. 
 
 2. Lay, Ray, and Shay, are indicated by the Italic letters, i, JJ, and >S7i. 
 
 3. Small Roman letters (except g and h, used as above stated) indicate 
 the sounds represented by circles, loops, hooks, etc., and the halving and 
 lengthening principles ; as, sist = solaced ; sills = stories ; Pfitr = porter ; 
 sPssn = supposition; PrtKsn = protection; Frtr= further; NVntr = ini'e?i<or. 
 
 4. The P-tick, T-tick, etc., are indicated by small Italic letters corres- 
 ponding with the stems they resemble ; as, pM=I may. Semi-circles are in- 
 dicated by the small Italics w and y ; as, ~Fww = for we were. The prefixes 
 Con, Com, and the affix Ing, are indicated by small Italics ; as, eonTr 1 Bt>ig= 
 contributing. 
 
 5. Stems between which a hyphen occurs, should be disjoined ; as, 
 D-B = debility. 
 
 6. An inverted period () indicates that the vowel should be inserted; 
 as, B' = obey. 
 
 7. A cross (+) indicates that the stems should be intersected. 
 
 8. A superior figure indicates the position of the stem after which it 
 is placed; as Bd'MG^bojid and mortgage; Grtisn= congratulation. If 
 no figure is used, the word is written in the second position. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF STENOTYPY. 
 
 Ch / 
 
 Psns N^ 
 
 SP8 ^ 
 
 Pss NO 
 
 Pn N^ 
 Pns N^ 
 Pnsn V 
 
 stT P 
 Tts b 
 Trt 1 
 
 Fltr 
 Fndr V 
 
 \0 
 
 p^[3 
 
 / 
 
 Sh J 
 
 Psss NO 
 
 Pnst N^ 
 
 Tit r 
 
 
 Th ( 
 Dh ( 
 
 ^ 
 
 Pst \ 
 Pstr \j 
 
 Pnstr ^ 
 
 TW r 
 
 Ty 1 
 
 Tnt J 
 Tnts d 
 Tft t 
 
 &W S 
 
 Sh>> 
 
 RK "^ 
 
 Pr 
 
 Ttr J 
 
 Tfts b 
 
 Tir ~\ 
 
 RTL /~ 
 
 Fr 
 
 Ttrs d 
 
 sTrt 1 
 
 Ncfi ^> 
 
 LK C_ 
 
 sPr \ 
 
 Ttrn d 
 
 stRt * 
 
 wD- \- 
 
 ZK f~ 
 
 stPr \ 
 
 Tm b 
 
 sTlt P 
 
 ^K 
 
 FSA v_y 
 
 PI \ 
 
 Tins b 
 
 stTt p 
 
 Kln-L c-^c 
 
 s p \ 
 
 sPl \ 
 
 pf X 
 
 Tmn b 
 Tt 1 
 
 Ftr V 
 Ftrs VT^ 
 
 com Busn 1 .^... 
 R&Png /^ 
 
 Psn \ 
 
 Pfs \ 
 
 sTt P 
 
 Frthr ^. 
 
 R&V + Dh A,
 
 (See Exercises, p. 115.) 
 
 REFERENCE LIST OF CONTRACTIONS, 
 
 WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 OTLookfor the primitive word. For explanation of outlines marked with a star, see tick 
 
 for In, En, and Un, in the Optional Expedients. 
 
 
 Advice-se-d Dv* 
 
 Approved Prvd 3 
 
 
 Advisement Ds 3 Mnt 
 
 Approbation P^Bsn 
 
 Abstract Bs'Trt 
 
 Advisory Ds 3 R 
 Affect Ft 
 
 Approximate-ly Pr'Bus 
 Approximation Pr'Ksn 
 
 Abstracted Bs 3 Trtr 
 Abstraction Bs 3 Trsn . 
 
 Affected FtcTi 3 
 Affecting Ft 3 Ng 
 
 Argue-ment R 3 G 
 Argued R 3 Gd 
 
 Accept sPt 
 
 Affection F 3 Ksn 
 
 Arkansas RKn 
 
 Acceptable-y sPt 3 Bl 
 Acceptance sPt 3 -Ns 
 Acceptation sPten 3 
 Accident-al-ly sDnt' 
 According (to) Krd 1 
 Accorded Krdc/t 1 
 Accordingly KrdL 
 Accordance Krd'Ns 
 
 Account KNt 
 Accounted K 3 Xtch 
 Accountant Kut 3 Nt 
 Accountable-y KXtB 3 or 
 
 Accurate Krt s IKntB 3 
 
 Affectionate F^KsNt 
 Afflict Fit 3 
 Affliction Fisn 3 
 Afflictive Flt 3 V 
 
 Afterward F 3 Wrd 
 Agree Gr l 
 
 Agreeable-y GrBl 
 Agreed Grd 1 
 Agreement GHMnt 
 Aggregate GrGT 3 
 
 Aggregation Gi^Gsn 
 
 Agriculture GrKl 
 
 Agriculturist GrKlst 
 
 Arrange RnJ 
 
 Arranged Rnjd 
 Arrangement RJInt 
 Article RtKl 
 Articulate RtKlt 
 
 Articulated .RtKlTd 
 Articulation A'tKlsn 
 
 Ascribe-d S J Kr 
 Ascription S'Krsn 
 As far as 8 3 Fs 
 Assemble-d-y SM 
 Assert Srt or SRt 
 
 Accuracy KrS 3 
 
 Alarm L'Rm 
 
 Assertion Srsn or SRsn 
 
 Accurately KrtL 3 
 
 Acknowledge KJ 
 
 Alarmed L 3 Rmd 
 Alarming I^Rmn 
 
 Assign Sn 1 
 Assigned Snd 1 
 
 Acknowledged KJd 
 Acknowledgment KJMnt 
 Acquaint-ance Kwnt 
 
 Alleviate L l Vt 
 Alleviation i'Vsn 
 Altitude _LtTD 
 
 Assignment S'Mnt 
 Associate SS?it 
 Associated SSftTd 
 
 Acquainted Kwntp 
 Acquaintances Kwnts 
 
 Acquire KwR 1 
 
 Altogether bG 1 
 Antagonize-ed Nt'G 
 
 Association SShsn 
 Assume S 3 M 
 Assumed S 3 Md 
 
 Acquired KwRd 1 
 Acquisition Kwssn' 
 
 Acquit Kwt 1 
 
 Acquittal KwtL 
 
 Antagonist Nt s Gst 
 Antagonism Nt 3 GsM 
 Antagonistic Nt 3 GsK 
 Anterior NT 3 RR 
 
 Assumption 8 3 Msn 
 
 Assure Shr 3 
 Assured Shrd 3 
 Assurer Shr^R 
 
 Acquittance Kwt'Ns 
 
 Anticipate NtsPt 
 
 Assurance Shr'Ns 
 
 Actual-ly Kt a L 
 Actuality Kt 2 Lt 
 Actuate KtT 3 
 
 Anticipation NtsPsn 
 Anticipatory NtsPtR 
 Anybody NBd 
 
 Astonish-ed St'N 
 
 Astonishingly St'NL 
 Astonishment St'Mnt 
 
 Actuated KtTd 3 
 
 Anyhow Np 1 
 
 At all events TlvNts 
 
 Adjourn Jr 
 Adjournment JrMnt 
 Administer Ds 3 K 
 Administered Ds 3 Rd 
 Administrate l>s 3 Bt 
 Administration Ds 3 Rsn 
 Administrative Ds 3 Rv 
 Administrator DtfBtr 
 
 Any one Nn 1 
 Any other Nj' 1 
 Anything N'Ng 
 Any way NIC' 
 Appear Pr 1 
 Appearance Prns 1 
 Appeared Prd 1 
 Appertain P a BtN 
 
 At any rate TNrt 
 At last Tist 
 At least Tlst 
 At length Tin 
 At once Tns 
 Atmosphere TsFr 
 Atmospherical-ly TsFrKl 
 Attachment Ch a Mnt 
 
 Administratrix Ds 3 Ks 
 
 Appurtenance P 2 iJtNNs 
 
 Attend Tnd 
 
 Adulterate DltRt 
 
 Adulterated DltOTd 
 Adulteration Dlttfsn 
 Adulterer DltRr 
 Adulterous DltKs 
 Adultery DltR 
 
 Advance Dv'Xs 
 
 Advanced Dv 3 Nst 
 Advancement Dv 3 NsNt 
 Advantageous J'S 
 
 Advantageously J 3 SL 
 Disadvantage DsJ 
 
 Appurtenant P 2 i?tNnt 
 Apply Pl 
 Appliance Plus 3 
 Applied Pld 3 
 Applicable-ity P1 3 K 
 Applicant Pint 3 
 Application Plsn 3 
 
 Apportion P 3 Bsn 
 Apportioned P 3 .Rsnd 
 Apportionment P 3 BsnNt 
 Appreciate Pr'Sht 
 
 Appreciation Pr'Shsn 
 
 Attendance TndNs 
 Attention Tsn 
 Attract Trt 3 
 Attraction Trsn 3 
 Attractive-ly Trv 3 
 Audacious D 3 S/is 
 Audacity Ds 3 T 
 Auspicious-ly S'P 
 Inauspicious NS'P 
 Authentic-ity Thnt 1 
 Authority Thrt 1 
 
 Advertise Ts l 
 
 Apprehend Prn $ 
 
 Authoritative-ly Thrt'Tv 
 
 Advertised Tst 1 
 
 Apprehension Prnsn 3 
 
 Authorize Thrs 1 
 
 Advertiser Ts'R 
 
 Apprehensive Prns 3 
 
 Authorized Thrst 1 
 
 Advertisement Ts'Mnt 
 
 Approve-al Prv 1 
 
 Authorization Thrssn 1 
 
 57
 
 58 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Averse Vrs* 
 
 Rebuilt-d JJBld 
 
 Civility BVJiT 
 
 Aversion Vrsn* 
 
 Burdensome BrdsM 
 
 Incivility nsVl^T 
 
 Avert Vrt 3 
 
 Burden of proof BrdPrf 
 
 Uncivil-ly nsVl 1 
 
 Avoid V J D 
 
 But once Tns 3 
 
 Claim Kl 
 
 Avoidance V'Dns 
 
 By virtue of BVr 
 
 Claimed Kid 
 Disclaim-ed DsKl 
 
 Unaware NWr 3 
 
 c 
 
 Disclaimer DsKlMr 
 Reclaim .RK1M 
 
 Awe d 1 
 
 
 Reclaimed A'KlMd 
 
 Awed -D 1 
 Awing d l ng 
 AwfuJ-ly dFi' 
 
 Cabinet KB 3 
 Calculate Kl 3 Klt 
 
 Reclamation RKIJtsn 
 Unclaimed NK1 
 
 r"lovt TT1S 
 
 Awsome d'sM 
 Awestruck dsTrZK 
 
 Calculable K1K1B1 3 
 Calculation Kl'Klsn 
 
 v^lClJi. JV1 
 
 Clerical-ly K1/JK1 
 
 
 Miscalculate Ms 3 KIKH 
 Miscalculation Ms'KlKlsn 
 
 Co. Clerk K -Kl 
 
 Collateral-ly Klt'Bl 
 
 
 California K1F 
 
 Coll. circumst'ces Klts 3 Tnss 
 
 Balance Bins 3 
 Balanced Blnst 3 
 
 Candidate KNdDt* 
 Capable-y KB1 
 
 Coll. evidence Klt 3 Vd 
 Coll. security Klts'Krt 
 Color K.LT 
 
 Balancing Blnsn 3 
 
 Capability KBlt 
 
 Colored K-Lrd 
 
 Bank Bn 
 Bankable Bn 3 B 
 Banked Bn 3 Kt 
 Banker Bn 3 R 
 Bank note Bn'Nt 
 Bank stock Bs :i K 
 Bankrupt Bn'Pt 
 Bankruptcy Bn 3 S 
 Baptist BP 
 Baptism BPsM 
 
 Incapable-y NKB1 
 Incapability NKBlt 
 
 Casual-ly KZh 
 Casualty KZhT 
 Category-ical-ly Kt'Gr 
 Catholic KTh 
 Catholicism KThsM 
 Roman Catholic JJKTh 
 Certain sBtN or &Rt 
 
 Colorable-y KXrBI 
 
 Combine Bn 1 
 Combined End' 
 Combination Ensn 1 
 
 Commence Ns 
 Commenced Nst 
 Commencement NfNt 
 
 Commercial-ly K J Mr 
 Commoner K ] -R 
 
 Became, Become BK 
 
 Becomingly BKL 
 
 Begin Gn 1 
 
 Certainly sRtNl 
 Certainty sfitNT or eRt 
 Certify-icate sRtF 
 Certified sBtFd 
 
 Commonest Kst 1 
 Common law K'L 
 Commonly K'L 
 Uncommon N'K 
 
 Beginner Gn'R 
 Began Gn 3 
 Begun Gn 
 
 Behave BV 
 Behavior BVR 
 Belief-ve-d Bl 
 Believer BlvR 
 
 Certification sBtFsn 
 Certif. of stock sRtFst 
 Challenge Chi 3 
 Ch. by plaintiff Chl 3 Plnt 
 Ch. by people Chl 3 Pl 
 Ch. by defendant Chl'D 
 Ch. for cause Chl 3 Ks 
 
 Communicate N 3 Kt 
 
 Communicated N 3 KTd 
 Communicative N 3 Kv 
 Communication N 3 Ksn 
 Community NT 3 
 Compare PR 
 
 Believable B1B1 
 Disbelieve DsBl 
 Unbelief NBlornBl* 
 
 Ch. for imp. bias Chl 3 MB 
 Ch. overruled Chl'Vrd 
 Ch. sustained Ohlss 3 Tnd 
 
 Compared PRd 
 Comparative Prt 3 V 
 Comparatively Prtm 
 
 Belong-ed Bl 1 
 
 Belongings Bl'-s 
 
 Beneficent-ly-ial BnF 
 Benefit BnFt 
 
 Benefaction BnFsn 
 Benefactor BnFKtr 
 
 Benevolent-ce BNV 
 Bill of sale Bis 1 !, 
 
 Ch. peremptorily Chl'Pr 
 Per. challenge PrChl 
 Changed Chd 
 
 Changeable-y ChBl 
 Changeableness Ch^Bls 3 
 Exchange-d KsCh 
 Unchanged NChd 
 Unchangeable-y NChBl 
 Interchange-d Nt-Ch 
 
 Comparison Prsn 3 
 
 Compass comPs 3 
 
 Compassed coinPst 3 
 
 Compel PI 
 
 Compelled Pld 
 Compulsion PLsu 
 
 Compensate PnSt 
 Compensated PnStr 
 Compensation Pnssn 
 
 Bills of sale Blss'L 
 BUI of exchange Bls'Ch 
 Bill of particulars Bl'Prts 
 Bishop-ric BSto 
 Birth BRTh [BrdDrtRs 
 
 Interchangeable-y Nt-ChBl 
 
 Charged Chd 3 
 
 Chargeable-y Ch 3 Bl 
 Discharge DsCh 
 Discharged DsChd 
 
 Competence PTns 
 Competency PTnS 
 Competent PTnt 
 Incompetence N-Tns 
 Incompetent N-Tnt 
 
 Board of directors 
 
 Board of trade BrdTrd 
 
 Overcharge Vr'Ch 
 Uncharged NChd 3 
 
 Complaint-ed Pint 
 
 Complainant PluNt 
 
 Bond & mortg. Bd'MG 
 
 Bonds & mo*-tg's. Bds'MGs 
 
 Child Chid 1 
 Childhood Chld'Hd 
 
 Complete Pit 1 
 
 Completed Pl'Td 
 
 Bond & warrant Bnd'Wnt 
 
 Children Chi 
 
 Completion Plsn 1 
 
 Bondholder Bd'Ldr 
 
 Chill Chi 1 
 
 Complicate PIKt 
 
 Bondsman Bds^Mn 
 
 Chilled Chid" 
 
 Complication Plsn 
 
 Bondsmen lids'Jln' 
 
 Breath BrTh 
 
 Christian-ity KrsCh 
 Christianize KrsChns 
 
 Comply PI" 
 Complied Pld 1 
 
 Brilliant Brint 
 
 Brilliancy BrinS 
 
 Brother Br* 
 
 Christianized KrsChnst 
 ChristianizationKrsChnssn 
 
 Circulate sJ?Klt 
 
 Compliance Pins' 
 Compliant Pint 1 
 
 Comprehend Prn 1 
 
 Brother in law B^Nl 
 
 Circulation RRKlsn 
 
 Comprehension Prnsn 1 
 
 Brethren Brn 3 
 
 Built-d-ing Bid 1 
 Builder Bld'R 
 
 Circular &.RK1R 
 
 Circumscribe sRsKB 
 Civil sVl 1 
 
 Comprehensive-ly Prns 1 
 Incomprehensible-y-ity 
 Concede sD 1 IN-Prns'
 
 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 59 
 
 Concession Ssn 
 
 Contraction Trsn 1 
 
 Endanger NDJr 
 
 Concentrate sXTrt 
 
 Contradict TrdKt 
 
 De bene esse DBnS 
 
 Concentration sNTrsn 
 
 Contradicted TrdKTd 
 
 Decease D J Ss 
 
 Concern sRn 
 
 Contradiction TrdKsn 
 
 Deceased D'Sst 
 
 Concerned sRnd 
 
 Contrive Trv 1 
 
 Deceive Ds'V 
 
 Concerning sRnNg 
 
 Contrived Trvd 1 
 
 Deceived Ds ] Vd 
 
 Conclude Kid" 
 
 Contrivance Trv ] Ns 
 
 Deception Ds ! P8n 
 
 Concluded KIDd 3 
 
 Controvert TrVrt 
 
 Deceptive Ds 1 PtV 
 
 Conclusion Klsn 3 
 
 Controverted TrVrtcA 
 
 December DsM 
 
 Conclusive KlsY 3 
 
 Controversy TrVr 
 
 Declare DK1 
 
 Concourse Kn l Ks 
 Condemn Dm 
 
 Controversial-ly TrVrsL 
 Converse Vrs 
 
 Declared DKld 
 Declaration DKlsn 
 
 Condemnation DmNsn 
 
 Conversed Vrst 
 
 Declarative DKlv 
 
 Condense Dns 
 Condensed Dnst 
 
 Conversant VrsNt 
 Conversation Vrssn 
 
 Decline D'Kln 
 Declined D'Klnd 
 
 Condensation Dnssn 
 
 Convert Vrt 
 
 Declination D^KlNsn 
 
 Conduct DKt 
 Conducted DKTd 
 
 Converted VrtcA 
 Conversion Vrsn 
 
 Declension DKlnsn 
 Decree Kr 1 
 
 Conductor DKtr 
 
 Convict Vt l 
 
 Decreed Krd 1 
 
 Misconduct Ms-DKt 
 
 Congratulate Grt s l/t 
 
 Congratulation Grt 3 Z.sn 
 
 Connect-ed Kn 
 Connection Knsn 
 Disconnect DsKn 
 
 Convicted Vtcft 1 
 Conviction Vsn 1 
 Unconvicted N-Vtcft 
 Co-operate KPrt 1 
 Co-operation KPrsn 1 
 Correct Kr>K 
 
 Dedicate DDKt 
 Dedicated DDKTd 
 Dedication DDKsn 
 Deduct DdKt 
 Deducted DdKTd 
 Deduction DdKsn 
 
 Disconnection DsKnsn 
 
 Corrected KrKTd 1 
 
 Default D l Flt 
 
 Unconnected NKn 
 Connecticut KNtKt 
 Conscience Shns 
 
 Correction Kr'Ksn 
 Correctness Kr'KNs 
 Corrective Kr'Kv 
 Corrector Kr'Ktr 
 
 Defaulter D ] Fltr 
 Defalcation D'FlKsn 
 Defend DfNd 
 
 Conscientious ShNShs 
 Consequence sKns 1 
 Consequences sKnss 1 
 Consequently sKnt 1 
 Consequential-ly sKn 1 
 Consider-able-y sDr 
 Considered sDrd 
 Consideration sDrsn 
 In-consideration nsDrsn 
 Considerate sDRt 
 Inconsiderate NsDRt 
 Unconsidered nsDrd 
 Constant sTnt 1 
 
 Constantly sTntL 1 
 
 Constituent stTnt 1 
 Constituency stTnS 
 Constitute-d Knst 1 
 
 Constitution Knstn 1 
 Constitutional-ly Knstn L 1 
 Constitutionality KnstnLt' 
 
 Correspond KrsPnd 1 
 Corresponded KrsPndcft 1 
 Correspondence KrsPnd'Ns 
 Correspondent KrsPnd'Nt 
 Counsel-oil KnsL 3 
 Counseled KnsLd 3 
 Counselor KnsZiSR 
 Common council K ! KsL 
 Cover KvR 
 Covered KvBd 
 Coverture KvRtr 
 Uncovered NKvJJd 
 Crime Krm 1 
 Crimlnal-ly-Ity-ate Krmn 1 
 Crimination Krmsn 1 
 Recriminate RKrm 
 Criticize Krts'Z 
 Criticized Krts'Zd 
 Criticism Krtss'M 
 Cultivate KltVt 
 
 Defended DfNdcfc 
 Defendant D 
 Deft, company DtK 
 Deft, corporation DtKr 
 Defensive DfNbV 
 Defender DfNdr 
 Deficient-cy-ly DfSh 
 Define Df'N 
 Defined Df'Nd 
 Definite DPNt 
 Definition DfNsn 
 Definitive DfNtV 
 Indefinite NDf 2 ^ 
 Undefined NDf'Nd 
 Degrade DGrd 
 Degradation DGrdsn 
 Deject-ed DJt 
 Dejection DJsn 
 Deleterious Dlt.Rs 
 Deliberate DIBrt 
 
 Construct sTrt 
 
 Cultivated KltVtcA 
 
 Deliberation DIBrsn 
 
 Constructed sTrtr 
 
 Cultivation KItVsn 
 
 Delicate DIKt 
 
 Construction sTrsii 
 
 Cultivator KltVtr 
 
 Delicacy D1KS 
 
 ConBtructive-ly sTrv 
 Contaminate Tm s Nt 
 
 Cure Kr 1 
 Cured Krd 3 
 
 Delight Dlti 
 Delighted Dltr 1 
 
 Contamination Tm 3 Nsn 
 
 Curable KrBl 3 
 
 Delightful-ly Dlt ! Fl 
 
 Contend Tnd 1 
 
 Curative KrtV 3 
 
 Delinquent Din 1 
 
 Contention Tnsn 1 
 
 Incurable-y NKrBl 3 
 
 Delinquency Dln'S 
 
 Contiguous T"G 
 
 Custom KsM 
 
 Deliver-ed-y Dl 
 
 Contiguity T'GT 
 
 Customer-ary KsSLB 
 
 Deliverance Dins 
 
 Contingent-ly-cy TnJ 
 
 Accustom Ks 3 M 
 
 Deliverer D1R 
 
 Continue-d Kn 1 
 
 Accustomed Ks :! Md 
 
 Redeliver-y J?D1 
 
 Continual-ly KnL 1 
 
 
 Undelivered ND1 or nDl* 
 
 Continues-ous-ance Kns 1 
 
 D 
 
 Demonstrate DMnsTt 
 
 Continuation Knsn 1 
 
 
 Demonstrated DMnsTtr 
 
 Continuously KnsL 1 
 
 Dark Dr 3 
 
 Demonstration DMnsTsn 
 
 Discontinue Ds'Kn 
 
 Darken Drn 3 
 
 Demonstrative DMhsTv 
 
 Discontinuation Ds'Knsn 
 
 Darkness Drns 3 
 
 Demoralize DMflls 
 
 Contract Trt 1 
 
 Darker D^Kr 
 
 Demoralized DMRlst 
 
 Contracted Trtr 1 
 
 Danger DJr 
 
 Demoralization DM/.'lsn 
 
 Contractile Trt'L 
 
 Danpers-ous DJrs 
 
 Denominate-d Dn 1 
 
 Contractility Trt'Lt 
 
 Dangerously DJrsL 
 
 Denomination Dngn 1
 
 60 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Denounce DnXs 3 
 
 Discord Ds'Krd 
 
 Drank Drn 3 
 
 Denounced DnNst 3 
 Denunciation DnNssn 
 
 Discordant Ds'KrdNt 
 Discordance Ds'KrdNs 
 
 Drunk Drn 
 Drunkard DrnRd 
 
 Derange DrNJ 
 Deranged DrNJd 
 Derangement DrNJMnt 
 
 Derive Drv 1 
 Derived Drvd 1 [Drvn 1 
 
 Discreet Ds'Krt 
 Discretion Ds'Ki-sn 
 Indiscreet NDs'Krt 
 Indiscretion NDs'Krsn 
 Discriminate-d DsKrn 
 
 Drunken DrnN 
 Drunkenness DrnNg 
 
 During Dr s 
 Duration Drsn 8 
 Dwell-ing Dw 
 
 Derivation Drv'Sftn or 
 
 Discrimination DsKmsn 
 
 Dwelt DwLt 
 
 Derivative Drvt'V 
 Derogate-atory DrGt 
 
 Derogation DrGsn 
 
 Indiscriminate NDsKm 
 
 Disease Ds'Z 
 Diseased Ds'Zd 
 
 Dweller DwR 
 Dwelling house DwS 
 
 Dyspepsia DsPP 
 
 Depart DPrt 
 
 Dispel Ds'PL 
 
 
 Departed DPrtr 
 
 Dispelled Ds'PLd 
 
 
 Department DPrtMnt 
 Describe sKr 1 
 
 Dispense DsPns 
 Dispensed DsPnst 
 
 Earnest .RNst 
 
 Described eKrd 1 
 Description sKrsn 1 
 
 Dispensation DsPnssn 
 Display DsPl 
 
 Earnestly JJNsL 
 
 East and west St'Wst 
 
 Descriptive sKrv 1 
 Indeacribable-v Nds'KBl 
 Undescribed Nds'KBd 
 Deserve Ds7?v 
 
 Deserved Dsfivd 
 Undeserved NDsfivd 
 
 Designate-d DsG 
 Designation DsGsn 
 
 Displayed DsPld 
 Dissolve Ds-Lv 
 
 Dissolution Dstsn 
 
 Distinct-ly DstNgt 
 
 Distinction Dstn 
 Contradistinction Dstn 1 
 Distinctive DstNgtV 
 Indistinct-ly NDstNgt 
 
 Easterly St'Z, 
 Eastern St'Bn 
 East'ii &west'n St'Wstrn 
 
 Eccentric KsNtrK 
 
 Eccentricity KsNtreT 
 
 Economy Kn'M 
 Economical-ly Kn'MKl 
 Economist Kn'Mst 
 
 Destitute DsTtw 
 Destitution DstSftn 
 Destroy Ds'Tr 
 Destroyed Ds'Trd 
 Destruction DsTrsn 
 
 Distinguish-ed Dst 
 
 Distinguishable DstB 
 Contradistinguish-ed Dst 1 
 Undistinguished NDst 
 Distort DsTm 
 
 Editor DtR 
 
 Editorial-lv DtRL 
 
 Educate DKt 
 Educated DKTd 
 Education DKsn 
 
 Destructive DsTrv 
 
 Distorted DsTRTd 
 
 Efifect Ft 
 
 Destructible DsTrtBl 
 
 Distortion DsTKsn 
 
 Effected Fte/t 
 
 Detach DtCh 
 
 Distract Ds 3 Trt 
 
 Effective FtV 
 
 Detached DtCht 
 
 Distracted Ds 3 Trtr 
 
 Effectual-ly FtL 
 
 Detachment DtChMnt 
 
 Distraction Ds^Trsn 
 
 Effectuate FtYt 
 
 Detail Dt'L 
 
 Distribute DsTrBt 
 
 Efficient FsXt 
 
 Detailed Dt'Ld 
 
 Distribution DsTrBsn 
 
 Efficiency FsNS 
 
 Detect Dt-Kt 
 
 District DsTrt 
 
 Efficiently FsNtL 
 
 Detection Dt-Ksn 
 Detective Dt-KtV 
 
 District attorney DsTrN 
 District court DsKrt 
 
 Either Dhr 1 
 Either one Dhrn 1 
 
 Determine DTrn 
 
 Determined DTrnd 
 
 Dist. of Columbia DsKl 
 
 Disturb DstrB 
 
 Either way Dhrw;' 
 
 Elaborate L 3 Brt 
 
 Determinate DTrmNt 
 
 Disturbance DstrBns 
 
 Elaborately L 3 BrtL 
 
 Determination DTrnsn 
 
 Disturbed DstrBd 
 
 Elaboration L 3 Brsn 
 
 Predetermine PrDTrn 
 
 Disturber DstrBR 
 
 Electric LK 
 
 Undetermined NDTrnd 
 
 Diverse DVrs 
 
 Electrical-ly LK1 
 
 Detract D'Trt 
 Detraction D 3 Trsn 
 Develop DvP 
 Developed DvPt 
 Developmerit DvPMnt 
 Undeveloped NDvPt 
 Differ-ed-ent-ence D 1 
 Differences Ds 1 
 Differential-ly D'Frn 
 Differentiate D'FrnS/tt 
 Indifference-t NDf 
 
 Diversify DVrsF 
 Diversion DVrsn 
 Diversity DVrsT 
 
 Divest DVst 
 
 Divested DVsTd 
 
 Divide DvD 
 Divided DvDd 
 Division Dvn' 
 Subdivide sBdVd 
 Subdivided sBdVdcfc 
 Subdivision sBdVsn 
 
 Electricity LK or LKsT 
 Electric car LKKr 
 Electric current LKKrNt 
 Electric light LKLt 
 
 Element-al LMnt 
 
 Elementary LMntB 
 
 Eloquence LKwns 
 
 Eloquent LKwnt 
 
 Emigrate MGrt 
 
 Emigration MGrsn 
 
 Eminence MnNs- 
 
 Dignify-ied-ty DG 
 Undignified NDG 
 Direct Drt 
 Directed DrtT* 
 
 Undivided NDvDd 
 Divine-lty Vn 1 
 
 Divination Dv'Nsn 
 
 Doctrine-al D^rn 
 
 Eminent MnNt 
 Eminently MnNtL 
 Embankment B 3 Mnt 
 Emphatic-ally MFt 
 
 Directly Drti 
 
 Domestic DMsK 
 
 Endeavor NDv 
 
 Director DrtR 
 
 Dominate Dm'Nt 
 
 Endeavorer NDvR 
 
 Directory DrtR 
 
 Dominant Dm'Nnt 
 
 Endorse NdRs 
 
 Indirect NDrtornDrt* 
 
 Domination Dm'Nsn 
 
 Endorser NdRsR 
 
 Indirectly NDrtLomDrtZ,* 
 
 Downcast Dn 3 Kst 
 
 Endorsement NdKsMnt 
 
 Disappoint Ds'Pnt 
 
 Downhearted Dn 3 Rtr 
 
 Energy NrJ 
 
 Disappointment Ds'PtMnt 
 
 Downright WRt 
 
 Energetic NrJtK 
 
 Discover-ed-y DsK 
 Discoverable DsKBl 
 
 Downward D 3 Wrd 
 
 Drink Drn 1 
 
 Engage-d NG 
 
 Engagement NGMnt
 
 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 61 
 
 Re-engage-d JJNG 
 
 Exact GsKtorsKt* 
 
 Expressed sPrst 
 
 England Xg'Lnd 
 English NglSh 
 Enlarge XJ 3 
 Enlarged NJd 3 
 
 Exaction GsKsn or sKsn 3 
 
 Exaggerate sJrt 
 Exaggeration sjrsn 
 Examine sMn* 
 
 Expression sPrsn 
 Expressive sPrsV 
 Extemporary KsTPrB 
 Extemporaneous KsTPrNs 
 
 Enlargement NJ 3 Mnt 
 
 Enormous Nr'Ms 
 
 Enormity NrMT 
 
 Examined sMnd 3 
 Examination sMsn 3 
 Examiner eHn 3 R 
 
 Extempore KsTPr 
 Extemporize KsTPrs 
 
 Extend KsTnd 
 
 Enroll X.R1 
 
 Cross-examine Krs'Mn 
 
 Extensible KsTsB 
 
 Enrolled NJ21d 
 
 Cross-examined Krs'ilnd 
 
 Extension sTn 
 
 Enrollment N.R1M 
 
 Entangle Xt 3 XgGl 
 
 Disentangle DsXtNgGl 
 
 Entertain XtTn 
 
 Entertained NtTnd 
 Entertainment NtTnXt 
 
 Enthusiasm XThssM 
 
 Enthusiast NThssT 
 Enthusiastic XThssTK 
 
 Entire XtR 
 
 Cross-examination Krssn 1 
 Dlr. examination DrtaMsn 
 Example GsMPl 
 
 Exemplify GsMPlF 
 Exemplified GsMPlFd 
 Exemplification GsSIPlFsn 
 
 Excel KsL 
 Excelled KsLd 
 Excellence KsLus 
 Eicellency KsinS 
 Excellent Ksint 
 
 Extensive sTns 
 Extort KsTBt 
 Extortion KsTRsn 
 Extortionate KsTBsNt 
 Extract sTrt 8 
 Extracted BTrtr 1 
 Extraction eTrsn 3 
 Extreme-ly sTr 1 
 Extremity sTrmT 
 Eyesight 'St 
 
 Entirely NtRL 
 Entirety Nt'Rt 
 
 Envelop NVP 
 Enveloped NVPt 
 
 Except sPt 
 Excepted sPtcft 
 Exception sPsn 
 Exceptionable-y sPsB 
 
 F 
 
 Fail FL 
 
 Envelopment NVPMnt 
 
 Episcopal PsK 
 Episcopacy PsKS 
 Equal-ty Kl 1 
 
 Equaled Kid 1 
 Equalize Kls 1 
 
 Exchange KsCh 
 Exchangeable-y KsChBl 
 Exclaim sKl 
 Exclaimed sKld 
 Exclamation sKlsn 
 Exclamatory sKlMtB 
 
 Failure FLR 
 False Fls 1 
 Falsehood Fls'Hd 
 Falsify Fls'F 
 Falsification FlsTsn 
 Familiar-ly-ity Fm 
 
 Equalized Klst 1 
 Equalization Klssn 1 
 
 Equivalent KwV 
 
 Exclude sKld* 
 Excluded sKIDd 3 
 Exclusion sKlsn 3 
 
 Familiarize-d Fms 
 Unfamiliar-ly NFm 
 Farther Ftr 8 
 
 Error Rr 
 
 Exclusive sKlsV 3 
 
 Farthermore FtrMr 
 
 Erroneous RrXs 
 Erroneously RrXsL 
 
 Essence SXs 
 
 Executor-y GBR 
 Executrix GaKs 
 Exhibit sBt 1 
 
 Farthermost FtrMst 
 Farthest Ftrst 3 
 
 Fashioiiable-y Fs 8 B 
 
 Essential-ly SN 
 
 Exhibited sBt<?h' 
 
 Unfashionable-y NFs 3 B 
 
 Nonessential KNSN 
 
 Exhibition sBsn' 
 
 Fatal-ly Ft'L 
 
 Establish StB 
 
 Exhibitor sBt'R 
 
 Fatality Ft'Lt 
 
 Established StBd 
 
 Expand sPnd 8 
 
 Father in law FtrNl 
 
 Establishment StBMnt 
 
 Expanded BPndcfc 3 
 
 Favor FvR 
 
 Disestablish DsStB 
 
 Expanse-ive-ly sPns 3 
 
 Favored FvRd 
 
 Di^establishme't DsStBMnt 
 
 Expansion sPngn 3 
 
 Favorite FvBt 
 
 He-establish -KStB 
 
 Expect sP* 
 
 Favorable-y FvB 
 
 Esteem St'M 
 
 Expected sP 3 Td 
 
 Unfavorable-y NFVB 
 
 Esteemed St'Md 
 
 Expectation sPsn 3 
 
 February FB 
 
 Estimable StMBl 
 
 Unexpected NsP 3 
 
 Ferment FrMnt 
 
 Estimate StMt 
 
 Expedient KsPDnt 
 
 Fermented FrMntp 
 
 Estimation StMsn 
 
 Expediency KsPDnS 
 
 Fermentation FrMntShn 
 
 Eulogy yL*J 
 
 Expend-iture KsPnd 
 
 Fertile FrtL 
 
 Eulogistic yMJstK 
 
 Expended KsPndch 
 
 Fertility FrtLt 
 
 Europe R*P 
 
 European .R 3 Pn 
 
 Evangelist VNJst 
 
 Evangelical VNJ 
 Evangelization VXJssn 
 
 Evaporate V'Prt 
 
 Evaporation V'Prsn 
 
 Event VXt 
 Eventual-ly VML 
 Eventuate VXtYt 
 
 Every Vr 
 Everybody VrBd 
 Every one Vrn 
 Everything Vr>V 
 Every way Vrtr 
 
 Expense-ive-ly sPns 
 Inexpensive-ly NsPns 
 Experience sPrns 1 
 Experienced sPrnst 1 
 Experiencing sPrnsn 1 
 Inexperience nsPrns 1 
 Inexperienced nsPrnst 1 
 Experiment-ed sPr 
 
 Experimental-ly ePr-Mnt 
 
 Expert KsPrt 
 Expertly KsPrtL 
 Expertness KsPrt-Ns 
 
 Explain sPln 
 
 Explained sPlnd 
 Explanation sPlnsn 
 
 Fidelity F'Dlt 
 Filial-ly F1>L 
 
 Unfilial-ly NFI'LornFIL 
 
 Final-ly F'Nl 
 
 Finality F ! Nlt 
 
 Finance FnX's 
 
 Financial-ly FnN 
 
 Flexible-y FlKsB 
 Flexibility FlKsBt 
 Foreign FJ?n 
 Foreigner FBnR 
 Foretell FT1 
 
 Foretold FTld 
 
 Forever Fv 
 
 Everywhere VrR 
 
 Explanatory ePlntfl 
 
 Forever and ever FVv 
 
 Evident VdXt 
 
 Export KsPBt 
 
 Forgave, Forgive FG 
 
 Evidently VdXtL 
 
 Exported KsP/iTd 
 
 Forgiven FGn 
 
 Evidence VdorVdXs 
 
 Express sPrs 
 
 Forge FrJ
 
 62 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Forged FrJd 
 
 
 Helpful ZPforLPFl 
 
 Forger Frjr 
 
 
 Helpless LPLa 
 
 Forgery YiJR 
 For instance FsTns 
 
 Garden GrdN 
 
 Gardener GrdNr 
 
 Helpfulness iPfNg 
 Henceforth Ns"F 
 
 For example FsMPl 
 Form-ed F 1 
 
 General-ly-ity Jn 
 
 Here R 
 Hereabout R'Bt 
 
 Formation Fsn 1 
 Formal-ly F'ML 
 Formality F'MLt 
 Conform conF 1 
 Conformed conFd' 
 Conformable-y eonF'Bl 
 Conformity conF'T 
 Deform-ed-ity Df 1 
 Inform NF 
 
 Generalized Jnst 
 Generalization Jn&sn 
 Generate JNrt 
 Generation Jnsn 
 Degenerate DJNrt 
 Degeneration DJiisn 
 Regeneration RJnea. 
 Generous JNrs 
 
 Hereafter R 1 -** 
 Heretofore Rt 1 Fr 
 Hereat R'-T 2 
 Hereby R'B 
 Herein R'N 
 Hereinafter R'NF 
 Hereinbefore R'NB 
 Hereinto R'NT 
 Hereof Rv' 
 
 Informed NFd 1 
 
 Generously JNrsL 
 
 Hereon Rn 1 
 
 Information Nan 1 
 
 Glory Gl 
 
 Hereto Rp 1 
 
 Informer NF'Mr 
 
 Glorify G1 2 F 
 
 Hereunto R 1- NT 
 
 Informal-ly NF'ML 
 
 Glorification Gl 2 Fsn 
 
 Herewith Rto 1 
 
 Informality NF'MLt 
 
 Glorious Gls 
 
 Hereditary HrdR 1 
 
 Malform Ml'F 
 
 Gloriously Glsi 
 
 Hereditament Hrd'Mnt 
 
 Malformed Ml'Fd 
 
 Govern Gv 
 
 Hesitate ZTt 
 
 Malformation Ml'Fsn 
 
 Governed Gvd 
 
 Hesitated ZTtr 
 
 Multiform MitF 
 
 Governable Gv^B 
 
 Hesitation ZTsn 
 
 Perform Pf 
 
 Government GvMht 
 
 Higher c/iR 1 
 
 Performance PfNs 
 Performer PfR 
 Platform Plt 3 F 
 Reform RF 
 Reformed JJFd 
 Reformer BFMr 
 Reformation RFsn 
 Reformatory K1R 
 Transform Trs'F 
 Transformed Trs'Fd 
 Transformation Trs'Fsn 
 Transformer Trs'FMr 
 Uniform-ed-ly-ity Yn'F 
 
 Governmental Gv-Mnt 
 Governor Gv or Gv 2 R 
 Ungovernable-y N 2 GvB 
 Ungoverned NGvd 
 Grand Grnd 
 Grandfather Grd 2 Ftr 
 Grandmother GrndMtr 
 Granddaughter Grd 2 Dtr 
 Grandson GrdsN 
 Grant Grnt' (verb) 
 Grant Gr"Nt (noun) 
 Graduate GrdT 
 
 Highest chSt' 
 History StjR 
 Historic St'/JK 
 Hiatorical-ly St'jeKl 
 Historian St'JZn 
 Hitherto Dhr'T 
 Hold Hid 
 Holder Hldr 
 Behold BHld 
 Beholder BHldr 
 Uphold PHld 
 Withhold Dh'Ld 
 
 Former F'Mr 
 
 Formerly F'M 
 
 Forsake FsK 
 Forsaken FsKn 
 Forthwith FThw 
 Fortune FBtN 
 
 Graduated GrdTd 3 
 Graduation GrdShn 3 
 
 Gratify GrtF 3 
 
 Gratification GrtFsn 3 
 Gratitude GrtTd 3 
 Great Britain GrtBrt* 
 Gt.B.& Ireland GrtBrtiJlnd 
 
 Home chM. 
 Horizontal-ly chBsNtL 
 Hospitable-y SPtBl 
 Hospital SPtL 
 Hospitality 8'PtLt 
 Horticulture-al RtKl 
 
 Fortunate FfitNt 
 
 
 Horticulturist Rt'Klst 
 
 Fortunately FBtNtL 
 Misfortune MsF-RtN 
 Unfortunate NFBtNt 
 
 H 
 
 However r'V 
 Hypothesis-ses P^hss 
 
 Forward FWrd 
 
 Habeas corpus Bs'Kr 
 
 Hypothetical-ly P'Tht 
 
 Foundation Fnd 3 S7m 
 
 Habit Bt 
 
 
 Fragment-ary Fr'G 
 Frantic Frnt'K 
 Fraternal-ly FrtrNl 
 Fraternity FrtrNT 
 Fraud Frd 1 
 Fraudulent-ly Frd'int 
 Defraud D'Frd 
 Defrauded D'Frdcft 
 
 Habited B 3 Td 
 Habitation B 3 Tsn 
 Habitual Bt 3 L 
 Habitually Bt 3 i 
 Habitude B 3 Td 
 Habituate Bt 3 T 
 Habituated Bt 8 Td 
 Cohabit KBtf 
 Inhabit NBt 3 
 
 Idaho DH 
 Identify DntF 
 Identified Dnt'Fd 
 Identical-ly rDt'Kl 
 Identification Dnt'Fun 
 
 Ignore G'Nr 
 
 Frequent-ly Frnt 1 
 Frequented Frntr' 
 Frequency Frn 1 [nFrnt'* 
 Infrequent-ly NFrnt' or 
 Unfrequented NFrntr 1 or 
 Fugitive F'Jt InFrntr'* 
 Furnish-ed Frn 
 
 Inhabitant NB 3 Tnt 
 Uninhabited NNB 3 Td 
 Harmony RMN 
 
 Harmonious RMNs 
 
 Hazard-ous Z'Rd 
 Health-y Z/Th 
 Healthful LThf or LThFl 
 
 Ignored G'Nrd 
 Ignorance G'Nrni 
 Ignorant G'Nrnt 
 Illustrate I/sTrt 
 Illustrated isTrtr 
 Illustration LsTrsn 
 Illustrative ZsTrv 
 Illustrious XsTrs 
 
 Furniture FrntR 
 Unfurnished nFrn* 
 Further Frtr 
 
 Healthily Z/ThL 
 Unhealthy NITh 
 Held Hid 
 
 Imagine Jn 8 
 Imagined Jnd s 
 Imaginable Jn 3 B 
 
 Furthermore FrtrMr 
 
 Beheld BHld 
 
 Imagination Jnsn* 
 
 Furthermost FrtrMst 
 
 Upheld PHld 
 
 Imaginative Jnt 3 V 
 
 Future FChr 
 
 Withheld Dh'Ld 
 
 Unlmagined NJnd' 
 
 Futurity F2-T 3 
 
 Help I/P 
 
 Unimaglnable-y NJn'B
 
 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 63 
 
 Unimaginative NJnt'V 
 
 Influenced Nst 1 
 
 Intersected NtsKTd 
 
 Imbecile MBsL 
 
 Influencing Ns'Ng 
 
 Intersection MtgKsn 
 
 Imbecility SIBsLt 
 
 Influential-ly NSW' 
 
 Intervene NtVn 1 
 
 Immigrate M'MGrt 
 
 Immigrated MMGrTd' 
 Immigration M'MGrsn 
 
 Uninfluenced N'Nst 
 Ingenious NJNs 
 Ingenuity NJNT 
 
 Intervened NtVnd 1 
 Intervention NtVNsn 
 Intestate NTsTt 
 
 Imminent M l MnNt 
 
 Inherit Nrt 1 
 
 Intimate NtMt 
 
 Imminence M ! MnNB 
 
 Inheritance Nrt'Ns 
 
 Intimated Nt ] Mtr 
 
 Impart MPrt 3 
 Impel MP1 
 
 Impelled MPld 
 
 Impulsion MPlsn 
 
 Import MPrt 
 Imported MPrtr 
 
 Disinherit Ds'Nrt 
 Inquire-y N'Kr 
 
 Inquired N'Krd 
 
 Inscribe nsKr 1 
 Inscribed nsKrd 1 
 Inscription nsKrsn 1 
 
 Insert NsBt 
 
 Intimation NTMsn 
 Intimidate NTmDt 
 Intimidated NTmDt r 
 Intimidation NTmDsn 
 Intoxicate Nt^s 
 
 Intoxicated Nt'KsTd 
 Intoxicant Nt'KeKnt 
 
 Importance MPrts 1 
 Important MPrt 1 
 
 Insertion Ns/?sn 
 Insist NssTi 
 
 Intoxication Nt'Kssu 
 Introduce NtDs 
 
 Unimportant NMPrt 1 
 
 Improve MPrv 3 
 Improved MPrvd 3 
 Improvement MPr 3 Mnt 
 
 Insisted NssTd 1 
 Insistent KSc'Tnt 
 In so far as NSFs 
 Insolence nsins 1 
 
 Introduced NtDst 
 Introduction NtDan 
 Introductive KtDr 
 Inventory NVnt>fl 
 
 Unimproved N MPrvd' 
 Impregnate MPrG 
 
 Impregnation MPrGnsn 
 
 Inasmuch NsCh* 
 Incline N^ln 
 
 Insolent nsint 1 
 Insomuch NSMCh 
 Instead JS T sTd 
 Institute NsTtt/ 1 
 Instituted NsTtr' 
 
 Inventoried NVnt'/Jd 
 Investigate NVsGt 
 
 Investigated NVsGTd 
 Investigation NVsGsn 
 
 Invite NVt 
 Invited NVtr/i 1 
 
 Inclination N'Klnsn 
 Incombustible N-Bst 
 Inconstant N-sTnt 1 
 Inconstancy N-sTn ! S 
 Include NKld 
 
 Institution Nstn 1 
 Instruct nsTrt 
 Instructed nsTrtr 
 Instruction nsTren 
 Instructive nsTrv 
 Instructor nsTrtP, 
 
 Invitation NVtsn 1 
 Involve NV 1 
 Involved NVd 1 
 Involution NVsn 1 
 Inward NWrd 1 
 
 Included NKIDd 
 Inclusion NKlsn 
 Inclusive NKlsV 3 
 
 Instrument nsTrMnt 
 Instrumental-ly-itv 
 
 Island pLnd 1 [NrdsTns 
 In words or substance 
 
 Indebted NdTd [NdTNs 
 
 Insulate Nsl/t 1 [nsTr-Mnt 
 
 
 Indebtedness NdTd-Xs or 
 
 Insulated Nsitr 1 
 
 
 Indemnify NDmF 
 Indemnification NDmFen 
 Indemnity NDm [NdPnd 
 Independence- t-ly 
 Indignant Nd'G 
 Indignation Nd'Gnsn 
 Indicate NdKt 
 
 Insulation NsLen 1 
 Insuperable-y nsPr'Bl 
 Intelligence NtJns 
 Intelligent NUnt 
 Intelligible-y NtJBl 
 Intelligibility NUBlt 
 Intend NtXd 
 
 Intended NtNdc/i 
 
 January JN 
 Joint st.comp'yJts'KK 
 Joint committee Jt'K 
 Judicial-ly JdShl 
 Judiciary JdShfl 
 Judicatory JaKTfl 
 Judicature JdKtr 
 
 Indication NdKsn 
 
 Intent NtNt 
 
 Judicious JdShs 
 
 Indicative Nd 2 KtV 
 
 Indict NDt 
 Indicted NDtr' 
 Indictment NDt'Mnt 
 Indispensible-y NdsPns 
 
 Intention NtNsn 
 Intercept NtrsPt 
 Intercepted NtrsPTd 
 Interception XtrsPsn 
 Intercede NtrsD 
 
 Judiciously JdShst 
 Injudicious NJdShs 
 Injudiciously NJdShsL 
 June Jn 3 
 Jurisdiction JrsDsn 
 
 Individual-ly NdVd 1 
 Individuality NdVd'Lt 
 
 Interceded NtrsDd 1 
 Intercession Ntrssn 1 
 
 Jurisprudence JrsP 
 Jurv Jr 3 
 
 Indulge NdLJ 
 
 Interest NtsT 
 
 Juror Jr3R 
 
 Indulgence NdLJns 
 Indulgent NdLJnt 
 Inevitable-y NVTB1 
 Infer NfBornFr* 
 Inferred Nf fid or nFrd* 
 
 Interested NteTd 1 
 Disinterested DsNtsTd 
 Interfere NtFR 
 Interfered NtFfid 
 Interference NtFUns 
 
 Grand jury Grd 2 J 
 Gent, of the jury Jut J 
 Justice of the peace JsP 
 Justify JstF 
 Justified Jstfd 
 
 Inferable-y NfRBl or 
 
 Interior NTB.R 
 
 Justifiable-y JstFBl 
 
 [nFrBl 
 Inference NfRnsornFrns* 
 Inferential-ly Nf Rn or 
 
 Inferior NFBr [nFrn* 
 Inferiority NFfirt 
 Infidel NFd'L 
 Infldelity NFd'Lt 
 Inflame NFMornFlM* 
 
 Internal-ly Tr 1 
 
 Internal revenue Tr'fiV 
 
 Interrogate NtGt 
 
 Interrogated NtGTd 
 Interrogation NtGsn 
 Interrogatory Nt'G 
 Interrogative Nt'Gv 
 Interrupt NtPt 
 
 Justification JstFsn or Jsn 
 
 K 
 
 Kentucky KntK 
 Knowledge NJ 
 Keyboard KBrd 
 
 Inflamed NFMd 
 
 Interrupted NtPTd 
 
 Kindle KNdL 
 
 Inflammation NFMsn 
 
 Interruption NtPsn 
 
 Kindred KndRd 1 
 
 Influence Ns l 
 
 Intersect NtsKt 
 
 Klondike Klnd^
 
 64 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 T 
 
 Mechanism MKsM 
 
 Mother in law MtrNl 
 
 Ju 
 
 Medical-ly MdKl 
 
 Move Mv s 
 
 Landlord J/nd'Rd 
 
 Med. treatment MdTrtMnt 
 
 Moved Mvd 3 
 
 Largely Jl* 
 
 Medium Md J M 
 
 Movement M 3 Mnt 
 
 Larger Jr 3 
 Largest Jst* 
 
 Melancholy MinK 
 
 Melancholia MLnKL 
 
 Movable.y Mv 3 B 
 Immovable-y M 3 MvB 
 
 (Large and Amount must not 
 bejoined in a phrase-sign.) 
 Lateral-ly it'jRl 
 Latitude J/t'Td 
 Lawyer X/r l 
 Legal-ly LGl 
 Legality Glt 
 Legalize LQ\s 
 Legalized LGlst 
 Illegal-ly L1G1 
 Illegality LlGlt 
 
 Memorandum Mm 
 
 Memoranda Mm-D 
 
 Mental-ly Mnt 
 Mentality Mn^-T 3 
 Merciful-ly MRsF 
 Metaphor MtFr 
 
 Metaphorical-ly MtFrKl 
 
 Method MThd 
 
 Melhodical-ly MThdKl 
 Methodist MThdst 
 Methodism MThsM 
 
 Mobility MBit 
 Immobility MMBIt 
 
 Much more Ch'M 
 Much more than Ch 3 Mn 
 Murder MJRdr 
 
 Murderous-ly MBdrs 
 
 Mutable-y MtBl* 
 
 Immutable MMtBl 3 
 
 Mutual-ly Mti 
 
 Mutuality Mttt 3 
 
 Mystify MstF 
 
 Legislate-d-or-ture J/J 
 Legislation LJsn 
 
 Methodist church MThCh 
 Mexico MsK 
 
 Mysflfied MstFd' 
 Mystification MitFsu 
 
 Legislative ZJv 
 Lengthy Ng'Th 
 Lengthen Ngn 
 Lengthwise Ng^Ths 
 
 Likewise I^Kws 
 Literal-ly LVRl 
 Literary LVRR 
 Literature it'JJtr 
 
 Michigan MSh 
 Microscope-y MsKP 
 
 Microscopical-ly MsKPKl 
 Microscopist MsKPst 
 Migrate M^rt 
 Migrated MGrTd" 
 Migration M'Grsn 
 
 Million MJ/n 1 
 
 N 
 
 Narrate Nflrt" 
 
 Narrated NKr^Td 
 Narration NRrsn 3 
 Narrative NRrt 3 V 
 Natural-ly NtRl 
 
 Little LVL 
 
 Millionaire MLn'R 
 
 Naturalist-izcd NtRlst 3 
 
 Longer Ngr 1 
 
 Longest Nget 1 
 
 Looked X/t* 
 Look like L 3 LK 
 
 Minimum Mm 1 
 Minister-y MnsT 
 Ministered MnsTd" 
 Ministrate MnsTf 
 Ministration MnsTsn 
 
 Naturalization NtA'lssii 3 
 
 Navigate NVG 
 
 Navigated NVGTd 
 Navigation NVGsn 
 
 Necessitate NssTt 
 
 
 Ministerial-ly MnsTAl 
 
 Neglect Git 
 
 
 Misdemeanor MsD 
 
 Neglected GltcA 
 
 Machine MShn 
 Machinery MShfl 
 Machinist MShNst 
 
 Mission MShn 1 
 Missionary MSh'fi 
 Mistake MsK 
 
 Neglectful-ly Glt : F 
 Neglecting GHXg 
 Negligence Gins 
 Negligent Glnt 
 
 Magnet MGNt 
 
 Mistaken MsKn 
 
 Negligently Glnt 2 -!. 3 
 
 Magnetic MGNtK 
 
 Mistakable-y Ms 2 KBl 
 
 Guilty of neglig'ce Glt'Glns 
 
 Magnetism MGsM 
 
 Malignant M1G 
 
 Malignancy MIGnS 
 
 Mistook MsK 3 
 Unmistakable-y N 2 MsKBl 
 Mitigate MtGt 
 
 Negotiate NGst 
 
 Negotiated NGsTd 
 Negotiation NGssn 
 
 Malignantly MlGZ 1 
 Manslaughter MsZ/tr 
 Manufacture-ed MNF 
 
 Manufactory MNFt 
 
 Mitigated MtGTd' 
 Mitigation Mt'Gsn 
 Unmitigated N'MtGTd 
 
 Moderate Mdflt 1 
 
 Neutral-ly NTr 3 !/ 
 Neutrality NTi ! /.t 
 Neutral ize NTi 3 Ls 
 Neutralized NTr'ist 
 
 Manufacturer MNFR 
 
 Moderated MdR'Td 
 
 Neutralization NTr 3 Lssn 
 
 Massachusetts MsCh 
 Material- ly MtRl 
 Materiality Mtlt 
 Immaterial MMtKl 
 
 Moderation MdJfsn 1 
 Immoderate MMd/.t 
 Immoderation MMdfisn 
 Modify MdF 
 
 Never NV 
 New Ni/ s 
 
 Newly N 3 i 
 Newness N 3 Ns 
 
 Immateriality MMtRlt 
 
 Modified MdFd 1 
 
 News Ns 3 
 
 Mature MtR 3 
 
 Modification MdFsn 
 
 Moral-ly MJ?! 1 
 
 Anew 'Nu 3 
 N. Hampshire NMShr 3 
 
 Maturity Mt.R 3 T 
 Immature MMt/? 3 
 
 Morality M^lt 1 
 Immoral MMR1 1 
 
 N. Jersey NJZ 
 N. Mexico NMeK 
 
 Immaturity M\ItB 3 T 
 Manuscript MsKPt 
 Measure Zhr 
 Measured Zhrd 
 Measurable-y ZhrBl 
 Measurement ZhrMnt 
 
 Immorality MMRlt 1 
 
 Mortal-ly MRt'L 
 Mortality M.Rt'Lt 
 Immortal-ly MMTItL 
 Immortality MMRtLt 
 Mortgage Mr'G 
 
 N. Orleans NRlns 
 New York NY 
 
 Nomenclature Nmn 
 No, sir Ns or Ns.R 
 North and south NrsTh 
 Northeastern NrThstrn 
 
 Meas. of damages ZhrdMs 
 
 Mortgaged Mr'Gd 
 
 Northerly NrtrL 
 
 Admeasure DZhr 
 
 Mortgagee MrGJ 
 
 Northern NrDhn 
 
 Admeasured DZhrd 
 
 Mortgagor Mr'Gr 
 
 N. Carolina NrKrLN 
 
 Admeasurement DZhrMnt 
 
 Chat, mortgage-d Cht 3 MG 
 
 N. Dakota NrDK 
 
 Immeasurable-y MMZhrB 
 
 Mortify Mflt'F 
 
 Notify NtF 
 
 Unmeasured NMZhrd 
 
 Mortified MRt'Fd 
 
 Notified NtFd' 
 
 Mechanic-al MKn 
 
 Mortification ttRt'Fsn 
 
 Notification NtFsn
 
 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 65 
 
 November NV 
 
 Paralysis P 3 RIss 
 
 Position Pssn 
 
 Number Br* 
 
 Partial-ly Pr'Shl 
 
 Positive-ly-ness Pst 1 
 
 Numbered Brd 3 
 
 Partiality Pr'Shlt 
 
 Possess Pss 3 
 
 Numberless BHLs 
 
 Partake P 3 2itK 
 
 Possessed Pss 3 T 
 
 Outnumbered T 3 Brd 
 
 Partaken P 3 RtKn 
 
 Possessor Pss 3 R 
 
 Unnumbered NBrd 3 
 
 Particle P.RtKl 
 
 Possession Pssn 3 
 
 o 
 
 Particular-ly-ity Prt 1 
 Particulars-ize Prts 1 
 
 Possessive Pss 3 V 
 Possible-y-ity Ps 1 
 
 
 Particularized Prtst 1 
 
 Impossible-ity MPs 1 
 
 Objection Jsn 1 
 
 Partner PrtNr 
 
 Postage PsJ 
 
 Objectionable-y Js'Bl 
 Objective-ly Jv 1 
 Obj. to, as before Js'B 
 Obligation Blsn 1 
 
 Obligatory Blt'R 
 
 Observe BsR 
 
 Partnership PrtNrSh 
 
 Passenger PsJr 
 Patent-ed Pt 
 Patentable Pt 3 Bl 
 Patentee Pt 3 T 
 Patent right Pt 3 Rt 
 
 Postmaster PsMstr 
 Post office PsFs[Pr 3 KtBl 
 Practicable-y Prt s Blor 
 
 Practicability Prt 3 Blt 
 Impracticable MPrt 3 Bl 
 Impracticability MPrt 3 Blt 
 
 Observed BsRd 
 
 Pattern ft 3 Rn 
 
 Practical-ly Prt 3 Kl or 
 
 Observance BsRns 
 Observation BsRsn 
 
 Pecuniary-ily P 3 Kn 
 Pendente lite PndNtLt 
 
 Practice Pr 3 [Pr 3 Kt 
 
 Practiced Prst 3 
 
 Observatory BsRvtR 
 
 Penitent PnTnt 
 
 Practices Prs 3 
 
 Obstruct BsTrt 
 Obstructed BsTrtr 
 
 Penitential-ly PnTn 
 Penitentiary PntNSh 
 
 Malpractice MlPr 3 
 
 Prejudice PrJd 
 
 Obstructer BsTrtR 
 Obstruction BsTrsn 
 Obstructive BsTrv 
 
 Occupied Pd 1 
 Occupancy Pn'S 
 Occupant Pnt 1 
 Occupation Psn 1 
 Occur Kr 
 Occurred Krd 
 Occurrence Krns 
 October KtBr 
 Onward rWrd 1 
 Oppose Ps 
 
 Pennsylvania Pn 
 Pension Pnsn 
 Pensioner PnsnR 
 Per annum P.RNm 
 
 Per cent PRsXt 
 
 Perfect-ly Prf 1 
 Perfected Prf 1 
 Perfection Prfsn' 
 Imperfect-ly MPrf 1 
 Imperfection MPrfsn 1 
 Permanent PrMNNt 
 Permanence PrMNNs 
 Permanency PrMNNS 
 
 Prejudiced PrJdSt 
 Prejudicial-Iy PrJdSh 
 Preliminary-ily Pr^m 
 Premium PrMm 
 Prepare PrPr 
 Prepared PrPrd 
 Preparation PrPrsn 
 Preparative PrPrv 
 Preserve PrsR 
 Preserved PrsRvd 
 Preserver PrsRvR 
 Preservative PrsRtV 
 
 Presbytery PrsBtR 
 
 Opposed Pst or PsD 
 Opposition Pssn 1 
 Ordinary Rd : Nr 
 
 Persevere PrsVR 
 
 Perseverance PrsVRns 
 Person Prsn 
 
 Presbyterian PrsBtRn 
 
 Prima facie Prm'Sft 
 Probate PrB 
 
 Ordinarily Rd'NrL 
 Extraordinary-ily Kstr 1 
 
 Ornament-al Bn 1 Mnt 
 
 Personal-ly PrsL 
 Personify Pi-sNF 
 Personification PrsNFsii 
 
 Probation PrBsn 
 Probable-y-ity PrB 
 
 Improbable-ly-ity MPrB 
 
 Over Vr 1 
 
 Personal estate PrsLs-t 
 
 Produce PrDs 
 
 Overcome Vr'K 
 Overdone Vr'Dn 
 Overwhelm Vr'Lm 
 Overwhelmed \ 7 r I Lmd 
 Overwork Vr'Wr 
 Overworked Vr'Wrt 
 Over and above Vr'V 
 Owe d a 
 
 Perspective-ly PrsP 
 Perspicuous-ly PR sP 
 Persuade PrsWd 
 Persuaded PrsWdr 
 Persuasion PreWsu 
 Persuasive PrsWs 
 Pertinent PBtNnt 
 
 Produced PrDst 
 Production PrDsn 
 Productive PrDv 
 Reproduce RPrDa 
 Reproduced RPrDst 
 Reproduction RPrDsn 
 Reproductive RPrDv 
 Unproductive NPrDv 
 
 Owed ' D 
 
 Phenomenon FNmn 
 
 Profit Prft 1 
 
 Owing d-ng 
 
 Phenomena FNm 
 
 Profited Prftr 1 
 
 Owes rfs 2 or 'Z 
 
 Philadelphia FldF 
 
 Profitable-y Prft'B 
 
 Own N 3 
 
 (When Own is written out 
 of position, it must be 
 
 Phys. & surgeon FssJn 
 Plaintiff Pint 1 
 
 Plaintiff company Plnt'K 
 
 Proficient-ly-cy Prf Sh 
 Prominent-ly Prm^nt 
 
 Prominence Prm'Nns 
 
 voculizcd.) 
 
 Pleasure Zhr 3 
 
 Promulgate PrMG- 
 
 Owning N 3 Ng 
 
 Pleasurable-y Zh^B 
 
 Promulgation PrMGsn 
 
 Owner Nr 3 
 
 Displeasure DsZhr 
 
 Proper Pr 1 
 
 Owner's risk Nrs 3 K 
 
 Plenty Pint 
 
 Properly Pr'L 
 
 Disown UsN 
 
 Plenteous Pints 
 
 Improper MPi ' 
 
 Disowned DsNd 
 
 Plentiful-ly PlntF 
 
 Improperly MPr'L 
 
 
 Politic Plt'K 
 
 Propriety PrPrT 
 
 
 Political-ly Plt'Kl 
 
 Impropriety MPrPi T 
 
 
 Politician Plt'Shn 
 
 Pronounce PrnNs 
 
 Parallel P 3 J?1L 
 
 Paralleled P 3 RlLd 
 
 Impolitic MPlt'K 
 
 Popular-ly-ity PP 
 
 Pronounced PrnNst 
 Pronunciation Pi'nNsn 
 
 Unparalleled NP 3 RlLd 
 
 Unpopular-ly-itv NPP 
 
 Proscribe PrsKB 
 
 Paralyze P 3 Rls 
 
 Portable-y PRtBl 
 
 Proscribed PrsKBd 
 
 Paralyzed P 3 Rlst 
 
 Portability PRtBlt 
 
 Proscription PrsKPsn
 
 66 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Prescriptive PrsKPv 
 
 Railway stock BwsK 
 
 Relinquish-ed Bin 1 
 
 Prospect Prsipt 
 
 Rattle Rt'Z, 
 
 Relluquishment Bln'Mnt 
 
 Prostitute Pr^Tt 
 
 Rattled Rt 3 id 
 
 Reluctance BltNs 
 
 Prostituted Prs'Ttr 
 
 Ratify Bt'F 
 
 Reluctant BltNt 
 
 Prostitution Prs'Tsn 
 
 Ratified Bt 3 Fd 
 
 Reluctantly RltNtL 
 
 Protect PrtKt 
 
 Ratification JJt 3 Fsn 
 
 Remain RMn 
 
 Protected PrtKTd 
 
 Real-ly Bl 1 
 
 Remained RMnd 
 
 Protection PrtKsn 
 
 Reality RIT 
 
 Remainder RMndr 
 
 Protector PrtKtr 
 
 Realty Ri'T 
 
 Remainderman RMndrMn 
 
 Protectory PrtKTR 
 
 Real estate BlsTt 
 
 Remark Mr' 
 
 Protective PrtKtV 
 
 Realize Bis' 1 
 
 Remarked Mrt' 
 
 Protest PrTst 
 
 Realized Rlst' 1 
 
 Remarkable-y MrBl 
 
 Protested PrTsTd 
 
 Realization Rlssn' 1 
 
 Remember Br 
 
 Protestant Prts'Tnt 
 
 Reason Rsn 1 
 
 Remembered Brd 
 
 Providence Dns s 
 
 Reasoned /Js'Nd 
 
 Remembrance Brns 
 
 Provident Dnt 3 
 
 Reasonable-y .Rs'B 
 
 Disremember DsBr 
 
 Providently Dnt 3 L 
 
 Unreasonable-y NrsB 
 
 Misremember MsBr 
 
 Providential-ly Dn'Sh 
 
 Reconcile R*-&L l 
 
 Remit R J Mt 
 
 Improvident MPrvDnt 
 
 Reconciled R^-sIA* 
 
 Remitted R'Mtr 
 
 Prudential-ly PrDn 
 
 Reconciliation R^-sLsn 1 
 
 Remitter R'Mtr 
 
 Proximate Prs^It 
 
 Recoverable-y B 3 B1 
 
 Remittance R'MTns 
 
 Proximately Prs'MtL 
 
 Irrecoverable-y Rr 3 Bl 
 
 Remittitur R'MtTr 
 
 Proximity Prs'MT 
 
 Recognize B'-Ns 1 
 
 Remonstrate RMnsTt 
 
 Public PB 
 
 Recognized B 2 -Nst' 
 
 Remonstrated RMnsTtr 
 
 Publican PBn 
 
 Recognition .RZ-Nsn 1 
 
 Remonstrance RMnsTns 
 
 Publicly PBL 
 
 Recollect-ed R 
 
 Renounce Bn'Ns 
 
 Republic RFB 
 
 Recollection JRsn 
 
 Renounced Bn 3 Npt 
 
 Republican BPBn 
 
 Misrecollect Ms7i" 
 
 Renunciation BnNssn 
 
 Republicanism BPBsM 
 
 Publish PB 
 Published PBst 
 Publication PBsn 
 
 Misrecollection MsRsn 
 Recommend B-Nd 
 Recommendation R-Ndsn 
 Recommended R-Ndch 
 
 Reprehend BPrn 
 Reprehensible-y RPrnsB 
 Reprehension BPrnsn 
 Reprehensive BPrns 
 
 Unpublished NPB 
 Republish-ed .RPB 
 Republlcation RPBsn 
 Punish-ed-ment Pn> 
 Punishes-ments Pns 3 
 Put forth Pf 
 Put off P 3 F 
 
 Redeem Rd l M 
 Redeemed Rd'Md 
 Redeemer Rd'Mr 
 Redemption Rd'Msn 
 
 Reduce RDs 
 
 Reduced RDst 
 Reduction BDsn 
 
 Represent-ed BP 
 Representation TJPsn 
 Representative JCPv 
 Misrepresent-ed MsRP 
 Misrepresentation MsBPsn 
 Repugnant-cy BPG 
 Request BKst 
 
 
 Refer Rf 
 
 Requested KKsTd 
 
 Qualify K1F 
 
 Qualified KlFdi 
 Qualification KlFsn 
 Disqualify DsKlF 
 Disqualified DsKlFd 
 Disqualification DsKlFsn 
 Unqualified NKlFd' 
 Quality KIT 
 Qualitative KltTv 
 Quantity Kwnt 1 
 
 Referred Rtd 
 Referable-y RfB 
 Referee RfR 
 Reference JJns 
 Regular-ly-ity RG 
 
 lrregular-ly-ity RG 
 
 Regulate RGlt 
 
 Regulated .RGlTd 
 Regulation RGlsn 
 Regulator RGltr 
 
 Relate Bit 
 
 Related .RlTd 
 
 Require BKr 
 Required BKrd 
 Requisition BKssn 
 
 Resemble-d RsM 
 Resemblance RsMa 
 Reserve-d BsB 
 Reservation RsRsn 
 Res gestte BsJsT 
 Resignation BsGnsn 
 Resist BssT 
 Resisted BssTd 
 
 Quantitative KwntTv 
 
 Relation .Rlsn 
 
 Pesistance BssTns 
 
 Quarter-ed Kw l 
 
 Relative flltV 
 
 Irresistible-y RssTBl 
 
 Quarterly Kwi' 
 Headquarters HdKws 
 
 Question-ed Kw 
 
 Relator Bltr 
 Release Bis* 
 
 Released Rlst, 1 
 
 Respect-ed BsP 
 Respectable-y RsPBl 
 Respectful-ly RsPVl 
 
 Queationable-y Kw 2 B 
 Questioner Kw^R 
 Unquestioned NKw 
 Unquestionable-y N 2 KwB 
 
 Relevant BlVnt 
 Relevancy .RIVn 
 Irrelevant RXVnt 
 Irrelevancy RLVn 
 
 Respective-ly RaPr 
 Irrespective-ly RsPv 
 Disrespect DsBsP 
 Disrespectful-ly DsBsPFl 
 
 Cross question-ed Krs'Kw 
 
 Rely Bl 1 
 
 Response-ible-y BsPns 
 
 
 Relied Rid 1 
 
 Responsibility BsPns 
 
 
 Reliable y RVBl 
 Reliability Bl'Blt 
 
 Responsive-ly BsPsV 
 Irresponsible-y-ity RraPnt 
 
 Railroad Rr 
 
 Reliance Bins' 
 
 Irre^ponsive-ly RrePsV 
 
 Railroad accident BrsDnt 
 
 Unreliable NJZl'Bl 
 
 Restrict Bs'Trt 
 
 Railroad station .RrsTsn 
 
 Unreliability NBl'Blt 
 
 Restricted JJs'Trtr 
 
 Railroad stock RrsK 
 
 Religion Jn* 
 
 Restriction .Rs'Trsn 
 
 Railway Rw 
 
 Religious Js 1 
 
 Restrictive Rs'Trv 
 
 Railway accident UwsDnt 
 
 Irreligion Br'Jn 
 
 Resurrect BsKt 
 
 Railway station .RwsTsu 
 
 Irreligious Br'Js 
 
 Resurrected BsKTd
 
 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 67 
 
 Resurrection /i.-Ksn 
 Resurrectionist .RsKsNst 
 
 Similar-ity sM 
 
 Similarly sML 
 
 Insubordination nsBrdsn 1 
 Subscribe-d-er sB 1 
 
 Retain .RtN 
 
 Dissimilar-ity DssM 
 
 Subscription sBsn 1 
 
 Retained fitNd 
 
 Single sNg 1 
 
 Subsequent-ly sBsKnt 
 
 Retention .KtNsn 
 
 Singly sKgL 
 
 Sufficient sFsXt 
 
 Retake .RtK 
 
 Sineular-ly sNgZr 
 
 Sufficiently sFsNtL 
 
 Retaken HtKn 
 
 binjularity sNgirt' 
 
 Sufficiency sFsXS 
 
 Retire Rt'R 
 
 Sister in law Sstrn'i 
 
 Insufficient NsFsNt 
 
 Retired Rt'Rd 
 
 Situate-d sCh 1 
 
 Insufficiency NsFaNS 
 
 Retirement Rt'RMnt 
 
 Situation BO'hsn 1 
 
 Suggest sJ 
 
 Retract fi'Trt 
 
 Skill sKl 1 
 
 Suggested sJd or sJ 
 
 Retracted fiTrtr 
 
 Skilled sKld' 
 
 Suggestion sjsn or ej 
 
 Retraction .R'Trsn 
 
 Skilful-ly sKlF 
 
 Suggestive-ly sJv 
 
 Retrospect RtfisP 
 
 Retrospection RtBsPsn 
 
 Social-ly sShl 
 Socialist sShlst 
 
 Subserve sBsB 
 
 Subserved sBsAvd 
 
 Retrospective-ly Rt/isPv 
 
 Socialism sShlsM 
 
 Subservient sBsBVnt 
 
 Return RtRn 
 
 Socialistic sShlsK 
 
 Substantiate sBsTnSht 
 
 Returned Rtfind 
 
 So far as SFs 
 
 Substantial-ly sBsTn 
 
 Returnable-y RtRnB 
 
 Solvent sZ/Vnt 
 
 Substitute sBsTt 
 
 Revolve-d-r BV 
 
 Solvency siVn 
 
 Substituted sBsTtr 
 
 Revolution .R 3 Vsn 
 
 Insolvent nsi'Vnt 
 
 Substitution sBsTsn 
 
 Right angle Bt'Gl 
 
 Insolvency nsL'Vn 
 Somebody sM'Bd 
 
 Supei-flcial-ly sPrf'STi 
 Superinduce sPrn s Ds 
 
 s 
 
 San Francisco sNssK 
 Satisfy-ied sTs 
 
 Some one sMn 
 Some other sMtr 
 Something ?MNg 
 Some of the time BUM 
 Sometime sMm 
 
 Superinduced sPrn 3 Dst 
 Superior sP'Br 
 
 Superiority sP'.ffrt 
 
 Superstructure sPrs'Tr 
 
 Satisfies sTss 3 
 Satisfaction sTssn 3 
 Satisfactorily sTe 3 /, 
 Satisfactory sTs 3 ^ 
 Unsatisfactory NsTs 3 ^? 
 Unsatisfactorily XsTvU. 
 Dissatisfy-ied DssTs 3 
 Dissatisfaction DssTssn 
 
 Science S'Ns 
 Scientific S'NtF 
 Scripture sKr 1 
 Scriptural sKrL 
 Season Ssn 1 
 Seasoned Ssnd 1 
 Seasonable-y Ss'B 
 Secure sKr 3 
 Secured sKrd 3 
 Securely sKr't 
 Security sKrT 1 
 Insecure nsKr 3 
 Insecurity nsKrT* 
 
 Southeastern sThstrn 3 
 Southerly Stri 
 Southern sDhn 
 Southwestern sWstrn' 
 South Carolina sKrLN 
 South Dakota SDK 
 
 Speak sP 1 
 Speaker sP'R 
 Speakable sP'Bl 
 Bespeak Bs'P 
 Unspeakable-y NsP'Bl 
 Special-ly sP 
 Specialty sPShlt 
 Specify sPsF 
 Specified sPsFd 
 Specification sPsFsn - 
 Speech sP 1 
 Spirit sPrt 1 
 Spirited sPrtr 1 
 Spiritual-ly sPrt'i 
 
 Sup.proceed'gs sPlsDns 
 Supreme sPr 1 
 Supremely sPr'L 
 Suspend ssPnd 
 Suspended ssPndcA 
 Suspense sePns 
 Suspension ssPnsn 
 Swear sR 
 
 Swore W 
 Sworn sWn 
 Sympathy sMTb 
 
 Sympathize sMThs 
 Sympathized sMThst 
 Sympathetic sMTht 
 Sympathetically sMThtKl 
 Synonymous-ly 8Nn l 
 System ssT 
 Systematic ssTMt 
 Systematize ssTMts 
 Systematized ssTMtst 
 
 Seclude sKld> 
 
 Secluded sKIDd' 
 
 Spiritualism sPrte-M 
 Spirituality sPrt'Z/t 
 
 T 
 
 Seclusion sKIsn 3 
 
 Secretary sKrt'B 
 
 Spoke sP 
 Spoken sPn 
 Bespoken BsPn 
 
 Technical-ly TK 
 Technology TKJ 
 
 Sec. of the navy sKrtzNV 
 Sec. of state skrts-Tt 
 Sec. of war sKrtWr 
 
 September sPtM 
 Serve sRv 
 
 Outspoken Ts'Pn 
 Unspoken NsPn 
 Spontaneous sPnt^s 
 Spontaniety sPnt'NT 
 Startle stRt'i 
 
 Telephone TiFn 
 
 Telephoned TLFnd 
 Telephonic TiFnK 
 Temper TPr 
 Tempered TPrd 
 
 Served sRvA 
 Servant sffVnt 
 Servile 8.RVL 
 Servility sKVLt 
 
 Several sV 
 Severally sVfil 
 Severally sV.Rlt 
 
 Signify-ied sG 1 
 
 Significance BGns 1 
 Significancy sGnS 
 Signiflcant-ly sGnt 1 
 
 Signification BOnsn 1 
 
 Startled stRt 3 Ld 
 Startling stRt-LNg 
 
 Sterile stRI/ 
 
 Sterilize stRLs 
 Sterility stRit 
 Stockbroker stKBr 
 Stockholder stKLdr 
 Strength sTror sTrTh 
 
 Strengthen sTrThn 
 
 Subordinate sBrd 1 
 Subordinated sBrdr' 
 
 Temperance TPrns 
 Temperate TPrt 
 Temperature TPrtB 
 Temperament TPrMnt 
 Temporary TPrRR 
 Temporal-ly TPrL 
 Temporality TPrLt 
 Tenable TNB1 
 Tenement TnMnt 
 Terminate TrmXt 
 
 Terminated TrmNtcft 
 
 Insigniflcant-ly Ns'Gnt 
 
 Subordination sBrdsn 1 
 
 Termination TnnNsn 
 
 Insignificance Ns'Goa 
 
 Insubordinate nsBrd' Tennessee TnS
 
 68 CONTRACTIONS, WORD-FORMS AND DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Testament TsMnt 
 
 Transplanted TrsPlntch. 
 
 Vindicate Vnd J Kt 
 
 Testamentary TsMntR 
 Testify TsF 
 Testified TsFd 
 
 Transverse Trs'Vrs 
 Trustworthy TrsDh 
 Truth Tr 
 
 Vindicated Vnd [ KTd 
 Vindication Vnd'Ksn 
 Vindictive Vnd'KtV 
 
 Testimonial TsMNL 
 Testimony TsMN 
 
 Truth ful-ly Trf 
 Truthfulness TrfNs 
 
 Virtual-ly VrtL 
 Vitiate V^ht 
 
 Direct testimony DrtsMN 
 
 Untruthful-ly NTrf or 
 
 Vitiated V^hTd 
 
 Thank Th 
 Thanked Tht 3 
 Thankful-ly Thf 3 
 Thanksgiving ThsSG 
 Thanksgiving day Ths 3 D 
 
 Typewriter TBtr [nTH* 
 Typewriting TUtNg 
 
 u 
 
 Vitiation V'Shsn 
 Vivavoce VV 
 Vulgar VIGr 
 Vulgarity VlGrt 
 
 Thankworthy Th 3 Dh 
 Thenceforth DhsF 
 Thenceforward 
 Theory ThR [DhsFWrd 
 Theorize Th.Rs 
 Theorized ThBst 
 Theoretical-lv ThBtKl 
 Thereat RT 
 
 Ultimate LtMt 
 
 Ultimately LtMtL 
 Ultimatum LtMtil 
 Unanimous Yn'NMs 
 Unanimously Yn'NMsZ. 
 Unanimity Yn 3 NM 
 
 Unavoidable-y NVd^l 
 Under Nd 
 
 w 
 
 Walk wK 1 
 Crosswalk Krs'K 
 Sidewalk sD'k 
 Warehouse Wrs* 
 Warehouseman Wrs s Mn 
 Warm Wm 1 
 
 Thftrpafter J&F 3 
 
 Underbid Nd 2 Bd 
 
 Warmed Wmd 1 
 
 Thereby Ii-Ij- 
 
 Underbrush Nd 2 BrSh 
 
 Warmer Wm'R 
 
 Thereto Rp 
 
 Undercurrent NdKrNt 
 
 Warmest Wm'St 
 
 Theretofore JJtF 
 
 Underdo Nd 2 D 
 
 Waterworks Wt J Ws 
 
 Therewith Rw 
 
 Underdid Nd 2 Dd 
 
 West Wst 
 
 Thousand Ths* 
 
 Thousandth Ths 3 Th 
 
 Throughout ThrT 
 Thursday ThrsD 
 Today p a D 
 Tomorrow jsM/J 
 
 Undergo NdG 
 Undergrowth Nd 2 GrTh 
 Underhand NdrNd 
 Undermine Nd-Mn 
 Undermost Nd-Mst 
 Underneath Nd 2 NDh 
 Underrate NdVRT 
 
 Westerly WsZ, 
 Western Wstrn 
 Westernmost WsMst 
 Westward WsWd 
 
 Wholly L*L 
 Well (noun) wL 
 
 Tolerate Tl'flt 
 Tolerated Tl'BTd 
 Tolerable-y Tl'BBl 
 Tolerance Tl'Bns 
 Tolerant Tl'Bnt 
 
 Undertake NdK 
 Undertaken NdKn 
 Undertook Nd 2 ! 
 Underwrite NdrRt 
 (.Make a slight angle between 
 
 Will (noun) w-L 1 
 Goodwill Gd^wL 
 111 will iiL 
 
 Whereabout RBt 
 Whereas Rs 
 
 Toleration ll'fisn 
 
 Ndr and R.) 
 
 Whereby RB 
 
 Intolerance nTl'Bns* 
 
 Underwritten Ndr 2 BtN 
 
 Wherefore RFr 
 
 Intolerant nTl'Rnt* 
 
 Underwriter Ndr 2 fitr 
 
 Wherein RN 
 
 Torment Tr'Mnt 
 
 Undersigned NdsNd 
 
 Whereof Rf 
 
 Tormented Tr'Mntp 
 
 Unless Nls 
 
 Whereon Rn 
 
 Tormentor Tr'Mntr 
 
 Until NtL 
 
 Wherever Rv 
 
 Torn, Turn TRn 
 Tort T>.Rt 
 
 Up stairs Pstrs 
 Utah j/T> 
 
 Wherewith Rw 
 Anywhere NR 
 Elsewhere /.sR 
 
 Tortious Tr'STis 
 
 
 Everywhere VrR 
 
 Tortuous T'BtYs 
 
 
 Nowhere N 2 R 
 
 Townsman Ts'Mn 
 
 
 Somewhere sJPR 
 
 Townsmen T 3 Mn - 
 
 Vacate VKT 
 
 Wisdom Zd"M 
 
 Trademark TrdM 
 
 Vacancy VKnS 
 
 Withdraw Dh J Dr 
 
 Transact Trs'Kt 
 
 Vacant VKNt 
 
 Withdrawn Dh'Drn 
 
 Transaction Trnssn 3 
 
 Value Vl 
 
 Withstand Dhs'Tnd 
 
 Transcribe TrsKB 
 
 Valued Vld' 
 
 Withstood Dhs'Td 
 
 Transcribed TrsKBd 
 
 Valuable V1 3 B1 
 
 World Bid 
 
 Transcript TrsKPt 
 Transcription TrsKPsn 
 
 Valuation Vlsn 3 
 Vanish Vn 3 S/i 
 
 Worldly JZldL 
 Worldllness JZldLNs 
 
 Transition Trnssn 1 
 
 Vary VB 
 
 Unworldly NRIdL 
 
 Transfer TrsF 
 
 Varied VJJd 
 
 Writing Bt'Ng 
 
 Transferable TrsFBl 
 
 Variable-y VRB1 
 
 Written JZt'N 
 
 Transferred TrsFd or TrsF 
 Transferree TrsFfi 
 
 Variation VRsn 
 Various VRs 
 
 In writing Nrt'Xfc 
 Handwriting Nrt'Ng 
 
 Transference TrsFrns 
 
 Invariable-y NVRB1 
 
 
 Transform Trs l F 
 
 Verse VBs 
 
 Y 
 
 Transformable Trs'FBl 
 
 Versed VRst 
 
 
 Transformation Trs'Fsn 
 
 Version V'JJsn 
 
 Yesterday YstrD 
 
 Transformed Trs'Fd 
 
 Inverse NVRs 
 
 
 Translate Trsl/t 
 
 Inversion NVRsn 
 
 Yes, it is Ysts 
 
 Translated TrsZ.tr 
 
 Vice versa Vs : V 
 
 Yes or no YsN 
 
 Translation TrsLsn 
 
 Transparent-cy Trs'P 
 
 Vicissitude Vss'Td 
 Violate VIA, 
 
 Younger Yr 
 Youngeet Ynt 
 
 Transplant TrsPliit 
 
 Violation VLsn 
 
 Youngster Ytr
 
 SIMILAR WORDS DISTINGUISHED. 
 
 Apostle, PsL 
 Epistle, Ps'J/ 
 
 Attainable, TnB 
 Tenable, TNB1 
 
 Volitibn, V^Lsn 
 Violation, VJ/sn 
 
 Postal, PsL 
 
 Patient, PShnt 
 Compassionate, PsNt 
 
 Contractor, Trt J R 
 Trader, TrdR 
 Traitor, Trtr 
 
 Evolution, V 3 isn 
 Convulsion, Vlsn 
 Valuation, Vlsn 3 
 
 Passionate, Ps 3 Nt 
 
 Territory, TrtR 
 
 Voluble, VPB1 
 
 Opposition, Pssn 1 
 Position. Pssn 
 
 Train, Trn 
 Turn, TRn 
 
 Valuable, VI 3 Bl 
 Available, VI/B1 
 
 Possession, Pssn 3 
 
 
 Vocation, VKsn 
 
 Apposition, 'Pssn 3 
 
 Daughter, Dtr 1 
 Debtor. Dtr 
 
 Avocatioc, V 3 K8n 
 
 Pertain, PBtN 
 
 Auditor, Dt'R 
 
 Eastern, Historian, 
 
 Appertain, P 3 .RtN 
 
 Auditory, DVR 
 
 Astern, StHn [St'Rn 
 
 Puritan, P'BTn 
 
 Editor. DtR 
 
 Stearine, stBn 1 
 
 Preparation, PrPrsn 
 Appropriation, Pr 3 Prsn 
 
 Doubter, Dt s R 
 Dietary. D J TB 
 
 Stern, stRn 
 Con-strain, sTrn 
 Citron sT 1 JRn 
 
 Proportion, PrPBsn 
 
 Dilation, D'isn [DZ/sn 
 
 Saturn, sT 3 J?n 
 
 Prediction, Prt'Ksn 
 Protection, PrtKsn 
 Production PrDsn 
 
 Delusion. Dilution, 
 Adulation, D 3 Z/sn 
 
 Deceased, DSst 
 
 Altitude, itTD 
 Latitude, it 3 Td 
 
 Predication, PrDKsn 
 
 Diseased, DsZd 
 
 Alcohol, LKL 
 
 
 
 Alkali LKJJ 
 
 Prosecute, Prs^t 
 
 Domination, Dm 1 Nsn 
 
 
 Persecute, PfisKt 
 
 Condemnation, DmNsn 
 
 Writer, Rtr 
 
 Prompt, Prmt 1 
 Permit, Pr l Mt 
 Promote, PrMt 
 
 Damnation, Dm 3 Nsn 
 Diminution, D^iNsn 
 Dimension, DMNsn 
 Admonition, DMnShn 
 
 Reader, RDr 
 Orator, Rt a R 
 Oratory, Rt 1 !? 
 Oratorio, Ht a B' 
 
 Proximate, Prs'Mt 
 
 Derision, Drsn 1 
 
 Rioter, R^TR 
 
 Approximate, Pr'Ks 
 
 Direction, Drsn 
 
 Radiant, RDnt 
 
 Prominent, Prm ! Xnt 
 Preeminent, Pr'MnNt 
 
 Duration, Drsn 3 
 Adoration, D 3 Esn 
 
 Ardent, R 3 Dot 
 Hardened, cftRd 3 Nd 
 
 Permanent, PrMNNt 
 
 Causation, Kssn 1 
 
 In fact, N !Ft 
 
 Paramount, Pr 3 Mnt 
 
 Accession, Kssn 
 
 In effect, XFt 
 
 
 Accusation, Kssn 3 
 
 
 Spirit, sPrt 1 
 
 
 Indication, Nd Ksn 
 
 Separate, sPrt 
 
 Extension, sTn 
 
 Induction. NDsn 
 
 Support, Sport, aPRt 
 
 Extenuation, KsTXsn 
 
 Intoxication, Xt 1 Kssn 
 
 Special-ly, sP 
 Especial -ly, SP 
 
 Collision, Klsn 1 
 Coalition, Kl/sn 
 
 Invasion, NVsn 
 Innovation, XXVsn 
 
 Beautify, Bt 3 F 
 Beatify, BTF 
 
 Business, Bss 1 
 
 Collusion, Kl/sn* 
 
 Credence, KrDns 
 Accordance, Kr^Ns 
 
 Indicted, N'Dtr 
 Indebted, NdTt 
 Undated, NDtr 
 Undoubted, X 3 Dtr 
 
 Baseness, BsXs 
 Absence, Bs 3 Xs 
 
 Garden, GrdN 
 Guardian, GrDn 3 
 
 Undefined, NDf>Nd 
 Indefinite, XDfXt 
 
 Abundant, BndNt 
 Abandoned, 'Bn 3 Dnd 
 
 Favored, FfRd 
 Favorite, Ffflt 
 
 Ingenious, NJNs 
 Ingenuous, NJNYs 
 
 Birth, BRTh 
 
 Physical, Fs J Kl 
 
 Unavoidable, XVd'Bl 
 
 Breath, BrTh Fiscal, FsKL 
 
 Inevitable, NVTBl 
 
 69
 
 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS. 
 
 Advisable, Dv'B 
 Inadvisable, NDv'B 
 
 Dignified, DG 
 Undignified, NDG 
 
 Prudent, Pr 3 Dnt 
 Imprudent, MPr 3 Dnt 
 
 Appear, Pr 1 
 
 Efficient, FsNt 
 
 Pure, I*R 
 
 Disappear, Ds J Pr 
 
 Inefficient, NFsNt 
 
 Impure, MP 3 R 
 
 Artificial, Rt 2 FsL 
 
 Elegant, LGnt 
 
 Qualified, KlFd' 
 
 Inartificial, Nrt 2 FsL 
 
 Inelegant, NLGnt 
 
 Disqualified, Ds 1 KlFd 
 
 Balanced, Blnst* 
 
 Glorious, Gls, or GlBs 
 
 Unqualified, NKlFdi 
 
 Unbalanced, NBlnst 
 
 Inglorious, NGls, or 
 
 Questioned, Kw 
 
 Broken, BrKn 
 
 [NGlJRs 
 
 Unquestioned, NKw 
 
 Unbroken, NBrKn 
 
 Important, MPrt 1 
 
 Rational, RsnL 
 
 Ceremonious, sRMNs 
 
 Unimportant, NMPrt 1 
 
 Irrational, UsL 
 
 Unceremonious, 
 
 Legal. G1 
 
 Redeemed, Rd'Md 
 
 [nsRMNs 
 
 Illegal, DG1 
 
 Unredeemed, NRd'Md 
 
 Changeable, ChBl 
 
 Legitimate, iJtMt 
 
 Reduced, B 3 Dst 
 
 Unchangeable, NChBl 
 
 Illegitimate, ilJtMt 
 
 Unreduced, NrDst 8 
 
 Civil, sVli 
 
 Liberal, L~BrL 
 
 Regular, RG 
 
 Uncivil, nsVl 1 
 
 Illiberal, UBrL 
 
 Irregular, RG 
 
 Comfort, Frt 
 
 Logical, iJKl 
 
 Relevant, UlVnt 
 
 Discomfort, Ds-Frt 
 
 Illogical, ilJKl 
 
 Irrelevant, RiVnt 
 
 Competent, P'Tnt 
 
 Material, MtRl 
 
 Respective, .RsPv 
 
 Incompetent, N-Tnt 
 
 Immaterial, MMtRl 
 
 Irrespective, RsPv 
 
 Complete, Pit 1 
 
 Mature, MtR 3 
 
 Responsible, JfsPns 
 
 Incomplete, N-Plt 1 
 
 Immature, MMtR 3 
 
 Irresponsible, BrsPns 
 
 Conscious, Shs 
 
 Mortal, MRt'L 
 
 Resolute, RsLt 
 
 Unconscious, N-Shs 
 
 Immortal, MMB^L 
 
 Irresolute, RsLt 
 
 Conceive, sV 1 
 
 Noxious, NKShs 
 
 Satisfied, sTs 3 
 
 Misconceive, Ms-sV 1 
 
 Innoxious, NNKShs 
 
 Dissatisfied, Dss 2 Ts 
 
 Connect, Kn 2 
 
 Numbered, Brd 3 
 
 Unsatisfied, NsTs 3 
 
 Disconnect, DsKn 2 
 
 Unnumbered, NBrd 3 
 
 Significant, sGnt 1 
 
 Considered, sDrd 
 Unconsidered, nsDrd 
 
 Considerable, sDr 
 Inconsiderable, nsDr 
 Considerate, sDBt 
 
 Organic, GnK 1 
 Inorganic, NGnK 1 
 
 Organized, Gnst 1 
 Disorganized, Ds 1 Gnst 
 Unorganized, NGnst 1 
 
 Insignificant, Na'Gnt 
 
 Similar, sM 1 
 Dissimilar, Dss'M 
 
 Solvent sLVnt 
 Insolvent nsL'Vnt 
 
 Inconsiderate, NsDRt 
 > 
 Continue, Kn 1 
 
 Partial, Pr 3 Shl 
 Impartial, MPr 3 Shl 
 
 Spoken, sPn 
 Unspoken, NsPn 
 
 Discontinue, Ds l Kn 
 
 Consistent, ssTnt 1 
 Inconsistent, NssTnt 1 
 Defined, Df'Nd 
 Undefined, NDf'Nd 
 
 Perfect, Prf 
 Imperfect, MPrf 1 
 
 Polite, P'l/t 
 Impolite, MP l it 
 
 Sufficient, sFsNt 
 Insufficient, NsFsNt 
 
 Understood, NdsTd 
 Misunderstood, 
 [MsNdsTd 
 
 Definite, DfNt 
 Indefinite, NDfNt 
 
 Practicable, Prt 3 Bl 
 Impracticable, MPrt'Bl 
 
 Variable, VBB1 
 Invariable, NVJBB1 
 
 Determined, DTrnd 
 
 
 
 Undetermined, NDTrnd 
 Destructible, DsTrtBl 
 
 Proper, Pr 1 
 Improper, MPr> 
 
 Washed, u'Sht 1 
 Unwashed, NwSht 1 
 
 Indestructible, 
 [NDsTrtBl 
 
 Profitable, PrfVB 
 Unprofitable, NPrft'B 
 
 Worthy, Dh 
 Unworthy, NDh 
 
 70
 
 TABLE OF CONTRASTS. 
 
 See Key, nerf page. 
 
 vp pv 
 
 v L A, \, -^ * 
 
 2 .. 
 
 3-V 
 
 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 Hv % "1 "t 
 
 ) ") V Y 
 
 / v ) tr 
 
 It i- 
 
 
 -r \ f 
 
 13 X . V jL_i_jL>irl_ 
 
 14 ^ V I* J- / J'_ 
 
 15 V \: JL_^_ J- L- 
 
 16 x\ ^_.\ L- , \ 
 
 >^ v X" 
 
 
 D P - o c - 
 
 .... ...... ; ....... v ...... \ ...... \. ... 
 
 V A SA O A 
 
 17. 
 
 .._...,...A 
 
 ^ 6- 
 
 v t- t- j- 
 
 71 
 
 vs V
 
 72 KEY TO TABLE OF CONTRASTS. 
 
 Diagram of Vowels. This diagram should be carefully com- 
 pared with the rules contained in section 4, d, on page 8, which 
 give directions for the placing of vowels between two stems. In 
 such cases, the vowels which appear at the left of the diagonal line 
 in the diagram, are written after the first stem; and those appearing 
 at the right of that line are written before the second stem. 
 
 At several points in the "Writing Exercises, reference is made to 
 lines in the Table of Contrasts, page 71. Wherever such reference 
 is made, the examples referred to should be carefully read and com- 
 pared with each other. A key to these examples is given below : 
 
 LINE 1. Sip, Spa. Sight, Sty. Opes, Pose. Oppose. Suppose. 
 
 2. Ask, Sack. Asp, Sap. Acid, Sad. Assail, Sail. Escape, 
 Scape. 
 
 3. Puss, Pussy. Daze, Daisy. Gas, Gassy. Fuss, Fussy. 
 Moss, Mossy. 
 
 4. Back, Bask. Tuck, Tusk. Deck, Desk. Tack, Task. Gap, 
 Gasp. Rap, Rasp. 
 
 5. Czar, Sir. Zeal, Seal. Zero, Sorry. Zinc, Sink. Dozen, 
 Design. Reason, Resign. 
 
 6. Pace, Paces. Toss, Tosses. Chase, Chases. Case, Cases. 
 Face, Faces. Vice, Vices. Lace, Laces. Mosses. 
 
 7. Policy, Policies. Intimacy, Intimacies. Ecstasy, Ecstasies. 
 Posy, Posies. Fancy, Fancies. Daisies. 
 
 8. Chess, Chest, Chester. Less, Lest, Lester. State, Taste. 
 Steel, Least. Stop, Post. Posts, Posten, Posten's. 
 
 9. Pray, Play. Breach, Bleach. Eager, Glee. Free, Flee. 
 Ether, Ethel. Error, Earl. Eater, Tree. Eagle, Glee. 
 
 10. Sup, Supper, Supple. Set, Setter, Settle. Side, Cider, 
 Sidle. Sick, Sicker, Sickle. Scape, Scrape. Sorrel. 
 
 11. Stop, Stopper. Stout, Stouter. Staid, Staider. Stitch, 
 Stitcher. Stalk, Stalker. Stag, Stagger. Safe, Safer, Civil. 
 
 12. Poison, Poisoner. Paster, Pastry. Besiege, Besieger. 
 Duster, Destroy. Disguise, Disgrace. Dispose, Displays. Disobey, 
 Disables. 
 
 13. Pen, Penny. Tine, Tiny. Dean, Deny. Chine, China. 
 Gain, Guinea. Fin, Finny. Mine. 
 
 14. Pays, Pains. Days, Danes. Chase, Chains. Skies, Skins, 
 Screens. Boughs, Bounce, Bounced. Punsters. 
 
 15. Pun, Puff. Bean, Beef. Tun, Tough. Chain, Chafe. 
 Cane, Cave. Fine, Fife. Lean, Leaf. Knife. 
 
 16. Puff, Puffy. Beef, Bevy. Tough, Taffy. Dave, Davy. 
 Chafe, Chaffee. Cough, Coffee. Gravy. 
 
 17. Past, Pats, Pants. Best, Beds, Bends. Toast, Totes, Tends. 
 Chest, Cheats, Chants. Cost, Cuts, Counts. Base, Banes.
 
 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 The exercises which appear in the following pages, illustrate 
 every principle of Phonetic Shorthand. Practice should be confined 
 to these exercises, until all the rules of abbreviation are learned. No 
 attempt should be made to write miscellaneous matter, for the reason 
 that such matter is likely to contain many words which can only be 
 written correctly under rules which appear later in the study. 
 Writing such words incorrectly, will lead the student into bad 
 habits of writing which it will be difficult to overcome. 
 
 Before attempting to write an exercise, the rule under which it 
 is to be written should be carefully read, together with such 
 additional suggestions as appear in connection with the exercise. 
 Each form should be written with care, and no exercise should be 
 left until the student can not only write it readily and correctly, but 
 read it aloud, without hesitation, from his own manuscript. 
 
 Sec. 4. a, b. Long Vowels are indicated by heavy dots 
 and dashes. Write the following words in the positions required by 
 subdivision b. Rules 1, 2, and 3, refer to the positions of upright 
 and inclined stems only not to those of horizontal stems. When R 
 or L is printed in Italic", use the upward stem, and remember that 
 first-place vowels are placed at the beginning of a stem, whether the 
 stem be struck upward or downward. 
 
 Paw, pea, pooh, pa, pay, ape, ope. Be, bay, bah, bo. Abe. 
 Tea, tay, toe, too. Eat, ate, ought, oat. Day, daw, doe, Dee. Aid, 
 awed, ode. Chaw, each. Gee, jay, jaw, joe, age. Key, caw, coe, 
 coo. Eke, ache, oak. Gay, go. Oaf, eve. Oath, thaw. They, 
 though. See, say, saw, so. Ease, awes, owes, ooze. Ze, lay, la, 
 law, low, loo. E'e, ail, awl, Ola. .Ray, raw, 7-oe. Ear, air, oar. 
 Me, may, ma. maw. Aim. Knee, nay, gnaw, no. E'en, own. We, 
 way, wall, wo, woo. Ye, yea, you. He, hay, hah, haw, hoe, who. 
 
 c. Short Vowels are indicated by light dots and dashes. 
 When a vowel occurs between two 'stems, place it as directed in 
 subd. d. Remember to write all words in their proper positions, as 
 directed in subd. b, and illustrated on pages 71 and 72. 
 
 Up. pugh, at, add, odd, etch, edge, egg, off, if, us. Pot, pet, 
 pat, pod. Bit, bet, bat, bog, bug, bag. Tick, tuck, tack, took, 
 tag, tip, top, tap. Ditch, dig, dip, dutch, duck, dumb, dam. Chip, 
 
 73
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 chap, chub, chid, chuck, chick. Jim, gem, jam, jug, jag, Gyp, 
 jab. Kip, cop, cod, kedge, cup, cab, cub, cad, catch, cuff, cough, 
 king. Got, giddy, gap. Fib, Fitch, fob, fetch, fudge, funny, 
 Fanny, fatty, finny, fag. Vim, Vick. Thick, thud, thatch, thumb. 
 Ship, shop, shove, sham, shad. Minnie, money, mob, much, match, 
 Maggie. Not, nit, gnat, nut, nip, nap, nob, nab, nub, knack, 
 knock, nook, notch, nag, nudge. 
 
 The following exercise contains both long and short vowels. 
 Place each word in its proper position, and do not forget to write 
 the vowels as directed in subd. d. Make the proper distinction 
 between long and short vowels, but do not make the former too 
 heavy. (See diagram of rowels, page 71. ) 
 
 Peat, paid, pot, pet, pat, pod. Beat, bait, bet, bat, bought, boat, 
 boot. Teak, talk, took, tick, tuck, tack. Deem, dome, dumb, doom. 
 Cheek, chair, choke, chip, chap. Jeer, joke, jug, jag. Cape, cup, 
 calm, caulk, comb, cage, kedge, cab, bog, balm, cod, cuff, keel, 
 coal, core. Gear, game, gawk, gig, gage, gap. .Reap, rake, rock, 
 root, rag, rub. Feat, fade, food, fib, fun, fan, fudge, fag. Vat, vote, 
 veto, veal, valley. Evade, evoke. Thebe, thought, theme, Thane, 
 them, thumb, thole, thatch, thick, thill. Sheet, shade, shape, shiny, 
 shame, sham, shoot, assure. Leap, lobe, lake, lap, feash. Meed, 
 made, mar, Maud, mode, meadow, mood, month, mate. Neat, nail, 
 node, nudge, nib, not, note, nut, kneel, nag, natty, uneasy. 
 
 e. Diphthongs. The signs for the diphthongs must not be 
 inclined. When I occurs between two stems, it is sometimes more 
 convenient to write it in the third place, rather than to carry the 
 pen back to the beginning of the first stem. Do not forget that 
 when the position of an outline depends upon this diphthong, it is 
 always to be considered as first-place. 
 
 Pie, pew. By, boy, bough. Tie, toy. Die, dow, dew. Chow, 
 chew. Joy, Jew. Coy, cow, cue. Guy. Fie, few. Vie, vow, 
 view. Thigh, thew. Thy, thou. Sigh, soy, sue. Shy. Lie, lieu, 
 alloy, allow. Rye, Roy, row, rue. My, mow, mew. Nigh, annoy, 
 now, new. Bite. Boyd, bowed, beauty. Dyke, dime, dowdy, duke. 
 Chide, chewed. Jibe, jewed. Kite, coif, cowed, cube. Ficlo, fire, 
 fiery, feud. Vied, vowed, void, viewed. Shire, shower. Mike, 
 mouth, mute. Knife, noisy, newt. 
 
 f . A vowel after a diphthong, is indicated by an inclined tick. 
 Make the angles distinct. 
 
 Piety, pious, bias, Diana, diet, Zion, scion, boyish, voyage, 
 dewy, annuity, fewer, viewer, bowing.
 
 RULES FOR L, R, AND SH. 75 
 
 g. "Write the following words and indicate the vowels by the 
 inclined angle, as directed in the rule. Be careful to shade the 
 down-stroke of the angle, when the first vowel is long. In using 
 this angle, the student will notice that the exact quality of the 
 second vowel is not indicated. This will not cause any difficulty in 
 reading, however, as the word can be distinguished readily by giv- 
 ing that vowel the sound of T, or u. 
 
 Poet, poesy, Bowen, being, bayer, toeing, jawing, Boaz, chaos, 
 thawy, showy, piano, ruin. 
 
 h. Iota, idea, Shea, panacea, iambic. Bough, eyed, oily, rye, 
 vow, view, few. 
 
 j. Always join the semi-circle to a stem at a distinct angle. 
 Two forms are given, for the purpose of making this possible 
 Make the semi-circles small. If made too large, they will appear 
 awkward, and will be mistaken for half-length stems. 
 
 Weep, web, Utah, Yattau, Yedo, Utica, widow, watch, witch, 
 yoke, wake, wick, waggish, Oswego, youth, wash, yellow, Europe, 
 Urania, yam, wing, young. 
 
 Sec. 5. Rules for L, R, and Sh. These rules are very import- 
 ant. Do not leave them until you can write correctly every word 
 in the exercise. Use the form f for the nouns will and well, in the 
 first and second positions, respectively. The word-sign f~ , given 
 on page 13, is used for the verb and adverb only. 
 
 The use of Italics to indicate upstrokes, will be continued in the 
 following exercises in exceptional cases only.* 
 
 Law, elk, delay, array, parry, shade, bush. Lieu, alum, dally, 
 airy, aurora, ship, fish. Lay, alimony, pulley, Arab, foray, pshaw, 
 share, bushy, low. Alumni, jolly, ray, bar, show, coolie, ark, 
 worry, shame. Fishy, eel, Electa, valley, leach, army, veil, roe, 
 marry, loo, sheaf, show, dashy. 
 
 Awl, latch, Allegany, pillow, pill t rue, tire, shore, dash, aisle. 
 Leap, pile, lobe, isle, cheer, shoe, cash. Bailey, oily, lip, fowl, 
 rubbish, far, ask, ash, laugh, allow. Mash, anneal, dual, leash. 
 
 Albany, meal, aright, peer, opera, chair, reel, early, share, folio, 
 elbow, mill, arrayed, peal, pour, rally, mole. Feel, ivory, elfish, 
 mall, urge, mellow, pale, moor, aerial, rehash. Alvah, mail, earth, 
 tare, olive, belay, apiary, ball. Bear, berry, awry, toil, tar, billow, 
 shape, burrow, bole. Bureau, shake, follow, Komish, tyro, dole, 
 bellow, dower, fair. Tarry, allege, remedy, Howell, cherry, also, rely. 
 
 *Extensive lists of words ending with L and R will be found on pages 
 92 and 93.
 
 76 
 
 WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 Sec. 6. Heath, hail, heap, highway, happy, hymn. Halve, 
 heal, humbug, hurl, whip. Unhook, half, huzzy, hammock, hawk. 
 Had, hug, home, whey, hash, hallow. Hope, higher, hoggish, 
 whack, whew, hook. Whim, harmony, hob, hair, hoop. Hop, 
 whir, wherry, hilly, whirligig. 
 
 Sec. 7. Word=Signs. Learn the word-signs thoroughly. 
 Then carefully read the sentences on page 13, and copy them in 
 shorthand and read them from your own writing. It will be much 
 better if you can read your exercises aloud. Practice faithfully, 
 until you can both read and write them correctly and without hesita- 
 tion. Then translate the following sentences into shorthand, and 
 practice upon them in the same way. Use word-signs for all words 
 printed in Italic, vocalizing the other outlines. If you practice in 
 this manner, you will be surprised at the progress you will make. 
 
 1. Show it to Mm, before youput it away. 2. TJiat was what was 
 given to her. 3. If she can go, it will be as well. 4. Do what you can 
 for me. 5. Shatt I take it to the shop ? 6. There was no change when 
 he was there. 7. Did tJiey Jiear from you when you were away ? 8. He 
 and I were there at the time. 9. They took it out in a pail. 10. I wish 
 she would come with him, too. 11. They lire there, and have come here 
 for the fair. 12. ' Who was on the boat ? 13. It was too high for him. 
 14. We ought to do all we can. 15. Why did you give our book to 
 him? 16. They each had a watch which was given by him. 17. He 
 came an hour before he should have come. 18. Two of their sheep were 
 in the road. 19. Has he as many as you or I have ? 20. Did they 
 give you any of their candy ? 21. Isawhimput the willinthewell. 
 
 a. Read the rule very carefully. Then write the following 
 phrases, joining the words which are connected by hyphens, and 
 placing the first word of each phrase in its proper position. All 
 these phrases are composed of word-signs contained in the list on 
 page 13. 
 
 That- was. What- was. If -she-can. You- can. There-was. He- 
 was. She-would. Who-was. It-was. We-can. Which-was. Did- 
 they. Give-that. Before-that. She-can. Shall-come. Can-they. 
 Or-that. Can-do. Was-that. That-they. She-came-in. 
 
 b. Ticks. It is very important that the pupil make no mistake 
 in the use of the ticks. If the wrong tick is used for a word, it will 
 naturally be read for a different word, and the proper sense of the 
 phrase or sentence will be destroyed.
 
 TICKS. 
 
 77 
 
 INITIAL TICKS ON SIMPLE STEMS. 
 
 HE. When a phrase begins with He, always use the Chay-tick, 
 ( / ) except before Lay, where a T-tick ( i ) is used. He cannot be 
 
 I I / / 
 indicated by a joined tick before either of the stems I I / / 
 
 ^ ^ ( ^ ^ or El. 
 
 I./ is indicated by the T-tick ( i ) before "^ and ~> ; by the 
 P-tick ( \ ) before f~ / ^. ^ ; and by the Ray-tick ( " ) 
 before any other stem. 
 
 THE The is indicated by the T-tick ( i ) before C ; by the 
 Chay-tick ( / ) before ) ) J J "^ 
 ^ ^-v, / : and by the Ray -tick before any other stem. 
 
 A,AX,AND. Use the T-tick ( i ) before ) ) 
 
 "^ ~^ x Use the K-tick ( - ) before any other stem. 
 MEDIAL TICKS. 
 
 In the middle of a phrase, either He or The may be indicated by 
 the P-, Ray-, or Chay-tick, but no tick is to be used where it will 
 not make a distinct angle with the stems. 
 
 /is never written in the middle of a phrase, except by the T-tick. 
 
 A, An, and And, are indicated by a K-or T-tick, in the middle of 
 a phrase. 
 
 FINAL TICKS. 
 
 He and The are indicated by a P-, Ray-, or Chay-tick, at the end 
 of a phrase. 
 
 A, An, and And, are indicated by a K- or T-tick, at the end of a 
 phrase. 
 
 / is indicated finally by the 1 -tick only. 
 
 E^~ Observe carefully the direction given in subd. c. When a 
 phrase begins with either of the ticks for the words above men- 
 tioned, the second word of the phrase is placed in the position 
 directed in 4, b, and not the tick. Make the ticks exactly one-fourth 
 the length of a stem. 
 
 Read and copy the first eleven lines on page 15, and carefully 
 note the application of the above rules.
 
 CIRCLES. 
 
 Sec. 8. S-Circle. Don't make a loop for a circle. A loop is 
 not a circle, but means something entirely different. On a straight 
 stem, turn a simple circle with a motion opposite that of the hands 
 of a watch, except in a few instances where it occurs between stems. 
 A circle between a tick and a stem, is written as if it were between 
 two stems. (See lines 1 to 5, Table of Contrasts, p. 71.) 
 
 Sip, sup, sap, peace, pus, pass, sob. Boys, seat, sight, sty, stow, 
 seedy, said, such, sage, seek, sky, spy, spa, tease, dose, chase, joss. 
 Safe, suffice, face, phiz, suffuse, save, salve, vice, voice, views, saith, 
 sooth, thaws, seethe, scythe. Cease, seize, sighs, size, says, saws, 
 sues, sash, ashes, seem, same, psalm, mace, moss, muss, mice, 
 mouse, muse, moose. Seen, sane, sawn, soon, sin, son, sign, niece, 
 nose, news, sing, sung, sang, song. Wise, ways, wooes, use, hawse, 
 hies, hues. Speedy, speech, spoke, subdue, Sabbath, stake, scope, 
 scathe. Scotch, sigma, sphere, safety, civic, savage, savings, snob, 
 snipe, snatch, snore. Snug, smack, smoky, small, singing, swap, 
 swab, swing, swag. 
 
 *C. Asp, espy, osage, ask, Ezra, Isaac, assume, oozing, assignee. 
 Esty, easier, asthma. Saucy, busy, lazy, racy, mossy, posy, rosy, 
 cosy, mercy, uneasy, daisy. Juicy, fussy, massy, intimacy, ecstasy, 
 spicy, gypsy, tipsy. Ace, so, see, say, saw, sue, easy, owes, ooze, 
 awes. Sighing, sewing, scion, science, sigher. Zeal, zero, czar, zinc, 
 Zeno, Zeus. 
 
 d. Mercies, daisies, gypsies, fantasies, palsies, posies, argosies, 
 fallacies, intimacies, piracies, policies, fancies. 
 
 e. Paucity, opposite, episode, pacify, passive, passage, bask, 
 besought, obesity, beseech, besiege, tusk, desk. Audacity, decide, 
 disobey, deceive, disown, dismay, russet, receive, reason, resign, 
 Jessup, Joseph. Cusp, cossack, cask, excite, accede, gasp, faucet, 
 physic, fusty, offset, effusive, vista, visit, visage, evasive, honesty, 
 inside, unsaid, unsafe, unsung, unseen. 
 
 f. Zion, zany, zeaZ, zenith, zero, zinc, zodiac, zouave, czar, 
 Zeno, Zeus. 
 
 g. Poison, basin, bison, dozen, dizen, chasten, chosen, cousin, 
 fasten, season, Susan, lessen, arson, mason. Poisons, basins, bisons, 
 dozens, chastens, cousins, fastens, seasons, Susan's, lessens, arsons, 
 masons. 
 
 i. Sarah, sorrow, serious, series, syrup, survey, search, serge. 
 Sardis, service, servile, sortie, surpass, surface. 
 
 j, k. Before attempting to read lines 11 to 14, on page 17, 
 or to write the following, learn the list of word-signs and the rules at 
 subd. j and k. Only the new word-signs are printed in Italic below. 
 Join the words connected by hyphens.
 
 CIRCLES AND LOOPS. 79 
 
 1. Where- is the-property upon-whick they put ihe-7iouse? S.They 
 thought he-would-come while we were there. 3. What-was the-talk 
 between you, at the-time you-came up by where they live ? 4. He 
 charges too-much, and-it-may-be above what you would give. 5. I- 
 know no reason why you should hope for it. 6. It-is too-heavy for- 
 me. 7. /s-she to buy-his house ? 8. May I hope I-am to-see you at 
 my house? 9 Do you know whether-his book is among yours ? 
 10. He-z's without-o. home, though lie-has a-nice house. 
 
 Sec. 9. Ses. Make the large circle about twice the size of 
 the small one. It is seldom necessary to vocalize it.(Lines 6, 7, p. 71 
 
 Mississippi, emphasis, necessary, necessity, excessive, success, 
 exercise, exhaust, census. 
 
 a. Notice the difference between this rule and that in 8, d. 
 In the latter, the plural is formed by attaching a small circle to a 
 stem, but in the following words, it is formed by enlarging the circle. 
 
 Pauses, poses, passes, bases, abysses, bosses, abuses, teases, 
 tosses, adduces, cheeses, chases, chooses, cases, faces, fusses, theses, 
 chaises, leases, laces, losses, loses, maces, misses, musses, masses, 
 noses, noises, nooses, roses. 
 
 b. Recesses, exercises, excesses, abscesses, successes, empha- 
 sizes. 
 
 c. 1. It-is-his property. 2. I- will go as-far-as-his house. 
 8. Which-is-his watch, and-which-is-hers ? 4. It is-as-large-as 
 I-thought-they would-make it. 5. I-thought-so, for-his-is here. 6. 
 ^yhy-is-his property put there ? 
 
 Sec. 10. Loops. Make the loops carefully, and make the 
 proper distinction between the two kinds of loops. Always place 
 words in their proper positions. Read subd. c. (Line 8, page 71.) 
 
 Steep, stoop, step, stop, stubby, state, stout, staid, stood, stitch, 
 stage, stalk, stoke, stag. Stiff, stuff, staff, stave, steal, stale, stole, 
 stool, star, story, stem. Pieced, paced, passed, beast, baste, boast, 
 taste, tossed, test, dosed, dust, chased, chest, just. Feast, faced, 
 fist, fast, vest, vast, voiced, ceased, assist, assessed, easiest, zest, 
 leased, laced, lowest, loosed, arrest, raced, rest, rust, missed, moist, 
 west, yeast. 
 
 Paster, pastor, poster, baster, boaster, taster, toaster, tester, 
 duster, Chester, juster, coaster, caster, f caster, faster, foster, vaster, 
 lustre, roster, master, muster. 
 
 b. Pests, posts, beasts, busts, tastes, tests, dusts, chests, jousts, 
 costs, coasts, guests, gusts, feasts, fasts, vests, theists, assists, zests, 
 arrests, rests, mists, wastes. Pasters, boasters, testers, dusters, 
 Chester's, coasters, casters, fosters, shysters, lustres, lasters, rosters, 
 roosters.
 
 80 THE R-HOOK. 
 
 Piston, Posten, Listen, Justin, Masten, Weston. Pasting, 
 boasting, toasting, dusting, jesting, casting, feasting, investing, 
 assisting, listing, arresting, nesting, wasting, hoisting, resting. 
 
 Postern, western, southeastern. Pestering, bolstering, festering, 
 mastering, mustering. 
 
 1. The-company first came together last week. 2. It-was a- 
 month ago. 3. Ton-are against the-whote party. 4. It-was the-com- 
 mon and usual form of oath. 5. Tile-first part was put away long- 
 ago. 6. I-think it-is worth-that. 1. There-is a-large advantage in it. 
 8. I-sliall recollect about tlie-thing after you go. 9. It-is-the best we- 
 cangive. 10. What-is-their object? 11, Is-there as-much as-there was ? 
 
 Write the following words on the line, and omit the vowels : 
 Book, into, also, ask. 
 
 Sec. ii. Subdivisions a and b contain general rules governing 
 the use of all hooks. It is important that they be thoroughly 
 understood. 
 
 Sec. 12. The R-Hook. Do not make this hook any larger 
 than it is made in the exercise on page 21. Be sure not to make it 
 on the wrong side of the stem. 
 
 Prow, upper, bray, brow, brew, tree, tray, true, try. Troy, 
 trow, eater, otter, outer, dray, draw, drew, dry, aider, odor, adder, 
 odder, udder. Etcher, edger, acre, ochre, crow, crew, eager, ogre, 
 auger, gray, grow, grew. Fray, fry, free, offer, over, ever, three, 
 throw, through, ether, author, either, other, easer. Iser, usher, shrew, 
 error, emir, aimer. Homer, hummer, inner. 
 
 Paper, pitcher, baker, betray, botcher, trainer. Deeper, decree, 
 checker, cinder, jabber, caper, catcher, calmer, fakir, fetcher, fiber, 
 vigor, shader, leaper, labor, ladder. Archer, meeker, matcher, 
 roguery, rocker, wrecker, wager. 
 
 b. Parry, opera, apiary, borrow, berry, bureau, bowery, tyro, 
 tarry, diary, dowry, cheery, cherry, chary, carry, augury, fiery, 
 foray, fairy, ferry, furrow, fury, sherry, showery, miry, morrow, 
 merry, Myra, marrow, Nora, narrow, hero, Harry. 
 
 Payer, buyer, bower, dryer, briar, friar, slayer, liar, truer, 
 cower, fewer. Prayer, tire, door, chair, fear, sheer, leer. 
 
 c. Parer, parrier, borer, bearer, barrier, burier, adorer, curer, 
 carrier, scourer, turrier, courier, firer, fairer, furrier, admirer, 
 demurrer.
 
 TICKS THE L-HOOK. 81 
 
 INITIAL TICKS BEFORE THE R-HOOK. 
 
 The ticks are used somewhat differently upon stems bearing 
 hooks, than on simple stems. The outlines below are indicated by 
 stenotypy, rules for which are given on page 56, which see. Italic 
 capitals indicate up-strokes. 
 
 HE. He cannot be prefixed by a tick to Kr, Gr, Lr, Rr, Mr, 
 Hr, or Rr. To all other stems bearing the R-hobk, He is prefix- 
 ed by the Chay-tick. 
 
 I. /is prefixed to LT, Mr, and Hr, by the Ray-tick. To all 
 other stems with the R-hook, it is prefixed by the P-tick. 
 
 A,AN,AXD. Either of these words may be prefixed to Thr, 
 Dhr, and Yr, by the T-tick. To all other stems with the R-hook, 
 they are prefixed by the K-tick. 
 
 THE. The is prefixed to Kr, Gr, LT, Rr, Mr, Wr, and Hr, by 
 the Ray-tick ; to Xr, Xgr, and Hr, by the P-tick ; to all other stems 
 with the R-hook, by the Chay-tick. 
 
 He-appears. He-practices. He-remembers. He-tries. He-works. 
 He-trusts. I-practice. I-remember. I-try. I-trust. I-care. I-re- 
 mark. Ami-appear. A-number. And-remembers. A-truth. And- 
 adjourned. A-decree. A-car. A-very. A-railroad. A-lawyer. 
 And- work. The-proper. The-number. The-doctor. The- jury. 
 The-decree. The-railroad. The-remark. The-manner. The-work. 
 
 1. The-doctor' s practice appeal's to-be proper. 2. His younger 
 brother works on-the railroad. 3. I-remember it -was dark, when the- 
 jury adjourned. 4. The-larger number of the-members agree. 5. The- 
 lairycr was very -near ihe-truth in-his remarks. 6. Every person 
 (Prsn) on-the car, who-saw it occur, spoke in-that manner. 7. Does- 
 he care to-look over the-decree any longer? 8. It-is true that the- 
 upper part broke during the-day 
 
 d. 1. What-were-they ? 2. "\Vhich-were-said. 3. They-were 
 by-her-side. 4 I-gave-her-money f or-her-brother, who- was with-her. 
 5. We-were-away. 6. He-saw-her in-her-absence. 7. Where-were- 
 they, when-her-brother came ? 8. They- were-chosen from-her- books. 
 9. there-were two-or-three (TrThr). 
 
 Sec. 13. The L=Hook. Always make the L-hook small, on 
 straight stems. On curved stems, it is made short and broad, to 
 distinguish it from the R-hook. (Line 9, page 71.)
 
 82 TICKS THE L-HOOK. 
 
 Plea, play, ply, plow, blow, blew, able, addle, idol, claw, clay, 
 cloy, clue, eagle, glow, glue. Flee, flay, flaw, flew, evil, oval, easel, 
 only. People, papal, puzzle. Bible, tattle, toddle, tickle, table, 
 toggle, dapple, deploy, chapel, cheaply, cockle, cackle, camel, gavel, 
 fickle, vocal, local, liable, label, arable, rabble, model, nickel. 
 
 c. Pillow, belie, billow, tallow, tally, daily, delay, duly, chilly, 
 jolly, jelly, collie, coolie, gaily, gala, folly, fellow, follow, volley, 
 valley, mellow, mallow, newly, relay, rally, holly, hollow, hilly, 
 halo, hallow. 
 
 Baal, towel, trial, duel, dial, cruel, jewel, vial, vowel. Peel, 
 bail, tile, jail, fall, shale, mail, kneel, reel. 
 
 d. Earl, oral, pearl, peril, parole, barrel, Farrell, thoroughly, 
 sorrel, laurel, marl, moral, enrol, Harrell, etherial, admiral. 
 
 INITIAL TICKS BEFORE THE L-HOOK. 
 
 HE. He cannot be prefixed by a tick to LI, Rl, Ml, Wl, or HI. 
 To all other stems bearing the L-hook, He is prefixed by the 
 Chay-tick. 
 
 I. / is prefixed to L\, Ml, and HI, by the Ray-tick. To all 
 other stems with the L-hook, it is prefixed by the P-tick. 
 
 A,AN,AND. Either of these words may be prefixed to Chi, 
 Jl, Thl, and Dhl, by the T-tick. To all other stems with the L-hook, 
 they are prefixed by the K-tick. 
 
 THE. The is prefixed to LI, Rl, Ml, HI, and El, by the Ray- 
 tick ; to Nl and Ngl, by the P-tick ; to all other stems with the 
 L-hook, by the Chay-tick. 
 
 He-complies. He-believed. He-tells. He-claims. He-fell. He- 
 values. He-placed. I-apply. I-believe. I-tell. I-delivered. I-rely. 
 I-fell. I-declare. And-compel. And-belonged. A-belief. An-angel. 
 An-equal. A-delivery. And-fill. And-really. A-rule. A-wealthy. 
 And-disclaimed. The-people. The-delivery. The-claim. The-value. 
 The-rule. The-wealth. 
 
 1. I-believe he-will really compel tlie-people to comply fully with 
 ihe-rule. 2. The-ckrk claimed to have delivered the-roll to the- 
 children. 3. He relies upon-his claim that he-fell on-the rail. 4. Tell- 
 ium, to call, and I-will deliver property equal to-that in value. 5. He 
 declares-his belief that their wealth was real, but-that it belonged largely 
 to their children. 6. They will make ihe-delivery by degrees. 
 7. mUitfull. 
 
 e. 1. It-will-be as- well, after-all, to apply soon. 2. Which-will 
 you take, of-all they offer ? 3. They-will-go, if you-will. 4. What- 
 will-they do with-all-those boxes ? 5. She-will do the-work as-well- 
 as he does-it.
 
 COMBINATIONS VOCALIZING INITIAL HOOKS. 83 
 
 Sec. 14. When circles are combined with hooks, the combina- 
 tions are named Sper, Spel, Sfer, Sfel, etc. When the small loop is 
 thus combined, the outlines are called Stepr, Stetr, etc. The loops 
 cannot be combined with hooks on curved stems, and Ses is never 
 combined with a hook at the beginning of an outline. In writing 
 circles within hooks on curved stems, care should be taken not to 
 change the size of the hook. (Lines 10-12, page 71. ) 
 
 Spray, spry, sapper, supper, sober, saber, stray, straw, strew, 
 suitor, sitter, setter, cedar, sadder, cider, sager, sicker, soaker, safer, 
 cypher, suffer, savor, sealer, simmer, saner, signer, singer. Stopper, 
 stupor, stabber, stater, staider, stitcher, stager, sticker, stoker, 
 stalker, stagger. 
 
 a. Supple, supply, sable, settle, saddle, sidle, satchel, sickle, 
 cycle, civil, sizzle, social. 
 
 d. It occasionally happens that a hook cannot be made exact, 
 when preceded by a circle in the middle of an outline. Care should 
 be taken, in such cases, that it be sufficiently indicated. 
 
 Pastry, besieger, tasker, decipher, destroy, descry, disagree, 
 gossamer, vestry, vesper, massacre, mastery, extra. Peaceable, 
 paschal, disclose, disciple, disable, explosive, gospel, physical, 
 visible, useful. 
 
 Sec. 15. Do not pass this section without understanding it 
 perfectly. It provides the only means of indicating vowels between 
 stems and their initial hooks. Do not leave it so carelessly as to 
 make it possible for you to attempt to apply the rule to final hooks 
 hereafter. It does not apply to final Jiooks. 
 
 Partial, paraphrase, parsimony, perceive, purple, dark, cheer- 
 ful, Charles, journey, journal, church, kernel, courage, course, excur- 
 sive, nearly, more, tell, till, delicacy, call, cull, cool, college, calumny, 
 unskilful, fill, fell, fulfil, falsify, voluble, valuable, vulgar, village, 
 vulnerable. 
 
 How may be indicated, at the beginning of a phrase, by either 
 the Chay- or Ray -tick, but the tick is always written immediately 
 below the line. 
 
 How-much. How-long. How-many. How-far How-high. 
 How-can. How-true. 
 
 1. The-judge committed the-defendant. 2. Ah, Mary, you forget 
 that-we already owe the-agent's wife a-dollar. 3. He gave-us his age. 
 4. The-youth who accompanied him was worthy of notice. 5. They 
 occupy the farm which adjoins his, but they -are indifferent counties.
 
 84 THE N-HOOK FINAL TICKS. 
 
 Sec. 16. The N=Hook. Make the hook small, on both straight 
 and curved stems. This hook cannot be used, when the sound of N 
 is followed by a vowel at the end of a word. (Lines 13, 14, p. 71.) 
 
 Pine, spine, pun, plain, prone. Spain, pan, plan, bin, brain, 
 blown, tone, train, stain. Dane, done, sudden, drown % chain, join. 
 June, keen, crane, clown, skin, screen, gain, grown, fawn. Often, 
 stiffen, vain, even, seven. Thane, thin, then, assign, sheen, shine, 
 sullen, slain, lawn, earn, stern (stRn), reign. Rhine, mean, moan, 
 Simon, marine, moon, known, noon, swain, swan, one, wine, yawn. 
 Pekin, pippin, pigeon, pennon (PnN), bacon, beaten. Buffon, 
 obtain, bemoan, balloon, tighten, ottoman, detain, dungeon, domain. 
 Chicken, cheapen, kitchen, cunning, griffin, gammon, foeman, 
 vanish (Vn*S7i), linen. 
 
 b. Olean, alien, ruin, galleon, scion. Pretorian, grammarian, 
 agrarian, valerian, censorian, clarion. 
 
 c. Pines, spines, sprains, bones, bans, buns, tones, trains, stains, 
 strains (sTrns), dins, dense, drowns, Siddons, chains, chance, joins, 
 canes, coins, gains, groans, glance. Johnson, Robinson, Wisconsin, 
 Benson's. 
 
 d. Pounced, pranced, bounced, danced, chanced, glanced. 
 Spinster, punster, spinsters, punsters. 
 
 e. Princes, prances, pounces, bounces, trounces, dunces, 
 chances, sconces, cleanses, glances. 
 
 f . Fence, softens, fawns, veins, heavens, Athens, thence, assigns, 
 oceans, shuns, shines, lens, loans, lance, rains, rinse, runs, moans, 
 immense, nonce, announce, wines. 
 
 FINAL TICKS AFTER THE N-HOOK. 
 
 HE, THE. Use the Ray-tick for He or The, after Fn, Vn, Nn, 
 and Ngn ; the P-tick after Kn, Gn, Thn, Dhn, Zn, Mn, Yn, Hn, and 
 J?n. Use the Chay-tick for either of these words, after any other 
 N-hook combination. 
 
 I. Use the T-tick only, for 7. 
 
 A,AN,AND. Use the K- or T-tick, choosing that one which 
 will make the best angle with the hook. 
 
 Even-he. Again-he. Then-he. Combine-the. Taken-the. 
 Imagine-the. Connect-the. Forgotten-the. Within-the. Lengthen- 
 the. Within-a. Then-an. 
 
 1. The-man has-been connected with the-bank continuously, since- 
 it-was organized. 2. If-they combine and-organize, I-imagine the- 
 trouble will continue as it has begun. 3. Within-a week, the stock 
 has-been generally taken, ly-men of financial ability, and-they will
 
 THE F-HOOK FINAL TICKS. 85 
 
 begin at-once to organize the-company, with-a new constitution. 
 4. His-disease is organic, and-his-pain has-been continuous since-it 
 began. 5. The-divine law is the-basis of what-has-been denominated 
 human law. 6. To some, the-duties of religion are ^-continual 
 punishment. 
 
 g. Before-and-after. For-an-hour. Did-not-have. Come-and- 
 go. Cannot-be. Give-an-opinion. Your-own. Our-own. More- 
 than. Up-and-down. Thought-not. May-not-have. Did-not-he. 
 Cannot-I. "Was-not-that. 
 
 Sec. 17. The F-Hook. This hook is made small, on straight 
 stems, and on the L-hook side of the stem. On curved stems, it is 
 made long and narrow, to distinguish it from the N-hook. It will 
 require care to make it accurately, but after a little practice it may 
 be made readily and correctly. It should be made as if it were to be 
 a large loop, but without closing the loop. (Lines 15, 16, page 71.) 
 
 Pave, approve, puff, beef, brief, bluff, tough, dove, drove, chief, 
 chafe, chaff. Jove, cuff, cliff, crave, carve, grief, grove, feaf, 
 slave, lave, luS, faugh. .Beef, 7-ave, roof, move, miff, muff, knave. 
 Knife, enough, weave, woof, spavin. Tiffany, divine, achieving, 
 jovial, cover, govern, fover, river, re very, nymph, traffic. 
 
 a. Paves, puffs, beeves, doves, defense, coves, raves, moves, 
 knives, slaves. 
 
 FINAL TICKS AFTER THE F-HOOK. 
 
 HE, THE. Use the Chay-tick for He or The, after Sf, Zf, Shf, 
 Zhf , Rf, and Wf ; the Ray-tick after Pf , Bf , Kf , Gf , Ff, Vf , Nf , 
 Ngf, and .Rf. Use the P-tick for either of these words after any 
 other F-hook combination. 
 
 I. Use the T-tick only, for /. 
 
 A,AN,AND. Use the K- or T-tick, choosing that one which 
 will make the best angle with the hook. 
 
 Whatever-he. Hope-to-have-the. Whatever-I. Perform-an. 
 Refer-a. Thoughtful-and. 
 
 1. Whatever success you hope-to-have from the-performance, 
 I-adi'ise you to refer to him for-his opinion, and to be governed by-his 
 advice. 2. YLis-deformity is objective, but the-pain he-suffers is 
 subjective arid-difficult to prove. 3. His early poverty developed a- 
 thoughtful care. 4. His language developes nothing new upon the- 
 issue. 5. They-are young, but you-are now well along in years, and 
 cannot perform such labor. 6. To-whom do you refer? 7. He-is 
 beyond recovery, I-am advised.
 
 8G THE Y-HOOK THE W-HOOK THE TEH-HOOK. 
 
 c. Part-of. What-have-been. It-will-have. Difference-of- 
 opinion. "Ever-have. Have-ever. They -have-known. 8o-have. 
 I-shalMiave. He-should-have. May-have. Know-of. Think-of. 
 We-have. 
 
 d. Fifing, thieving, shoving, leaving, moving, weaving. Ever- 
 have-been. Have-ever-been. They-have-been. I-shall-have-been. 
 He-will-have-been. It-raay-have-been. We-have-been. You-have- 
 been. 
 
 Sec. 18. The Y-Hook. As stated in the rule, this hook is 
 used only for phrasing purposes. On straight stems, it is made 
 twice the size of the R-hook. On a curved stem, it is made of the 
 exact shape of the F-hook on curves, but it is only used initially. 
 
 Upon-your-own. Pay-your-money. Before-you-know. Do-you- 
 not-know ? Had-you-ever-been ? Did-you-state ? Which-you-have. 
 Can-you-state ? If-you-do. Have-you-not-been ? Should-you-say-so ? 
 May-you-not-be ? In-your-opinion. "Would-you-not-say ? What- 
 year. 
 
 a. What-will-you ? Where-will-you-go ? Either-you or-your 
 brother. In-that-year. Or-will-you. Where-were-you ? 
 
 Sec. 19. The W-Hook. This hook is made twice the size of 
 the L-hook. It is not used on curved stems. 
 
 Twins, twain, twice, twenty, twig, Edwin, dwell, quaff, queen, 
 quince, squeak, squib, squash, quiver, quill, queer, Gwinn, quarrel, - 
 squirrel, query, quest, quail, square. 
 
 a. Upon-what-is-that ? Before-we-may-have. But-whether- 
 they-have. What-we-have-been. What-would-you ? But-what-is- 
 that ? Do-we-not-know ? Had-we-ever-been. Can-we-not-go ? Or- 
 whether-it-was. Are-we-not ? 
 
 b. Would-be. We-would. That-we-were. Nor-were-we. If- 
 you-were. I-wish-you-would-go. 
 
 1. He-was quartered in-that dwelling. 2. They acquiesced, as- 
 soon-as-the question arose. 3. He-dwelt near-the railway. 4. Do-not 
 dwell too long on-the question, if-they acquiesce. 5. The-noise 
 bewilders her. 
 
 Sec. 20. The Ter-Hook. This hook is made on the N-hook 
 side of any straight stem, and is twice the size of that hook. It adds 
 to the stem the syllable Ter, Der, or Ther. 
 
 Peter, platter, potter, splutter, beater, bather, bitter, bother, 
 blotter, braider, tighter, traitor, tatters, chatter, crater, clatter, gaiter. 
 
 a, b. Patters, praters, bothers, braiders, blotters, daughters, 
 debtors, caters, glitters. Battering, pottering, tottering, chattering, 
 glittering, clattering, guttering.
 
 THE M-HOOK THE TION-HOOK. 87 
 
 c. Upon-all-their. About-what-they-are. At-all-their. Do-' 
 tlieir-best. Change-their. Can-there-be ? Go-there. 
 
 Sec. 21. The M-Hook. This is also a large hook, and is 
 made on the F-hook side of any straight stem, or on the inside of a 
 curved stem. Make it short and broad. 
 
 Palm, prim, prime, plum, balm, bomb, broom, bloom. 
 Brim, team, tame, tomb, trim, tramway. Dim, dumb, dream, dram, 
 chum, chime. Jim, gems, jam, calm, comb, cam, crime, clime, 
 crumb, chrome. Gleam, groom, grim, gloom, fame, foam, vim. 
 Thumb, them, sachem, shame, sham, limb, lame, loam. Slam, lime, 
 arm. rim, room, roam, rhymes. Maim, ma'am, mum, mummery, 
 name, gnome. 
 
 a. Primes, brooms, blooms, teams, trims, dreams, chimes, 
 gems, crimes, clams, foams, shames, slams, maims, names. Prim- 
 ing, teaming, chiming, charming, foaming, shamming, naming. 
 
 b. Premium, delirium, encomium, equilibrium, emporium. 
 
 c. Upon-him. It-may-be. What-time. Watch-him. For-him. 
 "\Vith-him. At-that-time. Did-you-make-known. For-my-sake. 
 
 d. By-their-own. Better-than. Rather-than. Upon-my-own. 
 Ever-have-been. We-have-been. For-my-own. At-their-own. 
 
 1. He-was commissioned soon after-he-was nominated. 2. The- 
 commissioner did-not discriminate between ihe-memoranda whiclt- 
 were produced. 3. I-was familiar with the-/ 'amity, ior-some-timt. 
 
 4. They-will themselves make-a memorandum of the-minimum price. 
 
 5. They cannot -be forced to criminate themselves. 
 
 Sec. 22. The Tion-Hook. Make the circle small, and draw 
 
 the back-hook close to the stem. 
 
 Potion, passion, option, edition, addition, auction, caution, 
 occasion, action. Fashion, fusion, evasion, vision, ovation, session, 
 elision, elation, illusion, allusion. Oration, erosion, ration, mission, 
 emotion, nation, notion, unction. Petition, palliation, pollution, ablu- 
 tion, ebullition, tertian, education, adoption, devotion, admission. 
 Delusion, adulation, adoration, ejection, junction. Fiction, affec- 
 tion, faction, affliction, function. Vacation, avocation, variation, 
 location, legation, elevation, erection. Irrigation, rotation, imita- 
 tion, magician, monition, ammunition, notation, invasion. 
 
 Potions, editions, cautions, actions, fashions, visions, sessions, 
 allusions, portions (P.Rsns), narrations. 
 
 Expansion, detention, declension, pension, abstention, suspen- 
 sion, tension, extension, distension. 
 
 b. Professional, optional, exceptional, educational. Devo- 
 tional, sectional, factional, functional, emotional, national, notional. 
 Petitioner, stationary, dictionary, auctioneer, electioneer, visionary.
 
 HALVING. 
 
 c. Petitioned, pensioned, proportioned, cautioned, occasioned, 
 motioned, fashioned. Proportionate, affectionate, passionate. 
 
 d. Causation, accession, accusation, precision, procession, 
 physician, cessation, incision, musician. Accessions, decisions, 
 processions. Processional, sensational. 
 
 e. f. Transition, concession (Knssn), dispensation, condensa- 
 tion (with Con-dot), compensation, organization. Transitional. 
 Fusionist, visionist, factionist, elocutionist. 
 
 1. Before the decision, there- was much opposition to-his occupa- 
 tion of ihe-position in ike-organization for-which-he had-been given 
 the-nomination. 2. It-is-my-recottection that foe-adoption of the- 
 resolution by ihe-institution was conditional upon ihe-continuation of- 
 his connection with the-denomination. 3. Additional information 
 comes to our attention, which fixes i\\e-conmction that ihe-contention 
 of -that portion of ihe-denomination will-be-sure to take from him the 
 possession of that position. 
 
 Sec. 23. Halving. The student will recognize the importance 
 of making his stems accurate in length, that he may have no diffi- 
 culty in distinguishing half-lengths. It is also necessary that care 
 be taken to make the different hooks and circles of proper size, on 
 half-lengths. The first position for half-lengths, is at the height of 
 a T-stem above the line ; and the third position is immediately below 
 but touching the line of writing. (Line 17, page 71.) 
 
 Peat, pet, pat, bead, bid, bud, bowed, taught. Tight, deed, 
 date, dude, cheat, chat, jawed, caught, coat. Cute, gait, goad, get, 
 God, good, fate, fought, fat, foot. Evade, vat, vied, vowed, viewed, 
 east, oust, eased, oozed. Sheet, shoot, shot, shut, load, laid, let, lot, 
 light, allowed, art, heart, erred. Rate, wrought, wrote, write, rut. 
 Meet, made, might, need, note, weed, wait, wooed, yacht. 
 
 Pride, plate, pained, puffed, pattered, palmed, supped. Braid, 
 blood, bend, abaft, sobbed. Treat, told, tuned, tuft, sighted. Dried, 
 addled, dunned, daft, dimmed, sodded. Cheered, chained, chilled, 
 achieved, chimed, chattered, charred. Joined, jammed. Cried, cold, 
 conned, coughed, catered, calmed, skate, scanned. Agreed, glad, 
 gained, gift, gathered, gummed. Fright, flat, faint, fifed, fumed, 
 soft, feats. Averred, valued, vend, saved, vats, vents. Threat, 
 thinned, theft, thumbed, soothed. Shield, shunned, shift, shamed, 
 shoots. Lord, lined, left, loomed, lights, slight. Errand, armed, 
 arts, seared. Rolled, round, rift, roomed, rights. Mind, muffed, 
 maimed, meets. Neared, knifed, named, needs. Word, wield, 
 wind, waved, swayed. Yield. 
 
 a. Sent. Send. Let. Laid. Lent. Lend. Met. Made. 
 Meant. Mend. Hurt. Heard.
 
 HALVING LENGTHENING SPECIAL RULES. 89 
 
 d. "\Vheu it is desired to distinguish the sounds of T and D, in 
 halving Ray (as in the words fort andfoj'd), the stem may be slightly 
 shaded for the latter sound. 
 
 Pillared, feared, veered, leered, laird, lard, lured, fort, ford, 
 afford, lowered, mired. Kindred (KndjRd 1 ), covered (Kv.Rd). 
 
 e. Motive, talkative, active, ablative, operative, susceptive, 
 adjective, elective, captive, negative, provocative, speculative, 
 lucrative, figurative, defective, productive, native, destructive, 
 irruptive. 
 
 f. Upon-the-occasion. Pay-the-rnoney. By-the-time. Bef ore- 
 it-came. At-the-same-time. To-the-master. Did-it-mean. Had- 
 the-time. Can-it-be. For-it-was-not. Of-the-service. Any-of-the- 
 tiuie. Some-of-it. Part-of-the-time (Pft 3 M). Give-to-him. 
 
 g. What-did-he. He-did-not (Hd'Nt). She-did-not. You-did. 
 That-did. We-did. They-did. When-did-you-go ? Why-did-you- 
 leave ? Where-did-he-live ? How-did-you ? In-what-way. For- 
 what-purpose (FtPr). From-what-time. 
 
 I. According-to-his statement, they-had ^-particular opportunity 
 to understand what-the gentleman meant, but notwitfistanding-ihat, 
 it-seemed that nobody in-the neighborhood quite understood it. 2. You- 
 will-not need it immediately. 3. I-sha\\-be-abk-to build ihe-building 
 toward fall. 4. A-gwd-man might-be somewhat negligent, but he- 
 could-not-be guilty of -such neglect as-that. 5. Anybody would accept 
 such-an opportunity, I-&m-pretty-sure, except an-individual mentally 
 deficient (DfSh), by nature, as he-seems to be. 6. ^^-expenditure 
 was-not under a-hundred-dol\&r.s. 
 
 Sec. 24. Lengthening. Father, finder, flounder, vendor, 
 thither, aster, asunder, shatter, shouter, slighter, slender, laughter, 
 ardor, mother, smatter, mentor, another, wonder, hunter, reenter, in- 
 ventor, dissenter, defender. 
 
 Frequenter, enchanter, taunter, encounter, plunders, blinders, 
 glanders. 
 
 b. Been-there. Done-there. Cannot-there. Gone-there. For- 
 there-has-been (Ftrsn). Have-there-been. Of-their. Thought-there. 
 With-their. See-there. May-there. In-there. Without-their. When- 
 they-are. The-other (Dhtr). Some-other (sMtr). 
 
 Sec. 25. a. Rented, gifted, wounded, dated, goaded, intend- 
 ed, cheated, invited, rotated, coated, estimated, separated. Potted, 
 braided, budded, shouted, spotted, mended, vaunted, shunted. 
 Ascended, hated, landed, counted, banded, weeded, tufted. Lighted, 
 plotted, omitted, blighted, surrounded, invaded, rewarded. 
 
 Posted, boasted, breasted, toasted, twisted, digested, detested, 
 jested, coasted, crested. Manifested, feasted, invested, harvested, 
 listed, ballasted, arrested, wasted.
 
 90 SPECIAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 In the following words, the past tense is indicated by using a 
 half-length T preceded by the circle and R-hook ; as, PsTrd : 
 
 Pestered, plastered, blistered, blustered, registered. Festered, 
 bolstered, mastered, mustered. 
 
 h. Destruction, distraction, obstruction, abstraction, applica- 
 tion, attainment, assignment, contract, attract, contraction, attraction, 
 achievement, fact, effect, afflict, affliction, darkness, electricity, 
 obligation. 
 
 Consonants may often be omitted in other classes of words than 
 those heretofore mentioned, but the writer should be governed by 
 the rule that nothing should be omitted which is essential to the 
 perfect legibility of the outline. It is generally safe to omit a 
 consonant which is sounded but slightly, if a better outline may be 
 secured by so doing. The following examples will suggest the 
 proper application of this expedient : 
 
 Mostly, MsZ/. Postal, PsL. Specification, sPsFsn. Ratifica- 
 tion, m 3 Fsn. Attempt, TMt. Dumped, DMt. Anxious, NgShs 3 . 
 Sanction, sNgsn 3 . Assumption, S 3 Msn. Improvement, MPr 3 Mnt. 
 Slightest, sZtst 1 . Brightest, Brtst'. Chamber, ChBr. Timber, TBr. 
 Lumber, ZmR. Slumber, sZmR. Intelligence, NtJns. Arrange- 
 ment, RMnt. Typewriter, TJftr. Inspect, NsPt. Reject, HJt. 
 Forgiven, FGn. 
 
 I. Where the stem Ng can be used as conveniently, the back- 
 hook should not be used for the termination -ing. 
 
 Premising, epitomising, prancing, debasing, dispensing, danc- 
 ing, chastising, temporizing, transposing, endorsing (NdRsn), 
 surmising, using. 
 
 Proceeding, prickling, prevailing, sprinkling, breathing, dump- 
 ling, shearing, shelving. 
 
 m. Came-to-Syracuse. Difficult-to-understand. Brought-it- 
 to-me. About-to-be. Soon-to-begin. Sure-to-be-able-to. Hope-to- 
 be-there. Give-that-to-them. Trouble-to-change. 
 
 Strange to-say. Willing to-state. Read-it to-him. Show-it 
 to-her. Good-news to-all-men. Given to-you. Went to-the-market. 
 Gone to-their-house. 
 
 I. It-is-to-be hoped that intelligent and-independent electors will- 
 not forget-the/c< that-such-men are behind ihe-movement. 2. With- 
 in a-day-or-two, we-shall-have ^.-contract for-a large quantity, which- 
 we hope will-have the-effect of attracting trade. 3. They-had no 
 authority-io-direct that-it-should-be examined. 4. He remarked, with- 
 regard-to-ilie new supply of water, that-it would-be-a year-or-ttco 
 before-it-could-be obtained. 5. It-is frequently mentioned among-his
 
 PREFIXES AND AFFIXES PHRASING. 91 
 
 acquaintances, yet he-continues-to-act without-regard-to-the importance 
 of-the-subject. 6. It-was decreed that -the convict should-be subjected 
 to-a punishment measured by the grade of-his crime. 
 
 Sec. 26. Prefixes and Affixes. Accommodate. Competi- 
 tion, contrition, concussion. Unconfined, incumbency, recognize. 
 Controvert, countermand, contradict. Foreborne, forward. Instru- 
 ment, unsalable. Introduction, introvert, enterprise. Magnetism. 
 Relator. Selfabased, selfdenial. Thereby, therefor, thereafter. 
 Unable, invincible. Seasonableness. Docketed, tidied, dictated. 
 Essential, penitential. Whichever, whosoever, whensoever. There- 
 fore, uniform. Thankful, wrongful. Disdainful, graceful, brim- 
 ful, sinful. Impressing, pottering, dreaming, removing. Drawing. 
 Provokingly, exceedingly. Trying-a, growing-an. Drawing-the, 
 raking-the. Beings, doings. Probability, popularity. Visibility, 
 legality, minority, rascality, neutrality. Boundlessness, worthless- 
 ness. Sacramental. Doxology. Typographer, bibliography. Him- 
 self, itself, for-itself, themselves. Lordship. Cleanly, sorely. 
 
 Disjoined stems must be written very near the remainder of the 
 outline. 
 
 Sec. 27. i. In-this-statement, NThssTtMnt. For-example, 
 FsMPl. 1-may -as-well, p^isL. In-writing, Nrt'Ng. Hand-writing, 
 Nrt 3 Ng. At-any-rate, TNrt. At-all-events, TlvNts. At-length, 
 Tin. Most-likely, MsZKl. Most-of-the-time, MsM. It-must-be, 
 TMsB. Some-of-the-time, sMM. According-to-my-recollection, 
 Krd'Mfen, Some-other, sMtr. In-the-conversation, KtVssn. Are- 
 engaged, .Kn 3 G. I-call-your-attention, KlYsn. Called-my-attention, 
 Kld'Msn. In-that-season, NThssn 3 . In-his-house, Nss 1 . I-don't- 
 know-as-I-do, rDnNsD. What-is-the-matter, Ts'Mtr. Lake-street, 
 .Z/Kst. In-my-store, N'Mstr. 
 
 q. Upon-him. With-him. Offend-him. Lend-him. Attend- 
 him. Pain-him. 
 
 r. By-himself. To-himself. For-himself. With-himself. 
 Against-himself. 
 
 s. At-one. But-one. Each-one. Which-one. Any-one. No- 
 one. Long-one. Every-one. Either-one. Other-one. Only-one. 
 
 t. The-base-is. The-case-is. Buys-his. Knows-his. It-is-as- 
 large. 
 
 u. In-the-spring. In-the-summer. In-the-same-place. In-con- 
 sideration of-that. 
 
 v. It-should-be. I-should-think. He-should-not-have. We- 
 should-not. 
 
 w. I-have (rfv 1 ). I-say. He-is. He-has. On-his. All-is. All- 
 has-been. Who-were. Who-will. Who-have. Who-is (or has). 
 
 x. Piece-of-land. What-time-of-day. State-of-Maine. Justice- 
 of-the-peace ( JsPs). 
 
 y. 20 or 30. 17 or 18 hundred-dollars. From 7 to 10. Between 
 5 and 6 thousand.
 
 WORDS ENDING WITH L. 
 
 The figures give the positions of the outlines. The signs indicated by small capitals 
 should be inserted. 
 
 HOOK L. 
 
 Comply, ply, plea. 
 People, compel, play. 
 Apply, apple, plow. 
 Belong-ed, by all. 
 Belief-ve-o, ablc-y. 
 Blue, blew, about all. 
 Tall, what will. 
 Till, tell, it will, at all. 
 Tool, to all, but will. 
 Idol, idle, idyll, did all. 
 Deliver-ed-y, do all. 
 Addle, bad all. 
 Each will, watch all. . 
 Children, which will. 
 Much will, charge all. 
 
 Angel. 
 
 Largely, agile. 
 
 Equal-ed,call,kill,cl<)Y 
 
 Claim-ed, coal,clay-ey. 
 
 Clerk, cool, clue. 
 
 Eagle, glee. 
 
 Ugly, ogle. 
 
 Glue. 
 
 Fill,flEE,flaw,awful-ly 
 
 Fell, HAY, flow. 
 
 Full-y, flue, flew. 
 
 Evil, of all. 
 
 Oval. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Little. 
 
 Lull. 
 
 *Rely, real-ly, or all. 
 *Rail,oral-ly,there will. 
 *Rule, are all. 
 f From all. 
 tBarL 
 
 May all. 
 
 Mai. 
 
 In all. 
 
 Only, null, know all. 
 
 Knew all. 
 
 Wall, awhile. 
 
 Wool-ly. 
 
 When will. 
 How will. 
 
 DOWNWARD L. 
 Pall, ap-peal, pile, pill. 
 Pale, pail, pole, poll. 
 Pull, pool. 
 Ball, bill, boil, bile. 
 Bale, bail, bell, bowl. 
 Bull, buhl. 
 TEal, tile, toil. 
 Tale, tail, toll. 
 Towel. 
 
 Deal, doll, dial, ideal. 
 Dale, dole,cONdole, dell. 
 Dual, duel, dowel, [dull. 
 Chill. 
 
 Congeal, gill. 
 Jail. 
 
 Jewel, jowl. 
 Commonly, keel, chvle. 
 Kail. caul, coil. 
 
 Gall, gill, guile. 
 Gale, goal, gull. 
 Ghoul. 
 
 Feel, fall, flle, foil. 
 Fail, foal. 
 Fool, fuel, fowl. 
 Veal, vile, viol, vial. 
 Avail, veil, vale. 
 Vowel, avowal. 
 
 *Reel, rill, royal. 
 *Rowel. 
 
 Timely. 
 
 Kneel, Anneal, nil. 
 Nail, knell, knoll, Annul. 
 Annual-ly. 
 IWeaL 
 
 UWail, well (of water.) 
 
 IHeal, haul, hall, hill-y. 
 HHail, hale, hell, hull. 
 IHowL 
 
 UPWARD L. 
 
 Pillow. 
 
 Haply. 
 
 Happily, pulley. 
 
 Belie, bailee, by-law. 
 
 Below, bellow, belay. 
 
 Bully. 
 
 At law. 
 
 Tallow, tally, outlaw. 
 
 Differently, Ideally, Oddly. 
 
 Daily, dahlia, delay. 
 
 Dally, duly. 
 
 Chilly. 
 
 Jolly. 
 Jelly. 
 July. 
 
 Common law, collie, 
 Lkey-HOle. 
 Coolie, callow. 
 
 Gala, gaily, gully. 
 
 Galley. 
 
 Filly, folly. 
 
 Folio, fellow, follow. 
 
 Fallow. 
 
 Villa, volley. 
 Heavily. 
 Valley, uvula. 
 Leal, loyal, lily, loll. 
 Lowly, ill-will. 
 
 'Royally. 
 
 *Relay. 
 
 *Hally. 
 
 JAerial, aurelia. 
 
 *Early, airily, airnole, 
 
 (Hourly. [oriel. 
 
 Meal-y, mall, mill, mile. 
 
 Mail, melee, mellow, 
 
 Mallow, mule. [mole. 
 
 Nolle. 
 
 Inlay, nulla. 
 
 Newly. 
 
 Wile-y, willow. 
 
 Waylay. 
 
 Wallow. 
 
 Holly. 
 
 Hollow, holloa, halo. 
 
 Hallow, halloo. 
 
 * Written with Ray. + Written with Ar. * Ar-Lay. II Written with 
 semi-circle. 1 Written with H-tick and Lay.
 
 WORDS ENDING WITH R. 
 
 The figures give the positions of the outlines. The signs indicated by small capitals 
 should be inserted. 
 
 HOOK R. 
 
 Appear, proper, pry. 
 Upper, pray, prey,pro. 
 Practice, prow. 
 Liberty. 
 Remember. 
 
 Brother, number, brE\v. 
 Internal, tree, Eater. 
 Truth, tray, utter. 
 True, outer, CQNtra. 
 Dear, dry, draw, Eider. 
 Doctor, dray, odor. 
 During 1 , dark, drew. 
 Watcher, cheer. 
 Etcher, chair. 
 Char. 
 Conjure. 
 Adjourn-ert. 
 Jury, larger, junior. 
 Decree, crAW, cry. 
 Care, occur, concur. 
 Car,cure,erew,accrue. 
 Agree, degree, augur. 
 Gray, grow, ogre. 
 Grew. 
 
 Offer, free, fry. 
 Fray, fro, confer. 
 Affray. 
 Over, of her. 
 Every, very. Hover. 
 Aver. 
 Wisher. 
 Usher. 
 Sure, shrew. 
 Lawyer. 
 
 tOr were. 
 
 tRailroad, there were. 
 
 IIFrom her. 
 
 IIError, where were. 
 
 Mere. 
 
 More, aimer. Hummer, 
 
 Mar, humor. 
 
 Near, nor, honor, in- 
 
 Manner. [ner, 
 
 Owner. 
 
 We were. 
 
 Work. 
 
 DOWNWARD R. 
 
 COM-peer, pier, pyre. 
 Corn-pare, pour, payer. 
 Happier, poor, power. 
 Beer, bier, buyer, [er. 
 Bear, bore, burr, obEY- 
 Bar, boor, bower. 
 Tier, tear, at-tire. 
 Tare, tear, tore. 
 Tar, coN-tour, tower. 
 Deer, coivimodore, dire. 
 Dare, doer, door, adore. 
 Dower. 
 
 Chore. 
 
 Jeer, objector. 
 
 Ajar. 
 
 Jar, adjure. 
 
 Core, corps, cohEir. Curry. 
 
 Cower. Carry. 
 
 Gear, giver. Augury. 
 
 Gore, goer. Gory. 
 
 Fear, A-fire. Fiery, [furrow, furry. 
 
 Af-i'air, A-l'ore, fur, fir. Fairy, faro, foray, ferry, 
 
 UPWARD R. 
 Opera, pariAH, peri. 
 Apiary. 
 Pure, parry. 
 Borrow. 
 
 Bury, burrow, borough. 
 Barrow, bureau,bowery 
 Tyro, tiara. 
 Terra, tory. 
 Tarry. 
 
 Diarrhoea, diary. 
 Dairy, dory. 
 Dowry. 
 Cheery. 
 Chary, cherry. 
 
 Fewer, A-f ar. 
 Veer. 
 Conveyor. 
 Viewer, avower. 
 Sheer, shear, shire. 
 Share, A-shore, shower. 
 Shower, assure. 
 Liar, lier, lyre, leer. 
 Lair, layer, lower, lore. *Allayer. 
 Lure, lower (to threaten) *Allure. 
 tOrrery. 
 
 Farrow, fury. 
 
 Ivory. 
 
 Vary, Aviar3', ovary. 
 
 Avowry. 
 
 Sherry. 
 Showery, ashery. 
 
 When were. 
 How were. 
 
 TArrear, from our. 
 TWhere our. 
 
 Mire. 
 , Mayor, mare, myrrh. 
 
 Moor, amour. 
 
 Nigher, annoYer. 
 
 Ne'er. 
 
 Newer, inure. 
 
 Wire, weir. 
 
 Wore, wear, a-ware. 
 
 Wooer. 
 
 War (with semi-circle.') 
 H-Hire, higher. 
 ttHair-Y, hour. 
 ttHewer. 
 
 $Aurora. 
 **Rear. 
 **Roar, rower, rare. 
 
 Miry, morrow. 
 
 Mower, Emery, merry. 
 
 Marry, marrow. 
 
 Narrow. 
 Wiry, we are. 
 Worry, wary. 
 
 ttHero, 
 
 ttHoary, hurry. 
 ttHarrow. 
 
 *El-Ar. t Written with Ray. 
 tAr-Ar. ** Ray-Ray. Hll-tick. 
 
 *Ar-Ray. 
 
 II Written with Ar.
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES. 
 
 All the other, bDhtr 
 All we were doing, bunuDng 
 Although it is not much more than 
 [bDhtsNtChMn 
 Although we were, bDhww 
 Always has been, Wssn 1 
 Am not to be, Mn'B 
 And his wife, ksF 1 
 And so forth, fcs a F 
 And is the, JtscTi 1 
 Another way, Ntrw 
 Any other way, Nj'W 
 Any part of it, NPft 1 
 Anything further, NNgFtr 
 Are you aware, By'Wr 
 Are you certain about it, Rys 3 RtBt 
 As matter of fact, sMtr a Ft 
 As far as possible, sFs'Ps 
 As far as they have been, sFs'Dhvn 
 As it has been, Ztsn 8 
 As it seems to me, Zts'MsM 
 As soon as you have been, ssNs a Yvn 
 As to what would be, Zt*wwB 
 As we have been, s a Wvn 
 As you have stated, s'Yvst 
 Ask his attention, SKsTsn 
 At my office, TmFs 
 At or about the time, TrBtM 
 At some time or other, TsMnxRtr 
 At the present time, TtPrsM 
 Attract (ed) my attention, Trt*Msn 
 Because we have, Ka*wV 
 Best of my recollection, BsMRsn 
 Best recollection, BstBsn 
 Board of trade, BrdTrd 
 Branch of the case, BrNChtKs 
 Brother in law, Br 3 Nl 
 Burden of proof , BrdPrf 
 But as has been, Tssn 9 
 But you may have been, Ty'Mvn 
 By the way, Bt l W, or Btw 1 
 By virtue of, B'Vr 
 Call forth, Klf 
 Call my attention, KIMsn 1 
 Call their attention, Kltrsn 1 
 Call your attention, KlYsn 
 Come (Came) away, Kw 
 Came there, Ktr 
 Can we not, Kwn* 
 Can you state, Kyst 
 Cannot recollect, KnR* 
 Cannot remember, Kn'B 
 Cannot say, Kns s 
 Cannot state, Knst* 
 Cause and effect, KsFt 1 
 Certain circumstances, sRtsTnss 
 Clerk's office, Kls s Fs [KltRl'sTnss 
 Collateral circumstances, 
 
 Common carrier, KKflr 1 
 
 Common council, KKsI/ 1 
 
 Could not (Couldn't) say, KdNts 
 
 Could not tell you, KdNtLy 
 
 Course of business, Krs a Bss 
 
 Cross examination, Krssn 1 
 
 Did he ever have, Dr'Vv 
 
 Did you ever know, Dyv'N 
 
 Djd you have any conversation. 
 
 Did you not say, Dyns 1 [Dyv'N vssn 
 
 Did you not state, Dynst 1 
 
 Did we not say, Dwns 1 
 
 Difference of opinion, Df 'Nn 
 
 Direct examination, DrtsMsn 
 
 Do you know him, Dy 2 Nm 
 
 Does he ever, DsrV 
 
 Down stairs, Dnstrs* 
 
 During the time, Drt'M 
 
 Each of them, Cm^Dhm 
 
 Easier than, ZRn 
 
 Enclose their, NKlstr 
 
 End of it (the), Nd a Vt 
 
 Entitled to a verdict, NTVrd 
 
 Et cetera, TsTB 
 
 Everywhere else, VrRZ/s 
 
 Faster than, Fstrn 8 
 
 For an instant, FnNsTnt 
 
 For interest, Fnt 
 
 For several years, FsVy 
 
 For some time, FsMm 
 
 For the purpose (of) FtPr 
 
 Friday morning, FrDM 
 
 From hour to hour, R'-R 
 
 From time to time, MM 1 
 
 Future state, F 3 Chrst 
 
 Gave it to them, Gt 2 Dhm 
 
 Glad of it, Gld 3 Vt 
 
 Good deal of, Gd a Lv 
 
 Greater or less, Grt 2 I,s 
 
 Had been there, D 3 Btr 
 
 Had their attention, Dtrsn' 
 
 Has been done, s a BnDn 
 
 Has been stated, s a Bnst 
 
 Has not been there, sNt'Btr 
 
 Have had the opportunity, Vd*c/iPrt 
 
 Have you stated, Vyst' 
 
 He had, Hd 
 
 He did it, Hdr 1 
 
 He did not say that, HdNtsDh* 
 
 He did not state, HdNtst 1 
 
 He has been, chs'Bn 
 
 He has been there. chs 2 Btr 
 
 He may have been, c/iMva 
 
 He must have been, e/iMstn 
 
 He said to me, cTisDtM 
 
 He was not there, cftZntr 
 
 Her testimony, RtsMN 
 
 Hope to find it, PtFndr
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES. 
 
 How are we, chRw* 
 
 How did he, Hdr 
 
 How did you ever, Hdjy'V 
 
 How have you, ch'Vy 
 
 How is it, Hst 
 
 How long after that, rNgFDh 
 
 How long before, rNg'B 
 
 How long have you been, rNg'Bn 
 
 How long have you resided there, 
 
 How long is it, rNgst' [rNg'sDtr 
 
 How many times, cto'MNms 
 
 How much money, r'ChMN 
 
 Human life, Mn'F 
 
 I am certain, pM'sJ?t 
 
 I am not in the habit of, pMn'NtBt 
 
 I am not positive, pMn 3 Pst 
 
 I am pretty sure, pM'PrtShr 
 
 I am sure there is, pM 3 Shrtrs 
 
 I believe he did not state, pBlHdNtst 
 
 I believe he was not there, pBlc/iZntr 
 
 I believe they did say that, 
 
 [pBlDhdsDh 
 
 I call your attention, pKlYsn 
 I called his attention, pKldsTsn 
 I cannot remember the time, 
 
 [rKn'BtM 
 
 I could not say positive! y,rKdN tsPst 
 I could not tell you, rKd"NtLy 
 I do not remember the conversation, 
 I have stated, rVst 8 [rDnBtVrssn 
 I heard him say so, tRdHsS 
 I know about the time, rN'BtM 
 I mean to be, pMnB 
 I meant to say, pMnt'S 
 1 need not tell you, rNd'NtLu 
 I never did say that, rNvdsDh 
 I shall have been, rShvn 
 I should say it was, rSh a StZ 
 I suppose you did, rsPsYd 
 I take the opportunity, ?-TtPrt 
 I think there were, rN ptrio 1 
 I think they did, rNg^hd 
 I want to know, tWnt'N 
 I wish to know, rSht>N 
 I was not there, rZntr 
 If he should say, F^hShs 
 If it is possible, FtsPs 
 If it were, Ftw 1 
 If she did not, FShdNt 
 If there were, Ftrio* 
 In all circumstances, Nl'sTnss 
 In all respects, NlsPs 
 In all such cases, Nl'sChKss 
 In all they did, NPDhd 
 In continuation (of), NKnsn 1 
 In his judgment, NsJ'Mnt 
 In other words, NjWds 1 
 In point of fact, NPntFt 
 In the afternoon, NtF'Xn 
 In the forenoon, NtF'Nn 
 In the month of, NtThv 
 
 *Uee the loop word-sign for I there . 
 
 In the daytime, NtDm 
 
 In the night time, NtNtTm 
 
 In the world, Nt l Rld 
 
 In their possession, NtrPssn 8 
 
 In what position, NtPssn 
 
 In your opinion, NyNn 1 
 
 Is it possible, Zt'Ps 
 
 Is there anybody, strNBd 1 * 
 
 Is there not, strNt 1 * 
 
 Is to be, Zt l B 
 
 It has been stated, TsBnst 
 
 It is just as possible, TsJstsPs 
 
 It may as well, TMsI/ 
 
 It may not have been, TMnBn 
 
 It must have been, TMstn 
 
 It will not be, TlnB 
 
 It will have to be, TlvB 
 
 Just about the time, JsBtM 
 
 Just after they did it, JstFDhdch 
 
 Just so, JsS 
 
 Just such, JssCh 
 
 Knows nothing about it, NsNgBt 
 
 Knows that we were, Ns'Dhwne 
 
 Knows we were, Ns'wnc 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, I/DsJnt 
 
 Larger than, Jrn s 
 
 Last spring, J/s'HrNg 
 
 Last summer, is'MB 
 
 Last time, is'M 
 
 Length of time, Ng* Vm 
 
 Less than, Lsa. 
 
 Let us be sure, J/tsBShr 
 
 Long before the time, Ng'BtM 
 
 Long enough, Ng J Nf 
 
 Longer than, Ngrn 1 
 
 Lower and lower, Z/RI/R 
 
 Make their way, MKtr a W 
 
 Makes their, MKstr 
 
 May also be, MiSB 
 
 May as well have been, MsX/vn 
 
 May be certain, MBs.Rt 
 
 May it not have been, >1t>NtBn 
 
 May sometimes, MsMms 
 
 May therefore, Mtr a F 
 
 Mean to be, MnB 
 
 Might have been, MtBn 
 
 Might not have been, MtNtBn 
 
 Monday forenoon, MNDfNn 
 
 Month or two, Thrt 
 
 More or less than, Mrl/sn 
 
 More than anybody else,Mrn*NBdLe 
 
 Most of the time, MsM 
 
 Much more, Ch'M 
 
 Must also, MsJ/S 
 
 Must have been, Mstn 
 
 Must have known, MsNn 
 
 Must not say that, Ms'NtsDh 
 
 Must not tell, Ms'NtL 
 
 National bank, Ns'Bn 
 
 Necessary consequence, NssKns 
 
 Need not say anything, NdNtsNNg
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES. 
 
 Next conversation, Ns a Vssn 
 
 No connection, NKnsn 
 
 No, sir, it is not, NsBtsNt 
 
 Nobody else, N a BdLs 
 
 Not less than, NtLsn 
 
 Not to my knowledge, Nt*-MN J 
 
 Not to my recollection, Nt'-MLRsn 
 
 Nothing else, Ng 2 Ls 
 
 Nothing less, Ng a l/s 
 
 Now and then, N a Dhn 
 
 Nowhere else, N 2 RLs 
 
 Objected to, as immaterial, Js'M 
 
 Obj. to, as incompetent, Js 1 K 
 
 Obj. to, asimm. and incom., Js'MK 
 
 Obj. to ; overruled ; exception, 
 
 [JiVrBldsPsn 
 
 Obj. to ; sustained ; exception. 
 Of course it is, V'Krsts [.PssTtePsn 
 Of course there is, V^Krstrs 
 Of his own, Vsn 1 
 Of interest, Vnt 
 Of my own, Vmn 1 
 Of the sidewalk, Vt'sDK 
 Of your own knowledge, Vyn'NJ 
 Of yourself, Vy^Lf 
 Off and on, Fnr 1 
 On account (of) rKnt 1 
 On any other account, rNjKnt 1 
 On one occasion, cftWnKsn 
 On that date, rDh'Dt 
 On the contrary, c/iTrR 
 On the other side of it, rDhtrsDf t 
 Once or twice, WsTs 
 One thing and another, "WnNgNtr 
 Or otherwise, .Rt^Ws [RdNrsTnss 
 Ordinary circumstances. 
 Ought not to be, T^B 
 Ought to be able to, TtJBBIt 
 Ought to have been, T\ rl Bn 
 Out of the office, Tvt 3 Fs 
 Over and above, Vr J V 
 Part of the account, Pft 3 Knt 
 Peculiar circumstances, PKsTnss 
 Per annum, PJBNm 
 Per cent., PJteNt 
 Perhaps they did, PrPsDhd 
 Piece of land, Ps>ind 
 Place of residence, PlsBsDns 
 Plaintiff and defendant, Pln^D 
 Point of view, Pn^V 
 Post mortem examination, PsMsMsu 
 Post office, PsFs [PrnNsVd 
 
 Preponderance of evidence, 
 Present time, PrsM 
 Previous to that time, PrVsDhm 
 Put an end, Pn 3 Nd 
 Question of fact, Kw 2 Ft 
 Question of law.Kv/I/ 
 Quite as much, KtsCh' 
 Right angle, JRt'Gl 
 Right of way, RWw 
 
 Sabbath school, sB'sKl 
 
 Says he did, SsHd 
 
 Second time, sKndM 
 
 Seems likely, sMs'iKl 
 
 Seems to have been, SmsBn 
 
 Several times, sVms 
 
 Shall become, ShBK 
 
 Shall have been, Shvn 
 
 Shall we be, Shu-B 
 
 She did so, Shd>S 
 
 She never did, Sh*NVd 
 
 She said it was, Sh^DtZ 
 
 Short time, Shrt^M 
 
 Should not have been, Sh'NtBn 
 
 Should say so, Shs 3 S 
 
 Should you say it was not, Shy'StZn 
 
 Side by side, sD^D 
 
 Sign their names, sNtrNms 1 
 
 Since his death, sNss'DTh 
 
 Since the other, sNs^htr 
 
 Since they have been, sNsDhvn 
 
 Sister in law, Sstrn 1 !/ 
 
 So as to be, SsB 
 
 So as to have been, SsBn 
 
 So far as, SFs 
 
 So you may as well, SyMsi 
 
 Somebody else, sM 2 Bd_Ls 
 
 Some of the time, sMM 
 
 Some other time, sMtrM 
 
 Some time or other, sMmBtr 
 
 Something has bn said, sMNgs 2 BnsD 
 
 State the conversation, stTtVrssn 
 
 State whether it is or not, stWtsBn 
 
 State whether or not, stWJJn 
 
 State whether there is or not, 
 
 LstWtrsBn 
 
 Standing there, sTndNgtr 
 Subject matter, sBMtr 
 Such an understanding, 
 
 [sChnNdsTndNg 
 Such as are not, sChsRn 
 Such as were not, sChsRn 
 Sunday afternoon, sNDftrNn* 
 Sure to be, Shrt 3 B 
 Take the opportunity, TtPrt 
 That did it, Dhdc/i 3 
 That is their own, Dhstrn 3 
 That such is the fact, Dh 3 sChstFt 
 That there has been, Dhtrsn* 
 That we were, Dhww 3 
 That you told us, Dhy s Tlds 
 The next conversation, rNs a Vssn 
 The other side of it, DhtrsDf t 
 The others, Dhtrs 
 Their own, Rn 
 
 Then there is, Dhntrs [BsNtChMn 
 There is not much more than, 
 There they were, RDbw 
 There will be, RIB 
 There will have been, 7?lBn 
 They have stated, Dhvst 
 
 The imall Italic letters tr are used to indicate the lengthening of a straight stem.
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE PHRASES. 
 
 They have nothing, DhvNg 
 
 They say they did, DhsDhd 
 
 Think it has been, Ngtsn 1 
 
 Think there has been, Ngtrsn 1 
 
 This cannot be, DhsKnB 
 
 This connection, DhsKnsn 
 
 Those are not, Dhs 3 .Rn 
 
 Those that were, Dhs 3 Dhu> 
 
 Though it had not been, DhtDnBn 
 
 Though it were, Dhtw 
 
 Though there were, Dhtrw 
 
 Though we were, Dhtvio 
 
 Three or four times, ThrFrMs 
 
 Thursday evening, ThrsDv 
 
 Thus far, ThsF 
 
 Time and again, MnGn 1 
 
 To have been, Tv s Bn 
 
 To make known, Tm'Nn 
 
 To my knowledge, Tm 3 NJ 
 
 To the present time, Tt 3 PrsM 
 
 Too far, b 2 F 
 
 Too much, 5 2 Ch 
 
 Toward us, Trds 
 
 Tuesday night, TsDn 
 
 Under side of it, Nd 2 sDvt 
 
 Under the circumstances of the case, 
 
 United States, Yss 3 [Nd 2 sTnssKs 
 
 Unless there is, Nlstrs 
 
 Until they are, NtLtr 
 
 Up and down, PnDn 
 
 Up stairs, Pstrs 
 
 Up to that time, PtDhm 
 
 Up to the time, PtM 
 
 Upon her own account, Prn'Knt 
 
 Upon his own, Psn 1 
 
 Upon the subject of, Pt'sBv 
 
 Upon your own, Pyn 1 
 
 Valuable consideration, Vl 3 sDsn 
 
 Verdict for the defendant, VrdD 
 
 Verdict for the plaintiff, VrdPlnt 
 
 Very certain of it, VrsBtVt 
 
 Very great extent, VrGrtsTut 
 
 Very little more than, VritMrn 
 
 Very soon after that time. 
 
 Was as good, ZsGd [VrsNFDhm 
 
 Was he ever, ZrV 
 
 Was he not, ZrNt 
 
 Wasn't he, Zne/i 
 
 Ways and means, WsMns 
 
 We changed, wCh 
 
 We decline, wDKln 
 
 We may not have been, W'MnBn 
 
 We might not be, W> MtNtB 
 
 We went there, W!Wntj 
 
 Wednesday morning, WnsDM 
 
 Week or two, Krt 1 
 
 Well known, J/Nn 
 
 Were you certain of it, RysRtVt 
 
 Were you not informed, RynNF 
 
 West line, Wsin 
 
 What did you mean, Tdjy>Mn 
 
 What do you mean, T J DyMn 
 
 What of that, Tv'Dh 
 
 What is his business, Tss 1 Bss 
 
 What is your business, Ts'Yss 
 
 What time in the month, Tm'NtTh 
 
 What time in the night, Tm'NtNt 
 
 What time of day, Tm l D 
 
 What time of night, Tn^Nt 
 
 What was the occasion, T'ZtKsn 
 
 When did you come, Hdj/K 
 
 When do you say, H 2 Dys 
 
 When it has been, Htsn 
 
 Where are they, RBDh 
 
 Where did you go, RdyG 
 
 Where there has been, Rtrsn 
 
 Where were you going, Rrj/G 
 
 Whether he did or not, WHd.Rn 
 
 Whether he ever did, WrVd 
 
 Whether it is or not, WtsfJn 
 
 Whether it has been, Wtsn 
 
 Which did you mean, Chtj/Mn 
 
 Which have been, ChvBn 
 
 Which is their own, Chstrn 
 
 Which it might, ChtMt 
 
 Which would seem, ChwsM 
 
 Which year was it, ChyZt 
 
 Which you may not remember. 
 
 Who came there, jKtr [ChyMnB 
 
 Who are they, j 2 RDh 
 
 Whoever have, j v 2 V 
 
 Who has been, js 2 Bn 
 
 Who has not been, jsNt 2 Bn 
 
 Who may not have been, JMn 2 Bn 
 
 Who were away, j'r 2 W 
 
 Who were not, j 2 Rn 
 
 Who would not have been, j' 2 WnBn 
 
 Whose was it, Z 3 Zt 
 
 Why are we, W 1 Riv 
 
 Why did he ever have, Wdr 1 Vv 
 
 Why did she, WVSh 
 
 Why there has been, Wtrsn 1 
 
 Why he did not, W^dNt 
 
 Why he ever did it, Wr 1 Vetch 
 
 Will be certain, LBsRt 
 
 Will have been, Lvn 
 
 Will they ever, Z/Dhv 
 
 With all its, Dhlts 1 
 
 With himself, Dhms 1 
 
 With interest, Dhnt 1 
 
 With its own, Dhtsn 1 
 
 With which it is not, Dl^ChtsNt 
 
 Within their own knowledge. 
 
 Without interest, Wnt [Dhntr'NNJ 
 
 Worth having, Thvn 
 
 Would be sufficient, w 2 BsFsNt 
 
 Year and a half, Y^F 
 
 Yes, it is, Ysts 
 
 You and he, YncTi 3 
 
 You are acquainted (with), Y'Kwnt 
 
 You have seen, Yv 3 sN 
 
 You have stated, Yvst 3 
 
 You must remember, yMs 2 Br 
 
 You say you have been, Ys 3 Yvn
 
 READING EXERCISES. 
 
 EARLY REPORTERS. 
 Webster" 1 s Reply to Ilayne. >. i - ^~c_^ -T* 
 
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 Reporting from Memory. 
 
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 A Doctored Speech. 

 
 FIRST STEAMBOAT PASSAGE MONEY. 
 
 99 
 
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 100 
 
 A CHARMING CUSTOMER IN A BANK. 
 
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 THE USE OF SIMPLE WORDS. 
 
 101 
 
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 102 
 
 A TYPEWRITER FORGERY. 
 
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 106 
 
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 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 STENOGRAPHERS IN NEW YORK.* 
 
 There are many hundred stenographers in New York city, and the 
 number is yearly increasing. Most of them find employment as 
 private secretaries and in offices and business houses, at salaries 
 ranging from twelve to fifteen dollars a week ; or as reporters of law 
 cases tried before the numerous referees, at a compensation of from ten 
 to fifteen cents a folio of one hundred words. Occasionally, an expert 
 is hired at a stated salary by some litigant who does not care to depend 
 upon the official stenographer for transcripts of the proceedings in 
 trials of his cases. During the weU-knowa. trial of Sharp, the defend- 
 ant employed two stenographers for forty days, whom he paid at the 
 rate of five dollars an hour. 
 
 Official stenographers in the New York courts are paid a salary of 
 $2,500 a year, with additional fees for transcripts of their notes, 
 making about $5,000 a year and they earn it. The work is very 
 severe, in long trials, for the record of a day's proceedings must be 
 written out before the opening of the court on the following day. As 
 soon as the court adjourns, the stenographer hastens to his office with 
 his notes. Of course, it would be impossible for him to transcribe them 
 himself, within the time required, butif he writes a legible hand Tie can 
 turn over his original notes to several trained copyists, who make short 
 work of it while he seeks the rest he so much needs to prepare him for 
 the next day's work. Few of the older stenographers are able to do 
 this, however, on account of careless habits of writing induced by the 
 defective systems of shorthand they employ and which they learned 
 long before the present improved and logical systems were published. 
 Such stenographers are compelled to dictate portions of their notes to 
 several other stenographers, who in turn dictate their own notes to rapid 
 typewriters, the official stenographer dictating the last portion of his 
 notes to another typewriter ; and the click of the machines and the 
 weary monotone of the stenographers' voices may be heard far into 
 the night. Men can stand a few weeks of such work at a time, but it is 
 sure to wear them out at last. 
 
 Some of the New York lawyers are very rapid speakers, and the best 
 stenographers are taxed to their utmost to report them. It is said that 
 
 *Words-8;gns and contractions are printed in Italic. 
 
 107
 
 108 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 many average nearly two hundred words a, minute. To report such 
 speakers for any length of time, becomes a, question of endurance, and 
 many of the best stenographers have not the physical strength to do it. 
 
 It is not strange that mistakes should occasionally be made by 
 stenographers indeed, it would be strange if they were not. They 
 generally occur from misunderstanding the words of a speaker, or from 
 misreading the notes in tJie hurry of transcription. The latter is most 
 likely to cause such mistakes, especially where it is necessary to dictate 
 the notes to other stenographers. Probably, the most dangerous mistakes 
 are occasioned from writing the same outline for two or more words 
 which the context will not aid in distinguishing. Some systems of 
 shorthand/wrm'sA many opportunities for such mistakes, as where the 
 words at all and until are written alike. If a witness should testify, for 
 instance, "I was not in Brooklyn UNTIL the first of March," tJie most 
 expert reporter or copyist from such a system might readily fall into 
 the error of writing, "/ was not in Brooklyn AT ALL, the first of 
 March." The result to the witness might be by no means pleasant, if 
 he should be indicted for perjury for making the statement thus 
 attributed to him. 
 
 Closely associated with the stenographers in their work is a vast 
 army of typewriters, most of them ladies of education and culture. 
 They have their offices, make very good incomes, and live well. They 
 have a uniform scale of prices, charging five cents a folio for a single 
 copy, eight cents for two copies, and ten cents for three. Some of 
 them become very expert in the use of the typewriter, and often write 
 at the rate of seventy-five words a minute, but of course such a speed 
 cannot be kept up for any great length of time. Many of these ladies 
 are experts in shorthand, and are able to take dictation from official 
 stenographers, and even to occupy responsible positions as reporters. 
 They are able to earn a good income, frequently as high as from 
 $1500 to $2500 a year. Their work, like that of official stenographers, 
 is often tedious, but it is generally very pleasant and satisfactory. 
 
 THE USE OF SIMPLE WORDS. 
 
 Through life, we all teach and we all learn. This-world is-a 
 great school, where we-find what-is-good and-what-is-bad, and-thus 
 are made-ready to act in-another-sphere. What-we-are at-the end 
 of-this life, we-shall-be when-the next 50 begins. We-must-therefore 
 spare no-pains when we-teach others or ourselves. We-teach our- 
 selves in-our thoughts, others by-our words or acts. We-must take 
 care to think and-speak in-a-way so-clear that- we do-not-cheat or 
 mislead ourselves by vague and-hazy 100 ideas. We-must learn to
 
 THE USE OF SIMPLE WORDS. 109 
 
 think In words, and we-must get a-habit of-using them in thought 
 with-the-same care with- which we-speak or write to others. Words 
 give-a body and-form to-our thoughts, without which they-are apt 
 to be so-dreamy and-unreal 150 that- we do-not-see where they-are weak 
 or-false. If-we put-them into-words, we-shall learn how-much-of 
 truth there-is-in-them. When in-that form, we-can turn them over 
 in-our-minds. If-we write-them out, we-find that in-many-cases 200 
 the ideas we-thought-we-had hold of fade-away under-the test. If- 
 they-do prove to be of-real value, they-are thus not-only made clear 
 to-us but-they-are in-such-shape that-we may -make -them clear to 
 others. When ideas float 2 in-our-minds and we-are in-doubt about- 
 them, our doubts may often be-solved by talking with-others, for if- 
 we state-them clearly we-see-the-truth at-once. It-is what-we-say to 
 others, in-most cases, that settles our doubts, not what-they-say 
 to-us. 300 
 
 We-must not-only think in words, but-we-must-also try to use- 
 the best words, words which- will most clearly put into-the-minds of 
 others the ideas which-are resting in-our-own minds. This-is-the 
 great art to be-gaiued by-those-who wish to 350 teach in-the-school, in- 
 the-church, at-the-bar, or through-the-press. To-do-this in-the 
 right-way, they should as-a-rule use-the short words which-we learn 
 in-early-life, and-which-have-the same-sense to-all-classes of-men. 
 Those-are-the-best 400 for-the-teacher, the-orator, and-the poet. 
 
 Look at-what-has-been said in prose or in-verse that-has come- 
 down to-us through-many-years, and-you-will-find that-it-is in short 
 words. Count them in Gray's Elegy, and-you-will-find that a-large- 
 share 450 of-the- words are of-this-class. The-English of-the-Bible is- 
 good, but now-and-then some long words are-found, and-they 
 always hurt-the verse in-which-you-find them. Take-that which 
 says, ' ' O generation of- vipers, who hath warned-you to flee f rom- 
 the-wrath 500 to come ?" There-is one word which ought-not-to-have- 
 been used generation. In-the-older version the- word brood is-used. 
 When-the verse is read with-that word in-place of-the-other, its full 
 force is-felt. 
 
 In-your thoughts and in-your speech use 650 short, plain terms, 
 and-you-will-find your meaning will-be much clearer to-yourself 
 and-to-others. 568 
 
 NOTE. The above exercise is an excellent one for dictation practice, as 
 it contains the simplest words only. The student should not be satisfied 
 that he has received all the benefit to be gained from it until he is able to 
 write it from dictation in four minutes. 
 
 Words to be joined in phrasing, are connected by hyphens. When to is 
 to be indicated by proximity, it is printed in Italic.
 
 110 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 A TYPEWRITER FORGERY. 
 
 Q. If-you-were required to examine a-document written by- 
 the-typewriter, and-to-say whether-or-not all-the sheets contained 
 in- it were- written upon-the-same- machine, could-you-answer with 
 any degree-of positiveness ? A. It-is-possible that two-machines 
 may- write so-nearly alike as-to-make-it difficult to determine upon- 
 which-of-them a-particular sheet was- written ; still there-are many 
 little marks-of difference in-the writing-of different-machines, and- 
 even in-the writing of-the-same-machine at different-times or when 
 used by different operators, by-which-an expert ought-to-be-able-to- 
 say with-some-certainty whether-the sheets of-a document were- 
 written consecutively upon-the-same-machine. 
 
 Q. I-show-you exhibit one, and-call-your-attention to page 17 
 of-that document, and-I ask whether in-your-opinion that page was- 
 written by-the-machine which-wrote-the-other pages ? A. It-was- 
 not written in-the-order in-which-it-appears here, nor by-the-same- 
 person. It-is-possible that-it-may-have-been written by-the-same- 
 machine, but-it-must-have-been at-a different-time. 
 
 Q. Why-do-you-say it-was-not written at-the-same-time ? A. 
 The-type used on-that page are-clean ; many-of-the letters on-the- 
 other pages are filled up. This-is especially true with-regard-to- 
 the letters e and s in-all-the-pages preceding and-following 17. The- 
 ribbon on-that page is-not so-much worn as-it-is on-the-other pages, 
 and-the writing-is more uniform in-color, but-that is-to-be partially 
 accounted for by-the-fact that-it-was-written by a-more-practiced 
 writer. The-type seem to be in more-perfect alignment, while-the 
 letters t and e are badly out-of alignment in-the-other-sheets. The- 
 letter i is properly centered in 17 ; in-the-other pages it-strikes to- 
 the-left of-its proper position. The-letter p stands upright ; in-the- 
 other-sheets it leans a-trifle, owing to-its-being slightly turned in- 
 the-bar. The-margin of 17 is two-spaces wider than in-the-remain- 
 der of-the-document. 
 
 Q. Upon- what do-you base-your-opinion that-that page was- 
 written by-a different-person ? A. The-writer of '17 is-a much- 
 better writer than-the person who-wrote-the-other pages. His 
 touch-is more uniform. None of-his-letters over-ride each-other, as 
 in-the-other pages, and-his punctuation marks do-not perforate the- 
 paper. The-color of -his writing-is more uniform, which-is partially 
 due to-his more-even touch. The-indentations of-his paragraphs 
 are six-spaces, while-the-others are but five. He uses three-spaces 
 between-his sentences ; the-other but two. He-places a-space after-a 
 comma ; the-other does-not. He understands the-rules-of-punctua-
 
 CHARGE TO A JURY. HI 
 
 tion ; the-other does-not, but-makes many mistakes. A-very- 
 noticeable instance of-that is-the-fact that in 17 a-period and-colon 
 are-placed after-the-words "to-wit,," while-the-other writer always 
 places a-comma af ter-them. The- word ' ' supersede " is spelled cor- 
 rectly in 17, but I-have-noticed three-places in- the-other pages 
 where-it-is spelled with-the-letter c in-place-of-the second 8. For- 
 the-figure 1, in-the-paging of 17, a-lower-case I is-used, while a- 
 capital /is-used for-the-same-purpose in-all-the-other pages. For- 
 these reasons, I-am -certain that page 17 was-not written by-the- 
 person who-wrote-the-other pages. 
 
 CHARGE TO A JURY. 
 
 Gentlemen-of -the- Jury : In-the-case about to be submitted to-you, 
 you-have a-duty to perform which-is-as-important as-that-of-the 
 Court. The-duties of-the-jury and-of-the-Court are distinctly separ- 
 ated. It-is-the duty of-the-Court to instruct-you upon-all-questions- 
 of-law, and-first of-all, as- to- what questions-of-fact you-are to decide, 
 and-it-is-your duty to find only upon-such questions-of-fact as-shall- 
 be submitted to-you by-the-Court. 
 
 In-this-case, there-is bufra single-question-of-fact for-your-consid- 
 eration, and-that-is-the question of-the good-faith of-the-transaction 
 by- which Palmer received-the-draf t in-question f rom-the defendants. 
 Several-questions-of-fact have-been alluded to by-counsel in-your- 
 presence, which-you-will-not-be called upon to decide, the-Court hold- 
 ing that-they-are not-involved in-this-action. 
 
 The-question whether Palmer was- the owner of -this draft, depends 
 upon-the-question whether, in-receiving-it from-the defendants, he- 
 exercised towards-them that good-faith which as-their banker he- 
 was-bound to exercise, or-whether-his conduct in-receiving-it was-a- 
 violation of-that good-faith. The-question whether-the City Bank 
 was-a holder of -this draft for-value, is-not in-the-case. Whatever 
 was-sent by-that bank to Palmer, was-sent without any-anticipation 
 of-this draft, and without any-knowledge that-such a-draft was in- 
 existence or-ever would-be, or-whether it-would-ever-be offered to 
 them. I- instruct-you, therefore, that-the City Bank was-not a-holder 
 of-the-draft for-value. 
 
 I-further instruct-you that-the-plaintiffs in-this-case were-not 
 holders of-the-draft for-value. The-law in-regard-to-the title to com- 
 mercial paper is well settled and-well understood. A-person who 
 takes commercial paper before by-its-terms it becomes-due, without 
 notice of-any-defense existing against-it, paying value for-it at-the- 
 time-he takes-it, holds-it discharged of-all-defenses which-can-be set
 
 112 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 up against-it by-the-maker of-lhe-paper. These three things are- 
 necessary, however, in-order-that-the holder of-such paper shall thus 
 hold -it independent of -defenses: That-he shall take-it in-good-faith; 
 that-he shall take-it for- value for-a consideration parted with for- it; 
 and-that-he- shall thus take-it before-it becomes-due. In-this-case, 
 there- was-no parting with-value for-the paper [p. 104], and-no pretense 
 of-it, or, at-least, but-a mere-pretense. When-the-cashier of-the- 
 bank said to-the agent of-the-plaintiffs, "Here-are papers to-the- 
 amount of-your-deposits, and here-is-a-check for-you to sign for- 
 your-balance," did-the-plaintiffs pay anything for-the securities that- 
 were at-that-time delivered to them ? Not-a-dollar. He-was-asked 
 to give-his-check, and-he gave-it to stand over against-this payment ; 
 but-the turning out of-those securities was, in-point-of-fact and-in- 
 point-of-law, a-mere payment of-a liability which previously existed 
 on-the part-of-the-bank to-the-plaintiffs and-the turning out of- 
 commercial paper in-payment of-a preexisting liability is-not a- 
 transfer for-value. Such-is-the law. It does-not pay-it, and-unless- 
 the transfer prove to be-good, the-creditor still has-his claim upon- 
 the-original indebtedness. Suppose a-man comes to-you with-a note 
 of-a hundred-dollars, apparently good, and-offers-it to-you in-pay- 
 ment of-a debt, and-you accept-it unless-that note is 'collectible, it 
 does-not pay-the-claim, and-you still have-the-right to proceed 
 against-the-debtor upon-the-original demand. It-is given to-you in- 
 payment of-that existing indebtedness, and-you take-it only upon 
 condition that-it-is good and-collectible. When-you-seek to enf orce- 
 it, if-the-makerhave-a perfect-defense against-it in-the-hands of-your- 
 debtor, he-has that perfect-defense against-it in-your-hands. There 
 must-be a-parting with-value for commercial paper, in-order-that- 
 there may-be a-holding discharged-of defenses which otherwise 
 would-exist to-the paper. So, I-charge-you, as-matter-of-law, that- 
 the-plaintiffs were-not holders for-value. 
 
 This, you-see, brings-us to-the sin gle-question-of -fact whether 
 Palmer acted in-good-faith with-his customers the-defendants, or in- 
 bad-faith and-fraudulently, when-he received-this paper. If-he-did- 
 act in-bad-faith and-fraudulently, that-fraud rendered-his holding of- 
 it invalid, and-no-man could thereafter hold-it in-good-faith unless-he 
 paid value, which neither-the City Bank nor-the-plaintiffs did. , 
 
 Come-then to-the-question whether Palmer took-this paper in- 
 good-faith or-f raudulently. When a-person proclaims-himself to-the- 
 world as-a banker, ready to receive-the-deposits of-his-customers, he 
 thereby holds-himself out as-a-man of-sufQcient means to meet-the 
 obligations he thus assumes. Whether-his-responsibilty is-large or 
 small, is of-no-consequence : he-represents-himself to be a-man of-
 
 CHARGE TO A JURY. 113 
 
 means large-enough to meet these -obligations [105]. You do-not 
 expect a-banker to state-to-you, whenever you- make-a deposit, "I-am 
 still solvent." Such-a representation was-never heard of, and-is-not 
 expected, because, in-doing-a banking business and-taking-the 
 deposits of-his- customers, a-banker thereby represents that-he-has 
 sufficient means to meet-a-demand for-the-payment of -such deposits 
 whenever that-demand may-be-made. That-is what he-is-bound to 
 do, and-that-is what he-is-bound to be. It-is-not-necessary that, at- 
 the-time-he received-these deposits, Palmer should-have expected to 
 fail to pay or to refuse to pay that particular paper : if -he received- 
 that paper as-a deposit, knowing-himself to be in-such-circumstances 
 that if-he-were called upon to meet-his liabilities he-could-not 
 respond moreover, knowing-himself to be in- a position in- which he- 
 was-likely to be-rendered incapable-of meeting that-demand when-it- 
 should-be-made in-the-due course-of -business he-was-bound to dis- 
 close-that-fact before-he received-the deposit. This- relation between 
 a-banker and-his customer, is-a highly confidential relation. You- go 
 to-him not to buy-his-goods and-to pay-your-money, but-you-go to 
 give-him your-money to keep for-you. Shall-it-be permitted that-a- 
 man may hold this confidential relation with customers and take- 
 their money when-he-is likely, before a-demand can-be-made for-a 
 return of-it, to-suspend payment ? Certainly-not. The-law does- 
 not tolerate such-an-abuse of-the-relation which-exists between-a 
 depositary and-his-depositor. Mere insolvency does-not render- the 
 receipt-of money by a-banker fraudulent, but insolvency which-is 
 hopeless and-irremediable, such insolvency us-is-likely to compel-the 
 closing of-the-doors of-the-bank at-any moment, renders-it improper 
 for-the-banker to continue-the business. Therefore it-is that-the-law 
 requires-of-him that-he shall-not continue to receive-deposits, or- 
 that, if-he does-receive-them, it shall-be with notice to-the-customer 
 of-the-facts as-they exist. Upon-no-other basis could-the business 
 of-the country be conducted. We-are-obliged to-have-banks for-the 
 ordinary exchanges of-trade, but-they must-uot-be-made instruments 
 of -fraud. 
 
 "What- was- the situation of -Palmer ? Was-he insolvent ? Yes, so- 
 he says. Was-he hopelessly insolvent ? Yes, so-far-as present means 
 were-concerned. He-was-indebted to-the City Bank alone in- some- 
 thing like 50 thousand-dollars, upon notes which-he-had-given to a- 
 friend for-his personal accommodation, which-he says-he knew had- 
 been used, though-he-did-not-know they-had-been used at-thatbank. 
 But-he-did-know [106] that-they-were outstanding obligations 
 against-him. To-his-customers, he owed over 50 thousand-dollars 
 for deposits received by-him. The-amount of-his assets was very 
 inconsiderable, compared with-this large liability. That-he-was 
 hopelessly insolvent, you-will-probably be compelled to find. Now, 
 what-was-his ground of expectation ? He-says-he-had-an arrange- 
 ment with-the City Bank to furnish-him money as-he wanted-it.
 
 114 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 That arrangement must-have-had two-sides, we-should-suppose, and 
 so we-find-the-fact to be, for- he- was to furnish- the City Bank with 
 paper equal in amount to-the-currency furnished to-him. But-it- 
 was-not so-much upon- that that-he relied as upon-the expectation 
 that-his- friend, who-was-the president of-the-City Bank, should 
 "carry-him." I-charge-you, as-matter-of law, that-a-man cannot 
 honestly carry on the-business of-banking upon a- mere- promise of- 
 another to carry-him, without- some security for-the- performance of- 
 the-promise. It-cannot-be tolerated that-a-man shall continue such- 
 a-business upon-the mere assurance of-another, without-security, 
 that-he will carry-him. Whenever that other ceases to carry-him, 
 there-is-an-end of-it, and-the depositors go without-their- money. A- 
 man cannot do-a banking-business honestly without- means or reason- 
 able expectation of- means todo-the-business with. That- is so-simple 
 a-proposition that-it-seems unnecessary to state-it. What-is common- 
 sense in-a-case of-this-kind, is-the-law of-the-case, and-the law must 
 commend-itself to-the-good-judgmeut of-the-jury. 
 
 As I-have-stated, the-only-question-of-fact upon-which-you-are- 
 to-find, is- whether this-deposit was-received by Palmer in- good -faith, 
 or- whether, under-the-circumstances-of-the-case, it- was dishonest on- 
 his-part to receive-it. I-repeat, that-it-is-not-necessary that-there 
 should-have-been an-intention in- this particular-case to defraud the- 
 men who-made-the deposit ; if-a-man is-doing-a banking-business 
 fraudulently all-the-time, it-is-not-necessary that-he shall entertain 
 a-particular fraudulent design in-each individual case in-which-he 
 receives-deposits. If-this transaction was-thus fraudulent on-the 
 part-of Palmer, the-defense is-established, because-he thereby obtain- 
 ed no-title to-the-draft in-question, and-the City Bank obtained no- 
 title unless he-did. If-you-find that-this was-an-honest transaction, 
 the-plaintiffs are-entitled-to-your verdict f or-the-amount of -the-draft, 
 which-is $1,059.29. If-it-was-not an-honest transaction, your- verdict 
 must-be for-the-defendants. 
 
 Mr. Gillette asked- the-court to char ge-the- jury that-it-was neces- 
 sary for-the-defendants to estabiish-the-fact that Palmer mis- 
 represented the- facts with-the intention of-deceiving them, and- 
 that-he obtained the-draft by-means of-such-misrepresenta- 
 tions. 
 
 Refused ; exception. 
 
 Also, that-the answer could-not-be-sustained unless-the defend- 
 ants were in-fact deceived. 
 
 Refused ; exception. 
 
 Mr. Gillette excepted to-the charge that-the City Bank was-not 
 a-holder for- value. 
 
 Also, to-the charge that- the- plaintiffs were-not holders for- value. 
 
 Verdict for-the-defendants.
 
 EXERCISES ON CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 115 
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS.* 
 
 I . Dear Sir : "We shall not be able-to complete the purchase of 
 the Hoadley property at present. The messenger we sent was notified 
 by some-one in the neighborhood that the estate was heavily mortgag- 
 ed, and uponfrirthtr inquiry it was learned that the chattel-mortgage 
 was overdue ; and inasmuch as the fact was afterwards disclosed that 
 the obligation secured by the real-estate bond-and-mortgage would 
 mature in November, the negotiation in-relation-to the transfer was 
 discontinued, under the advice of the lawyer who acted as counsel 
 for the administrator, and with his approval. 
 
 If circumstances shall at any time warrant a renewal of the 
 negotiation, we will notify you at -once. 
 
 a. My Dear Sir: Your letter of inquiry as to the political 
 standing of Mr. Perkins can be answered in a few words. He is very 
 changeable. He was formerly a distinguished representative of 
 Democracy ; next, a dignified Republican legislator ; then, an Inde- 
 pendent, characterized by the most positive opinions ; and he now 
 undertakes to demonstrate the truth of his original convictions as a 
 Democrat, in acknowledgement of a conditional promise of a nomi- 
 nation by the party to a position of importance for which I under- 
 stand he has long negotiated, in the expectation that everything 
 connected with his former inconsideration will be forgotten or 
 forgiven by intelligent voters. 
 
 If the committee desire more particular information, it will be 
 promptly furnished. 
 
 3. Gentlemen : I have referred your communication of the 
 20th instant to Mr. Bacon. His reply was dictated by him to his 
 stenographer, and he wishes me to repeat it to you. It is in these 
 words : 
 
 "The perpendicular portion naturally became particularly 
 important, in an architectural and mechanical sense, for the proper 
 and efficient support and maintenance of the easterly extension of the 
 principal building of the university, notwithstanding its intersection 
 with the northeastern structure; nevertheless, the inexperience and 
 lack of comprehension of the superintendent, who had undertaken 
 
 *In these exercises, all the principles of phrasing 1 are to be used. The 
 outlines for the words printed in Italic are to be supplied by the student. 
 The proper outlines for all the other words are contained in the tables of 
 word-signs and contractions, the Reference List, and the phrasing exer- 
 cises heretofore given. Words connected by hyphens are to be written 
 with a single outline.
 
 116 WKITING EXERCISES. 
 
 independently to certify to its sufficiency, so characteristic of his 
 want of intelligence, should have led the trustees to anticipate the 
 imperfect workmanship, and the consequent occurrence of an acci- 
 dent of that description, involving the authorities of the institution 
 in the expense and danger of an action for negligence." 
 
 If I can be of further assistance to you in the matter, please 
 inform me. 
 
 4. Dear Carrie: In my last letter I spoke of our drive on 
 Grand Avenue. We found a good-deal of wealth represented in the 
 architecture of that portion of the city, equaling anything we have 
 any remembrance of having before discovered in OUT journey. This 
 was noticeable in our first superficial observation of the buildings, 
 but the constant succession of elegant structures was very remarkable. 
 It is difficult to describe the effect upon us of this wonderful exhibi- 
 tion. In fact, no description could possibly represent it. It is 
 beyond my ability to relate, or yours to imagine, the many objects 
 of interest which we were given an opportunity to examine, and 
 which we observed on-either-hand as we continued our course among 
 these countless attractions. It was afterwards our privilege to visit 
 and examine the internal arrangements of some of the dwellings, and 
 we found them quite equal to what we had been led to expect from 
 their external appearance. Although entire strangers, we were 
 received with hearty welcome, and every effort was made to render 
 our visit a pleasure to us, and it was certainly very pleasant. We 
 could scarcely suppress a constant expression of surprise at the uni- 
 form elegance and taste exhibited in the manner in which the houses 
 were arranged, and in the character and beauty of their furniture. 
 
 The buildings erected by the various religious denominations 
 were especially worthy of attention. They showed at-once a 
 liealthy financial condition, and the capability of their architects and 
 mechanics, and to our delighted view they appeared the height of 
 perfection. There was nothing about them that we could-not fully 
 approve. 
 
 As we reached the Catholic cathedral, we saw a large crowd about 
 the entrance. We inquired the occasion, and were informed that 
 the day was an anniversary observed by Roman Catholics through- 
 out the world. As the services had commenced, we did not go in, 
 but we shall try to visit it tomorrow. The building itself is magni- 
 ficent, and in its interior it is said to surpass any similar edifice in 
 Europe. I shall give you a description of it in my next. For 
 today, this short letter, and the photograpJw accompanying it, must 
 suffice.
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 117 
 
 5. Dear Sir : We have .;' come from a meeting of the repre- 
 sentatives of the operatives, and we now give you a brief statement 
 of the result. The conversation was somewhat disconnected, at 
 first, and for a good- while few who spoke acknowledged in any -way 
 the natural signification or the probable consequences of such a con- 
 troversy, or the disadvantage and practical disorganization which 
 we claimed must immediately result from this opposition. They 
 were averse to any movement to establish the projected reform, 
 declaring that unless it was mutually agreed upon, and voluntary, 
 it would excite a revolution. This assumption we denied. We had 
 special satisfaction in the speech of one of the men, who appeared to 
 be perfectly familiar with the situation. A significant remark of 
 his was, that the continual trouble we have had was occasioned 
 largely by passion, which affected their minds and prevented any- 
 other than a superficial view of the case. He acquiesced in the 
 claim that they gained strength by combining, but he was apprehen- 
 hensive that instead of preserving their rights by the formation of 
 such a combination, they would soon become disorganized, or, 
 at-all-evente, would al together fail to avert the danger which would 
 otherwise confront them. He said nobody was more chargeable 
 with originating the trouble than themselves, that they were capable 
 of securing the preservation of their rights if they would take a more 
 comprehensive view of the facts, and that they might thus gain a 
 profit greater -than ever, before, and more continuous. 
 
 During this speech, he was frequently interrupted. Some-of- 
 the-time, he was contradicted; sometimes they tried to argue with 
 him ; but for most-of-the-time his representations were listened to in 
 silence. No-other than an influential man belonging to themselves 
 could have spoken so well. Before he began, nearly everybody 
 considered it an extravagant measure, and it was difficult to satisfy 
 any -one that the expenditure was indispensibly 'necessary. It is now 
 understood that the combined efforts of those interested will perhaps 
 result in a comparision of views and a consideration of the argu- 
 ments advanced, and induce the greater number of them to accept 
 the suggestion and assist in influencing a compliance with so advan- 
 tageous an offer. Meantime, several gentlemen are engaged in 
 endeavoring to secure a reformation of the contract between the 
 manufacturers and individual workmen, and it is hoped that the 
 work may soon be satisfactorily reorganized. With organization, 
 capital and experience, we are sure of ultimate success. 
 
 6. The learned judge charged the jury that the plaintiff was 
 required to furnish a preponderance of proof, in-order-to maintain
 
 118 WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 his contention that he must prove, by testimony applicable to the 
 case and satisfactory to themselves, every allegation constituting 
 the cause-of-action set-forth in his complaint. He remarked that 
 they should not be influenced by sympathy, but should examine 
 circumstantially each item testified to, the appearance and manner of 
 each witness, and all the probabilities of the case, for the purpose of 
 reaching a correct decision in-accordance-with the facts ; and that, 
 on-the-other-hand, they must arrive at a determination without- 
 regard-to any -other influence, or any prejudice, remembering that all 
 men are equal before the law. He referred especially to the hand- 
 writing of the signatures to a number of the memoranda and other 
 instruments in-writing, and gave them careful instruction with- 
 respect-to the situation of the parties. He explained at-length the 
 question at issue, and described what would constitute an actionable 
 offense against the plaintiff's rights. He instructed them that a 
 mistake of judgment or a failure to comprehend his obligation 
 would disqualify a juror for discharging his whole duty, which was 
 to deliver a verdict in-accordance-with the truth. 
 
 7. The president of the Commercial Bank is a very influential 
 gentleman, and he is universally respected. By the last will and 
 testament of his deceased brother, he was nominated as executor. 
 The widow had expected to be designated as executrix, and she was 
 indignant that her claims had not been recognized. Her brother-in- 
 law disclaimed any desire for the position, and after the preliminary 
 proofs had been taken he proposed to resign, and suggested that she 
 be made administratrix. She was unable to furnish the necessary 
 security, however, and by common consent of those interested he 
 continued to act. It had been commonly believed that the deceased 
 was very wealthy, but upon a particular examination of his accounts 
 and the completion of the inventory, it was discovered that for a 
 year-or two before his death he was on the verge of bankruptcy, his 
 business affairs being so involved that he was really of no pecuniary 
 responsibility whatever. The family being thus reduced to poverty, 
 the brother undertook to supply means sufficient to make them com- 
 fortable, and they will, during the next-month, remove to a pretty 
 cottage which he has had built for them. 
 
 8. A peculiar subject of public interest is furnished in the 
 published accounts with-regard-to the new rules issued by the 
 general government in-respect-to transactions between citizens of 
 different states, and particularly to financial arrangements between 
 domestic corporations and mercantile houses which have heretofore 
 been able to obtain a discrimination in prices for the transmission of 
 freight over our great railways. Whether an exception will be
 
 CONTRACTIONS AND WORD-FORMS. 
 
 119 
 
 made in-respect-of express companies, is a question upon which no 
 certain information has as yet been given. Within a day-or-two, 
 nominations of members of the commission will be sent to the senate. 
 
 9. It is impossible to declare any reasonable suggestion why 
 these companies should be excepted from a regulation of such 
 import. Anything so extraordinary and questionable has heretofore 
 been unknown, as this supposed improvement in the administration 
 of this part of the service. It is suggestive of direct and improper 
 influence upon the person commissioned to take charge of postal 
 affairs, entirely different and dissimilar to those ^ which common 
 people possess or are able-to exercise to compel administrative officers 
 to discriminate between them and others in the practical operation 
 of a law, when we consider that it will confer upon these combina- 
 tions a privilege so dangerous to the revenue. Why should any- 
 body, engaged in any occupation, be thus punished, in the perform- 
 ance of his usual avocation, and the disposition of his manufactures 
 or merchandise or exchanges be questioned or challenged, or his 
 compliance with his regular agreements be prevented, and additional 
 disqualifications be determined upon by inconsiderate officials, to 
 disorganize trade and to put difficulties in the way of commercial 
 transactions ? If it is decreed that manufactories and banks and 
 business establishments are to be substantially forced to assignments 
 by the application of this rule, we apprehend that loss of personal 
 security may follow the loss of property. 
 
 10. What is the significance of this unconsidered resolution ? 
 What is to be its longer continuation, or the possibility of the 
 frequency and duration of its distinct and unconditional enforce- 
 ment ? What justification dignifies the declaration of such a discrimi- 
 nation ? What doctrine determines its indispensible necessity, or 
 requires this commission of injustice ? How inconsistent are the 
 extravagant technical arguments in explanation of the determination 
 to compel acquiescence in this transition toward financial destruc- 
 tion ! The circumstances connected with this destructive demon- 
 stration by the dignified and consequential gentleman who assumes 
 to be the corrector and governor of the postal affairs of the republic, 
 and who is really responsible for the bewildering sense of insecurity 
 and apprehension so universally felt, are arousing such indignation 
 and anger as should at-least lead him to heed the expression of the 
 dissatisfaction, so universally entertained. The complication is 
 exceedingly seriom, and we trust that it will at-once attract the 
 attention of the authorities, and that they will teach a lesson to this 
 transient proficient in legislation that will be instructive to such as 
 he for all time to come.
 
 OPTIONAL EXPEDIENTS. 
 
 The expedients given below are intended for the use of expert 
 writers only. Students should not attempt to use them, until they 
 have had considerable experience in actual work. Some of the 
 special phrasing contractions are included irrthe table of Illustrative 
 Phrases, and will be suggestive to the intelligent stenographer. 
 
 ATTENTION. The small circle and back-hook may be used for Atten- 
 tion, when that word ends aphrase ; as in the phrases, Was your attention, 
 Zysn 2 ; Called my attention, Kld'Msn. 
 
 AVENUE. The F-hook (or the V-stem, when more convenient) may 
 indicate this word, when attached to the name of an avenue ; as Monroe 
 avenue, Mn.Rv ; Bowman avenue. BMnV. 
 
 BUT may be indicated at the beginning of a clause or a sentence, by 
 the T-tick resting on the line. 
 
 CONVERSATION. The R-hook may sometimes be omitted from this 
 word, for the sake of easier junction in a phrase ; as, Did you hare any 
 conversation, Dyv'NVssn. 
 
 EN, IN, UN. A downward curved tick, in the direction of L or R, may 
 be used to prefix either of these syllables to a stem bearing an initial hook, 
 whenever the N-stern cannot be used as conveniently for that purpose ; as, 
 Enthrall, nThr'L; Entrance, nTrns 3 ; Inflation, nFlsn; Insufferable, nsFrBl; 
 Unsocial. nsShl ; Untwist, nTwst 1 . (See.lines 1, %.) 
 
 FORTH The use of the F-hook may be extended, by using it to add 
 Forth ; as, Call forth, Klf 1 ; Put forth, Pf 8 . 
 
 HAD. The word Had may be added to any stem word-sign represent- 
 ing a pronoun or an adverb or the verb Have or Had, by halving such 
 word-signprovided, the context is such as to clearly show that Had, and 
 no other word, is to be thus implied ; as. We had been, Wd'Bn ; It had gone, 
 TtGn ; When had you written, HdjyBtN ; I never had been, rN VdBn ; / have 
 had the money, rVdc7i 3 MN ; I had had it, rDdr 3 . (See lines 3, It.) 
 
 HUSBAND may be written sBnd, at the end of a phrase ; as, For her 
 husband, FrsBnd. 
 
 I. In law reporting, I may be omitted from the phrases I did not, I do 
 not, I had not, where such phrase comprises the whole sentence. 
 
 I may be omitted where it occurs a second time, in such expressions as 
 I don't know as I did; I don't It now as I can ; I don't know as I ever did. 
 
 I may be written with the K-tick, in the middle or at the end of a 
 phrase, when the T-tick cannot be used ; as, May I not, MTt Nt. 
 
 RECOLLECT may sometimes be indicated by Ray struck downward, 
 after an N-hook ; as in I don't recollect. 
 
 REMEMBER may be indicated by B, in a phrase where Br cannot be 
 joined ; as, J don't remember, rDnB. 
 
 REPETITION. The repetition of any phrase may be noted by j(2, 
 written at points where the repetition occurs; as in thfe sentence / 
 
 "Firm will carefully consider the testimony of each witness the opportunity 
 
 he had for observation Ms bearing upon the stand," etc. 
 
 SESSION. In convention reporting, the large circle and back-hook 
 may add the word Session; as, At that session, T 2 Dhssn. 
 
 120
 
 OPTIONAL EXPEDIENTS. 121 
 
 SEMI-CIRCLES may be used in such phrases as Those were the, 
 Dhs 3 irc/i; ir/tat is your recollection, Ts'yjRsn; Because ive were, Ks l ww. 
 
 ST. In a few words of lengthy outline, St may be indicated by the 
 small loop, used as a separate stem and struck in the direction of Chay ; as, 
 Instinct, N'STNgt; Footstep, Ft 3 STP. Loops thus used, are stenotypically 
 indicated by small capitals. (See line 5.) 
 
 STATED. A small loop may be written within the lengthened F-hook, 
 for Stated ; as, They have stated, Dhvst 2 ; You hare stated, Yvst 3 . 
 
 STORE. The large loop may be used to add the word Store to a pre- 
 ceding word ; as, Shoe store, Shstr 3 ; Book store, Bkstr. When the preceding 
 word ends with a half-length, the loop may be attached as if it were a stem 
 struck in the direction of Chay or Ray ; as, Dry goods store, DrGdSTR ; 
 Hat store, Ht 3 STR. (See line 5.) 
 
 STREET. The small loop may be used for Street, where it can be added 
 to the name of a street ; as, Lalte street, _LKst. 
 
 TO may be indicated, at the beginning of a sentence or line, by writing 
 the succeeding word entirely below the line. 
 
 TO HAVE. The use of the F-hook may be extended, to add To have ; 
 as, Said fo have, sDf ; Expect to have, sPf 3 . 
 
 THINK may be written with Th, in phrases where Ng will not make a 
 distinct angle ; as, Do you think, DyTh. 
 
 TIME OF DAY. Attention is called to the manner of indicating the 
 hour, in connection with the name of the day of the week, in the Illustra- 
 tive Phrases. 
 
 YES : YES, SIR. S 2 and Ss 2 R may be used for these expressions, if 
 preferred to Ys 2 and Yss 2 . In such a sentence as Did he say, Yesf the 
 word should be written Ys 2 . 
 
 KEY. 1. Entrance', Entrap. Entreat, Entwine, Enfranchise, Enthrall. Infirm, Inflam- 
 mation, Inflexible, Inflate, Infraction. 
 
 2. Influenza, Infrequent, Infringe, Insufferable. Untwist, Unvarnished, Unexplained, 
 Unsettled, Unsevered, Uncivil, Unsocial. 
 
 3. If he had not been. She had returned. We had pone away. We had written. 
 You had not done. They had that. What had been. Which had happened. When had you 
 written ! I never had the money. 
 
 4. I have had it. I had had my attention. He had no intention. You had met him. 
 How had you been ! Where had you seen him ? They had many times. 
 
 5. Instinct, Unsteady. Instep, Footstep. Book store. Drug store. Dry goods store. 
 Music store. Shoe Store. Hat store.
 
 ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 
 *TJ&ed in Phrasing only. ^Written upward. 
 
 
 v A 
 
 ^> About 
 / Above tied 
 
 / / Adjoin-ed 
 "'"Advantage 
 i __ After 
 X; Against 
 ./.../..Age 
 
 V^ " Ever 
 Eye 
 
 ^-" ^- Long 
 
 ^ ^ Thing 
 
 Low 
 
 ^ JI a y 
 
 "Think 
 ( ( Though 
 
 - 17 "" For 
 V^ ^v. Forget-got 
 
 Me 
 ( j Month 
 
 Thought 
 ( -""Thy 
 
 Form 
 ^ ^N Formed 
 From 
 ~~~ Gave 
 
 /"Much 
 , s~^ Much more 
 -A' My 
 
 ^ Nature 
 
 .) ......v.To^ 
 
 ^"fogether 
 
 Agent 
 
 Give-n 
 _ Go 
 
 O' "Need 
 
 ^> New 
 
 
 " Ah 
 All 
 
 i , Had 
 
 ~<^c Not 
 
 ^s ^_^ Nothing 
 
 ( / Oath 
 
 .. \ Under 
 
 u P 
 
 ) J Us 
 Usual-ly 
 
 ) / Was 
 
 Already 
 
 v Hand 
 
 ' - Am 
 ^^, . Among 
 
 \ o Has 
 
 \ \ Occupied 
 
 An, And 
 ' s* Any 
 
 Has* 
 v Has there 
 -^--Ac-Have 
 ' ~> He 
 
 -- Occupy 
 V. , Of 
 - '-Oh 
 
 ' ~\ Watched 
 
 \ o .As 
 
 "^ We 
 
 r AS* 
 
 1 As there 
 
 ~y At 
 
 V .'..Away 
 " i Awe 
 \ \ Be 
 
 '"Hear 
 V ^ Heavy 
 
 ~" Or 
 
 -. Ought 
 
 
 "Her 
 ^1 v Here 
 
 I , Out 
 -- f- 'Owe 
 
 ) Owes 
 
 J What 
 
 -High 
 
 ^- Him 
 
 Wheel 
 ^^ ^ When 
 
 ". -Before 
 ' Between 
 
 .His 
 \ His is 
 
 -V" -""Pay V 
 \ . Property 
 \-Put , 
 / . Recollecf-ee 
 --'- x^-Recover 
 
 ..) )..| aw ^-y 
 
 > / Whether 
 
 Beyond 
 N i Body* 
 _" "1"'But or ..I... 
 N \ Buy 
 
 Hope 
 -^ \ Hour 
 -"j /"House 
 How oT- r y 
 -y*< ^-Hundred 
 
 r , While 
 
 "Who 
 / Whole 
 
 v "> Whose 
 ~f -Why 
 V^ (- Wife 
 
 By 
 Came 
 
 Can 
 
 / / Change-d 
 ""/"Charge-d 
 .. Come Ptee 
 
 If 
 
 i 111 
 
 x Say 
 / J See 
 
 " n. 
 
 O s 
 
 -'"Shall 
 J , She 
 ^"Should 
 J Should*! 
 
 J ( Wish 
 
 Commit-ted 
 ~f Common 
 
 s his 
 
 ) s there 
 
 "> ( Without 
 
 Commonly 
 Company 
 
 -"- s it 
 
 ""Show 
 ) } So 
 
 ( _ Worthy 
 
 | | Day 
 
 ""Defendant 
 1 Did Eence 
 "" Differ-ed-tn 
 i 1 Do 
 -""""Dollar 
 / J Each 
 "" Ease-y 
 
 . Judge 
 "/" ^"Judged 
 ^^^ Knew 
 
 . Language 
 "4i^"-/ 'Large 
 V^ Length 
 "'"Live 
 
 /-Sue 
 1 Take 
 Talk 
 / / Thank 
 "i- t"That 
 
 Their,There 
 ( ^-They 
 They are 
 
 o 
 
 r r^ 
 
 Yes 
 /^ Yes, sir 
 - - n "You-r* 
 /. (~ You-r,You 
 "T Young [are 
 f , Youngest 
 --'-( Youth
 
 INDEX. 
 
 (Italic figures refer to the Writing Exercises.) 
 
 Affixes, 41, 43, Si. 
 
 Alphabet, The, 3. 
 
 Aspirate, The, 12, 14. 
 
 Back-hook, for A", 16, 18, 78, 80. 
 
 for A~0, 18, 38, 'M. 
 
 Choice of Outlines, 36, 69, 70. 90. 
 
 Circle and Hook combinations, 24, 83. 
 
 Circles between stems, 14, 16, 78. 
 
 between ticks and stems, 78. 
 
 final, 14-38. 
 
 for S and Z, 14, 78. 
 
 for Ses and Sez, 18, 24, 34, 79. 
 
 order of reading, with vowels, 14. 
 
 shaded for Z, 30. 
 
 when not used, 16, 78. 
 
 Coalescents, 38. 
 
 Combinations of Hooks with Circles 
 and Loops, 24, 83. 
 
 Concurrent Vowels, how indicated, 
 *. :-'. 
 
 Consonants, 3. 
 
 combinations of, 20. 
 
 omissions of, 38, 90. 
 
 CONTRACTIONS. Circle and Hook 
 combinations, 54 ; Circles, 50 ; Final 
 Circles and Loops, 51 ; F-hook, 28, 
 54 ; Halving, 37, 39 ; Initial Circles, 
 50 ; Large Hooks, 55 ; L-hook, 23, 
 53 : M-hook. 33, 55 ; N-hook, 26, 54 ; 
 R-hook, 21, 52; Simple Contrac- 
 tions, 49 ; W-hook, 31, 55 ; Tion- 
 hook, 35, 55. 
 
 and Word-f orms,alphabetical,57. 
 
 and Word-forms, classified, 49. 
 
 and AVord-signs, defined, 12. 
 
 Contrasts, key to Table of, 72. 
 
 Table of, 71. 
 
 Definitions of terms, 3. 6, 12, 56. 
 
 Derivatives, outlines and positions 
 of, 38.57-68. 
 
 Diagram of Vowels, 71 72. 
 
 Dkl, indicated by halving, 36. 
 
 Diphthongs, 8, 7U. 
 
 when joined to stems, 8. 
 
 Double-lengths, positions of, 36. 
 
 -Ed, indicated by tick, 36, 41, 89. 
 
 -Est, -ist, after -t ion, 34, 88. 
 
 Exceptions to rule of Position, 27, 
 38,80. 
 
 to rules for L, It, and Sh, 10, 16. 
 
 Foreign sounds, how indicated, 38. 
 
 F-V-hbok, 28, 85. 
 
 order of reading, 28, 85. 
 
 when not used, 28. 
 
 Group Phrasing, 45, 91. 
 
 Half-lengths, positions of, 34, 88. 
 
 Halving for T and D, 34, 88. 
 
 Him, tick for, 45. 
 
 Hooks, combined with circles and 
 
 loops, 24, 83. 
 
 general rules for, 20. 
 
 order of reading, 20. 
 
 initial, vocalization of, 24, 83. 
 
 How, ticks for, S3. 
 H, tick for, 12, 14. 
 Illustrative Phrases, 94. 
 Important words, outlines for, 57-68. 
 Initial hooks, vocalization of, 24, S3.' 
 
 ticks, 12, 14, 76, 77, 81, 82. 
 
 Initials, how written, 63. 
 
 -Ing, indicated by back-hook, 18, 
 
 38,90. 
 
 by N-hook, 28, 30, 32, 38, 41, 42, 90. 
 
 Irregular stems, 4. 
 
 Lengthening for Tr, Dr, and Thr, 
 
 96,89. 
 L-hook, 22, 81. 
 
 when not used, 22, 83. 
 
 Long Vowels, 6, 73. 
 
 Loops for St and Str, 18, 79. 
 
 order of reading, 18. 
 
 shaded for Z, 20. 
 
 L, R, and Sh, rules for, 4, 10, 16, 22, 75. 
 
 exceptions to rules for, 10, 16. 
 
 L, words ending with, 92. 
 M-hook, 30, 87. 
 
 when not used, 32, 87. 
 
 X, after large final hooks, 28, 30, 32, 
 
 86, 87. 
 
 back-hook for, 16, 18, 78, 80, 90. 
 
 X-hook, 24, 8U. 
 
 after circles and loops, 16, 18, 
 
 78, 80. 
 
 after M-hook, 38, 87. 
 
 after F-hook, 28. 
 
 after Tr-hook, 30, 86. 
 
 before K, for A0, 26. 
 
 before s-tion, 34, 88. 
 
 order of reading, 24. 
 
 when not used, 24, 8U. 
 
 A'ff, after F-hook, 28, 86. 
 
 after large final hooks, 28, 30, 32, 
 
 86, 87. 
 
 after M-hook, 32, 87. 
 
 after Tr-hook, 30, 86. 
 
 indicated by back-hook, 18, 38, 90. 
 
 indicated by X-hook. 26, 38, 90. 
 
 y-ses, JV-sez, circle for, 26, 8k. 
 As, A"2, A"s)i, A'SHS, 26, 8!t. 
 A">- ' :<>n, how written, 34, 84. 
 AW, AWr,1oops for, 26, 8U. 
 Omissions of consonants, 38, 90. 
 
 of vowels, 6, 14. 
 
 of words, in phrasing, 44, 91. 
 
 Optional Expedients, 120. 
 Outlines, choice of, 36, 69, 70, 90. 
 
 123
 
 124 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Outlines for important words, 57-69. 
 
 stenotypic indication of, 56. 
 
 Past tense, indication of, 36, 41, 89. 
 
 Phonetic Spelling, 1, 3. 
 
 Phrases, Illustrative, 94-97. 
 
 special, 45, 47. 
 
 PHRASING. By Circles, 16, 18, 70; 
 by F-hook, 28, 85 ; by halving, 34, 
 89, 90 ; by lengthening, 36, 89 ; by L- 
 hook, 22, 83, by Loops, 20; by M- 
 hook, 32, 87; by N-hook, 26, 85; 
 by K-hook, 22, 81 ; by Tr-hook, 30, 
 
 . 86 ; by W-hook, 30, 86 ; by W-semi- 
 circle, 30, 86 ; by Y-hook, 28, 86 ; by 
 Y-semi-circle, 28, 86. 
 
 general rules for, 40, 44, 47, 91. 
 
 Group, 45, 91. 
 
 omissions of words in, 44, 91. 
 
 Simple, 12, 14, 45. 
 
 Plurals, 16, 18, 78, 79. 
 
 Position, exceptions to rule of, 27, 
 38, SO. 
 
 rules of, 6, 14, 16, 34, 36, 38, 73, 88. 
 
 Positions of double- lengths, 36. 
 
 of half-lengths, 34, 88. 
 
 Positive and negative words, 70. 
 
 Prefixes and Affixes, 40, 43, 91. 
 
 Punctuation, 2. 
 
 Kay, when halved for D, 34, 89. 
 
 shaded when halved for D, 89. 
 
 R, words ending with, 93. 
 
 READING EXERCISES. General 
 Phrasing Rules, 47 ; Early Report- 
 ers, 98; First Steamboat Passage 
 Money, 99 ; A Charming Customer 
 In a Bank, 100 : The Use of Simple 
 Words, 101; A Typewriter Forgery, 
 102; Charge to a Jury, 103. 
 
 Regular curved stems, 4. 
 
 straight stems, 4. 
 
 -Rer, distinguished from -rier, etc., 
 22,80. 
 
 R-hook, 20, 80. 
 
 when not used, 22, 80. 
 
 -Rl, distinguished from -rel, -ril, 
 etc., 22, 83. 
 
 S and Z, circles for, 14, 78. 
 
 when stems to be used, 16, 78. 
 
 Semi-circles f or TFand r, 10, 38, 39, 75, 
 86. 
 
 use of. in phrasing, 28, 30, 86. 
 
 Ses, Sez, circle for, 18, 24, 34, 79. 
 
 final circle after, 18, 79. 
 
 Sh, indicated by circle or loop, 16, 38. 
 
 Short Vowels, 8, 73. 
 
 Similar words distinguished, 36, 69, 
 70, 90. 
 
 Simple Phrasing, 12, 14, 45. 
 
 Special Phrases, 45, 47. 
 
 Special Rules and Suggestions, 36, 89. 
 
 Stenotypy, rules of, 56. 
 
 S-tion, 34, 88. 
 
 S-tfon, after N-hook, 34, 88. 
 
 St, Str .loops for, 18, 79. 
 
 T and D, halving for, 34, 88. 
 
 Ter, Der, T?ie?-,lengthening for, 36,89. 
 
 Ter-hook, 30, 86. 
 
 Terms, definitions of, 3, 6, 12, 56. 
 
 Ther, tick for, 45. 
 
 Tick for -ed, 36, 41, 89. 
 
 for H, 12, 14. 
 
 for Him, 45. 
 
 for How, 83. 
 
 for Wh, 12, 14. 
 
 for Ther, 45. 
 
 Ticks, 12, 36, 76 77, 81, 82, 83, 8k, 85. 
 
 after final hooks, 84, 85. 
 
 initial, 12, 14, 77, 81, 82. 
 
 medial, 14, 77. 
 
 names of, 14. 
 
 use of circles and hooks on, 45. 
 
 -Tion, after N-hook, 32, 87. 
 
 after S, 34, 88. 
 
 before -ed and -ate, 32, 88. 
 
 before -esf, and -i.f, 34, 88. 
 
 before L and R, 32, 87. 
 
 - indicated by stem, etc., 32. 
 
 Tion-hook, 32, 87. 
 
 To, indication of, in phrasing, 40. 
 
 -Tive, how written, 34, 89. 
 
 -Vre, indication of, 38. 
 
 Vocalization of Initial Hooks, 24. 83. 
 
 Vowels, 6, 73. 
 
 after diphthongs, 8, 1U. 
 
 between consonants, 8, 71. 
 
 C9ncurrent, 8, 75. 
 
 diagram of, 71, 72. 
 
 Long, 6, 73. 
 
 omissions of, 6, 14. 
 
 Short, 8, 73. 
 
 W and F, semi-circles for, 10, 38, 39, 
 75, 86. 
 
 Were, indicated by semi-circle, 30, 86. 
 
 Wh, tick for, 12, 14, 120. 
 
 What-, indicated by halving, 36. 
 
 W-hook, 30, 86. 
 
 Will, and Well, nouns, how written, 
 75. 
 
 Words ending with L and R, 92, 93. 
 
 Word-signs and Contractions defin- 
 ed, 12. 
 
 Word-signs, Table of, 48, 122. 
 
 Words, omissions of, 44, 91. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISES. On the prin- 
 ciples, 4, 73-91 ; on the Word-signs 
 and Contractions, 76, 79-90 ; Steno- 
 graphers in New York, 107; The 
 Use of Simple Words, 108 ; A Type- 
 writer Forgery, 110; Charge to a 
 Jury, 111 ; on the Contractions and 
 Word-forms, 107, 115-119. " 
 
 Y-hook, 28, 86. 
 
 Y-semi-circle, 10, 38, 39, 75, 86. 
 
 Z, initial, indicated by stem, 14, 16, 78.
 
 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
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