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 For the OXFORD DBMOCKAT. 
 THANKSGIVING DAYS. 
 President Cleveland's thanksgiving 
 proclamation issued on the 1st inst., is 
 the 24th annual Presidential proclama- 
 tion of this kind that has been issued. 
 The first Presidential appointment of a 
 thanksgiving day was by Washington, 
 ,who issued a proclamation Oct. 3, 1789, 
 appointing Thursday, Nov. 26, a day of 
 thanksgiving. Jan. 1, 1795, after the 
 suppression of the Whiskey Insurrection, 
 in Western Pennsylvania, President 
 Washington issued another thanksgiving 
 proclamation, appointing Thursday, Feb. 
 19, as the day to be observed. Jefferson 
 issued neither fast nor thanksgiving proc- 
 lamations, being from principle opposed 
 to so doing (see Jefferson's letter of Jan. 
 1, l$(T2, to Levi Lincoln ; also Henry S. 
 Randall's Life of Jtfferson, Vol. HI, p. 
 2 ) March 4, 1815, after the conclusion 
 of our second war with Great Britain, 
 President Madison issued a proclamation 
 appointing Thursday, April 13, a day of 
 Thanksgiving. April 10, 1862, Presi- 
 dent Lincoln issued a proclamation rec- 
 ommending that the people should, at 
 their next weekly assemblages for public 
 worship after the receipt of the procla- 
 mation, render thanks for the victories 
 which had been achieved over the rebels. 
 July 15, 1863, President Lincoln issued 
 another thanksgiving proclamation, ap- 
 pointing Thursday, Aug. 6, a day ^ of 
 thanksgiving for victories won by Union 
 forces; and on Dec. 7, 1863, he issued 
 still another thanksgiving proclamation 
 in consequence of Union successes, rec- 
 ommending that the people, on receipt 
 of the proclamation, should assemble at 
 their places of worship and render special 
 homage and gratitude for the victories 
 which had been achieved. Oct. 3, 1863, 
 President Lincoln issued a proclamation 
 appointing Thursday, Nov. 26, a day 
 of thanksgiving, and thiswas the first of 
 the annual Presidential proclamations 
 of this kind, a national thanksgiving 
 having since that time been appointed 
 every )"* by the incumbent of the 
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 ANNALS 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 BEING 
 
 A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES, 
 
 AND MEXICO, 
 
 FROM THEIR DISCOVERY DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME, 
 
 [1492 1877.] 
 
 SHOWING 
 
 THE STEPS IN THEIR POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, LEGISLATIVE, 
 AND INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS. 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD ROWLAND, A. M, 
 
 Chief Author of the old " Pkilobiblion ; " " Progress of Industry in the United Slates ; " 
 
 the standard " Life of Grant ;" " Banks and Banking ;" treatise on "Railroads 
 
 in Europe and America ;" "The Treasury: and Modern and Antique 
 
 Financial Methods ; " etc., etc. 
 
 With Illustrations, and a Carefully Prepared Index for Reference. 
 
 HARTFORD: 
 THE J. B. BURR PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 
 1877.
 
 COPYRIGHTED. 
 
 THE J. B. BURR PUBLISHING Co. 
 1877-
 
 ILLUSTEATIONS. 
 
 1. LANDING OF COLUMBUS IN AMERICA, OCTOBER 12, 1492, . Frontispiece. 
 
 2. THE COMPACT IN THE MAYFLOWER, NOVEMBER 21, 1620, ... 29 
 
 3. DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE, SEPTEMBER 13, 1759, . . . .253 
 
 4. THE DESTRUCTION OF TEA IN BOSTON HARBOR, DECEMBER 16, 1773, 297 
 
 5. FIRST BLOW FOR LIBERTY, APRIL 19, 1775, 320 
 
 6. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4, 1776, . . . .352 
 
 7. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AT THE FRENCH COURT, 1776, .... 356 
 
 8. WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE, DECEMBER 26, 1776, . . 360 
 
 9. THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN, VA., 
 
 OCTOBER 19, 1781, 403 
 
 10. MARTHA WASHINGTON'S RECEPTION, 440 
 
 11. GENERAL JACKSON AT THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 8, 1815, 531 
 
 12. GENERAL SCOTT ENTERING THE CITY OF MEXICO, SEPTEMBER 14, 1847, 598 
 
 13. LANDING THE FIRST ATLANTIC CABLE, AUGUST, 1857 613 
 
 14. SIGNING THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, JANUARY i, 1863, . .635 
 
 15. ADMIRAL FARRAGUT AT THE BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY, AUGUST 23, 1864, 648 
 
 16. SURRENDER OF GENERAL LEE AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VA., 
 
 APRIL 9, 1865, 654 

 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 THE value of the history of America, and particularly that 
 of the United States, as affording an epitome of the history 
 of the development of the human race, is hardly yet realized 
 by even the Americans themselves. 
 
 There has been so much to be done a continent to be 
 cleared and brought under cultivation ; while the new methods 
 of transportation and intercommunication the railroad, the 
 telegraph, the steam printing-press, and the marvellous results 
 of scientific methods for the investigation of phenomena, and 
 their application to industry of every description, have so 
 occupied attention, that the leisure to calmly review our history, 
 as a whole, has been scarcely possible ; and the desire to do so, 
 had we the leisure, has hardly been excited. The new has 
 seemed to swallow up the old, and to-morrow, rather than 
 yesterday, or even to-day, has seemed to be all there was of 
 interest or importance. 
 
 The advent, therefore, of the centennial anniversary of our 
 birth as a nation, as it serves to forcibly recall our attention 
 to the consideration of our past, to the recognition of the 
 labors, the aspirations, the successes and the failures of the 
 generations which have preceded ours, is of vast importance 
 to us, as a nation. 
 
 A brief consideration of the progress which society has 
 made upon this continent during the past two centuries, will 
 make this plainly evident to every one. It is hardly realized 
 that at the settlement of this country, the form of society 
 known as feudalism was introduced among the various settle- 
 ments. The Dutch and the French, as well as many of the 
 English settlements, were based upon this system of -class 
 privilege, by which an aristocracy, supported by the taxation 
 
 5
 
 6 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 of labor, was to have the entire political control and manage- 
 ment. 
 
 It was the overthrow of this system which occupied the 
 political attention of the people during the early colonial times, 
 and the constant discontent they manifested through their 
 assemblies and in other ways, can be intelligently explained 
 only by keeping constantly in mind this fact. Unconsciously, 
 in a great measure, but none the less persistently, they were 
 tending towards political independence. 
 
 One by one, in some colonies more rapidly than in others, the 
 adventitious distinctions which, socially of politically, repressed, 
 for the benefit of one class, the development in freedom of 
 all others, were removed as the culture of the people led them 
 to respect themselves and become conscious of their dignity 
 as members of the body politic. The measure for the social 
 and political culture thus reached can be seen by a comparison 
 of the struggles required in some of the older colonies to attain 
 manhood suffrage, with the prompt recognition of this funda- 
 mental principle of political liberty in the organization of the 
 more recent political commonwealths. 
 
 Nor was political liberty the only liberty sought through 
 long and persistent struggles by the people of the colonies. 
 Religious liberty, as now understood, was equally unknown 
 to them. Though the first settlers in several of the colonies 
 came over to this country to escape persecution for their 
 religious opinions, yet in none of them, with the exception of 
 Rhode Island, was the same liberty they claimed for themselves 
 accorded to all others. And further, though the separation 
 of church and state has been frequently claimed as the merit 
 of the settlers in Massachusetts, yet not only there, but in 
 the majority of the other colonies, a church establishment 
 was considered absolutely necessary, and that, by the authority 
 of the state, taxes should be raised for its support. That men 
 should be free to follow their own convictions of duty in this 
 respect, even though their opinions should seem to be wrong 
 to those who differ from them, we can receive as an axiom 
 to-day. But the culture by which we of this generation are 
 enabled to do this, as the simple dictate of common sense 
 applied to the organization of social harmony, has been gained 
 through a long and arduous struggle by the generations which 
 have preceded ours. That the state is stronger, that its
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 7 
 
 political union is firmer, and that the interests of religion are 
 strengthened rather than weakened, in the direct ratio in which 
 the individuals of the community comprising the state are them- 
 selves strengthened and educated by the culture of responsi- 
 bility in freedom, has been so manifestly demonstrated by the 
 experience of this country, that to deny it is as absurd as it 
 would be to deny at mid-day that the sunlight was about us, 
 and to justify the denial by closing our eyes. 
 
 Industrially, also, the power developed by organized coopera- 
 tion has been most triumphantly indicated by the career of the 
 United States. From such feeble beginnings as made the 
 construction of a grist-mill the great event of the year for 
 isolated communities, who depended upon pounding in mortars 
 the grain they had raised before it became possible to use it, 
 up to the celebration of our first centennial anniversary by 
 an industrial exhibition to which the whole world gathers, 
 the progress has been one constant series of demonstrations 
 of the possibilities of cooperation. 
 
 BuF this end was not reached without strenuous efforts to 
 remove the obstacles in the way. Not only did the mother 
 country, by restrictions, injunctions, duties, and all the appli- 
 ances of the red tape that forms so important a part in what 
 has been called " the science of government," attempt to repress 
 and destroy the growing enterprise of the colonies; but the 
 colonies themselves were jealous and afraid of each other. 
 Scattered in isolated communities, fringed along the sea-coast, 
 the various settlements made up of different nationalities, and 
 frequently bringing with them across the ocean the prejudices 
 and hatreds of each other resulting from the wars of Europe, 
 it seemed impossible that they should ever unite so harmoni- 
 ously as to form a single state. 
 
 That in a little over a century a nation should arise from 
 such apparently discordant and ill-assorted materials, is an 
 evidence that the progress of mankind towards the organization 
 of harmony and peace, has all the force of natural law, and that 
 the activity of national life depends upon the atmosphere of 
 liberty in which that life is passed. 
 
 At the end of the first century from the settlement of the 
 country, the colonies, having achieved their political indepen- 
 dence, met to organize their government, and in the preamble 
 of the constitution then formed they gave to the world their
 
 8 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 conception of the objects and purposes of government. This 
 matchless statement forms an era in the history of mankind. 
 For the first time the people uttered their conception of what 
 they felt was needed for their own development in freedom. 
 This golden sentence, which cannot be too often repeated, read : 
 "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
 provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, 
 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pos- 
 terity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United 
 States of America." 
 
 A century has passed since the promulgation of this docu- 
 ment. Within that time the fringe of settlements that bordered 
 the Atlantic has become a series of settled states stretching to 
 the Pacific. A population of not quite three millions has 
 become nearly forty millions. The railroad and the telegraph 
 have stretched across the continent, and a distance of thousands 
 of miles is less of a separation than a few hundreds were a 
 century ago. What shall be the result of the nation's life and 
 labors at the close of the next hundred years? 
 
 That it can be foretold with accuracy is manifestly impos- 
 sible. But, judging from the past, it can with confidence be 
 predicted, that the immediate task within this centurj r , is for 
 America to illustrate to the nations the need and the method 
 for attaining industrial independence from the domination of 
 the money power, which threatens the world with the re estab- 
 lishment of a worse feudalism than that of the sword ; and 
 that this result is to be attained, as our political independence 
 was gained, by the establishment of a more perfect union ; by 
 the further extension of justice in the industrial relations of 
 society; by the insurance of domestic tranquillity, and the 
 guaranty of the common defence, so that the general welfare 
 will be promoted and the blessings of industrial liberty pre- 
 served for ourselves and our posterity. 
 
 E. H. 
 
 HAMHONTOH, NEW JEESKT, 1876.
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 THE pre-historic discovery of America by the Northmen of 
 Europe is unquestioned, but the details of their voyages are 
 generally considered to be of too mythical a character to be re- 
 lied upon. 
 
 Henry "Wheaton, the United States minister to Denmark, consulted the docu- 
 ments at Copenhagen, and in 1831 published a History of the Northmen. Pro- 
 fessor Rafn's Antiquitates Americanae, 1834, contains much of the documentary 
 evidence. There are various other publications in which the matter is treated, 
 but our^information upon the subject is still too vague to be called history. 
 
 THE history of the original settlers of the American continent 
 is purely a modern subject of study, and even the methods of 
 investigation are hardly yet formulated into a consistent sys- 
 tem. That in some far distant past the continent was the abode 
 of numerous races, who have left their only records in their 
 works, we know, but of the details of their history we shall prob- 
 ably remain ever ignorant. 
 
 In his Ancient America, J. D. Baldwin has given a condensed account of the 
 chief remains we have of the labors of the lost nations who lived on this continent. 
 Herbert Howe Bancroft, in his work The Native Races of the Pacific States, still 
 in course of publication, gives the fullest and completest account, based upon a 
 personal examination, of the ruins themselves, and a study of all that has been 
 written about them. 
 
 THE European settlers of this country found it in possession of 
 various races. From the general opinion held at the discovery of 
 the country, that it was the east coast of Asia, or India, they were 
 called Indians. In Mexico, the natives found in possession had 
 made, comparatively, great progress in political and industrial 
 development, being in many respects in advance of their Spanish 
 conquerors. In North America, the various tribes had hardly 
 emerged from the condition of savages. They may almost be 
 said to have had neither government nor law, and they certainly 
 had no settled industry. That the Mexicans had a method of 
 recording events, we know, and that they kept such records is 
 
 (9)
 
 10 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1492-7. 
 
 also known, though most of them were destroyed by the Span- 
 iards. The Indians of North America had made the first step 
 towards recording events, but only the first step. 
 
 The literature upon this subject, both for Mexico and North America, is very 
 large. For Mexico, Prescott's History, Lord Kingsborough's Antiquities, Hum- 
 boldt's works ; and for the North American Indians, Schoolcraft's, Parkman's, 
 and Catlin's works. There is an Indian Bibliography by T. \V. Field. 
 
 1492, OCTOBER 12. Christopher Columbus discovered land, in 
 his western voyage from Palos, in Spain. 
 
 He had set sail Friday, August 3, 1492, a half hour before midnight, and 
 discovered land at two in the morning. Palos is now several miles from the sea- 
 coast. The land was some island, whether one of the Turks Islands, or Watling 
 Island, or San Salvador Grande, or Cat Island, is not known. Columbus himself 
 believed it to be the western coast of China, or Cathay, as it was then called. 
 Having also discovered Cuba and Hayti, he set sail again for Spain, and arrived 
 at Palos March 15, 1493. 
 
 1493, MAY 3. The Pope Alexander VI. granted the right to 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, and their successors, to all the lands 
 they had discovered or should discover. 
 
 A somewhat similar grant having been made to the Crown of Portugal, the 
 Pope ordered an imaginary line to be drawn from pole to pole, one hundred 
 leagues west of the Azores. All east of this line, not in possession of a Chris- 
 tian prince, to belong to the Portuguese, and all west to the Spaniards. The 
 Portuguese and Spaniards, not quite satisfied with this, referred it to a commis- 
 sion of three from eacli nation, who, on the 7th of June, 1493, modified it by 
 removing the imaginary line two hundred and twenty leagues farther to the west. 
 The king of Spain signed this agreement July 2, 1493, and the king of Portugal 
 February 27, 1494. 
 
 1493, SEPTEMBER 25. Columbus sailed from Cadiz, in his sec- 
 ond voyage to the New World. 
 
 He had three ships, fourteen caravels, and an ample supply of stores. On 
 this voyage he is said to have brought the first domestic cattle to the New 
 World. He made a settlement at Isabella, a town founded by him in Hayti, or 
 Hispaniola. The natives were reduced to slavery, and exterminated by the 
 enforced labor in the mines, under the Spanish rule. 
 
 1497, JUNE 24. John Cabot, and his son Sebastian, who had 
 sailed, in May, from Bristol, England, saw land, which is sup- 
 posed to have been the coast of Labrador. 
 
 There is no authentic account of the particulars of this voyage, in which 
 it is claimed that the continent of America was for the first time seen by 
 modern Europeans. The new land seen by the Cabots abounded in white 
 bears, and deer of unusual size, and was inhabited by savages, clothed in 
 skins, and armed with spears, clubs, and bows and arrows. The Cabots 
 having returned to England, another expedition, under Sebastian, set out in 
 May, 1498, and is said to have sailed along the coast as far south as Florida. 
 They attempted no settlement. The Cabots were Venetians living in London,
 
 1498-1506.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. H 
 
 and had been granted by Henry VII., on the 5th of March, 1496, a commis- 
 sion to discover lands unknown to Christians, to occupy and possess such as 
 subject to the English crown, and to hold jurisdiction over them, on condition 
 of paying to the king one fifth of their gains from them. In this voyage Cabot 
 found the abundance of cod upon the banks of Newfoundland, and the fisheries 
 there, soon attracted adventurers from various countries of Europe. 
 
 1498, MAY 30. Columbus sailed on his third voyage of dis- 
 covery from Spain, and on the 31st of July discovered an island 
 he called Trinidad, and cruised among the numerous islands lying 
 off the coast of Central America. 
 
 It was from this voyage that he was eventually sent home to Spain in chains, 
 as a prisoner. 
 
 1501. GASPAB CORTEEEAL, under the authority of Emanuel, 
 the king of Portugal, explored the coast of North America for 
 several hundred miles. 
 
 He captured many of the natives, and carried them back as slaves. Having 
 returned to Portugal, he set out upon a second voyage, from which he never 
 returned, nor was anything heard of him. 
 
 1501, MAY 10. Americus Vespuccius, for the king of Por- 
 tugal, sailed from Lisbon, and in August reached land. 
 
 He returned to Lisbon in 1502. ' At what point he touched is not known. There 
 is great obscurity concerning the voyages of Vespuccius. He has the credit of 
 having made four, the accounts of which have been frequently reprinted, and are 
 professedly written by himself, though his authorship of them is doubted. It has 
 been claimed that Vespuccius by subterfuge gave his name to America, but 
 evidently he had nothing to do with this accident. The name was first suggested 
 by Martin Waltzmuller, or Waldsee-muller, a native of Ereifcurg, and professor 
 in Lorraine, who, according to the custom of the time, Grecized his name into 
 Hylacomylus, by which he is more generally known. In a Latin work on cos- 
 mography, published in 1507, and in which is the account of Vespuccius' four 
 voyages, he says, speaking of the lands he discovered: "But now that those 
 parts have been more extensively examined and another fourth part has been 
 discovered by Americus (as will be seen in the sequel), I do not see why we 
 should rightly refuse to name it America, that is, the land of Americus or Amer- 
 ica, after its discoverer Americus, a man of sagacious mind, since both Europe 
 and Asia took their names from women." The date of Vespuccius' death is vari- 
 ously given as 1516 and 1518. 
 
 1502, MAY 11. Columbus sailed on his fourth and last voy- 
 age from Cadiz, and arrived at Hispaniola on the 29th of June. 
 
 In 1506, May 20, Columbus having returned, died at Valladolid, in the 59th 
 year of his age. 
 
 1504. FISHERMEN from Brittany discovered and named Cape 
 Breton. 
 
 1506. JEAN DENNYS, of Harfleur, France, is said to have drawn 
 a map of the St. Lawrence, for the use of the French fishermen 
 frequenting that locality.
 
 12 ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. [1508-18. 
 
 As early as 1504 the Bretons, the Basques, and the Normans had pursued the 
 codfishery upon the banks of Newfoundland. 
 
 1508. THOMAS AUBERT sailed from Dieppe to Newfoundland, 
 and thence to the St. Lawrence. 
 
 He was the first to explore thia river. On his return he carried home some of 
 the natives with him. 
 
 1511. THE Council of the Indies, having control over the af- 
 fairs of America, was constituted by Ferdinand the king of Spain. 
 
 It had the control of all the Indies, made all laws, appointed all officers, and 
 made all decisions. The consent of the monarch was necessary, but was always 
 given. It appointed the viceroys of Mexico. 
 
 1512. APRIL 2. Juan Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of 
 Florida, probably near the site of St. Augustine. 
 
 He had been a companion of Columbus, and had command of a portion of 
 Hispaniola, and afterwards of Puerto Rico, which he depopulated by the savage 
 cruelty with which he worked the natives in the mines and on the plantations. 
 With the wealth he thus acquired he organized an exploring expedition, and 
 landed in Florida, which he called by this name, either from the luxuriance of its 
 vegetation, or from the fact that he landed on Palm Sunday, which the Spaniards 
 call Pasqua de Flares. Returning to Spain, he obtained permission to settle or 
 conquer the country, and came back with an expedition, but on landing was 
 attacked by the natives, and driven away. Ponce de Leon was mortally wounded, 
 and died in Cuba. 
 
 1513. A DECREE of the Spanish privy council, issued by Fer- 
 dinand, justified the slavery of the Indians, as in accord with the 
 laws of God and man. 
 
 It was claimed that otherwise they could not be reclaimed from idolatry and 
 educated to Christianity. 
 
 1517, FEBRUARY 8. Hernandez de Cordova sailed from Cuba 
 on an expedition to the Bahamas. 
 
 By a storm he was driven from his course, and landed finally at Yucatan. 
 Here he first heard of Mexico. 
 
 1518, MAY 1. Juan de Grijalva left the port of St. Jago 
 de Cuba in search of the new lands which Hernandez de Cordova 
 had reported. 
 
 He was sent by Don Diego Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, to whom this 
 position had been given as a reward for his conquest of it. 
 
 1518, NOVEMBER 18. An expedition under Hernando Cortez 
 sailed from St. Jago de Cuba in search of the new lands. 
 
 Cortez had taken part in the conquest of Cuba, and is said to have himself paid 
 chiefly for the expense of the expedition. Cortez at this time was thirty-three 
 years old. The expedition stopped at Macaca, at Trinidad, and then at Havana, 
 all small towns in Cuba, to lay in supplies and obtain recruits, and sailed from 
 Havana February 10, 1519.
 
 1519-21.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 
 
 1519, APRIL 21. Cortez landed on the present site of Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 He had landed in Yucatan, and there obtained a Mexican woman, Marina, who 
 was given him as a slave, and who served as his interpreter in Mexico, she soon 
 learning Spanish. At this spot Cortez made a settlement, calling it Villa Rica de 
 Vera Cruz, and nominated a magistracy, to whom he resigned his office of captain- 
 general, and was by them reappointed captain-general and chief justice. 
 
 1519, AUGUST 16. Cortez commenced his march towards 
 the capital of Mexico. 
 
 He had about four hundred foot-soldiers, fifteen horses, and seven pieces of 
 artillery. There were also some thirteen hundred friendly Indians, and a thou- 
 sand tamanes, or porters, to drag the guns and carry the baggage. He carried 
 with him also some forty Totonac chiefs as hostages and guides. They belonged 
 to a tribe which had been discontented with the rule of Montezuma. He had dis- 
 mantled his fleet, taking the vessels to pieces, but preserving the iron work. 
 
 1519, NOVEMBER 8. Cortez and his army entered the city of 
 Mexico. 
 
 His entire army did not amount to seven thousand men, of whom less than four 
 hundred were Spaniards. The balance were friendly Indians, who joined his 
 expedition after severe contests with him, in which the Spaniards were successful. 
 
 1520, JULY 8. Cortez, retreating from the capital of Mexico, 
 fought the battle of Otumba, with an army opposing him, and 
 gained a decisive victory. 
 
 He had been reinforced by a force sent from Cuba by Velasquez to capture 
 him, and, leaving the city of Mexico with a portion of his army, had defeated these 
 enemies, and returned to Mexico with many of them as recruits. On his return 
 he was attacked by the Mexicans in his quarters, and Montezuma having died 
 from wounds received from his subjects, as he was trying to appeal to them for 
 peace, it was resolved to retreat from the city of Mexico. This retreat, under- 
 taken at night, was more disastrous than any engagement the Spaniards met in 
 their entire course in Mexico. After this battle he took refuge with the Thas- 
 calans, his allies. 
 
 1520, DECEMBER 28. Cortez set out from Thascala with hia 
 army to capture the city of Mexico. 
 
 He had refitted his army, reinforced by expeditions which had been sent 
 against him, and were induced to take part with him ; so that he had about six 
 hundred men, forty of whom were mounted, and eighty with arquebuses or cross- 
 bows. Besides these he had a large number of friendly Indians, from the several 
 different nations in Mexico, who were desirous of throwing off the yoke of the 
 Aztecs. 
 
 1521. YASQUEZ DE AILLON, a Spanish explorer, visited the 
 coast of North America, and returned to Spain to obtain per- 
 mission to conquer it. 
 
 He is supposed to have landed upon the coast of South Carolina. The region 
 he called Chicora. Returning in 1525 with two ships, the crews were driven 
 away by the natives, the majority of the invaders being killed.
 
 14 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1521-4. 
 
 1521, APRIL 11. Christoval de Tapia was sent from Spain 
 with a warrant from the regent of Castile to visit Mexico, in- 
 quire into the conduct of Cortez, suspend him from office, and, if 
 necessary, seize him until the pleasure of the Court of Castile 
 was known. 
 
 Tapia arrived in Vera Cruz in December, but was not allowed to proceed 
 farther, and returned to Cuba, having sold Ms horses and equipments to Cortez 
 at a high price. 
 
 1521, APRIL 28. Cortez launched at Tezcuco his fleet of ves- 
 sels, which had been built at Vera Cruz, and transported in 
 pieces over the country. 
 
 The fleet was intended to give him command of the lake which surrounded the 
 city of Mexico. A canal had been dug for the purpose of introducing them 
 into the lake. On mustering his forces, he had eighty-seven horsemen, eight 
 hundred and eighteen footmen, one hundred and eighteen of whom had arquebuses 
 or crossbows. He had also three iron cannon, and fifteen lighter ones of brass. 
 The heavy cannon were mounted on the vessels, one to each. 
 
 1521, AUGUST 13. The city of Mexico surrendered. 
 
 Guatemozin attempting to escape was captured, and the city surrendered. It 
 had been almost destroyed, and famine and pestilence had killed thousands of its 
 defenders. It was estimated that seventy thousand, besides women and children, 
 left the city when it was evacuated by order of the conqueror. Those who 
 perished in its defence are variously estimated from one hundred and twenty 
 thousand to twice that number. The city of Mexico had been besieged nearly 
 three months. 
 
 1522, OCTOBER 15. Charles V. issued a commission to Cor- 
 tez, making him governor, captain-general, and chief justice of 
 New Spain. 
 
 The commission gave him power to appoint all officers, civil and military. 
 It was issued in accordance with the decision of a council which had been called 
 to consider the charges against Cortez, which justified all his proceedings. 
 
 1524. TWELVE Franciscan friars arrived in Mexico. 
 
 They had been sent by request of Cortez, who asked that members of the reli- 
 gious fraternities might be sent out, whose lives were a practical commentary on 
 their teachings, instead of pampered prelates who squandered the substance of 
 the country in luxurious living. He petitioned also that " attorneys, and men 
 learned in the law," should be prohibited from landing in the country, since " ex- 
 perience had shown that they would be sure by their evil practices to disturb the 
 peace of the community." His petition was granted. The priests were so active 
 in the work of conversion that in twenty years from their advent they boasted of 
 having made nine millions of converts, more than the whole population, and also 
 of having caused so complete a destruction of the Aztec temples, great and small, 
 "that not a vestige of them remained." Under Cortez's rule the settlement of 
 the country was urged ; slavery was established, and it was made a condition of 
 the grants of land that they must be occupied eight years before the title was 
 complete, and that a certain number of vines should be planted. All vessels 
 arriving were obliged to bring a certain quantity of seeds and plants.
 
 1524-35.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 
 
 1524. YERRAZZANI, a Florentine in the employ of Francis I. 
 of France, coasted along North America from the 28th to the 
 50th degree of north latitude, and called the country New 
 France. 
 
 He wrote an account of his discoveries to Francis I., dated Dieppe, July 8, 1524, 
 and which has been often reprinted. His descriptions of the places he passed 
 have been thought to indicate the coast of New Jersey, and the harbors of New 
 York and Newport, while either Martha's Vineyard or Nantucket is also supposed 
 to have been described by him. The next year he is said to have made another 
 voyage, from which he never returned. 
 
 1526, JUNE. Cortez re-entered Mexico, after an absence of 
 two years, during which he had explored Central America, and 
 claimed it for the Spanish crown. 
 
 Finding that during his absence complaints had been made of his conduct, he 
 resolved to return to Spain to justify himself, and landed at Palos in May, 
 1528. 
 
 1529, JULY. Charles V. gave a commission to Cortez, who 
 had been made Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, as captain-gen- 
 eral of New Spain, and of the coasts of the South Sea. 
 
 The civil government of the country of Mexico was not intrusted to him, but 
 to other officers appointed by the crown, styled the Royal Audience, of which 
 Nunez de Guzman was the head, and one of whose duties was to investigate the 
 charges against Cortez. The appointment of this board was one of the chief 
 causes of Cortez's return to Spain. 
 
 1530, JULY 15. Cortez landed in Mexico on his return from 
 Spain. 
 
 A new Royal Audience had been created. The report of the first, concerning 
 the charges against Cortez, does not seem to have been noticed by the Spanish 
 government. The new Audience was given an equal control with Cortez of the 
 military affairs of Mexico ; therefore he retired from public life, and interested 
 himself with the cultivation of his estates, and with fitting out the expedition 
 which explored the Gulf of California. 
 
 1534, APRIL 20. Jaques Cartier, under a commission from the 
 king of France, sailed from St. Malo, and on the 10th of May 
 reached Newfoundland. 
 
 He almost circumnavigated Newfoundland, and crossed the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. On his return his account of his voyage excited great attention, as did 
 the two natives he brought back with him. 
 
 1535. JAQUES CARTIER made his second voyage, accompanied 
 with a large company. As he entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 upon the day of that saint, he gave his name to it, which eventu- 
 ally extended to the river. He sailed up the river, built a fort, 
 anid wintered there. 
 
 He called the territory New France, and gave the name Mont Real to the hill 
 upon the island on which Montreal now is.
 
 16 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1535-40. 
 
 1535. AUGUST 15. Don Antonio de Mendoza arrived from 
 Spain as viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 This was the commencement of the Spanish system of intrusting the ad- 
 ministration of the colonies to viceroys of such rank that they were sup- 
 posed to fitly represent royalty. They were never kept long in their positions. 
 
 The exact date of his arrival is questioned. 
 
 
 
 1536. THE first book printed in America was issued in the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 It was a Spanish translation of a work written in Greek, and entitled in 
 Spanish, Escala Espiritual para llegar al Cielo, or the Spiritual Ladder of 
 Heaven. This translation, from a Latin version, was made by Juan de Estrada, 
 and printed by Juan Pablos, who appears to have been brought to Mexico by 
 Mendoza, and probably printed this little volume as a sort of manual for the 
 novices of the convent of St. Dominic. The work derives its name from its 
 form, it being thirty steps to lead to perfection. No copy of the work is known 
 to be in existence, and the date of its issue is problematical, though the best 
 authorities agree upon this date. 
 
 1536. A COLONY from England, under the direction of "one 
 Master Hore," attempted a settlement in Newfoundland, but 
 after suffering from famine they returned. 
 
 Hakluyt gives an account of the enterprise, which he had from " Master 
 Thomas Butts, one of the gentlemen adventurers." They were nearly starved, 
 when fortunately a French fishing-vessel appeared, which they seized to return 
 home in. 
 
 1537. CORTEZ with three ships discovered the peninsula of 
 California. 
 
 The Gulf of California was explored in 1539 by Francisco de Alloa, who 
 was sent by Cortez. Cortez is said to have spent two hundred thousand ducats 
 in his Californian explorations. 
 
 1539, MAY 18. Ferdinand de Soto, the governor of Cuba, 
 sailed from Havana on an expedition to Florida for the purpose 
 of conquering the country. 
 
 In this expedition there were nine vessels, nine hundred men besides sailors, 
 two hundred and thirteen horses, and a herd of swine. He had received the 
 title of Marquis of Florida from Charles V. The expedition landed on the 
 west side of Florida, at Tampa Bay, and, constantly fighting with the natives, 
 penetrated to the interior, until, in June, 1541, they reached the Mississippi. 
 Here De Soto died, and the rest of the adventurers, building boats, floated 
 down to the mouth of the river, and landed finally at a Spanish settlement, 
 near the present site of Tampico. De Soto is said to have expended one 
 hundred thousand ducats in this enterprise. There is an account of it, written 
 by an actor in it. 
 
 1540. CORTEZ again embarked for Spain. 
 
 He went to seek redress for the losses he had suffered from the Royal 
 Audience, and also to state the grounds of his dispute with the viceroy. He 
 died in Spain in 1547, aged 63, and was buried in the chapel of San Isidro, in
 
 1540-64.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 
 
 Seville. In 1562, the body was removed to Mexico and buried in the monastery 
 of St. Francis in Tezcuco, and in 1629 again removed to the church of St. Francis 
 in the city of Mexico, and in 1794 again to the Hospital of Jesus, and is now- 
 supposed to be in Palermo, Italy. 
 
 1540, MAY 23. Cartier set sail from France with five ships, 
 to make a settlement in Canada. 
 
 Carder was appointed by Francis I. the captain-general of the ships, and John 
 Francois de la Roche, lord of Robertval, in Picardy, as viceroy and lieutenant- 
 governor for Canada, Hochalaga, Saguenay, Newfoundland, Belle Isle, Cape 
 Breton, and Labrador, with authority to make further conquests. Cartier 
 ascended the St. Lawrence, built a fort on the Island of Orleans, and remained 
 there that winter. The next spring he returned, and on his way met Robertval, 
 who had delayed starting. Robertval proceeded to the St. Lawrence, and spent a 
 winter there, and then returned. 
 
 1551. THE emperor Charles Y. chartered a royal and pontifi- 
 cal university in Mexico. 
 
 It was to have the same privileges as those enjoyed by Salamanca. 
 
 The chief authorities for the conquest of Mexico are Cortez's own letters 
 to the emperor of Spain. They have been translated into English. Gomara, 
 who was chaplain to Cortez after the return of the latter to Spain, and 
 afterwards to Cortez's son, wrote a Cronica de la Nveva Espana (Chronicle 
 of New Spain), which first appeared in 1553, and has been often reprinted. 
 Bernal Diaz del Costillo, who served with Cortez, published a Historia Verda- 
 dera de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana. It seeks chiefly to give the credit, 
 which Gomara had not given, to the companions of Cortez in his conquest of 
 Mexico. It was first published, in Spanish, in 1632. 
 
 1562, FEBRUARY. A colony of French Protestants sailed from 
 France for Florida. 
 
 They filled two vessels, under the command of Jean Ribault. The expedition 
 was originated by Admiral de Coligny. A settlement was made at Port Royal, 
 and a fort built upon an island and called Carolina, after Charles IX., king of 
 France. A company was left in the settlement while Ribault returned for sup- 
 plies. They mutinied, killed their captain, and, having built a vessel, set sail for 
 France. Their provisions being exhausted, they were obliged to eat one of their 
 number, when an English vessel met them and carried them to England. 
 
 1563, THE English slave-trade to the West Indies began. 
 
 John Hawkins, for a company, went with three ships to the coast of Africa, 
 and brought away three hundred negroes, whom he sold in the West Indies, 
 " with prosperous successe and much gaine to himselfe and the adventurers." 
 
 1564, APRIL 22. Three ships sailed from France, under the 
 command of Ren Laudonniere, to carry supplies to the colony at 
 Port Royal. 
 
 They landed at the river May, after finding that the colony had abandoned 
 Port Royal, and built a fort. The next year, when in great distress for want of 
 provisions, they were succored by John Hawkins, returning from the sale of his 
 second cargo of slaves. Soon after, Ribault arrived with reinforcements. The 
 Spanish court being informed of this French settlement, sent a fleet under Don 
 
 2
 
 18 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1568-84. 
 
 Pedro Menendez against them, which arrived a week after Ribault, who sailed out 
 against them. Both fleets were scattered by a storm; but the Spaniards, landing, 
 attacked and carried the fort, Laudonniere and a few others escaping, and finally 
 reaching the French ships. On the return to France the ship containing Ribault 
 was wrecked, and he and his company, who escaped to the shore, were found and 
 killed by the Spaniards. Laudonniere arrived finally in France. Don Pedro 
 Menendez had undertaken at his own expense to conquer Florida, and Philip II. 
 had made him governor for life, with a share of the perquisites belonging to the 
 crown. He landed first at St. Augustine, which he named from having seen 
 land on the anniversary of that saint, and founded that city, which is the oldest 
 town in the United States. By Menendez cattle were introduced, and are sup- 
 posed to have been the progenitors of the wild cattle found in the early part of 
 this century in the Southwest. 
 
 1568. DOMINIC DE GOURGES, a native of Gascony, France, 
 hearing of the slaughter of his countrymen in Florida, set out 
 on an expedition, at bis own expense, to avenge them, and captured 
 Fort Caroline, hanged the occupants, and then returned to 
 France. 
 
 1570. THE Inquisition was established in Mexico by Philip II. 
 1574. THE first auto-da-fe was celebrated in Mexico. 
 
 A Frenchman and an Englishman were burned as heretics, and eighty other 
 persons were tortured. 
 
 1578, JUNE 11. A patent was granted by Queen Elizabeth to 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, to found a settlement in America within 
 six years. It gave him jurisdiction over a circle of six hundred 
 miles, from any spot as a centre, " not actually possessed by any 
 Christian prince or people." 
 
 1583, AUGUST. Sir Humphrey Gilbert reached Newfound- 
 land with three ships, and took possession of it under his charter 
 from Elizabeth. 
 
 He found in the harbor of St. John's thirty-six vessels, of various nationalities, 
 engaged in the fishery. Collecting a contribution from them, establishing the 
 Church of England, granting titles to land, and declaring all attempts to weaken 
 the queen's title treason, he set out to return, and was drowned by the founder- 
 ing of his vessel on the way over. 
 
 1584, MARCH 25. A charter was granted to Sir Walter 
 Raleigh by Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh was the half-brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and was 
 most probably interested with him in his second voyage. The terms of Raleigh's 
 charter were nearly those granted to Gilbert, any interference with the fishermen 
 at Newfoundland being forbidden. 
 
 1584, JULY 4. An exploring company, sent out by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, under the command of Philip Amadas and 
 Arthur Barlow, arrived at the American coast, and landed at 
 a place called by the natives Wococon, and afterwards Hoanoke,
 
 1585-98.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 19 
 
 an island in the passage from the Sound of Pamlico to Albemarle, 
 where was an Indian village. 
 
 On their return two natives accompanied them, and the name of Virginia was 
 given to the country, either by Elizabeth, or by Raleigh in her honor. 
 
 1585, JUNE 26. An expedition sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh 
 landed at Roanoke Island. 
 
 Manteo, one of the natives, was with the expedition as interpreter. Sir 
 Richard Grenville, the general of the expedition, returned, leaving a colony of 
 one hundred and seven persons under the government of Mr. Ralph Lane. This 
 was the first English colony. 
 
 1586, JUNE 18. An English fleet, under Sir Francis Drake, 
 on its way to England from the West Indies, stopped at the set- 
 tlement on Roanoke Island, and carried the one hundred and three 
 remaining colonists back to England. 
 
 The colony had been in danger of starving, and were saved by the opportune 
 arrival of Drake's fleet. A few days after the departure of the colony, a ship with 
 supplies, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, arrived, and not finding them, returned. Two 
 or three weeks after this, Sir Richard Grenville, with three ships, arrived, and 
 finding the settlement at Roanoke deserted, returned to England, leaving fifteen 
 men to keep possession of the island. 
 
 1587, JULY 22. A landing was made at Roanoke by a second 
 company sent over by Sir Walter Raleigh with a few associates. 
 
 The colony consisted of one hundred and seventeen persons (ninety-one men, 
 seventeen women, and nine children), who were incorporated as the "Burrough 
 of Raleigh in Virginia," and the government was intrusted to John White as gov- 
 ernor, with a council of twelve others. The colonists were men with families. 
 They found that the fifteen men left by Grenville had quarrelled with the Indiana 
 and been overcome by them. On the 18th of August, Mrs. Dare, the daughter of 
 White the governor, gave birth to a daughter who was named Virginia. She was 
 the first English child born in North America. On the 27th the governor sailed 
 for England to bring supplies. 
 
 1589, MARCH 7. Sir Walter Raleigh assigned his patent to 
 Thomas Smith and other merchants and adventurers. 
 
 He had spent forty thousand pounds in furthering the settlement of America. 
 
 1590, MARCH 20. An expedition to carry supplies to the 
 colony at Roanoke set sail from Plymouth, England, under the 
 command of Governor White. 
 
 The colony could not, however, be found, nor was anything ever learned of 
 them. 
 
 1598, JANUARY 12. The Marquis de la Roche was given a 
 
 commission by Henry IV., king of France, to conquer Canada 
 
 and other adjacent countries "not possessed by any Christian 
 prince." 
 
 He sailed with a company made up of convicts taken from prison, left forty of 
 them on the Island of Sables, visited the mainland, and then returned to France.
 
 20 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1600-3. 
 
 Seven years afterwards, the twelve survivors of the band left on the Island of 
 Sables were carried to France. 
 
 1600. ON the death of the Marquis de la Roche his patent 
 was renewed in favor of M. de Chauvin, a naval officer, who made 
 a connection with a fur-dealer of St. Malo named Pontgrave, and 
 made a voyage up the St. Lawrence to Tadousac at the junction 
 of the Saguenay. 
 
 He left a small colony there, and made another voyage, but died before making 
 a third. 
 
 1601. ON the death of Chauvin, M. de Chatte, the governor 
 of Dieppe, obtained a commission as governor of Canada, and 
 with Pontgrave and others carried on the trade in furs. 
 
 1602. MARCH 26. Bartholomew Gosnold sailed from Fal- 
 moufeh, England, for the purpose of settling a colony in Yirginia. 
 
 Gosnold was in the employ of Raleigh's assignees, and was the first to take a 
 direct course, instead of by way of the West Indies. His company consisted of 
 thirty-two persons, of whom twelve purposed " to remayne there for population." 
 He touched the northern coast, and, sailing south, landed on and named Cape 
 Cod. Continuing south, he discovered and named Martha's Vineyard, landed on 
 an island he called Elizabeth Island, in honor of the queen, and built a fort and 
 storehouse. Setting out to return, those who had intended to remain lost heart, 
 and the whole company returned together. 
 
 1602, MARCH. Samuel Mace sailed from Wey mouth, England, 
 in a ship provided and fitted out by Sir Walter Raleigh, and 
 touched on the American coast at about 34 north latitude. 
 
 He sailed some distance along the coast, and then returned. 
 
 1603, APRIL 10. An expedition under Martin Pring sailed 
 from Milford Haven, England, for North America, and reached 
 the coast between 43 and 44 north latitude. 
 
 There were two ships, the Speedwell and the Discoverer. They were fitted 
 out by merchants of Bristol to explore and to collect sassafras. Turning south, 
 they ranged as far as Martha's Vineyard, and returned laden with sassafras and 
 skins. The venture proved profitable to the merchants. 
 
 1603, MAY 10. Bartholomew Gilbert sailed from Plymouth, 
 England, for Chesapeake Bay by Avay of the West Indies. On 
 the 29th of July he anchored about a mile from land in about 40 
 north latitude, and landed with four of his men. 
 
 They being all killed by the natives, the rest of the crew set sail and returned 
 to England. 
 
 1603. PONTGRAVE, under the auspices of the company in 
 which he was interested, again visited the St. Lawrence and 
 ascended it as high as Hochalaga. 
 
 In this voyage he was accompanied by Samuel Champlain, who this year, after 
 his return, published a map of Niagara.
 
 1603-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 
 
 1603, NOVEMBER 3. Henry IV. of France granted to Pierre 
 du Gast, Sieur de Monts, all that part of the continent between 
 40 and 46 north latitude, making him lieutenant-general of the 
 country with power to colonize it. On December 18, he was 
 further granted a monopoly of the fur trade in this territory 
 called Acadie. 
 
 1604, MARCH 7. De Monts set sail with four ships from 
 France to form a settlement at Acadie. 
 
 One of the vessels in command of Pontgrave was to drive away interloping 
 traders ; another was to purchase furs at the St. Lawrence ; the others, com- 
 manded by himself, had on board Champlain and Pontrincourt, and were to select 
 a site and found a colony. A settlement was made and a fort built on an island 
 in Passamaquoddy Bay, which he called St. Croix (this name being soon given to 
 the adjacent river). The next spring, the colony having suffered from their con- 
 fined position, search was made for a new situation, and De Monts explored the 
 coast as far south as Cape Cod, where he landed, but was prevented from settling 
 on account of the hostility of the natives ; and additional settlers having arrived, 
 the whole colony was removed to Port Royal, now Annapolis. The next summer 
 Cape Cod was further explored for settlement, but the hostility of the natives 
 again prevented it, and the next winter Port Royal, the first settlement in Acadie, 
 was abandoned. 
 
 1605, MARCH 31. George Weymouth, sent by the Earl of 
 Southampton and Lord Arundel to seek for the north-west pas- 
 sage, sailed from the Downs, and touched land about 41 30' 
 north latitude. 
 
 He is thought to have discovered the Penobscot River. On his return he car- 
 ried with him five Indians. 
 
 1606, APRIL 10. In April, James I. granted a charter to two 
 companies to plant colonies in America between 34 and" 45 
 north latitude. 
 
 The first of these, the London Company, was empowered to plant colonies be- 
 tween 34 and 41 north latitude, or between Cape Fear and the east end of Long 
 Island. The second was entitled the Plymouth Company, and consisted chiefly 
 of persons in and about Plymouth and Bristol. Its settlement was to be called 
 the Second Colony of Virginia. It had the right to settle colonies between 38 
 and 45 north latitude, or between Delaware Bay and Halifax. Neither of them 
 was to make a settlement within a hundred miles of one previously established 
 by the other, and the territory of each colony was limited to fifty miles along the 
 shore, on either side of the spot first occupied, and one hundred miles inland, 
 and the same distance on the ocean, embracing all islands which were within it. 
 A council composed of thirteen residents in each colony, nominated by the king, 
 was to regulate local matters. A council of Virginia, resident in England, and 
 appointed by the king, had a general supervision over both colonies. The fifth 
 of all gold and silver mines, and the fifteenth of all copper, were to be paid to the 
 king. The companies had the power to coin money, lay duties for twenty-one 
 years, and import goods from England free for seven years. The alleged reason 
 for the patent was the advancement of the divine glory " by bringing the Indians 
 and savages resident in these parts to human civility and a settled and quiet
 
 22 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1606-8. 
 
 government." Sir Walter Raleigh's charter was considered forfeit, he being in 
 prison on a charge of high treason. 
 
 1606, NOVEMBER 20. James I. issued "Instructions for the 
 government of Virginia." 
 
 In these he appointed a council, to be increased or altered at the king's pleas- 
 ure, and authorized to appoint the local councils, which were reduced to seven 
 members each. The local councils were to choose a president from among them- 
 selves, and had power to suspend him or any other member for good cause, and 
 to fill vacancies till new appointments were sent from England. The president 
 had a double vote. It was the special duty of the councils to provide that " the 
 true word and service of God, according to the rites and services of the Church 
 of England, be preached, planted, and used in the colonies and among the neigh- 
 boring savages." Certain offences, triable by jury, were made capital, others 
 could be tried by the councils and punished at their discretion. Their laws, not 
 touching life or limb, were to remain until set aside by the king or the council 
 for Virginia. Their trade and industry for the first five years were to remain 
 common stock, or " two or three stocks at most," to be managed by a factor 
 selected yearly by the local councils, and in England by committees appointed 
 for that purpose. 
 
 1607. PONTRINCOURT established at Port Royal the first per- 
 manent French settlement in America. 
 
 He had received a confirmation of the grant he had from De Monts. 
 
 1607. IN February, an expedition sent out by the Plymouth 
 Company made a settlement on the coast of Maine at the mouth 
 of the Kennebec. 
 
 This expedition was under the command of George Popham, and Raleigh 
 Gilbert, a nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. Popham was president of the council, 
 and Gilbert was admiral. The next winter Popham died, and news having arrived 
 of the death of Sir John Gilbert, Raleigh Gilbert returned to England, and the 
 settlement was abandoned. 
 
 1607, MAY 13. A settlement was made at Jamestown, Vir- 
 ginia, by an expedition sent out by the London Company. 
 
 The expedition consisted of one hundred and five men, in three ships, under the 
 command of Christopher Newport. They ascended the Chesapeake Bay and the 
 James River, and called the spot Jamestown. Bartholomew Gosnold and Captain 
 John Smith were prominent men among the colonists, who suffered greatly the 
 first season, and were saved from destruction by Smith, aided by Pocahontas. 
 The encroachments of the river are rapidly making the promontory an island, 
 and there are only a few ruins left of the original settlement, the major part 
 having been burned to the ground in 1670 by Nathaniel Bacon during the insur- 
 rection. 
 
 1608. A SHIP from the London Company, under Captain New- 
 port, brought a crown for Powhatan, with orders for his " crown- 
 ation," and mechanics to make pitch, tar, glass, mills, and soap- 
 ashes.
 
 1608-9.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 
 
 The council complaining that no gold or silver was sent, threatened that unless 
 the expenses, two thousand pounds, were not repaid by the return cargo, the 
 colony would be deserted. Captain John Smith returned " a plain and scholarly 
 answer," and sent by the ship "trials of pitch, tar, glass, frankincense, and soap- 
 ashes, with what wainscot and clapboard could be provided." The ship brought 
 one hundred and twenty colonists. The first marriage in Virginia was that of 
 John Laydon to Ann Barras. 
 
 1608. CHAMPLAIN established the post of Quebec on the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 He had obtained an outfit from some merchants in St. Malo and Dieppe. 
 
 1609, MAY 23. A new charter was granted the London Com- 
 pany, and they were incorporated with the title " The Treasurer 
 and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of London 
 for the First Colony in Virginia." 
 
 By the new charter the treasurer was the chief executive officer, and he was 
 elected by the stockholders, who also filled vacancies in the council. The coun- 
 cil was named in the charter. The local council was replaced by a governor 
 appointed by the council in England ; the council was empowered to make laws 
 for the colony, to conform " as near as might be " to the laws of England. Lord 
 De la War was appointed governor. 
 
 1609, JULY 4. Samuel Champlain entered New York state 
 from the settlement in Canada. 
 
 With two companions he accompanied a party of Canadian Indians in a war 
 expedition, and discovered the lake which is named after him ; and on the 30th 
 of the same month, fought on its western shores a battle with a company of 
 Mohawks and defeated them. This laid the foundations for the hatred of the 
 Five Nations to the French, which lasted all through the years the French held 
 power in America. The Five Nations the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Ononda- 
 gas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas had previously formed an alliance offensive 
 and defensive against the other savages of the country. 
 
 1609, SEPTEMBER 9. Hendrich Hudson, in the service of the 
 East India Company of Holland, visited America, and sailed up 
 the river, called the Hudson, from his discovery of it. 
 
 His vessel was called the Half Moon, and he was engaged in an attempt to dis- 
 cover the north-west passage to India. 
 
 1609, OCTOBER. The settlement in Virginia is said -to have 
 had nearly five hundred persons, five or six hundred hogs, as 
 many fowls, and some goats, sheep, and horses, and about thirty 
 acres under cultivation. 
 
 The stock was all destroyed by the Indians and by the colonists for food. Dur- 
 ing this year they made three or four " lasts " of tar, pitch, soap-ashes, and made a 
 trial of glass ; sunk a well in the fort ; built twenty houses ; put a new roof to the 
 church ; made nets' and seines for fishing ; built a block-house for trading with 
 the Indians ; broke up and planted about forty acres of ground, and during their 
 leisure made clapboards and wainscoting.
 
 24 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1611-13. 
 
 1611, AUGUST. Sir Thomas Gates arrived at Jamestown with 
 six ships, three hundred colonists, and one or two hundred cows, 
 some swine, and an ample store of provisions. 
 
 Another settlement, called New Bermuda, was made at the junction of the Ap- 
 pomattox and the James. 
 
 1611. THE use of the spade in the culture of tobacco was 
 begun this year in Virginia, and the yield greatly increased by 
 this improved culture. 
 
 1611. THE States General of Holland decreed that special 
 privileges should be granted to all companies who would make 
 settlements in the New Netherlands (New York), and open trade 
 with the natives. 
 
 1612, MARCH 12. A supplementary charter was granted the 
 London Company. 
 
 By it the control of affairs was taken from the council and given to the body of 
 the stockholders. Authority was also given the Company to raise money by 
 lotteries. Subsequently about thirty thousand pounds were raised by this means. 
 
 1612. A SAMPLE of wine made from native grapes was sent to 
 England from Virginia. 
 
 1612. THE first bricks were made at the settlement in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 In a pamphlet of this date, entitled The New Life of Virginia, occurs the fol- 
 lowing extract : " The spade-men fell to digging, the brick-men burnt their bricks, 
 the company cut down wood, the carpenters fell to squaring, the sawyers to saw- 
 ing, the soldiers to fortifying, and every man to somewhat. And to answer the 
 first objection for wholesome lodging here, they have built competent and decent 
 houses, the first story all of bricks, that every man may have his lodging and 
 dwelling-place apart by himselfe." 
 
 1612. CAPTAIN ARGALL, in an expedition to the Potomac to 
 obtain corn, found Pocahontas, and, enticing her on his vessel, 
 carried her to Jamestown. 
 
 Her father claiming her, the dispute was healed, and the friendship of the 
 Indians strengthened by her marriage, the next year, with one of the colonists, 
 John Rolfe. From a son born of this marriage, descendants arc still existing in 
 Virginia. 
 
 1612. THE earliest coinage for America is said to have been 
 made for Virginia at Somers Islands, near the Bermudas. 
 
 The coin was of brass, having on one side the words " Sommer Island" and 
 " a hogge, in memory of the abundance of hogges which were found on their first 
 landing ; " on the reverse, a ship under sail firing a gun. 
 
 1613. CAPTAIN ARGALL, sailing from the settlement at James- 
 town, upon an ostensible fishing voyage, attacked a French set- 
 tlement called St. Saveur, on Mont Desert, an island near 
 Penobscot Bay, which had just been established, and broke it up.
 
 1613-14.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 
 
 Some of the settlers were carried to Jamestown, and the governor and council 
 sent Argall to destroy the French settlements in Acadie to the forty-sixth degree 
 of latitude. This he did, destroying the buildings at St. Croix and at Port Royal. 
 Port Royal is said to have cost the French more than one hundred thousand 
 crowns. Returning to Jamestown, Argall stopped at Manhattan, where some 
 Dutch traders had recently established themselves, and obliged them to float the 
 English flag. After his departure they took it down, and the French soon returned 
 to Port Royal. 
 
 1613. THE hundred acres originally allowed to all persons 
 coming to Virginia, or bringing others there, were now reduced 
 to fifty acres. 
 
 All the land in Virginia was subject to a yearly quit-rent of two shillings for 
 each hundred acres. The workers were generally the indented servants of the 
 Company, and a plantation cultivated by one hundred of these supported the gov- 
 ernor. Tobacco sold for three shillings a pound. 
 
 1614. THE States General of Holland granted the monopoly 
 of trade with the lands they claimed in America, to a company. 
 
 The company built a fort at Albany, another on the south-west part of Long 
 Island, and subsequently one on the Connecticut River, the site of Hartford, 
 and another at Nassau on the Delaware River. The territory was known as New 
 Netherland. The Hudson River was first called the Mauritius, and came to be 
 called the North River, in distinction from the Delaware, which was called 
 the South River. 
 
 1614. CAPTAIN ADRIEN BLOCK, at New York, having lost by 
 fire the ship which he had brought from Amsterdam, built on 
 the Manhattan River the " Onrest," or " The Restless," a yacht 
 measuring thirty-eight feet in the keel, forty -four and a half feet 
 in length, eleven and a half feet in breadth, and of sixteen tons 
 burden. 
 
 In this small craft, which is supposed to be the first decked vessel built in 
 America, a voyage of discovery was made through Hell Gate and the Sound ; and 
 Block Island, off Newport harbor, being discovered, was named in honor of the 
 builder of the vessel. 
 
 1614. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, who had recently returned from 
 the settlement at Jamestown, sailed from England for " North 
 Virginia," with two ships and forty-five men and boys, to mate 
 experiments upon a gold and copper mine. 
 
 They reached the Island Monahigan, on the coast of Maine, latitude 43 30', 
 in April, visited the Isles of Shoals, made an unsuccessful attempt at whale-fishing, 
 and then, building seven small boats, thirty-seven men of the party engaged In 
 fishing with great success. By this voyage Smith is said to have made fifteen 
 hundred pounds. The map he drew of the country is said to have so pleased 
 Prince Charles, on his return to England, that the name New England was then 
 given to this section of North America. 
 
 In this voyage Thomas Hunt, whom Smith left behind in command of one of his 
 eliips, enticed twenty-seven of the natives on board, and capturing them, carried 
 them to Spain and sold them as slaves.
 
 26 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1615-19. 
 
 1615. JACOB ELKINS, sent out from Holland, ascended the 
 Mauritius, or Hudson River, and built a fort, or trading-house, 
 near the present site of Albany. 
 
 It was built at first on an island, and in a year or two was moved to the west 
 bank of the river. From this point the Dutch came into relations with the Five 
 Nations, the confederacy among the Indians, the fear of which extended through the 
 other tribes even to the extreme south. The Dutch from this point are said to 
 have furnished the Indians with fire-arms. The Five Nations were hostile to the 
 French from the fact that they had assisted the Hurons and other northern tribes 
 dwelling in the region of the St. Lawrence, between whom and the Five Nations 
 there had long been a feud. 
 
 1615. THE Dutch built a fort or trading- station on the Island 
 of Manhattan. 
 
 It was built by Corstiaenscn, who had been sent out as chief commander by the 
 Holland Company to explore the region. 
 
 1615, MAECH. The Plymouth Company sent out an expedi- 
 tion to begin a colony in New England. 
 
 The report given by Captain John Smith of the country was the cause for this. 
 Captain Smith was put in command of the expedition. His ship was dismasted 
 and had to put back to Plymouth. Starting again, he was captured by a French 
 war-vessel and carried to Rochelle. The other vessel of the expedition, com- 
 manded by Thomas Dermer, continued the voyage, and returned in August with a 
 profitable freight. 
 
 1615. PHILIP III. gave a charter to new Yera Cruz. 
 
 1616. CAPTAIN HENDRICHSON, in the " Onrest," explored nearly 
 the whole coast from Nova Scotia to the capes of Virginia, and 
 on his return to Holland presented to the authorities a map of 
 the territory, and asked for a grant of the country, which was 
 refused. 
 
 During this year eight ships were engaged in trading from New England. 
 Four of them were from London and four from Plymouth ; their chief cargoes 
 were fish and oil. 
 
 1617. CAPTAIN ARGALL, the new governor, arriving at James- 
 town, found the colony declining, the public buildings and works 
 fallen into decay, and only five houses habitable. 
 
 Tobacco was planted in the market-place, the streets, and all the vacant spaces. 
 The price of tobacco was fixed this year, by an edict from the governor, at three 
 shillings a pound, under penalty of the infringer serving as a slave of the colony 
 for three years. 
 
 1619, APRIL 28. Sir Thomas Smith ended his administration 
 as treasurer of the affairs of the London Company, which he was 
 charged with having ruined. 
 
 The settlement contained six hundred persons, and the Company had spent 
 eighty thousand pounds, and was in debt four thousand more.
 
 1619-20.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 27 
 
 Some question being made as to his vouchers, he offered his resignation, which 
 was accepted, and Sir Edwin Sandys took his place. 
 
 1619, MAY 20. Thomas Dermer, who had been sent out from 
 England, by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, on a fishing voyage, coasted 
 from the Kennebec to Virginia, passing through Long Island 
 Sound. 
 
 He was probably the first navigator to do this. On his way he stopped at Man- 
 hattan, and claimed that territory as being English. The Dutch traders there 
 replied they were the first to occupy it. 
 
 1619, JUNE 19. The representatives, two in number, from 
 each of the eleven incorporations and plantations of Virginia, 
 acting as burgesses, assembled at Jamestown in the church, 
 being called together by the governor. 
 
 Before this the settlement had been ruled by authority derived from the crown. 
 This origin of the house of burgesses in Virginia was the inauguration of the 
 principle of representation on this continent. Among the proceedings of the 
 house, measures were taken towards the education of the Indians, and the erec- 
 tion of a "university or college." The governor and council met with the 
 burgesses. There is no record extant of its proceedings. 
 
 In the election of the first representative body in Virginia, the divison of the 
 population were cities, hundreds, and plantations. Eventually they became coun- 
 ties and parishes. 
 
 In 1656 it was ordered that all the counties not yet laid out into parishes 
 should be so laid out. 
 
 1619. THE London Company sent to the colony in Virginia, 
 among other colonists, one hundred and fifty persons skilled in 
 the manufacture of iron. 
 
 The design was to erect three iron-works. Works for smelting the ore were 
 erected on Falling Creek, a branch of the James, not far from Jamestown. 
 Among the colonists were ninety young women, " pure and uncorrupt," who were 
 sold as wives to the planters, their price being one hundred pounds of tobacco. 
 By the king's special order, a hundred "jail birds" from the prisons were also 
 sent over, to be sold as servants. In August of this year twenty negroes, brought 
 to Jamestown by a Dutch trading-vessel, were sold as slaves. 
 
 1620. BEFORE this date, salt-making was begun at Cape 
 Charles, in Virginia. 
 
 Having from some cause ceased this year, the work was begun again, and it 
 was ordered to be made " in abundance, and after the manner of those hotter 
 climates, which may prove a great helpe to enrich the plantation." To supply 
 the demand of the " great fishing," on the coast, was one of the motives. 
 
 1620. A VINEYARD was planted in Virginia by the London 
 
 Company. 
 
 1620. THE states of Holland chartered the West India Com- 
 pany, and granted it the power to govern their possessions in 
 America.
 
 28 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1620. 
 
 There were never any well-defined boundaries to the Netherlands. Its interests 
 were confided to the Amsterdam Chamber of the West India Company. 
 
 1620. THE cattle of the colony in Virginia had increased to 
 about five hundred. 
 
 A declaration of the State of Virginia speaks of these as " much bigger of 
 body than the breed from which they came ; the horses also more beautiful and 
 fuller of courage." 
 
 1620, MAY 17. At a meeting of the London Company, held 
 in London, many fresh accessions of persons of distinction were 
 made for the Virginia enterprise. 
 
 The treasurer, Sir Edwin Sandys, resigned his position, and made a statement 
 of the condition of affairs. A hundred and fifty persons had been sent out to erect 
 three iron-works ; instructions had been given for making cordage, of both hemp 
 and flax, and particularly of silk grass, which was a native plant growing in great 
 abundance, from which it had been found by experiment that the best cordage in 
 the world could be made. That, to establish this industry, every family was 
 ordered to set out one hundred of the plants, and the governor five thousand. 
 Pitch, tar, pot and soap ashes, were also to be made, together with timber for 
 lumber and ship-building. The culture of the mulberry-tree and the raising of 
 silk were also strongly recommended, and the king had for the second time fur- 
 nished a supply of silkworm eggs from his own store. Grapes were also rec- 
 ommended for culture, and a supply of cuttings had been sent out. Salt works 
 were also to be built, and those which had fallen into disuse, restored. In May 
 of the same year, the burgesses, the first representative assembly which ever met 
 in America, made appropriations for the establishment of salt works at Cape 
 Charles, on the eastern shore, and an iron-work at Falling Creek, in Jamestown 
 River. 
 
 1620, AUGUST 5. The Plymouth colonists set sail from South- 
 ampton, England, for this country. 
 
 This expedition was brought about chiefly by the exertions of Robert Cushman, 
 who had since 1617 been trying, in the interests of a congregation of non-conform- 
 ists, exiled at Leyden, to gain leave and sufficient funds for them to emigrate to 
 this country. After three efforts he finally succeeded, by making concessions to 
 the " Merchant Adventurers " of London, in securing the two vessels Mayflower 
 and Speedwell. The latter proving unseaworthy, he remained behind at Plym- 
 outh, where the vessel had put in, and followed the first colonists in the Fortune, 
 which vessel reached New Plymouth November 9, 1621. On December 12, he 
 preached in the " common house " the first sermon in America, which was after- 
 wards printed. His text was, " On the sin and danger of self-love." He soon 
 returned to England, and published there a pamphlet appealing for aid for the 
 Plymouth colony; he remained in England as agent for the settlers until 1625, 
 when, having procured a charter for the settlement at Cape Ann, he decided to 
 start for this country and take up his permanent residence, but died before his 
 preparations were completed. 
 
 1620, NOVEMBER 3. The Plymouth Company was super- 
 seded by a new charter, called the " Great Patent." 
 
 It was superseded at its own request. The new charter granted by King James
 
 1620-21.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 29 
 
 incorporated as a council established at Plymouth, an association of forty persons, 
 for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing New England, in America. 
 They were given exclusive jurisdiction, with the right of a settlement and traffic 
 of the country between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, 
 extending from sea to sea, with the exception of such places as were actually 
 occupied by any other Christian prince or people. 
 
 1620, NOVEMBER 9. The Mayflower from England, bringing 
 permanent settlers to New England, arrived, and the next day 
 cast anchor in Provincetown harbor, Cape Cod. 
 
 After sending a boat's crew to explore the coast, and receiving their report, the 
 company agreed to land at Plymouth, and did so. The 22d day of December is 
 generally celebrated as the anniversary of their landing, though some of them 
 remained on board the ship after this date. The port of Plymouth, as a fit 
 landing-place, had been marked on John Smith's map of New England, and was 
 there called Plymouth. 
 
 1620, NOVEMBER 21. The Pilgrims, in the cabin of the May- 
 flower, drew up the following compact: 
 
 % 
 
 "In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal 
 subjects of our dread Sovereign lord, King James, &c., having undertaken, for 
 the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith and honor of our king 
 and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Vir- 
 ginia, do, by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and 
 one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, 
 for our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid ; 
 and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, 
 ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought 
 most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony ; unto which we 
 promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof." 
 
 The Pilgrims had come over under an agreement with the London Company, 
 and expected to land in Virginia. Finding themselves out of the jurisdiction of 
 the Company, they made the above agreement. By their arrangement with the 
 London Company, ten pounds in money was to be equal, in the division, to the 
 personal service of an able-bodied emigrant, and the whole property was to 
 remain a joint stock for seven years, and then to be divided. John Carver was 
 elected their first governor. 
 
 1621, MARCH 22. Massasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoags, 
 made a treaty of peace with the colony of Plymouth. 
 
 Until his death he was consistently the friend of the colonists. 
 
 1621, OCTOBER. Sir Francis Wyatt, the new governor for Vir- 
 ginia, arrived at Jamestown. 
 
 He came with nine vessels and nearly seven hundred people, and brought a 
 written constitution for the colony, which had been granted them by the Virginia 
 Company, and a special ordinance confirming the privilege of a general as- 
 sembly. The constitution was modelled after that of the mother country. The 
 governor and council, appointed by the Company, together with the delegates 
 chosen by the people, sat together as a general assembly, and enacted the local 
 laws, and their separate assent was required for their passage. The Company
 
 30 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1621. 
 
 could set aside such enactments. The governor and council held quarterly 
 sessions, as a court of law, from which appeals lay to the general assembly, and 
 thence to the Company. Parishes were instituted. The clergymen were sup- 
 ported by a glebe of one hundred acres, cultivated by six indented tenants, and a 
 salary raised by taxation. The governor was to uphold the forms and discipline 
 of the Church of England, and avoid " all factions and needless novelties." 
 
 Three of the chief workmen in the iron-works in Virginia having died, twenty- 
 two more skilled workmen were sent over by the Company. On the 22d of March 
 of the next year, the Indians massacred the entire company, with the exception 
 of one boy and girl, who managed to conceal themselves. Three hundred and 
 forty-seven persons were slaughtered, and the works destroyed, so that the project 
 was abandoned, and the manufacture of iron not resumed here for nearly a 
 century. 
 
 This year the product of tobacco was so large in Virginia that store-houses 
 and factories were established at Middleburgh and Flushing, and fifty-five thou- 
 sand pounds were exported to Holland, but none to England. 
 
 The reason why no tobacco was sent to England, was the impost which had 
 been laid upon it. The price in the colony was limited to three shillings, and 
 the duty upon its importation into England was the same as that laid upon Spanish 
 tobacco, which it is said sold at this time for eighteen shillings a pound. 
 
 This year, the instructions brought from the council were to withdraw attention 
 from tobacco, and apply it to other things. A fund was also subscribed for 
 beginning the manufacture of glass beads, which passed as a currency with 
 the Indians, and some Italian workmen were sent over to the colony for the 
 purpose. 
 
 The cultivation of cotton began this year in America. The seeds were planted, 
 and their plentiful coming up was a matter of interest both to the colonists and 
 their friends in England. The price of " cotton wool," this year, is mentioned as 
 being eight pence a pound. 
 
 1621. WIVES were sent out to the colonists in Virginia, in 
 order to give stability to the settlement. 
 
 In this and the following year, subscriptions were opened for the purpose of mak- 
 ing various speculative ventures to the colony, the subscribers to which were to 
 share in the profits. The speculation in wives proved the most successful ; the 
 price of maids, it is said, rose from one hundred to one hundred and fifty pounds 
 of tobacco, and the supply was rapidly exhausted. 
 
 1621. THE first free school in America was begun at Charles 
 City, Virginia. 
 
 The Company gave a thousand acres, with five servants and an overseer, to 
 support the master and ushers. It was intended to be a preparatory school for 
 a projected college at Henrico, and was an endowment much more nearly resem- 
 bling the endowed schools of England than the free schools as established now 
 in this country. 
 
 1621. A SETTLEMENT was made by a colony of Swedes and 
 Finns, who established themselves along Delaware Bay. 
 
 1621. AN order in council forbade the lotteries in England in 
 favor of the Virginia Company.
 
 1621-22.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 31 
 
 They were stopped as being an illegal method of raising money without parlia- 
 mentary sanction. 
 
 1621. THE Plymouth Company granted to John Mason a tract 
 of land between Salem and the Merrimac River. 
 It was called Mariana. Mason was a member of the Company. 
 
 1621. THE colony at Plymouth received from the council a 
 conveyance for the land they occupied. 
 
 It was made out in trust to John Pierce. In the ship Fortune, which returned, 
 the first shipment was made to England. It consisted of furs, sassafras, and timber, 
 valued at five hundred pounds. Passing up the English Channel, the Fortune 
 was taken by a French cruiser. 
 
 1621. JAMES I., as king of Scotland, and under the Scotch 
 seal, granted all the territory between the St. Croix River and the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence to Sir William Alexander, afterwards the 
 Earl of Sterling. 
 
 The territory was called Nova Scotia, and included also what is now known as 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 1621. WILLIAM BBADFORD was appointed governor of the 
 Plymouth colony, after the death of Carver. 
 
 Bradford was born in Yorkshire, England, March, 1589; died May 9, 1C57, at 
 Plymouth. He wrote a history of the colony, 1602 to 1647, which was first 
 printed in 1856. He was annually elected governor save for five years, when 
 he declined to serve as long as he lived. 
 
 1622. THE colony at Plymouth during the winter were forced 
 to live on half rations, and in spring there was almost a famine. 
 
 They obtained corn from the fishing stations and vessels on the coast, and often 
 paid exorbitantly for it. The clams on the shore were one of their chief de- 
 pendencies. 
 
 1622, MARCH 22. A preconcerted attack by the Indians was 
 made upon all the settlements in Virginia. 
 
 Jamestown and a few of the neighboring plantations received warning the night 
 before from a converted Indian, and prepared for it. Three hundred and fifty 
 persons perished. A war followed, in which the colonists were successful, slowly 
 exterminating the native population. 
 
 1622. THE settlement at Plymouth was surrounded with a 
 palisade of timbers driven into the ground, enclosing a circuit of 
 a mile, with three gates. 
 
 News having been received of the massacre in Virginia, a fort was built, which 
 was used also as a meeting-house. 
 
 1622. THE exportation of iron from Virginia was forbidden by 
 the assembly, under a penalty of ten pounds of tobacco for each 
 pound of iron. 
 
 1622. A SAMPLE of wine was sent to England from Virginia.
 
 32 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1622-23. 
 
 1622, APRIL 20. Pierce took a conveyance to himself from 
 the council, of the land occupied by the Plymouth colony. 
 
 1622, AUGUST 10. The Plymouth Company made a grant to 
 John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges of land lying between the 
 Merrimac and the Kennebec Rivers, and extending back to the 
 river in Canada. 
 
 The tract was called Laconia. 
 
 1623, MAY 18. John Pierce transferred the land of the 
 Plymouth colony to the adventurers for five hundred pounds. 
 
 He had also obtained another grant in his own name of a larger tract, which he 
 also sold. 
 
 1623, MAY. The records of the Virginia Company were 
 ordered by the king to be seized, and commissioners appointed to 
 investigate their affairs. 
 
 In October, commissioners were sent to Virginia to examine matters on the 
 spot. The war with the Indians, together with the massacre and the failure of 
 pecuniary returns from the enterprise, caused great dissensions among the stock- 
 holders. 
 
 1623, SEPTEMBER. The Plymouth colony sent Edward Wins- 
 low to England in the Anne, as an agent to obtain supplies, and 
 report the progress of the settlement. 
 
 With Robert Cushman as an associate, he obtained a charter of Cape Ann from 
 Lord Sheffield, whose proportion of the original grant to the Plymouth council 
 covered it. The patent was to run seven years, and conferred full authority to 
 colonize and govern. 
 
 1623, SEPTEMBER 10. The Anne, Mr. William Pierce, master, 
 a vessel of one hundred and forty tons, being loaded with clap- 
 boards, a few beaver-skins and other furs, set sail from Plymouth 
 for her return to England. 
 
 1623. A SEVERE drought cut off the corn and vegetable crops 
 of the Plymouth colony, so that they were reduced to great 
 straits. 
 
 They managed to subsist upon clams, shell-fish, and such game as they could 
 capture. In winter they used the tubsrs of the wild artichoke, making a bread 
 of it, and at times for three months they saw no other kind. At one time it is said 
 they were reduced to a single pint of corn, which, as was their custom, they 
 divided equally among themselves, giving to each person five kernels. Governor 
 Bradford says that this year, when some new-comers arrived, " The best dish we 
 could present them with was a lobster or piece of fish, without bread or anything 
 else but a cup of fair spring-water." 
 
 Elder Brewster lived for months without bread, subsisting on clams and fish. 
 Being visited once by a person whose stock of provisions was entirely exhausted, 
 and who came to see him for consolation in his despair, his visitor's courage was 
 renewed when the elder invited him to partake of his store, which consisted only
 
 1623-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 
 
 of clams, over which his host pronounced a grace, expressing his thanks at being 
 permitted "to suck of the abundance of the sea, and of treasures hid in the 
 sand." 
 
 1623, DECEMBER. The Plymouth Company granted to Robert 
 Gorges, the sou of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a tract of laud in 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 The grant was made in consideration of his father's services. It extended ten 
 miles along the north-east shore of Massachusetts Bay, and inland for thirty miles, 
 embracing all islands, not previously granted, within three miles of the shore. 
 
 1623. THE first settlement of New Hampshire was made this 
 year near Dover, by the erection of a fishing station, salt works, 
 and other buildings. 
 
 The spot was called Cocheco, and the settlement was made by William and 
 Edmond Hilton, fishmongers, of London. A settlement was made also at the 
 mouth of the Piscataqua, now Portsmouth, by the " company of Laconia," asso- 
 ciates of Gorges and Mason, to whom a grant had been made of the tract called 
 Laconia, embracing the territory from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, extending 
 westward to the river of Canada. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH is the only seaport in New Hampshire, and was incorporated in 
 1633. The harbor. is frequented as a place of refuge, can accommodate two 
 hundred vessels, and the rise of the tide and the strength of the current keep it 
 free from ice in the severest weather. The United States has a navy yard, built 
 on Navy Island, on the east side of the river Piscataqua ; the town is on the penin- 
 sula formed by the river. It has a large shipping interest, and many of the ships 
 owned here are employed in trading in other countries. In 1799 a company began 
 to build water works, bringing the water a distance of three miles. These works 
 are still used. 
 
 1623. ALBANY, on the Hudson River, was settled by the 
 Dutch, who gave it the name of Beaverwyck. 
 
 In 1664 it capitulated to the English, and was named Albany, in honor of the 
 Duke of York and Albany, who held the grant including it. It was not incor- 
 porated as a city until 1686. 
 
 1623. A DUTCH company, under Cornells May and Adriaen 
 Jorisz, built Fort Nassau, on the east shore of the Delaware, a 
 few miles beyond the present site of Philadelphia. 
 
 This, with a colony planted at Bergen by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, some 
 time between 1617 and 1623, made the basis of the Dutch claim of the whole of 
 New Jersey as a part of the New Netherlands. 
 
 1623. THE assembly in Virginia ordered all settlers to plant 
 mulberry-trees. 
 
 1624. A SHIP- CARPENTER and a salt-maker arrived at the 
 Plymouth colony, and began to work. 
 
 Governor Bradford says of the first: "He quickly builds two very good and 
 strong shallops, with a great and strong lighter, and had hewn timber for ketches, 
 but this spoilt; for in the heat of the season he falls into a fever and dies, to our 
 
 3
 
 34 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1624. 
 
 great loss and sorrow." The salt-maker selected a place at Cape Ann, and had a 
 building erected, but failed, and the next year had another erected at Cape Cod, 
 where he was again unsuccessful. He had been recommended to them as a 
 " skilful and industrious man," but Governor Bradford calls him " an ignorant, 
 foolish, self-willed fellow," so that " in the ende all proved vaine." 
 
 1624. Ax the end of its fourth year of settlement, Plymouth 
 had thirty-two dwelling-houses and a hundred and eighty-four 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The whole amount invested, counting in the estimated value of personal ser- 
 vices, was seven thousand pounds. This year they loaded a vessel of one hun- 
 dred and eighty tons for Europe, principally with fish. 
 
 1624 THE commissioners sent out to investigate the condi- 
 tion of the Virginia Company reported unfavorably, and a writ 
 of quo warranto being issued, the charter of the Company was 
 declared forfeit. 
 
 The stockholders appealed to the parliament without effect. The Company 
 had spent one hundred and fifty thousand pounds, which was all lost. The king 
 continued Governor Wyatt in ofSce, and in his instructions confined him and the 
 council to such authority as they had exercised for the past five years. The 
 assembly continued to meet as before. 
 
 1624, SEPTEMBER 29. King James issued a proclamation 
 restraining the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer 
 Islands. 
 
 1624. THE first list of laws for Virginia, which have been 
 preserved, were enacted this year. 
 
 They consist of thirty-five acts. Every plantation was to provide a place of 
 worship and burial, and non-attendance on public worship was fined, if " without 
 allowable excuse." The forms of the English Church were to be observed. A 
 minister from his parish two months forfeited half his salary. Disparaging a 
 minister without proof was fined five hundred pounds of tobacco, and the offender 
 was obliged to publicly beg the minister's pardon. The minister's salary was to 
 be paid first out of the best tobacco and corn. Churchwardens were to present 
 all drunkards and swearers. The expenditure and levy of all public money was 
 the function of the assembly alone. The burgesses were exempt from arrest on 
 their way to and from the session, and during it. New courts, for "the more 
 distant parts," were established. The price of corn was unrestricted, but those 
 of other commodities were to remain as fixed by proclamations. Each planter 
 was yearly to bring a bushel of corn for the public granary, to be disposed of for 
 the public benefit by the majority vote of the freemen. Trade in corn with the 
 Indians was prohibited. A tax of ten pounds of tobacco on each person was 
 levied for the expenses of the war, and another of four for the sending an agent 
 to England. 
 
 1624. EDWARD WINSLOW returned to the Plymouth colony, 
 bringing with him three heifers and a bull. 
 
 This was the introduction of cattle in New England. Winslow had also suc- 
 ceeded in negotiating a loan for eighteen hundred pounds for the colony, and had 
 published a tract, Good News from New England, during his stay in London.
 
 1624-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 35 
 
 1624. AN allotment of an acre of land, in fee, was made to 
 each person in the Plymouth colony. 
 
 It was made in order that each family should plant for itself; and in a few years 
 the colony became sellers instead of buyers of corn. 
 
 1624. A settlement was made by the Plymouth colony at 
 Cape Ann. 
 
 A frame house was erected, and some fishing stages ; but the loss of the build- 
 ing by fire, and other disasters, caused the settlement to be abandoned almost 
 entirely. 
 
 1624. A grant was made by the Plymouth Company of 
 twenty-four thousand acres on York River to Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges. 
 
 This grant was called Agamenticus. 
 
 1624-5, FEBRUARY 3. The patentees of the Plymouth coun- 
 cil, in the presence of King James, " had their portion assigned 
 them by lot, with his Highness' approbation, upon the sea-coast, 
 from east to west, some eighty and one hundred leagues long." 
 
 A map by Captain Smith, published in 1G24 in Purchas, has the names of the 
 proprietors set down in order to the number of* twenty. 
 
 1625, MAY 13. Charles I. ; who had just ascended the throne, 
 issued a proclamation " for settling the plantation of Virginia." 
 
 This proclamation contained the following extract: "Our full resolution is, 
 that there may be one uniforme course of government in and through our whole 
 monarchic ; that the government of the colony of Virginia shall ymmediately 
 depend upon ourselfe, and not be commytted to anie company or corporation ; to 
 whom itt maie be proper to trust matters of trade and commerce, but cannot be 
 fitt or safe to communicate the ordering of state affairs, be they of never soe mean 
 consequence." 
 
 1625. CAPTAIN WOLLASTON, with a company, came to Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, and settled at a spot they called Mount Wollaston. 
 
 It was in the present town of Quincy. Among the company was Thomas 
 Morton. 
 
 1625. CHARLES I. confirmed the charter conferring Nova 
 Scotia to Sir William Alexander. 
 
 He gave him also the right to sell a hundred and fifty hereditary titles of baron, 
 which proved much more profitable than colonizing. 
 
 1625. LONG ISLAND was first settled by a small colony of 
 Walloons, or Protestant refugees, from the Spanish Netherlands. 
 
 They settled, about thirty families in all, on the north-west corner of Long 
 Island. The spot was called Wahle-Bocht, or Walloon's Bay, now corrupted 
 into Wallalout. This was the origin of Brooklyn, then called Breuchelen from a 
 village in Holland, and now the third city in the Union. 
 
 1625. PIETER EVERTSEN VERHULTST brought into New Nether-
 
 36 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1626-7. 
 
 lands one hundred and three animals, consisting of horses, cows, 
 hogs, and sheep, with a number of new settlers. 
 
 The cattle were intended for breeding purposes, and were shipped with great 
 care, each animal having its own stall covered with three feet of sand. Verhulst 
 came out as director, and brought three ships. 
 
 1626. PETER MINUIT, who came over with the appointment 
 of director-general of New Amsterdam, purchased Manhattan 
 Island of the Indians, in the interest of the Dutch West India 
 Company. 
 
 It contained about twenty-two thousand acres, and the price paid was sixty 
 guilders, or about twenty-four dollars. 
 
 1626. THE first mill on Manhattan Island was a horse-mill, 
 built this year by Francois Molemacher, under the direction of 
 the engineer Kryn Frederich. The second story of the mill 
 building was used as a church, and its site was very near that 
 now occupied by Trinity church. 
 
 1626. THIS year Kryn Frederich, the engineer, staked out a 
 fort at the lower end of Manhattan Island, and built a stone 
 warehouse for the company. 
 
 The fort, when finished, was called Fort Amsterdam. 
 
 1627, MARCH 19. The Plymouth council granted a patent 
 to Sir Henry Roswell, Sir John Young, Thomas Southcoat, John 
 Humphrey, John Endicott, and Simon Whitcomb. 
 
 The patent covered " all that part of New England lying between the river 
 Merrimac and another river called the Charles, being the bottom of Massachu- 
 setts Bay, and to a line three miles to the north of the said Merrimac, or to the 
 northward of any and every part thereof; and all the lands lying within the 
 limits aforesaid, north and south, in latitude and breadth, and in length and longi- 
 tude, and throughout the main lands there, from the Atlantic and Western Sea 
 and Ocean on the east part, to the South Sea on the west part." 
 
 1627, MARCH. A deputation from the colony at New Amster- 
 dam visited the Plymouth colony, with authority from the Dutch 
 governor to make overtures for trade. 
 
 Much of the supplies of linen and cloth were obtained by the Plymouth people 
 from this source. Isaac Allerton, one of the original Plymouth settlers, became 
 a prominent merchant in New Amsterdam. From the Dutch the Plymouth colo- 
 nists learned the use of wampum in trading with the Indians. 
 
 1627. THIS year, at Monamet, now Sandwich, near Cape Cod, 
 a pinnace was built by the Plymouth colony for the purpose of 
 fishing. 
 
 1627. A LETTER to the king from Governor West and the 
 council of Virginia gave a by no means encouraging account of 
 the industry of the colony. 
 
 The freight on clapboards and staves ate up all the profit ; the vineyards had not
 
 1627-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 
 
 succeeded, for the persons sent out to tend the vines " concealed their skill," or 
 had no skill to conceal ; the iron and potash works were broken up by the In- 
 dians ; the making of tar and pitch was not advisable on account of the difficult 
 transportation. 
 
 1627. A COMPANY of Swedes and Finns landed at Cape 
 Henlopen. 
 
 They afterwards bought the land from the' cape to the falls of the Delaware. 
 The river Delaware they called New Swedeland Stream. 
 
 1627. THE Company of a Hundred Associates took the settle- 
 ment at Quebec from the hands of the French Protestants, 
 together with its trade. 
 
 The scheme was originated by the Cardinal Richelieu, who was at the head of 
 the association. 
 
 1627. ISAAC ALLERTON, who had the year before been sent as 
 agent to England by the Plymouth colony, succeeded in making 
 an arrangement with the London adventurers. 
 
 The seven years originally agreed upon by the Plymouth colony and the Lon- 
 don adventurers were ended. The adventurers agreed to sell out their interest 
 for eighteen hundred pounds, payable in annual payments of two hundred pounds, 
 the first payment to be made in 1628. After Allerton's return, eight of the chief 
 colonists gave their bonds for the amount on condition of enjoying for six years 
 a monopoly of the trade with the Indians. These associates were Governor 
 Bradford, Edward Winslow, Thomas Prince, Miles Standish, William Brewster, 
 John Alden, John Rowland, and Isaac Allerton. By their contract they assumed 
 all the debts of the colony, took the stock on hand, agreed to bring over every 
 year fifty pounds' worth of hoes and shoes, and sell them for corn at six shillings 
 a bushel, and at the end of the term return the trade to the colony. Allerton 
 returned to London and completed the bargain on the Gth of November. A divis- 
 ion of the movable property was made a little later, and a general partnership of 
 the colony organized. Each member had a share, and each head of a family 
 could purchase others for the number of his family. Each contributed to the 
 payment of the debts according to his shares. To each share twenty acres of 
 land were allotted, and to every six shares a cow, two goats, and hogs. Allerton 
 had also borrowed two hundred pounds in London for buying supplies, and paid 
 thirty per cent, for the money; 
 
 1627. THE Dutch imported slaves into New York. 
 
 When in 1664 the English took possession of the colony, in proportion to its 
 population, there were more slaves than in Virginia. 
 
 1628, MARCH 19. A grant was obtained from the council of 
 New England for a company of Puritans, including the whole of 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 It was given to John Humphrey, John Endicott, and four others, and extended 
 westward to the Pacific ; north and south it was bounded by two parallel lines, one 
 three miles north of " any and every part" of the Merrimac, and the other three 
 miles south of " any and every " part of Charles River. Portions of the territory 
 had been granted previously to others, and the boundaries themselves, as was
 
 38 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1628. 
 
 frequently the case in such documents, were impossible, the knowledge of the 
 territory of America being very vague and undefined. John Winthrop, a lawyer, 
 Sir Richard Saltonstall, and others, joined the enterprise, and John Endicott was 
 sent with fifty or sixty persons to make a settlement. 
 
 1628, SEPTEMBER 14. The company with Endicott arrived 
 at Naumkeag, and sent an expedition to explore the head of 
 Massachusetts Bay. They changed the name of their settlement 
 to Salem. 
 
 They found there Roger Conant, who had moved there from New Plymouth. 
 The settlement was made under the auspices of the Massachusetts Company, but 
 before it had obtained its charter. 
 
 Independent settlers had occupied various points along the bay. The site of 
 Charlestown, as it was already called, was occupied by Walford, a smith ; the 
 opposite peninsula, now the site of Boston, then called Shawmut, was occupied 
 by a Mr. Blackstone, an eccentric clergyman. The island which is now East 
 Boston was inhabited by Samuel Maverick, an Indian trader, who had a fort there 
 with two small cannon. He also possessed negro slaves. 
 
 SALEM has always been famous for its commercial enterprise, its people not 
 only doing a coasting business, but carrying on trade witli Europe and the West 
 Indies, in the early days of the colony. During the Revolution, one hundred and 
 fifty-eight privateers were fitted out in Salem. In 1785 the first vessel sent 
 to China was one belonging to Elias Daly, and for many years Salem monopolized 
 the East India trade. In 1836, Salem received a city charter. Its commerce 
 has diminished, and its manufactures haye increased, since the early part of the 
 century. It has factories of cotton, chemicals, leather, machinery, cordage, and 
 black lead. It is also celebrated for its schools ; the finest normal school in the 
 state is here. 
 
 1628. SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER, and Sir David Kirk, a refu- 
 gee Huguenot, fitted out a fleet of nine vessels, ibr the purpose 
 of capturing the French settlements in Canada. 
 
 There was a war declared between England and France. Kirk gained pos- 
 session of Port Royal, and hearing of the approach of a French fleet, sailed 
 after them, and captured them off the Bay of Gaspee. 
 
 1628. AN entry in the records of the Governor and Company 
 of Massachusetts Bay mentions the payment of eleven pounds for 
 a pair of mill-stones, to be sent in the ship to New England, con- 
 sisting of one hundred and ten burrs at two shillings each. 
 
 No record has, however, been found of their being mounted for use. 
 
 1628. IN the second letter of instructions to Governor Endi- 
 cott from the Company, he is directed " to give approbation and 
 furtherance to Francis Webb in setting up his saw-mill," which 
 was to be sent over in the Lyon's Whelpe, together with other 
 stores. 
 
 Whether this mill came over does not appear. 1633 has been given as the 
 date of the erection of the first saw-mill in New England, but upon what authority 
 is not recorded.
 
 1628-9.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 39 
 
 1628. SALT-MAKING was provided for in organizing the set- 
 tlement of Massachusetts Bay ; and at the meeting, in March, of 
 the Court of Assistants, the following conclusion was arrived at : 
 
 " Touching making of salt, it was conseued ffytt that commodetty should be 
 reserued for the general stocks benefitt. yeet with this proviso, that every planter 
 or brother of the company should have as much as he might aney way have 
 occasyon to make use of, at as cheape rate as themselves could make it ; provided, 
 if the company bee not sufficiently provided for themselffs, their particular men 
 may have liberty to make for their own expence and use aney way, but not to 
 transport nor sell." 
 
 1628. THE Plymouth colony, after remonstrating with Morton 
 at his settlement, sent Standish, who arrested him and scattered 
 the others. 
 
 Morton was sent to England. Eight plantations united in paying the expense 
 of this action. 
 
 1628. A MR. SHIRLEY writes from London to Governor Brad- 
 ford, of Plymouth colony : 
 
 "It is true, as you write, your engagements are great, not only the purchase, 
 but you are yet necessitated to take up the stock you work upon, and that not at 
 six or eight per cent., as it is here let out, but at thirty, forty, yea and some fifty 
 per cent., which, were not your gains great, and God's blessing on your honest 
 endeavours more than ordinary, it could not be you should long subsist in the 
 maintaining and upholding of your worldly affairs." 
 
 1628. THE Rev. Jonas Michaelius arrived at Manhattan. 
 
 He was the first Dutch Reformed minister in America, and organized a con- 
 sistory, where public services were held. 
 
 1629. THE West India Company, by the charter of Patroons, 
 granted to those who should plant colonies, certain " Freedoms 
 and Exceptions." 
 
 Among these were the exclusive privilege of "hunting, fowling, fishing, and 
 milling (or grinding) within their manors, to be holden as an eternal inheritance, 
 to devolve as well to females as to males, and to be redeemed on each occasion 
 on the renewal of fealty and homage to the Company, and the payment within a 
 year of one pair of iron gauntlets and twenty guilders," &c. Every settler was 
 obliged to have his corn ground at the Patroon's mill, and the Patroon was obliged 
 to keep his mill in repair at his own expense. 
 
 By the charter of Freedoms and Exceptions, the property in minerals, precious 
 stones, and crystals, in New Netherlands, belonged to the Patroons, who were to 
 pay the discoverer of them as had been agreed upon. 
 
 The grants to Patroons were to be sixteen miles in extent along the sea-coast, 
 or some navigable river, or eight miles when both sides were occupied, extending 
 indefinitely inland. The island of Manhattan and the fur trade with the Indians 
 were expressly exempted. Upon all trade carried on by Patroons a royalty of 
 five per cent, was to be paid. Settlers at their own expense were to have as much 
 land as they could cultivate, and all were to be free from taxation for ten years. 
 All weaving of cotton, linen, woollen, or any other stuffs, was forbidden on pain 
 of punishment.
 
 40 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1629. 
 
 1629. SIR DAVID KIRK, having received the submission of 
 some French settlers on the island of Cape Breton, ascended the 
 St. Lawrence, and captured Quebec. 
 
 Champlain was governor ; there were only about a hundred inhabitants in the 
 place, and as they were then in distress for want of provisions, and there was no 
 expectation of succor, they surrendered. Peace, however, being already declared 
 between France and England, Canada, Cape Breton, and Acadie were given up 
 again to the French. 
 
 1629, MARCH 4. A charter was issued under the royal seal, 
 creating a body politic to be known as the Governor and Com- 
 pany of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. 
 
 They had corresponded with the patentees of the Roswell patent, and, uniting 
 with them as the New England Company, bought out the Dorchester adventur- 
 ers who had settled at Cape Ann. They were persons who desired to leave Eng- 
 land on account of the religious intolerance of the Established Church, they 
 being Puritans. It is supposed that they purchased Lord Sheffield's claim as one 
 of the original proprietors under the division of the Plymouth Company ; but there 
 is no record of this. Religious intolerance was as decided a tenet of the Puritans 
 and the Separatists of Plymouth as it was of the Church of England, and when the 
 occasion offered, they were as prompt to exercise it. The charter provided for a 
 governor, deputy governor, and eighteen assistants, to be elected yearly at a 
 general meeting of the freemen of the colony. The enactment of laws, the rais- 
 ing of money, and other important matters, were the business of the general 
 court, or meeting, to be held quarterly. Nothing was said about religion. Every 
 fifty pounds contributed to the stock by a member of the company entitled him to 
 two hundred acres of land, and the same proportion for smaller amounts. Per- 
 sons not stockholders, emigrating at their own expense, were allowed fifty acres, 
 with the same for each indented servant they brought, and an additional allow- 
 ance " according to their charge and quality." 
 
 1629, JUNE. About two hundred emigrants arrived in Massa- 
 chusets, and settled at Naumkeag. 
 
 There were three " godly ministers," sent at the Company's expense : Skelton, 
 Higginson, and Bright. Also a stock of cattle, with some horses and goats. They 
 found only eight or ten rude houses, and a portion of them moved to Charles- 
 town. 
 
 1629, OCTOBER 30. A meeting of the Massachusetts Company 
 was held in London to transfer the charter to the freemen inhab- 
 iting the territory, and electing officers who should agree to 
 emigrate. 
 
 John Winthrop was chosen governor, and Dudley deputy. The stockholders 
 who remained in England were to have an interest for seven years upon two- 
 thirds of their original stock. The stock was placed in the hands of ten trustees, 
 five in England and five in the colony, who were to have five per cent, on the net 
 profits. This stock had half the trade in beavers, the whole making of salt, the 
 exclusive right of transportation of passengers and goods, at a fixed rate, and sup- 
 plying the colony at an advance of twenty-five per cent. At the end of seven 
 years there was to be a division among the stockholders, but there is no record 
 of any such thing.
 
 1629-30.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 
 
 1629. FOUR hundred-weight of hops and forty-five tuns of 
 beer were ordered by the Court of Assistants to be sent to the 
 colony in Massachusetts Bay, in the Talbot, provided she had 
 one hundred passengers and eighty-five manners. 
 
 The instructions sent out forbid the culture of tobacco, "unless it be some 
 small quantitie for meere necessitie, and for phisick for preservacon of their 
 healths, and that the same bee taken privately by auntient men and none other." 
 
 1629. THE Court of Assistants in London engaged a number 
 of skilled laborers to emigrate to Massachusetts. 
 
 Among them was Mr. Malbon, an iron-worker. The record states: " also for 
 Mr. Malbon it was propounded, he having skill in Iron-works, and willing to put 
 twenty-five pounds in stock, it should be accounted as fifty pounds, and his 
 charges to be bore out and home from New England, and upon his return, and 
 report of what may be done about Iron-works, consideration to be had of proceed- 
 ing therein accordingly, and further recompense if there be cause to entertain 
 him." Others were sent over in a similar way for salt-making, mining, and other 
 businesses. 
 
 1629. TEN thousand bricks were sent from London to Boston, 
 to be used in the construction of fireplaces and chimneys. 
 
 1629. A BRICK-KILN was erected in Salem, Massachusetts. 
 
 The minister of Salem writes this year: " It is thought here is good clay to 
 make Bricke, and Tyles and Earthen pots, as need to be. At this instant we are 
 setting a brick-kill on worke to make Brickes and Tyles for the building of our 
 houses." He adds also : "For stone, here is plentie of slates at the isle of slates 
 in Massathulets Bay, and Lime-stone, Free-stone, and smooth stone and Iron 
 stone, and marble stone, also in such store, that we have great Rockes of it and a 
 harbor near by. Our plantation is from thence called Marble-Harbor." 
 
 1629. MASON and Gorges divided the laud granted them by 
 the Plymouth Company, Mason obtaining a patent for his share, 
 and Gorges one for his. t 
 
 Mason's share extended from the Merrimac to the Piscataqua, and sixty miles 
 inland. He gave it the name of New Hampshire. Gorges' portion, lying between 
 the Piscataqua and the Kcnnebec, he called New Sommersetshire. 
 
 1630, JANUARY 13. The council for New England made a 
 patent to William Bradford and his associates of the land occu- 
 pied by the colony. 
 
 Its boundaries were defined, as " all that tract of New England lying between 
 a rivulet called Cohasset at the north, and the river Narragansett towards the south, 
 and the great Western Ocean towards the east, and between and within a straight 
 line directly extending up into the main land towards the west, from the mouth of 
 the said river Narragansett to the extremes! limits and bounds of a place or country 
 called Pokanacut, alias Sowamset. Westward, a tract for fishery, which had been 
 granted in 1627, was embraced in this conveyance. This tract extended from 
 Cobisecontee towards the Western Ocean to a place called the Falls of Neguam- 
 kike, with fifteen miles in width on either side of the Kennebec. This gave them 
 a title to the land. To exercise the right of government, a charter from the king
 
 42 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA.. [1630. 
 
 was supposed to be necessary, and the colony made efforts to obtain one, with no 
 success. By the force of circumstances they gradually assumed these powers. 
 The laws were made in a general assembly of the freemen. The governor and 
 the assistants, at first one, then five, then seven, made the executive. The 
 church was for eight years without a pastor. At the sessions a question was 
 given, and any one spoke. 
 
 1630, FEBRUARY. The Plymouth Company made two grants 
 of land, eight miles by four, on the Saco River. 
 
 One of these was made to Thomas Lewis and Richard Boynton, and comprised 
 the seat of Saco ; the other was made to John Oldham and Richard Vines. 
 
 1630, MARCH. The Plymouth Company made two grants of 
 lands on the Piscataqua. 
 
 One of these, to Hinton, was at Dover; the other was at Portsmouth. 
 
 1630, MARCH 2. The Plymouth Company made a grant 
 known as the Muscongus or Waldo patent. 
 
 It was made to John Beauchamp, of London, and Thomas Leverett, of Boston, 
 and covered territory thirty miles square west of Penobscot Bay. 
 
 1630. JOHN BILLINGTON was found guilty of murder, and exe- 
 cuted at Plymouth. 
 
 Governor Bradford says, "We used all due means about his trial; he was 
 found guilty both by grand and petty jury ; and we took the advice of Mr. Win- 
 throp and others, the ablest gentlemen in the Massachusetts Bay, who all con- 
 curred with us that he ought to die, and the land be purged from blood." 
 
 1630, JUNE 12. John Winthrop arrived at Massachusetts 
 Bay, in the Arbella, bringing the duplicate of the royal charter 
 with him, and assumed the governorship of the colony, to which 
 he had been appointed in 1629, in London, when the charter was 
 obtained. 
 
 This is still preserved in the State House in Boston. A portion of the colo- 
 nists settled at Charlestown, another at Mattapan, which they named Dorchester, 
 and a third at Watertown. Other smaller settlements were at Roxbury, Medford, 
 Saugus, now Lynn, and at Newtown, now Cambridge. It was the intention to 
 make this last spot the capital, it having been selected for that purpose ; but the 
 settlement of Boston prevented it. The cost of this emigration was estimated at 
 twenty thousand pounds. The settlers in the different localities at once assumed 
 the township organization, voting in their town meetings the taxes for local pur- 
 poses, and electing their " selectmen," and the town clerks, treasurers, and other 
 officers. 
 
 Winthrop was re-elected every year until 1634, when his popularity declined. 
 After the " Hutchinson " controversy in 1636-7, he regained his influence, was 
 again chosen until 1640; in 1644-5 was deputy-governor, and in 1646, governor, 
 and so remained until his death. He kept a journal of the affairs of the colony 
 from March 26, down to January 11, 1649, which was published in 1826. Win- 
 throp was born in Groton, England, January 12, 1588 ; died March 26, 1649. 
 
 1630, JUNE AND JULY. About eight hundred persons arrived 
 in Massachusetts.
 
 1630.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 
 
 They had sailed in March from Yarmouth, England, in eleven ships. The 
 settlement of Boston, named from Boston, England, dates from this time. The 
 territory of Boston was found at the time of settlement in possession of William 
 Blaekstone, or Blaxton, as he spelled it, who had come over with the expedition 
 of Robert Gorges, whose object was to establish an Episcopal colony. Black- 
 stone was an Episcopal clergyman, and a graduate of Cambridge, England, in 
 1621. He was born in 1595. When the Gorges expedition returned, he remained 
 at Shawmut (now Boston), and planted there the first orchard in Massachusetts. At 
 his suggestion, this year, the greater part of the settlers at Charlestown moved to 
 Boston, and in 1634 he sold out his claim to Shawmut, each inhabitant paying 
 him six shillings, and some of them more. He then moved to the spot which is 
 now in the south part of the town of Cumberland, Rhode Island, near the banks 
 Of the Pawtucket River. He said, " I left England to get from under the power 
 of the Lord Bishops, but in America I am fallen under the power of the lord 
 bretheren." Here he planted another orchard, some of the trees of which re- 
 mained in bearing as late as 1830. He died May 26, 1675, and soon after his 
 death his house and library were burned by the Indians in King Philip's war. His 
 descendants are said to be still in existence. 
 
 1630, JULY 18. A day of thanksgiving was declared in the 
 Massachusetts colony, for the safe arrival of the numbers of new 
 settlers. 
 
 Some authorities put the number as high as a thousand, using fifteen ships. 
 
 1630, AUGUST 23. The first meeting of the Court of Assist- 
 ants was held at Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
 Their first measure was to consider " how the ministers shall be maintained," 
 and the next to fix the wages of carpenters, joiners, bricklayers, sawyers, and 
 thatchers, at two shillings a day, with a fine of ten shillings on both the giver and 
 receiver of more. 
 
 1630, OCTOBEK 19. The first general court in Massachusetts 
 assembled at Boston. 
 
 It was composed of all the freemen in the colony. More than a hundred per- 
 sons were admitted as freemen. William Blaekstone, the first settler of Boston, 
 applied to be admitted. The next year, at the general court, he was admitted. 
 Many of those admitted this year did not belong to any of the churches. This 
 court ordered that the freemen should elect only the assistants, who should elect 
 the governor and deputy, and make laws and appoint the officers. 
 
 1630. WITH the company that arrived in Massachusetts with 
 Governor Winthrop, there were shipped three hundred kine and 
 a number of other cattle. 
 
 More than half of them died on the passage and during the severity of the 
 succeeding winter, so that the price of a cow rose to twenty-five or thirty pounds. 
 
 1630. LIBERTY was given by the Massachusetts colony to 
 two hundred indented servants who had been brought over. 
 
 The hardships of the winter proved destructive, more than two hundred dying 
 before it was out ; besides which over a hundred discouraged, returned in the 
 ships they had come in.
 
 44 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1630-31. 
 
 1630. THE Plymouth Company made a grant known as the 
 Lygonia or plough patent. 
 
 It was made to John Dy and others, and embraced land forty miles square 
 near Casco Bay. 
 
 1630. A SETTLEMENT was made at Albany, New York, under 
 the system of " Freedoms and Exemptions," by Van Rensselaer. 
 
 Among the settlers was Andries Carstensen, a master millwright, and two 
 sawyers. 
 
 1630. FROM the Patroons' account books, the price of salt in 
 Van Rensselaer's settlement on the Hudson, between this year 
 and 1646, was seven florins thirteen stivers a ton for imported 
 white salt, or two florins twelve stivers the half barrel. 
 
 The florin of twenty stivers = forty cents. 
 
 1630. A COLONY of thirty Hollanders, headed by De Vries, 
 settled at Hoarhill, on the Delaware, just within Cape Henlopen, 
 the present site of Lewiston. 
 
 1630. SALT-WORKS were established in Virginia, at Accomac, 
 on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 1630. A FORT was built at Point Comfort, at the entrance to 
 James River, Virginia. 
 
 To provide ammunition for it, a payment in powder and ball was demanded 
 from ships passing. 
 
 1631, FEBRUARY 15. The ship Lyon arrived at Nantasket, 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 She brought twenty passengers and a large store of provisions. The 20th had 
 been set apart as a day of fasting and prayer ; the colony was suffering for want 
 of provisions. In consequence of this timely arrival, the day was made one of 
 thanksgiving. Roger Williams came over in this vessel. 
 
 1631, FEBRUARY 20. The Plymouth Company made a grant 
 known as the Drowne or Pemaquid patent. 
 
 It was made to Aldworth and Eldridge, and consisted of twelve thousand acres, 
 lying between Muscongus and Damariscotta. 
 
 1631, MARCH 16. The first fire occurred in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, which destroyed two houses. 
 
 The want of lime obliged the early settlers to construct their chimneys of 
 sticks, plastered over with clay. A chimney thus constructed was called a " cat- 
 ted " chimney. The roofs were also made of rushes, or reeds. This first fire was 
 caused by the use of such a wooden chimney, and in consequence wooden 
 chimneys and thatched roofs were forbidden. 
 
 1631, MAY 18. The second general court of Massachusetts 
 met at Boston, and admitted one hundred and seventeen new 
 freemen.
 
 1631.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 
 
 At this meeting it was ordered that the people should resume the power of 
 electing their officers. 
 
 It was also " ordered and agreed, that for the time to come, no man shall be 
 admitted to the freedom of this body politic but such as are members of some of 
 the churches within the limits of the same." This disfranchised about three- 
 quarters of the population. 
 
 1631, JULY 4. A bark was launched at Mystic (now Med- 
 ford), and was named by Governor Winthrop " The Blessing of 
 the Bay." 
 
 This was the first vessel built in Massachusetts, the settlement at Plymouth 
 being still a separate organization. In the course of the season she made several 
 trips along the coast, and soon after visited Long Island and Manhattan. At 
 Long Island, the sailors, says the governor, were astonished at the size of the 
 canoes of the natives. Some of them could carry eighty persons. 
 
 1631, DECEMBEE 1. The Plymouth Company made a grant 
 of land, next that already granted near Scarborough. 
 It was made to Robert Trelawney and Moses Goodyear. 
 
 1631. ONLY ninety persons arrived at Massachusetts Bay 
 this year. 
 
 Among these were John Winthrop, Jr., and John Eliot. 
 
 1631. THE colony of Massachusetts brought all the terrors of 
 the law to maintain their austerity of discipline. 
 
 The servants gave them great trouble. Morton having returned, was seized, 
 sent back, his house burned, and his goods confiscated. Several others, whom 
 the magistrates considered " unfit to inhabit there," were also sent home. Wai- 
 ford, the smith, the original settler of Charlestown, was banished for " contempt 
 of court," and went to Piscataqua. There was constant trouble with Maverick; 
 others, for slandering, were whipped, had their ears cropped, or were ban- 
 ished. Some of those banished to England preferred a claim for damages against 
 the colony, which was now unsettled, in the hands of arbitrators. 
 
 1631. CORN was declared a legal tender by the Court of 
 Assistants of Massachusetts Bay for all debts at the usual rate at 
 which it was sold, unless money or beaver-skins were specified. 
 
 Corn was quoted at ten shillings " a strike." Milch-cows were valued at 
 twenty-five to thirty pounds. 
 
 1631. A MASTER millwright and two small mill-stones for a 
 grist-mill, which had cost twenty florins (sixteen dollars) in Hol- 
 land, were sent by Van Reusselaer to his settlement near Albany. 
 
 The water-mill, erected previously, was placed under the direction of Barent 
 Pieterse Koeymans, who had been engaged as a miller in Holland, at a salary 
 of thirty guilders a year. 
 
 1631. A GRANT was made by the council of Plymouth, in 
 England, to Mason and Gorges, and others.
 
 46 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1631-2. 
 
 It embraced territory on both sides of the Piscataqua, and a settlement was 
 made on Great Island, now New Castle. 
 
 1631. THE Plymouth Company made a grant of land at Scar- 
 borough. 
 
 It was made to Sir Thomas Cammock, and consisted of fifteen hundred acres. 
 
 1632. THE laws in Virginia were revised. 
 
 The ministers were to keep a register of marriages, christenings, and burials. 
 The publication of marriage banns was required. Ministers were to preach at 
 least one sermon every Sunday, administer the communion three times a year, 
 catechise the children, and visit the sick. They were not to commit " excess in 
 drinking or riot, spending their time idly by day or night, playing at cards, dice, 
 or other unlawful games," but to bear in mind " that they ought to be examples 
 to the people to live well and christianly." Their income was ten pounds of 
 tobacco and a bushel of corn from every man in their parish over sixteen, and 
 also the twentieth pig, calf, and kid, with fees for marrying, christening, and 
 burying. The church-wardens were to present all who led profane and ungodly 
 lives, were common swearers, drunkards, blasphemers, adulterers, fornicators, 
 slanderers, and talc-bearers, or did not behave " orderly and soberly during divine 
 service." Each oath was fined one shilling, and drunkenness five. Provisions 
 were made to prevent forestalling and engrossing, and to limit the production of 
 tobacco to improve its quality and increase its price, which had fallen to six pence 
 a pound. Every planter was to raise two acres of corn for each head, and every 
 tax-payer twenty vines. Every one undertaking a job was to finish it, or be im- 
 prisoned a month, pay a fine and costs. The exportation of hides and skins was 
 forbidden. A bounty was offered for wolves ; wild hogs were not to be killed 
 without a license. Highways were to be laid out by the governor and council, by 
 the monthly courts, or in each parish by the vote of the inhabitants. No captain 
 of a ship should carry any one as passenger who had not given ten days notice 
 of his leaving, under penalty of paying his debts. No one should go to any other 
 plantation without leave from the governor. The revised code was to be pub- 
 lished by being read at the opening of every monthly court, copies in manuscript 
 being furnished for this purpose and being open to public inspection. 
 
 1632, FEBEUAEY. The general assembly of Virginia ordered 
 " That the governor and council shall not lay any taxes or impo- 
 sitions upon the colony, their land, or commodities, otherwise 
 than by the authority of the general assembly, to be levied and 
 employed as by the assembly shall be appointed." 
 
 Every fortieth man in the colony was drafted to make a settlement at Middle 
 Plantation, half-way from James to York River, which was afterwards called 
 Williamsburg, and became the capital. 
 
 1632, MAECH 19. The Earl of Warwick conveyed the tract he 
 had received at the division of the charter of the Plymouth Com- 
 pany to an association consisting of Lord Say and Seal, Lord 
 Brooke, and nine others, with their associates. 
 
 The tract which his share consisted of extended from Narragansett on the 
 east, the grant to Massachusetts on the north, one hundred and twenty miles on 
 the sea to the south, and west to the Pacific Ocean. This was said to be the
 
 1632.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 47 
 
 boundaries, for the patent is not known to have been really made. The various 
 settlements which were finally incorporated into the state of Connecticut were 
 made upon this grant. 
 
 1632, JULY 20. A charter was granted by Charles I. to Lord 
 Baltimore of the territory to which Charles I. gave the name of 
 Maryland, in honor of his queen. 
 
 It had been drawn up for the first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, but before 
 it was finished he died, and it was given to his son. It was bounded on the south 
 by the Potomac, with a line from its mouth due east to the eastern shore ; on the 
 east by the ocean and Delware Bay ; on the north by the fortieth degree of lati- 
 tude, and on the west by a line north from the most westerly head of the Potomac. 
 This charter, the first of the proprietary ones, was a model for those subsequently 
 issued. It made the grantee and his heirs " true and absolute lords and pro- 
 prietors " of the province, with all the rights, under the English law, of a county 
 palatine. The proprietor had "full, free, and absolute power" to enact all 
 necessary laws, with " the advice, consent, and approbation of the freemen of the 
 province," or their representatives. Laws thus made were to be " consonent 
 to reason, and not repugnant or contrary, but so far as conveniently might be, con- 
 sonent to the laws of England." Of his own power, the proprietor could establish 
 " fit and wholesome regulations," provided they conformed to English law, and 
 did not extend to life or limb, nor affect any interest in freehold, goods, or 
 chattels. He could appoint the necessary courts, had the patronage of the church, 
 and could erect them and consecrate them according to the ecclesiastical law of 
 England, incorporate cities and grant titles of honor. The rights of Englishmen 
 were secured to all English immigrants, except " such to whom it shall be 
 expressly forbidden." 
 
 1632, DECEMBER 6. De Vries returning to Zwanendal on the 
 Delaware, found the buildings destroyed and the bones of the 
 settlers scattered about. 
 
 The Indians had destroyed the settlement. De Vries made peace with them, 
 and said nothing. Fort Nassau he found had been deserted. 
 
 1632. THE exports from Fort Amsterdam amounted this year 
 to fifty-seven thousand dollars. 
 
 1632. THE general court of Massachusetts imposed a tax, 
 apportioned among the towns, for building a canal from Charles 
 River to Newtown, and for surrounding Newtown with a 
 palisade. 
 
 The people of Watertown resolved " That it was not safe to pay moneys after 
 that sort, for fear of bringing themselves and their posterity into bondage." For 
 this they were summoned before the court and retracted. At the next session of 
 the court, three months after, it was ordered that two deputies be chosen from 
 each town, to confer with the magistrates concerning " raising a common stock." 
 At this session the term of office of the assistants was limited to one year, and 
 the freemen resumed the election of governor and deputy governor, agreeing they 
 should always be chosen from among the magistrates. 
 
 1632. BOSTON was agreed upon as the capital of Massachu- 
 setts Bay, by the Court of Assistants.
 
 48 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1632. 
 
 A fort and a house of correction were ordered to be built there. It was also 
 ordered that no one should take tobacco publicly, and every one should pay a 
 penny every time of taking tobacco anywhere. 
 
 1632. THE general court of Plymouth ordered that any one 
 refusing to accept the position of governor should pay twenty 
 pounds sterling. 
 
 He was exempted if the election was for a second consecutive term. Councillors 
 or magistrates refusing office were to pay ten pounds. 
 
 1632. RAZZILLAI was appointed governor of New France. 
 
 He had a grant of the River and Bay of St. Croix, but settled at La Have, on 
 the exterior coast of Acadie, the boundaries of which province were undefined. 
 
 1632. WITH the transfer of Canada to the company of New 
 France, the Jesuits obtained the monopoly of the missions among 
 the Indians. There were already a few Jesuit missionaries there, 
 and others soon arrived. 
 
 1632. THE first mill erected in New England is said to have 
 been a wind-mill, near Watertown, which was this year taken down 
 and rebuilt in Boston. 
 
 It was removed " because it would not grind but with a westerly wind," and was 
 set up in the north end of Boston, on a hill called previously Snow Hill, and after- 
 wards Copps Hill, and Wind-Mill Hill. Soon after, a pinnace was sent from 
 Piscataqua with sixteen hogsheads of corn to be ground at this wind-mill, there 
 being no mill nearer than this. 
 
 1632. GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, in Boston harbor, was granted to 
 Mr. Winthrop on condition that he should plant a vineyard or 
 an orchard there. 
 
 In 1634, the rent was made two bushels of apples yearly. In 1G82, Adam 
 Winthrop, the then owner, compounded the rent by the payment of " five pounds 
 money forthwith." 
 
 1632. CAPTAIN JOHN MASON imported into New Hampshire a 
 large-sized breed of cattle from Denmark. 
 
 In 1C45 one hundred oxen, driven from near Portsmouth to Boston, sold for 
 twenty pounds each. It was chiefly from this importation of Mason's that Maine 
 was stocked with oxen. 
 
 1632. PORTLAND, Maine, which was then a part of Fal- 
 mouth, was settled by an English colony. 
 
 During the Indian and French wars, the settlement suffered greatly, being three 
 times completely destroyed. In 1786 it separated from Falmouth, and was incor- 
 porated as a town, and in 1832 as a city. Its harbor, which is seldom, if ever, 
 frozen, makes it a desirable port of entry, and the city has a large coasting trade. 
 It has many extensive manufacturing establishments. 
 
 1632. A TRADING-POST established by the Plymouth colony, 
 on the Penobscot, was rifled by a French vessel.
 
 1G33.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 49 
 
 1633. SHEEP were first brought to Massachusetts about this 
 year. The first were kept on the islands in Boston harbor to 
 protect them from the Indians and the wolves. 
 
 In 1652 Charlestown had four hundred sheep, and Lynn a considerable flock, 
 which was kept at Nahant. 
 
 1633. THE council of Massachusetts Bay again attempted to 
 regulate wages. 
 
 There had been a considerable immigration, and a consequent increased demand 
 for labor. Carpenters, masons, and other mechanics were limited to two shillings 
 a day, and diet themselves. Day laborers were to be paid one shilling and six 
 pence. It was also ordered that no commodity should be sold for more than four 
 pence in the shilling profit on the cost in England. Hubbard says of these regu- 
 lations, "These good orders were not of long continuance, but did expire with 
 the first golden age in this New World." 
 
 1633. THE first mill built in Dorchester, and the first in the 
 colony of Massachusetts, was erected by Mr. Stoughtoii by leave 
 of the Plantation on the Neponset River. 
 
 There is some reason to suppose that it was erected earlier. This date is 
 given by Mass. Hist. Col. 
 
 1633. THE general court of Massachusetts was presented 
 with a specimen of rye. 
 
 Before this the only grain grown was Indian corn, which was coarsely pounded. 
 It is said by Johnson, " The want of English grain, wheat, barley, rye, proved a 
 sore affliction to some stomachs, who could not live upon Indian bread and water, 
 yet they were compelled to it." Speaking of the rye, he says, " This poor people 
 greatly rejoiced to see the land would bear it." Ten years from this time wheat 
 was exported. 
 
 1633. THE second mill is said to have been built this year at 
 Lynn. 
 
 Mr. Edward Tomlins was granted, in town meeting, the privilege of building a 
 corn-mill "at the mouth of the. stream which flows from the flax pond." About 
 ten years afterwards it was removed into the town, and the privilege of the water- 
 course renewed. 
 
 1633. STEPHEN DEAN, in January of this year, put up the 
 first water-mill in Plymouth colony, near Billington Sea. 
 He engaged that it would be sufficient to beat corn for the whole colony. 
 
 1633. A GEIST-MILL was built at Roxbury by Mr. Dummer. 
 
 1633. A VESSEL of sixty tons, called the "Rebecca," was 
 built this year at Medford, Massachusetts, at a ship-yard owned 
 by Mr. Cradock. 
 
 1633. EDWAED WINSLOW was chosen governor of the Plym- 
 outh colony. 
 
 4
 
 50 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. , [1633-4. 
 
 He held the office again in 1636 and 1644. He was one of the first colonists, 
 and was sent to England as the colony's agent in 1623 and in 1635. The second 
 time he was imprisoned by Archbishop Laud on the charges of having performed 
 marriage as a magistrate, and taught in the church, being only a layman. He 
 was born in Worcestershire, England, October 19, 1595, and died at sea May 8, 
 1655, while on a voyage between Jamaica and San Domingo, having been 
 appointed by Cromwell one of the commissioners to superintend an expedition 
 against the Spaniards in the West Indies. 
 
 1633. THE Dutch West India Company built wind and water 
 mills ; one on Governor's Island, and two on Manhattan Island. 
 
 Van Twiller, the governor of the settlement at Manhattan, rebuilt the fort in 
 such close proximity to one of the wind-mills, that it intercepted the south-east 
 wind, and made the mill almost useless. 
 
 1633. THE first school in the city of New York was started 
 by the Reformed Dutch Church. 
 
 1633. THE first settlement in Connecticut was made by the 
 Dutch on the Connecticut River, near the site of Hartford. 
 
 A fort and a trading-house, called the House of Good Hope, were built, and two 
 cannon were mounted. This land was bought by Wouter Van Twiller, governor 
 of New Netherlands, of Sassacus, chief of the Pequots, on June 8. The Dutch 
 retained possession after Hartford was settled for some years, and then sold out; 
 the point is still called Dutch Point. 
 
 1633. CAPTAIN WILLIAM HOLMES, of Plymouth, Massachu- 
 setts, sailed up the Connecticut with building-materials to erect a 
 trading-house. 
 
 Though the Dutch threatened him from their fort, he passed safely, and put up 
 his house some distance above them. 
 
 1633. SALT was exported from Virginia to Massachusetts. 
 
 1633. WINDSOR, Connecticut, was the first town settled in 
 the state. 
 
 William Holmes, of the Plymouth colony, with his associates, in October built 
 a trading-fort on the Connecticut, just below the Farmington River. Afterwards 
 the settlers brought their families and made a permanent settlement. 
 
 1633. A TRADING-STATION established by the Plymouth colony 
 at Machias, was rifled by a French vessel. 
 
 The station was almost at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy. The French 
 gave notice that they would not allow any settlement or trading-station to be 
 established by the English east of Pemaquid Point, lying about midway between 
 the Penobscot and the Kennebec. 
 
 1634, FEBRUARY 24. A colony for Maryland, under the leader- 
 ship of Leonard Calvert (a son of the first Lord Baltimore), 
 arrived at the Chesapeake. 
 
 They came in two ships, the Ark and the Dove. They settled at an Indian 
 village, on the northern bank of the Potomac, which the owners were about to
 
 1634.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 
 
 desert, and called it St. Mary's. On the Indian fields they raised this year a crop 
 of corn. A cargo of this was sent in the early fall to Massachusetts, with friendly 
 letters from Calvert and Harvey the governor of Virginia. The magistrates were 
 suspicious of them as coming from a Catholic settlement, and when the vessel 
 sailed, the master was charged " to bring no more such disordered persons." 
 
 1634, MARCH. By order of the court, a market was set up in 
 Boston. 
 
 It was to be kept on Thursdays, the day for the weekly lecture. 
 
 1634, APRIL 1. By the Massachusetts council Mr. Israel 
 Stoughton had permission given him " to build a myll, a ware, 
 and a bridge over Neponsett River, and to sell alewives he takes 
 there at five shillings the thousand." 
 
 It was also agreed that Stephen Dean, whose mill was probably a pounding-mill, 
 should surrender his privilege as soon as a grinding-mill should be set up. 
 
 1634, MAY 14. Twenty-five delegates, chosen by the free- 
 men of the towns in Massachusetts, of their own motion, 
 appeared in the general court and claimed a share in making 
 the laws. 
 
 Their claim was allowed, and their names appear on the records of the court, 
 with the magistrates. 
 
 At this first meeting of the representatives of the people of Massachusetts, the 
 governor and assistants sitting with them, it was voted, "That none but the gen- 
 eral court hath power to make and establish laws," or "to raise moneys and 
 taxes; " also, " that none but freemen should have any vote in any town in any 
 action of authority, or necessity, or that which belongs to them by virtue of their 
 freedom, as receiving inhabitants, laying out lots, &c." 
 
 Finally it was arranged that an annual meeting of all the freemen should elect 
 the officers, and that at the other three meetings during the year, the freemen 
 should be represented by delegates chosen from the towns. At the election 
 Dudley was elected governor. Winthrop presented his accounts, which showed 
 that he had been a loser by the tenure of his office. 
 
 1634, SEPTEMBER 4. The general court voted money to build 
 a fort in Boston harbor ; ordered the fort in the town armed, and 
 voted to construct other forts at Charlestown and Dorchester. 
 
 News had been received of the appointment in England of a special commission, 
 with Archbishop Laud at its head, to which was given full power over the Ameri- 
 can plantations, to revise the laws, to regulate the Church, and to revoke charters. 
 The charter was written for, and there was a report that a governor-general for 
 New England had been already commissioned. The general .court appointed five 
 commissioners " to consult, direct, and give command for the managing and 
 ordering of any war that might befall for the space of a year next ensuing, and 
 till further order." 
 
 1634, NOVEMBER 27. Zwanendal was sold back to the West 
 India Company for fifteen thousand six hundred guilders 
 ($6240).
 
 52 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1634. 
 
 1634. THREE companies who had settled at Dorchester, 
 Watertown, and Newtown, applied to the general court of Mass- 
 achusetts for leave to move and settle on the Connecticut River. 
 
 Though the request was refused, some went and chose Wethersfield as the spot, 
 and it has always been regarded as the first settled town in Connecticut. 
 
 The application was renewed the next year and granted, but the removal of the 
 whole party did not take place until 1G37, and they divided between Hartford, 
 Windsor, and Wethersfield. 
 
 1634. SAMUEL COLE opened the first public house of enter- 
 tainment in Boston, and the first shop was opened by John 
 Cogan. 
 
 1634. THE small-pox committed great ravages among the 
 Indians. 
 
 It almost exterminated the remains of the tribes about Massachusetts Bay, which 
 were left by its former ravages before the arrival of the colony. 
 
 1634. THIS may be taken as the date of the erection of the 
 first saw-mill in America. In this year, or the next, the tract of 
 land upon which it was situated became the property, by pur- 
 chase, of Mason, who bought a tract of land extending three 
 miles in breadth along the Newicheuannoclc, or Salmon Falls 
 River, a part of the Piscataqua, from its mouth to its head, 
 " including the saw-mill which had been built at the falls of 
 Newicheuannock." 
 
 A letter from Captain Mason to Ambrose Gibbons, who had the management of 
 the mill, dated May 5, 1634, states that he had sent men and provisions with Mr. 
 Jocelyn to set up two mills ; and Gibbons in reply writes on the 22d of July, that 
 " the carpenters began about the mill," and advises him to send " a stock of 
 iron-work to be put away with his boards from the mill." 
 
 The clapboards, which had been previously exported, were either split out with 
 wedges, or were sawn by hand-saws. 
 
 1634. VIRGINIA was divided into eight counties. 
 
 These were Elizabeth City, Warwick, James City, Charles City, and JTenrico, 
 on the north bank of the James River, Isle of Wight on the south bank, York, on 
 York River, and Accomac on the eastern shore. 
 
 1634. BREBEUF and Daniel, two Jesuit missionaries in Canada, 
 with a party of Hurons, ascended the Ottawa River, reaching the 
 Manatouline, or Georgian Bay, the eastern projection of Lake 
 Huron. 
 
 The French called it Lake Iroquoise, and on its borders and tributaries soon 
 established six missions. Their establishment created much interest among the 
 Catholics. 
 
 1634. THIS year a water-mill was erected at Watertown, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It stood on Mill Creek, an artificial canal at the head of tide water on the 
 Charles River, at the first fall, whence the water was conducted from a stone dam
 
 1634-5.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 53 
 
 across the river, into what is supposed to be the oldest artificial mill-race in the 
 country, and which has been in uninterrupted use ever since. This mill is sup- 
 posed to have been built at the joint expense of Edward How and Matthew 
 Cradock. A grant of land was made to it this year, and in August Edward How 
 sold one half of it to Thomas Mayhew for two hundred pounds, on bond and 
 mortgage, he, Mayhew, having purchased the other half from Cradock's agent. 
 Mayhew sold the whole of it to Deputy Governor Thomas Dudley for four hundred 
 pounds. How's mortgage not being paid, he afterwards claimed it, and in 1641 
 the court decided that the mill at Watertown belongs to Mr. Dudley, and not to 
 Mr. How, who sued for it. In 1653 it was rated at one hundred and forty pounds 
 for the support of the clergy. 
 
 1634. TWENTY-ONE ships arrived this year at Massachusetts 
 Bay. 
 
 They brought a " great store of passengers and cattle." 
 
 1635. NEWBURYPORT, Massachusetts, was settled, but continued 
 until 1764 to form a part of Newbury. 
 
 During the Revolution, the people of the town were distinguished for their patri- 
 otism ; the first tea destroyed in the county was here, it having been taken from the 
 powder-house, where it had been placed for safe-keeping, and burned in the public 
 square. The expedition to Quebec sailed from here ; the first privateer was fitted 
 here, and the first volunteer company to join the Continental army marched from 
 here. In the war of 1812, Newburyport was noted for the spirit of its privateers. 
 It was always famous in ship-building. Vessels were built as early as 1680; and 
 in 1766 there were at one time seventy-two vessels on the stocks. The first 
 printing-press used in the town was one for the Newburyport Herald, and was 
 bought for forty dollars from Benjamin Franklin. On the 24th of May, 1851, a 
 city charter was granted the town. 
 
 1635. A JESUIT college and school for Indian children was 
 established at Quebec. 
 
 1635. SPRINGFIELD, Massachusetts, was settled by emigrants 
 from Roxbury. 
 
 The settlement was called Agawam originally ; but in 1638, William Pynchon 
 was elected governor, and the name was changed to Springfield (the name of his 
 former residence in England), in compliment to him. In 1652 Pynchon returned 
 to England, but his son John remained in Springfield, and, fh 1662, built the 
 well-known " Pynchon House," the first brick house in the valley, and which was 
 often used as a place of refuge from the attacks of the Indians. The house was 
 not demolished until 1831. In 1675, during King Philip's War, the settlement 
 was destroyed. The government armory here was commenced during the Revo- 
 lution. In 1787 it was during Shay's Rebellion attacked by his party. In 1794 
 it was formally established. The town grew but slowly until 1838, when the open- 
 ing of the Western Railroad, making it the focal point of three railroads, the 
 Western, the New Haven, and the Connecticut Valley, gave it an impetus, since 
 when it has rapidly increased, and in 1852 received a city charter. In addition to 
 the national armory, there are several private factories for fire-arms, extensive 
 machine factories, a car manufactory, artillery-carriage factories, rubber, woollen, 
 and cotton mills.
 
 54 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1635. 
 
 1635. CONCORD, Massachusetts, was settled. 
 
 The town has always been a prominent one, bearing an active part in all the 
 colonial wars, and, as early as 17G7, bitterly opposed the usurpations of the home 
 government, and during the Revolutionary war sent one hundred and seventy-four 
 men to the army, though its entire population was only thirteen hundred. Here 
 the first skirmish of the Revolution took place, on the 19th of April, 1775. Harvard 
 College was moved to Concord during the time the college buildings were occu- 
 pied by the American army besieging Boston in 1775, but returned to Cambridge 
 in June, 1776. 
 
 1635. HARTFORD, Connecticut, was settled by emigrants from 
 Cambridge, Dorchester, and Watertown, Massachusetts, who first 
 called it Newton, but changed the name in 1636. 
 
 The original deed having been lost, the land was repurchased from the Indians 
 in 1670. In 1637 the Pequot War broke out; in 1638 a public school was opened, 
 and in 1643 the town voted the teacher a salary of sixteen pounds a year. In 
 1644 the court ordered the establishment of an inn. In 1G50 the first code of laws 
 was drawn up by Roger Ludlow, who reduced the number of capital offences from 
 the one hundred and sixty under the English law to fifteen. In 1764 the first 
 printing-office was started by Thomas Green. In 1784 the city was incorporated, 
 and, though the legislature meets at Hartford alternately with New Haven, the 
 state offices and records are kept at Hartford. It is now the sole capital of Con- 
 necticut, and new capitol buildings are in process of erection. 
 
 1635. THE council for New England of the Plymouth Com- 
 pany surrendered their charter to the king, after dividing their 
 territories into twelve principalities among eight associates. 
 
 The king was requested to issue to these eight associates proprietary charters. 
 Gorges was to go to New England as governor-general, but the ship intended for 
 him broke in launching, and the design was abandoned. This accident was 
 esteemed in New England a signal instance of a special providence. Mason com- 
 menced a suit of quo warranto against the charter of Massachusetts. Winslow, 
 who had gone to England as an agent for the Plymouth settlement, was arrested 
 and detained four months in prison on the charge of having presumed, while a 
 layman, to preach and perform the marriage ceremony. 
 
 1635. THE French from Acadie sent an armed vessel, and cap- 
 tured the trading-station established by the Plymouth colony at 
 the Penobscot. 
 
 In August the Plymouth colony sent two ships to recover their trading-station 
 from the French. Being unsuccessful, they returned, and Plymouth applied to 
 the general court of Massachusetts for aid, which the court offered to give if 
 Plymouth would pay the expense. The plan fell through, therefore, and the 
 French continued to hold possession of the station. 
 
 1635, NOVEMBER 3. The general court of Massachusetts 
 passed a sentence of banishment against Roger Williams. 
 
 The charge was having "broached and divulged divers new and dangerous 
 opinions against the authority of the magistrates, as also writ letters of defama- 
 tion both of the magistrates and churches." Permission to remain until spring waa
 
 1635.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 55 
 
 given him, and then suddenly withdrawn ; and, escaping, he sought refuge with the 
 Indians, obtained a grant of land from Massasoit, the chief of Wampanoags, on the 
 eastern bank of the Seekonk River, and built a house there. 
 
 1635. AN armed cruiser threatened the settlement of St. 
 Mary's. 
 
 It was sent by William Clayborne, one of the council of Virginia, who, under 
 a royal license to trade " in all those parts for which patents of sole trade had not 
 already been granted," which he had obtained in 1G31, claimed that the charter 
 for Maryland was an infringement. He had established trading-posts on the Isle 
 of Kent in the Chesapeake, and at the mouth of the Susquehanna. Two boats 
 from St. Mary's captured this cruiser with its officers, and also the Isle of Kent. 
 Calvert claimed Clayborne, who had escaped to Virginia, but Harvey sent him to 
 England. The Virginians, disliking the Catholic settlement by Calvert, the council 
 suspended Harvey, and called an assembly to hear charges against him. Harvey 
 agreed to go to England to be tried ; but those appearing against him would not 
 be even heard, and he was sent back with a new commission as governor. 
 
 1635. AN assembly was held in Maryland, and a body of laws 
 enacted. 
 
 The proprietary rejected them, on the ground that the initiative in legislation 
 was his. Clayborne's officers were tried for murder, and found guilty, and his 
 property at Kent Island confiscated. 
 
 1635. A MILL is mentioned as having been built this year in 
 Maryland, " near the town ; " probably St. Mary's, the capital. 
 
 1635. A PARTY from Virginia having occupied the empty fort 
 Nassau on the Delaware, an armed vessel was sent from Fort 
 Amsterdam, who captured them. 
 
 They were sent back to Virginia. 
 
 1635. AT Manhattan, Fort Amsterdam, which had consumed 
 two years in building, was almost completely destroyed in half 
 an hour by a fire, caused by the lodgment of a spark from a gun in 
 the reeds of the thatched roof. 
 
 After this, catted chimneys and thatched roofs were forbidden in New Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 1635. THE emigration from Massachusetts Bay to the Con- 
 necticut River set out. 
 
 A portion went by land, driving their cattle before them, and were fourteen days, 
 guided by a compass, threading the forests, in reaching the settlement of the com- 
 pany from Plymouth. A party by water reached the mouth of the Connecticut, 
 and settled Saybrook. With these were commissioners from the lords proprietors 
 of Connecticut, John Winthrop, Jr., Hugh Peters, and Henry Vane, who had 
 instructions and means to take possession of the territory claimed under a convey- 
 ance from the Earl of Warwick of the tract extending along the coast one hundred 
 and twenty miles from the Narragansett River west to the Pacific Ocean. What 
 authority he had to make such a conveyance does not appear, though it was claimed 
 he had a grant from the council for New England, and a charter from the king. 
 Neither of these documents have, however, ever been found, and probably never
 
 56 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1636. 
 
 had an existence. During the winter, this Connecticut emigration suffered greatly, 
 most of their cattle dying, so that a number of the colonists returned. As all the 
 settlements depended only upon the natural meadows for the support of their stock, 
 the need of finding new was one of the chief reasons for the emigration from the 
 vicinity of Boston. 
 
 1636, MARCH. The general court of Massachusetts passed an 
 act for the regulation of the towns. 
 
 " Whereas particular towns have many things which concern only themselves, 
 and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own town, 
 it is therefore ordered, that the freemen of every town, or the major part of them, 
 shall only have the power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the 
 privileges and appurtenances of the said towns to grant lots, and make such orders 
 as may concern the well ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws 
 and orders here established by the general court ; as also to lay mulcts and penal- 
 ties for the breach of these orders, and to levy and distrain the same, not exceed- 
 ing the sum of twenty shillings ; also to choose their own particular officers, as 
 constables, surveyors for the highways, and the like." There were twenty towns 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 1636. THE colony at Plymouth adopted a body of laws known 
 as " The General Fundamentals." 
 
 The first two articles read : " That no act, imposition, law or ordinance be made 
 or imposed upon us at present or to come, but such as has been or shall be 
 enacted by the consent of the body of freemen or associates, or their represen- 
 tatives legally assembled, which is according to the free liberties of the free-born 
 people of England. And for the well governing this colony, it is ordered that 
 there be a free election annually, of governor, deputy governor, and assistants, by 
 the vote of the freemen of this colony." 
 
 1636, MAY 1. The three towns of Hartford, Windsor, and 
 Wethersfield, forming the only settlements in Connecticut, con- 
 tained at this time not quite two hundred men. 
 
 1636, MAY 25. Sir Henry Vane was elected governor of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 This year the sessions of the general court were reduced to two a year : one 
 to follow the court of elections, and the other in the autumn. The larger towns 
 were given two deputies, and the smaller, one. The governor and assistants were 
 required to hold four courts a year at Boston, to try the most important cases. 
 Inferior courts were appointed, to sit quarterly at Ipswich, Salem, Newtown, and 
 Boston. Appeal lay from these to the quarter courts, and thence to the general 
 court. A standing council for life was instituted, and the powers of the military 
 commission given to it. 
 
 1636, JUNE. Roger Williams being advised by Governor 
 Winslow of Plymouth that his place of settlement was within 
 the limits of that colony, who " were loath to displease" the Mas- 
 sachusetts colony, he, with five others who had accompanied him, 
 moved to the present site of Providence, Rhode Island, which he 
 thus named in gratitude for his escape, and founded there a set- 
 tlement.
 
 1636.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 57 
 
 PROVIDENCE. The first patent for the town was received from Charles I., bear- 
 ing date 1643. The settlement suffered severely in King Philip's War in 1675. 
 In 1832 it received a city charter. Providence is the principal port of entry of the 
 state, and in wealth is the second city in New England. Here the first Baptist 
 church in America was built in 1638; and, during colonial times, Providence had 
 a large foreign commerce. Now that has fallen off, though it still has a large 
 coasting-trade. It is famous for its manufactories, which include cotton, wool, 
 iron, gold, and silver. There are three iron-screw factories, which consume five 
 thousand tons of iron yearly. For more than a century, gold jewelry and silver- 
 ware have been manufactured ; and now the various establishments equal those in 
 any other part of the country. 
 
 1636. DE MONTMAGNY succeeded to the governorship of 
 Canada, Champlain having died. 
 
 1636. WATER-MILLS were built this year in Massachusetts, at 
 Salem, Ipswich, and Newbury. 
 
 This last was the first in the place, and was erected by Messrs. Dummer and 
 Spencer, in accordance with an agreement made with the town in 1635, when a 
 grant was made by the court. In 1638 Mr. Dummer was granted the exclusive 
 right of having such a mill within the town, provided he agreed to keep it in con- 
 dition to grind ; and the town agreed to send their corn to it. 
 
 1636. JOHN JENNET was granted liberty by the court of 
 Plymouth to erect a, " mill for grinding and beating of corn upon 
 the brook of Plymouth." 
 
 1636. THE making of salt was commenced at Salem, Massa- 
 chusetts, under the permission of the general court. 
 
 1636. THIS year two more wind-mills were built; one at 
 Boston, and the other at Charlestown. 
 
 This last one was blown down in 1648, after having been struck by lightning in 
 1642, shattered, and set on fire, while the miller was made insensible for twenty- 
 four hours. 
 
 1636. THE people of Salem built a ship of one hundred and 
 twenty tons, at Marblehead, this year. 
 
 1636, JULY. John Oldham, a trader, was murdered by the 
 Pequot Indians on his return from a trading voyage up the Con- 
 necticut River. 
 
 This was the commencement of the Pequot war. 
 
 1636, AUGUST 25. An expedition under John Endicott went 
 against the Pequots, and in September burned their settlement 
 at the mouth of the Thames River. 
 
 The Pequots, in retaliation, tried to form an alliance with the Narragansetts 
 and other Indian tribes, for the extermination of the English. By the personal 
 influence of Roger Williams, the Narragansetts and Mohegans were persuaded to 
 refuse the alliance and form a treaty with the settlers of Massachusetts Bay, and 
 the Pequots, alone, attempted to carry out their purpose.
 
 58 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 1637, MAY 26. An expedition from Connecticut of ninety 
 men, under John Mason, with a body of friendly Indians, sur- 
 prised and burned a Pequot fortified village on the Pequot River, 
 now the Thames. 
 
 About seven hundred of the Indians were burned or shot. Only seven were 
 captured, and only the same number escaped. 
 
 1637, JULY 13. Another expedition from Massachusetts, 
 tinder Captain Stoughton, continued the attack upon the Pequots, 
 and surrounded them in a swamp near New Haven. 
 
 The men taken captive were killed ; the women and children were sent to 
 Boston as slaves. A few of the Indians in this contest are said for the first time 
 to have used fire-arms. This ended the war. The Indian allies of the settlers 
 completed the extermination of the Pequots. The scalp and a part of the skin of 
 Sassacus, who was killed by the Mohegans, were sent as a present to Boston. 
 Stoughton had been selected as leader by lot. 
 
 1637, SEPTEMBER 22. The synod composed of all the elders, 
 besides lay delegates, which had been sitting at Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts, dissolved. 
 
 It had been in session twenty-four days, and had condemned eighty-two 
 "erronious opinions" and nine " unsavory speeches," which comprised a com- 
 plete list of the heresies then prevailing. A day of thanksgiving was appointed for 
 its success, and for the recent victory over the Pequots, to be held October 12. 
 
 More than eight hundred of the Pequots had been slain, and about two hundred 
 made captives. The legislature of Connecticut changed the name of the Pequot 
 River to the Thames, and that of Pequot town to New London. 
 
 1637, NOVEMBER 2. The general court of Massachusetts 
 passed a sentence of banishment against Mrs. Hutchinson and 
 others of the Antinomians. 
 
 It was one of the results of theological disputation. The court also ordered 
 the principal men of the heretical party to deliver up their arms, or acknowledge 
 their sin before two magistrates. 
 
 Mrs. Hutchinson moved to Providence, and thence to a spot near Hurl Gate, 
 New York, in the jurisdiction of the Dutch. There she and the whole household 
 of sixteen persons, with the exception of one child, were slaughtered by the 
 Indians in 1643. The child was subsequently restored. 
 
 1637. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered "that 
 none should entertain any stranger who should arrive with an 
 intent to reside, or shall allow the use of any habitation without 
 .liberty from the Standing Council." 
 
 This was intended to keep out strangers who held strange doctrines. 
 
 1637. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered that " No 
 person shall brew any beare, 6r malt, or other drinke, or sell in 
 gross or by retaile, but only such as shall be licensed by this 
 Courte, on paine of .100; and whereas Captain Sedgwick hath 
 before this time set up a brewe house at his great charge, and
 
 1637-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 
 
 very commodious for this part of the countrey, hee is freely 
 licensed to brewe beare to sell according to the size before 
 licensed dureing the pleasure of the Courte." 
 
 The "size" had previously been ordered to be not stronger than could be 
 sold at eight shillings the barrel, under penalty of twenty pounds. 
 
 1637, NOVEMBER. The general court of Massachusetts granted 
 Abraham Shaw one half the benefit from any " coles or yron stone 
 wch shall bee found in any comon ground wch is in the countrye's 
 disposing." 
 
 By the ancient monopoly of privilege, gold and silver found in mines belonged 
 to the king. In the grants to many of the colonies, one fifth of the produce of 
 such was reserved as a royalty, and the London Company reserved another fifth 
 of gold and silver mines in Virginia. The statutes 1 and 5 of William and 
 Mary ordained that mines of copper, tin, iron, and lead belonged to the owners, 
 but the precious ores belonged to the crown, on payment of the price of the base 
 metal. 
 
 1637. A WIND-MILL was erected this year at Scituate, Massa- 
 chusetts, by William Gibson, and the same year land was granted 
 for the erection of another, at Salem, to John Horn, who removed 
 it in 1639 to Wind-Mill Point, on the south side of North River. 
 
 1637. A PAMPHLET published in London this year, says of 
 Massachusetts : " They that arrived this year, out of divers parts 
 of Old England, say that they never saw such a field of four 
 hundred acres of all sorts of English graine as they saw at Win- 
 ter-towne there. Yet that ground is not comparable to other 
 parts of New England, as Salem, Ipswich, Newberry, etc." 
 
 1637. IT is stated that this year there were but thirty-seven 
 ploughs in Massachusetts. 
 
 1637. BRICKS sold this year in New York for ten florins 
 (four dollars) the thousand. 
 
 Reeds, for thatching, were one and a half florins the hundred bundles, and at 
 Fort Orange, one florin. Carpenters' wages were about two florins a day, and 
 day-laborers' one florin. Nails were eight to ten stivers (sixteen to twenty cents) 
 a pound, on hundred nails to the pound. 
 
 1637. A HOSPITAL was established at Quebec. 
 
 1638. NEW HAVEN, Connecticut, was settled by a company, 
 principally from London, under the Rev. John Davenport and 
 Theophilus Eaton, who was chosen first governor. 
 
 It remained a distinct colony until 16G4, when it was united with Connecticut 
 under the charter of 1662. It was not incorporated as a city until 1784. It is the 
 seat of Yale College, and its two great manufactures are clocks and carriage- 
 making. 
 
 1638. AN Ursuline convent, for the education of girls, was 
 established at Quebec.
 
 60 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1638. 
 
 1638. TAUNTON, Massachusetts, on a river of the same name, 
 was settled by a company from Taunton, England. 
 
 The first minister in the town was William Hooke, who afterwards was chap- 
 lain to Oliver Cromwell. The town is situated within what were the limits of 
 King Philip's hunting-grounds ; but during his war he, from friendship for a resi- 
 dent, Thomas Leonard, spared the settlement. Taunton has always been noted 
 for its manufactories of brick and iron, large quantities of which are annually 
 exported; also for its herring fisheries, the privileges for which are still sold 
 yearly. The Taunton Copper Company is the oldest and largest in the country, 
 and was incorporated over thirty years ago. Taunton has also a large coasting 
 trade, and is a grain depot for the neighboring towns ; besides its iron and brick 
 factories, there arc others of almost every branch of manufacture. 
 
 1633, MARCH 16. The first Baptist church was formed in 
 Providence, Rhode Island. 
 
 It consisted of twelve members, eleven besides Roger "Williams, who were then 
 baptized. 
 
 1638, MARCH 24. A number of the Antinomians banished 
 from Massachusetts made a settlement at Pocasset, now Ports- 
 mouth, upon the island of Aquedneck, or Rhode Island, having 
 formed themselves into a body politic, and chosen William Cod- 
 dington to be their chief magistrate. 
 
 They purchased the island from the Indians, and obtained a deed from them. 
 The price paid for Aquedneck, and for the grass on the other islands, was forty 
 fathoms of white peage, together with ten coats and twenty hoes to the resident 
 Indians to leave the land, and five fathoms of wampum to the local sachem. In 
 1639, a portion of them commenced the settlement of Newport, on the south-west 
 portion of the island. In 1644 the colonists changed the Indian name, Aquedneck, 
 to Rhode Island, or the Isle of Rhodes. There is a tradition that the island was 
 so named from its resemblance to the Isle of Rhodes, on the coast of Asia Minor; 
 but it appears that Adrian Block, whose name was given to Block Island, sailed 
 also up Narragansett Bay, and, from the color of the clay of the cliffs, called it 
 Roodt Eylandt, Red Island, by which name it appears upon the Dutch maps of 
 that time. 
 
 William Coddington was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1601. He came to 
 this country in 1630, appointed by the crown as one of the magistrates of Massa- 
 chusetts. He was also a merchant, and amassed a large fortune. He defended 
 Mrs. Hutchinson during the Antinomian controversy ; disagreed with Winthrop, 
 defended Wheelwright and others ; but, becoming disgusted with the ruling of 
 Winthrop, withdrew to Aquedneck. He drew up, and the eighteen signed, an 
 agreement to " found a colony which should be judged and guided by the absolute 
 laws of Christ." This was soon found to be too vague, and Coddington was 
 chosen judge, with a council of three elders. In 1640, he was chosen governor, 
 with a lieutenant-governor and four assistants. He held the office seven years $ 
 in 1651, went to England; on his return, withdrew from public life until 16T4, 
 when he once more accepted the office of governor. After his settlement in 
 Rhode Island he embraced the doctrines of the Quakers. He died November 1, 
 1678. 
 
 1638, MARCH 24. A deed was made by Canonicus and his son
 
 1638.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. gj 
 
 Miantinomi, the chiefs of the Narragansetts, to Roger Williams of 
 all the land between the Pawtucket and Pawtuxet rivers. 
 
 It was given " in consideration of the many kindnesses and services he hath 
 continually done for us." Soon after his purchase Roger Williams made a deed, 
 giving equal shares to twelve of his companions, "and such others as the major 
 part of us shall admit into the same fellowship of vote with us." These deeds 
 were merely memorandums; and in December, 1661, Roger Williams made a 
 formal deed, and five years afterwards another, dating it back to the 8th day of 
 the eighth month, 1G38. 
 
 1638, MAECH. William Kieft, appointed to succeed Yan 
 Twiller at Manhattan, arrived and found the company's property 
 in a neglected and ruinous condition. 
 
 The five farms, or boweries, of the company were untenanted and stripped of 
 their stock, while private traders had monopolized the fur trade. 
 
 1638. THE government at Rensselaerwych was vested in two 
 commissaries and two counsellors, with a secretary and marshal. 
 
 They made a court for the trial of all cases, with appeal to the director and 
 council at Fort Amsterdam. The law of the whole province was the Roman- 
 Dutch law as practised in Holland. Disputes between the patroon and the tenants 
 commenced from the very settlement of the colony. 
 
 1638. THE records of Plymouth show that John Jenney 
 was presented for not grinding corn well and seasonably. 
 
 1638. THE general court of Massachusetts issued regulations 
 for the corn-mills, prescribing the weights and measures to be used 
 in them, and making it obligatory to weigh the corn, if required, 
 both to and from the mill. 
 
 1638, SEPTEMBER 6. The general court of Massachusetts 
 ordered that every inhabitant " who shall not voluntarily con- 
 tribute proportionate to his ability with other freemen of the 
 same town to all assessed charges, as well for the upholding of the 
 ordinances of the churches as otherwise," should be compelled to 
 do so by taxes levied as in other cases. 
 
 1638. BOSTON had twenty or thirty houses. Twenty ships 
 and about three thousand persons arrived in Massachusetts. 
 
 John Josselyn, who visited America this year, says there were two licensed inns 
 in Boston, and when a stranger enters them, " an officer visits them," and if the 
 stranger " calls for more drink than the officer thinks in his judgement he can 
 soberly bear away, he appoints the proportion beyond which he cannot get one 
 drop." 
 
 1638. A SCHOOL was established by the general court of 
 Massachusetts at Newtown, and the name Cambridge was given 
 to the settlement. 
 
 The school was for the education of clergymen. 
 
 1638. AN order was issued in England to stop all ships bound 
 for New England.
 
 62 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1638-9. 
 
 The death of Mason, the year before, put an end to the proceedings of quo 
 warranto against the charter. An order was sent out by the Lords Commissions 
 for Plantations to send the charter to England, which the general court, by the 
 governor, respectfully declined. The ship-owners also obtained the recall of the 
 order concerning ships. 
 
 1638. THE second assembly in Maryland declined to receive 
 the laws submitted them by the proprietary. 
 
 They objected to his claiming the initiative in all legislation. 
 
 1638, NOVEMBER 16. A grant of land and timber was made 
 to Mr. Nicholas Esson, by the town of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 
 for the erection of a water-mill. 
 
 The court, at the same session, appointed four "truck-masters," to regulate 
 the venison trade with the Indians ; the price to be paid for it was a penny and a 
 half a pound, and the selling price was two pence, out of this a farthing was to be 
 paid to the treasury. 
 
 1638. THE town of Salem, Massachusetts, granted more land 
 to John Blackleach, " for the furthering of his endeavors in plow- 
 ing, and for his encouragement therein." 
 
 He had found his farm of three hundred acres not " sufficient land to maintain 
 a plow." 
 
 1638. IN Watertown, Massachusetts, by order of the court, 
 two searchers and sealers of leather were appointed. 
 
 1638. THE first brick house in Boston, Massachusetts, was 
 erected previous to this year. 
 
 It is said to have been built by Mr. Coddington before he removed, in this 
 year, from Boston to Rhode Island. 
 
 1638. THE town of Rowley, in Massachusetts, lying between 
 Ipswich and Newbury, was settled by a colony from Yorkshire, 
 England, consisting of about twenty families, under the direction 
 of their minister, Rev. Ezekiel Rogers. 
 
 The town was incorporated next year, and the people", many of whom had been 
 engaged in the business in England, began the manufacture of cloth. 
 
 1639. A BILL passed the third assembly of Maryland, giving 
 authority to the governor and council to contract for the erection 
 of a water-mill, provided its cost should not exceed " twenty 
 thousand pounds of tobacco," which were to be raised in two 
 years by taxation. 
 
 Tobacco was the currency of Maryland at this time ; and the price of the above 
 mill, calculated at the prices given a little later, would be about three hundred and 
 thirty-three dollars. 
 
 This third assembly was composed of deputies from the several hundreds into 
 which the colony was divided, and of persons whom the governor had specially 
 summoned to attend it. Their first business was "establishing the house of 
 assembly," or confirming the above constitution of the body. They sat together; 
 subsequently those specially summoned sat apart and had a negative on the depu-
 
 1639.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 
 
 ties. Trial by jury, of " twelve freemen at the least," was instituted. The governor 
 and council made a court for crimes. In civil cases, the governor" was sole judge, 
 with such councillors as he saw fit. The assembly was the final court of appeal. 
 An insolvent debtor's goods were sold " at an outcry," and divided among the 
 creditors proportionally, "inhabiting within the province." This was copied 
 from Virginia. It was provided that " Holy Church within this province shall 
 have all her rights and liberties." A proclamation by the governor prohibited 
 " all unseasonable disputations in point of religion, tending to the disturbance of 
 the public peace and quiet of the colony, and to the opening of faction in religion." 
 Under this a zealous Catholic had been fined, and forced to give, security to keep 
 the peace for abusing a book of Protestant sermons, and forbidding his indented 
 servants from reading it. " Slaves only excepted," occurs in an act of the 
 assembly. 
 
 1639, JANUARY 2. In Portsmouth, Rhode Island, three elders 
 were elected to assist the judge in the management of the 
 colony's business. 
 
 Sealed ballots were used at this election. 
 
 1639, JANUARY 14. The towns of the settlement on the Con- 
 necticut, agreeing to be as " one public state or commonwealth," 
 provided for a representative body of delegates chosen by the 
 freemen, who, with the governor and council, composed the legis- 
 lative authority. 
 
 A written constitution was accepted at a meeting of the freemen of Hartford, 
 Windsor, and Wethersfield. It was based upon that of Massachusetts, but did not 
 make church-membership obligatory for becoming a freeman. The magistrates 
 were to be chosen annually, the candidates to have been proposed a year. The 
 governor was chosen from the magistrates, and must be a church-member, but 
 could not be elected two years in succession. The governor and assistants made 
 a court, and, with the delegates from the towns, formed a general court, the dep- 
 uties sitting by themselves. " The rule of the Word of God" was relied upon in 
 the administration of justice, to supply any deficiencies in its administration " ac- 
 cording to established rules." 
 
 1639, MAY 1. A settlement was begun at Newport, Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 The first house was built by Nicholson Easton, and his two sons, Peter and 
 John. 
 
 1639, JUNE 4. The New Haven colony organized their gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 They adopted the Scriptures as the law of the land. No one but church-mem- 
 bers were admitted to participate in the government. After prayers and a sermon, 
 the body of the colonists elected twelve persons to elect seven of their number as 
 the seven pillars of the church. These seven could admit as many other church- 
 members as they saw fit. There was no trial by jury, as no warrant for it was 
 found in Scripture. Eaton was elected governor, and annually re-elected for 
 twenty years. This code was the one known commonly as the "Blue Laws." 
 
 1639. THE Connecticut assembly passed an act empowering
 
 64 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1639. 
 
 the towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, or any others 
 within their jurisdiction, to each dispose of their own lands, to 
 choose their own officers, and make such orders as may be for the 
 well ordering of their own towns as were not contrary to any law 
 passed by the assembly ; and also to impose penalties for the 
 infringement of the same. 
 
 The four or seven men chosen by the towns to manage their affairs were called 
 "townsmen." 
 
 1639. THE inhabitants of Exeter, New Hampshire, signed an 
 agreement " to combine themselves together to erect and set up 
 among us such government as should be to their best discerning." 
 
 1639, JUNE 4. Plymouth had a representative assembly this 
 year, composed of deputies from the towns. 
 
 The governor and assistants had up to this time done all the legislation. 
 
 1639. THE Plymouth assembly passed a law, that "All the 
 townships within this government, allowed or to be allowed, 
 shall have liberty to meet together, and to make such town 
 orders." They were also given power to impose fines under 
 twenty shillings. 
 
 1639. THE assembly of Massachusetts exempted from all 
 duties and public taxes the men and property employed in 
 catching, curing, or transporting fish. 
 
 The deep-sea fishing upon the banks and coast of Newfoundland had been an 
 important business for a long time before the settlement of this country. As early 
 as 1517 it had engaged French and Spanish ships from the coast of Normandy and 
 Biscay. In 1578 the French had a hundred and fifty, the Spanish about a hun- 
 dred and thirty, and the English about fifty, vessels engaged in it. Naturally, 
 therefore, it was one of the first occupations to engage the attention of the set- 
 tlers, and brought them directly into the seemingly circuitous trade in which they 
 so early engaged. 
 
 1639. THE school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, being en- 
 dowed by John Harvard at his death, was now made a college, 
 and named after him. 
 
 John Harvard left it his library and half his fortune about eight hundred 
 pounds. The college was placed under the superintendence of a board of over- 
 seers, composed of magistrates and the ministers of six neighboring churches. 
 It was also given the income of the ferry between Boston and Charlestown. Henry 
 Dunster, who had recently arrived, was made its first president. 
 
 1639, June 6. The general court of Massachusetts granted 
 Edward Rawson five hundred acres of land, " so as he goes on 
 with the powder, if the saltpeter comes." 
 
 1639. THE Rev. Thomas Allen, of Charlestown, Massachusetts, 
 was called to account for having his house painted, but was dis-
 
 1639.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. (35 
 
 charged on showing that it was done before his time, and was 
 not approved by him. 
 
 The first church in Boston was never painted, either inside or out. In 1G70 the 
 general court of Massachusetts made out a list of mechanics, but no painter 
 appears in it. 
 
 1639. A MINT was established in Maryland. 
 It coined shillings, sixpences, and fourpences. 
 
 1639. A PUBLIC subscription was this year taken up to pay for 
 the erection of the first water-mill for corn in Maryland. 
 
 1639. THE assembly in Virginia ordered all the tobacco made 
 in the colony, in this and the two succeeding years, to be de- 
 stroyed, except one million and a half of pounds in due pro- 
 portion for each planter. 
 
 This was intended to limit the supply in order to enhance the price. As tobacco 
 was also the currency of the colony, all creditors were required to take forty 
 pounds for the hundred, and, " during the stint," to be content with two thirds of 
 this. The price of tobacco this year was threepence a pound ; the crop of the 
 next was not to be sold for less than a shilling, and that of the year after for less 
 than two shillings a pound, under penalty of forfeiture. There seems to be no 
 testimony as to the result of this legislation. 
 
 1639, NOVEMBER 25. It was ordered by the authorities of 
 Newport that no man should go two miles from town, or attend 
 a public meeting, without carrying a sword or a gun, under pen- 
 alty of a fine of five shillings. 
 
 The danger from the Indians was the cause of this regulation. 
 
 The settlers of Newport were enterprising merchants and seamen, and by 1764 
 their West India trade employed one hundred and fifty vessels. During the Revo- 
 lution, the town suffered so severely from the depredations inflicted by the British, 
 who at one time had eight thousand men quartered there, that it never recovered 
 its former commercial prosperity, though of late years it has been the most 
 fashionable and frequented sea-side resort in the country. 
 
 1639. A SETTLEMENT was made in the immediate vicinity of 
 what is now the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut, but the city 
 proper, which was originally called Newfield, is the growth of this 
 century. 
 
 It was incorporated in 1821, and in 183C received a city charter. It is an im- 
 portant station of the New York and New Haven Railroad, which has done 
 much towards giving the place its present rank in wealth, that of third in the 
 state. The city is famous for its factories of carriages, sewing-machines, and 
 saddlery. 
 
 1639. THE Freeman's Oath, issued in January of this year, 
 was the first publication in the territory of the United States. 
 
 It was issued from the press at Cambridge, Massachusetts, which had been 
 brought from England by Jesse Glover, a clergyman, who contributed a portion 
 
 5
 
 66 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1639-40. 
 
 of the money for its purchase, the rest being raised from the contributions of some 
 gentlemen in New England and Amsterdam, Holland. Mr. Glover employed an 
 English printer, named Stephen Daye, to come out with the printing-press, and 
 superintend its operation. On the voyage out, Mr. Glover died, and on the arrival 
 of the press it was set up by Daye. The Freeman's Oath is supposed to have been 
 a small sheet printed only upon one side. The next issue of the press was an 
 Almanack, calculated for New England by Mr. William Peirce, a mariner. This 
 was issued the same year. Copies of neither of these publications are known. 
 The first book printed in New England was issued in 1C40. It was THE "WHOLE 
 BOOK OF PSAI.MES, faithfully translated into English metre. This was in 
 octavo, and consisted of the title-page, seven leaves for the preface, and one hun- 
 dred and forty-nine unnumbered leaves, with an additional one for the errata. It 
 was printed in Roman type. Several copies arc in existence, and a fac-simile has 
 been several times reprinted. The text was prepared by Richard Mather, Thomas 
 Welde, and John Eliot. The originals in existence contain some slight differ- 
 ences, going to show that alterations were made in the forms during the printing 
 of the edition. The names of the other persons who aided in the erection of the 
 press at Cambridge, are Major Thomas Clark, Captain James Oliver, Captain 
 Allen, Mr. Stoddard, Mr. Freake, and Mr. Hues. The Bay Psalm Book, as the 
 new version of the psalms was called, was very popular for more than a century 
 both in Great Britain and the New England colonies. The first edition in England 
 was issued soon after that of Cambridge, and the last in 1754. In 1759 the twenty- 
 second edition of it was issued in Scotland. 
 
 WILLIAM PEIRCE, the compiler of the almanac mentioned above, had repeatedly 
 crossed the Atlantic. He was called by his contemporaries "The Palinurus of 
 our Seas." He commanded the Ann in 1G23, and afterwards the Mayflower and 
 the Lyon, both of which vessels were engaged in the colonial trade, and brought 
 over many colonists. Subsequently he engaged in the colonial trade with the 
 West Indies. In 1C33 he was wrecked on the coast of Virginia, and five years 
 afterwards carried a cargo of Pequot Indians captured there to the West Indies, 
 where he sold them, and brought back a cargo of negro slaves. In 1641 he took 
 part in an attempt of the New Englanders to settle the Isle of Providence, one 
 of the Caribbee Islands, and was shot by the Spaniards, dying in an hour from his 
 wound. 
 
 STEPHEN DATE is supposed to have been a descendant of John Day, one of the 
 early printers of England. As a printer, the issues of Stephen Dayc's Cambridge 
 press did not add greatly to his reputation ; the work was carelessly done, and in 
 comparison with the specimens of early European typography, shows that he had 
 not the professional pride of his predecessors. He printed the Almanac yearly ; a 
 second edition of the Psalms in 1G47 ; The Body of Liberty s, containing one hun- 
 dred laws of the colony, in 1641, a second edition in 1G48, which the court ordered 
 sold " in quires " at three shillings the book. In 1G49 his supervision of the press 
 ended. The Body of Liberties was prepared by the Rev. Mr. Ward, of Ipswich. 
 In 1G41 the general court granted Daye three hundred acres of land, as "being 
 the first that sett upon printing." In 1G55 the grant was confirmed to him. In 
 1G68 he died at the age of fifty-eight. But very few of the books printed by 
 Daye arc extant, and none of them have his imprint, which it is thought he never 
 placed upon the works he issued. 
 
 1C39-40. RHODE ISLAND this year enacted a law to regulate 
 the price of boards and clapboards at the mill. 
 
 The price was fixed at eight shillings the hundred for sound boards, delivered at
 
 1639-40.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. (57 
 
 the mill, and a shilling a foot for clapboards and fencing of sound merchantable 
 stuff. 
 
 1639. THE manufacture of glass was commenced in Salem, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 In this year "were granted to the glass-men several acres of ground adjoyning 
 to their houses." The persons engaged in the undertaking were Ananias Concklin, 
 Obadiah Holmes, and Lawrence Southwick, to each of whom two acres were given. 
 Glass bottles, it is said, were made before this in the village of Germantown, in 
 Braintree, Massachusetts. 
 
 1639. A CANAL, three and a half miles long, was built in Mas- 
 sachusetts to connect the waters of the Charles and the Neponset, 
 and furnish water-power. 
 
 It was called Mother Brook, and is claimed to have been the first canal, the 
 same claim being made for Mill Brook, at Watertown, in the same state. 
 
 1639. SIR FERDINANDO GORGES obtained a patent for his land 
 from King Charles I. 
 
 The Plymouth Company had surrendered their charter, and this was intended as 
 a confirmation of Gorges' title. The tract extended one hundred and twenty miles 
 inland from the sea, and was called Maine. 
 
 1639. NUT, or Governor's, Island, 'in New York harbor, was 
 this year leased for five hundred merchantable boards yearly, half 
 oak and half pine, and a saw-mill was erected upon it. 
 
 1640. THE first general court for the province of Maine was 
 held at Saco. 
 
 It was held by Thomas Gorges, the deputy of the grandson of Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges, and was composed of eight deputies elected by the people, and the lieuten- 
 ant, chancellor, marshal, and other high officers appointed by the proprietary. 
 The twenty years' efforts at colonization made by the Gorges family are estimated 
 to have cost them twenty thousand pounds. The name of Maine has been vari- 
 ously explained, but was probably derived from the fact that the territory had 
 long been spoken of by the fishermen who frequented the coast as the " main," to 
 distinguish it from the islands. 
 
 The immigration in New England, up to this time, is estimated to have reached 
 about twenty-five thousand persons. The calling of the Long Parliament in Eng- 
 land, and the approaching commonwealth, had the effect of checking immigration ; 
 and for about twenty years there were almost as many who returned to England 
 from America as came to America from England. Up to this time the cost of the 
 various settlements has been estimated at over a million of dollars ; and east of the 
 Hudson there were twelve independent communities, embracing about fifty towns. 
 
 1640, FEBRUARY 8. The general court of Connecticut ordered 
 that skins should be preserved, with a penalty for neglect of the 
 order; flax and hemp were also ordered to be sown by each 
 family, and the seed preserved, " that we might in time have 
 supply of Lynen Cloath among ourselves." 
 
 It was also ordered, that "whereas it is thought necessary for the comfortable 
 support of these plantations, that a trade in cotten wooll be sett uppon and at-
 
 68 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1640. 
 
 tempted, and for the furthering thereof it hath pleased the governor that now is 
 (Edward Hopkins) to undertake the finishing and setting forth a vessel with con- 
 venient speed to those parts, where the said commodity is to be had," the plan- 
 tations were ordered, on its return, to take each its proportion of cotton, to be paid 
 for in corn and pipe-staves. And further, that the supply of pipe-staves might be 
 sufficient, it was ordered that no timber be felled outside the plantations without 
 the order of the court ; nor any pipe-staves to be sold out of the river without 
 permission - T nor were pipe-staves to be exported until they were inspected. 
 
 Hutchinson gives the number of sheep in Massachusetts in this year as three 
 thousand. 
 
 1640, MARCH 12. At a general court of election, a union was 
 made between the towns of Portsmouth and Newport, Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 The chief officer was called governor, and the deputy governor and four other 
 magistrates were his assistants. 
 
 1640, MAY 13. The general court of Massachusetts made the 
 following order : 
 
 "The court taking into serious consideration the absolute necessity for the 
 raising of the manufacture of limn cloth, doth declare that it is the intent of this 
 court that there shall be an order settled about it, and therefore doth require the 
 magistrates and deputies of the several towns to acquaint the towns men therewith, 
 and to make enquiry what seed is in every town, what men and women are skilful 
 in the breaking, spinning, weaving, what means for the providing of wheels ; and 
 to consider with those skilful in that manufacture, and what course may be taken 
 for teaching the boys and girls in all towns the spinning of the yarn, and to return 
 to the next court their several and joint advice about this thing. The like con- 
 sideration would be had for the spinning and weaving of cotton wool." 
 
 Hubbard says, "Much cotton wool was brought into the country from the 
 Indies." He means the West Indies. 
 
 1640, JULY 27. Articles of agreement (twelve in number) 
 were drawn up for the government of the settlement at Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island. 
 
 They were accepted by the people. They reiterated the guaranty of liberty of 
 conscience, laid a tax of thirty shillings upon each inhabitant, and provided that 
 all private disputes should be settled by arbitration. 
 
 1640, AUGUST 20. The town of Newport, Rhode Island, voted 
 that " one hundred acres of land should be laid forth and appro- 
 priated for a school, for encouragement of the poorer sort, to 
 train up their youth in learning, and Mr. Robert Lenthal, while 
 he continues to teach school, is to have the benefit thereof." 
 
 Mr. Robert Lenthal was also voted one hundred acres, and four more for a 
 house-lot. 
 
 1640, SEPTEMBER 14. The governors of Hartford, New Haven, 
 and Aquedneck, or Portsmouth, and Newport, wrote to the gov- 
 ernment of Massachusetts, to consult concerning the treatment 
 of the Indians. To this letter the government of Massachusetts
 
 1640.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 
 
 responded, refusing to include the Rhode Island settlements in 
 their answer. 
 
 The letter of the governors spoke of "their dislike of such as would hare the 
 Indians rooted out, as being of the cursed race of Ham," and their desire to gain 
 them by justice and kindness, and to watch over them to prevent any danger from 
 them. 
 
 1640. ALL orders in Massachusetts intended to regulate and 
 limit the rate of wages were repealed. 
 
 1640. ON the seventh of October, an order, which had been 
 made previously, offering a bounty of threepence on every shilling's 
 worth of linen, woollen, and cotton cloth. " according to its valeu- 
 ation for the incuragement of the manufacture," was explained as 
 applying only to cloth made in that jurisdiction, and of yarn spun 
 there from materials raised within the same, " or else of cotton." 
 
 This was to continue three years, but was repealed on the second of June fol- 
 lowing, "because too burthensome to the country." 
 
 1640, OCTOBER. The general court of Massachusetts ordered 
 that all hides and skins should be preserved to be tanned, under 
 a penalty of twelve pounds and the skin. 
 
 1640. THE inhabitants of Dover, New Hampshire, " voluntarily 
 agreed to combine themselves into a body politic, that they might 
 the more comfortably enjoy the benefit of his majesty's laws, to- 
 gether with such laws as should be concluded by a major part of 
 the freemen." 
 
 1640. SOUTHAMPTON, on Long Island, was this year settled by a 
 colony from Lynn, Massachusetts ; and soon after Easthampton by 
 others from the same place. 
 
 The first mill at Southampton was driven by cattle ; and the people of East- 
 hampton, before they had- a mill of their own, used the town bull to carry their 
 grain to the mill at Southampton. 
 
 1640. BRANDY was distilled this year in New York City. 
 
 1640. THE fourth assembly in Maryland passed laws forbid- 
 ding the exportation of corn, and making its culture obligatory. 
 
 The commencement of the tobacco inspection system dates from this assembly's 
 act "touching tobaccoes." 
 
 1640. AT Christmas, this year, there were trading in Virginia 
 ten ships from London, two from Bristol, twelve from Holland, and 
 seven from New England. The population of Virginia amounted 
 to nearly twenty thousand. 
 
 1640. THE first original composition published in America was 
 issued this year. 
 
 It was a volume of Poems by Mrs. Anne Bradstreet, the wife of Simon Brad- 
 street, who was afterwards governor, and the daughter of Thomas Dudley, who in
 
 70 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1640-41. 
 
 1630 had come to the colony as deputy governor. The volume was reprinted in 
 England, and met with considerable success. 
 
 1640. THE stoppage of emigration to Massachusetts Bay cut 
 off the supply of ready money which had been kept up by the 
 new-comers bringing, each of them, a certain amount ; and, as 
 there were no measures taken by the government to supply a 
 currency, its want was greatly felt, prices fell, and there was diffi- 
 culty in paying debts. 
 
 So little money had always been in circulation, that from the commencement 
 grain and cattle had been received at a fixed rate for taxes, and grain was now 
 made a legal tender for the payment of all new debts ; and " three understanding 
 and indifferent men," one chosen by the creditor, another by the debtor, and a 
 third by the marshal, were, in cases of execution, to save the property of the 
 debtor from sacrifice. Beaver-skins were also used as a currency, and musket- 
 balls at a farthing each. 
 
 1640. THE Dutch West India Company issued a new " charter 
 of privileges and exceptions." 
 
 Patroonships were limited hereafter to four miles frontage on navigable streams, 
 extending inland eight miles. Each immigrant transporting himself had two hun- 
 dred acres of land ; the villages and towns formed should have such magistrates as 
 they chose. The prohibition against cloth-making was removed, and the monopoly 
 of the Indian trade relinquished, a moderate export duty being substituted. The 
 company held the monopoly of transportation to and from the colonies. The Dutch 
 Reformed Church was the only religion to be publicly taught, and the company fur- 
 nished preachers, schoolmasters, and " comforters for the sick." The company 
 would advance all supplies of tools, provisions, and clothes to emigrants on credit. 
 
 1641, MARCH 16. The second general court of election was 
 held at Portsmouth, in Rhode Island. 
 
 The court-roll contained the names of sixty freemen. At this session it was 
 "ordered and unanimously agreed upon, that the Government which this Bodie 
 Politick doth attend unto in this Island, and the jurisdiction thereof, in favor of 
 our Prince, is a democracie, or Popular Government ; that is to say, It is in the 
 Poure of the Body of Freemen, orderly assembled, or the major part of them, to 
 make and constitute Just Lawes, by which they will be regulated, and to depute 
 from among themselves such Ministers as shall see them faithfully executed be- 
 tween Man and Man." The ownership of land was also " ordered Established and 
 Decreed" to be such "that neyther the State nor any Person or Persons shall 
 intrude into it, molest him in itt, or deprive him of anything whatsoever that is, or 
 shall be within that, or any of the bounds thereof." A state seal was also adopted ; 
 the design was a sheaf of arrows, with the motto, Amor vincit omnia. Religious 
 liberty was secured in the order, " That none be accounted a Delinquent for Doc- 
 trine : Provided, it be not directly repugnant to y* Government or Lawes estab- 
 lished." At the next session of the court, September 17, it was "ordered, that 
 the law of the last court, made concerning Libertie of Conscience in Point of 
 Doctrine, is perpetuated." 
 
 1641, APRIL 29. There was granted in Massachusetts to 
 Goodman Nutt, Martin Vaderwood, John "Whitney, Henry Kim-
 
 16-11.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 
 
 ball, and John Witheridge allowance for eighty-three and one 
 half yards, " valewed " at twelve pence a yard. 
 
 This appears to be the first mention of cloth made in the country. 
 
 1641. IN June, Samuel Winslow obtained from the general 
 court of Massachusetts the exclusive right of making salt by a 
 new process, provided he set it up within a year. 
 
 1641. THE same year John Jenney was allowed Clark's Island 
 and certain privileges in making salt, which he was to sell to the 
 people at two shillings a bushel. 
 
 Jenney was a resident at Plymouth. There were four partners with him. The 
 grant embraced thirty acres of land, and the privilege ran for twenty-one years. 
 
 1641. JOHN APPLETON received permission to set up a brewery 
 at Watertown, Massachusetts. 
 He is said to have raised hops. 
 
 1641, JUNE. The general court of Massachusetts offered pre- 
 miums for linen, " till cotten may bee had," and advised the gath- 
 ering of wild hemp. 
 
 This was the Indian hemp, which the Indians used for making their lines, nets, 
 and other articles. From them the settlers learned its use. The court also an- 
 nounced that it was " desired and expected that all, members of families should see 
 that their children and servants should bee industriously implied, so as the morn- 
 ings and evenings and other seasons may not bee lost, as formerly they have beene, 
 but that the honest and profitable custome of England may be practiced amongst 
 us ; so as all hands may be implied for the working of hemp and fflaxe and other need- 
 ful things for clothing, without abridging any such servants of their deue times for 
 foode and rest and other needful refreshings." 
 
 1641. THE town of Salem, Massachusetts, was also called to- 
 gether to consider the cultivation of hemp, and an acre of ground 
 was set apart to Samuel Cornhill for its cultivation. 
 
 1641. THE manufacture of cordage was begun in Boston by 
 John Harrison 
 
 1641, OCTOBER. The general court of Massachusetts enacted 
 that : 
 
 "Whereas, the country is now in hand with the building of ships, which is a 
 business of great importance for the common good, and therefore suitable care 
 is been taken that it will be well performed, according to the commendable course 
 of England and other places, it is therefore ordered surveyors be appointed to 
 examine any ship built, and her work, to see that it be performed and carried on 
 according to the rules of the art." 
 
 1641. AT Monamet, now Sandwich, a bark was built this year 
 by a subscription. She was about fifty tons burden, and her cost 
 was estimated at two hundred pounds. 
 
 There were thirteen subscribers who owned her, of whom William Paddy, Wil- 
 iiam Hanburry, and John Barnes, owned, each, one-eighth, and William Bradford,
 
 72 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1641. 
 
 John Jcnney, John Atwood, Samuel Hicks, George Bower, John Cook, Samuel 
 Jenney, Thomas Willets, Stephen Hopkins, and Edward Bangs, one-sixteenth 
 each. 
 
 1641, NOVEMBER 17. An appeal was made to the government 
 of Massachusetts by thirteen of the settlers at Providence to set- 
 tle a dispute. 
 
 It had been settled by the " arbitration of eight men orderly chosen," but the 
 disputants refused to accept the award. A riot had ensued, and violence had been 
 done. Francis Weston's cattle had been levied on in the settlement. The Massa- 
 chusetts authorities answered they "could not levy any war without a general 
 court ; " and the applicants should submit to the jurisdiction of either Plymouth 
 or Massachusetts. 
 
 1641. BOTH Dover and Portsmouth submitted to the jurisdic- 
 tion of Massachusetts. 
 
 They made as a condition, that, so far as they were concerned, church-mem- 
 bership should not be made a condition for becoming freemen, or for sitting in 
 the general court. The next year Exeter came into the same arrangement. 
 
 1641. GOVERNOR BRADFORD, of Plymouth, surrendered the 
 patent taken in his name to the freemen of the colony. 
 
 1641. THE director and council of New Netherlands estab- 
 lished a fair for the sale of cattle. 
 
 1641. THE fifth assembly in Maryland made the death penalty 
 for an apprentice servant to attempt escape. 
 
 The governor might commute the sentence into seven years' servitude. The 
 same penalty was extended to any other person who should accompany a servant 
 "on such unlawful departure." "Receiving a runaway servant" was not to be 
 so punished. 
 
 1641. THE assembly of Virginia, in an address to their con- 
 stituents, refer to the parliament in England as an opportunity 
 for obtaining their " liberties and privileges," and " preventing 
 the future designs of monopolizers, contractors, and preemptors, 
 ever hitherto incessent." 
 
 1641. IN December the general court authorized the town 
 of Salem, Massachusetts, to lend the proprietors of the glass- 
 works thirty pounds, to be deducted from the next town-rate, 
 and be repaid by the borrowers, " if the work succeeded, when 
 they are able." 
 
 Only glass bottles were probably made here. Glass in windows was still 
 exceedingly rare, and what there was was imported. In 1C21 one of the settlers 
 wrote to a friend in England "to bring paper and linseed oil for your windows, 
 with cotton yarn for your lamps." In 1C29 Mr. Higginson, writing from Salem, 
 advises to bring glass for the windows. 
 
 1641. RAYMBAULT and Jogues, two Jesuit missionaries in 
 Canada, paddled in birch-bark canoes, exploring the northern 
 shores of Lake Huron.
 
 1641-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 73 
 
 The hostility of the Indians on the southern side prevented the exploration of 
 Lakes Ontario and Erie, which were known to exist. On their return Jogues was 
 captured by the Mohawks and escaped from death, after being obliged frequently 
 to run the gauntlet in the Indian villages, by the active interference of Van 
 Cuyler, the Dutch governor at Rensselaersuyck. From there he went to New- 
 York, and thence to France. The Dutch performed a similar service for other 
 Jesuit missionaries. 
 
 1641. THE general court of Massachusetts adopted a system 
 of laws denominated the " Body of Liberties." 
 
 One of its provisions was, that there "should be no monopolies but of such 
 new inventions as were profitable to the country, and that for a short time only." 
 Two ministers, Cotton and Ward, had each reported a code. Cotton, whose code 
 was printed in England, had taken for his model "Moses, his Judicials ;" while 
 Ward, who had been educated as a lawyer before studying theology, appears to 
 have sought rather to realize the legal guaranties of political liberty, which were 
 at this time exercising English thought, than attempting to introduce the theocracy 
 of Judea in America ; and these laws, one hundred in number, were compiled 
 from these codes, chiefly from Ward's, and sent to every town, to be considered 
 by the magistrates and elders, and then published by the constables, so that "if 
 any man saw anything to be altered," he might tell his deputy. The first seven- 
 teen articles are devoted to individual rights, one of moving out of the jurisdiction 
 at pleasure ; another, that he shall not be compelled to go out for offensive war. 
 Then follow forty-one "rights, rules, and liberties, concerning judicial proceed- 
 ings." Barbarous and cruel punishments were forbidden; but whipping, the 
 pilory, cutting off the ears, and other like punishments, were not considered bar- 
 barous. Twenty liberties, more particularly " concerning the freemen," follow. 
 Then the " liberties of women" take two articles. The husband has no right to 
 personally chastise his \vife, and the court may interfere if the husband does not 
 leave her "a competent part of his estate." Four articles are given to the 
 " liberties of children." The eldest child was to have a double portion of intestate 
 estates. Four articles are given to "liberties of servants; " three articles for the 
 "liberties of foreigners and strangers." These provide: "there shall never be 
 any bond-slavery, villanage, nor captivity among us," except captives taken in 
 war, or strangers who should sell themselves or be sold ; ending with the proviso, 
 " This exempts none from servitude who shall be judged thereto by authority." 
 Two articles " of the brute creature." Then follow the " capital laws," in which 
 the death penalty is awarded ; and finally the " liberties which the Lord Jesus has 
 given to the churches." 
 
 1642, JUNE 14. The assembly of Massachusetts passed a 
 general law to regulate the manufacture of leather in the state. 
 
 It forbade any butcher, currier, or shoemaker, to exercise the trade of tanner 
 under the penalty for eah skin of six shillings and six pence ; while tanners, 
 under the same penalty, were forbidden to exercise any of the above-mentioned 
 trades. No improperly tanned leather should be offered for sale. Each town 
 that wanted it should have a regular sealer or marker of leather, to be paid by 
 fees. 
 
 1642, JULY. The assembly of Maryland provided a system 
 of laws for the province. 
 
 Any ten members, including the lieutenant-governor and six burgesses, should
 
 74 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1642. 
 
 form a quorum, " unless sickness do hinder," when those present should make 
 a house. No bill was to be read more than once a day, and no one to speak more 
 than once a day to the same bill without leave. Treasons against the king or the 
 proprietary were made capital offences. Punishments were death, branding, loss 
 of member, forfeiture of goods, imprisonment for life, or servitude to the proprie- 
 tary for seven years or less, except the culprit " be a gentleman." Drunkenness 
 and swearing were both punished by fine. Leaving the colony without a pass 
 from the chief judge of the county, who should not grant it unless the applicant 
 had posted his intention five days before, one of them a Sunday, was prohibited. 
 This act was soon repealed, and another, to be in force three years, substituted, 
 by which masters of vessels were subject to a suit for damages by taking persons 
 "indebted or obnoxious to justice " away. 
 
 1642. MONTREAL, Canada, was occupied as a missionary sta- 
 tion. 
 
 It was especially dedicated to the Mother of God with elaborate religious cere- 
 monies. 
 
 1642. VAN RENSSELAER sent vines to be planted by bis colony 
 on the Hudson. 
 
 They were all killed by the frost, " like others brought to the country," wrote 
 his commissary. 
 
 1642. A CHURCH had been built at Beverwyck, the present 
 Albany, and John Megalapolensis had arrived at the settlement. 
 
 From him we have the earliest account of the Mohawks. Van der Donck, a 
 graduate of Leyden, was also an officer in the settlement. From him we have 
 the first description of New Netherland. The patroon would grant -no land unless 
 the settlers would renounce their right of appeal to New Amsterdam ; and from a 
 fort on an island, now called Rensselaer's Island, toll was demanded from ships 
 passing, and the lowering of their flags. 
 
 1642. COLONEL JOHN PRINTZ was enjoined to cultivate the 
 vine in Swedish Colony, on the Delaware. 
 
 He brought with him his commission as governor from Queen Christina, who 
 took an interest in the colony, and helped it with appropriations from her revenue 
 in tobacco. 
 
 1642, JUNE. The general court of Massachusetts ordered that 
 " every plantation within this colony shall erect a house in length 
 twenty or thirty foote, and twenty foote wide within one half 
 year next coming, to make saltpetre from urine of men, beasts, 
 goates, hennes, hogs and horses' dung." 
 
 1642. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered " that the 
 selected townsmen have power to lay out particular and private 
 ways concerning their own town only ; " also, " that in every town 
 the chosen men, appointed for managing the prudential affairs of 
 the town," should have certain powers over the training of chil- 
 dren. 
 
 1642. IN New York City the second church was built of 
 stone.
 
 1642.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 
 
 It was built, at a cost of one thousand dollars, by John and Richard Ogden, of 
 Stamford, Connecticut. 
 
 1642. THE first tavern in New York, for the accommodation 
 of strangers, was erected near the head of Coenties Slip. 
 
 1642. AN act was passed by the general assembly of Vir- 
 ginia providing for the annual formation of a vestry in each 
 parish to maintain church government. 
 
 Concerning an application the Old Virginia Company had made to the Long 
 Parliament for a restoration of their charter, the assembly declared "that hav- 
 ing fully debated and maturely considered the reasons on both sides, and looking 
 back to the times under the Company, and also upon the present state of the 
 colony under his Majesty's government, they find the late Company in their gov- 
 ernment intolerable, and the present comparatively happy." This document was 
 sent to the king, who returned a gracious answer to it. 
 
 1642. THE burgesses of, the assembly in Maryland desired 
 to sit by themselves. 
 
 The assembly also denied the right of the governor to prorogue or adjourn 
 them without their consent. 
 
 1642, SEPTEMBER 8. It was ordered by the general court of 
 Connecticut that the towns should take their proportions of Mr. 
 Hopkins's cotton, as follows : 
 
 Windsor, ninety pounds' worth ; Wethersfield, one hundred and ten pounds' 
 worth; Hartford, two hundred pounds' worth, with liberty "to proportion it if the 
 first two within a month desire it." 
 
 1642, SEPTEMBER. The general court of Connecticut ordered 
 that no calf should be killed in the colony without the permission 
 of two "persons appointed by the court for that purpose. 
 
 1642. THE author of New England's First Fruits, writing 
 from Boston, enumerates the providential helps the country had. 
 
 " In prospering hempe and flaxe so well that it is frequently sowen, spun, and 
 woven into linen cloth (and in short- time may serve for cordage) ; so cotton 
 wooll (which we may have at reasonable rates from the islands) and our linen 
 yarne, we can make dimittees and fustians for our summer clothing; and having 
 a matter of one thousand sheep which prosper well to begin withall, in a com- 
 petent time we hope to have a woollen cloth there made. And great and small 
 cattel being now very frequently killed for food ; their skins will afford us leather 
 for boots and shoes and other uses ; so that God is leading us by the hand into a 
 way of clothing." 
 
 1642. THE first rope-maker in Boston, Massachusetts, was 
 John Harrison, whose " walks " were at the foot of Summer Street. 
 
 In 1G63 he petitioned the selectmen not to grant a license to any one else to 
 follow the trade. 
 
 1642. THE Trial, a ship of about one hundred and sixty tons, 
 was built at Boston.
 
 76 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1642. 
 
 This was the first ship built there. She sailed on the 4th of June, with Thomas 
 Graves as master, for Bilboa, with a cargo of fish, "which she sold there at a 
 good rate, and from thence she freighted to Malaga, and arrived here this day, 
 (March 23, 1G43, o. s.) laden with wine, fruit, oil, iron and wool, which was a 
 great advantage to the country and gave encouragement to trade." 
 
 The above extract from Governor Winthrop's Journal shows the enterprise 
 with which the colonists commenced their foreign commerce. Their supplies, 
 except corn and fish, they had heretofore depended upon the ships arriving with 
 emigrants to furnish. The civil wars in England having put an end to the supply 
 thus obtained, forced them to seek them elsewhere. As they were dependent 
 upon a purely metallic currency for the payment of their supplies, this was soon 
 drained from the country, and they were forced to resort to barter in their indus- 
 trial association. Governor Winthrop, in his Journal, says : " The general fear 
 of want of foreign commodities, now our money was gone, and that things were 
 like to go well in England (that is, that the Commonwealth would succeed), set 
 us on work to provide shipping of our own ; for which end Mr. Peter, being a 
 man of very public spirit and singular activity for all occasions, procured some to 
 join for building a ship at Salem of three hundred tons, and the inhabitants of 
 Boston, stirred up by his example, set upon the building another at Boston of one 
 hundred and fifty tons. The work was hard to accomplish for want of money, 
 etc. ; but our shipwrights were content to take such pay as the country could 
 make." 
 
 1642. FIVE other vessels were built at Boston, Plymouth, 
 Dorchester, and Salem, all of them of considerable size. 
 
 1642, SEPTEMBER 8. Four of the residents at Pawtuxet, Rhode 
 Island, offered themselves and their lands to the government and 
 protection of Massachusetts, and were received by the general 
 court. 
 
 They were William Arnold, Robert Cole, and William Carpenter, three of the 
 original purchasers, and Benedict Arnold, a son of the first-named. William 
 Carpenter and William Arnold in 1658 petitioned for a release from the jurisdic- 
 tion of Massachusetts, which was granted by the court. 
 
 1642, SEPTEMBER 19. The general court of Rhode Island 
 offered a premium of six shillings and eight pence a head for 
 foxes, to be paid by the treasurers of the towns ; thirty shillings 
 each were offered for wolves, to be paid from a special tax laid 
 upon the farmers in proportion to their cattle. 
 
 At the same session a committee was appointed, with power to act, to obtain a 
 charter. 
 
 1642. THE general court of Connecticut appointed " persons 
 to take the account of what the several towns will disburse to- 
 wards the building of a shippe, and (if feasible) they have power 
 to engage workmen and to carry on the work." 
 
 In the same year it was ordered that hemp-seed should be sown or sold to 
 those who would sow, " for the better furnishing the River with cordage towards 
 the rigging of shipps." 
 
 1642. THE home government of Sweden instructed Gover-
 
 1642-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 77 
 
 nor Printz, in the colony on the Delaware, to manufacture salt 
 by evaporation. 
 
 1642. MARTHA'S VINEYAKD was settled by Thomas Mayhew, 
 with a colony from Watertown. 
 
 The island was discovered in 1602 by Bartholomew Gosnold, and he named, 
 not the island, but the islet near by, now called No Man's Land. Mayhew pur- 
 chased it from an agent of Lord Stirling. In 1644, Massachusetts obtained 
 jurisdiction over the settlement ; in 1664, it was transferred to New York ; but 
 in 1692 was restored to Massachusetts. 
 
 1642. AT Hartford, Connecticut, the first free school was 
 established. 
 
 The funds for its support were voted from the town treasury. In 1643, a vote 
 was passed "that the town shall pay for the schooling of the poor, and for all 
 deficiences." 
 
 1642, OCTOBER 9. The first commencement at Harvard Col- 
 lege was held. 
 
 A class of nine graduated; their theses are reproduced in the appendix to 
 Hutchinson's Massachusetts. 
 
 1642. THREE ministers were sent from New England to Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 They had been invited there by letters from " well-disposed people of the upper 
 new farms." Two went from Boston and one from New Haven, but Berkeley 
 forced them to return. 
 
 1643. A WATCH-HOUSE of brick was built in Plymouth. 
 
 The bricks for it were furnished by a Mr. Grimes, at eleven shillings a thou- 
 sand. 
 
 1643. MASSACHUSETTS was divided into four counties. 
 
 These were Suffolk, Middlesex, Essex, and Norfolk, this last including the 
 towns in New Hampshire. 
 
 1643. THE first fulling-mill erected in the colonies was built 
 about this time in Rowley, Massachusetts. 
 
 It is said to have been erected by John Pearson, and stood just above the 
 head of the tide on Mill River. It was still in operation in 1809. It appears to 
 have been the place where woollen cloth was first made in the country. 
 
 1643. THE town of Kittery, Maine, gave lands near Berwick 
 to George Boughton and a Mr. Wincall for erecting mills. 
 
 1643. IN New England's First Fmits, published this year in 
 London, this mention is made of ship-building : 
 
 " Besides boats, shallops, boyes, lighters, pinnaces, we are in a way of build- 
 ing ships of one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred tonne : five 
 of them are already at sea, many more in hand at this present." 
 
 1643, JANUARY 12. A party of settlers under Samuel Gorton
 
 78 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1643. 
 
 settled at Warwick, in Rhode Island, upon land they purchased 
 from the Indians. 
 
 They paid for the tract extending twenty miles inland, lying along the bay from 
 Gaspee Point to Warwick Neck The land was conveyed by Miantinomi, the chief 
 of the Narragansetts, and witnessed by Pomham, the local chief, with others. 
 Gorton had already been driven away from Plymouth, from Aquedneck, and from 
 Providence, on account of his disputes with authorities and settlers in those 
 places. 
 
 1643, MAY 4. La Tour entered Boston harbor in a ship from 
 St. John's. 
 
 He came to ask the assistance of the colony to protect the French settlements 
 in Acadie, which had been granted him by a letter of the king of France, with 
 the exception of Port Royal and La Have. D'Aulney de Charnise had been 
 appointed governor of Acadie by the company of New France; and the trade 
 rivalry between him and La Tour had caused a dispute in which both parties 
 referred to the French court, and D'Aulney had obtained orders to arrest La 
 Tour and send him to France. With this authority, he blockaded St. John's ; but 
 La Tour escaping, came to Boston. As he offered free trade, he was allowed to 
 hire vessels and men, and with their aid he raised the blockade of St. John's, and 
 pursued D'Aulney to Port Royal. The authority for this was given by Win- 
 throp the governor, without consulting the general court or the commissioners 
 for the United Colonies. D'Aulney protested against this proceeding, as he 
 had previously. 
 
 1643. A PALISADE was built to protect New Amsterdam from 
 the attacks of the Indians. 
 
 They had been goaded by injustice to attempt revenge. A peace was made, 
 but it lasted only a short time, and the colony came near being destroyed. 
 Only three boweries, or farms, remained on Manhattan, and the inhabitants in 
 straw huts clustered about the fort, which was itself in an almost ruinous condi- 
 tion. Provisions were almost exhausted, and the cattle were in danger of 
 starving. 
 
 1643. CALVERT having gone to England, left the government 
 of Maryland in the hands of the commander of the Isle of Kent, 
 Giles Bent. 
 
 1643, MAY 19. The Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 and New Haven colonies formed an alliance under the title of 
 the UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Each one of the colonies uniting was to remain independent as regards its 
 internal affairs, but was to submit matters of joint interest to the control of com- 
 missioners, who were selected two from each colony. The theological basis of this 
 union is shown in the facts that the union was intended and desired to be only 
 among those who thought in the same way in matters of dogmatic religious 
 belief, and that the members of the commission were required to be members of 
 the church. The four colonies at this time had a population of twenty-four 
 thousand, living in thirty-nine towns. The commissioners from Plymouth were 
 Edward Winslow and William Collier; from Connecticut, John Haynes and 
 Edward Hopkins : from New Haven, Theophilus Eaton and Thomas Greyson ; 
 from Saybrook, George Fenwick; and from Massachusetts, John Winthrop,
 
 1643.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 
 
 Thomas Dudley, and Simon Bradstreet, of the magistrates ; Edward Gibbons and 
 William Tyng, of the deputies, and William Hathorne, the treasurer. The articles 
 were signed in Boston. The delegates from Plymouth not having authority to 
 sign, reported the articles to their general court, which submitted them to the 
 towns, and on their ratification empowered the delegates to affix the seal of the 
 colony. The terms of the agreement were contained in a preamble and eleven 
 articles. The formation of this confederacy was made the basis of a charge 
 against the colonies that they were aiming at sovereignty. The chief cause of 
 it was, however, the necessity for uniting in the common defence against the 
 Indians, who were combining for the extirpation of the colonies. This statement 
 by Edward Winslow, who was sent to England in their defence, was received as 
 satisfactory by the Lords of Trade. 
 
 The colonies were surrounded on the north and west by the French, who were 
 extending their settlements, and by the Indians, who were, from their more kindly 
 treatment by the French, inclined the rather to be friendly with them than with 
 the English. The Dutch settlements were also encroaching upon the southwest; 
 and these causes combined to put into practical operation this union, which had 
 been talked of for some time previously. All war expenses were to be apportioned 
 according to the male inhabitants. Fugitive criminals and runaway servants 
 were to be delivered up. The settlements in Maine were not admitted " because 
 the people there ran a different course both in their ministry and civil administra- 
 tion ; " and the same objection, even in greater degree, prevented the admission 
 of the settlements of Rhode Island. 
 
 1643, OCTOBER 8. The settlers at Warwick surrendered to an 
 armed force sent against them from Massachusetts, and were 
 carried as prisoners to Boston. 
 
 . Theological disputes were the foundation of the trouble ; the charge brought 
 against them in their trial before the general court was heresy and sedition, and 
 they were sentenced to be confined in irons during the pleasure of the court, 
 and were distributed for safe-keeping among the various towns, but were next 
 year banished. Eventually the matter was brought before the Parliament Com- 
 missioners of Foreign Plantations, Gorton going to England for this purpose, and 
 they were reinstated. 
 
 1643. AN act passed the parliament of England exempting 
 from all duties, subsidies, and taxation, all supplies intended for 
 the use of the colonies, and all colonial produce exported to 
 England. 
 
 This law was confirmed in a modified form, and became a few years after the 
 basis of the Act of Navigation. 
 
 1643. GOVERNOR JOHN PRINTZ, who built this year the first 
 water-mill at New Sweden, on the Delaware, speaking of the 
 wind-mill which the settlers had, says, " It would never work, and 
 was good for nothing." 
 
 The agent of the Dutch "West India Company, Commissary Hudde, who had 
 been ordered to watch the movements of the Swedish colony, reported that 
 Printz built a " strong house" at a place called Hingsessing by the savages, and 
 " about half a mile further in the woods constructed a mill, on a kill which runs 
 into the sea, not far to the south of Matinnekonk" (now Tinicum). The site of
 
 80 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1643-4. 
 
 tliis mill, the first in Pennsylvania, is now known to hare been on the Darby 
 road, the oldest liighway in Pennsylvania, near the Blue Bell tavern, where the 
 holes in the rocks, which supported the posts of the framework, are still to be 
 seen. The stream upon which it was built, is Cobb's Creek, a tributary of Darby 
 Creek, which empties south of Tinicum. At the mouth of Salem Creek, a fort 
 called Elsenberg commanded the channel, and forced all vessels passing to sub- 
 mit to an examination. Near the present site of Wilmington was a trading-station 
 called Christina ; while another fort, on an island below the mouth of the Schuyl- 
 kill, was called New Gottenburg. 
 
 1643. THE code of laws in Virginia was revised. 
 
 The former ones were generally continued, and others added. The ministers 
 were made subject to suspension by the governor and council, and to removal by 
 the assembly. The Church of England was to be conformed to, and the liturgy 
 to be used by all the ministers. " Non-conformists " were to be compelled by 
 the governor and council " to depart the colony with all conveniency." No 
 popish recusant is to hold office, and all popish priests to be sent away within five 
 days after their arrival. Shooting or travelling on Sunday were fined. The 
 vestries were empowered to excuse, for poverty, from the payment of the " colony 
 levy," laid annually by the assembly to pay the colonial expenses. Conveyances 
 of land were to be registered, and compensation for improvements was to be 
 made to settlors displaced by a superior title. Every planter was to fence in 
 his crops. Servitude as a punishment was abolished. To deal with servants, 
 without the consent of the master, was made criminal. To sell powder or shot 
 to the Indians incurred forfeiture of one's estate. County courts by commis- 
 sioners appointed by the assembly, were to be held in each county every two 
 months. Appeals lay to the quarter courts, and thence to the assembly. Juries 
 were allowed. Lawyers' fees were limited, and doctors could be called on to 
 state the cost of their remedies. All suits for debts out of the colony, except 
 for goods imported, were indefinitely postponed. Money debts were not recover- 
 able. The governor was assured for the year two shillings from each tithable in 
 the colony, to be paid in corn, wheat, malt, beef, pork, cheese, geese, chickens, 
 butter, turkeys, hens, pigs, at stated prices. 
 
 1643, NOVEMBER 3. Parliament appointed a board to regu- 
 late colonial affairs. 
 
 The Earl of Warwick was appointed " governor in chief and lord high admi- 
 ral of all those islands and plantations inhabited, planted, and belonging to any 
 of his Majesty's, the King of England's subjects, within the bounds and upon the 
 coast of America." He was assisted by a council composed of five peers and 
 twelve members of the commons, and had the right " to provide for, order and 
 dispose all things which they shall from time to time find most fit and advan- 
 tageous to the well governing, securing, strengthening, and preserving of the said 
 plantations." They had also the appointment of all officers, but could depute to 
 the inhaabitnts of any of the colonies any of their powers. 
 
 1644, MARCH 7. The general court of Massachusetts granted 
 the u Company of Undertakers for the Iron-Works," an exclusive 
 privilege of making iron for twenty-one years, provided that 
 within two years they made enough iron for the use of the 
 country.
 
 1644.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 81 
 
 They were also granted the use of any six places, not already granted, provided 
 they set up within ten years a furnace and forge in each place, "and not a 
 bloomery onely." The undertakers and their agents were freed from all public 
 charges, their stock was not to be taxed, and they and their workmen were free 
 from trainings. 
 
 This company had been formed in England. Its purpose was to work the bog 
 ore which collected at the bottom of the ponds upon the coast of New England. 
 Samples of the ore from the ponds of Saugus had been carried to England by Mr. 
 Bridges in 1643, and with the assistance of John Winthrop, Jr., who had gone to 
 England before him, the company was formed, and a thousand pounds advanced 
 for prosecuting the work, with which and a body of workmen, Mr. Winthrop 
 returned to New England. The first works were constructed at Lynn, on the west 
 bank of the Saugus, near a chain of small ponds, and the village was called 
 Hammersmith, from the former home of some of the workmen from England. 
 Other works were constructed at Braintree. Those at Lynn in 1677 became the 
 property of Samuel Appleton. 
 
 1644, MARCH 13. The general court, sitting at Portsmouth, 
 Rhode Island, changed the name of Aquedneck to " the Isle of 
 Rhodes, or Rhode Island." 
 
 1644, MARCH 14. A charter was obtained by Roger Williams 
 from the committee having charge of the colonies. It was 
 entitled " The Incorporation of Providence Plantations in the 
 Narragansett Bay in New England." 
 
 The Long Parliament was in authority in England, the king having fled, and 
 the Earl of Warwick was the chairman of the committee, with the title of Gov- 
 ernor-in-Chief and Lord High Admiral of the colonies. In going over, Williams 
 had been forced to go to New Amsterdam and take a ship to Holland, as he 
 feared arrest in Boston. 
 
 1644. THE Massachusetts assembly granted an act of incor- 
 poration to the ship-builders, as follows : " For the better building 
 of shipping it is ordered that there be a company of that trade, 
 according to the manner of other places, with power to regulate 
 the building of ships, and to make such orders and laws among 
 themselves as may conduce to the public good." 
 
 1644. -r- CALVERT returned from England, and in consequence 
 of a rebellion, went to Virginia. 
 
 There is obscurity concerning affairs in the colony during a year or two, since 
 the records were destroyed by Clayborne, who had taken forcible repossession of 
 the Isle of Kent, and Captain Ingle, who was a leader in the rebellion. 
 
 1644, APRIL. The Indians attacked the settlements in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Five hundred persons were killed at the first onslaught. It took place the day 
 before a fast appointed for the good success of the king. A ship was sent to 
 Boston for a supply of powder, which the general court refused to give. A war 
 of two years' duration began with the Indians, of the details of which but little 
 is known. 
 
 6
 
 82 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1644. 
 
 1644. FROM the accounts it seems that the settlement of New 
 Netherlands had cost the company more than half a million of 
 guilders ($200,000) more than the receipts. 
 
 1644 IN June, two inspectors of linen and woollen yarn were 
 appointed in each town in Connecticut, with authority to judge 
 and determine the price the weavers should receive for their 
 yarn. 
 
 The weavers were also empowered to retain their yarn until they received their 
 pay for it. 
 
 1644. Two vessels, loaded with tobacco and beaver-skins, 
 were sent home from the Swedish settlement on the Delaware. 
 
 A church was built at New Gottenburg, the Swedish Lutheran worship estab- 
 lished, and John Campanius settled as minister. 
 
 The Dutch and Swedes, although they disagreed among themselves, united in 
 shutting the English from the trade with the Indians. A vessel from Boston, 
 fitted out to explore the Delaware in search for the interior lakes, which had been 
 heard of as the home of the beaver, had great difficulty in passing the Swedish 
 fort, and was so closely watched by a Dutch and Swedish vessel, that it had to 
 abandon the enterprise and return. 
 
 1644. JOHN WINTHROP, son of the governor of Massachusetts, 
 headed a company who settled New London, Connecticut. 
 
 New London has the best harbor on Long Island Sound, being three miles 
 long, defended at the entrance by Fort Trumbull. This fort has been rebuilt 
 since 1840, and is one of the best in the country. 
 
 1644. ON account of "divers inconveniences," and "ac- 
 counting it wisdom to follow the laudable practice of other states, 
 who had laid groundworks for government," it was ordered in 
 Massachusetts that the magistrates and deputies should sit 
 apart, remaining separate but co-ordinate and coequal branches, 
 the assent of both bodies being necessary to make a law. 
 
 1644. IN New York, the Director-General Kieft and his coun- 
 cil laid a tax on the sale of beer and other liquors, and the pur- 
 chase of furs. 
 
 It was strenuously resisted. 
 
 1644, SEPTEMBER. The commissioners for the United Colonies, 
 at their third meeting in Hartford, Connecticut, forbade the fitting 
 out of any volunteer military expedition without their consent. 
 
 La Tour had again visited Boston to apply for aid, which was not granted. 
 The magistrates wrote to D'Aulney, in answer to a communication from him, 
 that the aid La Tour had obtained at Boston had not been fitted out " by any 
 counsel or act of permission " of the colony, and offering redress if he could 
 show he had been injured. In October, an agreement was made with an agent 
 of D'Aulney, who visited Boston, for mutual peace and trade, the agreement to 
 be ratified by the commissioners of the United Colonies. 
 
 1644, NOVEMBER 8. The Plymouth colony sent a messenger
 
 1644-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 
 
 to Aquedneck, forbidding the government there from exercising 
 any authority, since the territory lay within their jurisdiction. 
 
 The message was delivered, but with no result. 
 
 1644, NOVEMBER 13. The general court of Massachusetts 
 granted the Company of Undertakers for the Iron- Work three 
 years for finishing their works, provided the colonists might be- 
 come proprietors by paying within a year one hundred pounds 
 each, and an allowance for the one thousand pounds already 
 spent, and that they, u with all expedition, prosecute said works 
 to good perfection, as well the finery and forge as the furnace, 
 which is already set up, so that the country may be furnished 
 with all sorts of barr iron for their use at 20 per ton." 
 
 1645. IN the spring, a war commenced between the Narra- 
 gansett and Mohegan Indians. 
 
 Connecticut and New Haven sent troops to help the Mohegans, their allies, 
 and Massachusetts sent a letter to the Narragansetts, requiring them to desist from 
 the war. A second time messengers were sent to both tribes, demanding them to 
 send representatives to Boston, to settle their dispute. The attempt failed. 
 
 1645, MAY 14. THE general court of Massachusetts made an 
 order designed to increase the manufacture of woollen cloth. 
 
 It advised " all towns in general, and every one within the jurisdiction," to aid 
 in "the preservation and increase of such sheep as they have already, as also to 
 procure more with all convenient speed into the several towns, by all such lawful 
 ways and means as God shall put into their hands." One person was to be ap- 
 pointed in each town to take the names, and return them by the seventh next month 
 to Mayor Gibson, "who will buy ewe sheep at the rate of 40 shillings apiece." 
 And further, it "is desired that those having friends in England desiring to come, 
 would write them to bring as many sheepe as convenient with them." 
 
 1645, AUGUST 19. The United Colonies declared war against 
 the Narragansetts. 
 
 They now sued for peace, and sent a deputation to Boston, where peace was 
 arranged ; the Narragansetts having to pay two thousand fathoms of wampum 
 within two years, in four instalments, and give up their claim to the Pequot terri- 
 tory. Hostages were required from them for the fulfilment of the terms. 
 
 1645, OCTOBER. A charter was granted the Company of 
 Undertakers for the Iron- Works, and furnished with the public 
 seal of the colony, was made out and delivered them. 
 
 It confirmed all their privileges for twenty-one years, giving them the monopoly 
 for making iron and managing all the iron mines they might discover ; grantingthem 
 all waste lands unappropriated, with the use of all timber and wood, clay, c. 
 They were allowed to export to all but enemies. 
 
 1645. THE Patroon's saw-mills, near Albany, New York, were 
 placed under the charge pf Barent Pieterse Koeymans, who was 
 called " the miller," and had had charge of the grist-mill.
 
 84 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1645-6. 
 
 He and his partner, Jan Gerritsen, were allowed one hundred and fifty guilders 
 a year each for board, and three stivers a cut for every plank sawed. In 1G47, 
 when he left the service, he had sawed between three and four thousand boards. 
 From the accounts of the time, it appears that the wages of day laborers at this 
 tune were one florin to one florin ten stivers (40 to 50 cents) a day ; carpenters, 
 two florins (80 cents) ; plank cost one florin ten stivers to one florin sixteen stivers 
 each ; and palisades, then greatly in demand, fifteen florins a thousand. 
 
 1645. A TAX imposed by Governor Kieft and his council, at 
 New Amsterdam, upon beer, was strenuously resisted by the 
 brewers of that settlement. 
 
 They maintained that the tax was illegal, being laid by the officers of the com- 
 pany alone, without the aid of the eight men who represented the commons. 
 This dispute,with others, caused by the arbitrary proceedings of Kieft, were ended 
 only by a change in the administration. 
 
 1645. THE general assembly of Virginia enacted "that the 
 election of every vestry be in the power of the major part of the 
 parishioners." 
 
 1645. THE general court of Massachusetts imposed a duty of 
 ten shillings a butt on Spanish wine. 
 
 This revenue was designed for the support of the government, the fortifications, 
 and the harbor defences. The next spring eight hundred butts of wine, imported 
 in ignorance of the duty, arrived. The merchants petitioned to have it remitted. 
 The court remitted one half of it, and the forfeiture of such portions as had been 
 sold. The merchants still refusing to submit, the best wines were seized. 
 
 1645. ANOTHER grist-mill was erected in Newbury, Massachu- 
 setts, a committee having been empowered to procure a mill to 
 " grynde the corne," and an appropriation having been made for 
 the purpose of twenty pounds, in merchantable pay, ten acres of 
 upland and six of meadow, with freedom from all rates for seven 
 years. 
 
 1645. D'AULNEY captured St. John's in a second attack. 
 
 The first had been repulsed by Madame La Tour, who, in her husband's ab- 
 sence, defended the place. D'Aulney, thus in possession, confiscated a ship from 
 Boston, which had been sent to St. John's to supply La Tour with provisions. 
 The men he sent back, with complaints of bad faith, and threats of revenge. 
 La Tour estimated his loss at ten thousand pounds, and was ruined, together with 
 some Boston merchants, who had advanced him money, taking a mortgage on his 
 fort as security. He visited Boston to get further aid, which the general court 
 refused. 
 
 1646, MAY 6. THE general court of Massachusetts granted 
 a patent to Joseph Jenks, for fourteen years, for the making of 
 engines for mills, to go by water, for the more speedy despatch 
 of work than formerly. 
 
 "Also for the making of scythes and other edged tools with a new invented saw- 
 mill, that things may be afforded cheeper than formerly. &c., yet so as power is
 
 1646.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 
 
 etill left to restrain the exportation of such manufactures, and to moderate the 
 prices thereof, if occasion so require." 
 
 JOSEPH JENKS was a workman from Hammersmith, England. He made the 
 first casting, a small iron pot, ever made in this country. It was cast in the works 
 at Lynn, and is said to have been preserved in the family of Thomas Hudson, the 
 proprietor of the lands on the Saugus River, where the works were erected. 
 Lewis, in his History of Lynn, says it was "handed down in the family ever 
 since." Jenks's descendants have been distinguished in the industrial and me- 
 chanical history of the country. He died in 1683. 
 
 1646. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered that the 
 five or seven or more men " which are selected for prudential 
 affairs in certain towns, should have power to end causes under 
 " twenty shillings." 
 
 1646, JUNE. The Narragansetts failed to pay their tribute of 
 wampum. 
 
 Various efforts were made to collect it, until in 1650 it was collected by an 
 armed force, under the command of Captain Atherton. 
 
 1646, SEPTEMBER. D'Aulney sent agents to Boston to treat 
 with the colony. 
 
 With the commissioners of the United Colonies, after much negotiation, it was 
 agreed to forget the past and remain friends in the future. 
 
 1646. THE united colonies of New Haven and Hartford built 
 and equipped a vessel, carrying ten guns and forty men, to cruise 
 on Long Island Sound, to guard the commerce from the encroach- 
 ments of the Dutch at New Amsterdam. 
 
 This was the first regular cruiser employed by the colonies. 
 
 1646, NOVEMBER 4. The assembly of Massachusetts forbade 
 the exportation of raw hides, skins, felt, or unwrought leather, 
 under penalty of forfeiture. 
 
 The furs or skins of wild animals were excepted. 
 
 1646. THE general court of Massachusetts passed an act for 
 encouraging the propagation of the gospel among the Indians, of 
 whom there were between twenty and thirty tribes in New 
 England. 
 
 John Eliot began his missionary work among them. 
 
 1646. A FRANCISCAN missionary station was established on 
 the Penobscot, under the patronage of D'Aulney. 
 
 A message being sent to Quebec for a missionary, the Jesuit Dreuillettes 
 accompanied them on their return down the Kennebec, and on his favorable 
 report a Jesuit station was established. 
 
 1646. PEACE was made with the Indians by the Virginia 
 assembly. 
 
 The Indians ceded all the land between the James and York rivers, and no 
 Indian was to come south of York River, under pain of death.
 
 86 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1646-7. 
 
 1646. CALVERT returned from Virginia with an armed force, 
 and re-established his authority. 
 
 He called an assembly, and declared martial law, and an embargo. Hill, who 
 had been appointed governor by the council, resigned on condition of receiving 
 his fees for Ms term of office. 
 
 1646. THE West India Company transferred the governorship 
 of New Amsterdam to Petrus Stuyvesant, who had been gov- 
 ernor of Curagoa. 
 
 The restrictions on trade to the New Netherlands were removed, New Amster- 
 dam remaining the only porf of entry. 
 
 The colonists had the sole use of any minerals discovered by them, without any 
 duty or impost, for ten years. After this they were to pay the Company one tenth 
 of the proceeds. 
 
 1646. A NEW mill was erected at Beverwyck. 
 
 " The mill situated on the fifth kill, being to the great damage of the Patroon 
 and the inhabitants of the colonie, for a considerable time out of repair, or unfit 
 to be worked, either by the breaking of the dam, the severity of the weather, or 
 the high water, or otherwise ; beside, being out of the way, to the prejudice of 
 the inhabitants," a contract was made with Pieter Cornelissen, the millwright, to 
 erect a horse-mill, which he was to complete for three hundred florins, the agent 
 of the Patroon furnishing materials and horses at their joint expense. Cor- 
 nelissen, when it was completed, was to work one day for himself and one day 
 for the Patroon, receiving one rix dollar a day for himself, and an equal share 
 of the profits. If another mill became necessary, he was to have the privilege of 
 building it. 
 
 1646, NOVEMBER 16. Governor Winthrop wrote: "Here ar- 
 rived yesterday a Dutch ship of three hundred tons, with two 
 hundred and fifty tons of salt, sent by Mr. Onge, from Lisbon, so 
 as salt was abated in a few hours from thirty-six to sixteen a 
 hogshead, we look to it as a singular providence and testimony 
 of the Lord's care of us." 
 
 In the history of the country there have frequently been periods of great scarcity 
 of salt, and the price has risen as high as twelve dollars a bushel. Even to-day, 
 despite the peculiarly favorable natural advantages the country enjoys for obtain- 
 ing a sufficient supply at a cheap rate, we do not make more than about a half of 
 the supply necessary, and are forced to depend upon importation for the rest. 
 
 1647. THE first rice grown in this country was planted in 
 Virginia, by Sir William Berkeley. 
 
 From half a bushel of seed he raised a first crop of sixteen bushels. 
 
 1647. THE Massachusetts legislature passed an act ordering 
 that every township of fifty householders should appoint a 
 teacher, whose salary should be paid either by the parents or by 
 the town, as " ye prudentials of ye towne shall appoint." 
 
 1647, MAY 19. Delegates from the four towns of Providence, 
 Portsmouth, Newport, and Warwick, in Rhode Island, elected for
 
 1647.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 
 
 the purpose, met at Portsmouth, adopted the charter, and organ- 
 ized the government under it. 
 
 John Coggeshall was chosen president of the province, with one assistant chosen 
 from each town. A preamble and bill of rights, together with a code of civil and 
 criminal law, were adopted. The preamble declares " that the form of govern- 
 ment established in Providence Plantations is Democratical, that is to say, a gov- 
 ernment held by the free and voluntary consent of all, or the greater part of the 
 free inhabitants ; " religious freedom was guaranteed ; the common law of Eng- 
 land was accepted, with the proviso, "such and so far, as the nature and consti- 
 tution of our place will admit ; " burglary was punishable with death, except where 
 the offender was under fourteen, or was poor and committed the crime from 
 hunger; a solemn profession, or testimony, was allowed in place of an oath; 
 marriage was made a civil contract ; the property of intestates was to be dis- 
 tributed by the town council to the heirs at law ; every man was required to keep 
 a bow and four arrows, and practise with them. The code ended thus: "and 
 otherwise than thus what is herein forbidden, all men may walk as their con- 
 sciences persuade them, every one in the name of his God ; and let the saints of 
 the Most High walk in this colony without molestation, in the name of Jehovah, 
 their God, forever and ever." 
 
 1647. AN epidemic influenza prevailed in New England. 
 
 It attacked the Indians, French, and Dutch, as well as the English, and proved 
 fatal, especially in cases where bleeding and purging were employed as remedies. 
 
 1647. Two petitions were sent from Boston to the Parlia- 
 mentary Commissioners for the plantations, praying for liberty of 
 conscience, as religious liberty of belief was then called, and 
 asking for the appointment of a parliamentary governor. 
 
 It was dangerous to attempt to protest against the theocratic government. A 
 movement of the same kind in Plymouth had been proposed in the assembly, but 
 Governor Bradford had refused to put it to vote. In Boston the signers to a 
 petition to the court were arrested and placed in irons until they ' ' humbled " them- 
 selves. Child, one of the chief movers, with others, was heavily fined. No 
 notice was taken of the petitions by the Parliamentary Commissioners. 
 
 1647. THE term "selectmen" is first used in the laws of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1647. CALVERT obtained possession of the Isle of Kent. 
 
 He died soon after. Before his death, by a power of attorney, he appointed 
 Thomas Green his successor, who called an assembly and proclaimed an amnesty. 
 
 1647. PETER STUYVESANT arrived at New Amsterdam, under 
 appointment of the Dutch West India Company, as director- 
 general of New Netherlands. 
 
 During the Dutch possession of New Amsterdam, the aristocratic form of 
 municipal government prevailed, and was the chief cause for the popular discon- 
 tent. In New Amsterdam, the director and schout-fiscal, an officer combining the 
 powers of attorney-general and sheriff, acted as magistrates. The Company 
 owned slaves, who were allowed farms, and to compound their service by the pay- 
 ment of a stipulated amount of produce, though this provision did not apply to 
 their children, who still remained slaves.
 
 88 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1647-8. 
 
 1647. AYiNE was made in Virginia by a Captain Brocas. In 
 this year both flax and heinp were grown, spun, and wove, in 
 Virginia, by Captain Matthews. 
 
 1647. THE making of lime, bricks, and tiles are mentioned as 
 occupations pursued at this time in New England. 
 
 1647, OCTOBER 18. The general court of Massachusetts 
 granted an act of incorporation to the shoemakers and the coop- 
 ers of Boston and the vicinity, with power to regulate the trade 
 for four years. 
 
 Johnson, in his Wonder-working Providence, says of the tanners and shoe- 
 makers, " they have kept their men to their stander hitherto, almost doubling the 
 price of their commodities, according to the rate they were sold for in England, 
 and yet the plenty of leather is beyond what they had there, counting the number 
 of the people, but the transportation of boots and shoes to foreign parts hath 
 vented all, however." He gives also a list of other trades, as card-makers (for 
 wool), glovers, pelt-mongers, furriers, tailors, and others, who had "orderly 
 turned to their trade." 
 
 1648, AUGUST. Governor Winthrop wrote to his son: "The 
 iron work goeth on with more hope. It yields now about seven 
 tons per week, but it is most out of that brown earth which lies 
 under the bog mine." 
 
 This was concerning the works at Braintree, which also belonged to the Com- 
 pany. The want of money in circulation was the chief cause which led the 
 enterprise to pass into other hands. To an application for assistance the general 
 court replied in 1646, "if your iron may not be had heere without ready money, 
 what advantage will that be to us if wee have no money to purchase it." 
 
 1648. A SYNOD of the churches of New England, sitting at 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, completed its deliberations. 
 
 It formed the New England Platform, which it recommended, with the West- 
 minster confession of faith to the general court and the churches. It was a full 
 sanction of the theocratic system of government. 
 
 1648. THE Mohawks attacked the Jesuit missions among the 
 Hurons. 
 
 Daniel, their founder, was killed ; Brebeuf and Lalamand burned at the stake, 
 and others slaughtered. The missions were broken up. Mohawk war parties 
 penetrated even to the St. Lawrence, and Quebec was not considered safe. The 
 war continued for some years. 
 
 1648. IN New Amsterdam, clapboards, lime, and stone were 
 placed on the free list, in order to encourage the erection of a 
 better class of buildings. 
 
 1648. FATHER RAGENEAU, in his letter to the Superior at Paris, 
 mentions Niagara. 
 
 1648. A MILL and fort upon Kent Isle, Maryland, is mentioned 
 as having been torn down this year, " on account of war with all 
 the Indians near it, not worth the keeping."
 
 1648.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 9 
 
 1648, MARCH. The general court of Massachusetts enacted 
 concerning salt : 
 
 " That upon treaty with Mr. Winthrop, touching the making of salt out of meer 
 salt water, for the use of the country, it is apprehended and asserted by both par- 
 ties, that for incouragcment of the said worke, being of so general concernment, 
 it is enacted by authority of this Court, that for so many families or households 
 as are resident within this jurisdiction, Mr. Winthrop shall be paid after the next 
 harvest, so many bushels of wheatc or of other corne and wheate to the value of 
 wheate, yet so as the one half of it be in wheate certaine, upon the delivery of 
 so many bushels of good white salt at Boston, Charles Towne, Salem, Ipswich, 
 and Salsbury, to be received and paid for by the commissioners for public rates 
 upon two months' notice given by Mr. Winthrop. The constables shall have 
 power to buy it. .The second year the commission shall receive and pay for two 
 bushels of salt for each family, at the price of three shillings a bushel, and for 
 other two years, the commission shall take of, and make payment for two hundred 
 tons of salt at two shillings per bushel, at such salt worke as said Mr. Winthrop 
 shall appoint, and he shall have leave to erect works in any place or places in the 
 jurisdiction not appropriated." 
 
 The next May the court granted Mr. Winthrop three thousand acres of land 
 at Paquatuck, the grant to be void "provided he set not up a considerable salte 
 worke, we meane to make one hundred tun per annum of salt between the capes 
 of Massachusetts Bay, within three years next coming." 
 
 1648. A MESSAGE was sent from the United Colonies to the 
 governor of Quebec, proposing free trade. 
 
 No immediate answer was returned to this first communication between New 
 England and Canada. 
 
 1648, SEPTEMBER ^. The settlements upon Rhode Island 
 wrote to the New England commissioners, asking to be received 
 into a union with the United Colonies of New England. 
 
 They wished to be received "In a prime and perpetual league of friendship 
 and amity; of ofence and defence, mutual . advice and succor upon all just occa- 
 sions for our mutual safety and wellfaire, and for preserving of peace among 
 ourselves, and preventing as much as may bee all occasions of warr and Difer- 
 ence." The commissioners responded that they could not listen to the request 
 until the claim that the island was by the Plymouth patent included in the juris- 
 diction of that colony, was allowed. 
 
 1648. THE general court of Massachusetts made an order 
 concerning pasturing sheep upon the commons, and another 
 offering bounties for killing the wolves. 
 
 Each Englishman was to have at least thirty shillings, and Indians twenty shil- 
 lings. This premium to remain in force for four years. 
 
 1648. LORD BALTIMORE appointed William Stone, a resident of 
 Virginia, and a zealous Parliamentarian and Protestant, to the 
 governorship of Maryland. 
 
 Stone, in his instructions, was obliged to take an oath not to molest, on religious 
 grounds, any person in the province professing to believe in Jesus Christ, and
 
 90 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1648-9. 
 
 especially no Roman Catholic, nor to make any distinction, for religion, in ap- 
 pointments to office. He was also forbidden to consent to the repeal of any laws, 
 made or to be made, relating to religious matters, judicature, or the prerogatives 
 of- the proprietary, without special warrant. As a preliminary to the reception 
 of grants of land, an oath of fidelity to the proprietary was exacted from the 
 settlers. 
 
 1648. MARGARET JONES, of Charlestown, Massachusetts, was 
 indicted, found guilty, and executed for witchcraft. 
 
 1649. THE assembly of Maryland passed an act of toleration. 
 
 The assembly was organized as an upper and lower house. The act commences 
 with decreeing death and forfeiture of estate against all " who shall blaspheme 
 God, that is, curse him, or shall deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, 
 or shall deny the Holy Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead 
 of any of the said three persons of the Trinity, or the unity of the Godhead, or 
 shall use or utter any reproachful speeches against the Holy Trinity." Fines, 
 whipping, and banishment were the penalties for those who "shall utter any 
 reproachful words or speeches concerning the blessed Virgin Mary, or the holy 
 apostles or evangelists." Fines, whipping, and a public apology were to be the 
 punishment for calling any one in the colony "heretic, schismatic, idolator, puri- 
 tan,, presbyterian, independent, popish priest, Jesuit, Jesuited papist, Lutheran, 
 Calvinist, anabaptist, antinomian, barronist, roundhead, separatist, or other name 
 or term, in a reproachful manner, relating to matters of religion." "The Sab- 
 bath, or Lord's day, called Sunday," was not to be profaned. Then the section 
 providing that "for the more quiet and peaceable government of the province, 
 and the better to preserve mutual love and unity," no person professing to be- 
 lieve in Jesus Christ should be molested on account of his religion, or interrupted 
 in his free exercise of it, under penalty of fine and imprisonment. The assembly 
 also recognized the proprietary's sole right to purchase lands from the Indians, 
 whom it was made felony to kidnap and sell as slaves. Death, mutilation, brand- 
 ing, whipping, fine, and banishment were the penalties for offences against the 
 person or the title of the proprietary. 
 
 1649. FROM a pamphlet entitled "A. perfect description of 
 Virginia," published in London, the following statements are 
 made. 
 
 There were six public brew-houses, but "most brew their own beer, strong and 
 good." "The maize or Virginia come maults well for beer, and ripe in five 
 months, set in April or May." Good metheglin was made from honey. One 
 planter, from his own crops, made twenty butts of cider, another fifty of perry. 
 An "extra ordinary and pleasing strong drink" was made from sweet potatoes. 
 
 There were in operation four wind-mills and five water-mills for corn, besides 
 many horse mills. 
 
 They had "store of bricks made, and houses and chimneys made of Bricks, 
 and some of wood, high and faire, covered with shingall for Tyle, yet they have 
 none that make them, wanting workmen in that trade ; the Brickmakers have not 
 the art to make it, it shrinketh." 
 
 The cattle of the colony were estimated at twenty thousand ; they had also two 
 hundred horses, three thousand sheep, five thousand goats, and many swine. 
 
 Cattle were exported to New England ; and many were killed to supply the
 
 1649.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 91 
 
 shipping, which at Christmas of the year before had amounted to ten from London, 
 two from Bristol, twelve from Holland, and seven from New England. 
 
 The population was estimated at fifteen thousand English and three thousand 
 " good negro servants." There were twenty churches, the ministers' livings aver- 
 aging at least a hundred pounds. The western rivers, it was hoped, would soon 
 be explored, and a new route to the east be discovered, and "by such a discovery 
 the planters of Virginia shall gain the rich trade of the East Indies, and so cause 
 it to be driven through the continent." 
 
 1649. A PURITAN church, which had maintained itself in Vir- 
 ginia up to this time, was obliged to leave the colony. 
 
 There were a hundred and eighteen of them. The chief elder, Mr. Durand, 
 with most of them, settled in Maryland, on the Severn, not far from the site of 
 Annapolis, and called their settlement Providence. 
 
 1649. THE press at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was given to 
 the control of Samuel Green. 
 
 He had come over with Governor Winthrop's company, at the age of sixteen, 
 eight years before Paye arrived in the colony. The reason for the change in the 
 superintendence of the press is not known. Typographically, the change was 
 hardly an improvement. Both the press and case work of the first books printed 
 by Green are very defective. 
 
 SAMUEL GREEN continued printing to an advanced age, and died, aged 87, in 
 1702. He was held in great respect, and given in Cambridge several military and 
 civic offices. After his death there was no printing done for some time at Cam- 
 bridge. He had nineteen children, and some of his descendants, for over a cen- 
 tury after his death, were printers in various parts of the country. Thomas was 
 successful in collecting nearly one hundred books printed by him in the fifty years 
 he conducted the press at Cambridge, including those he issued in partnership with 
 Johnson, and afterwards, for a short time, with his son. 
 
 1649. THE Massachusetts legislature imposed a duty upon all 
 goods belonging to inhabitants of the other New England colo- 
 nies, which entered Boston. 
 
 It was ostensibly imposed for the support of the forts. The next year the com- 
 missioners for the United Colonies protested against it. 
 
 1649, MARCH 26. Governor Winthrop died. 
 
 His age was sixty-three. He had been governor ten terms, and died poor, leav- 
 ing a fourth wife, with an infant son, to whom the general court voted two hundred 
 pounds. 
 
 1649. A CODE of laws for Massachusetts was finished and 
 ordered to be printed. 
 
 It had been drawn up by a commission, composed of two magistrates, two min- 
 isters, and two persons chosen from the people of each county. No copy of it is 
 known to be in existence, but its provisions are pretty well known. " Stubborn 
 and rebellious" sons were condemned to death, and "children above sixteen, 
 who curse or smite their natural father or mother." The sale of intoxicating 
 drinks, except by licensed persons, was forbidden. Courtship, without the per- 
 mission of the maid's parents or guardians, was fined. In their absence, the
 
 92 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1649. 
 
 permission of the "nearest magistrate " was to be obtained. " Blasphemy of the 
 true God" was punished with death, when made by "Christian or Pagan." 
 Christians, "within this jurisdiction," who sought to subvert "the Christian faith 
 and religion" by "maintaining any damnable heresies, as denying the immortal- 
 ity of the soul, or resurrection of the body," or "denying that Christ gave him- 
 self a ransom for our sins," "or shall affirm we are not justified by his death 
 and righteousness, but by the perfection of our own works," or shall "condemn 
 or oppose the baptizing of infants," or shall " deny the ordinance of magistracy, 
 or their lawful authority," should be banished. Jesuits were forbidden to enter 
 the colony, and their second offence was death. A year or two afterwards, deny- 
 ing "the received books of the Old and Xew Testament to be the infallible word 
 of God," was made death. A school for reading and writing was required for 
 every town, and a grammar school in every town of a hundred householders. 
 This provision was made so that the "true sense and meaning of the original" 
 Scriptures might not be " clouded," and that " learning may not be buried in the 
 grave of our fathers." This school law was also enacted in Plymouth and Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 1649. THE Virginia assembly confirmed the right of the gov- 
 ernor to impress men for soldiers. 
 
 The news being received of the execution of Charles I., and the proclamation 
 of Charles II. as king of Scotland, he was proclaimed in Virginia, and the assembly 
 passed an act that any one defending "the late traitorous proceedings against the 
 late most excellent and now undoubtedly sainted king," should be prosecuted as 
 an accessory after the fact of his murder. To insinuate any doubts as to Charles 
 II. 's right to the succession was made treason, and spreading rumors tending to a 
 change of government was to be also so treated. 
 In Maryland the young king was also proclaimed. 
 
 1649. PETRUS STUYVESANT, in New Amsterdam, constituted a 
 board of nine men, with powers similar to the board of eight 
 created by his predecessor. 
 
 These boards were intended to appease the popular discontent with the feudal 
 character of the administration. Van der Donck became the leader of this board, 
 and drew up a memorial to the States General of Holland, asking that a burgher 
 government should be substituted for that of the Company. This document was 
 signed by the nine men. Van der Donck was arrested by Stuyvesant and ex- 
 cluded from his seat. He, however, went to Holland, carrying with him a remon- 
 strance concerning the grievances of the people, and citing New England, where 
 " neither patroons nor lords, nor princes, are known, but only the people." 
 
 1649. STONINGTON, Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, was 
 settled. 
 
 In 1807 it was incorporated. On the 9th of August, 1814, the British fleet 
 under Sir Thomas Hardy attacked the town, and for two days made several unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to land, but the militia compelled them to retreat. The town has 
 a large coasting-trade, and was formerly extensively engaged in the whale fish- 
 eries. Now it carries on a large manufacturing business, being connected by rail- 
 roads with Boston, New York, Providence, and New Haven. 
 
 1649. MARBLEHEAD, Massachusetts, which had formerly been a
 
 1650.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 
 
 part of Salem, was incorporated as a distinct town, containing 
 about forty-four families. 
 
 Marblchead, from the first settlement of New England, was noted for the enter- 
 prise of its people in the fisheries. The majority of its settlers were from the 
 Channel Islands. At the beginning of the Revolution, the town was considered 
 the second for wealth and population in Massachusetts. It contributed a regiment 
 of one thousand men. During the war of 1812, the frigate Constitution was prin- 
 cipally manned by Marblehead men ; and so large a number of privateers went 
 from there that the end of the war found five hundred of her citizens prisoners in 
 England. 
 
 1650. THE "West India Company supplied each emigrant to 
 the New Netherlands with land, a house, tools, four cows, and as 
 many horses and other animals, to be restored in six years. 
 
 Stuyvesant and the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England met 
 at the House of Good Hope to negotiate their differences. The commissioners 
 complained of the Dutch selling powder and guns to the Indians, of their tariff 
 and other things, principally the questions of mutual boundaries, the entertain- 
 ment of fugitives, and some specific actions. The questions were submitted to 
 four English arbitrators, two of whom were chosen by Stuyvesant. By their 
 award all the eastern portion of Long Island was assigned to New England. The 
 boundary between Connecticut and New Netherland was to begin at Greenwich 
 Bay, and run northerly twenty miles inland, and beyond "as it shall be agreed," 
 but nowhere to approach the Hudson River nearer than ten miles. The Fort of 
 Good Hope the Dutch retained, with the lands appertaining to it, while the rest of 
 the territory on the river was given to Connecticut. Both parties were to sur- 
 render fugitives. 
 
 1650. GULIAN VAN RENSSELAEB experimented with wild in- 
 digo seed near Albany, New York, and Augustus Heerman, at 
 Manhattan. 
 
 1650, OCTOBER 3. Parliament forbade all trade with the rebel- 
 lious colonies, and authorized the capture of ships so engaged. 
 
 The other English colonies in the Indies adhered to Charles II., as Virginia and 
 Maryland had. Parliament, now victorious, enacted "That in Virginia and in 
 diverse other places in America, there are colonies which were planted at the cost, 
 and settled by the people and by the authority of this nation, which are and ought 
 to be subordinate to and dependent upon England ; that they ever have been and 
 ought to be subject to such laws and regulations as are or shall be made by Par- 
 liament; that diverse acts of rebellion have been committed by many persons 
 inhabiting Virginia, whereby they have most traitorously usurped a power of gov- 
 ernment, and set themselves up in opposition to this commonwealth." The council 
 of state was authorized to send ships to any of the plantations, and grant com- 
 missions to enforce obedience, and "to grant pardons and settle governors in the 
 said islands, plantations and places, to preserve them in peace until the Parliament 
 take further orders." The Massachusetts general court protested against the 
 application of the claim made by Parliament to unlimited jurisdiction over the 
 colonies, to them. 
 
 1650. A NEW edition of the Psalms, revised by Mr. Dunster,
 
 94 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1650-51. 
 
 the president of Harvard College, and by Mr. Lyon, was issued 
 from the Cambridge press, and became the standard edition. 
 
 1650, NOVEMBER. A town meeting was held at New London, 
 Connecticut, to co-operate with Mr. Winthrop in erecting a mill 
 to grind corn, the inhabitants to undertake the " making the dam 
 and heavy work to the milne." 
 
 For this work six men were to be paid two shillings, each, a day. It was also 
 agreed "that no person, or persons, shall set up any other milne to grind corne 
 for the town of Pequett, within the limits of the town, either for the present, or 
 for the future, so long as Mr. Winthrop, or his heirs, do uphold the milne to grind 
 the town corne." The management of this mill gave such dissatisfaction to the 
 people that the town complained to the general court that they were not ' ' duely 
 served in the grinding of their corne, and were much damnified." The court, to 
 prevent " disturbance of the peace," ordered Mr. Rogers to give a " daily attend- 
 ance at the mill." 
 
 1650. A CODE was accepted by the general court of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 It was compiled by Ludlow, and was much of it copied from the Massachusetts 
 code, housebreaking and robbery the third time being added to the capital offences. 
 Taking tobacco publicly was forbidden. Debtors could not be put in prison unless 
 they had concealed property. If the creditor required it, the debtor had to pay 
 his debt by service, and could be sold for that purpose, but not "to any but of the 
 English nation." This law remained in force into this century. Runaway ser- 
 vants were to be captured at the public expense. Trade with the Indians in arms 
 or dogs is forbidden. Some chief of the tribes near the settlement should be held 
 responsible for depredations by his band ; and if satisfaction for them was refused, 
 the Indians might be seized and delivered to the party injured, " either to serve or 
 to be shipped out and exchanged for negroes, as the case will justly bear." 
 
 1650. IT was estimated this year that in Virginia a man could 
 easily by hand process, make fifteen thousand clapboards or pipe- 
 staves in a year, which were worth in the colony four pounds a 
 thousand, and in the Canaries twenty pounds a thousand, which 
 would make in the lowest market sixty pounds. 
 
 A saw-mill was at this time also said to be a great desideratum, for one driven 
 by water would do the work of twenty sawyers. 
 
 1650. CHARLES II., at Breda, sent a new commission to Berke- 
 ley as governor of Virginia, and appointed Sir William Davenant 
 as governor of Maryland. 
 
 Davenant was captured on his way over from France, with a company of refugee 
 royalists, by the Parliamentary fleet. 
 
 1651. GOVERNOR ENDICOTT petitioned the legislature of Mas- 
 sachusetts for three hundred acres of land, to supply fuel for cop- 
 per-smelting works he intended to erect. 
 
 He had discovered the copper in 1648 between Danvers and Topsfield. The 
 grant was given on condition that the works should be ready in seven years. The 
 result did not prove very successful.
 
 1651.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 
 
 1651. THE assembly of Connecticut passed an act to encour- 
 age the discovery of mines. 
 
 1651. A LICENSE was granted to Governor John Winthrop to 
 work a lead mine discovered at Middletown, Connecticut. 
 
 It is not known if he began operations that year or not. In 1852 the same mine 
 was reopened. The ore is not abundant, but of a highly argentiferous quality. 
 
 1651. THE assembly of Massachusetts forbade the wearing of 
 gold, silver, silks, laces, and other extravagances, together with 
 great boots, by those whom the selectmen considered unable to 
 afford it. 
 
 1651, APRIL 3. William Coddington obtained from the coun- 
 cil of state in England a commission to govern the islands of 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut during his lifetime, with a coun- 
 cil of six, to be named by the people, and approved by himself. 
 
 He had been chosen president of the colony in 1648, but had never entered on 
 the office, and went over to England to obtain a separate charter. Having obtained 
 his commission, he returned home. 
 
 1651, OCTOBER. Roger Williams and John Clarke were sent 
 to England by the colonists of Rhode Island. 
 
 John Clarke was to obtain a repeal of Coddington's commission, and Williams 
 a confirmation of the charter of the settlements. Not being allowed to sail from 
 Boston, they went to Manhattan to embark. Sir Henry Vane being then a mem- 
 ber of the council of state, they obtained the recall of Coddington's commission, 
 and, notwithstanding the opposition " of all the priests, both Presbyterian and In- 
 dependent," the confirmation" of the Rhode Island charter. 
 
 1651. A LAW was enacted in Massachusetts, making it ob- 
 ligatory on a church, before settling a minister, to have the con- 
 sent of a council of the neighboring churches, and " some of the 
 magistrates." 
 
 It was passed to justify the action of the court in fining the church at Maiden 
 for presuming to settle a minister without consulting any but themselves. 
 
 1651. AN order was issued in Massachusetts that wampum 
 should no longer be received for taxes. 
 
 The trade with the Indians being the basis of this circulation, and the amount 
 of it being increased by the exactions from the Indians, while the trade with them 
 was passing into the hands of the French, made it depreciate ; and as silver was 
 necessary to pay for imports, the want of currency caused the court to set about 
 the establishment of a mint. 
 
 1651, OCTOBEE. Parliament passed an ordinance prohibiting 
 the importation of any merchandise into England from Asia, 
 Africa, or America, except in English-built vessels, owned in 
 England or the colonies, and navigated by Englishmen. 
 
 1651. MESSENGERS from Canada came to New England to ask 
 aid in the war with the Five Nations, which was then raging.
 
 96 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1652. 
 
 They asked leave to enlist volunteers, or that the war parties of the converted 
 Indians on the Penobscot should be allowed to pass through the territory of the 
 United Colonies. The commissioners gave a civil refusal. The messengers were 
 John Godefroy, one of the council of New France, and Dreuilkttes, a Jesuit 
 missionary. 
 
 1652. THE assembly of Virginia passed several acts for the 
 encouragement of the manufacture of cloth. 
 
 Flaxsced was ordered distributed to each household, and premiums offered for 
 its culture. Two pounds of tobacco were given for every pound of flax or hemp 
 prepared for the spindle ; three pounds for every yard of linen cloth a yard wide, 
 and five pounds for every yard of woollen cloth made in the province. Every 
 tithable person was reqiiired to produce yearly two pounds of dressed hemp or 
 flax, under a penalty of fifty pounds of tobacco. Ten pounds of tobacco were 
 offered for every good hat of wool or fur, or for every dozen pair of woollen or 
 worsted stockings. Fifty pounds for every pound of silk wound, and every owner 
 of a hundred acres was to plant and fence in twelve mulberry-trees. No wool was 
 to be exported under a penalty of fifty pounds of tobacco for each pound. The 
 bounty on silk was claimed by several persons. One of these, Major Walker, a 
 member of the assembly, had seventy thousand mulberry trees planted. 
 
 1652. THE commissioners in command of the parliamentary 
 expedition to Virginia deposed Stone, the governor of Maryland, 
 and appointed a new council. 
 
 He was shortly afterwards reinstated. 
 
 1652, MARCH. An expedition sent by parliament reached the 
 Chesapeake. 
 
 It was under the direction of five commissioners, of whom two were Richard 
 Bennet (a Puritan emigrant to Maryland) and William Clayborne, now the treas- 
 urer of Virginia. It had started in September of the year before, but had been 
 delayed by taking part in the attack upon Barbadoes, which had surrendered after 
 making an express stipulation that their assembly should alone possess the right to 
 levy taxes. The colony capitulated without resistance. Two sets of articles were 
 signed; one with the assembly, and the other with Berkeley and his council. 
 These last were allowed a year to settle their affairs, sell their property, and go 
 where they pleased. The articles witli the assembly guaranteed the colony against 
 any claim of conquest, or the expense of the expedition. It granted the right of 
 government by the assembly ; indemnity for the past ; the security of land grants ; 
 the existing arrangement for fifty acres to each settler; the same freedom of trade 
 enjoyed in England ; the sole right of the assembly to levy taxes ; the use of the 
 Book of Common Prayer for a year ; and a year's time for those who did not wish 
 to subscribe the oath "to be true and faithful to the commonwealth of England 
 as it is now established, without King or House of Lords," to arrange their affairs. 
 These articles signed, Berkeley's commission was declared void, an assembly was 
 called, and Bennet was elected governor, with Clayborne secretary. 
 
 1652. THE first coinage was issued by the mint at Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The issue was of shillings, sixpences, and threepences. In 1662 an issue of 
 twopences was made. The coinage was of silver, as fine as the English issue, but
 
 1652.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 97 
 
 by weight " two pence in the shilling of less valew than the English coyne." The 
 issue is known as the pine-tree shilling from this device upon some of the larger 
 coins. Sixteen varieties of the shilling are known. They all bear the same date. 
 The dies were made by Joseph Jenks, and the coinage done by John Hull (a gold- 
 smith) and Robert Sanderson. 
 
 1652. HEZEKIAH USHER, the first bookseller in the United 
 States, began business at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1652. IN May, it was ordered by the general court of Massa- 
 chusetts that salt-works be set up at Cape Ann. 
 
 Cape Ann had been included in the grant to Mason, but was now reunited to 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1652. EDWARD BUET was granted permission to make salt at 
 Cape Ann by a new method, " provided he make it only after his 
 new way." 
 
 His grant was for ten years, and at the same time he was refused the use of 
 two islands near Salem for this purpose, " as prejudicial to the town in divers 
 regards." 
 
 1652. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered that the 
 north boundary line of the province should be considered as 
 passing through a point three miles north of every part of the 
 Merrimac, and thence upon a straight line east and west to 
 each sea. 
 
 1652, MAY 18. The general court met in Rhode Island. 
 
 It was held by the towns of the Mainland; those of the Island remained quiet 
 under the rule of Coddington. At this session a law was passed against involun- 
 tary servitude. It provided that no man could be kept to service longer than ten 
 years from the time of his arrival in the colony, under a penalty for those holding 
 him of forty pounds. At this time white men, as well as negroes and Indians, 
 were held to involuntary service ; and the law, though its provision applied equally 
 to all, was most probably intended not to apply to negroes. 
 
 1652, MAY 19. The Dutch were forbidden by the authorities 
 of Rhode Island to trade with the Indians within that province. A 
 letter to this effect was sent to Peter Stuyvesant, the governor 
 of Manhattan. 
 
 The war which had begun between Holland and England was the cause of this 
 action. The commercial and trading relations of Rhode Island and Manhattan 
 were for the time quite extensive. 
 
 1652, OCTOBER 8. An order of council was issued revoking 
 Coddington's commission, and directing the towns of Rhode 
 Island to again unite under the charter. 
 
 The news was brought from England by William Dyre, who arrived on the 
 18th of February, 1653. 
 
 1652. WILLIAM CODDINGTON, in whose name the title to 
 Aquedneck stood, made a joint deed to the purchasers. 
 
 7
 
 98 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1652-3. 
 
 1652. PETER STUYVESANT built Fort Casimir on the site of 
 Newcastle, Delaware. 
 
 It was within five miles of the Swedish fort Christina, and was built to prevent 
 an intended occupation of the territory by the New Englanders. 
 
 1652. THE first forge built in America was erected at Rayn- 
 ham, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was built by James and Henry Leonard, who came from Monmouthshire, 
 England. They were the ancestors of the numerous Leonards who have been so 
 extensively known in the iron industry of the country. 
 
 1653. JOHANS DE HULTER was among the emigrants to the 
 New Netherlands this year. 
 
 He was called by the Directors in Holland "an extraordinary potter," and the 
 provincial authorities were asked to aid him in any way they could. He estab- 
 lished himself somewhere on the Hudson, and appears to have been successful ; 
 for about the time the province passed to the jurisdiction of the English. Madame 
 De Hulter's pottery was leased for eleven hundred guilders a year, and a tile-kiln 
 attached to it for three thousand seven hundred and seventeen guilders (.$1480). 
 In Long Island the Dutch are said to have made pottery equal to that made at 
 Delft. About this time the Directors refused to sanction grants the provincial 
 authorities had made for potash works, salt works, brick and tile works, and 
 others, using the following language : " The grants we not only entirely disap- 
 prove, but require that you will not give one single grant more hereafter, as it is 
 in our opinion a very pernicious management, principally so in a new and budding 
 state, whose population and welfare cannot be promoted, but through general ben- 
 efits and privileges, in which every one who might be inclined to settle in such a 
 country, either as a merchant or mechanic, may participate." 
 
 1653. THE exportation of head corn was forbidden in New 
 Amsterdam; and it was ordered that for every hill of tobacco 
 planted a hill of corn should be, while the consumption of grain 
 for brewing was strictly prohibited. 
 
 The devotion to the fur trade and the culture of tobacco caused a frequent 
 scarcity of grain in New Amsterdam. 
 
 1653. A CATECHISM in the dialect spoken by the Nipmuck, or 
 Natick, Indians, and made by Mr. Eliot, was printed. The ex- 
 pense was paid by the society in England for propagating the 
 gospel among the Indians in New England. 
 
 1653, MAY 17. Two distinct assemblies met in Rhode Island ; 
 that of the Mainland at Providence, and that of the Island at 
 Newport. 
 
 The first elected Gregory Dexter as president; and the second John Sandford, 
 Sen., as president. On the demand of the Island assembly, Coddington declined 
 to surrender the documents in his possession, or resign his commission, giving as 
 his reason that he had received no order from England. The chief point of dis- 
 pute between the portions of the colony was concerning the place in which the 
 assembly should meet. The Island aasembly granted commissions to privateers
 
 1G53-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 
 
 against the Dutch, and appointed a court of admiralty. Under these commissions 
 several captures were made. 
 
 1653. A "LANDTDAG," or diet, was held at New Amsterdam. 
 
 It was composed of delegates from New Amsterdam and eight villages four 
 Dutch and four English. The aggressions of the Rhode Island privateers had cre- 
 ated an excitement in the settlements. Other disputes arose, and a remonstrance 
 was sent to Holland, complaining of the director and his council, of their arbitrary 
 legislation, appointment of magistrates without consulting the people, and of his 
 favoritism in granting land. The remonstrance produced no effect, Stuyvesant 
 being blamed for a want of rigor in not punishing the discontented " in an exem- 
 plary manner." 
 
 1654. THE first mention of the salt springs of Western New 
 York was made by the Jesuits, who discovered them this year. 
 
 Pore Le Moyne thus records in his journal the discovery ten days after his 
 arrival among the Onondagas. He carried back a sample of the salt to the gov- 
 ernor of Canada. "The sixteenth we came to the entrance of a small lake, in a 
 great basin, partly dry ; we tasted the water which a demon had made stinking ; 
 having tasted it I found that it was a fountain of salt water ; and in fact we made 
 salt from it as natural as that from the sea, of which we had brought a supply 
 from Quebec. This lake is full offish salmon trout and other fish." The original 
 record is in French. Father Le Moyne subsequently informed the Rev. Mr. Mega- 
 polonsis, of New Amsterdam, of this discovery, who, in repeating it to his class, 
 said, " Whether this be true, or whether it be a Jesuit lie, I do not determine." 
 
 1654. SALT was subject to a duty of twenty stivers (forty 
 cents) a bushel at New Amsterdam. 
 
 The next year the duties on imports were reduced to ten per cent. 
 
 1654. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered the regu- 
 lar printing of such laws as were ordered to be published, in 
 editions of from five to seven hundred. 
 
 The secretary of the colony was to pay for it, in " wheate or otherwise," at the 
 rate of one penny a sheet, or eight shillings a hundred ; and copies were to be 
 distributed to all the freemen of the colony, so that each should have one. 
 
 1654. THIS year the general court of Connecticut granted 
 Mr. William Goodwin liberty to make use of waste lands to keep 
 his saw-mill in work. 
 
 1654, JULY 12. A full court of commissioners met at War- 
 wick, Rhode Island, and signed articles of agreement. 
 
 The court consisted of six members from each of the towns. The terms of 
 settlement were, that the united colony should act under the charter, and that the 
 general assembly for the management of the public affairs should be composed of 
 six delegates from each of the towns. 
 
 1654. A COMPANY from Sweden, under Rysingh, as successor 
 to Printz, came to New Sweden, and obtained possession of Fort 
 Casimir.
 
 100 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1G54-5. 
 
 Possession was gained without bloodshed, either by the cowardice of the com- 
 mander or by stratagem. 
 
 1654. STONE was again deposed from the governorship of 
 Maryland. 
 
 He disregarded, on account of instructions from Lord Baltimore, the provisions 
 of the commissioners, and demanded an oath of fidelity from the settlers to the 
 proprietary, though he proclaimed Cromwell as protector. Bennet and Calvert, 
 by threats of a force from Virginia, forced him to resign, appointed William Fuller 
 governor, appointed a new council, and called a new assembly, in which no one 
 was allowed to sit or vote for its members who was a Roman Catholic, or had taken 
 up arms against parliament. This assembly excluded "papests and prelatists " 
 from the benefits of the act of toleration, and denied the claim of the proprietary 
 to be " absolute lord" of the province. 
 
 1654. PEACE being made between the Indians of New York 
 and Canada, the Jesuits established missions among the Indians 
 south of Canada. 
 
 Le Moyne, on a visit to Onondaga, found the salt springs there, and a settle- 
 ment by persons from Montreal was made at Lake Onondaga. 
 
 1654. AN expedition sent from England against the Dutch in 
 New Netheiiand arrived at Massachusetts. 
 
 Before the New England levies to take part in the attack on the settlements in 
 New Netherlands were ready, news came of the peace between the English and 
 the Dutch, and the expedition was directed to an attack upon the French settle- 
 ments in Acadie. France and England were at peace, but the claim of unpaid 
 money was brought forward, and Acadie surrendered to the expedition, liberty for 
 their religion and security for their property being guaranteed them. 
 
 1654. WAR was declared by the commissioners of New Eng- 
 land against the Indian chief Ninigret. 
 
 An unsuccessful expedition was the only result. 
 
 1655. STONE, being assured by Lord Baltimore that Bennet 
 and Clayborne had no warrant for their action, called the Cath- 
 olic settlers of Maryland together, and made an expedition 
 against Providence, the headquarters of the new council. 
 
 He had about two hundred men, and was completely routed. Both parties then 
 appealed to Cromwell, who referred the dispute to the Committee of Trade. 
 
 1655. THE freemen of Saco, Maine, agreed with Roger 
 Spencer that he should set up a saw-mill there. 
 
 He was to pay for it twelve thousand feet of boards, and to agree to employ 
 townsmen in preference to others. 
 
 1655. THE importers of malt and other merchants of Boston, 
 petitioned the assembly to lessen or remove the duty upon the 
 importation of malt. 
 
 The court referred the petitioners to a previous order made upon this subject.
 
 1655-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 
 
 1655. THE Plymouth colony sold their tract at the mouth of 
 the Kennebec to Messrs. Tyng, Brattle, Boies, and Winslow. 
 
 The price was five hundred pounds. 
 
 1655. THIS year the society in London for propagating the 
 gospel among the Indians, sent over to Massachusetts a second 
 press, with a supply of printing material. 
 
 This press was set up in the same building in which was the first ; a substan- 
 tial brick structure at Cambridge, which was built for an Indian College, at a 
 cost of between three and four hundred pounds. 
 
 1655, MAY 30. The assembly of New Haven ordered " that 
 if an iron worke goe on within any part of this jurisdiction, the 
 persons and estates constantly and onely imployed in that work 
 shall be free from paying rates." 
 
 1655. THE West India Company sent an expedition to New 
 Amsterdam, to take possession of the settlements on the Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 Stuyvesant went with them. The Swedish settlement contained about seven 
 hundred inhabitants, and being unable to resist, surrendered, and became a part 
 of New Netherland. Such as agreed to take the oath of allegiance to the Dutch 
 authorities, were guaranteed possession of their lands. The rights and freedom 
 of the Swedish Lutheran Church were expressly secured, and depended ecclesi- 
 astically on Sweden until the Revolution. Those who would not take the oath 
 were sent back to Sweden. Thirty of the Swedes are said to have taken the 
 oath. 
 
 1655. THE Indians attacked the settlements at New Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 In three days a hundred persons were killed, and a hundred and fifty made 
 prisoners. The loss of property inflicted was estimated at eighty thousand 
 dollars. The prisoners taken were ransomed. 
 
 1655. THE commissioners for the United Colonies of New 
 England fitted out a vessel to cruise in Long Island Sound. 
 
 1656, MARCH. William Coddington made a formal submission 
 to a general court held at Warwick, Rhode Island. 
 
 It was in these terms: "I, William Coddington, doe hereby submit to ye 
 authoritie of His Highness in this Colonie as it is now united, and that with all 
 my heart." 
 
 1656. STUYVESANT, at New Amsterdam, issued a proclama- 
 tion against conventicles, fining both the preachers and hearers. 
 
 He had been induced to this by Megapolensis, the minister at Manhattan, and 
 his colleague Drusius, with Polhemus, a clergyman on Long Island. Stuyvesant 
 had already refused an application of the Lutherans in New Amsterdam for a 
 church of their own, and the Company in Holland had also refused their appeal. 
 The instructions of the Company had been that all should enjoy "the free exer- 
 cise of their religion within their own houses." Stuyvesant's proclamation was 
 however enforced, and against the Quakers he issued others.
 
 102 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1656. 
 
 1656. CROMWELL made a grant of Nova Scotia to La Tour 
 and others.. 
 
 La Tour had revived his claim on the grounds of the grant given his father 
 by Sir William Alexander. He had married D'Aulney's widow. 
 
 1656. IN May, the general court of Massachusetts passed an 
 order " for the improving as many hands as may be in spinninge 
 woole, cotton, flaxe, &c." 
 
 "All hands not necessarily employed on other occasions, as women, girls and 
 boys, shall and hereby are enjoined to spin according to their skill and ability." 
 The selectmen of the towns were to see that this was done, each family being 
 assessed " at half, or a quarter of a spinner, according to their capacity." " Every 
 one thus assessed for a whole spinner" was, "after the present year 1G56" to 
 " spin for thirty weeks every year three pounds per week of linen, cotton or 
 woolen, and so proportionally for half or quarter spinners, under the penalty of 
 twelve pence for each pound short." The selectmen had also authority to see 
 that the commons were cleared for the pasturage of sheep, and were to "impart 
 the mind of this court to their inhabitants concerning the sowing of seeds both of 
 hemp and flaxe." 
 
 1656. IN Chelmsford, Massachusetts, William How was 
 allotted twelve acres of meadow and eighteen of upland, " pro- 
 vided he set up his trade of weaving, and perform the town's 
 work." 
 
 1656. IN May the general court of Massachusetts granted Mr. 
 Winthrop the exclusive privilege of making salt " after his new 
 way." 
 
 This is supposed to show that the salt enterprise of 1647-8 was successful. 
 
 1656. THE colony of New Haven appointed sealers of leather 
 for each town where there was a tanner or shoemaker. 
 
 The next year the court received complaints from Stamford that boots were 
 gold there at thirty shillings, while twenty shillings was the price for as good 
 elsewhere, and the shoemakers were ordered to reform or answer at the next 
 court. 
 
 1656, OCTOBER. The general court of Connecticut appointed 
 sealers of leather for each of the towns. 
 
 They also prescribed the method of preparing the hides. The sealers were 
 paid by fees. 
 
 1656. A SAW-MILL was built at Scituate, Massachusetts, by 
 Robert Studson, Mr. Hatherly, and Joseph Tilden. 
 
 In granting the privilege, the authorities stipulated that sawing was to be done 
 for any one who brought timber for this purpose, and that the owners of the mill 
 should have " one half for sawing the other half." The price at which boards 
 should be sold was placed at " three shillings and six pence an hundred inch 
 sawn." 
 
 1656. AT New Amstel, or New Castle, Delaware, which had
 
 1656-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 
 
 been sold by the West India Company to the city of Amsterdam, 
 and given this name, bricks were made this year. 
 
 Jacobus Crabbe petitions the court concerning a plantation " near the corner 
 where bricks and staves are made and baked." 
 
 1656. AN act of the assembly of Virginia was passed as 
 follows : " Whereas we conceive it something hard and un- 
 agreeable to reason, that any person shall pay equal taxes, and 
 yet have no votes in elections," it was ordered that acts exclud- 
 ing freemen from voting for burgesses should be repealed. 
 
 The assembly also imposed a fine upon every planter who had not at least one 
 mulberry-tree planted for each ten acres he had under cultivation. 
 
 1656. ANOTHER execution for witchcraft took place in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 The arrival of two Quaker women from Barbadoes caused special laws to be 
 made against Quakers "as a cursed sect of heretics lately risen in the world." 
 Any one bringing in a " known Quaker " was fined a hundred pounds, and obliged 
 to carry him away again, or be imprisoned. The Quaker was whipped, imprisoned, 
 and kept at hard labor until sent off. All Quaker books were to be burned, the 
 person defending their opinions to be fined, and on the third offence banished. 
 The laws were made still more severe the next year, and on the recommendation 
 of the commissioners for the United Colonies, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New 
 Haven passed similar acts. 
 
 1657. A DESCRIPTION of Boston, Massachusetts, speaks of it 
 as having " large and spacious houses, some fairly set forth with 
 brick, tile, slate and stone, orderly placed, whose continual en- 
 largement presageth some sumptuous city." 
 
 1657, SEPTEMBER. The commissioners of the United Colonies 
 assembled in Boston, Massachusetts, wrote a letter to the author- 
 ities in Rhode Island urging the banishment of the Quakers 
 there, and the prohibition of any others entering that state. 
 
 To this the president and assistants replied that there was no law in Rhode 
 Island for the punishment of men for their opinions. 
 
 1657. SALT-WORKS are mentioned as existing at New Amstel 
 (Newcastle), on the Delaware, during the directorship of Stuy- 
 vesant. 
 
 As early as 1649 the establishment of salt-works was one of the charges brought 
 against the provincial authorities to the States General in Holland. 
 
 1657. AN attempt was made to introduce the culture of silk 
 in the province of New Netherlands. 
 
 Two years afterwards mulberry-trees were exported to 
 
 1657. A PREMIUM was offered in Virginia for the growth of 
 flax. 
 
 1658, OCTOBER 19. A law was passed in Massachusetts, inflict-
 
 104 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1658. 
 
 ing death upon all Quakers who should return to that province 
 after banishment. 
 
 1G58, NOVEMBER 5. The assembly of Rhode Island sent a 
 letter to Cromwell through the agent of the colony, appealing 
 that " they may not be compelled to exercise any civil power 
 over men's consciences, so long as human orders, in point of 
 civility, are not corrupted or violated." 
 
 The threats made to exclude Rhode Island from all trade or intercourse with 
 the rest of New England, for her refusal to join in the persecution of the Quakers, 
 was the origin of this letter. 
 
 1658. SOON after the formal surrender of the country by the 
 Swedes to the Dutch, Joost Adriansen & Co. proposed to build 
 a saw and grist-mill below the Turtle Falls at Newcastle in 
 Delaware. 
 
 The Director General, Peter Stuyvesant, granted their request, and issued a 
 patent to them on condition that they should charge no more for grinding than the 
 Company's mill charged. The Company's mill was probably the wind-mill erected 
 upon their farm at Manhattan, on or near Broadway. 
 
 1658. SAMUEL GREEN, the superintendent of the press at 
 Cambridge, was granted, on petition, three hundred acres of land, 
 " where it is to be found." 
 
 The land was granted for his encouragement, and was subsequently laid out for 
 him at Haverhill. 
 
 1658. AN arrangement was made between Lord Baltimore, 
 and Bennet and Mathews, concerning the affairs of Maryland. 
 
 The past was to be forgotten. Grants of land were to be made to those enti- 
 tled to them. The oath of fidelity was replaced by an agreement in writing to 
 submit to the proprietary's lawful authority. The inhabitants were to keep their 
 arms, and the proprietary was to maintain the act of toleration. 
 
 1658. THE laws of Virginia were again revised and codified. 
 
 They made one hundred and thirty-one acts. The counties not yet divided into 
 parishes were to be so divided, and a tax levied for building churches. Five years' 
 possession of land gave a title. Persons who had no tobacco could tender other 
 goods in payment of debts. An export duty of ten shillings a hogshead of three 
 hundred and fifty pounds, was laid on tobacco exported in Dutch vessels else- 
 where than to England. Free trade was promised the Dutch, and the duty on 
 tobacco was reduced to two shillings in favor of vessels bringing negroes to the 
 colony. Virginia-built vessels could carry tobacco free ; otherwise a duty of two 
 shillings was laid on its exportation, to raise a salary for the governor. It was 
 forbidden to transfer the services of Indian children placed with colonists for edu- 
 cation. The assembly denied the right of the governor to dissolve them, and 
 claimed the right to elect all officers ; that existing commissions were not valid, 
 and ordered public officers to obey no warrants unless signed by the speaker. 
 Rules were also adopted for the regulation of the proceedings of the assembly. 
 Personalities, and being "disguised with over much drink," were forbidden.
 
 1659.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 
 
 1659, OCTOBER 19. Mary Dyre, William Robinson, and Mar- 
 maduke Stephenson were condemned to death, in Boston, as 
 Quakers who had returned after banishment. 
 
 The two men were hanged. Mary Dyre was reprieved on the gallows ; and the 
 next spring, having returned, she was hanged June 1. She was a resident of Rhode 
 Island, as were others persecuted by Massachusetts. 
 
 1659. A VERSION of the Psalms, in one of the Indian lan- 
 guages, was printed this year by Green, at the Cambridge press, 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 1659. A COMPANY from Massachusetts explored the Hudson 
 River, with a view to settlement. 
 
 Stuyvesant refused to let them ascend the river, but yielded when the commis- 
 sioners supported their request. 
 
 1659. THE death of Cromwell and the accession of his son 
 was learned by the Virginia assembly by a letter from the 
 Supreme Council in England. 
 
 The assembly voted to submit to his highness Richard, and accept the letter as 
 " an authentic manifestation of their lordships' intentions for the government of 
 Virginia." 
 
 1659. NORWICH, Connecticut, was settled by a company from 
 Saybrook, Connecticut, headed by Major John Mason and the 
 Reverend James Fitch. 
 
 Uncas, the Indian chief, together with his sons, made a deed to Mason and 
 thirty-four associates of nine square miles of land for the sum of seventy pounds. 
 The town was placed on the Thames River, and is now divided into Chelsea Land- 
 ing, Greeneville, and Norwich. It is a great manufacturing centre, principally 
 of cotton goods, though some woollen, paper, and machinery are made. 
 
 1659. THE assembly of Connecticut legislated respecting 
 grist-mills, ordering a toll-dish " of just a quart," and others of 
 different sizes, to be sealed for each mill in the c.olony, and also a 
 proper '' strike " for the grain. 
 
 Four years after, the toll of such mills was established at one twelfth part of 
 Indian corn, and one sixth part of other grain, for grinding. About the same 
 time, by order of the court, "the soldiers of Middletown are abated of one of the 
 ordinary trainings, that they may help him that carries on the mill there, up 
 with his heavy worke." 
 
 1659. THE war between the Five Nations and the Indians of 
 Canada broke out afresh. 
 
 The French missions were deserted in consequence. 
 
 1659. THE Abbd Montigny, the first bishop of New France, 
 arrived at Quebec. 
 
 The island of Montreal had been given in fief to the seminary of St. Sulpice 
 at Paris, and a deputation from it arrived at Montreal, and commenced the build-
 
 106 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1660. 
 
 ing of a hospital there. A convent was also built for the daughters of the con- 
 gregation to give an education to poor girls. 
 
 1660. A MILL was erected at Woolwich, on the Kennebec, 
 which was settled this year. 
 
 1660. THE assembly of Connecticut exempted sheep from 
 taxation, and it was ordered that ground should be cleared for 
 their pasturage. 
 
 1660. ELIZABETH-TOWN, New Jersey, was settled, and tan- 
 neries were established there. 
 
 1660. WILLIAM BEEKMAN, vice-director of the colony on the 
 Delaware, wrote to Stuyvesant at New Amsterdam, complaining 
 of the price of salt as " exceedingly tough, asking three to four 
 guilders for a single schepel " (three pecks). 
 
 1660. THE assembly in Virginia ordered that all writs should 
 issue in their name. 
 
 News having been received of the troubles in England which led to the restora- 
 tion, the assembly resolved that as there was now in England "no resident, abso- 
 lute, and generally confessed power," they assumed it " until such command and 
 commission came out of England as shall be by the assembly judged lawful." 
 
 1660. SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY was elected governor of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 He had lived in retirement eight years. He was given authority to select his sec- 
 retary and counsellors, subject to the approval of the assembly. His salary was 
 made seven hundred pounds out of the export duty, fifty thousand pounds of 
 tobacco, and the customs on Dutch vessels from New Netherland. This was 
 afterwards increased by a bushel of corn in the ear from each tithable, and the 
 tobacco raised to sixty thousand pounds. The erection of a state house was 
 authorized, and the governor given power to press, for this service, ten men " of 
 the ordinary sort of people." An embassy was sent to New Netherland to ratify 
 a treaty of commerce, and an address to his Majesty was sent by an agent, asking 
 "for a pardon to the inhabitants." Charles II. at his coronation is said to have 
 worn a gown made from silk raised in Virginia. The Quakers were charged that, 
 contrary to law, they daily gathered congregations, "teaching and publishing lies, 
 miracles, false visions, prophecies and doctrines, endeavoring and attempting 
 thereby to destroy religious laws, communities and all bond of civil society." 
 Therefore shipmasters bringing Quakers to the colony were fined one hundred 
 pounds, and the Quakers were to be imprisoned until they left, and returning were 
 to be treated as felons. No one should entertain a Quaker, allow an assembly of 
 them, or purchase a Quaker book. In Maryland, while religious toleration was 
 re-established, Quaker preachers were to be whipped as "vagabonds, who dis- 
 suade the people from complying with military discipline, from holding offices, 
 giving testimony, and serving as jurors." 
 
 1660. CHARLES II. sent a letter to Maryland, requiring them 
 to submit to Philip Calvert, who had been commissioned as gov- 
 ernor by Lord Baltimore. 
 
 The letter was written at Lord Baltimore's request. Fendal, the governor, had
 
 1660-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 
 
 thrown off the proprietary authority, and declared the lower house the solo source 
 of authority. He was tried for treason, found guilty, and then pardoned. The 
 people submitted quietly to Calvert. 
 
 1660. SEVERAL returned Quakers were sentenced to death in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Only one was executed. The restoration in England made the authorities more 
 cautious. 
 
 1660, JULY. The ship which brought the news of the restora- 
 tion in England to Boston brought also two of the judges of 
 Charles I., fleeing for their lives. 
 
 These were Whalley and Goffe, who were afterwards joined by Dixwell. The 
 first two remained for some time openly in Boston. Eventually they were forced 
 to conceal themselves, but the three passed the balance of their lives in New Eng- 
 land, despite the efforts made for their capture. 
 
 1660, DECEMBER. The general court of Massachusetts adopted 
 an apologetical address to the king, and another to the parliament. 
 
 They gave excuses for the execution of the Quakers, and prayed for the undis- 
 turbed enjoyment of the political and religious institutions of the colony. 
 
 1660. THE Society for Propagating the Gospel, &c., sent over 
 another press and printer, Marmaduke Johnson of London, who 
 was a much more capable worker. 
 
 The second press was intended to be occupied with printing Eliot's Indian ver- 
 sion of the Bible. 
 
 Marmaduke Johnson, soon after the completion of the first edition of the Bible, 
 was dismissed, but was allowed to retain, at cost, the supply of pi-inting material 
 which was sent over with him. With these he printed several works on his own 
 account, the last of which was dated 1674. He died 1675. 
 
 1661. THE selectmen of Portsmouth, this year, granted per- 
 mission to Captain Pendleton "to set up his wind-mill upon Fort 
 Point, toward the beach, because the mill is of such use to the 
 public." 
 
 1661. THE general court of Connecticut gave the liberty 
 to Mr. Winthrop " to find a place to set up a saw-mill where it 
 may not prejudice the farms or plantations already given out." 
 
 1661. AUGUST. Charles II. was formally proclaimed at Bos- 
 ton, Massachusetts. 
 
 All disorderly manifestations were forbidden. 
 
 1661, SEPTEMBER 9. Charles II. sent an order to the au- 
 thorities of Massachusetts that the capital and corporeal punish- 
 ments of the Quakers should cease ; and that those who were 
 obnoxious should be sent to England. 
 
 1661. THE English parliament passed an act entitled "An 
 Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and Navi- 
 gation."
 
 108 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1661. 
 
 Chapter 18 read : " That from and after the first day of April, 1CG1, no Sugars, 
 Tobacco, Cotton, Wool, Indigo, Ginger, Fustic, or other dyeing woods of the 
 growth, produce, or manufacture of any English Plantations in America, Asia, or 
 Africa, shall be shipped, conveyed, or transported from any of the said English 
 Plantations, to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other 
 than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty, etc., etc." 
 These enumerated articles were the chief products of the colonies, and as others, 
 such as coffee, hides, skins, iron, corn, lumber, &c., became of importance, they 
 were added to the list. The culmination of this restrictive policy of the colonial 
 industry was reached in 1663. 
 
 1661. ON the west side of the Connecticut, at Hatfield, a 
 grist-mill was built this year by Goodman Meakins. 
 
 By an agreement with the town of Hadley, on the other side of the river, all 
 their grinding was to be done there, provided he kept his part of the contract, and 
 "made good meale." Next year the people of Hadley agreed with two persons 
 to carry their corn over the river, and bring back the meal ground, twice a week, 
 for which they were to have three pence a bushel, payable in wheat at three shil- 
 lings and sixpence a bushel, or Indian corn at two shillings three pence a bushel. 
 
 1661. DIRCK DE WOLFF, a merchant in Amsterdam, obtained a 
 grant from the Dutch authorities of the exclusive right for seven 
 years to make salt in the New Netherlands. 
 
 Conyen (now Coney) Island was granted him for this purpose, and his agents 
 erected pans there ; but the jurisdiction of the island being claimed by the Eng- 
 lish residing at Gravesend, on Long Island, the works were destroyed by them. 
 The project therefore was abandoned. The high price of salt this year, it having 
 sold at New Amsterdam for twelve guilders (four dollars and eighty cents) the 
 bushel, was probably the inducement for commencing its manufacture. 
 
 1661. THE price of imported Holland bricks in New Amster- 
 dam was four pounds sixteen shillings a thousand, payable in 
 beaver skins. 
 
 There were at this time several brick and tile manufactories in the province. 
 The accounts of the patroon show that in the Van Rensselaer colony, below 
 Albany, yellow bricks made there sold, between 1630 and 1646, for fifteen florins 
 a thousand. 
 
 1661. A mint is said to have been set up in Maryland, but 
 nothing is reliably known about it. 
 
 1661. THE New Testament was issued this year from the 
 press at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 1661. THE regicides Goffe and Whalley took refuge from the 
 officers in search of them in an old mill in the vicinity of New 
 Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 1661. SCHENECTADY, New York, on the Mohawk River, was 
 settled by Arent Van Corlear, and the same year a fort was 
 built. 
 
 In 1690, the Indians and French massacred all the able-bodied settlers, sparing 
 only sixty old people and children; again, in 1748, the settlement was captured. 
 In 1798, Schenectady was incorporated as a city.
 
 1661-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 
 
 1661. MASSASOIT died. 
 
 He left two sons, Wamsutta, called Alexander, and Pometacom or Metacomet, 
 called Philip. The first of these succeeded his father, but in 1G62 was arrested 
 by Captain Josiah Winslow, by order of Plymouth colony, to be carried to Plym- 
 outh, on a charge of conspiracy. On the way he was taken ill, and died. Philip 
 then succeeded him. 
 
 1661. THE general court of Massachusetts, with the elders, 
 issued a declaration of rights. 
 
 It claimed for the freemen power to choose all the officers ; to fix the terms 
 of admission for new freemen ; to set up all sorts of officers, and prescribe their 
 duties ; to exercise all legislative, executive, and judicial authority through them ; 
 to defend themselves from aggressions ; and reject injurious impositions. 
 
 1662. THE general court of Massachusetts instituted a cen- 
 sorship of the press by appointing two licensers to watch it, and 
 determine what books should be issued. 
 
 These two licensers were Daniel Gookin and the Rev. Jonathan Mitchell. 
 This legislation was induced by the publication of some works which were deemed 
 to be of an heretical tendency. The order instituting the censorship was, however, 
 repealed in May of the next year. 
 
 1662. The second fulling-mill was built at Watertown, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 It was built by Thomas Agar. He sold it the next year to Thomas Leveran, 
 a cloth-maker, from Dedham, England. 
 
 1662. JOHN HEYMAN, of Charlestown, Massachusetts, re- 
 ceived permission to make ropes and lines. 
 
 1662. THE assembly of Rhode Island declared that wampum 
 was no longer a legal tender, and that, taxes and costs of court 
 should henceforth be paid " in current pay," which was the silver 
 coinage of Massachusetts. 
 
 Thirty shillings of New England silver were equal to twenty-two shillings and 
 sixpence sterling. 
 
 1662. A JESUIT seminary was established at Quebec. 
 
 1662. THE company of New France resigned their rights to 
 the crown. 
 It was reduced to fifty-five associates, and was impoverished and discouraged. 
 
 1662. THE legislature of Virginia legislated for the encour- 
 agement of various branches of industry. 
 
 The exportation of hides was forbidden under a penalty of a thousand pounds 
 of tobacco for each hide exported. Tanneries were to be erected in every county 
 at the expense of the county, and a provision of tanners and shoemakers to be 
 made. A bounty of two pounds of tobacco was made for each dried hide, and 
 shoes were to be sold for thirty and thirty-five pounds of tobacco for the six 
 largest sizes. Also, that after the 1st of September, 1663, no salt should be im- 
 ported into the county of Northampton, "under penalty of confiscation of ship and
 
 110 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1662. 
 
 goods, to the end that E. S., who hath erected a salt-work in these parts, may be 
 encouraged in his endeavours to promote the good of the country." 
 
 These works belonged to Colonel Scarborough, and were at Accomac, on the 
 eastern shore of the Chesapeake, where the manufacture of salt had been begun 
 forty years before. The act was repealed four years afterwards. 
 
 The price of a license to sell liquors at retail was fixed at three hundred and 
 fifty pounds of tobacco, a bond being required not to sell above the rates fixed by 
 the commissioners in each county twice every year. 
 
 A bounty was offered for the encouragement of the manufacture of fur and 
 wool hats. 
 
 Every voter was required to raise and manufacture, each year, six pounds of 
 linen thread, for the purpose of encouraging the cultivation of flax. Prizes were 
 offered for the best specimens of linen and woollen cloth, and a reward of fifty 
 pounds of tobacco was paid for each pound of silk. Every person was enjoined 
 to plant mulberry-trees in proportion to the number of acres he cultivated. Tan- 
 houses, with " curriers and shoemakers " attached, were erected, one in each 
 county, at its own expense. 
 
 1662. THE Dutch settlers in Pennsylvania and Delaware 
 had several breweries at this time. 
 
 The Swedish settlements in Pennsylvania and Delaware brewed a beer from 
 Indian corn. The brewing was done by the women. They made also tea from 
 the sassafras, and beer and brandy from the persimmon. 
 
 1662. IN the accounts of the West India Company is a 
 charge for iron- work for a saw-mill, four hundred florins; and 
 one pair of mill-stones, four and a half feet, six florins, to be sent 
 to the colony at New Amstel (New Castle, in Delaware). 
 
 1662. THE wind-mill in New Amsterdam, erected for the 
 use of the settlement by the West India Company, which stood 
 on or near Broadway, between Liberty and Courtland streets, 
 having gone to decay, it was this year ordered that there be 
 another erected on " the same spot," outside of the city land- 
 port, on the Company's farm. 
 
 1662. A TONNAGE duty was established in Maryland for the 
 support of the government. 
 
 Every vessel having a flush-deck, fore and aft, coming to trade with the 
 province, was charged half, a pound of powder and three pounds of shot for every 
 ton burden. Silver and copper coins were struck in Maryland this year. 
 
 1662. IN January, Mr. Hacklet, of Providence, Rhode Island, 
 applied to the town for liberty to burn lime, and take stone and 
 wood from the commons for that purpose ; which was granted 
 him for a limited time. 
 
 Captain John Smith, in 1614, had inferred the existence of lime from the 
 resemblance of the cliffs upon the coast to those of Dover, England. Morton, 
 who lived in the country from 1622 to 1632, says chalk was shown him by an 
 Indian, and that he knew of the existence of lime. Virginia was well supplied 
 with lime, but where it was obtained is not mentioned. Thomas Graves, who set- 
 tled in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1G29, was ordered to find limestone ; but
 
 1662.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. HI 
 
 it is not recorded that he did. In 1644, Johnson relates that the fort on Castle 
 Island had to be rebuilt, " because the country afforded no lime but what was 
 burnt of oyester shells." In 1663, Jocelyn alludes to the absence of stones that 
 would "run to lime, of which they have great want." 
 
 1662. THE following act was passed by the general assembly 
 of Virginia : 
 
 "Whereas oftentimes some small inconveniences happen in the respective 
 counties and parishes, which cannot well be concluded in a general law : Be it 
 therefore enacted, that the respective counties, and the several parishes in those 
 counties, shall have liberty to make laws for themselves ; and those that are so 
 constituted, by the major part of the said counties or parishes, to be binding upon, 
 them as fully as any other act." 
 
 1662, SEPTEMBER. -r-The Massachusetts agents returned with a 
 letter from Charles II. recognizing the charter, and promising 
 forgetfulness for past offences. 
 
 Charles demanded an oath of allegiance to himself, and the repeal of laws in- 
 consistent with his authority. Justice was to be administered in his name. The 
 Church of England was to be allowed. A property qualification for voting to take 
 the place of church-membership. All persons of honest lives were to have the 
 privilege of baptism and the Lord's supper. Permission was given to make a 
 "sharp law" against the Quakers. 
 
 1662. A CHARTER was granted to Connecticut. 
 
 John Winthrop had gone over as agent to obtain it. The boundaries of the 
 province were given as the Narragansett River, the south line of Massachusetts, 
 the shore of the Sound, and the Pacific Ocean. The official style of the corpora- 
 tion was, The Governor and Company of the English Colony of Connecticut in 
 New England, in America. The freemen had the right of admitting new members 
 to their body ; of electing all their officers, executive, legislative, and judicial. 
 The governor, deputy governor, and twelve magistrates, were chosen at a general 
 election, and the deputies by the towns. They sat together. The laws were not 
 to be contrary to those of England. The qualifications of freemen in Connecticut 
 were, in 1663, made by the assembly to be of "civil, peaceable and honest con- 
 versation," and in possession of an estate of twenty pounds, " beside their per- 
 sons," which was explained by a subsequent act as meaning personal property. 
 
 1662. DURING the absence of Governor Berkeley in England, 
 to look after the charter, the laws of Virginia were a third time 
 revised, and sent to England to be printed. 
 
 The Church of England, with the canons, the liturgy, and the catechism, were 
 re-established. The date of the execution of Charles I. was made a fast, and that 
 of the restoration of Charles II. a holiday. Fees for funerals and marriages were 
 made for the benefit of the regular clergy. Nonconformist preachers were to be 
 sent out of the colony. The harsh laws against the Quakers of two years before 
 were modified, though all who refused to attend the parish churches were sub- 
 ject to penalties. Eight commissioners for each county, appointed by the governor, 
 formed the county courts, who had the appointment of highway surveyors, the 
 enactment of county by-laws, and levying of county rates. A grand jury was 
 instituted. Each county was to establish a prison, a pillory, pair of stocks, whip-
 
 112 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1633. 
 
 ping-post, and ducking-stool. The courts were authorized to examine and cut 
 down the bills of " avaricious and griping practicioners in physic and chirur- 
 gery." All future purchasers of land from Indians were declared void, nor were 
 Indians to be sold into slavery, or indented for longer terms than English ser- 
 vants of the same age. At a subsequent assembly, the rule with negroes was 
 made that children should be bond or free "according to the condition of the 
 mother ; " and an act was passed obliging each of the counties to build a house in 
 Jamestown, for which laborers might be impressed, at fixed wages, while private 
 persons building houses were rewarded with ten thousand pounds of tobacco, and 
 all persons settling in the town were free from arrest for two years. 
 
 1663, MARCH 23. Charles II. granted the province of Caro- 
 lina to a company. 
 
 The proprietors were Clarendon, Monk, Lord Ashley Cooper, Lord Berkeley, 
 Sir George Carteret. Sir William Berkeley, Lord Craven, and Sir John Colleton. 
 The territory extended southward from Albemarle Sound to the River St. John's, 
 and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The charter made them joint proprietors. 
 An assembly was secured to the freemen. The proprietors were allowed to 
 choose such religion as they desired, " by reason of the remote distances of these 
 places." There were at this time some scattered settlements made along the 
 coast ; one, at the mouth of Cape Fear River, was made by settlers from New 
 England ; another, on the banks of the Chowan, was made by Dissenters from 
 Virginia; but they were small. The territory had been granted in 1630 by 
 Charles I. to Sir Robert Heath, as Carolina. Heath had assigned it to Lord 
 Maltravers, subsequently Earl of Surrey and Arundel, and from non-user the 
 charter was considered forfeit. 
 
 1663, JULY 8. Charles II. granted a charter for Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantation. 
 
 It was obtained by Clarke, the agent of the colony, who, for the payment of 
 the expenses incurred, mortgaged his house in Newport. The colony, after a 
 long time, repaid him. By the terms of the Connecticut charter, a large part of 
 Rhode Island was included in it ; but Clarke and Winthrop, who were friends, 
 fixed the line between the two colonies on the Pawcatuck, and entered on the 
 Rhode Island charter this agreement, that the Narragansett River, mentioned in 
 the Connecticut charter, meant the Pawcatuck. 
 
 1663, SEPTEMBER. The people of New Haven appealed to the 
 commissioners of the United Colonies of New England against 
 their absorption by the charter of Connecticut. 
 
 The charter, by its boundaries, included New Haven. The next year they 
 were persuaded, chiefly by the efforts of Winthrop, to agree to the consolidation, 
 and Winthrop for twelve years was elected governor of the entire territory, which 
 was divided into the four counties New Haven, Hartford, Middlesex, and New 
 London, in which were nineteen towns. The laws of Connecticut were extended 
 to include the whole territory. The ministers and churches were supported by 
 taxes levied upon the entire population, and no other churches than the estab- 
 lished ones were allowed. 
 
 1663, NOVEMBER 24. An assembly of the freemen of the 
 colony of Providence Plantation was held at Newport, Rhode 
 Island, to receive the charter of the colony.
 
 1663.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. H3 
 
 The government, under the charter, was organized, the commissioners " dis- 
 solved and resigned up " to the new government, and the " incorporation of 
 Providence plantations " ceased to exist as a legal title. The charter acknowl- 
 edged the title of the colonists to the land by purchase from the Indians, guaran- 
 teed religious freedom, and recognized the democratic character of the govern- 
 ment. By the terms of the charter, the government was vested in a governor, 
 deputy governor, and ten assistants, named in the document, and a house of 
 deputies, six from Newport, four from each of the towns of Providence, Ports- 
 mouth, and Warwick, and two from every other town. At first they sat together, 
 Benedict Arnold was named as the first governor, and William Brenton as deputy. 
 The privilege of freemen was restricted to those possessing it, and their eldest 
 sons. The charter provided for religious freedom in these words : "No person 
 within the said colony shall be molested, punished, disquieted, or called in ques- 
 tion for any differences of opinion in matters of religion who does not disturb the 
 civil peace ; but that all and every person and persons may at all times freely 
 and fully have and enjoy his and their own judgments and consciences in matters 
 of religious concernments, they behaving themselves peaceably and quietly, and 
 not using this liberty to licenciousness and profaneness, nor to the civil injury 
 and outward disturbance of others." 
 
 1663. IT was enacted by the British parliament that "No 
 commodity of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, 
 shall be imported into the British plantations, but such as are 
 laden and put on board in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed, and in English-built shipping, whereof the master and 
 three fourths of the crew are English." 
 
 Salt intended for the fisheries of New England was excepted; so were wines 
 from the Azores and Madeira. These could be imported according to the laws 
 of trade. 
 
 1663. THE West India Company rebuked the religious per- 
 secution in New Amsterdam. 
 
 John Browne, who had been fined, imprisoned, and banished, appealed, and the 
 Company wrote to Stuyvesant : " Let every one remain free as long as he is 
 modest, moderate, his political conduct irreproachable, and as long as he does 
 not offend others or oppose the government. This maxim of moderation has 
 always been the guide of our magistrates in this city, and the consequence has 
 been that people have flocked from every land to this asylum. Tread thus in their 
 steps, and we doubt not you will be blessed." 
 
 1663. THE Maryland legislature passed an act concerning 
 slavery. 
 
 It provided that all negroes and other slaves "within this province," or to be 
 "hereafter imported into this province," shall serve "during life," and their 
 children shall be slaves, " as their fathers were, for the term of their lives." The 
 issue of "free born English women " intermarrying with negroes " shall be slaves 
 for life," and the women, during their husbands' lives, shall be servants to their 
 husbands' masters. 
 
 1663. THE assembly of Virginia re-enacted the severe laws 
 against the Quakers.
 
 114 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1663. 
 
 1663. THE Indians attacked the Dutch settlements. Stuy- 
 vesant went to Boston to ask aid, but it was not given. 
 
 1663. A CONVENTION of the Dutch settlements was held at 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 An appeal for aid was sent to Holland. Some of the English-Dutch settle- 
 ments had openly rebelled against the Dutch authority. 
 
 1663. THE Old and New Testaments, with the Neiv England 
 Version of the Psalms, was issued from the Cambridge press in 
 the dialect of the Natick Indians. 
 
 The translation was made by the Rev. John Eliot, the minister of Roxbury. 
 The volume was in quarto form, and bore the imprint of Samuel Green and 
 Marmaduke Johnson, and copies of it, probably such as were intended to be sent 
 to England, contained a dedication to King Charles II. The work had taken 
 three years to print, Johnson having proved very irregular in his work. In 1059, 
 Green had taken as an assistant an Indian, whom he called James Printer, and 
 who had been instructed in reading, writing, and English, at the Indian school at 
 Cambridge. The language of this first Bible printed in America is entirely dead, 
 all the Indians who spoke it having disappeared. The volume itself is quite rare, 
 probably not more than thirty or forty copies being in existence. As a curiosity 
 in the annals of America, copies bring a high price when they occur for sale. 
 The cost of the printing of this volume was as follows : Sheets of the Old Testa- 
 ment, executed by Green alone, 3 10s. each; with Johnson's aid, 2 10s. each; 
 title-sheet, 1 ; Indian Psalms, 2 a sheet. The paper was charged at six 
 shillings a ream. Thomas, in his History of Printing, says : "I have made a 
 calculation from the documents I have seen, and find the whole expense attending 
 the carrying through the press 1000 copies of the Bible ; 500 copies additional of 
 the New Testament ; an edition of Baxter's Call to the Unconverted ; an edition 
 of the Psalter ; and two editions of Eliot's Catechism, all in the Indian language, 
 including the cost of the types for printing the Bible, and the binding a part of 
 them, and also the binding of a part of Baxter's Call, and the Psalter, amounted 
 to a fraction more than twelve hundred pounds sterling." When the work was 
 completed, the Corporation for the Propagation, &c., who were the owners of the 
 type, presented them to Harvard College, and, under its direction, they were 
 used subsequently by Green. They were valued at eighty pounds. 
 
 JOHN ELIOT was born in Nasing, England, in 1604, and died in Roxbury, 
 Massachusetts, May 20, 1690. He was settled as a minister at Roxbury in 1G32, 
 and retained the same parish until his death. He first began to teach the Indians 
 in 1646, and acquired great influence over them. As long as liis health permit- 
 ted he travelled from tribe to tribe, organizing churches, and persuading them to 
 form civilized communities. Eliot believed that civilization was a necessary 
 condition precedent of Christianity; but he succeeded better in making them 
 accept his theological dogmas, than settled life and regular labor. They were 
 never socially recognized by the colonists; and even the "praying Indians," as 
 the converts were called, were treated with the mixture of distnist, contempt, 
 and hatred, which has chiefly characterized our treatment of the Indians up to the 
 present time. 
 
 1663. THE first wind-mill in Rhode Island was built this 
 year at Newport.
 
 1664.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 115 
 
 Tliis mill was blown down in 1675, and was replaced probably by the structure 
 which has been supposed to have been erected by the Northmen. In the will of 
 Governor Benedict Arnold, who died in 1678, there is mention made of "my 
 stone-built wind-mill." This fact, and the traditions of the family in whose 
 possession it long remained, have satisfied those who have most carefully exam- 
 ined the subject, that this structure was built by Governor Arnold, instead of by 
 the Northmen. 
 
 1664, MARCH 12. Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke 
 of York, a territory in America, called, in honor of the proprietor, 
 New York. 
 
 The Duke of York had bought lip the various claims held by Lord Stirling, and 
 this charter confirmed the title. It embraced the territory between the St. Croix 
 and the Pemaquid, and between the Connecticut and the Delaware, with all the 
 islands south and west of Cape Cod. 
 
 With this grant to the Duke of York, a special commission was created to put 
 him in possession. England and the United Netherlands were at peace. The 
 commission was empowered to reduce New Nctherland, and also to regulate the 
 internal affairs of New England. The Duke of York selected for the commission 
 Colonel Richard Nichols, Sir Robert Carr, George Cartwright, and Samuel Mav- 
 erick, the last being the son of an original settler in Massachusetts, who had quar- 
 relled with the local authorities, and complained of them. The instructions of the 
 commission from the king empowered them to hear and determine complaints in all 
 civil, criminal, and military cases " according to their good and sound discretion." 
 On the 23d of July a portion of the fleet designed to reduce the Netherlands 
 arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, with the commissioners on board. This was 
 the first time a ship of the royal navy had been seen in that harbor. The com- 
 missioners showed their commission to the authorities, and, demanding a militia 
 force to aid them, proceeded on their course. 
 
 1664, SEPTEMBER. The province of New Netherlands sur- 
 rendered to the English. The settlements on the Delaware 
 surrendered in October. 
 
 Under the English jurisdiction the municipal forms named are county, city, 
 town, parish, manor, and precinct. The governor appointed the mayors of the 
 cities and some other of the officers, but the freeholders chose the aldermen. In 
 the towns and precincts the inhabitants chose their officers. Towns were author- 
 ized by town grants or patents, conferring municipal powers. 
 
 By the terms of the surrender the Dutch were made freemen of the province, 
 and allowed to ship their produce to Holland. The Dutch law of inheritance wag 
 to continue, and liberty of conscience to prevail. The negotiation of the sur- 
 render was made chiefly by Winthrop, the governor of Connecticut, who had ac- 
 companied the expedition. The name of New Amsterdam was changed to New 
 York. The colony of Rensselaerwyck surrendered also without resistance, and 
 the name of Bcverwyck was changed to Albany, one of the Duke of York's titles. 
 The patents granted by the Duke of York, of lands under his charter, reserved the 
 gold and silver mines by virtue of the royal prerogative. The boundary line 
 between New York and Connecticut was to be a line from tide-water in the 
 Mamaroneck, north-northeast to the southern limit of Massachusetts, but as it 
 was soon found such a line would cross the Hudson in the Highlands, instead of
 
 116 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1664. 
 
 running parallel with it, it was declared invalid. Long Island was given to New 
 York, and so were Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 1664, MAY 4. The first assembly under the charter met at 
 Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 The title of "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations" was adopted as the 
 name of the colony, together with a seal, consisting of an anchor with the word 
 Hope above it. 
 
 For the payment of taxes in Rhode Island, wheat was valued at four and six- 
 penee a bushel, peas at three and sixpence, and pork at three pounds ton shillings 
 a barrel, colony currency. 
 
 1664. A BAPTIST church was formed in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Its chief supporters were fined, disfranchised, imprisoned, and banished, but 
 the church survived. The commissioners from England had the Episcopal service 
 performed at Boston. 
 
 1664, JUNE 23. The Duke of York granted to Sir George 
 Carteret and Lord Berkeley a portion of his grant, which was 
 named New Jersey. 
 
 Carteret had been governor of the Isle of Jersey, and had held out for Charles 
 I. to the last. The limits of this grant were made, on the east the Hudson, on the 
 west the Delaware, and on the north by a line drawn from the Hudson at the 
 forty-first parallel, to the Delaware at 41 40'. The proprietors published "con- 
 cessions," by which fifty acres of land were given to each settler, for each member 
 of his family, and the same amount for each servant or slave, at r. quit-rent of a 
 halfpenny an acre, not to be paid until 1G70. Indented servants were promised 
 the same at the end of their term. They also provided that " so soon as parishes, 
 divisions, tribes, and other distinctions are made," the freeholders should elect 
 representatives; and they should "divide the province into hundreds, parishes, 
 or tribes," or other divisions. 
 
 Subsequently the divisions made were counties, cities, towns corporate, town- 
 ships, and precincts, which were empowered to exercise certain rights, immuni- 
 ties, and privileges. The freeholders and freemen, having certain qualifications, 
 voted for their officers at town meetings ; some acts providing that "only free- 
 holders, tenants for years, or householders," should vote in township or precinct 
 meetings. Nine counties are named in an act of 1710, as empowered to exercise 
 certain rights or privileges. The assembly was empowered to appoint ministers, 
 to be supported at the public expense ; but the colonists could unite for the sup- 
 port of their own ministers. 
 
 1664, OCTOBER. The general court of Massachusetts again 
 made an order establishing a censorship of the press. 
 
 It read that "for the preventing of irregularities and abuse to the authority 
 of this country by the Printing Press," there should be no printing press allowed 
 within its jurisdiction, except in Cambridge ; and that no person should print 
 anything without a license from the court under the hand of its appointed officers, 
 the penalty being the forfeiture of the press, and of the privilege of printing in 
 future within the jurisdiction of the court. 
 
 1664. A LETTER from John Ratlifie, dated August 30, to the
 
 1664-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 commissioners of New England, shows that he had been sent 
 over to bind the copies of the Indian Bible. 
 
 He was not satisfied with the price paid him, and states that three shillings and 
 fourpence, or three shillings and sixpence, a volume, is the lowest price that he 
 can afford to do it for. One Bible was as much as he could do in a day. Out of 
 the price paid him he had to supply thread, glue, pasteboard, and leather clasps, 
 which would cost him here over a shilling. He had to pay here eighteen shillings 
 for what he could buy in England for four, " they being things not formerly much 
 used in this country." 
 
 1664-5. THE commission to arrange the affairs of the New 
 England colonies presented to them five propositions. 
 
 First. That all householders inhabiting the colony take the oath of allegiance, 
 and that the administration of justice be in his Majesty's name. Second. That all 
 men of competent estates and of civil conversation, who acknowledge and are 
 obedient to the civil magistrate, though of different judgments, may be admitted 
 to be freemen, and have liberty to choose, and to be chosen, officers both military 
 and civil. Third. That all men and women of orthodox opinion, competent 
 knowledge, and civil lives, who acknowledge and are obedient to the civil magis- 
 trate, and are not scandalous, may be admitted to the sacrament of the Lord's 
 Supper, and their children to baptisms, if they desire it, either by admitting them 
 into the congregations already gathered, or permitting them to gather themselves 
 into such congregations where they may enjoy the benefit of the sacraments, and 
 that difference in opinion may not break the bond of peace and charity. Fourth. 
 That all laws and expressions in laws derogatory to his Majesty, if any such have 
 been made in these late and troublesome times, may be repealed, altered, and taken 
 off the files. Fifth. That the colony be put into such a posture of defence that 
 if there should be any invasion (which God forbid) it might in some measure be 
 in readiness to defend itself, or, if need be, to relieve its neighbors according to 
 the power given by the king in the charter, and by us in the king's commission 
 and instructions. 
 
 These were presented to the Rhode Island assembly in May, and by them 
 adopted. Their only change was the substitution of "an engagement," in the 
 place of the oath of allegiance. Plymouth added to the third proposition "until 
 they have one of their own." Connecticut assented to this third proposition on 
 condition that the maintenance of the public minister was not hindered. At War- 
 wick, Rhode Island, the records were torn, and a note made to the effect, " This 
 leafe was torn out by order of the towne the 29th of June, 1G67, it being the sub- 
 mition to the state of England without the King Majesty, it being the 13th page." 
 The general court of Massachusetts adopted an address to the king, complaining 
 that the commissioners had violated their instructions. 
 
 1665, MARCH 1. A general meeting was held at Hempstead, 
 on Long Island, of deputies from the towns in New York. 
 
 Governor Richard Nichols presented a body of laws for the government of the 
 new province, arranged alphabetically. Each town chose its own " overseers," 
 and these a constable, who together made a town council, authorized to make 
 town by-laws. Taxes were payable in wheat at five shillings, rye and peas at four, 
 corn at three, oats at two and sixpence a bushel, beef at three pence and pork at 
 four pence a pound, and " no other payment shall be allowed of." There was to 
 be a church in every town, able to accommodate two hundred people. No minis-
 
 118 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1665. 
 
 ter was to be settled who could not show proof of ordination by " some Protestant 
 bishop or minister." No one professing Christianity was to be molested for his 
 religious belief, but all must contribute to support the regular minister, "which is 
 no way judged to be an infringement of the liberty of conscience." The town 
 councils made local courts for cases not over five pounds, with an appeal to the 
 court of sessions, made of the county justices of the peace. From this, appeal 
 lay to the court of assize, of the governor, council, and justices. Trials by jury 
 were held in all but the town courts, a majority ruling, except in criminal cases. 
 Every one over sixteen served in the militia, under command of officers nominated 
 by the overseers and commissioned by the governor, no one being compelled to 
 wage war out of the province. "No Christian shall be kept in bond slavery, vil- 
 lanage or captivity, except such who shall be judged thereunto by authority, or 
 such as willingly have sold or shall sell themselves," the record of such sale being 
 entered in the court. This was not to prevent those "who shall by indenture take 
 apprentices for term of years, or other servants for term of years, or life." Ser. 
 vants maimed by their masters were entitled to freedom and damages. No one 
 should trade with the Indians without a license from the governor. A license was 
 required for selling liquor. Incase of "barbarous cruelty," the constable and 
 overseers might protect the wife, "in the manner as is directed for servants in 
 such cases, and not otherwise." No grants of land from the Indians were in 
 future to be valid. All possessors of land, who had held them for four years with- 
 out question, at the end of six months' further unquestioned possession, should 
 be confirmed in their title. Lands were declared free of feudal incumbrances, 
 and owners were to bring their grants and take out new patents. New grants 
 were to be made upon such terms as might be agreed on, and the purchaser was to 
 make a survey and lodge a copy in the record office. These laws, known as the 
 " Duke's Laws," the governor thought " could not but be satisfactory even to the 
 most factious Republican." 
 
 1665, MAY. It was reported that Massachusetts had about 
 eighty ships of from twenty to forty tons, about forty from forty 
 to one hundred tons, and about a dozen above one hundred 
 tons, making in all over one hundred and thirty vessels. 
 
 1665, JUNE. A second charter was granted to Lord Claren- 
 don and his associates. 
 
 It confirmed to them the title of Carolina, and granted them " all veins, mines 
 and quarries, as well discovered as undiscovered, of gold, silver, gems and precious 
 stones, and all other whatsoever, be it of stones, metals, or any other thing found, 
 or to be found within the Province, territory, inlets and limits aforesaid." 
 
 They were to pay a feudal rent of twenty marks, and one fourth of the gold and 
 silver that should be found. The limits of the grant were extended half a degree 
 to the north so as to include the settlements on the Chowan, and the southern 
 limit a degree and a half to the south, including St. Augustine, Florida. 
 
 1665. PHILIP CARTERET arrived at New Jersey, with a num- 
 ber of settlers and a commission as governor. 
 
 He landed at a spot he called Elizabcthtown, in honor of Lady Carteret. A few 
 families from Long Island had settled there, who had purchased land from the 
 Indians, whom Nichols, the governor of New York, had given permission to pur- 
 chase. There were other Dutch settlers in the territory, and also some from New 
 England.
 
 1665-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 119 
 
 1665, JUNE 12. A charter was granted the city of New 
 York. 
 
 A maj'or, five aldermen, and a sheriff had the authority as a local court and the 
 management of municipal affairs. 
 
 1665. THE province of Canada was transferred to the West 
 India Company. 
 
 Tracy was appointed viceroy, and carried over with him some companies of sol- 
 diers, and forts were built at Sorel and Chambly, to keep the Indians in check. 
 
 1665, SEPTEMBER. The general court of Massachusetts met 
 in special session. 
 
 It was called to consider an order from the king to appoint " five able and meek 
 persons to make answer for refusing the jurisdiction of his commissioners." The 
 order was sent through Maverick, who gave a copy of it to the magistrates. An 
 address was prepared for the king, in which, assuring him of their loyalty, they 
 declined to send agents. At the same time a present of a thousand pounds' worth 
 of masts and other supplies for the navy were sent. There was a good deal of 
 opposition to this course, but the refusal went unnoticed, in consequence of the 
 war with the Dutch at this time. 
 
 1665, OCTOBER. Providence, Rhode Island, ordered that 
 
 " Those, lime rocks about Hacklet's lime kiln shall perpetually be common, and 
 that no land shall be laid out on the north-east of said kiln, within six poles, or 
 upon the other sides or parts of said kiln within sixty poles, this said kiln being at 
 or near a place called Scoakequanoisett." 
 
 1665, DECEMBER 14. The commissioners having completed 
 their investigation of the colonies, sent home their report. 
 
 It exists in the State Paper Office in England. They were recalled, by a letter 
 approving their conduct and that of the colonies, with the exception of Massachu- 
 setts. The commission had instituted a new government for Maine, and had tem- 
 porarily settled the questions of disputed boundaries between Rhode Island, Con- 
 necticut, Plymouth, and Massachusetts, until the king's pleasure should be known. 
 
 1665. THE general court of Massachusetts made a modifica- 
 tion in the conditions necessary for becoming freemen. 
 
 In the place of church-membership, a minister's certificate that the applicant was 
 of orthodox principles and of good life and conversation, was made necessary. 
 
 1666. ALL the acts for the encouragement of silk culture and 
 ship-building in Virginia were repealed. 
 
 Of mulberry trees it was said, " now every one voluntarily propagates " them. 
 
 1666. THE commissioners in Virginia were required by the 
 legislature to establish, within two years, a loom and a weaver 
 in each county of the province, except Rappahannook, North- 
 ampton, Westmoreland, and Stafford, which were allowed four 
 years. 
 
 The expense was to be paid by the counties, and a private loom did not exon- 
 erate the county in wliich it was. The law was repealed in 1684.
 
 120 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1666-7. 
 
 1666. AN expedition sent out by Berkeley crossed the Blue 
 Ridge Mountains, and penetrated into the valley beyond. 
 
 1666. THE southern shores of Lake Superior were explored 
 by Father Allouez. 
 
 He was sent, on his return, with " Dablon and Marquette to establish the mis- 
 sion of St. Mary's, on the southern shore. The Recollet friars, who had been 
 forbidden Canada, obtained the removal of the restriction, and founded a monas- 
 tery at Quebec. Between them and the Jesuits there soon sprang up a rivalry. 
 
 1666. NEWARK, New Jersey, was settled by thirty families 
 from New Haven and Milford, Connecticut, under the leadership 
 of Captain Robert Treat. 
 
 The next year an equal number came from Guilford and Branford, Connecticut, 
 under the guidance of Rev. Abraham Picrson. These two companies bought the 
 land which now forms Newark, Belleville, Clinton, Orange, and Bloomficld, of 
 the Indians, for 130, 12 blankets, and 12 guns. The city was laid out in 
 the same streets and parks as now exist. The first building erected was a meeting- 
 house, the settlers being strict Puritans ; the second, a school-house. It soon 
 became a thriving place, and now almost every branch of mechanical industry is 
 carried on there. In 1794 the Ilackensack and Passaic bridges were built; trade 
 with New York, which had been by means of ferries, was facilitated by the turn- 
 pike built between Newark and Jersey City. In 1832, the Morris Canaf, connecting 
 Newark with the Lehigh Valley, was finished; in 1834, the New Jersey Railroad, 
 between Newark and Jersey City, was opened ; Newark was made a port of entry, 
 and in 183G was incorporated as a city. 
 
 1666, SEPTEMBER. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an 
 act fixing the pay of the members at three shillings a day, the 
 account, certified, to be taken as an offset for taxes. 
 
 A fine, for absence, of six shillings a day was also imposed. 
 
 1666, OCTOBER. Nathaniel Robbinson petitioned the general 
 court of Massachusetts for aid in establishing the business of 
 wire-drawing. 
 
 The court saw no cause for granting his request. 
 
 1667. THE general court of Massachusetts appointed a com- 
 mittee to frame a law regulating the size and manufacture of 
 bricks. 
 
 A college edifice was built of brick at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The money 
 for its erection was raised by subscription. 
 
 1667. THE price of the best beer, in New England, was a 
 penny and a half a quart. 
 
 The court had previously ordered that beer should be made with at least four 
 bushels of good barley malt to a hogshead, and should not be sold above twopence 
 a quart. It now ordered that beer should be made only of good malt, without " any 
 mixture of molasses, coarse sugar, or other materials instead of malt, on penalty 
 of five pounds for each offence." The price of barley, barley malt, and rye, was 
 fixed at four shillings the bushel ; wheat at five shillings, and Indian corn at two
 
 ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 121 
 
 shillings and eight pence the bushel. Silver was about six shillings and eight 
 pence the ounce. 
 
 1667. IN May of this year a tonnage duty of half a pound 
 of gunpowder a ton, or its value in money, was laid by Massa- 
 chusetts upon all ships above twenty tons burden, not belonging 
 to owners within the jurisdiction, or chiefly to such. 
 
 1667. IN October of this year the general court of Massachu- 
 setts legislated concerning shipbuilding. 
 
 Learning that " diverse unskillful persons pretending to be shipwrights do build 
 ships and other vessels in several parts of this country, which are very defective, 
 both of matter and form, to the great prejudice of the merchants and owners and 
 the danger of many men's lives at sea," a committee of five was appointed to draw 
 up and present suitable laws for the regulation of the business. 
 
 1667. AN order was also made this year to encourage the 
 building of a dry dock, and liberty was given any one who 
 should construct such, either in Boston or Charlestown, with a 
 capacity for a ship of three hundred tons, to enjoy a monopoly 
 of the privilege for fifteen years. 
 
 The next year this right was extended to twenty-one years. 
 
 1667. BY the treat} 7 of peace, Acadie was restored to the 
 French. 
 
 Its limits were not specified, though La Have, Cape Sable, Port Royal, St. John's, 
 and Pentagoet, the French name for Pcnobscot, were mentioned. Temple, one 
 of those to whom Acadie had been granted by Cromwell, surrendered his title for 
 the promise from the king of sixteen thousand two hundred pounds, which, how- 
 ever, he was never paid. 
 
 1667. THE assembly of North Carolina met, consisting of the 
 governor, twelve councillors, and twelve delegates, selected by 
 the freeholders. They sat together. 
 
 It is thought by Hawks that the assembly met first in 1666. Later under the 
 proprietary rule, the assembly was divided into two houses. Settlers had been in- 
 vited into the colony by the promise of legislative freedom. 
 
 1667. THE assembly in Virginia enacted that negroes, though 
 converted and baptized, should not therefore become free ; also, 
 that correcting a slave so violently as to lead to his death, was 
 not felony. 
 
 The reason was given, " since it can not be presumed that prepense malice 
 should induce any man to destroy his own estate." 
 
 1667. THE general court of Connecticut granted Thomas 
 Harris the right to build a saw-mill on the brook between Hart- 
 ford and Wethersfield, and allowed forty acres for his encourage- 
 ment. 
 
 1667. THE people of Hadley, who had depended for their 
 meal upon a mill at Hatfield, on the other side of the Connecti-
 
 122 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1667-9. 
 
 cut, voted to have a mill of their own, and William Goodwin 
 erected one on Mill River, at North Hadley. 
 
 1667, AUGUST 10. The first troop of horse organized in 
 Rhode Island reported for duty at Newport. 
 
 It numbered twenty-one men. 
 
 1667. WATERBURY, Connecticut, then called Mattatuck, was 
 settled. 
 
 The name was not changed until 1686. In 1853 it received a city charter. 
 Waterbury is the headquarters of the brass manufactories of the country, there 
 being thirty factories, the capital employed being three million dollars, and the 
 annual products averaging five million dollars. The business was first intro- 
 duced on a small scale by young mechanics who had little or no capital. 
 
 1668, MAY. The assembly of New Jersey met. 
 
 It was called by Carteret. Some of the towns denied its authority. 
 
 A law was made requiring each town, under penalty of forty .shillings for each 
 neglect, to provide an ordinary $pr the entertainment of strangers. 
 
 The selling of liquors in less quantities than two gallons was prohibited. This 
 quantity was afterwards reduced to one gallon. 
 
 1668. THE people of Newark appointed Robert Treat and 
 Richard Harrison " to erect a grist-mill on the brook at the north 
 end of the town." The second and sixth days of the week were 
 to be set apart as grinding days. 
 
 1668. THE number of ordinaries, or tippling houses, was lim- 
 ited in Virginia. 
 
 To " one or two near the Courthouse, unless in public places, and great Roads 
 for the accommodation of travellers." 
 
 1668. THE licensers of the Cambridge press having permitted 
 the printing of an edition of the De Imitations Christi, of Thomas 
 a Kempis, the court ordered them to make a fuller revision of 
 the work, and enjoined the press to stop work until this was 
 done. 
 
 This system of interference with the freedom of the press continued to be ex- 
 ercised with more or less stringency until the Revolution. 
 
 1668. THE general court of Massachusetts passed a bill re- 
 serving for the public use all white pine-trees measuring twenty- 
 four inches at three feet above the ground. 
 
 At the same time a bounty was declared for the exportation and manufacture 
 of masts and naval stores. 
 
 1668. THE authority of Massachusetts was re-established over 
 Maine. 
 
 Four magistrates and a body of horsemen were sent for the purpose. The new 
 government submitted quietly. 
 
 1669. THE assembly of Rhode Island was divided into two 
 houses.
 
 1669-70.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 
 
 The governor and assistants, or magistrates, were the upper house ; the depu- 
 ties, the lower house. It enacted that any person indicted might employ an attor- 
 ney to plead in his behalf. 
 
 Before this, those who were indicted had appeared in their own defence. 
 
 1669. FULLER'S EARTH is mentioned among the products of 
 Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 1669. AN assembly was held in North Carolina. 
 
 Immigrants in debt were to be protected five years from suits originating out 
 of the colony. Traffic with the Indians was forbidden. 
 
 1670. THE first permanent settlement of South Carolina was 
 made at Port Royal, by a body of English colonists, who ten years 
 later removed to the present site of the city of Charleston. 
 
 In 1562, a party of French Huguenots under John Ribault had attempted to 
 settle at Port Royal, but after some few months they returned home ; in 1685, how- 
 ever, a large body of Huguenots again immigrated, and this time remained. The 
 expedition was sent ont at an expense of about twelve thousand pounds, and was 
 under the command of William Sayle. They brought cattle with them. The 
 settlement at Charleston was made on a peninsula formed by the confluence of 
 two rivers, to which the names of Ashley and Cooper were given in honor of Lord 
 Shaftesbury. For the government of the colony, Lord Shaftesbury had called 
 upon John Locke, who had drawn up what was called the Grand Model, intended, 
 as expressed in its preamble, " to avoid the erecting of a numerous democracy," 
 and establish a government "agreeable to monarchy." It was a complicated 
 scheme, and though for some time nominally in force, was really never applied. 
 The divisions of the land were into seignories, baronies, and manors, the cultiva- 
 tors of which were to be hereditary tenants, attached to the soil, each with a farm 
 of ten acres, upon which he paid one eighth of the produce as rent to the land- 
 lord, who exercised a jurisdiction without appeal. In the assembly each county 
 had four representatives, to vote for whose election required the possession of fifty 
 acres. The proprietaries had a veto upon all acts. The Church of England was 
 to be maintained at the public expense. Other churches might be formed, pro- 
 vided their members recognized the rightfulness of oaths. "Every freeman" 
 was to have " absolute power and authority over his negro slaves, of what opinion 
 and religion soever." The settlement had a copy of the " Grand Model," but at 
 first the government was given to a council of ten members, five appointed by the 
 proprietors, and five elected by the colonists, who with twenty delegates formed 
 an assembly. 
 
 1670. ONE of the first mills built in New Jersey, of which 
 mention is made, was erected by Jonathan Dunham at Wood- 
 bridge, who agreed with the town that it should have " two 
 good stones, of at least five feet across." 
 
 For its erection he was given a grant of land. The toll was to be one six- 
 teenth. 
 
 1670. THE settlers in New Jersey objected to the collection 
 of the quit- rents which became due this year. 
 
 One of their claims was that they had purchased the land of the Indians 
 before ever it was granted to the Duke of York. The opposition increased.
 
 124 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1670-1. 
 
 1670, JUNE 14. Committees appointed by the assemblies of 
 Connecticut and Rhode Island, to settle their disputed boundaries, 
 met at New London. 
 
 They sat three days, and their consultation was carried on entirely by writing. 
 Seventeen letters were exchanged, but no definite conclusion was arrived at. 
 
 1670. IT was ordered by the assembly of Connecticut that 
 every male inhabitant, over fourteen years of age, should work 
 one day in June of each year in clearing ground for the pastu- 
 rage of sheep. 
 
 1670. DENTON writes this year of New Amsterdam : " Every 
 one make their own linin, and a great part of their woolen cloth 
 for their ordinary wearing." 
 
 1670. THE assembly of Virginia ordered that none but free- 
 holders and householders should vote. 
 
 1671. IN June of this year Sir William Berkeley, the gover- 
 nor of Virginia, answered the inquiries of a committee of the 
 House of Lords. 
 
 He wrote : " I thank God we have no free schools, or printing; and I hope we 
 shall not have these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience and 
 heresy and sects, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best gov- 
 ernment. God defend us from both." The population he estimated at forty 
 thousand, including two thousand "black slaves" and six thousand "Christian 
 servants." About fifteen hundred such were yearly imported, chiefly from Eng- 
 land. In seven years not over two or three ship-loads of slaves had arrived in the 
 colony. Tobacco was the chief export. The Indians were "absolutely subjected, 
 so that there is no fear of them." " We have forty-eight parishes, and our min- 
 isters are well paid, and by my consent should be better, if they would pray 
 oftener and preach less." 
 
 1671. THE first church of the Seventh Day Baptists in the 
 country was established in Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 In their views the sect correspond with the Baptists, only observing the seventh 
 instead of the first day of the week as Sunday. There are now sixty-eight 
 churches in the United States. 
 
 1671, SEPTEMBER 29. Mediators between the colonists at 
 Plymouth and the Indians met at Plymouth. 
 
 Philip signed an agreement to pay one hundred pounds within three years, and 
 five wolves' heads each year to Plymouth, and to refer all disputes between his 
 tribe and the English to them, and neither to sell lands nor make war without 
 their consent. 
 
 1671. A COMMITTEE appointed the October before, by the 
 general court of Massachusetts, to confer with Richard Wharton 
 of Boston respecting his method of making salt by the sun, re- 
 ported advising the court " to encourage a company for that pur- 
 pose, which return the court approved." 
 
 1671. THE town of New Castle, Delaware, represented to
 
 1671-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 125 
 
 Governor Lovelace that the mill at " Carcoen's Hook " had fallen 
 into decay, and that it " heretofore appertained to the public, and 
 now is endeavored to be engrossed by some particular persons 
 for private uses." 
 
 They suggested that it be repaired for the benefit of the public, which was 
 ordered to be done. Carcoen's Hook was Cobb's Creek. Carcpen's was a cor- 
 ruption of the Indian name of Kacarikonk. 
 
 1671. THIS year the town of New Castle proposed that no 
 grain should be distilled, unless it be " unfit to grind and boalt," 
 because it consumed " an immense amount of grain." 
 
 1672. GOVEENOR LOVELACE received George Fox at New 
 Castle this year in a house built of brick and hewn timber, the 
 cement of which was made of burnt oyster-shells. 
 
 The house was still standing at the middle of this century. Lovelace gave a 
 charter to New Castle this year. Fox extended his trip as far as Rhode Island, 
 but did not dare to visit either Connecticut or Massachusetts. 
 
 1672. Two ship-loads of Dutch emigrants from New York 
 arrived at Charleston, in Carolina. 
 
 They were discontented with the English rule of New York. Slaves were also 
 imported from Barbadoes. The settlers quarrelled with the Indians. A scarcity 
 of food caused apprehension for the success of the colony and created discontent, 
 but a fortunate supply from England and from Barbadoes and Virginia removed 
 this cause of uneasiness. 
 
 1672. THE company of hatters in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 petitioned for special privileges. 
 
 They were promised to have them granted, "when they should make as good 
 hats and sell them as cheap as those imported were." 
 
 1672. THE general court of Massachusetts granted to H. 
 Usher the right to print and publish on his own account a 
 revised edition of the laws of the colony. 
 
 Tliis right was protected to Usher by two orders of the court, issued on his 
 petition. The first was made in May of this year, by which it was decreed that 
 no printer should print or sell more copies of any book than were agreed upon, 
 and paid for by the owner ; and another of May the next year, by which the copy- 
 right was secured to Usher for seven years. The laws of Connecticut were also 
 printed at Cambridge. 
 
 Hezekiah Usher had been a bookseller in Boston for about twenty years, and 
 as agent of the Corporation for Propagating the Gospel, had superintended their 
 Indian publications. He is supposed to have been the first bookseller in America. 
 Several of the books printed by Green were printed for him. An edition of the 
 Psalms, issued about 1664 or 1665, from its superior typographical execution, is 
 supposed to have been printed after the arrival of Johnson. It was printed from 
 Nonpareil type, and is said to be the only specimen of the use of this type 
 previous to the Revolution. Brevier type was seldom used by the Boston printers 
 before 1760. Usher made a fortune from his business. 
 
 1672. PARLIAMENT enacted that "enumerated articles should
 
 126 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1672-3. 
 
 pay the same duties in their shipment from one colony to another, 
 that they paid on importation into England." 
 
 This was the introduction into this country of royal custom-houses, under the 
 direction of the English commissioners of customs. Boston had quite a trade 
 with the other colonies, her ships supplying them with European produce and 
 carrying theirs to Europe, thus avoiding the duties under the navigation acts. 
 
 1672. THE settlers of New Jersey who refused to pay quit- 
 rents, set up a governor of their own, and Carteret went to Eng- 
 land, leaving John Berry as his deputy. 
 
 1672. COUNT DE FRONTENAC was appointed governor- general 
 of New France. 
 
 He built Fort Frontenac, at the outlet of Lake Ontario, on the site of 
 Kingston. 
 
 1673. THE first settlement at Worcester, Massachusetts, was 
 made, but had to be abandoned on account of the hostility of 
 the Indians. 
 
 1673. SOME of the ships of the Massachusetts colony having 
 been captured by the pirates who infested the southern seas, in 
 December of this year a ship, called the Anthony, and a ketch were 
 fitted out for the defence of the coast and the commerce. 
 
 1673. WILLIAM HUTCHINSON, an early resident of Boston, 
 bought lands on the west side of the Saco River, in Maine, and 
 had mills at Neuichewannock, or Berwick. 
 
 1673. THE town of Lancaster, Massachusetts, granted five 
 hundred acres of upland and twenty acres of meadow to John 
 Prescott, for the building a mill, which with the land was to be 
 free from all charges for twenty years. 
 
 The mill was built in a district now in the northern part of Harvard. Prescott 
 agreed to grind the town's corn every second and every sixth day of the week. A 
 few years later a similar arrangement was made with him for the erection of a 
 saw-mill. 
 
 1673. EDWARD RANDOLPH, the collector of customs in New 
 England, was informed " that all cordage, sail cloth and nets 
 came from England, that no cloth was made there worth four 
 shillings a yard, and no linin above two shillings and sixpence." 
 
 He also reported to the commissioners, that in New England there were five 
 iron-works which cast no guns. 
 
 1673. CHICAGO, Milwaukee, and St. Joseph's were visited by 
 Marquette, and Jesuit missions were established on Lake Michi- 
 gan. Marquette with a few companions pushed on until they 
 entered the Mississippi from the Wisconsin. 
 
 In 1674 Marquette camped near the site of Chicago; in 1804 the United States 
 government built Fort Dearborn, on the Chicago River, near to the mouth ; in 
 1837 the fort was abandoned. In 1830 the town was surveyed, then consisting
 
 1673-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 127 
 
 of about a dozen houses ; in 1833 the town was organized, and had twenty-eight 
 voters ; in 1834 was granted a city charter. The river runs through the city, divid- 
 ing it into two parts. As early as 1854, Chicago was declared the largest primary 
 grain depot in the world ; its beef-packing and cattle-shipping trade is immense, as 
 is also the lumber business. No city in the country has had such a rapid growth, 
 and by means of the extensive lines of railroads, its commerce reaches to all parts 
 of the country. 
 
 1673. THE general court of Massachusetts placed a duty of 
 sixpence a bushel on malt in addition to the duty already existing 
 of one penny. 
 
 1673. THE laws of the Plymouth colony were printed this 
 year by the Cambridge press. 
 
 1673. AN act was passed by the assembly of Virginia en- 
 forcing the cultivation of hemp and flax. 
 
 1673, FEBRUARY 25. The entire colony of Virginia was as- 
 signed for thirty-one years to Lords Culpepper and Arlington. 
 
 The lease included all quit-rents, escheats, the power to grant lands, erect new 
 counties, the presentation to the churches, and the nomination of sheriffs, escheat- 
 ors, and surveyors. The assembly sent three agents to England to purchase this 
 lease for the colony, and also to attempt to obtain a royal charter, confirming all 
 land grants, and guaranteeing the assembly its power. 
 
 1673. A DUTCH fleet appeared before New York, and the 
 fort surrendered at the first summons. 
 
 New Jersey and the settlements on the Delaware also surrendered, and for a 
 year the province of New Netherland was revived. Some of the towns on Long 
 Island put themselves under the protection of Connecticut. 
 
 1673, OCTOBER 29. The Rhode Island assembly ordered that, 
 in the trial of Indians, one half of the jury should be Indians, 
 and that Indians might testify. 
 
 Such testimony was not allowed in the trial of the whites. 
 
 1673. THIS year, Barent Pieterse Koeymans, by permission 
 of the commissioners at Albany, New York, purchased of the 
 Catskill Indians a large tract of land, ten or fifteen miles south 
 of Albany, on the west side of Hudson River. 
 
 Saw-mills had been erected there in 1651 by other settlers. The purchase 
 embraced a plot twelve miles deep by eight or ten front, and is now the site of the 
 town of Coc'ymans, in Albany County, New York. 
 
 1674. CORN-MILLS were mentioned as existing at Block Point 
 and Falmouth, on Casco Bay (now Portland), though they were 
 probably destroyed soon afterwards by the Indians. 
 
 1674. JOHN FOSTER received permission from the general 
 court of Massachusetts to set up another press in Boston. 
 
 The general court added two new licensers to those already appointed. These 
 were both ministers Increase Mather and Thomas Thachcr.
 
 128 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1674-5. 
 
 1674. THE freemen in South Carolina elected representatives 
 to an assembly consisting, according to Ramsey, of the governor, 
 and upper and lower houses of assembly ; and these three 
 branches took the name of Parliament. 
 
 At the foundation of the colony the settlers had been promised a share in mak- 
 ing the laws. 
 
 1674. VINES, and persons skilled in their management, were 
 sent to the Carolinas by the proprietaries. 
 
 1674. PEACE was declared between England and Holland, 
 and, all conquests being mutually given up, New York was re- 
 stored to the English rule. 
 
 1674. THE Duke of York obtained a new charter for his 
 province. 
 
 By it he was empowered " to govern the inhabitants by such ordinances as he 
 and his assigns should establish." Sir Edmund Andros was sent out to take pos- 
 session. The inhabitants were refused an assembly, the "book of laws" being 
 re-established. The Long Island towns were refused permission to remain under 
 the jurisdiction of Connecticut. 
 
 1674, MARCH 18. Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey for 
 one thousand pounds. 
 
 It was sold to John Fenwick, in trust for himself and Edward Billings. They 
 were Quakers, and the object of the purchase appears to have been to provide a 
 place of refuge for this sect. A dispute arising between the purchasers concern- 
 ing their respective shares, it was referred to William Penn, who settled it. 
 
 1675, JUNE 20. The Indians attacked Swanzey, a toAvn in the 
 Plymouth colony. 
 
 This was the opening of the war known as King Philip's War, in which all New 
 England became engaged, and in which thirteen towns were destroyed, and six 
 hundred houses (about one tenth of all in New England) were burned. About 
 six hundred settlers were killed, and about two thousand Indians. The cost of 
 the war was estimated at about a million of dollars. 
 
 1675. THE Indians this year burned the settlement and the 
 mill at Saco, Maine. 
 
 1675. THE same year the settlers at Woolwich, on the Ken- 
 nebec, Maine, were driven away by the Indians. 
 
 1675. THE exportation of wool was prohibited in Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 1675. A BRICK-KILN was erected in Maine, on the east bank 
 of the Sebastacook, a branch of the Kennebec, about this time. 
 
 Traces of it were found in 1790, when the land was again searched for clay. 
 A hemlock-tree, more than two feet in diameter, was growing over the site of the 
 old kiln. 
 
 1675. AT a special court held at Newcastle, May 25, after the
 
 1675-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 
 
 cession of the country to the English, the subject of mills was 
 considered. 
 
 As there was a scarcity of them, the justices were advised to examine and have 
 them repaired, and others built ; the tolls charged for grinding were regulated, and 
 all mills, public or private, were to be encouraged. 
 
 1675. AN Indian war began in Virginia. 
 
 In this war John Washington took part. 
 
 1675, JULY. A company, led by Fenwick, to whom a tenth 
 part of the Quaker purchase of New Jersey had been accorded, 
 landed on the east shore of Delaware Bay, and commenced a set- 
 tlement they called Salem. 
 
 It was near the site of one of the forts built by the Swedes. 
 
 1675. CANADA, on the dissolution of the West India Com- 
 pany, reverted again to the crown of France. 
 
 La Salle, who had explored in Lakes Ontario and Erie, obtained from the king 
 of France a grant of Fort Frontenac on condition of keeping up the post. 
 
 1676. THE insurrection in Virginia, headed by Nathaniel 
 Bacon, began this year. 
 
 The rebellion was the culmination of discontent which had existed for some 
 years, with the heavy taxation and the arbitrary character of the government. 
 The Indian war was its immediate cause. Bacon was a member of the council, 
 and, being refused a commission to raise volunteers against the Indians, marched 
 against them without one. Berkeley, the governor, issued a proclamation depriv- 
 ing him of his seat in the council, and denouncing all those with him as rebels who 
 would not return at a certain time. The rebellion was at one time so successful that 
 Berkeley retired to Accomac, and Bacon, with four members of the council, called a 
 new assembly. At the height of his success, Bacon was taken ill and died. With 
 the final success of Berkeley, cruel revenge was taken upon the rebels, more 
 of whom are said to have been hanged than were killed upon both sides during 
 hostilities. 
 
 1676, JULY. Carteret agreed to a formal division of New 
 Jersey. 
 
 The province was divided by a line drawn from Little Egg Harbor to the north- 
 western corner of the territory. The portion north and east of this line was known 
 as East New Jersey, and was Carteret's property ; that south and west was known 
 as West New Jersey, and was assigned to the Quaker proprietors. Billings being 
 in pecuniary straits, his share was assigned for the benefit of his creditors ;, arid 
 the trustees, with Fenwick's agreement, divided the whole domain into one hun- 
 dred shares, of which the ninety belonging to Billings were sold as buyers offered. 
 Before this division, the proprietors had issued a set of "concessions and agree- 
 ments," in which freedom of conscience and an assembly were promised settlers. 
 
 1676, AUGUST 12. Philip was shot in a swamp near Mount 
 Hope, and the war was ended by the slaughter of the Indians. 
 
 Philip was killed by an Indian named Alderman, whose brother Philip had 
 killed for advising a surrender. Alderman then deserted Philip, and guided Cap- 
 
 9
 
 130 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1676-7. 
 
 tain Church with his party to the spot where Philip was concealed. Philip was 
 shot by Alderman through the heart ; his head was cut off, and sent to Plymouth, 
 where for years it was set up on' a gibbet. One of his hands was sent to Boston ; 
 the other was given to Alderman, who made a show of it. His mangled body was 
 hung upon four trees. The Indians taken captive were sold into slavery, many 
 of them to the Spanish colonies, or else slaughtered. The captive Indians sold 
 in Rhode Island were sold to service for a term of years ; one half the proceeds 
 of the sale to go to the captors, and the other half into the public treasury. 
 
 1676, OCTOBER. A grant of land in Shrewsbury, Monmouth 
 County, New Jersey, was made to Lewis Morris for iron- works. 
 
 The date of the erection of the works is not known ; but in 1US2, the proprie- 
 taries speak of a smelting-furnace and forge as already erected. 
 
 1676. THE assembly met in East New Jersey, and established 
 county courts, and monthly courts for the towns. 
 
 The four counties, Bergen, Essex, Middlesex, and Monmouth, were laid out. 
 
 1676. GOVERNOR ANDROS and the council in New York pro- 
 hibited all tanners, except two appointed, to carry on that 
 business. 
 
 It was also ordered " that no butcher be permitted to be currier, or shoemaker, 
 or tanner; nor shall any tanner be either currier, shoemaker, or butcher, it being 
 consonant to the laws of England and practice in the neighbour colonys of the 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut." 
 
 1676. THE customs collected in England upon the tobacco 
 sent from Virginia and Maryland amounted to one hundred and 
 thirty-five thousand pounds. 
 
 Tobacco was so low that many of the planters were unable to clothe them- 
 selves from the proceeds of their crops. 
 
 1677, MAY. Gorges' grandson sold his proprietary right to 
 Maine, inherited from his ancestors, to the colony of Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 The price was twelve hundred and fifty pounds. 
 
 1677. COLONIES of Quakers from Yorkshire and London, 
 England, settled at Burlington and other towns in West New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Burlington was long the seat of government for West Jersey, and the last colo- 
 nial governor, William Franklin, lived here. It was a leading place in the early 
 times of the country, and, in 1777, supported a printing-office and a paper. Its 
 nearness to Philadelphia (only eighteen miles distant) caused it to decline as that 
 city increased in importance. 
 
 1677. THIS year, in the settlements on the Delaware, grain 
 was made payable for taxes at five guilders per scipple for wheat, 
 four for rye and barley, and three guilders for Indian corn, " or 
 else wampum and skins at price current."
 
 1677-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 131 
 
 This year there was a mill on Christiana Creek, at Wilmington, Delaware, 
 which was granted the liberty to cut timber for supplies. 
 
 1677, OCTOBER 18. The assembly of Connecticut regulated 
 the prices at which hides and shoes should be bought or sold. 
 
 The price of hides was three pence a pound for green, and six pence for dry. 
 The tanners were to get two pence a pound for green, and four pence a pound for 
 dry. Shoemakers were to charge for shoes not over five and a half pence a size 
 "for all playne and wooden-heeled shoes of all sizes above men's sevens. Three 
 soled shoes well made and wrought not above seven and a half pence a size for 
 well-wrought French falls." 
 
 1677. THREE commissioners, sent out from England to Vir- 
 ginia with a regiment of soldiers, arrived. 
 
 They brought with them a royal proclamation offering pardon to all who should 
 submit within twenty days, except Bacon. The governor was also instructed to 
 declare all the laws of the late assembly void, and call a new one, for the mem- 
 bers of which only freeholders were to vote. Instead of issuing this proclama- 
 tion, Berkeley issued one of his own, exempting many beside Bacon from pardon. 
 The commissioners protesting against Berkeley's high-handed proceedings, and 
 receiving numerous complaints from the people, whom they had asked to send in 
 their grievances, Berkeley went over to England to defend himself, and died 
 there. He had left the government in the hands of Jeffreys, who called another 
 assembly, which attempted to settle the suits for damages done during the insur- 
 rection, and restore the colony to " its former estate of love and friendship." 
 
 1677. THE governor of Massachusetts, Leverett, refused to 
 take an oath to enforce the acts of trade. 
 
 Randolph had been authorized by the committee of the plantations to admin- 
 ister such an oath to the New England governors. The governor's ground was, 
 that the charter required no such oath. The general court, however, passed an. 
 act for enforcing these acts, and re-enacted the oath of fidelity, by which alle- 
 giance to the king and the colony was sworn. 
 
 1677. LA SALLE went to France, and obtained a royal com- 
 mission for exploring the Mississippi. 
 
 The news of its discovery had just been brought to Quebec by Joliet, who had 
 accompanied Marquette. La Salle also obtained a monopoly of the trade in 
 buffalo-skins. 
 
 1677. THE governor- general of Canada, Frontenac, sup- 
 ported the traders in their dispute with the missionaries who 
 objected to selling liquor to the Indians. 
 
 The council took the same ground. 
 
 1678. THE export of hides or leather was prohibited in New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Beef at this time was twopence a pound, and forty shillings a barrel. 
 
 1678. IN the records of the court held at Upland, between 
 the years 1676 and 1681, the first English tribunal held in Penn- 
 sylvania, the following occurs :
 
 132 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1678. 
 
 " It being very necessary that a mill be built on the Schuylkill, and there being 
 no fitter place than the falls called Captain Hans Moonson's Falls, the court are 
 of opinion that Mr. Hans Moonson ought to build a mill there (as he says he will) 
 or else suffer another to build for the convenience of all parts." The designated 
 location was the present mill creek which empties into the Schuylkill immediately 
 south of "Woodlands Cemetery. 
 
 1678, APRIL. Sir Edmund Andros, in a report to the Board 
 of Trade, estimated the men able to bear arms in the colonies as 
 follows: Connecticut, 3000 ; Rhode Island, 1000 to 1200; Plym- 
 outh, 1000 to 1500 ; Massachusetts, 8 to 10,000. 
 
 New York, he says, contained three hundred and forty-three houses, with ten 
 inhabitants to each. Of the houses he says, " Most wood, some, lately, stone and 
 brick, good country houses, strong of their several kinds." 
 
 1678. THE Rhode Island assembly passed a bankrupt law. 
 
 It was repealed very soon after. 
 
 1678, NOVEMBER. Sieur de La Salle, under a commission from, 
 the king of France, set out from Fort Frontenac (now Kingston) 
 in a small vessel, the first ever seen upon Lake Ontario. 
 
 The expedition was accompanied by the Chevalier Tonti, La Salle's lieutenant, 
 and Hennepin, and a number of mechanics and sailors, with a stock of goods for 
 the Indian trade, and a post was established near the present site of Buffalo. 
 
 1678. SIR EDMUND ANDROS claimed for the Duke of York 
 jurisdiction over New Jersey and the settlements on the Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 He commenced by forbidding imports into New Jersey, unless the goods were 
 entered at New York, and paid duty; then he summoned Carteret, and finally sent 
 a company of soldiers who arrested him. Carteret was detained as a prisoner 
 until the matter was settled in England. The assembly of New Jersey replied to 
 Andros that it was not " on the king's letters patent to the Duke of York" that 
 they relied on, but " the only rule, privilege and joint safety of every free-born 
 Englishman." 
 
 1678. A BAPTIST church was built in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 The congregation had for years met in private houses. The general court 
 passed an act forbidding the erection of any meeting-house without the consent 
 of the freemen of the town and the county court, or the permission of the general 
 court. Without this such building, with the land, was forfeited. 
 
 1678. THE colony at Albemarle, Carolina, rebelled against 
 the collection of duties under the navigation acts, and imprisoned 
 Millar, the president of the council, and seven of his council. 
 
 A new assembly appointed Culpepper collector, and held the government two 
 years. Millar, escaping, went to England, and Culpepper followed him, and was 
 arrested on a charge of treason, but, being defended by Lord Shaftesbury, was 
 acquitted. 
 
 1678. THE oath of allegiance, on the part of Massachusetts,
 
 1678-80.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 133 
 
 proved unsatisfactory in England, and Randolph brought one 
 already written out. 
 
 The magistrates took it, and imposed it on all the other officers. 
 
 1678. THE bishop of Quebec, having gone to France, obtained 
 a decree prohibiting liquor selling to the Indians under heavy 
 penalties. 
 
 1679, JANUARY. The expedition under Sieur de la Salle laid 
 the keel of a small vessel of sixty tons burden, at the mouth of 
 Cayuga Creek, on the American side of the Niagara, about six 
 miles above the Falls. 
 
 This place, still called the "Old Ship-yard," was long used for this purpose. 
 The Iroquois tried to burn the vessel, and the blacksmith was obliged to defend 
 himself with a red-hot iron. The vessel, when finished, was furnished with seven 
 small cannon, was christened the " Griffin," and was the first vessel that ever 
 navigated Lake Erie, which she entered on the 7th of August, and on the 23d 
 penetrated to Lake Huron, and sailed to Green Bay, in Wisconsin. The vessel 
 from here was sent back to Niagara in charge of a pilot and five men, but was 
 never afterwards heard from. 
 
 1679. NEWBURY, Massachusetts, granted John Emery, Jr., 
 twelve acres of land, provided he built and maintained a corn- 
 mill within a year and a half. 
 
 1679. THE second corn-mill in Watertown, Massachusetts, on 
 Stony Brook, was exempted from rates for twenty years. 
 It was sold for about two hundred and forty pounds. 
 
 1679-80, MARCH 10. The court at Upland granted Peter 
 Nealson, on petition, leave to take up one hundred acres of land 
 on the west side of the Delaware for the accommodation of a 
 water-mill. 
 
 1679. Two vessels were fitted out for the colony of the Car- 
 olinas, and the culture of wine, silk, and oil was attempted. 
 
 Many French Protestant refugees were sent to the settlement in this expedition. 
 
 1679. FATHER HENNEPIN mentions Niagara, which he had 
 visited in 1678. He gives also a drawing of the Falls. 
 
 1679. SIR HENRY CHICHELEY was acknowledged by the coun- 
 cil of Virginia as governor. 
 
 Jeffreys had died, and Chicheley had a commission as deputy governor. An 
 assembly was called, and forts were ordered built. The law making slaves of the 
 captured Indians was retained. 
 
 1680. TRENTON, New Jersey, was settled. 
 
 In 1720 it received its name in honor of Sir William Trent, then speaker of the 
 assembly. In 1790 it was chosen the capital, and incorporated as a city in 1792. 
 The city is on the Delaware River, and has a large manufacturing interest. It 
 has a wire factory and a rolling-mill, both the largest of their kind ; manufactories
 
 134 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1680. 
 
 of porcelain and earthenware, which produce a large part of these gsods used in 
 the United States ; cotton, woollen, and paper-mills, foundries, and a manufactory 
 for cannon and fire-arms. 
 
 1680. THE name of Charleston was transferred to a settle- 
 ment in Carolina, at the point of the peninsula. 
 
 The village had grown up from its more favorable situation, and gradually be- 
 came a nourishing town, the original settlement dwindling slowly away. 
 
 1680. THE question of jurisdiction between the Duke of 
 York and the Jersey proprietors was referred to two arbitrators, 
 who decided against the duke's claims. 
 
 1 680. A SYNOD was convened in Massachusetts to inquire 
 " what reasons had provoked the Lord to bring his judgements 
 on New England." 
 
 1680. A ROYAL letter to the authorities of Massachusetts 
 demanded toleration for all sects except the Papists. 
 
 The following demands were also made : All commissions were to issue in the 
 king's name ; all the eighteen assistants were to be chosen ; all laws repugnant to 
 the acts of trade to be repealed ; Maine was to be assigned to the king on his pay- 
 ment of the price ; a money qualification for freemanship to be substituted for that 
 of church-membership. 
 
 1680. MERCHANTABLE white-pine boards were this year thirty 
 shillings a thousand, current money, in New England. Day wages 
 in East New Jersey were about two shillings a day. At Amboy, 
 where building was actively going on, they were about sixpence 
 more, the currency being a fifth more than sterling. 
 
 The houses building at Amboy were described in 1683 as being in general thirty 
 feet long, sixteen wide, and ten feet between the joints, with double chimneys 
 built of timber and clay, "as the manner of this country is to build," and cost 
 about fifty pounds each. 
 
 1680, MARCH 16. By decision of the crown, New Hampshire 
 was separated from Massachusetts, and a commission appointed 
 of a president and council to govern the -province. 
 
 This commission authorized the qualified voters of the four towns to elect an 
 assembly of eleven members, to sit as a distinct body, the council having a nega- 
 tive of its acts. 
 
 The king engaged to " continue the privilege of an assembly in the same man- 
 ner and form, unless he should see cause to alter the same." The assembly en- 
 acted a body of laws, compiled from the Massachusetts code, which were rejected 
 in England as "fanatical and absurd." 
 
 1680. RANDOLPH received his commission as collector of cus- 
 toms for New England, and inspector for enforcing the acts of 
 trade. 
 
 He showed it to the general court of Massachusetts, but they took no notice 
 of it ; and the magistrates ordered the notice he posted of his appointment to be
 
 1680-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 135 
 
 torn down, while the general court established a naval office at which all ships 
 were ordered to be cleared. 
 
 1680. THE Baptists in Boston had a meeting in their church. 
 
 The magistrates had the doors fastened up, and a notice posted on them forbid- 
 ding any meeting there, "without licence from authority, till the General Court 
 take further order." 
 
 1680. LA SALLE built a fort in the country of the Illinois, 
 which he called St. Louis. 
 
 1680. CULPEPPER came to Virginia as governor, and was 
 sworn into office. 
 
 A commission as governor for life, to take effect whenever Berkeley vacated 
 the office, had been given to him at the time of the grant, which had passed into 
 his sole possession by the release of Arlington's share. He brought with him an 
 act of pardon and oblivion for all the troubles growing out of Bacon's Rebellion, 
 which the assembly passed, excepting Bacon's estate, and those of several others. 
 The assembly also gave the governor power to grant naturalization papers. Ex- 
 port and tonnage duties were continued, and the freedom of Virginia vessels from 
 them. 
 
 Beverly, in his History of Virginia, says, "Lord Culpeper, taking advantage 
 of some disputes among them, procured the council to sit apart from the assembly ; 
 and so they became two distinct houses, in imitation of the two Houses of Parlia- 
 ment in England the Lords and Commons and so is the Constitution at this 
 (1705) day." 
 
 1680. HENNEPIN explored the upper Mississippi, which he 
 reached by descending the Illinois, and named the falls of St. 
 Anthony after his patron saint. 
 
 He published the account of his explorations in France in 1683. 
 
 1680. IN July of this year, the town of Norwich, at the head 
 of navigation on the Thames, Connecticut, granted Captain Fitch 
 two hundred acres of land " for his encouragement to set up a 
 saw-mill." 
 
 He was "to have the benefit of the stream and timber at the place, and no 
 others to set up a saw-mill upon the said stream to his damage." 
 
 1680. BEFORE this date a powder-mill was built at Dorchester, 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1680. A WATER-MILL was built in West Jersey, near Rancocas 
 Creek, by Thomas Olive. 
 
 This year another mill was finished at Trenton by Robert Stacey, who in 1714 
 sold it to Colonel William Trent, from whom the settlement was named. 
 
 1681. CHARLES STOCKBRIDGE was employed to build a second 
 grist-mill upon the brook of Plymouth. 
 
 1681. A FULLING-MILL was built at Dedham, Massachusetts, 
 by Messrs. Draper and Fairbanks. 
 It was erected on Mother Brook.
 
 136 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1681. 
 
 1681. THE legislature of Maryland laid a duty on the expor- 
 tation of leather and hides. 
 
 1681. THE Duke of York made a new and separate grant of 
 West Jersey to the trustees. 
 
 They appointed Billings governor, and Jennings, his deputy, called an assem- 
 bly which adopted "fundamental constitutions " as a basis for the government. 
 East Jersey had passed into the hands of trustees for the benefit of Carteret's cred- 
 itors, widow, and heir. 
 
 1681, MAECH 4. A royal charter was granted William Penn, 
 of the American province called Pennsylvania. 
 
 It was to be called Sylvania, but the king insisted on the prefix. Penn had 
 inherited a claim against the English government of sixteen thousand pounds, and 
 in liquidation of the debt he accepted the grant. The charter created him " true 
 and absolute lord " of Pennsylvania, with property in the soil and ample powers 
 of government. For making laws " the advice and consent of the freemen of the 
 province " were necessary. The crown reserved the right of veto on all enact- 
 ments, while to parliament the right to levy duties and taxes was accorded. The 
 laws of trade were to be observed, and the Church of England tolerated. There 
 was to be the right of appeal from his courts to the crown. 
 
 1681, APRIL 2. A royal proclamation was sent to the settlers 
 on the Delaware, announcing the grant to Penn. 
 
 Penn also sent a proclamation to them, assuring them that they should " live 
 free under laws of their own making." Proposals were published in England, 
 offering to sell lands at forty shillings the hundred acres, subject to a rent of one 
 shilling a hundred acres. Lots in a city to be laid out were also offered the pur- 
 chasers. 
 
 1681, JULY. Three vessels with emigrants set sail for Pem> 
 sylvania. 
 
 They were despatched by the Company of Free Traders, who had made an 
 agreement with Penn. They carried also three commissioners, a plan of the city, 
 and a letter from Penn to the Indians, in which he addressed them as brethren. 
 
 1681. DURING this year, La Salle, in a small boat he had con- 
 structed, descended the Mississippi to the Gulf. 
 
 He took formal possession of the mouth of the river April 9, 1682, for the king 
 of France, and called the territory on its banks Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV. 
 To the river the name of Colbert was given, but it preserved its Indian one. 
 
 1681. RANDOLPH, the collector at Boston, returned to Eng- 
 land. 
 
 He had attempted to enforce the functions of his office, but had met with such 
 opposition that he feared being tried for his life as a subverter of the colonial gov- 
 ernment. His deputy at Portsmouth encountered equal opposition. 
 
 1681. THE general court of Massachusetts took possession of 
 Maine, and appointed a president and council for that province. 
 They claimed it under Gorges' charter. The people were given the right of
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 137 
 
 an assembly. Deputy Governor Danforth was appointed president, and, with a 
 force of men, took possession. 
 
 1682, FEBRUAEY 21. "John JBuckner, called before the Lord 
 Culpeper and his council, for printing the laws of 1680, without 
 his excellencies license and he and the printer ordered to enter 
 into bond in 100, not to print anything hereafter until his majes- 
 ty's pleasure shall be known." 
 
 This record of the colonial history of Virginia was found in 1810 among the 
 manuscripts of the colony by W. W. Henning of Richmond. It was this action 
 of the authorities which prevented Virginia from becoming the second of the col- 
 onies to introduce the printing-press, and the continuance of tkis policy kept it 
 away until the next century. 
 
 1682. THE Virginia assembly petitioned the king to order a 
 "stint," or limit, in the culture of tobacco; not only in Virginia, 
 but also in Maryland and Carolina. 
 
 The low price of tobacco was the cause. Many of the discontented destroyed 
 the plants, and subsequently several were executed for so doing, the assembly, 
 under advice from England, declaring it treason for more than eight persons to as- 
 semble and destroy tobacco-plants or any other crop. Slavery was also declared the 
 condition of all servants, whether negroes, Moors, mulattoes, or Indians, brought 
 into the colony either by sea or land, converted to Christianity or not, provided 
 they were not of Christian parentage or country, or were not Turks or Moors in 
 amity with his Majesty. 
 
 1682. LORD CULPEPPER, returning to England, was convicted 
 by a jury of receiving presents from the assembly, and was de- 
 prived of his office. 
 
 He surrendered his patent, receiving for it a pension of six hundred pounds. 
 
 1682. IN April of this year there were twenty-four saw-mills 
 in Maine. 
 
 White-pine boards in Maine and New Hampshire were worth thirty shillings 
 the thousand feet, wheat five shillings, and Indian corn three shillings a bushel. 
 Silver was worth six shillings an ounce. At these prices, which were annually fixed, 
 taxes were paid in lumber and provisions, with a discount of one third for pay- 
 ment in money. 
 
 1682. RANDOLPH returned with a royal letter demanding the 
 immediate appointment of agents with authority to consent to the 
 modification of the charter. 
 
 The general court recognized his commission, and ordered him to look closely 
 after the enforcement of the laws of trade. Two agents were appointed. The 
 word "jurisdiction" was substituted for "commonwealth" in the laws, and the 
 death penalty for plotting the overthrow of the colonial constitution was repealed. 
 
 1682. CAROLINA was divided into three counties. 
 
 Colleton embraced the district about Port Royal, Berkeley that about Charles- 
 ton, and Craven that towards Cape Fear. Only Berkeley had population enough 
 for a county court.
 
 138 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1682. 
 
 1682. EAST JERSEY was purchased from the trustees of Car- 
 teret's estate by a company of twelve Quakers, the chief of whom 
 was William Penn. 
 
 They associated with themselves twelve others not all Quakers. 
 
 1682. THE governor-general and the intendant of Canada 
 were recalled, De la Barre and Meules being sent to take their 
 places. 
 
 An assembly of notables, called by De la Barre, sent an agent to France to ask 
 aid in defence against the Indians, which was granted. 
 
 1682. THERE was a mill at Hoboken, New Jersey, which was 
 owned in New York. 
 
 Flour and grain were this year spoken of as articles of export from the eastern 
 section of the colony, and a bakery of biscuit as a desirable improvement for pre- 
 paring their meal for shipment to the West Indies and the other colonies. 
 
 1682. OP South Carolina, a contemporary account says, 
 " Cotton of the cypress and Smyrna sort will grow well, and 
 plenty of seed is sent thither." 
 
 The culture of indigo had been begun with success. 
 
 1682. THE legislature of Virginia legislated further for the 
 encouragement of various industries. 
 
 The export of iron, wool, hides, leather, and animals was forbidden. The 
 price of wheat was fixed at four shillings a bushel, and tobacco ten shillings a 
 hundred pounds ; and at these prices they were made tenders for debt. Trades- 
 men of all kinds settling in the colony were made exempt from debts previously 
 contracted. 
 
 1682. A TAX was laid upon the mills in Maine for the support 
 of Fort Loyal, as a defence against the Indians and the French. 
 
 1682. IN the first assembly under the proprietary govern- 
 ment in Pennsylvania, it was ordered that malt beer should be 
 rated at two pence a quart, and molasses beer at a penny. 
 
 1682, OCTOBER 28. William Penn arrived at New Castle, on 
 the Delaware, and took possession of the territory granted him. 
 
 Twenty-three ships sailed for Pennsylvania this year. Penn had published a 
 "Frame of Government," which had been chiefly prepared by Algernon Sidney. 
 In August he had obtained from the Duke of York a quit-claim for Pennsylvania, 
 and two deeds one for Newcastle and twelve miles round it, and the other for 
 the territory to Cape Henlopen, in which the duke reserved half the rents and 
 profits. 
 
 1682, DECEMBER 4. The first assembly in the province of 
 Pennsylvania met at Chester. 
 
 An act of settlement was framed. Six delegates from each of the six counties 
 were to form the yearly assembly, and three from each county the council. The 
 governor and council jointly proposed the laws. An act of union naturalized the
 
 1682-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 139 
 
 Dutch and Swedish settlers. A code, called the " Great Law," was passed, giving 
 the right to vote to freeholders and taxpayers, "faith in Jesus Christ "being a 
 required qualification. No one who acknowledged the " one Almighty and Eternal 
 God " was to be " molested or prejudiced " for his religious persuasion, or practice 
 in matters of faith and worship; nor to be compelled to "frequent or maintain 
 any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever." Work was, however, for- 
 bidden "every first day of the week, called the Lord's day." Only murder was 
 punishable with death. The trial by jury was established. The eldest son had a 
 double share in the inheritance. The laws were to be printed and taught in the 
 schools. 
 
 1682. PHILADELPHIA was laid out, and, before the end of the 
 year, eighty houses were erected. 
 
 The land was bargained for of the Swedish settlers, who claimed it. A school 
 was organized. A treaty was made with the Indians. 
 
 1683. THE first vessel constructed in New Jersey was built 
 by Samuel Groome, one of the original twelve proprietaries who 
 died this year, leaving it unfinished. 
 
 1683. THE first settlement in Old California was made by 
 Jesuit missionaries. 
 
 1683. THIS year William Penn writes : " Some vessels have 
 been built here, and many boats." 
 
 1683. THE keepers of ordinaries, in New Jersey, for the 
 entertainment of strangers, were prevented by law from collect- 
 ing debts for liquor sold. 
 
 The public fairs held in May and October, in Salem, Burlington, and other 
 places in New Jersey, for the sale of goods, were found to be provocations for so 
 much drunkenness and disorder, that visitors were forbidden to retail liquors in 
 Salem, and the fairs were finally done away with. 
 
 1683. IN a letter from William Penn to the Free Society of 
 Traders, he alludes to their tannery, saw-mill, and glass-house, 
 the last two " conveniently posted for water-carriage/' 
 
 Where the glass-house was is not recorded. The attempt was probably not a 
 success. A successful attempt was made shortly after by the English Friends 
 who settled at Frankfort, near Philadelphia, to establish both a glass-house and 
 pottery works. Penn speaks also of mines of "copper and iron." They were 
 probably in Chester county, where a mine, belonging to Charles Pickering, was 
 early worked. It was situated on Pickering Creek, about twenty-five miles from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1683. THE governor of New York called an assembly, com- 
 posed of seventeen delegates, which met October 17, adopted a 
 charter of liberties, apportioned the representatives to the coun- 
 ties, and claimed to be a free assembly, with the sole right to tax. 
 
 The governor, Thomas Dongan, and the council often, had been appointed by 
 the crown, and sat by themselves. Andros had been recalled to answer the com- 
 plaints against him, and Dongan had been instructed to call an assembly. A per-
 
 140 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA.. [1683. 
 
 petual revenue was granted the Duke by the assembly, to be raised by impost and 
 excise duties. The line between New York and Connecticut was settled substan- 
 tially as it is to-day, by a conference between the governors and councils of the 
 two colonies. 
 
 1683, MARCH 13. The twenty-four owners of East Jersey 
 obtained a patent from the Duke of York, directly to themselves. 
 
 Robert Barclay was appointed governor for life, but never came to the province. 
 His deputy, Rudyard, called an assembly, who reviewed the concessions and 
 enacted a code of laws. 
 
 1683. SETH SOTHEL arrived at Albemarle as governor. 
 
 He had purchased Lord Clarendon's share, and was appointed in Culpepper's 
 place. 
 
 1683. THE general court of Massachusetts authorized its 
 agents to give up Maine, and submit to anything except an 
 infringement of their " liberties and privileges in matters of 
 religion and worship of God." 
 
 Randolph filed charges, and a writ of quo -warranto was issued, which Ran- 
 dolph brought over and served on the magistrates. 
 
 1683. LORD HOWARD of Effingham was sent out to Virginia 
 as governor. 
 
 A frigate was sent with him to enforce the navigation acts. His instructions 
 were to prohibit the erection of a printing-press in the colony, which he carried 
 out by forbidding it "on any occasion whatever." 
 
 1683, APRIL 7. A royal commission was issued to examine 
 and report upon the claims to King's Province. 
 
 This was the territory in dispute between the New England colonies. The 
 members of the commission were Edward Cranfield, the provincial governor of 
 New Hampshire, Wm. Staughton, Joseph Dudley, Ed. Randolph, the agent for 
 the acts of trade in Massachusetts, Samuel Shrimpton, John Fitz Winthrop, 
 Edward Palmer, Nathaniel Saltonstall, and John Pynchon, Jr. Any three of 
 them, of whom Cranfield and Randolph should be members, made a quorum. 
 They collected testimony and sent it to England. 
 
 1683, OCTOBER 19. The royal commission reported to the 
 board of trade, and Edward Cranfield wrote a private letter 
 accompanying the report. 
 
 In this he spoke of the disloyalty of the colonies, and ends that " it will never 
 be otherwise till their charters are broke, and the college at Cambridge utterly 
 extirpated, for from thence these half-witted Philosophers turn either Atheists or 
 seditious Preachers." The report was chiefly in favor of Connecticut. 
 
 1683. THE Indians again began war against the settlements 
 in Canada. 
 
 Governor Dongan, of New York, furnished them arms and advised them against 
 making peace with the French, though his instructions were to cultivate amity 
 with that nation. The rivalry of the fur trade was the clu'ef motive influencing 
 him.
 
 1683-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 141 
 
 1683. THE first grist-mill in Philadelphia county was set 
 up at Germantown by Richard Townsend, a Friend, who came 
 over with William Penn. 
 
 It stood in Church Lane, one mile north-east of Market Square, and was after- 
 wards known as Roberts' Mill. Previously he had erected a mill on the left bank 
 of Chester Creek, about a mile and a half north-west from Chester, out of framed 
 material he had brought from England. The owners of this mill were William 
 Penn, Caleb Pusey, and Samuel Carpenter, whose initials were combined in an 
 iron vane which surmounted it, and which, in 1843, was still doing duty on the top 
 of a Mr. Flower's house. 
 
 1684. A SECOND attempt was made to settle at Worcester, 
 Massachusetts, and a corn and saw-mill was erected there by 
 Captain John Wing. 
 
 1684. ABOUT twelve thousand acres in the township of Ox- 
 ford, Massachusetts, were set apart for the use of thirty families 
 of Huguenot refugees from France. 
 
 These settlers were given the elective franchise by the legislature. They built 
 mills, and planted orchards and vineyards. The settlement was broken up in 1696 
 by the Indians, and some of them settled in Boston. 
 
 1684, NOVEMBER. The charter of Massachusetts was annulled 
 by James II. 
 
 The plea was a misuse of the privileges it granted. A default to appear in 
 answer to the writ of quo warranto was recorded, and next year judgment was 
 entered declaring the charter void. 
 
 1684. RICHARD PIERCE commenced as a printer in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, about this year. 
 
 1684. IN July a conference of four colonies was held at 
 Albany, with the chiefs of the Five Nations. 
 
 The movement for this originated with the Indians. They feared the French 
 intended to encroach upon their hunting-grounds, and desiring peace with the 
 English, made this known through Governor Dongan of New York. At the con- 
 ference, Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York were represented as 
 follows : The Right Hon. Francis Lord Howard, Baron of Effingham, governor- 
 general of Virginia, acting also for Maryland ; Colonel Thomas Dongan, governor 
 of New York, and the magistrates of Albany ; Stephanus Van Cortlandt, as the 
 agent of Massachusetts. Several sachems were present. The northern and 
 southern colonies met for the first time, and a treaty was formed, concerning ter- 
 ritory extending from the St. Croix to the Albemarle. 
 
 1684, JUNE. The Rhode Island assembly, in answer to a 
 petition from some Israelites, assured them that they might 
 expect as good protection as any other resident foreigners, being 
 obedient to the laws. 
 
 1684. THE assembly of New York passed an act, giving the 
 exclusive right to New York city, of making or bolting flour 
 within the province ; " nor noe fiouer or bread to be imported
 
 142 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1684. 
 
 into this city, from any other part of the Province, under pain 
 of forfeiture." 
 
 The council of the city petitioned the governor to confirm this act, which was 
 done. 
 
 1684. A MALT-HOUSE was built in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. 
 
 Barley was this year quoted at two shillings, currency, the bushel. At Perth 
 Amboy a brewer and a baker were much needed. Wages were two shillings and 
 six pence a day, while it was said that not above a third of the work required in 
 England was expected of them, and their living was much better, being beef, pork, 
 bacon, pudding, milk, butter, with good beer and cider. 
 
 1684. LETTERS from New Jersey of this date speak of a 
 plenty of material for linen, as being raised in the province. 
 
 Flax twice heckled sold for nine pence a pound, and wool was cheap. 
 
 1684. THE letters of the proprietaries and settlers in East 
 New Jersey represent the style of houses built by the colonists. 
 
 Gawen Laurie, who had succeeded Rudyard, speaks of them as built " of trees 
 split, and set up one end in the ground and the other nailed to the rising." They 
 were roofed with shingles, and plastered inside. Barns were built in the same 
 way, at a cost of about five pounds each. 
 
 " We have good brick earth," writes Laurie, " and stone for building, at Amboy 
 and elsewhere. The country farm-houses they build very cheap ; a carpenter 
 with a man's own servants builds the house ; they have all the materials for noth- 
 ing, save nails. The chimneys are stone." 
 
 1684. GERMANTOWN, near Philadelphia, was founded by Pas- 
 torius, as the agent of the Frankfort Land Company in Germany. 
 
 1684. THE first Friends' meeting-house in Philadelphia, "a 
 large plain brick building," was erected " far out Market Street, 
 at Centre Square." 
 
 Philadelphia contained over three hundred houses. 
 
 1684. A TAX on liquors was laid by the assembly of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 1684. A LAW was passed by the assembly of Virginia "for 
 the advancement of manufactures for the growth of the colony." 
 
 This act was specially intended for the encouragement of the manufacture of 
 linen and woollen cloth. Chalmers says " it was disallowed by the Committee of 
 Plantations because it was deemed contrary to the acts of navigation." 
 
 1684. CRANFIELD, the governor of New Hampshire, retired 
 from that province. 
 
 He claimed to be fearful for his safety, from the discontent'of the settlers, and 
 fled to Boston. The people of New Hampshire sent agents to England to com- 
 plain of him, and he asked to be recalled, "that the world might see that it was 
 not him, but the royal commission they cavilled at, and that his real offence was 
 his attempt to put the king's commands in execution." The next year Deputy- 
 Governor Barefoote was put in command.
 
 1684-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 1684. THE Marquis de Denonville was sent as governor to 
 Canada. 
 
 He brought with him a further supply of French troops. De la Barre had 
 made a fruitless expedition against the Indians. De Champigny was sent out as 
 intendant, to Canada, in the place of Meules. He brought with him also more 
 troops. To raise money for the war, bills were issued payable in France. 
 
 1685. A SECOND edition of the Bible, in the Indian language, 
 was issued this year. 
 
 This edition was revised by Mr. Eliot and the Rev. Mr. Cotton. It was printed 
 by Green, and consisted of two thousand copies. It was six years in the press. 
 While it was printing, a letter from Mr. Eliot to Mr. Boyle, dated 1682, says : 
 " We have but one man, viz., the Indian printer, that is able to compose the sheets 
 and correct the Press with understanding." In 1685, another letter between the 
 same parties acknowledges the receipt of nine hundred pounds, in three payments, 
 for carrying it through the press. Mr. Eliot gave a part of his salary towards 
 aiding the printing, and remitted another part, to pay Mr. Cotton for his assist- 
 ance. 
 
 1685, OCTOBER 8. A president and council, to govern Massa- 
 chusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and King's Province, were 
 appointed. 
 
 The commission was composed of sixteen persons, residents of New England. 
 Joseph Dudley was president, and Edward Randolph secretary. 
 
 1685. WRITS of quo warranto were issued by the English 
 government against Rhode Island, Connecticut, East and West 
 Jersey, and Maryland. 
 
 Those for New England were intrusted to Edward Randolph to serve. He had 
 suggested them. The following letter was sent with the writ to Rhode Island ; 
 the writ itself has been lost. The letter is in the collections of the R. I. Historical 
 Society: "London, October 6, 1685. Gentlemen. This day was delivered to my 
 hand (as I am secondary to the sheriff of London), a writt of cowarranto ishewing 
 out of the Crowne ofice of the Court of King's bench at Westminster, against 
 you the Gov nr and Company of the English colony of the Rhoade Island and the 
 providence plantations in New England in America, Requiring your appearance 
 before his Majesty wheresoever he shall then be in Ingland, from the daye of 
 Easter in fifteen days to answer unto our Lord the King by what warrant you claim 
 to have and youse divers libertyes and franchieses w th in the sd Colony vizt, in 
 the parish of Saint Michaell Barsiesham, London, of which you are impeached, 
 and that you may not be Ignorant of any part of the contents of the sd writt, I 
 have in closed unto you a true coppia of the sd writt (in his Majesty's name 
 requiring your appearance to it), and aquainting you that in defalte thereof you 
 will be proseeded against to the outlawry, whereby the libertys and franchises you 
 claime and now Injoye will be forfited to the King and your Charter annulled. 
 Of this Gents plese to take notiss, from your humble servant (unknown) Ri. 
 Normansell." 
 
 1685. A NEW commission was sent to Governor Dongan of 
 New York. 
 
 It authorized him, with his council, to enact laws and impose taxes. He was 
 also specially instructed to allow no printing.
 
 144 ANXALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1685-6. 
 
 1685. A ROYAL custom-house was established at Charleston, 
 Carolina. 
 
 The proprietaries sent strict orders for the enforcement of the acts of trade, 
 but the people resisted them so strenuously that a writ of quo warrantow&s issued 
 against the proprietaries, in answer to which they proposed to surrender the 
 charter. 
 
 1685. IN Maryland the collection of the duties met with 
 great opposition. 
 
 Though Lord Baltimore hastened to England to prevent it, a writ of quo war- 
 ranto was issued. 
 
 1685. THE clerk of the assembly in Virginia, Beverley, was 
 declared by the king incapable of public employment, and the 
 governor was ordered to dissolve the assembly and appoint a fit 
 person for clerk. 
 
 Beverley had taken part with the people in their protests against arbitrary exer- 
 cise of power by the government. 
 
 1685. ABOUT this time William Penn, at his mansion house, 
 a few miles above Bristol, Pennsylvania, erected a malt-house, a 
 brew-bouse, and a bakery, all under the same roof. 
 
 From the accounts of his establishment it appears that Penn tried to manufac- 
 ture his supply of beer, cider, and wine. His coffee, in the bean, brought from 
 New York, is charged at eighteen shillings and nine pence the pound. 
 
 1685. A SUPERIOR horse-mill was built at Perth Amboy, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 A letter, dated March 9, written to a friend in Scotland, and dated New Perth, 
 contains the following notice of it : "I am told that the mill will be worth one 
 hundred pounds a year, but I am sure she will be better than fifty of clear money, 
 for every Scot's boll of wheat or Indian corn payes here for grinding of it two 
 shillings sterling. This house and mill stands me a great deal of money, but 
 there is none such in this country, nor ever was." He says also that the great 
 wheel was thirty feet in diameter. 
 
 1685. The privy council, in the dispute concerning their 
 boundaries between Lord Baltimore and Penn, assigned to Penn 
 half the territory between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, 
 north of the latitude of Cape Henlopen. 
 
 A dispute began in Pennsylvania between the assembly, discontented with its 
 subordinate position, and the proprietor, complaining of the lack of his receipts, 
 that he had not received even " the present of a skin or a pound of tobacco." 
 
 1686, JUNE 3. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed by the 
 royal commission the governor of all New England. 
 
 His final instructions were to demand the charters of the colonies, and to pro- 
 hibit printing. Before his arrival, the collector of customs, Randolph, had 
 interdicted the printing, at Boston, of an almanac without his permission. 
 
 1686, JULY 20. The Rhode Island assembly resolved not to
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 145 
 
 stand suit with the king, but to submit, and send a humble 
 petition to his Majesty, asking a continuance of their charter 
 privileges. 
 
 They also declared it "lawful for the freemen of each town in this colony to 
 meet together and appoint five, or more or fewer, days in the year for their assem- 
 bling together, as the freemen of each town shall conclude to be convenient, for 
 the managing the affairs of their respective towns." 
 
 1686, JULY 21. A special assembly was convened at Hart- 
 ford, Connecticut, on the reception of the writ of quo warranto 
 from Edward Randolph, and an agent was appointed to carry a 
 petition to the king. 
 
 1686, DECEMBER 20. Sir Edmund Andros arrived in Boston. 
 
 His commission superseded Dudley, and placed him also in command of Plym- 
 outh, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Dudley was made by him chief justice, and 
 Randolph soon after secretary. Andros was brought by a frigate called the Rose, 
 and brought with him two companies of royal troops ; the first ever stationed in 
 New England. It will be well to note here some of the acts of his government 
 which made it so unpopular ; the specific resistance made to them will appear in 
 their right places. The Puritan theocracy was overthrown, and the service of 
 Episcopacy introduced; public fees were greatly increased, those of probate about 
 twenty-fold ; town governments were almost abolished ; colonies were made simple 
 counties ; land-owners were forced to great expense to defend writs of intrusion ; 
 marriages were finally forbidden except before an Episcopal clergyman, of whom 
 there was only one in Massachusetts ; passports were made obligatory ; the Puri- 
 tan form of the oath, holding up the hand, was replaced by placing the hand on 
 the Bible ; the Quakers and other dissenters from Puritanism were encouraged in 
 refusing to pay taxes for the support of the settled Puritan clergy. 
 
 1686, DECEMBER 30. The council of Sir Edmund Andros met 
 at Boston. 
 
 It consisted of nineteen members. This was its first and last meeting. 
 
 1686. ALBANY, New York, was given a city charter by 
 Governor Dongan. 
 
 1686. THE assembly in Carolina denied the authenticity of 
 a copy of the " Grand Model," which the governor showed them 
 for the first time. 
 
 They preferred the rough draft brought over by the colony. The refractory 
 members were expelled. 
 
 1686. A SECOND mill was built in the town of Newbury, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The records state that " the towne being sensible of the great want of another 
 come mill," a committee was appointed to examine the most suitable place or 
 places " for ye setting up of a mill." 
 
 1686. JONAS PRESCOTT set up a saw-mill in Groton, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 He had been granted permission to use Stony Brook for this purpose, provided 
 
 10
 
 146 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1686. 
 
 " he should accommodate the town with merchantable boards at sixpence a hun- 
 dred feet cheaper than they were sold at any other saw-mills, and for town pay, 
 and that the town be supplied before any other persons, provided, always, the saw 
 mill do not hinder the corn mill." 
 
 1686. IN New York city, a regulation was made concerning 
 the bakers, of whom there were twenty-four in the city. 
 
 It was ordered that they should be divided into six classes, and one class be 
 appointed to serve for each working-day of the week. The population of the 
 province was then about twenty thousand. The price of a white loaf weigh- 
 ing twelve ounces was fixed two years before at six stivers wampum. 
 
 1686. ABOUT this time fairs were commenced in the settle- 
 ments of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of trading. 
 
 It is said that such was the great scarcity of money, that at the first one held 
 only ten dollars of money was received for sales. 
 
 1686. A SEMINARY or public school was established by the 
 Friends in Philadelphia. 
 
 Its charter declares that "the prosperity and welfare of any people depended 
 in a great measure upon the good education of their youth which cannot be 
 effected in any manner so well as by erecting public schools for the purpose afore- 
 said." George Keith, a Scotch Quaker, was the first instructor in this school. 
 He was succeeded at the end of the first year by Thomas Makin, the author of two 
 Latin poems upon Pennsylvania. 
 
 1686. JOHN BLACKWELL, of Boston, petitioned the general 
 court of Massachusetts, for himself and others, for liberty to start 
 a bank, which was granted. 
 
 The Massachusetts Archives says : "And having perused and considered a pro- 
 posall made to iis by John Blackwell, of Boston, Esqr. on behalf of himself and 
 divers others, his participants, as well in England as in this country," permission 
 was granted the " conservatives " of the bank to issue bills on real and personal 
 security and merchandise. In a pamphlet entitled " A letter from one in Boston, 
 to his friend in. the country, in answer to a Letter directed to John Burrill Esqr. 
 1714," the writer says : " Our fathers about twenty-eight years ago entered into 
 a partnership to circulate their notes, founded on land security, stamped on paper 
 as our Province bills now arc." 
 
 1686. A PRINTING-PRESS was set up in Philadelphia by Wil- 
 liam Bradford. 
 
 The press was located at Schackamaxon, now Kensington. 
 
 William Bradford's first publication is said by some authorities to have been 
 an almanac for 1G87, by Daniel Leeds, " student in Agriculture." There is a copy 
 of it in the Philadelphia Library. The following extract from the Council Book 
 would seem to indicate that an almanac was printed by Bradford before this date. 
 The extract is dated "1685, 9 th day 11 month, or November 9 th ." The secretary 
 reporting to the council that in "the chronologic of the Almanac sett forth by 
 Samuel Atkins, of Philadelphia, and printed by William Bradford, of the same 
 place, there was these words ; (the beginning of government here by the Lord 
 Penn), the Council sent for Samuel Atkins, and ordered him to blot out the words
 
 1687-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 147 
 
 Lord Penn ; and likewise for William Bradford, the printer, and gave him charge 
 not to print any thing but what shall have lycence from the Council." 
 
 1G87, OCTOBER 26. Sir Edmund Andros, with troops, went to 
 Hartford, Connecticut, to compel a surrender of the charter. 
 
 The assembly was in session, and sat until evening, when suddenly the lamps 
 were put out, and on relighting them, the charter, which had been lying on the 
 table, had disappeared. It was then hidden in a tree, known thereafter as the 
 Charter Oak, and preserved from him. He, however, took possession of 1 the gov- 
 ernment, writing upon the volume of the records his transfer, and inscribing upon 
 it, in capitals, the word Finis. Captain Joseph Wadsworth took the charter and 
 secreted it. 
 
 1687, OCTOBER. The jurisdiction of the disputed Narragan- 
 sett territory was given to Rhode Island, by Governor Andros. 
 
 This was the territory set aside as the King's Province. 
 
 1687, NOVEMBER. Governor Andros visited Rhode Island, 
 and at Newport demanded the charter, but as it could not be 
 found, he broke the seal of the state, 
 
 The charter had been intrusted by Governor Clarke to his brother, who kept 
 it concealed. A new seal was made as soon as it was needed. 
 
 1687. THIS year there were six churches of baptized Indiana 
 in Massachusetts, twenty-four native preachers, and eighteen 
 assemblies of catechumens professing Christianity. 
 
 1687. BRICKS and pan-tyles paid a duty on importation into 
 New York of forty shillings on the hundred pounds' worth. 
 
 1687. THE Baron la Honton visited Niagara. 
 
 1687. A NEW assembly in Carolina proved more refractory 
 than the last. 
 
 The freemen, it is said, chose " such members as engaged to oppose the gover- 
 nor in all things." The attempt being made to collect the quit-rents, the assembly 
 imprisoned the secretary of the province, and set the governor at defiance. 
 
 1687. AN army from Canada proceeded against the Indians. 
 
 It consisted of eight hundred French regulars, a thousand Canadian troops, and 
 three hundred friendly Indians. They built a fort at Niagara, and ravaged the 
 country of the Seneca Indians. 
 
 1688, APRIL 7. A new commission was sent to Sir Edmund 
 Andros, extending his government over all New England, and 
 annexing New York and the Jerseys. 
 
 He was given a council of forty-two persons. Five were to be a quorum in 
 certain cases, and seven at any time. Liberty of conscience was permitted, but 
 the freedom of the press was subject to the will of Andros. 
 
 1688, JULY 5. Sir Edmund Andros received his new com- 
 mission, and moved his headquarters to New York. 
 
 1688. THE price in Philadelphia for spinning worsted or
 
 148 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1688-9. 
 
 linen was two shillings the pound, and for knitting coarse yarn 
 stockings, half a crown a pair. For weaving linen half a yard 
 wide, twelve pence a yard. Wool carders were paid twelve 
 pence a pound, and journeymen tailors, twelve shillings a week 
 and " their diet." 
 
 1688. MR. CLAYTON, in a letter of this date to the Royal 
 Society, speaks of the superior quality of the clay found in Vir- 
 ginia, and says he had made a large crucible of it, which was the 
 best he had ever seen. 
 
 He mentions also the pipes and pots, very handsomely made, by the Indians, 
 out of clay. 
 
 1688. THE King's Chapel, the first Episcopal church, was 
 built in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1688. THE discontent in Virginia increased. The governor, 
 Effingham, went to England, and the assembly sent an agent there 
 to complain of his conduct. 
 
 During Effingham's absence, the president of the council, Nathaniel Bacon, 
 administered the government. 
 
 1688. TflElroquois made peace with the French, who aban- 
 doned their fort and surrendered the prisoners they had made. 
 
 Some of their Indian prisoners had been shipped to France to serve in the 
 
 1689. A "NEWS PLACARD," a sheet to be posted up, giving 
 the news, is said to have been printed this year in Boston, Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 1689. A RELIGIOUS controversy, which became very acri- 
 monious, began between the Quakers of Pennsylvania and the 
 settlers of New England. 
 
 It began by a tract written by George Keith, of Philadelphia, and printed by 
 William Bradford, arraigning the ministers and churches of New England for their 
 persecution of the Quakers. 
 
 1689. Six years after its settlement, Philadelphia contained 
 one thousand houses, and freighted ten ships for the West Indies 
 alone, with the produce of the province. About this time four- 
 teen cargoes of tobacco were exported in a year. 
 
 1689. A PUBLIC high school was established in Philadelphia 
 and chartered by Penn. 
 
 1689. THE three lower counties on the Delaware began to 
 question the authority by which they had been transferred to the 
 jurisdiction of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1689. COLETON, the governor of Carolina, declared martial 
 law, and called out the militia. 
 
 1689, APRIL 18. News having been received at Boston of
 
 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 149 
 
 the successful revolution in England and the flight of King James, 
 a meeting was held at the town house, and Governor Andros was 
 summoned to surrender the government. 
 
 Captain George of the frigate Rose was seized and put in prison, and the next 
 day the castle surrendered. Twenty-five officers of the government were im- 
 prisoned. 
 
 1689, APRIL 23. The news reached Rhode Island, and 
 Dudley, the chief justice, was seized and imprisoned. 
 
 1689, MAY 1. The freemen of Rhode Island met at Newport 
 and resumed the government under the charter. 
 
 An address was prepared to "the present supreme power of England," stating 
 what had been done, and praying that it might be confirmed. 
 
 1689, MAY 9. The assembly of Connecticut was convened 
 and the charter resumed. 
 
 1689, MAY 22. In Massachusetts, a convention of representa- 
 tives from the towns was held, and it was voted to reorganize the 
 government with the same officers who had been superseded. 
 
 Plymouth had before resumed its government. The officers in Massachusetts 
 accepted provisionally, saying they did "not intend an assumption of charter 
 government." 
 
 1689, MAY 23. The council in Virginia proclaimed William 
 and Mary " Lord and Lady of Virginia." 
 
 They did so only after orders were received from the privy council of England. 
 
 1689, MAY 26. The news was received at Boston that William 
 and Mary had ascended the throne. 
 
 As the news spread, the new dynasty was proclaimed throughout New England. 
 
 1689, JUNE 1. An insurrection of the people in New York 
 city captured the fort, and the militia, consisting of five com- 
 panies, making their captain, Jacob Leisler, commander, agreed 
 to hold the fort " for the present Protestant power that rules in 
 England." 
 
 The Protestant sentiment of the people was greatly excited by a rumor of a 
 plot, by the adherents of James II. to massacre those opposed to Catholicism. A 
 committee of safety, consisting of ten members, Dutch, Huguenot, and English, 
 made Leisler "captain of the fort," and authorized him "to use the power and 
 authority of commander-in-chief until orders shall come from their majesties ;" 
 meanwhile "to do all such acts as are requisite for the good of the province, 
 taking council with the militia and civil authority as occasion may require." A 
 deputation from Connecticut promised aid, and advised persistence. Leisler 
 wrote to the king an account of his proceedings, and Nicholson, the governor, 
 left the province for England. The members of the council retired to Albany, 
 where they claimed to be the only true government, denounced Leisler as an " arch 
 rebel," and professed loyalty to the new sovereigns in England. 
 
 1689. ALBANY, fearing an attack from the Indians, had asked
 
 150 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1689. 
 
 aid from New York, which Leisler sent, but the council refused 
 to receive it, and asked aid from Connecticut, which was given. 
 
 1689, JULY 30. An order was issued from the English gov- 
 ernment, requiring the authorities of Massachusetts to send Sir 
 Edmund Andros and the rest of the prisoners to England by the 
 first vessel. 
 
 Sir Edmund Andros escaped from the castle in which he was imprisoned, and 
 fled to Newport, where he was captured and sent back to Boston, and again im- 
 prisoned. The order from England had been obtained from William III. by the 
 representations of Increase Mather, who had before the revolution gone to Eng- 
 land to represent the cause of the colony. 
 
 1689, AUGUST. The Iroquois broke their peace with the 
 French, and surprising Montreal, spread terror all over Canada. 
 
 About two hundred of the inhabitants were killed and as many carried off as 
 captives. The population of Canada amounted at this time to about eleven thou- 
 sand persons, and was scattered sparsely over an immense territory. While the 
 head-waters of the rivers flowing into the Atlantic were wholly unexplored, and 
 much of the coast itself was unvisited, the fur traders and missionaries of the 
 French had explored the lakes of the West, the Mississippi in its entire length, 
 and many of its tributaries. The population of Acadie did not exceed two thou- 
 sand, none of the settlements being much more than trading stations. The 
 Indians were, however, entirely under French influence, and added much to their 
 strength. 
 
 1689, AUGUST. A convention in Maryland deposed Lord Bal- 
 timore, and proclaimed William and Mary. 
 
 It was called by an " association in arms for the defence of the Protestant 
 religion." All the counties were not represented. A story had been circulated 
 that the Papists were in league with the Indians to massacre the Protestants. 
 The council had delayed to proclaim the new sovereigns. Lord Baltimore sent 
 orders to do so by a special messenger, who arrived after the insurrection had 
 successfully established itself. The convention sent an address to the new sover- 
 eigns, and a letter to Leisler, at New York. 
 
 1689. CIRCULAR letters were sent from England to the colo- 
 nies, confirming the authority of colonial officers holding com- 
 missions from the late king. 
 
 Under this the revolutionary government in Maryland retained command for 
 three years. Later, a letter to New York, addressed to "such as, for the time 
 being, administer affairs," was received by Leisler, and under it he assumed the 
 title of lieutenant-governor, arrested his chief opponents, and called an assembly. 
 
 1689, OCTOBER. Count Frontenac arrived in Canada as gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 He had been recommissioned, and brought with him troops, supplies, and such 
 Indian captives as had survived the galleys, and a plan for conquering and occu- 
 pying New York. While he advanced by land, the Chevalier de la Coffiniere was 
 to attack it by sea. The garrison had retired from Fort Frontenac, after burning 
 the fort. Three war parties were soon sent out.
 
 1690.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 151 
 
 1690. THE whale-fishery was commenced on a large scale in 
 Nantucket. 
 
 From the earliest period of the settlement of the country this branch of fishing 
 had been practised near the shore in small boats, but in this year the first distant 
 voyage for this specific purpose was made from this port. 
 
 Ichabod Paddock, from Cape Cod, is said to have been the first man in Nan- 
 tucket who captured a whale in a boat from the shore. He did so this year. 
 
 1690. BERWICK, Maine, was assaulted by the Indiana, who 
 killed thirty of the settlers, carried off fifty-four captives, and 
 burned all the buildings. 
 
 The Indians were one of Frontenac's parties. 
 
 1690. POUGHKEEPSIE, on the Hudson River, was settled by 
 Dutch families from New York city. 
 
 In 1778 the legislature was convened at Poughkeepsie by Governor Clinton, 
 which gave its assent to the articles of confederation ; and here, on July 26, 1788, 
 the national constitution was ratified by the state convention assembled for the 
 purpose. In 1854 a city charter was granted the town. There are large iron- 
 works established here, various factories, aiidVassar's brewery works, from which 
 over thirty thousand barrels of ale a year are sent. 
 
 1690, FEBRUARY. Sir Edmund Andros was sent from Boston, 
 as a prisoner, to England for trial. 
 
 The charges against Andros were prepared by Sir Henry Ashurst, Increase 
 Mather, and others, and were answered by him. A copy of the charges, and the 
 reply, are in the State Paper Office in London. The charges were dismissed by 
 William III. on the ground of insufficiency; that Andros had done nothing which 
 his instructions did not fully warrant. 
 
 1690, FEBRUARY 8. The Indians from Canada attacked and 
 slaughtered the settlement at Schenectady. A few inhabitants 
 escaped and fled to Albany. 
 
 This massacre produced .a great excitement throughout all the colonies, and 
 made the necessity of union for their defence more apparent. The Five Nations 
 sent a delegation of their chiefs to Albany on a visit of condolence. " Bretheren," 
 they said, "we come with tears in our eyes to bemoan the blood shed at Schenec- 
 tady by the perfidious French. Bretheren, be patient. Send to New England. 
 Tell them what has happened. They will lend us a helping hand." 
 
 1690, MARCH 19. The general court of Massachusetts sent 
 out an invitation to the other colonies to meet and take measures 
 for their defence. This was the first call for a general congress 
 in America. 
 
 The order was thus entered: "Their majestys' subjects in these northern 
 plantations of America having of late been invaded by the Frcncli and Indians, 
 and many of them barbarously murdered, and are in great danger of further 
 mischiefs : For the prevention whereof, it is by this court thought necessary that 
 letters be written to the several governors of the neighbouring colonies, desiring 
 them to appoint commissioners to meet at New York on the last Monday of April 
 next, there to advise and conclude on suitable methods in assisting each other for
 
 152 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1690. 
 
 the safety of the whole land, and that the governor of New York be desired to 
 signify the same to Virginia, Maryland, and parts adjacent." 
 
 1690, APRIL 2. Jacob Leisler, then acting as governor of New 
 York, addressed a circular letter to the governors, and on the 
 1st of May the delegates from Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecti- 
 cut, and New York met, and agreed to raise eight hundred and 
 fifty-five men. 
 
 The delegates from Massachusetts were William Steughton and Samuel Sewall ; 
 from Connecticut, Nathaniel Gold and William Pitkin; from Plymouth, John 
 Walley ; from New York, Jacob Leisler and P. D. Lanoy, the mayor of the city. 
 The agreement provided for the contingent to be furnished by each of the colo- 
 nies ; the major commanding the force to be appointed by the lieutenant-governor 
 of New York, and the next in command by the colonies of Massachusetts, Plym- 
 outh, and Connecticut. That "all plunder and capture (if any happen) shall be 
 divided to the officers and soldiers according to the custom of war." That the 
 major and the rest of the commissioned officers should form a council of war. 
 That the soldiers sent out should be employed in no other service than this, 
 without the further consent of the colonies. That the "officers be required to 
 maintain good order among the soldiers, to discountenance and punish vice, and 
 as much as may be to keep the Sabbath and maintain the worship of God." The 
 resolve to attack Canada was the result of the meeting. 
 
 1690, AUGUST 2. The law officers of the crown rendered an 
 opinion that the charter of Connecticut having been not revoked, 
 but suspended, remaiued still in full force. 
 
 This opinion was also given later concerning Rhode Island, and this decision 
 justified the resumption of the government by both colonies. 
 
 1690, AUGUST 12. An expedition, under Sir William Phipps, 
 sailed from Boston to conquer Canada. 
 
 It consisted of thirty-two vessels, and was defeated at Quebec. To pay the 
 expenses of this expedition, the first issue of bills of credit was made. Earlier in 
 the year, Phipps had commanded an expedition which captured Port Royal and 
 pillaged the country. The land forces to attack Montreal were equally unsuccess- 
 ful. 
 
 1690, SEPTEMBER 25. The first newspaper in America was 
 issued in Boston, Massachusetts, by Richard Pierce. It was 
 suppressed by the legislature, because " it came out contrary to 
 law, and contained reflections of a very high nature." 
 
 The only copy of the first number of this issue which is known to exist was 
 found some years ago in the Colonial State Paper Office in London. It bears the 
 following date and imprint : " Boston, Thursday, September 25th, 1690. Printed 
 by R. Pierce for Benjamin Harris, at the London Coffee House, 1690." The 
 Publisher promises that the country " shall be furnished once a moneth, (or, if a 
 Glut of Occurences happen, oftener,) with an Account of such considerable 
 things as have occurred unto our notice ; to give a faithful relation of all such 
 things ; to enlighten the public as to the occurrents of Divine Providence," the 
 circumstances of public affairs at home and abroad ; to attempt the curing, or at 
 least the charming of the spirit of lying then prevalent ; and to aid in tracing 
 out and convicting the raisers of false reports. It gives a summary of current
 
 1690-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 153 
 
 events, of the departure of the expedition under Sir Wm. Phipps for Canada ; of 
 the ravages of the small-pox, and a malignant fever at Boston ; of a fire there on 
 the l(5th and 17th which burned several houses, caused one death, and destroyed 
 the " best furnished Printing Press of those few we know of in America." It 
 mentions the capture of St. Christopher by the French, and the landing of King 
 William in Ireland at the head of an army, together with other items of news. 
 This entire paper is reprinted in Hudson's Journalism in the United States. 
 
 Benjamin Harris, who published this paper, was a printer and bookseller from 
 London, where the discontent of the authorities with Ids publications caused him 
 to go to Boston, in New England. He subsequently moved from the London 
 Codec House to Cornhill, where he operated a press chiefly for booksellers. In 
 1G92 he had a commission from Governor Phipps to print the laws. 
 
 1690, OCTOBER 29. The small-pox broke out in Newport, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 It was so virulent that the assembly was not held there this year. 
 
 1690. THK six councillors from the three southern counties 
 of Pennsylvania seceded, and set up an independent government 
 for themselves. 
 
 William Penn finally consented to it, and appointed Markham his deputy for 
 the Delaware counties, and Lloyd his deputy for Pennsylvania. Early the next 
 year Penn himself was, by an order of the privy council in England, deprived of 
 his administration of both these provinces. 
 
 1690. SAMUEL GREEN, a son of the superintendent of the 
 first press at Cambridge, and his wife, who was a most efficient 
 aid to him in his business of printing, died of the small-pox in 
 Boston, and his brother, Bartholomew Green, commenced the 
 business. 
 
 Bartholomew Green was for about forty years the printer for the government, 
 and the leading publisher in Boston. 
 
 1690. THIS year, in New York, a number of the London 
 Gazette, it is said, was reprinted in order to give the public infor- 
 mation of the events which had transpired. 
 
 This copy of the Gazette is said to have contained an account of an engage- 
 ment with the French. It is, however, quite problematical whether this is true, 
 since at this time there is no record of the existence of a printing-press in New 
 York city. 
 
 1690, DECEMBER. The first issue of paper money was made 
 by Massachusetts. 
 
 It was to pay the expense incurred for the expedition against Canada. Until 
 1704 the issue was cancelled each year, each issue being considered a loan for its 
 amount. The notes ranged from five shillings to five pounds, and the amount 
 issued was forty thousand pounds. They were receivable for taxes, and redeem- 
 able out of any money in the treasury. 
 
 1691, MARCH. Colonel Henry Sloughter arrived at New York 
 with a commission as governor from William III.
 
 154 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1691. 
 
 An independent company of English soldiers was sent over at the same time, 
 for the defence of the province. Sloughter caused the arrest of Leisler and his 
 council for high treason. 
 
 1691, APRIL. William III. granted a charter to a college in 
 Virginia. 
 
 It was intended to educate ministers for the Church of England, and also for 
 the education of the Indians. The college was provided with a president, six 
 professors, and a hundred scholars, more or less, who had a representative in the 
 House of Burgesses. It was under the control of a rector and eighteen visitors, 
 who filled their own vacancies. The king granted quit-rents, unpaid, amounting 
 to two thousand pounds, twenty thousand acres of land, a duty on tobacco, and 
 the office of surveyor-general, while the assembly granted it a duty on skins and 
 furs. 
 
 1691, MAY 16. Jacob Leisler and his son-in-law, Jacob Mil- 
 borne, were hanged, and their heads then severed from their 
 bodies. 
 
 Jacob Leisler was a native of Frankfort, Germany, and emigrated as a soldier 
 to New Amsterdam in 1660. Soon commencing business as a merchant, he was 
 successful, and in 1683 was appointed one of the commissioners of a court of 
 admiralty. A hearty supporter of the cause of popular rights against the aristo- 
 cratic tendency of the rulers then in authority, lie was imprisoned by Andros. 
 When the popular movement overthrew the government established by James II., 
 Leisler accepted the position of lieutenant-governor from a "committee of 
 safety," composed of delegates from the several towns and the city. His admin- 
 istration was rigorous. The opposition pursued him with rancor, and finally a 
 special court, of which Joseph Dudley, a native of Massachusetts, was the judge, 
 tried him for treason, and sentenced him, with his son-in-law, Jacob Milborne, 
 to death. On the scaffold he ended his remarks by saying: "I am a dying man, 
 and do declare before God and the world that what I have done was for King 
 William and Queen Mary, for the defence of the Profestant religion, and the good 
 of the country. I am ready I am ready." Increase Mather, in a letter to 
 Dudley, the judge who condemned him, written January 20, 1708, says: "I am 
 afraid that the guilt of innocent blood is still crying in the ears of the Lord 
 against you ; I mean the blood of Leisler and Milborne. My Lord Bellamont 
 said to me that he was one of the committee of parliament who examined the 
 matter, and that those men were not only murdered, but barbarously murdered." 
 The dying speeches of Leisler and Milborne are in the Documentary History of 
 New York. The Privy Council recommended their estates to be restored, and 
 Parliament subsequently reversed their attainder for treason. 
 
 1691, AUGUST 6. The governor and council of New York, in 
 a petition to the king, advocated the union of the colonies. 
 
 They said: "There can be nothing in America more conducive to your 
 majesty's dignity and advantage, and for the safety of your majesty's subjects 
 upon this continent, than that Connecticut, East and West New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and the three lower counties (Delaware), here-annexed to your Majesty's 
 province (New York), which will then be a government of sufficient extent." 
 
 1691, OCTOBER 7. The province of Massachusetts Bay was
 
 1691.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 155 
 
 incorporated by a charter issued by William and Mary, with Sir 
 William Phipps as governor. 
 
 By its terms this charter covered the following territory : The colony of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, the colony of New Plymouth, the province of Maine, the territory 
 called Acadia, Nova Scotia, and all that tract of land called Sagadahoc, lying 
 between Nova Scotia and Maine. Westward, it extended towards the South Sea 
 as far as the colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut, and the Narragansett 
 country. The governor, lieutenant-governor, and secretary, were appointed by 
 the crown. The governor had a veto on the acts of the general court, the repre- 
 sentatives of which were elected by the people, while the councillors, for the first 
 year nominated by the crown, were yearly elected afterwards by the representa- 
 tives and the previous council. A superior court was established from which 
 appeals lay to the king in council. Toleration was given to all sects but papists. 
 The right of suffrage was given to all possessors of a freehold of forty shillings, 
 or personal property of forty pounds. 
 
 1691. THE first assembly convened in New York after the 
 Eevolution consisted of seventeen delegates. 
 
 Its acts stand first in the series of New York statutes, the Dutch usages being 
 now abandoned. One of its acts was the repeal of all former laws. The king 
 vetoed a statute declaring the right of the people to legislate through an assembly ; 
 but the assembly was not consequently abandoned. 
 
 1691. UNDER the authority of the act passed in 1684, all the 
 flour not bolted in New York city was ordered to be seized. 
 
 This year a petition was sent to the king, as follows: "The humble address 
 of the Governor and Council of your Majesty's Province of New Yorke and De- 
 pendencys, August 6th, 1691," in which it was stated: "New Yorke is the 
 Metropolis, is scituate upon a barren island, bounded by Hudson's River and the 
 East River, that runs into the Sound, and hath nothing to support it but trade, 
 which chiefly flows from flower and bread they make of the corne the west end 
 of Long Island, and Zopus (Esopus) produceth, which is sent to the West Indies; 
 and there is brought in return from thence a liquor called Runime, the duty 
 whereof considerably increaseth your Majestie's revenue." 
 
 1691. AN act of the assembly of South Carolina and Georgia 
 was passed this year to encourage the making of " engines for 
 the propagating the Staples of the Colony." 
 
 1691. THE assembly in Virginia appointed searchers and 
 examiners of leather. 
 
 A special colonial treasurer was created to receive the tax on liquors imported, 
 and that on furs. 
 
 1691. COLONEL CHURCH led an expedition against the East- 
 Indians. 
 
 He destroyed an Indian village at the site of Lewiston, Maine, on the Andros- 
 jgin. putting a number of captives to death without regard to age or sex. 
 
 1691, NOVEMBER. Port Royal was recaptured by the French. 
 
 An armed ship from France, commanded by Villebon, captured it. Villebon 
 established himself at the mouth of the St. John's, and supplied the Eastern 
 Indians with arms and ammunition.
 
 156 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1692. 
 
 1692, MAY 14. Sir William Phipps arrived at Boston, and 
 entered upon his duties as governor. 
 
 1692, JULY 2. Sir William Phipps wrote to Rhode Island, 
 requiring by his commission the command of the militia of that 
 colony to be given him, and asking a statement of their numbers 
 to be sent him. 
 
 He soon after sent commissions to be distributed, by which those holding 
 positions were displaced. The assembly was convened August 2, and ordered 
 the present officers to hold their positions, and prepared an address to the king. 
 During the winter, Phipps came to Rhode Island, and read his commission to the 
 governor, who replied, that if the assembly had any further reply to make, he 
 would write it. 
 
 1692. THE persecution of witchcraft culminated this year. 
 Sir William Phipps, by the advice of his council, organized a 
 special court for the trial of the accused. 
 
 By the organization of the superior court, the special one for witch trials was 
 superseded. The general court having by an act made witchcraft a capital 
 offence, the king vetoed it, and, after more than twenty persons had been exe- 
 cuted, despite the efforts of the Mathers and other ministers to sustain the excite- 
 ment, public opinion prevailed, and there were no more convictions. 
 
 1692. AN ordinance was issued by Charles II. of Spain, 
 makiug^it a capital offence for any foreigner to enter the Spanish 
 possessions without a royal permit. 
 
 Even Spaniards were forbidden, under severe penalties, from visiting other 
 than their own country. Ships putting into ports in distress were confiscated. 
 The inhabitants of different provinces were forbidden any intercourse with each 
 other, and trade of all kinds was subjected to burdensome taxes, everything sold 
 being subject to a duty. To enforce this ordinance, a guard of vessels was organ- 
 iz2d along the coast of the Spanish possessions, and the rigor with which it per- 
 formed its duty was one of the chief causes why the Spanish commerce from 
 America came to be considered almost as a free field for the adventurers of other 
 nations to gather plunder in. 
 
 1692, SEPTEMBER. Benjamin Fletcher was sent as governor 
 of New York. 
 
 1692. A ROYAL letter was sent to all the colonies, except 
 Carolina, ordering them to aid in the defence of New York 
 against the Indians of Canada. 
 
 A colonial congress for arranging the quotas was also suggested. 
 
 1692, OCTOBER. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed gover- 
 nor of Virginia as the successor of Effingham. 
 
 The assembly of Virginia, before the accession of Andros, passed acts for 
 "the more effectual suppressing the several sins and offenses of swearing, curs- 
 ing, profaning God's holy name, Sabbath abusing, drunkenness, fornication and 
 adultery." They were most of them punished with fines of various amounts, one 
 third of which was given the informer, one third to the church of the parish, and 
 one third to the minister. Resisting runaway slaves were to be killed " by guns,
 
 1692-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 157 
 
 or any other way whatsoever," the master in such cases receiving from the public 
 four thousand pounds of tobacco. Any white man or woman intermarrying with 
 a negro, mulatto, or Indian, was to be banished. White women having mulatto 
 children without marriage, to pay fifteen pounds sterling, or to be sold for five 
 years, the child to be bound as a servant until thirty years old. No slave was to 
 be freed unless the person giving him his freedom should within six months pay 
 the cost of his transportation out of the country. Guilty slaves were to be tried 
 by a commission issued by the governor, "without the solemnity of a jury." 
 Owners were responsible for the damage done by slaves ' ' where there is no 
 Christian overseer." 
 
 1692. GEORGE KEITH, in Philadelphia, having charged the 
 Friends with a departure from their pacific principles by aiding 
 in the capture of a privateer, a contest arose in which Bradford, 
 who had printed his pamphlets, became involved, and his press 
 and materials were seized, and he, with McComb, the publisher, 
 imprisoned, but released after the trial. 
 
 1692. THE town of York, Maine, contracted with a person in 
 Portsmouth to erect a grist-mill for them, giving a grant of the 
 land necessary, the use of the stream, a plot of ground with cer- 
 tain privileges for cutting lumber, and agreeing that the towns- 
 people should carry their grain to be ground there as long as the 
 mill was kept in repair. 
 
 1692. A ROYAL commission provided for New Hampshire, 
 that a governor, a council, and a house of representatives should 
 be elected by the towns. 
 
 They were to form two bodies, sitting separately, and acting as co-ordinate 
 branches. 
 
 1692. THE general court of Massachusetts made an order 
 requiring buildings of a certain size to be of stone or brick, and 
 to be covered with slates or tiles. 
 
 1692. WILLIAM COPLEY was sent to Maryland with a com- 
 mission as governor. 
 
 An assembly repealed the laws in existence, and enacted a new code. The 
 Church of England was established by law. The province was divided into thirty 
 parishes, and every tithable taxed forty pounds of tobacco for the support of the 
 parish ministers. 
 
 1693, JANUARY. The town book of Waterbury, Connecticut, 
 contains an order that " thare was sequesterd the great brook 
 from edman Scots lot down to Samuell hickox, Jr. lot for to build 
 a fulling mill." 
 
 There is no evidence that a mill was built there before 1728, or 1730. 
 
 1693, FEBRUARY 17. A royal patent was granted to Thomas 
 Neale, for the period of twenty-one years, to establish post routes 
 in America. 
 
 He authorized Andrew Hamilton to carry out the work. He arranged the
 
 158 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1693. 
 
 routes, and proposed to the Massachusetts government, March 30, to establish a 
 weekly mail from Boston to Virginia. 
 
 1693, APRIL. The assembly of Virginia authorized rates of 
 postage, and the establishment of a post-office in each county. 
 
 The act mentioned the patent to Thomas Neale. 
 
 1693, JUNE 9. The Massachusetts legislature accepted the 
 proposed plan of a weekly mail to Virginia, and the council 
 agreed to it. 
 
 The rate was sixpence for a single letter from Boston to Rhode Island, nine 
 pence to Connecticut, a shilling to New York, fifteen pence to Pennsylvania, and 
 two shillings to Maryland and Virginia. A further charge of one penny was made 
 upon all letters which had lain two days at the office uncalled for, and were then 
 delivered at the house. All foreign letters were charged two pence. 
 
 1693. A FULLING-MILL was built at New London, Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 It was built on the Nahahtic River by Peter Heckley, and was the first in the 
 town. 
 
 1693. A LETTER of this date, speaking of the condition of the 
 settlers' in the Swedish colony in Delaware, after they came 
 under the jurisdiction of the proprietary government of Penn- 
 sylvania, says they were exporters of bread, grain, flour, and oil. 
 
 " Our wives and daughters employ themselves in spinning wool and flax, and 
 many of them in weaving, so that we have good reason to thank the Almighty for 
 our daily support." 
 
 1693. THE government of Massachusetts relaxed its order 
 concerning the cutting of pine-trees, in favor of John Wheel- 
 wright. 
 
 It gave him permission to cut trees from the public lands, in consideration of 
 his building a saw-mill at Cape Porpoise River. 
 
 1693. THE assembly of New York passed an act of five 
 churches in the province. 
 
 One in the city, one in Richmond, two in "Westchester, and two in Suffolk. 
 "A good, sufficient Protestant minister" was to be settled in each, their salaries 
 raised by taxation. 
 
 1693. THE first paper-mill in America was erected about this 
 year, on a small rivulet, now called Paper-mill Run, in Roxbor- 
 ough, near Germantown, Pennsylvania. 
 
 This mill was owned by William Rittenhouse, his son Nicholas, William Brad- 
 ford, the first printer in Philadelphia, and Thomas Tresse of Philadelphia. Each 
 of the two last owned one fourth. The precise date of its erection is not known, 
 but as Bradford owned a part of it, it must have been before he left Philadelphia, in 
 1693. The Rittenhouses (or Rittenhousen) are said to have settled in Philadel- 
 phia about 1690, having emigrated from Arnheim, on the Rhine, in the Batavian 
 province of Guelderland, where the family had for some generations been engaged
 
 1693.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 159 
 
 in paper-making. They first settled in New York, while it was a Dutch province, 
 and subsequently, moved to Philadelphia. There is extant a lease made by William 
 Bradford of his share of the mill for ten years to William and Nicholas, or Clause 
 Rittenhouse. It is dated, " this 24th day of Sept., in y e year of our Lord, 1G97 ; " 
 and the terms were, "that they, the said William and Clause Rittenhouse shall 
 pay and deliver to said William Bradford, his exec rs , or assigns, or their order, in 
 Philadelphia, y c full quantity of Seven Ream of Printing Paper, Two Ream of 
 good writing paper, and Two Ream of blue paper, yearly and every year dur- 
 ing y e said Term of Ten Years." The mill was afterwards carried away in a 
 freshet. 
 
 1693. MASSACHUSETTS contained at this time about eighty 
 churches, and New England about one hundred and twenty. 
 
 The churches in Massachusetts were supported by taxation to pay the ministers' 
 salary. Each town had to have a church, and the minister had a life tenure of 
 his office, from which he could not be displaced except for cause, with the 
 advice and consent of a council of the neighboring churches. The minister was 
 "called" by the church, and "settled" by the concurrence of a majority of the 
 voters of the parish. This last ceremony was necessary to make the town liable 
 for his salary. To play, travel, or work on Sunday was prohibited by statute, 
 and the constables and tithing-men were "to restrain all persons from swimming 
 in the waters, unnecessary and unreasonable walking in the streets or fields of 
 the town of Boston or other places, keeping open their shops, or following their 
 secular occasions or recreations in the evening preceeding the Lord's day, or 
 any part of said day or evening following." 
 
 1693. THE proprietors of Carolina voted to abandon the 
 "Grand Model." 
 
 The vote was, that "as the people have declared they would rather be gov- 
 erned by the powers granted by the charter, without regard to the fundamental 
 constitutions, it will be for their quiet, and the protection of the well disposed, 
 to grant their request." As the "Grand Model" had never been practically 
 carried out, the government remained much as it was. Each of the proprie- 
 taries had two delegates, one for the southern province, and the other at Albe- 
 marle, these in each province constituting the council. The governors were 
 repeatedly changed. This year John Archdale, a Quaker, who had by purchase 
 become one of the proprietaries, was appointed to the office. 
 
 1693. THE attorney-general decided that the charter of Ehode 
 Island was valid, and that the colony was right in refusing the 
 control of the militia to Governor Phipps. 
 
 The answer was given in answer to the address sent to the king by the 
 assembly. The address was presented to the Council, who referred it to the 
 Board of Trade, who referred it to the Attorney-General. His answer was : "I 
 see nothing in point of law but that their majesties may gratify the petitioners, 
 and confirm their charter, and explain the eastern boundary as is desired." 
 
 1693. WILLIAM BRADFORD removed from Philadelphia, and 
 set up a press in New York city, where before there had been 
 none. 
 
 Bradford was soon after appointed printer to the government, with a salary
 
 160 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1693-4. 
 
 of fifty pounds a year, and held this position for about thirty years. He was also 
 the public printer for New Jersey. 
 
 1693. THE laws of the province of New York were first 
 printed this year by William Bradford, in a small folio volume, 
 in the imprint of which he announces himself as " Printer to 
 their Majesties, at the sign of the Bible." 
 
 It is supposed that Bradford still retained an interest in his press in Philadel- 
 phia, which was managed by Reinier Jansen. A few books with his imprint are 
 still in existence. 
 
 1693. GOVERNOR FLETCHER, of New York, in obedience to 
 an order from the king, called a meeting of commissioners, from 
 the New England provinces, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl- 
 vania, at New York, to arrange concerning their common de- 
 fence. 
 
 He says " that some sent commissioners, others none. Those that came pre- 
 tended they could not proceed to act without a full meeting ; so that design was 
 frustrated." 
 
 Fletcher's commission had authorized him to command the militia of New 
 Jersey and Connecticut. On a visit to Hartford concerning this matter, the 
 assembly quoted their charter, and Wadsworth, the commander of the militia, 
 ordered the drums to beat, so that the reading of Fletcher's commission could 
 not be heard. Fitz-John Winthrop was sent to Europe by Connecticut, and the 
 objection made to Fletcher's commission, that it infringed upon the charter of 
 Connecticut, was sustained. The same decision was given to the case of Rhode 
 Island and Governor Phipps, whose commission gave him the command of the 
 militia of that province. 
 
 Fletcher's commission had also authorized him to administer the governments 
 of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Going to Philadelphia, he called an assembly in 
 which delegates from both provinces were present. The assembly would not 
 organize for business until the existing laws and liberties of the province were 
 confirmed, which was done. 
 
 1694. ORDERS from council fixed the quota of troops each 
 colony should furnish for the common defence. 
 
 New York was threatened by the French and Indians. This order was issued 
 after an opinion had been given by the attorney-general, who decided that each 
 colony had exclusive control over its own militia in times of peace, but that in 
 case of war, for the common defence, the chief commander could, with the aid 
 and assistance of the governor, order out a certain proportion of the troops, leaving 
 enough at home to provide for defence. Orders were given to Massachusetts for 
 three hundred and fifty men for the defence of Albany ; Rhode Island, forty- 
 eight, to serve under the governor of New York ; and Connecticut for one hun- 
 dred and twenty men. 
 
 1694, AUGUST. Commissioners from New York, New Jersey, 
 Massachusetts, and Connecticut met the chiefs of the Five 
 Nations at Albany for the purpose of preventing the Indians from 
 making peace with the French. 
 
 Governor Fletcher represented New York ; Governor Hamilton, New Jersey ;
 
 J[(J94.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 161 
 
 John Pynchon, Samuel Sewall, and Pcirce Townsend, Massachusetts ; and John 
 Allen and Caleb Stanley, Connecticut. There were twenty-five sachems, with 
 other Indians, present. The journal of the Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, who 
 accompanied the delegation from Massachusetts, has been printed in the Massa- 
 chusetts Collections. 
 
 1694. THE monopoly of bolting flour held by New York 
 city was repealed, through the earnest remonstrance of the coun- 
 ties of Long Island and the Hudson River, by an act of the gen- 
 eral assembly " against unlawful by-laws." 
 
 This repeal of the monopoly was considered such a, calamity that the merchants 
 and city fathers of New York city, fearing the inevitable ruin of the city, used 
 every exertion to have it restored. They petitioned the governor, memorialized 
 his successor, and finally raised money to send an agent to London to petition the 
 king, praying for the repeal of the law abolishing the monopoly. 
 
 1694. CAROLINA coined halfpence. 
 
 1694. THE assembly of New Jersey forbade the exportation 
 of " any timber, planks, boards, oak bolts, staves, heading, hoops, 
 or hoop-poles, except to some parts over the broad seas." 
 
 The motive given for this legislation was the better encouragement of building 
 ships and other vessels within the province. The manner in which such legis- 
 lation was received by the other colonies appears in a letter from Governor 
 Fletcher of New York to the Lords of Trade, this year. He speaks of the 
 Jerseys " making war upon us in point of trade," and refers to the above act, 
 " by which they will draw the shipping thither, and establish a free port to the 
 great prejudice of this place, and sink the trade greatly ; they pay no duty to the 
 king, and all will flock to it. We already feel that of Pennsylvania, where they 
 trade, under no regulations ; this being much nearer, and upon the same river 
 with us, will utterly ruin the revenue of the Province." 
 
 1694. GOVERNOR PHIPPS of Massachusetts was summoned to 
 England, to answer the charges brought against him. 
 
 He died soon after his arrival in England, and the Earl of Bellamont was 
 appointed to the place. Until Bellamont's arrival, the lieutenant-governor, Stough- 
 ton, exercised the authority. 
 
 1694. Two more independent companies arrived in New 
 York from England. 
 
 They were sent to aid in its defence. 
 
 1694. THE administration of his provinces was restored to 
 Penn. 
 
 He sent over Markham as his deputy, who called an assembly, which refused 
 to submit to the subordinate position assigned them by the frame of government. 
 It had been disregarded by Fletcher during his administration. 
 
 1694. NICHOLSON was appointed royal governor of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 The capital was removed from St. Mary's to Annapolis. An act was passed 
 establishing free schools, for the support of which duties on the importation of 
 11
 
 162 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1694- 6. 
 
 negroes and spirits, and the export of skins, furs, beef, and pork, were appro- 
 priated. 
 
 1694-5. A PESTILENCE raged among the cattle in Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Over twenty-five thousand cattle and sixty-two thousand hogs are said to have 
 been lost. 
 
 1695. RICE was first planted in South Carolina. 
 
 A vessel from Madagascar, with seed on board, put into port at Charleston, 
 and John Archdale, governor of the state, procured the seed, and induced the 
 planters to sow it. Three years later, in 1698, sixty tons were exported from 
 Charleston to England. A militia law was passed, giving the power to the gov- 
 ernor to excuse such from serving as he thought had religious scruples against it. 
 
 1695. THE assembly of New York passed an act declaring 
 " that the vestrymen and churchwardens have power to call a 
 dissenting Protestant minister, and that he is to be paid as the 
 ac^t directs." 
 
 By official influence and management, the churches passed gradually into the 
 hands of the Episcopalians. Trinity church, New York city, was one of the 
 churches erected by the act of 1693. 
 
 1695. ANNAPOLIS, Maryland, was made a port of entry, with 
 a resident collector and naval officer. 
 
 1695, OCTOBER 3. The Rhode Island assembly passed an act 
 fixing the pay of the public officers. 
 
 Such service had been heretofore generally gratuitous. Now the governor was 
 given ten pounds a year, the deputy governor six, the assistants each four, and 
 the deputies three shillings a day during the session, with a fine of six for non- 
 attendance. 
 
 1695. THE assembly of Pennsylvania prohibited the export 
 for one year of dressed or undressed deer-skins. 
 
 1695. VIRGINIA and Maryland each voted money to aid in the 
 defence of New York. 
 
 1696. AN act of the Virginia assembly fixed the salary of the 
 ministers at sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco, besides per- 
 quisites, and a glebe to be provided by the parish. 
 
 There were about fifty parishes in the province. 
 
 1696. A NEW act of settlement secured to the assembly of 
 Pennsylvania the right of originating laws. 
 
 A veto power was reserved for the proprietary. Markham was forced to grant 
 this, since the assembly refused otherwise to grant money for the aid of New 
 York. Penn never sanctioned the act. 
 
 1696. THE Dutch Reformed Church was chartered by the 
 New York assembly. 
 
 They were ecclesiastically dependent upon the Presbytery of Amsterdam.
 
 1696.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 163 
 
 1696. THE fort at Peraaquid was captured by the French and 
 Indians. 
 
 The Massachusetts general court petitioned the king that New Hampshire, 
 Rhode Island, and Connecticut might be ordered to aid in the defence of her ter- 
 ritory, the burden of which now came entirely upon her. 
 
 1696. THE Spaniards from Yera Cruz erected a fort at Pen- 
 sacola, Florida. 
 
 1696, MAY. The house of deputies of the Rhode Island 
 assembly was constituted a separate branch of the assembly, 
 with power to choose their own speaker arid clerk. 
 
 1696, JULY. A French force from Canada was so successful 
 against the Indians that they sued for peace. 
 
 Fort Frontenac was reoccupied. and communication with the posts on the lakes 
 reopened. 
 
 The fort at Pemaquid was captured by the French fleet under D'Ibberville, a 
 native of Canada. 
 
 1696. THE French Protestant refugees who had settled in 
 the province of Carolina were naturalized by the legislature. 
 
 This act of justice was done in answer to their petition. Heretofore the 
 English prejudice of the colonies had led to the persecution of the Huguenots, 
 though these settlers, both here and elsewhere in the country, wherever they 
 settled, were noted for their virtue and enterprise. 
 
 1696. " THE Board of Trade and Plantations" was organized 
 by an act of Parliament, to control the interests of the colonial 
 trade and government. 
 
 From this time it served as the repository of all official knowledge upon these 
 subjects, and as the agency for communication with the governors of the various 
 provinces. Yearly reports from the governors were required to questions ad- 
 dressed them by the board. 
 
 The board was composed of a president and seven members, known as " The 
 Lords of Trade." At the same time any direct trade between Ireland and the 
 colonies, except the export of horses, servants, and provisions, was prohibited. 
 An oath was imposed upon the governors of the chartered colonies to enforce the 
 acts of trade. All colonial acts or usages in conflict with them, past or future, 
 were declared null. The king's revenue officers in the colonies were given the 
 same power those in England had, and Edmund Randolph was placed at their head 
 as surveyor-general. 
 
 1696. THE common council of New York city, in an address, 
 said: "When the bolting began, 1678, there were only 343 
 houses. In 1696 there were 594. The revenue in 1678, 79 and 
 1680, not exceeding 2000 ; in the year 1687, 5000. In 1687 
 there were 3 ships, 7 boats, 8 sloops. In 1694 there were 60 
 ships, 40 boats, 62 sloops ; since which is a decrease. In 1687 
 New York killed 400 beefs, in 1694, near 4000. Lands had 
 advanced ten times in value. If this Act (the act of 1694, abol-
 
 164 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1697. 
 
 ishing the monopoly of bolting) continue, many families in New 
 York must perish." 
 
 This same year the population complained of a scarcity of bread, and the 
 bakers being summoned to explain, said they could not purchase flour. The 
 aldermen being ordered to inquire into the matter, reported that there were in the 
 city only seven hundred bushels of corn, and the population being six thousand, 
 it would not suffice for a week's support. They ascribe this result to "the 
 liberty and latitude that every planter hath lately taken, of making his house or 
 farm a market for his wheat, or converting the same into flour by boalting of itt," 
 and this under pretence of a privilege they conceive they have obtained by virtue 
 of a law of the General Assembly entitled an act against unlawful by-laws. 
 Further on they say : " The calamity hath produced anarchy in the Province, and 
 destroyed the reputation of New York flour." 
 
 1697, MARCH 16. The Earl of Bellamont was appointed gov- 
 ernor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, and 
 captain-general of all the forces of Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
 and the Jerseys. 
 
 1697. COURTS of vice-admiralty were organized in all the 
 colonies. 
 
 The privateering in the wars with France had very generally approached piracy. 
 It was the era of Captain Kidd. These courts had power to try admiralty and 
 revenue cases without a jury. The crews of these vessels, many of which were 
 really pirates, spent their money freely in the colonial ports, and were looked on 
 with such favor that Virginia was the only colony which promptly complied with 
 the directions sent out from England for their suppression. 
 
 1697. "VERY good serges, druggets, crapes, camblets (part 
 hair) and good plushes, with several other woolen clothes, besides 
 Linnen," are spoken of as produced by the settlements at Salem, 
 Burlington, and other parts of New Jersey. 
 
 Hemp and flax were cultivated, and wild hemp was used to some extent. Fairs 
 were held two or three times a year in the towns for the disposal of the products 
 of their industry. 
 
 1697. AN effort was made to introduce the manufacture of 
 linen and woollen cloth into Maryland, but with no permanent 
 success. 
 
 1697. THE Massachusetts assembly sent a circular letter to 
 the assemblies of all the states as far south as Maryland, asking 
 aid for the defence from an anticipated attack from Canada and 
 France. 
 
 The peace soon proclaimed made it unnecessary. 
 
 1697, DECEMBER. The peace of Ryswick between England 
 and France was proclaimed in Boston. 
 
 By the terms of the treaty each country was to retain the same territory in 
 America it had held at the beginning of the war. Commissioners to ascertain 
 boundaries were provided for, but never appointed. Peace was also made with
 
 1698.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 165 
 
 the Eastern Indians, by whose attacks the outlying eastern towns had suffered so 
 severely, many of them being entirely destroyed, and the growth of the whole 
 territory seriously retarded. 
 
 1698. THE wages of hand-sawyers in Philadelphia and Bur- 
 lington were six to seven shillings a hundred feet for sawing pine 
 boards. 
 
 1698, APRIL. Earl Bellamont arrived in New York. 
 
 His instructions were to investigate the charges against Fletcher, to enforce the 
 acts of trade, suppress piracy, and, if possible, capture Kidd. 
 
 1698. A COURT of chancery was established in New York, 
 the governor acting as judge. 
 A new census gave 18,067 inhabitants. 
 
 1698. MASSACHUSETTS would not pass laws to enforce the acts 
 of trade. 
 
 " They were too much cramped in their liberties already, and they would be 
 great fools to abridge, by a law of their own, the little that was left them," was 
 the way the councillors stated it. At this time the doctrine, that they were Eng- 
 lishmen and entitled to all the privileges of Englishmen, was common, while a 
 minister maintained " they were not in conscience bound to obey the laws of Eng- 
 land, having no representatives there of their own choosing." In Connecticut 
 and Rhode Island the same opinions were held. 
 
 1698, NOVEMBER 23. Orders from the British cabinet were 
 sent to all the governors of the colonies to capture Captain Kidd, 
 should he appear in their ports. 
 
 1698. WILLIAM PENN proposed "a brief and plain scheme 
 how the English Colonies in the North parts of America, viz., 
 Boston, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, may be made 
 more useful to the crown and one and another's peace and safety 
 with an universal concurrence." 
 
 His plan was, that they should appoint representatives, or deputies, enough to 
 make a congress of twenty persons, which should meet once a year, or oftener if 
 necessary, at some central point, probably New York, and that they should hear 
 and adjust "all matters of complaint or difference between province and prov- 
 ince;" "consider the ways and means to support the union and safety of these 
 provinces ; " " and that in times of war, the king's high commissioner shall be 
 general or chief adviser or chief commander of the several quotas," for the good 
 and benefit of the whole. 
 
 1698. GOVERNOR NICHOLSON succeeded to the governorship 
 of Virginia. 
 
 He opposed all attempts at manufactures, and advised parliament to prohibit 
 the introduction in the province of the manufacture of cloth. 
 
 1698. THIS year Virginia and Maryland imported from Great 
 Britain goods to the value of 310,135 a larger amount than 
 in any one of the next forty years.
 
 166 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1698. 
 
 1698. IT was ordered in Connecticut, this year, that the gov- 
 ernor, or deputy governor and magistrates, should be called the 
 upper house, and the deputies the lower house, and that they 
 should sit apart ; no bill, however, to become a law without the 
 consent of both. 
 
 1698. A COMMITTEE was appointed in New York to address 
 the king upon the subject of the repeal of the monopoly of bolt- 
 ing flour. 
 
 The city recorder, in a letter to them, says he "is grieved to find the great 
 heat he saw among them, at the last meetings, when the great concern in hand is 
 considered, no less than the livelihood of all the inhabitants of New York." 
 
 1698. THOMAS PAESONS owned this year a grist-mill at Frank- 
 fort, Pennsylvania ; and Richard Dungworth owned another not 
 far distant in Oxford township. 
 
 They were both probably on Tacony Creek. 
 
 1698. AN Englishman, writing of the province of Pennsyl" 
 vania this year, speaks of the " famous Derby river, which comes 
 down from the country by Derby Town, whereon are several 
 mills, fulling mills, corn mills," etc. 
 
 "The water mills far exceed those of England, both for quickness and grind- 
 ing good meal, there being great choice of good timber and earlier corn than in 
 the aforesaid place ; they are made by one Peter Deal, a famous and ingenious 
 workman, especially for inventing such machines." 
 
 1698. THE first tannery was established in Newark, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 In 1676 the town admitted Samuel Whitehead, a shoemaker from Elizabeth- 
 town, as a freeman, " on condition of his supplying it with shoes." 
 
 1698. THE college in Virginia was called William and Mary, 
 and had been erected at Middle Plantation, and an act was passed 
 to erect a capitol there, for the assemblies and courts. 
 
 A town to be called Williamsburg, and to be laid out in the form of a W, was 
 designed. Por the erection of the capitol a tax of fifteen shillings on each ser- 
 vant imported, " not born in England or Wales," and twenty shillings on " every 
 negro or other slave," was laid. Religious toleration, in consequence of orders 
 from England, was extended to dissenters, though those who denied the existence 
 of a God, or the Holy Trinity, or the truth of the Christian religion, or the divine 
 authority of the Old or New Testaments, were disqualified from office, from re- 
 dress in the courts, from acting as executors or guardians, and were to be impris- 
 oned for three years. Non-attendance upon church once in two months, except 
 for cause, was fined, the penalty not to be exacted from those who as often as 
 once in two months attended some duly licensed dissenting chapel. 
 
 1698. A PARTY of emigrants from Massachusetts settled in 
 Carolina, twenty miles from Charleston, and called the spot Dor- 
 chester. 
 
 A Congregational church was gathered in Charleston, and by an act of the
 
 1698-1700.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 167 
 
 assembly the Episcopal church there was endowed with a parsonage and yearly 
 income, and the Huguenots were enfranchised. 
 
 1698. The trade to Africa was thrown open. 
 
 It had been a monopoly in the hands of the Royal African Company. The 
 trade in slaves increased. 
 
 1699. THE first settlement in Louisiana was made by French 
 Canadians under D'Ibberville, near the mouth of the Mississippi. 
 
 The settlement was within the limits of the present state of Mississippi. 
 D'Ibberville was the first to ascend the Mississippi from its mouth. They pro- 
 ceeded as far as the Red River, and knew it was the Mississippi by receiving from 
 the Indians a letter to La Salle, which had been left with them by Tonti fourteen 
 years before. 
 
 1699. C'ALLIENS became governor of Canada, Frontenac hav- 
 ing died. 
 
 1699, MARCH. Instructions were sent to Lord Bellamont to 
 examine into the alleged irregularities in the colonies, with a 
 view of taking away their charters. 
 
 It was charged they refused to take oaths of allegiance, that they encouraged 
 illegal traffic, assumed admiralty powers, and refused to submit to the royal 
 courts established. 
 
 1699. AN act of the assembly of Maryland empowered com- 
 missioners to grant licenses for the sale of liquors. 
 
 The price was twelve hundred pounds of tobacco in Annapolis, or within two 
 miles of it, and elsewhere four hundred pounds. 
 
 The price of liquors were also to be fixed by the county commissioners and the 
 mayor of the city of St. Marys in January and August, and five hundred pounds 
 of tobacco was the penalty for -selling above them. Strong beer was rated at 
 twenty pounds of tobacco a gallon, and small beer at ten. 
 
 1699. IT was enacted by parliament that, " After the first 
 day of December, 1699, no wool, woolfels, yarn, cloth, or woolen 
 manufactures of the English plantations in America, shall be 
 shipped in any of the said English plantations, or otherwise 
 loaden, in order to be transported thence to any place whatso- 
 ever, under the penalty of forfeiting ship and cargo, and 500 
 fine for each offence ; and the Governors of the Plantations and 
 Officers of Customs and Revenue there, are to see this Act, as it 
 relates to the plantations, duly executed." 
 
 1699. THE population of the colonies was estimated at this 
 time as about two hundred and sixty thousand. The exports to 
 England of the colonies amounted to about 320,000, and the 
 imports to about the same. Their other trade was estimated 
 to about equal this. The duties collected more than paid the 
 expenses. 
 
 1700. A HOUSE of brick was built in Wicaco on the Delaware.
 
 168 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1700. 
 
 The first houses built by the Swedes who settled in Pennsylvania and Delaware 
 were very rude, being of the character of the huts common in Northern Europe a 
 century before. This little brick house was considered very fine when finished. 
 It remained standing quite into this century. 
 
 1700. A COMMISSION was sent to Bellamont to investigate the 
 violations in Rhode Island of the acts of trade. 
 
 The Rhode Island assembly passed acts "for enabling the governor to put in 
 execution the statutes of trade," and " for putting in force the laws of England in 
 all cases where no particular law of this colony hath provided a remedy." Con- 
 necticut also offered to give security to obey the acts of trade. 
 
 1700. CAPTAIN KIDD appeared openly in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, and was arrested and sent to England. 
 
 1700. PARLIAMENT authorized the appointment of commis- 
 sioners in the colonies to try pirates, " notwithstanding any 
 patents." 
 
 Under this act many pirates were tried in courts specially organized for the pur- 
 pose, and executed. 
 
 1700. A SCHOOL for the education of ministers was estab- 
 lished at Saybrook, Connecticut. 
 
 It was the germ from which eventually Yale College arose. 
 
 1700. THE assembly of Pennsylvania passed laws for the 
 suppression of piracy and illegal trade. 
 
 They begged to be excused from voting three hundred and fifty pounds towards 
 the defence of New York, which had been asked for a requisition from the king, 
 but voted two thousand pounds to sustain the government. They also passed 
 rigid laws for the regulation and punishment of negro slaves. 
 
 1700. A SEPARATE custom-house was established for East 
 Jersey. 
 
 New York had claimed to be the sole port of entry for New Jersey ; but on a 
 trial in England upon this point, the right of New Jersey to a custom-house of its 
 own was decided. The settlers petitioned for the removal of the proprietary 
 authority. 
 
 1700. A FRIENDS' meeting-house was built this year at Salem, 
 New Jersey, of brick, at a cost of four hundred and fifteen pounds, 
 thirteen shillings. 
 
 It does not appear whether the bricks were imported or not. 
 
 1700. ROBERT CALEP published " More Wonders from the In- 
 visible World." 
 
 It was an answer to Cotton Mather, and denounced the action of the ministers 
 and magistrates of New England in the witchcraft delusion. His book was pub- 
 licly burned in the yard of Harvard College by order of Increase Mather. Its 
 practical common sense, however, had a great influence in effectually ending the 
 belief in witchcraft. Calef was a merchant in Boston, and died at Roxbury, April 
 13, 1719.
 
 1701.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 169 
 
 1701. A CHARTER was agreed upon by Penn and the assembly 
 for the colony of Pennsylvania. 
 
 It provided for an assembly to meet yearly, consisting of four delegates from 
 each county, or a greater number if the governor and assembly should agree to it. 
 
 This assembly was to choose a speaker and other officers, "to be judges of the 
 qualifications and elections of their own members, sit upon their own adjourn- 
 ments, appoint committees, prepare bills, impeach criminals, and redress griev- 
 ances, with all other powers and privileges of assembly according to the rights of 
 free-born subjects of England, and the customs in any of the Queen's plantations 
 in America." The legislature consisted of only one branch, the council having no 
 other power than that of advising the governor. Under the original settlement in 
 1G82, as well as the forms tried in 1683 and 1G96, provisions had been made for a 
 representative assembly. This was known as the " Charter of Privileges." The 
 Delaware counties were allowed a separate administration. Liberty of conscience 
 was specially secured, and the qualification of voters was made a freehold of fifty 
 acres, or fifty pounds. 
 
 1701. A CHARTER was issued by William Peun to the city of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 It provided for holding two markets a week and two fairs a year, on the 16th 
 and two following days of May and November of each year. The government of 
 the city was vested in a close corporation, the original members of which were 
 appointed by Penn, and who had the perpetual power to fill all vacancies. Penn 
 returned to England, leaving the management of his private affairs in the hands 
 of James Logan. 
 
 1701. ABOUT this time Matthew Houlgate built a fulling-mill 
 upon the Wisahickou, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 The date of this, one of the first mills of this kind in the province, is only ap- 
 proximate. Fulling-mills are spoken of as in operation on the Darby River, about 
 five miles from Philadelphia, before this. 
 
 1701. THE Lords of Trade wrote to Lord Bellamont: "This 
 declining to admit appeals to his Majesty in council is a matter 
 that you ought very carefully to watch against in all your govern- 
 ments. It is a humor that prevails so much in proprietary and 
 charter colonies, and the independency they thirst after is now so 
 notorious, that it has been thought fit these considerations, to- 
 gether with other objections against these colonies, should be 
 laid before parliament; and a bill has thereupon been brought 
 into the House of Lords for re-uniting the right of government 
 in their colonies to the crown." 
 
 A court in New Hampshire had refused to allow an appeal to the king from its 
 decision. (See Belknap's New Hampshire.) 
 
 1701, JUNE. Joseph Dudley was appointed governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts and New Hampshire, and was made vice-admiral over 
 these places, and also of Rhode Island arid King's Province. 
 
 1701. An Essay upon the Government of the English Planta-
 
 170 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1701. 
 
 tions on the Continent of America, by an American, was published 
 this year in London. 
 
 It criticised Penn's and Davenant's plans, and makes the suggestion that the 
 delegates should be more equally proportioned, and the meetings be held in differ- 
 ent places. 
 
 1701. DETROIT, Michigan, was founded by Antoine De La 
 Motte Cadillac. 
 
 The site of the city had been visited as early as 1610, and trading-posts for furs 
 had been for a long time established in Michigan by the French. In 1763, along 
 with the other French possessions, the settlements in Michigan came under the 
 dominion of the English. 
 
 1701. THE Board of Trade complained to the king of the 
 conduct of the chartered colonies. 
 
 The grounds of their complaint were that the colonies "had not in general 
 complied with the late act of Parliament ;" that "they not only assumed the 
 power of making by-laws repugnant to the laws of England, and destructive to 
 trade, but refused to transmit their acts or to allow appeals, and continued to be 
 the retreats of pirates and illegal traders and the receptacle of contraband mer- 
 chandise ; " they lowered the value of coins, thus interfering with English com- 
 merce, and encouraged "woolen and other manufactures proper for England," 
 and " contrary to the true intent of such establishments." In consequence they 
 advised the resumption of their charters, and the establishment of "such an 
 administration of government as shall make them duly subservient to England." 
 
 1701. IN Massachusetts and New York acts were passed to 
 prevent Jesuit or popish priests from entering their borders. 
 
 Any such was to be perpetually imprisoned, and executed if they attempted 
 to escape. 
 
 1701. THIS year permission was granted, on petition, to John 
 Arnold, of Boston, Massachusetts, to place a wind-mill on Fort 
 Hill, " on the Town's land," paying such rent as the selectmen 
 should order. 
 
 1701. THE merchants of New York complained to the Board 
 of Trade, and then to the House of Commons, of Lord Bellamont's 
 administration. 
 
 An inquiry was ordered, but Bellamont's death put an end to it. The discon- 
 tent was caused by his zealous enforcement of the acts of trade. 
 
 1701. NANFAN, the lieutenant governor, assumed the admin- 
 istration of affairs in New York. 
 
 A violent dispute arose between the two factions in the province. The assem- 
 bly expelled Robert Livingston, the receiver of customs, from the council, and 
 tried Bayard for treason. 
 
 1701. ROBERT LIVINGSTON, of New York, in a letter to the 
 Lords of Trade, advised that " one form of government be estab- 
 lished in all the neighbouring colonies on this continent."
 
 1701-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 171 
 
 His plan proposed "that they be divided into three distinct governments, to 
 wit : That Virginia and Maryland be annexed to North and South Carolina. 
 That some part of Connecticut, New York, East and West New Jersey, Penn- 
 sylvania, and New Castle be added together, and that to Massachusetts be added 
 New Hampshire and Rhode Island and the rest of Connecticut." 
 
 1701, AUGUST. A lasting peace was concluded by the French 
 at Montreal with the Indians. 
 
 Envoys were sent from the Five Nations, their old enemies, who began to be 
 discontented with the English encroachments on their territory. 
 
 1702. THE first iron furnace in the county of Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts, was erected. 
 
 It was built by Lambert Despard, with his associates, in the town of Pembroke, 
 then a part of Duxboro'. It was finally abandoned for want of fuel. 
 
 1702. ABOUT this time "cotton patches "had become quite 
 general on the plantations of South Carolina. 
 
 1702, MAY 4. War was declared by England against France 
 and Spain. 
 
 Hostilities were declared in all the colonies, and privateer commissions were 
 issued by some of them. 
 
 1702. A FRENCH settlement was made at Mobile. 
 
 Most of the settlers at the mouth of the Mississippi removed to it. A settle- 
 ment was also made on Dauphin Island, at the entrance to Mobile Bay. 
 
 1702. A SETTLEMENT was made at Yincennes, Indiana, by 
 French Canadians. 
 
 This is the first authentic date in regard to its occupancy by whites. The In- 
 dians made but little opposition to the new comers. 
 
 1702. THE governorship of New York and New Jersey was 
 given to Edward Hyde, the eldest son of the Earl of Clarendon, 
 whose title was Lord Cornbury. 
 
 His instructions were elaborate, comprising nearly one hundred articles. The 
 council for New Jersey consisted of twelve persons, appointed by the crown from 
 a list of names furnished by the governor, and liable to be dismissed by him, the 
 grounds for such dismission being sent to England. The lower house of the 
 assembly consisted of twenty-four delegates, equally divided between East and 
 West Jersey. They were required to be owners of at least one thousand acres in 
 freehold, and were chosen for an indefinite period. The right of suffrage was 
 restricted to freeholders, or owners of personal property to the value of fifty 
 pounds. The assembly sat together until 1738, when the council was made a sep- 
 arate branch, the governor withdrawing from it, and no longer serving as its pre- 
 siding officer. Liberty of conscience was guaranteed to all "except Papists." 
 Quakers could hold office, an affirmation being substituted for an oath. The 
 churches built were to be maintained, and more to be built; "the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer read each Sunday and holy-day, and the blessed sacrament adminis- 
 tered according to the rites of the Church of England." A glebe and parsonage, 
 with a "competent maintenance," were to be provided for each " orthodox " min-
 
 172 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1702-3. 
 
 ister, a certificate from the bishop of London of his conformity " to the doctrine 
 and discipline of the Church of England " being necessary. No printing was 
 allowed without a " special license " from the governor. Justices of the peace 
 had jurisdiction in cases under forty shillings ; in civil cases county courts of 
 common pleas ; and in criminal cases county courts of general sessions, composed 
 of all the justices of the county. Appeals from these lay to a supreme court of 
 three judges, thence to the governor and council, and thence to the privy council 
 in England. The governor had the probate of wills and granting of marriage 
 licenses, and claimed the power of a court of chancery. The assembly prevented 
 the establishment of the Church of ^England by persistent refusals to vote grants 
 for the purpose. 
 
 1702, SEPTEMBER 3. Governor Dudley visited Rhode Island, 
 and claimed, as vice-admiral, the command of the militia of that 
 colony. 
 
 Their numbers were estimated at two thousand men. Governor Cranston re- 
 plied, that he could not comply with the order until the assembly met. It was 
 claimed that the charter gave the command of the troops to the civil authorities, 
 and that its authority was paramount. Dudley ordered the major to parade his 
 troops the next morning, but the major replied he could not order them out except 
 he had orders from the assembly or the governor. The treops did not appear. 
 
 1702, SEPTEMBER. William Perm was made the agent of 
 Rhode Island in England. 
 
 1702. THE proprietors of New Jersey ceded their right of 
 jurisdiction to the crown. 
 
 This, they said, had "long been a very expensive feather." They retained 
 their property in the soil, and their claim to quit-rents. 
 
 1702. AN expedition was undertaken from Carolina against 
 the Spaniards at St. Augustine. 
 
 A part of the expedition went by sea, and a part by land ; but, Spanish vessels 
 appearing from Havana, the force retreated, leaving their ships and stores. 
 
 1702, DECEMBER. Miles Foster, of Amboy, New Jersey, re- 
 ceived from the Board of Proprietors a grant of a town lot for 
 having built the first sloop launched at that place. 
 
 1702. THE first issue of bills of credit was made by Carolina. 
 
 The issue was made to pay the expenses of the expedition against St. Augus- 
 tine. The amount issued was six thousand pounds. A tax was laid on peltries 
 and liquors to pay the bills of credit in three years ; a double tax was laid upon 
 non-resident traders. 
 
 1703. IN Carolina, both in the northern and southern prov- 
 inces, money was voted for building churches and supporting the 
 ministers. 
 
 The proprietaries were anxious to establish the Church of England, but the 
 dissenters opposed it. From the time of Archdale, it became a custom for the 
 governor of the southern province to give a commission as deputy to the governor 
 of the northern one ; but in all other respects they remained separated, each hav- 
 ing its own council and assembly.
 
 1703-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 173 
 
 1703. THE Episcopal church was established in Maryland. 
 
 Protestant dissenters were tolerated ; and it was the introduction of this clause 
 in the act which secured it from the veto which had been given three times to a 
 similar act. Catholics were, however, forbidden to teach or preach, and mass 
 could not be said publicly. 
 
 1703. THE three counties comprising Delaware were finally 
 separated from Pennsylvania, and were given a distinct assembly. 
 
 Until the Revolution, however, the same .governor and council presided over 
 the two states, and not until 1776 did the inhabitants of Delaware adopt a con- 
 stitution. 
 
 1703. IN February, John Clarke received a grant of twenty 
 acres on the southern branches of the Rahawck " for his encour- 
 agement in fitting up a fulling-mill " in that part of New Jersey. 
 
 This was the first mill of the kind in the province. 
 
 1703, MAY 12. Commissioners from Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut met at Stonington, and agreed upon a line between the 
 two colonies. 
 
 It was substantially the same that remains to-day. By this mutual arrangement, 
 a dispute which had lasted forty years, and had been the cause of expensive and 
 useless litigation, was settled. 
 
 1703. THE assembly of New York refused to make any more 
 extraordinary appropriations, unless the money was spent by a 
 treasurer of their own. 
 
 They had voted money for the erection of batteries at the Narrows, and could 
 get no satisfactory account of its expenditure. 
 
 1703. NEWS-LETTERS, or written circulars containing news, 
 were sent this year by John Campbell, the postmaster of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, to Fits; John Winthrop, the governor of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 In the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for 1866-7 will be 
 found nine of these letters, beginning in April and ending in October. Such let- 
 ters were sent to all the governors of New England, and were the natural precur- 
 sors of the newspaper. 
 
 1704. THE assembly of Pennsylvania prohibited the exporta- 
 tion of leather, deer-skins dressed in the hair, and beaver and 
 other skins. 
 
 The acts were passed on petitions of the shoemakers, saddlers, felt-makers, and 
 others. The price of shoes was fixed men's at six shillings and six pence, 
 women's at five shillings. 
 
 1704. BY an act passed by the British parliament : " For en- 
 couraging the importation of naval stores from her Majesty's 
 plantations in America," bounties were for the first time offered 
 of four pounds a ton on tar and pitch, three pounds upon turpen-
 
 174 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1704. 
 
 tine, and six pounds upon water-rotted hemp. Upon all masts, 
 yards, and bowsprits, one pound a ton of forty feet. 
 
 The bounty on hemp increased its culture, particularly in Virginia and Caro- 
 lina, and improved the quality, so that the hemp from Virginia was said to be equal 
 to any. 
 
 1704. A PROCLAMATION by Queen Anne fixed the rates for 
 Spanish and other foreign coins in the colonies. 
 
 The Spanish dollar was rated at four shillings and six pence. This made the 
 pound sterling = $4^.. New England coinage being twenty-five per cent, less, the 
 pound in New England coinage was worth 3.33. 
 
 1704, MARCH. Deerfield, then the north-western frontier town 
 of New England, was attacked and destroyed by the French and 
 Indians- 
 
 The general court of Massachusetts offered rewards for Indian prisoners or 
 scalps. Captain Church was sent against the French settlements on the Penob- 
 ficot and the east, with six hundred men. His orders were not to attack Port 
 Royal. It was estimated that every Indian scalp taken during this war cost the 
 colony about a thousand pounds. 
 
 1704, APRIL 24. Tlie Boston News Letter, the first successful 
 periodical issue in America, was begun this year. 
 
 John Campbell, the postmaster, was the proprietor of this issue. It was printed 
 weekly. For fifteen years it was the only newspaper in the colonies. It was at 
 first printed by Bartholomew Green. From 1707 to 1711, it was printed by John 
 Allen, who commenced at the first date. In 1711, Allen's establishment being 
 destroyed by fire, Green again commenced its printing; and in 1722 it passed into 
 his possession, and continued in that of his family until 1766. The first number 
 contained but one advertisement, and that was the proprietor's, as follows : 
 
 " ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 "This News letter is to be continued Weekly; and all persons who have any 
 Houses, Lands, Tenements, Farms, Ships, Vessels, Goods, Wares or Merchan- 
 dizes &c. to be Sold or Let ; or Servants Run-away, or Goods Stole or Lost : may 
 have the same inserted at a Reasonable Rate, from Twelve pence to Five Shillings, 
 and not to exceed : Who may agree with John Campbel Post-master of Boston. 
 
 " All Persons in Town and Country may have said News-Letter every Week, 
 Yearly, upon reasonable terms, agreeing with John Campbel Post-Master for the 
 same." 
 
 The News-Letter continued in existence seventy-two years, for eighteen of 
 which it was under Campbell's control. A complete file of it (the only one known) 
 is in the New York Historical Society's library. John Campbell died March 4, 
 1728, aged seventy-five. The News-Letter continued, with various changes in its 
 proprietorship, until it ceased in March, 1776, on the evacuation of Boston by the 
 British troops, it having been loyal to the British government, and the only paper 
 issued in the city during its siege by Washington. 
 
 1704. THE cancellation of the paper money issued this year 
 by Massachusetts was postponed for two years. 
 
 1704. THE general court of Massachusetts prohibited the 
 exportation of gunpowder, and authorized " the undertakers of
 
 1704-5.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 175 
 
 the powder-mill" to impress workmen by a warrant from a 
 magistrate. 
 
 The order was made previously to this date. 
 
 1704. A DUTY was laid on the importation of hops by the 
 assembly of Pennsylvania in order to encourage their home cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 1704. THE assembly of Carolina passed an act obliging all 
 members of the assembly to take the sacrament according to the 
 rites of the Church of England, or subscribe a declaration of 
 their adhesion to that church. 
 
 The dissenters objected, but the churchmen had a majority of one. 
 
 1704. THE production of rice in Carolina had become so 
 great that it was put in the list of " enumerated articles." 
 
 1704. FEEE schools were established in Maryland. 
 
 The funds for their support were raised by duties, double rates being imposed 
 upon non-residents. Finally a free school was established in each county. 
 
 1704. DELAWARE petitioned for a royal governor. 
 
 1704. THE assembly of Pennsylvania addressed a memorial 
 to Penn, the proprietary. 
 
 They charged him with various offences, and finally with betraying the colony. 
 The memorial was drawn up by David Lloyd, their speaker. 
 
 1705. LORD CORNBURY, the governor of the province of New 
 York, reporting to the Board of Trade, said, 
 
 " I am well informed that upon Long Island and Connecticut they are setting upon 
 a woollen manufacture, and I myself have seen serge made upon Long Island that 
 any man may wear. Now if they begin to make serge, they will, in time, make 
 coarse Cloth, and then fine ; we have as good fuller's earth and tobacco pipe clay 
 in this province as any in the world ; how far this will be for the service of Eng- 
 land I submit to better judgements ; but, however, I hope I may be pardoned if I 
 declare my opinion to be that all the colloneys which are but twigs belonging to 
 the main tree (England) ought to be kept entirely dependent upon and subservient 
 to England, and that can never be, if they are suffered to goe on in the notions 
 they have, that, as they are Englishmen, soe they may set up the same manufac- 
 tures here as people may do in England ; for the consequence will be, if once they 
 can see they can cloathe themselves, not only comfortably, but handsomely too, 
 without the help of England, they, who are already not very fond of submitting to 
 government, would soon think of putting in execution designs they had long har- 
 boured in their hearts. This will not seem strange, when you consider what sort 
 of people this country is inhabited by." 
 
 1705. THE province of Carolina was divided into parishes, 
 and the Church of England legally established. 
 
 A board of twenty lay commissioners were appointed, with power to supervise 
 the morals of both clergy and laity, and authority to present and remove ministers. 
 The bishop of London complained of it as an intrusion on his episcopal rights, and 
 the dissenters denounced it as a Star-Chamber.
 
 176 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1705. 
 
 1705, DECEMBER. An expedition from Carolina attacked the 
 Spanish-Indian settlements in Florida. 
 
 James Moore, with fifty white men and a thousand Creek Indians, marched 
 through the woods against them. The Spanish fort was too strong for them, but 
 they plundered and burned the Indian churches and villages, and, removing the 
 native Indians, gave the country to their Indian allies. It was settled by the Sem- 
 inoles, and, when they were removed in the next century, traces of the old Span- 
 ish settlements were found overgrown by forests. 
 
 1705. The government of Virginia was given as a sinecure 
 to the Earl of Orkney, who appointed as his deputy to discharge 
 the duties of the office Edward Nott. 
 
 The deputy received two fifths of the salary, his principal obtaining the re- 
 maining twelve hundred pounds. The arrangement thus introduced continued in 
 practice for sixty-three years, the successive incumbents of the office being Lord 
 Albemarle, Lord Loudoun, and General Amherst. 
 
 1705. THE assembly of Virginia made a fifth revision of the 
 Virginia Code. 
 
 All children were "to be bond or free, according to the condition of their 
 mothers." All servants imported, " who were not Christians in their native 
 country," were to "be slaves, notwithstanding a conversion to Christianity after- 
 ward." Negroes, mulattoes, and Indians could not hold office, bear witness, or 
 own slaves. The child of an Indian, the child, grandchild, or great-grandchild of 
 a negro, were to be esteemed mulattoes. Masters were not to "whip a Christian 
 white servant naked," without an order from a justice of the peace, under pen- 
 alty of a fine. Servants, "not being slaves," justices were bound to listen to their 
 complaints. Runaway and irreclaimable slaves might be killed, servants might 
 be "dismembered." Each county had two burgesses, elected by the freeholders. 
 Those entitled to vote were fined for neglecting to do so. The vote was deter- 
 mined " upon view," unless a poll was demanded, when it was taken viva voce, 
 the sheriff keeping the roll. Every settler had a right to fifty acres of land, and 
 more by the payment of a shilling for each ten acres, up to a limit of five hundred 
 acres. Settlers with more than five tithablc slaves or servants might take up two 
 hundred additional acres, but no single patent for land should exceed four thou- 
 sand acres. Patents were void in three years unless " seated and planted by the 
 building of one house of wood after the usual manner of building in this colony," 
 and clearing, planting, and tending one acre. Entails could be docked only by an 
 act of the assembly. 
 
 1705. THE laws of Connecticut against the Quakers were 
 declared void by a royal order in council. 
 
 1705. DUDLEY, the governor of Massachusetts, proposed an 
 exchange of prisoners with the governor of New France, which 
 was accepted. 
 
 The governor of New France proposed a suspension of hostilities, which the 
 general court refused. The negotiations, however, took some time. Dudley was 
 accused of sharing in the shipment of munitions in the ship sent with the prison- 
 ers, and four Boston merchants were imprisoned and fined for it, though the pro- 
 ceeding was annulled in England.
 
 1706-7.] AXNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 177 
 
 1706. THE first presbytery was held at Philadelphia. 
 
 Of the members forming it, only one (Jedidiah Andrews of New England, a 
 Harvard graduate) was born in this country. All the others were Scotch or Irish 
 emigrants. 
 
 1706, AUGUST. Charleston, in Carolina, was attacked by an 
 expedition of Spaniards and French. 
 
 The assailants were repulsed. One French frigate and four Spanish sloops 
 formed the attacking force. The frigate was captured, and nearly half the eight 
 hundred French troops who landed killed or made prisoners. 
 
 1706. A SECOND issue of paper money was made in Carolina. 
 It consisted of eight thousand pounds, and the same taxes as before were de- 
 voted to its redemption. 
 
 1706. THE assembly in Pennsylvania made an affectionate 
 address to Penn. 
 
 His friends had a majority. A dispute arose, however, between Evans, the gov- 
 ernor, and the assembly, concerning the establishment of a supreme court of law 
 and equity, Evans wishing to reserve for himself and the council the equity juris- 
 diction ; and as no compromise could be made, he exercised the right he claimed 
 under the charter, but which the assembly denied, of establishing courts by proc- 
 lamation. 
 
 1707. THE assembly of Pennsylvania sent to Penn a list of 
 complaints against Evans, the governor, and James Logan, the 
 colonial secretary. 
 
 Evans was recalled. 
 
 1707. THE assembly of South Carolina passed an act estab- 
 lishing the Church of England as the religion of the province, 
 and providing for its support at the public expense. 
 
 The ministers were to be appointed by the commissary of the Bishop of Lon- 
 don. This establishment gradually absorbed the Dissenters, and remained the 
 legal ecclesiastical establishment until the Revolution. 
 
 1707. THE Dissenters of South Carolina brought their pro- 
 test against the acts of 1704 before the House of Lords, who 
 decided tbey were unreasonable and illegal. 
 
 The queen, by the advice of the crown lawyers, proclaimed the acts void, and 
 directed steps to be taken for the forfeiture of the proprietary rights. 
 
 1707. A COMPANY was formed at Simsbury, Connecticut, to 
 work the copper mines. 
 
 The landholders worked the mine, paying the town ten shillings for each ton 
 produced. The proceeds to be used in supporting "an able schoolmaster in 
 Simsbury, and aiding Yale College." 
 
 1707, FEBRUARY. The assembly of Rhode Island legislated 
 to control the prices of hides and shoes. 
 
 The law was " for preventing the deceits and abuses by tanners, curriers, and 
 shoemakers." 
 
 12
 
 178 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1707-8. 
 
 1707. AN expedition sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, 
 against Acadie. 
 
 It was repulsed at Port Royal, and the troops suffered much from disease. 
 The expedition consisted of a thousand men, under Colonel March, and were 
 accompanied by an English frigate. They burned the houses and killed the 
 cattle, and destroyed the crops along the Port Royal River. Rhode Island and 
 New Hampshire contributed to the expedition, and issued their first bills of credit 
 to pay the expense. 
 
 1707. THE proclamation to regulate the currency was re- 
 enforced by an act of Parliament. 
 
 1707. GURDON SALTONSTALL was elected governor of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 He was minister of New London, and held the office, by re-election, seventeen 
 years. His election was an innovation upon the original rule, by which not only 
 ministers, but ruling elders were disqualified for holding civil offices. 
 
 1707. A JURY in New York acquitted two Dissenting mis- 
 sionaries, who had been prosecuted by order of Cornbury, the 
 governor. 
 
 Cornbury claimed, by his instructions, to deny the right of preachers, or 
 schoolmasters, to exercise their functions without a license from the bishop. 
 
 1708. NEW JERSEY petitioned to have a separate govern- 
 ment from New York, and Lewis Morris represented to the 
 English secretary of state Cornbury's vices and offences. 
 
 The population of the state was then about forty thousand. 
 
 1708. CORNBURY was removed from the governorship of 
 New York and New Jersey, and Lord Lovelace appointed his 
 successor. 
 
 Cornbury's creditors in New York arrested him, but succeeding soon to the 
 earldom of Clarendon, the privilege of peerage discharged him from jail. Love- 
 lace died soon after his arrival, and Ingolsby, the lieutenant-governor, assumed 
 the administration. 
 
 1708. THE Connecticut assembly approved the Saybrook 
 Platform. 
 
 It had been drawn up by a synod, and introduced the "Consociations" of 
 ministers. 
 
 1708. HAVERHILL, on the Merrimac, was destroyed by the 
 French and Indians. 
 
 The general court of Massachusetts petitioned the queen to assist in the con- 
 quering of Canada and Acadie. 
 
 1708, APRIL 28. The first general census of Rhode Island 
 was ordered by the assembly. 
 
 It was found there were 7181 inhabitants, of whom 1015 were freemen; 56 
 white and 426 colored servants.
 
 1708-9.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 179 
 
 1708, AUGUST. A letter from Colonel Heathecote to the 
 Board of Trade, from New York, speaks of their linen manufac- 
 tories. 
 
 He says " he had labored hard to divert the Americans from going on with 
 their linen and woolen manufactures. But that already three quarters of what 
 they used they made, especially the coarse sort, and if some speedy and effectual 
 ways are not found to put a stop to it, they will carry it on a great deal further, 
 and, perhaps, in time, very much to the prejudice of our manufactories at home. 
 I have been discoursed with by some to assist them in setting up a manufactory 
 of fine stuffs, but I have, for the present, put it by, and will, for my own part, 
 never be concerned in it, nor any other of that nature, but will use all the little 
 interest and skill I have to prevent it." 
 
 Colonel Heathecote was a member of the council of the province, and had ap- 
 plied to the Board of Trade for the contract to supply naval stores. 
 
 1708, OCTOBER 4. The assembly. of Connecticut, sitting at 
 New Haven, voted fifty pounds " for the bringing up and main- 
 taining of dogs in the northern frontier towns in that colony, to 
 hunt after the Indian enemy." 
 
 1709, OCTOBER. A congress of several governors was held 
 at New London, Connecticut, to consult concerning an expedi- 
 tion against Canada. 
 
 The meeting was at the request of Colonel Vetch. As the expected British 
 fleet did not arrive, nothing was done, and later, a meeting being held at Boston, 
 commissioners were sent to England to ask for aid. 
 
 1709. A PRINTING-PRESS was established this year at New 
 London, Connecticut, by Thomas Short, from Boston, recom- 
 mended by B. Green. 
 
 He printed the next year the Saybrook Platform of Church Discipline, and 
 several sermons, but died in three or four years, and was succeeded by Timothy 
 Green, a son of Samuel Green, Jr., of Boston, who was made the public printer 
 with a salary of fifty pounds a year. 
 
 1709. AN edition of the Psalms, in the English and Indian 
 languages, was issued by the Cambridge press, with the imprint 
 of B. Green and J. Printer on the title. 
 
 1709. CONNECTICUT, New York, and New Jersey made their 
 first issue of bills of credit. 
 
 They were issued to meet the expenses of preparing for an expedition against 
 Canada, undertaken by order of the English government, by whom the co-opera- 
 tion of a fleet was promised. The defeat of the allies in Spain prevented the 
 coming of the fleet, and the expedition was abandoned. Rhode Island also took 
 part in the preparation for the expedition, and issued bills of credit for the ex- 
 penses. New Hampshire furnished her quota. The legislature of Pennsylvania, 
 called upon by Governor Gookin to aid, protested, " with all humility, they could 
 not in conscience provide money to hire men to kill each other." They tendered 
 the queen, however, a present of five hundred pounds, which Gookin refused to 
 accept.
 
 180 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1710. 
 
 1710, SEPTEMBER 18. An expedition against Port Royal 
 sailed from Nantasket, where it had rendezvoused. 
 
 The fleet consisted of twelve ships-of-war and twenty-four transports. Of 
 these, fourteen were in the pay of Massachusetts, two of New Hampshire, three 
 of Rhode Island, and five of Connecticut. They carried five regiments, under 
 the command of General Nicholson. In six days they arrived at Port Royal and 
 laid siege to it. 
 
 1710, OCTOBER 2. Port Royal surrendered. 
 
 The loss to the expedition was some fifteen men. The name of Port Royal 
 was changed to Annapolis Royal. 
 
 1710. THE Drinkwater Iron Works, near Abington, Massa- 
 chusetts, were erected. 
 
 Cannon and shot were cast here in the Revolution. 
 
 1710. PENN wrote a letter to the assembly of Pennsylvania, 
 in which, after recapitulating the history of the province, he sug- 
 gested, that unless more harmony should prevail, he would be 
 obliged to rid himself of the government of the province. 
 
 It had been such an expense to him, that he had borrowed money from his 
 London agent at usurious interest, and secured it by a mortgage on the province. 
 He now began negotiations for selling his sovereignty to the queen for twelve 
 thousand pounds, reserving to himself the quit-rents and the property in the soil. 
 
 1710. AN act of parliament extended the British post-office 
 system to America. 
 
 Neal's patent had expired. New York was made the chief office, and the mails 
 were brought over the Atlantic by regular packets. The rates of postage were 
 regulated. A line of posts was soon established on Neal's routes, extending 
 north as far as the Piscataqua, and south to Philadelphia. South of this, as far 
 as Williamsburg in Virginia, the mail left as often as letters enough were col- 
 lected to pay the postage, and even more irregularly as far south as Carolina. 
 
 1710. ROBERT HUNTER arrived in New York as governor. 
 
 The assembly he called refused to make a grant for more than a year's revenue, 
 in place of the seven years' revenue which had been the custom. The queen, 
 it was claimed, spent yearly twenty thousand pounds in maintaining troops and 
 ships for the defence of New York ; and it was threatened to raise a revenue by act 
 of parliament. Hunter wrote home finally that the assembly was resolved to put 
 itself on a footing with those of the chartered colonies, and he could not pre- 
 vent it. 
 
 1710. ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD was sent as lieutenant to Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 He carried with him the queen's consent to the extension of the Habeas Corpus 
 Act to the province. Spotswood went with an expedition over the Blue Ridge. 
 
 1710. DURING this year and the next many thousands of 
 Germans, refugees in England from the banks of the Rhine, were 
 sent over to the colonies of America.
 
 1711.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 181 
 
 Some three thousand were sent to settle on the banks of the Hudson, under 
 indentures to serve the queen as "grateful subjects in the production of tar." 
 They were soon dissatisfied with serving, and after it had cost some twenty thou- 
 sand pounds more to support them than they produced, their indentures were 
 cancelled, and they formed the ny>st industrious settlements in the valley of the 
 Schoharie and the upper waters of the Mohawk. Three or four thousand were 
 also sent to Pennsylvania, and another body into North Carolina. It was by 
 these settlers that the Lutheran and German Reformed Churches were founded 
 and supported. 
 
 1711, JUNE. A congress of governors was held at New Lon- 
 don, Connecticut, to decide concerning the quotas from the 
 different colonies. 
 
 General Nicholson had arrived at Boston with the news that the fleet might be 
 expected soon, and with orders to attack Canada, and commands for New Eng- 
 land, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, to have their quotas in readi- 
 ness. 
 
 1711, JULY 30. An expedition against Canada sailed from 
 
 Boston. 
 
 A fleet to assist had arrived from England on the 21st of June. The fleet con- 
 sisted of fifteen ships-of-war and forty transports, under the command of Sir 
 Hovenden Walker. Five British regiments and two colonial ones, aggregating 
 nearly seven thousand men, were embarked on the fleet. On the same day Gen- 
 eral Nicholson started for Albany to take command of a force which was to 
 prpceed by land against Montreal. This force is variously stated to have been 
 four thousand and two thousand, eight hundred of which were Indians. 
 
 1711, AUGUST 22. The fleet was so injured by a storm that 
 the expedition was abandoned. 
 
 The fleet had reached the St. Lawrence, and was waiting for the transports. 
 By the storm nearly a thousand men were lost. The land expedition, having 
 heard of the disaster before reaching Lake Champlain, also returned. For this 
 expedition Massachusetts furnished forty thousand pounds in bills of credit, and 
 New York issued ten thousand pounds ; Pennsylvania, as a present to the queen, 
 contributed two thousand pounds. 
 
 1711. A Swiss settlement in North Carolina, near the mouth 
 of the Neuse, called their town New Berne. 
 
 The Germans sent out by the proprietors settled themselves on this river. 
 The Tuscaroras considering this an infringement upon their lands, seized the 
 surveyor-general, Lawson, burned him at the stake, and commenced a war. 
 South Carolina sent a small militia force to assist the colonists, together with a 
 large body of friendly Indians, and the Tuscaroras agreed to peace. 
 
 1711. BY an act of parliament, a penalty of one hundred 
 pounds was attached to the cutting of white or other pine trees, 
 growing upon lands not owned as private property, or such as 
 were marked by the surveyor, in New England, New York, and 
 New Jersey. 
 
 The penalty was recoverable in a court of admiralty, where the trial was with- 
 out jury.
 
 182 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1711-12. 
 
 1711. A SUPERIOR COURT, of five judges, chosen annually by 
 the assembly, was organized in Connecticut. 
 
 It exercised the judicial authority heretofore held by the assistants. 
 
 1712. A BANK, or stock of forty-eight thousand pounds, was 
 created in South Carolina. 
 
 Bills of credit were issued to this amount, and loaned upon mortgages of real 
 estate, to be repaid in yearly instalments. 
 
 1712. A SECOND grist-mill was erected for New London* 
 Connecticut, on the Falls of Jordan Brook, by Richard Manwa- 
 ring. 
 
 1712. ANDREW SOULES BRADFORD, the eldest son of William 
 Bradford, who in 1708 was admitted a freeman of New York 
 city, returned to Philadelphia, and took charge of the press his 
 father had left there. 
 
 The assembly of Pennsylvania resolved to have the laws printed, and appointed 
 a committee "to treat with Jacob- Taylor and the other printers in the town," 
 concerning the expense. The contract was finally given to Andrew Bradford, 
 who issued them the next year in a folio volume of one hundred and eighty pages. 
 
 Andrew Soules Bradford was born in Philadelphia. His printing-house was 
 in Second Street. He also kept a bookstore, sold tea, and carried on a bindery. 
 He was printer to the government, and in 1732 was postmaster of the province. 
 
 1712. THE Tuscaroras renewed the war in North Carolina. 
 
 The South Carolina forces returning home, pillaged some of the Indian vil- 
 lages, and carried off their inhabitants to sell as slaves. Spotswood, the gover- 
 nor of Virginia, having influenced the assembly to vote assistance, sent it, and 
 succeeded in making peace with a portion of the Tuscaroras. 
 
 1712. THE monopoly of trade with Louisiana had been 
 granted to Anthony Crozat. 
 
 Crozat agreed to send two ships a year from France with goods and emigrants. 
 He had also the right to import yearly a cargo of slaves from Africa. The 
 French government agreed to pay fifty thousand livres ($10,000) a year towards 
 the support of the civil and military establishment. 
 
 1712, APRIL. A real or pretended plot of the slaves in New 
 York city caused great excitement throughout the province. 
 
 Nineteen of the accused were hanged. The city contained at this time five 
 thousand eight hundred and forty inhabitants. 
 
 1712, JUNE. A slave code was enacted in South Carolina. 
 
 Slaves without a pass were to be arrested and punished on the spot by "mod- 
 erate chastisement." Negro houses were to be searched once a week. The 
 punishment of a slave for theft, for the first offence, was public and severe whip- 
 ping ; for the second, loss of his ear, or branding on his forehead ; for the third, 
 having his "nose slit;" for the fourth, "death or other punishment," at the 
 discretion of the court. Two justices and three freeholders made a competent 
 court for sentencing a slave to death, the owner to be indemnified at the public
 
 1712-13.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 183 
 
 expense. Runaway slaves were to be treated with similar harshness. For the 
 fourth such an offence, a man " was to be gelt," the owner to be reimbursed if he 
 died under the operation ; if a woman, whipped, branded, and her left ear cut off. 
 An owner killing his slave through "wantonness, bloody-mindedness, or cruel 
 intention," was fined fifty pounds " current money; " if the slave belonged to an- 
 other, twenty-five pounds to the public, and the slave's Value to the' owner. It 
 was made lawful for slaves, negro or Indian, to be baptized, and receive the 
 Christian religion; but "he or they shall not therefore be manumitted or set 
 free." 
 
 1712, JUNE. An act was passed in Pennsylvania placing a 
 duty of twenty pounds upon all negroes and Indians brought 
 into the province by laud or water. 
 
 It was refunded if they were re-exported within twenty days. Travellers were 
 allowed six months before claiming the drawback, and to have two "negro or 
 Indian slaves " attending them. The queen disallowed and repealed this act. 
 
 1712, AUGUST. Massachusetts passed an act totally prohibit- 
 ing the importation of Indian slaves under pain of forfeiture. 
 
 The act recites "that diverse conspiracies, outrages, barbarities, murders, 
 burglaries, thefts, and other notorious crimes and enormities," have, "especially 
 of late," been committed by " Indians and other slaves," within " several of her 
 Majesty's plantations in America." 
 
 1713. WORCESTER, Massachusetts, was permanently settled. 
 
 In 1848 it was incorporated as a city. It is an important railroad centre, 
 being the point of junction of six different lines. It is a great manufacturing place 
 of cotton and woollen goods, machinery, iron-works, and agricultural implements. 
 
 1713. THE town of New London, Connecticut, granted to 
 Colonel John Livingston what right it had to Sawmill Brook, to 
 erect a saw-mill and fulling-mill. 
 
 1713. A LARGE brick house was built at Haddonn'eld, New 
 Jersey, of bricks brought from England by Elizabeth Haddon, 
 whose father had purchased four hundred acres there, and sent 
 his daughter, aged twenty, to make a settlement. 
 
 The place was named after Mm. 
 
 1713, APRIL 11. The treaty of Utrecht was signed, and the 
 war with France and Spain ended. 
 
 Acadie, now Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson's Bay passed under the 
 jurisdiction of England. By the treaty Spain passed over to the South Sea Com- 
 pany a contract with the French Guinea Company for supplying slaves to Spanish 
 America, and the South Sea Company contracted to land yearly, in the New 
 World, forty-eight hundred slaves, for thirty years. 
 
 1713. A FORCE of militia and friendly Indians from South 
 Carolina marched against the Tuscaroras, who were conquered. 
 
 The Indians taken captive by the friendly Indians were sent to South Carolina 
 and sold as slaves. The Tuscaroras abandoned their territory, and going north- 
 ward, were taken into the confederacy of the Five Nations, as a sixth nation.
 
 184 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1713-15. 
 
 1713. NORTH CAROLINA issued her first bills of credit. 
 
 The amount was eight thousand pounds, and was issued to meet the expenses 
 of the Indian war. 
 
 1714. A PAPER-MILL was built upon Chester Creek, Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 It was afterwards owned by a Mr. Wilcox, who used to furnish Franklin with 
 paper. The mill was still in operation in 18(50, and the paper made by hand. 
 
 1714. NEW YORK issued bills of credit to the amount of twenty- 
 seven thousand six hundred and eighty pounds to pay its arrears 
 of debt. 
 
 1714, JUNE 15. The Rhode Island assembly burned publicly 
 bills of credit amounting to one thousand one hundred and two 
 pounds, eight shillings and six pence. 
 
 They had been received for taxation and were thus redeemed. 
 
 1714. A BANK or stock of fifty thousand pounds was created 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 It was a scheme similar to that in South Carolina, and was to last five years, 
 the loans being made for that time upon mortgages, the interest and one fifth the 
 principal being paid annually. The amount was distributed among the counties, 
 in the ratio of their taxation, and placed in the hands of trustees to be loaned. 
 This plan was carried out in preference to a proposition for a private bank to 
 issue bills upon its own responsibility. 
 
 1714. DUTIES and other burdensome regulations were imposed 
 by the government of New Jersey upon the exportation of various 
 articles to the other provinces. 
 
 1714. JAMES FRANKLIN settled in Boston, having brought a 
 press with him from England, which he set up. 
 
 1714. PAINTERS' colors were advertised for sale in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1714. FRENCH trading settlements were made upon the 
 Alabama and Red rivers. 
 
 The first was near the present site of Montgomery. 
 
 1714. THE Board of Trade, at the accession of the House 
 of Hanover to the English throne, was curtailed of its powers, and 
 made a committee for reference and report, dependent upon the 
 secretary of state for the southern department, as it was called. 
 
 1715. GOVERNOR HUNTER of New York wrote to the Board 
 of Trade upon the subject of the union of the colonies. 
 
 He said : " It is matter of wonder, that hitherto no effectual method has been 
 thought of for uniting the divided strength of these provinces on the continent for 
 the defence of the whole." 
 
 1715. A DUTY of three pence a gallon was laid on wine and
 
 1715.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 185 
 
 rum imported into Maryland, except from England, or in vessels 
 built and owned in the colony. 
 
 1715, JULY. The assembly of Rhode Island created a bank 
 or loan. 
 
 Forty thousand pounds in bills from five pounds to one shilling were issued, 
 apportioned among the towns, and lent at five per cent, interest for ten years 
 upon mortgages to twice the value of land. A thousand pounds of the interest 
 money was to be used yearly to redeem the notes, and the rest for the expenses 
 of the government. 
 
 1715. LINSEED oil was made in New York. 
 
 . 
 
 1715. ANOTHER issue of bills of credit was made by New 
 York. 
 
 The bills were issued for erecting fortifications and making presents to the 
 Indians, and were to be redeemed in twenty-one years by the collection of an 
 excise duty on spirits. 
 
 1715, NOVEMBER. The laws of North Carolina were revised, 
 all laws not specially re-enacted being repealed. 
 
 These laws are the earliest extant. They were enacted at " a general bien- 
 nial Assembly, held at the house of Captain Richard Sanderson, at Little River," 
 and begin, "By his Excellency the Palatine, and the rest of the true and absolute 
 Lords Proprietors of Carolina, by and with the consent of the present General 
 Assembly for the north east part of the said province." Among these laws were : 
 one for the "better observing the Lord's day, and also for suppressing profane- 
 ness, immorality, and divers other vicious and enormous sins ; " another for 
 " establishing the church, and appointing select vestries ; " liberty of conscience 
 was guaranteed, and the Quakers allowed to affirm ; the laws of England were 
 declared " the laws of this land," and " the common law is and shall be in force." 
 Seven years possession of land barred the right of entry. 
 
 1715. ORDERS were sent from England to all the colonial 
 governors not to consent to, any laws affecting British trade, un- 
 less they contained a clause suspending their operation until they 
 received the royal assent. 
 
 A bill had been introduced "for regulating the chartered governments," but 
 roused such opposition it was withdrawn. In Rhode Island, Connecticut, and the 
 two Carolinas, the royal assent was not necessary for the passage of laws, and 
 hence the opposition to their charters. 
 
 1715. THE governor of Pennsylvania, Gookin, refused to 
 allow Quakers to affirm, and in consequence the administration 
 of justice was stopped. 
 
 Gookin placed this interpretation upon an act of parliament to apply for five 
 years to the colonies, allowing Quakers to affirm in some cases, but making an 
 oath obligatory in jurymen and witnesses. The council and assembly complained, 
 and Gookin was recalled. 
 
 1715. AN Indian war commenced in South Carolina.
 
 186 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1715-16. 
 
 The Yamassees, along the north branch of the Savannah River, began it, and 
 were joined by the Catawbas, Cherokees, and Creeks, all of whom had taken part, 
 as friendly Indians, in the late war with the Tuscaroras. Martial law was pro- 
 claimed by Governor Craven, and an embargo laid on all shipping. Aid was 
 sent the colony by North Carolina, Virginia, and Governor Hunter, of New York, 
 though the assembly of the last declined granting assistance, as they had never 
 received any from Carolina. Governor Craven at the head of the forces, among 
 which were such slaves as could be trusted, drove the Yamassees back, and the 
 other tribes soon made peace. The war lasted about two years, and its damage 
 was estimated at about one hundred thousand pounds. About the same amount 
 had been issued for expenses, in bills of credit. Governor Spotswood, writing the 
 Board of Trade this year, said, "the Indians never break with the English with- 
 out gross provocation from the persons trading with them." 
 
 1715. THE population of the colonies was reported to the 
 Board of Trade as consisting of 434,600, of which 375,750 were 
 white, and 58,850 negroes. 
 
 Massachusetts had the largest population, being 9G,000, of whom 2000 were 
 negroes. Virginia stood next with 23,000 whites and 9500 negroes. The immi- 
 gration during the past twenty-five years had consisted chiefly of negroes and 
 indented servants, chiefly Irish and German. The majority of the population had 
 been born on the soil. 
 
 1715. THE administration of Maryland was restored to Lord 
 Baltimore, the son of the original proprietor. 
 
 He had become a Protestant, and dying soon after, his infant son Charles, the 
 fifth Lord Baltimore, succeeded to the title. The administration continued in 
 the hands of John Hart. This re-establishment gave the proprietor all the pow- 
 ers of an hereditary king. Twelve councillors appointed by him formed the upper 
 house of the assembly, and the highest legal tribunal of the province. Four 
 delegates from each county, and two from Annapolis, formed the lower house, and 
 were elected every three years by the freeholders, and possessors of personal 
 property to the amount of forty pounds. The election was by viva voce, and 
 those entitled to vote were fined for not doing so. The slave code which had 
 just been revised continued in force. All children born of "negroes and 
 slaves " were slaves for their natural lives. Baptism should not confer freedom. 
 " Any person whatsoever," travelling out of his county without a pass under seal, 
 could be arrested and confined until the production of a " certificate," that he or 
 she was not a servant, and before being set at liberty had to pay the jailer ten 
 pounds of tobacco a day, and two hundred pounds of tobacco, or twenty days 
 service to the person making the arrest. Branding, fining, and imprisonment 
 were the punishments for the second offence of blasphemy, and death the third. 
 The yearly production of tobacco in the province amounted to thirty thousand 
 hogsheads of five hundred pounds each. 
 
 1716. THE parishes of South Carolina were made election 
 districts. 
 
 The population had been before so scattered that for ninety-nine years, says 
 Ramsey, Charleston had been the centre and source of judicial power. The 
 thirty-six members of the assembly were distributed among the districts, their 
 elections being held at the parish churches.
 
 1716-17.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 187 
 
 1716, OCTOBER. Samuel Shute arrived in Massachusetts as 
 governor. 
 
 1716. ANOTHEE bank of one hundred thousand pounds was 
 organized in Massachusetts. 
 
 It was distributed among the counties, and loaned on mortgages. 
 
 1716. THE school established at Saybrook was transferred to 
 New Haven. 
 
 The name of Yale College was given in honor of a benefactor of that name. 
 
 1716. A DISPUTE arose in New Jersey concerning the inter- 
 pretation of the act relating to the affirmation for Quakers. 
 
 The chief justice decided that the act of parliament did not repeal the colonial 
 acts allowing Quakers to always affirm, but the clerk thought differently, and re- 
 fused to admit grand jurymen without an oath. Governor Hunter supported the 
 chief justice. 
 
 1716. LEMOINE DE BIENVILLE built Fort Eosalie on the bluff 
 at Natchez, Mississippi. 
 
 A town began to grow up about it. In 1729 the fort and adjoining settle- 
 ments were destroyed by the Indians, but were rebuilt a few months later by the 
 Trench. 
 
 1717. A LOAN or bank was organized by New Hampshire. 
 
 Its issue was fifteen thousand pounds, which were loaned as in Massachusetts. 
 
 1717. THE duties imposed in 1714 by the government of 
 New Jersey were repealed, as being " prejudicial to the inhabi- 
 tants." 
 
 1717. THE laws of Virginia, preventing the recovery of 
 foreign debt, prohibiting the assembling of Quakers, and the 
 holding of office by any one who had not resided three years in 
 the colony, were repealed by proclamation. 
 
 The attention of the Board of Trade had been called to them. 
 
 1717. SIR WILLIAM KEITH was appointed governor of Penn- 
 sylvania, to succeed Gookin, who had been removed. 
 
 1717. A DISPUTE arose in Maine with the king's surveyor of 
 the woods, concerning the ownership of the pine-trees. 
 
 It was maintained that the trees belonged, not to the king, but to the people. 
 
 1717. SOUTH CAROLINA appealed to the king and then to the 
 parliament to have the province placed " under the immediate 
 protection of the king." 
 
 A tax of ten per cent, to redeem the bills of credit had been laid upon the im- 
 portation of British goods, against which the English merchants protested to the 
 Board of Trade, and the proprietaries disallowed. 
 
 1717. CROZAT relinquished his patent for Louisiana, and the
 
 188 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1717-18. 
 
 exclusive trade, for twenty-five years, was granted to the Com- 
 pany of the West. 
 
 Crozat's administration had been pecuniarily a loss to him. The Company of 
 the West was also known as the Mississippi Company, and the Company of the 
 Indies. It enjoyed, beside the monopoly of the trade with Louisiana, a monopoly 
 of the fur trade with Canada. It was the company which obtained such reputa- 
 tion from Law's connection with it. It undertook to introduce six thousand white 
 settlers, and half as many negroes. Grants of land were made to private persons 
 who undertook to make settlements ; such a grant of twelve miles square, on the 
 Arkansas, was given to Law, who undertook to settle it with fifteen hundred 
 Germans. At the date of the transfer of the patent, the colony contained about 
 seven hundred people, soldiers included. 
 
 1717. BELLAMY, a noted freebooter, was wrecked on the 
 shore of Cape Cod. 
 
 Only five or six of the crew escaped, who were captured and hanged. John 
 Theach, another famous freebooter, was captured by two ships sent from the 
 Chesapeake by Spotswood, the governor of Virginia. 
 
 1717. THE assembly of New York made an issue of bills 
 of credit to the amount of forty-eight thousand pounds. 
 
 It was issued to pay debts overlooked, due to councillors, members of the 
 assembly, and others. The grand jury remonstrated, and were reprimanded by 
 the assembly. 
 
 1718. LANCASTER, Pennsylvania, then known as Hickory 
 Town, was settled. 
 
 In 1730 it received its present name, in 1818 was made a city. In 1777, Con- 
 gress sat there for a few days, and from there Thomas Paine wrote his famous 
 letter to Lord Howe. It was the capital of the state from 1799 to 1812. There 
 is a large manufactory for rifles, for the quality of which the place has long been 
 famous. 
 
 1718. NEW ORLEANS was founded. 
 
 It soon acquired importance from having been granted to the company formed 
 by John Law in Paris, two years previously. 
 
 When the " Mississippi Bubble," as Law's scheme was called, burst, the French 
 resumed the control of the country, and the navigation of the river was declared 
 free. 
 
 1718. THE Company of the West introduced the culture of 
 silk, rice, and indigo into Louisiana. 
 
 1718, MAY. The assembly of Pennsylvania passed an act 
 empowering the justices throughout the province to four times a 
 year fix the prices for liquors ; the town-crier was to proclaim 
 them, and they were to be written out and affixed to the doors of 
 the court-house. 
 
 For the first offence the fine was twenty shillings, for the third five pounds, and 
 the loss for three years of the right to sell.
 
 1718-19.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 189 
 
 1718, JUNE. The common council of Philadelphia gave per- 
 mission to such of the trades as desired it, to frame and present 
 an ordinance by which they should be incorporated. 
 
 1718. LINSEED oil was made in Connecticut. 
 
 1718. A ROPE- WALK was erected in New York city. 
 
 1718. STEED BONNET, at the head of a body of pirates, took 
 refuge on the coast about Cape Fear. 
 
 He was captured by an expedition sent against him from Charleston, South 
 Carolina, tried, found guilty, and executed with some forty others. His capture 
 cost the province about ten thousand pounds. 
 
 1719. FROM this year to 1725 the clearances at Philadelphia 
 averaged one hundred and nineteen yearly. 
 
 1719, MAY. The disputed boundary line between Massachu- 
 setts and Rhode Island was settled by commissioners from the 
 two colonies. 
 
 1719. LONDONDERRY, in New Hampshire, was settled by a 
 colony of Protestant Irish, who named the place after London- 
 derry, Ireland, from whence they came. 
 
 This was one of the first settlements made by the Protestant Irish in this 
 country, who, known as the Scotch-Irish, have been of such service. In 1842, the 
 descendants of this original settlement were estimated at over twenty thousand. 
 Prom the advent of these settlers an era of improvement in the linen industry of 
 the country dates. The settlement at Londonderry very soon established it in 
 their midst, and extended it throughout New England. The introduction of the 
 Irish potato, it is said, is also to be ascribed to this class of settlers. 
 
 1719, DECEMBER 21. The Boston Gazette, the second news- 
 paper in America, was issued. 
 
 William Brooker had been appointed postmaster in the place of John Camp- 
 bell, and commenced this sheet, because, it is said, that Campbell refused to send 
 his sheet through the mails. The News Letter said of it, "I pity the readers of the 
 new paper, its sheets smell stronger of beer than of midnight oil. It is not read- 
 ing fit for the people ! " While the Gazette continued in Brooker's possession, it 
 was printed by James Franklin, Benjamin's brother. 
 
 1719, DECEMBER 22. Andrew Bradford, in connection with 
 John Copson, began, in Philadelphia, the publication of the 
 American Weekly Mercury, the third newspaper in America. 
 
 About a year after the establishment of the Mercury, Bradford was summoned 
 before the governor and council for an article which had given offence, and com- 
 pelled to humbly apologize for it, being told at the same time "that he must not 
 presume to publish anything relating to the affairs of this or any other of his 
 Majesty's colonies without the permission of the governor or secretary." 
 
 Bradford was the postmaster of Philadelphia. He died November 24, 1742, 
 and his widow conducted the paper afterwards. 
 
 1719. RICHARD WARDEN advertises in Bradford's Mercury, 
 at Philadelphia, that he makes and sells " good long Tavern
 
 190 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1719. 
 
 Tobacco pipes at four shillings a gross, or three shillings for a 
 larger quantity, and also burns pipes for eight pence a gross." 
 
 1719. A COPPER MINE was discovered in Hanover, Hudson 
 County, New Jersey, by Arent Schuyler. 
 
 It is said to have been worked before by the earlier Dutch settlers. At the 
 time of the Revolution, the shaft had been sunk nearly 200 feet. About 1745, 
 the proprietor, Col. John Schuyler, imported a steam-engine from England, to 
 pump the water from the mine, and Josiah Hornblower came over with it and sot 
 it up. It is said to have been the third steam engine erected in America, and was 
 probably one of Newcomen's atmospheric engines. It continued in use for over 
 forty years. 
 
 1719. THE legislature of Maryland passed an act by which 
 one hundred acres of land should be laid off to any one who 
 would erect furnaces and forges in the province. 
 
 The year before samples of iron from Maryland and Virginia had been received 
 in England. During the next thirty years eight furnaces and nine forges were 
 erected in Maryland. 
 
 1719. THE lead mines of Missouri were discovered about this 
 date. 
 
 They were owned by the Mississippi Company, and in 1723 were granted to 
 M. Renault, who had first explored them. 
 
 1719. IN South Carolina the assembly declared the proprie- 
 tors had forfeited their rights' in the province, and appointed 
 James Moore to govern the colony in the king's name, and also a 
 council of twelve. 
 
 This revolutionary proceeding was the culmination of a long dispute. Robert 
 Johnson had been sent out as governor, with instructions from the proprietaries 
 to dissent to various acts of the assembly. Johnson kept them secret, but the 
 assembly becoming aware of them, maintained that the proprietaries could not 
 set aside acts of the assembly which the governor had once approved. Trott, the 
 chief justice, denying this, was impeached. The proprietaries ordered the assem- 
 bly dissolved, and the new assembly carried through the revolution. They asked 
 Johnson to act in the king's name, and on his refusal appointed Moore as gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 1719. THE House of Commons passed a resolution " that the 
 erection of manufactories in the colonies tended to lessen their 
 dependency on Great Britain." 
 
 1719. SHUTE, the governor of Massachusetts, claimed his 
 instructions gave him the control of the printing-press, but the 
 attorney-general said he could find no law to justify an indict- 
 ment against the printers. 
 
 The House had made a remonstrance concerning the acts of the king's sur- 
 veyor, which Shute asked them not to print, and threatened to prevent their doing 
 so, and ordered the printers indicted, with above result. His appeal to the Board 
 of Trade received no answer.
 
 1719-21.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 191 
 
 1719. AN order was sent to all the royal governors to not 
 consent to any further issue of^bills of credit, except for the 
 payment of current expenses. 
 
 1720. SOME Irish-Scotch settlers in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 began the manufacture of linen. 
 Spinning schools were established. 
 
 1720. THE French government granted a patent to John 
 Law's company to work the Missouri lead mines; and Renault, 
 accompanied by a mineralogist, La Motte, came out to this 
 country, and the Potosi and La Motte mines were opened. 
 
 Renault returned to France in 1742. Up to that time not much had been done, 
 the ores being smelted by being heaped up with logs and burned. 
 
 1720. COVENTRY FORGE, on French Creek, Chester County, 
 Pennsylvania, was erected about this time. 
 
 1720. A FORGE was erected in Berks County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It was attacked in 1728 by the Indians, but they were repulsed by the workmen. 
 
 1720, OCTOBER. William Burnet was appointed governor of 
 New York and New Jersey. 
 
 The assembly of New York passed an act to prevent the French traders with 
 the Indians from obtaining their supplies from Albany. 
 
 1720. THE French built Louisburg, at Cape Breton, over- 
 looking the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 By the treaty of Utrecht, the French had gradually withdrawn from the penin- 
 sula of Nova Scotia, into the Island of St. John's. A question arose as to the 
 extent of Acadie, as surrendered by the treaty. According to the French, this 
 embraced only Nova Scotia, as it is now known. 
 
 1720. THE general court of Massachusetts allowed taxes to 
 be paid in certain articles of produce, at fixed rates. 
 
 1720. LEGAL steps were taken in England to vacate the 
 charter of Carolina. 
 
 Pending the process, the crown assumed the jurisdiction. 
 
 1721. CHARLEVOIX visited Niagara, and describes it in a let- 
 ter to Madame de Maintenon. 
 
 He accompanied a party led from Montreal by Joucaire, who had been a prisoner 
 among the Senecas, and adopted by them. Charlevoix was then on his way to 
 New Orleans. A permanent trading post was established on the site of La Salle's 
 station. 
 
 1721. GOVERNOR BURNET, of New York, erected a trading 
 station near the mouth of the Genesee. 
 
 This was the first time the English flag was planted on the Western lakes. A 
 claim was made to the territory north and west of Lake Ontario, as belonging to 
 the Indians under English protection.
 
 192 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1721. 
 
 1721. THE assembly of New Jersey issued forty thousand 
 pounds of bills of credit. 
 
 They were loaned in small sums on mortgages of real estate. 
 
 1721. STONE was first quarried at Trenton, New Jersey. 
 
 1721, JUNE 13. A second bank, or loan, was created by the 
 assembly of Rhode Island. 
 
 Forty thousand pounds were issued of bills of credit, on the same terms as the 
 former loan. Hemp or flax was to be received in payment of the interest on the 
 loans, the former at eight pence, and the latter at ten pence a pound. Specie was 
 so scarce that an English halfpenny passed for three halfpence. 
 
 1721. THE small-pox raged this year in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 It had been brought from the West Indies. There were 5859 cases, of which 
 844 were fatal. Dr. Zabdicl Boylston introduced inoculation, trying it on his own 
 son first. Cotton Mather had seen in the transactions of the Royal Society an 
 account of it, and brought it to Dr. Boylston's attention. Great opposition was 
 made to its introduction by the other practitioners, and it was denounced as an 
 impious attempt to thwart the providence of God, who in his wisdom sent the 
 small-pox. A mob threatened to hang those practising it, and a lighted grenade 
 was thrown into Cotton Mather's house. 
 
 1721. SIR FRANCIS NICHOLSON was sent to South Carolina as 
 provisional royal governor. 
 
 He brought with him an independent company of soldiers, which was main- 
 tained at the expense of the crown. They were stationed on the Altamaha, to 
 serve as a defence on the outposts against the Spaniards. An assembly he called 
 confirmed all the late revolutionary proceedings, and established the system of 
 local elections, which the proprietors had objected to. It also voted a revenue to 
 be raised by a tax on liquors, other goods, and negroes imported, which was 
 intrusted to a treasurer of their own. 
 
 1721. THE assembly of Rhode Island ordered that all com- 
 mon drunkards should be publicly posted as such by the town 
 councils, and all dealers forbidden to sell liquor to such. 
 
 The law was afterwards extended, making the posting obligatory in all adjoin- 
 ing towns. 
 
 1721, AUGUST 7. James Franklin established the New Eng- 
 land Courant, at Boston ; the third newspaper in the colony. 
 
 The Courant having given offence to the clergy and some members of the gov- 
 ernment, the proprietor was imprisoned on a warrant from the speaker, and an 
 order obtained from the general court forbidding its publication until its contents 
 were submitted to the secretary of the province. The committee appointed by 
 the general court reported, in 1722, as follows: "The committee appointed to 
 consider of the paper called the New England Courant, published Monday the 
 fourteenth current, are humbly of opinion that the tendency of the said paper is 
 to mock religion, and bring it into contempt, that the Holy Scriptures are therein 
 profanely abused, that the revered and faithful ministers of the gospel are injuri- 
 ously reflected on, His Majesty's Government affronted, and the peace and good
 
 1722.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 193 
 
 order of His Majesty's subjects of this Province disturbed, by the said Courant 
 and for precaution of the like offence for the future, the Committee humbly pro- 
 pose, That James Franklin, the printer and publisher thereof, be strictly forbidden 
 by this Court to print or publish the New England Courant, or any other pamphlet 
 or paper of the like nature, except it be first supervised by the secretary of this 
 Province ; and the Justices of His Majesty's Sessions of the Peace for the County 
 of Suffolk, at their next adjournment, be directed to take sufficient bonds of the 
 said Franklin, for Twelve months time." The question of inoculation, which the 
 Courant opposed, was supported by the Mathers and other clergymen, though 
 the bishops of England opposed it. The writers for the Courant were called 
 the Hell-Fire Club, by the clergy and authorities. 
 
 The Courant was continued, however, without such censorship, being issued in 
 the name of James's brother, Benjamin, even after the latter had left Boston for 
 Philadelphia. Unwilling to submit to the requirements of the assembly, James 
 Franklin left Boston finally, and went to Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 1722, SEPTEMBER 14. A congress was held at Albany with 
 the chiefs of the Six Nations. 
 
 Governor Spotswood of Virginia, Keith of Pennsylvania, and Burnet of New 
 York, negotiated a treaty with the Six Nations, by which it was agreed that no 
 more hunting or war parties should be sent by these nations into the region east 
 of the Blue Ridge. 
 
 1722, SEPTEMBER 22. A congress was held at Albany with 
 the chiefs of the Six Nations. 
 
 Governor Keith with four members of the council of Pennsylvania, the gov- 
 ernor of New York with seven commissioners for Indian affairs, and the chiefs of 
 the Six Nations were present. Tanachaha was the Indian speaker ; he was 
 translated into Dutch, and then into English. The league already formed was 
 renewed. The Historical Register for 1723 has the proceedings. 
 
 1722. GOVERNOR SPOTSWOOD, of Virginia, was removed, and 
 Hugh Drysdale appointed in his place. 
 
 Spotswood was made postmaster-general of the colonies. 
 
 1722. THE general court of Massachusetts offered a premium 
 for sail duck and linen, made within the province from materials 
 of domestic production. 
 
 1722. MASSACHUSETTS, to make change, issued one, two, and 
 three pence pieces, printed on parchment, to the amount of five 
 hundred pounds. 
 
 The pieces were round, square, and six-sided. 
 
 1722. THE assembly of Rhode Island granted to William 
 Borden, of Newport, a bounty of twenty shillings for each bolt 
 of duck manufactured by him of hemp grown in the Drovince 
 and equal in quality to good Holland duck. 
 
 Borden was to have this bounty exclusively for five years, and this term was 
 extended to ten years. In 1725 he received a loan, for three years, of five hun- 
 dred pounds, from the public treasury. In 1728 he was loaned three thousand 
 pounds, in bills of credit, to be printed at his expense, and loaned him without 
 
 13
 
 194 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1722. 
 
 interest, for ten years, on his giving good security to repay it at that time. He 
 was to make, yearly, one hundred and fifty bolts of good merchantable duck. In 
 1731 the assembly relieved him from producing the stipulated quantity, and con- 
 tiriued the bounty on such amount as he should produce. 
 
 1722. THE assembly of Pennsylvania made an issue of fifteen 
 thousand pounds, in bills of credit, to which Governor Keith 
 assented. 
 
 It was to be loaned out on plate or real estate, at five per cent, interest, pay- 
 able in eight yearly instalments. Loan offices were established in each county, 
 and the loans were to range from ten pounds ten shillings to one hundred pounds. 
 If the money remained in the office six months without being borrowed, loans 
 might be made of two hundred pounds. 
 
 1722. TIMOTHY CUTTER, the rector of Yale College, was 
 excused from his rectorship, on account of his conversion to 
 Episcopacy. 
 
 Provision was made for securing, in future, satisfactory evidence from all 
 rectors of "the soundness of their faith, in opposition to Armenian and prelatical 
 corruptions." 
 
 1722. COPPER ORE from the plantations was placed by par- 
 liament on the list of enumerated articles. 
 
 The discovery of copper deposits in New York was the cause of this action. 
 
 1722. AN expedition from Massachusetts destroyed the Jesuit 
 settlement at Norridgewock, on the Upper Kennebec. 
 
 The Jesuit Father Rasles escaped, but his papers were captured. The Indians 
 retaliated by burning Brunswick, a recent settlement on the Androscoggin. 
 
 1722. THE South Carolina assembly passed an act for the 
 issue of one hundred and twenty thousand pounds in bills of 
 credit. 
 
 Twenty-eight traders in Charleston protested to the governor, Nicholson, 
 against this issue. They said that "every legislative engagement for recalling 
 the various emissions of bills had been broken through by every assembly." The 
 assembly pronounced this protest as a "false and scandalous libel," and com- 
 mitted its authors for a breach of privilege. The bill was refused assent in Eng- 
 land, and instructions were sent to the governor to consent to no law for a further 
 issue of bills of credit, nor to any act tending to divert the use of the sinking fund 
 already established for the redemption of the issues in circulation. Such was the 
 scarcity of circulation, however, that the assembly made rice, at a fixed rate, a 
 legal tender for the payment of debts. 
 
 1722. DANIEL COXE published, in London, A Description of 
 the English Province of Carolina, by the Spaniards called Florida, 
 and by the French La Louisiane. 
 
 His book proposed that all the British colonies on the continent should be 
 "united under a legal, regular, and firm establishment, over which a lieutenant or 
 supreme governor should be constituted and appointed to preside on the spot, to 
 whom the governors of each colony should be subordinate." He also proposed
 
 1722-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 195 
 
 the election of deputies from each province, to form a "great council or general 
 convention of the states of the colonies." Daniel Coxe was the son of a large 
 land proprietor, had resided in the country many years, visited most of the colo- 
 nies, been speaker of the New Jersey assembly, and died in Trenton in 1739, 
 while holding the office of judge in the superior court of that state. 
 
 1722. THE Spaniards obtained possession of Pensacola, 
 Florida, in consequence of the peace. 
 
 Within the past three years it had twice fallen into the possession of the 
 French. 
 
 1722. THE Spaniards established military posts in Texas. 
 
 1722. THE failure of Law's Royal Bank put an end to the 
 active immigration in Louisiana. 
 
 The colony contained several thousand inhabitants, but was still dependent 
 upon France and Saint Domingo for its supplies. Charlevoix, who, in January 
 of this year, arrived at New Orleans, speaks of it as containing a large wooden 
 warehouse, a shed for a church, two or three small houses, and a number of huts 
 crowded together without any order. 
 
 1723. THE assembly of Pennsylvania made another issue of 
 bills of credit for thirty thousand pounds. 
 
 They were issued on the same terms as the loan of the year before. 
 
 1723. CONNECTICUT furnished aid to Massachusetts for her 
 defence against the Indians. 
 
 It was at first refused. The Mohawks refused to take up arms in favor of 
 Massachusetts, though frequent attempts were made to induce them to do so. 
 Their reply was that the surest way for Massachusetts to obtain peace with the 
 Indians was to restore to them their lands and captives held as prisoners. 
 
 1723. THE school system in Maryland was introduced prac- 
 tically. 
 
 Boards of visitors, seven for each county, were appointed with power to 
 fill vacancies, and purchase in each county one hundred acres for a boarding- 
 school. The teachers were to have twenty pounds a year, and the use of the land, 
 and were to be "good school masters, members of the Church of England, and 
 of pious lives and conversation, and capable of teaching well the grammar, good 
 writing and the mathematics, if such can conveniently be got." 
 
 1723. THE assembly of Maryland forbade the importation from 
 Delaware or Pennsylvania, of " bread, beer, flour, malt, wheat, 
 Indian corn, or other grain or meal." 
 
 Stallions running wild could be shot, to prevent "the extravagant multitudes 
 of useless horses that run in the woods." The law was copied from one in force 
 in Virginia. 
 
 1723. SOUTH CAROLINA coined pence and two-pence pieces. 
 
 1723. THE duty laid in Virginia on the importation of spirits 
 and negroes was repealed by proclamation.
 
 196 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1723-4. 
 
 In order to stop the practice "of levying customs on the trade of England." 
 A duty on the importation of convicts was also repealed. 
 
 1723. THE assembly of Massachusetts suggested the holding 
 of a convention of the colonies. 
 
 This suggestion the Board of Trade pronounced to be a mutinous proposal. 
 
 1724. THE Virginia assembly reimposed the duty on spirits 
 when imported from elsewhere than Great Britain. 
 
 The Board of Trade had intimated that the duty on spirits was not objection- 
 able, provided it was exacted from the colonial consumer, instead of from the 
 English exporter. 
 
 1724. THE importation of slaves to Virginia now averaged 
 one thousand a year. 
 
 Free negroes, mulattoes, and Indians, though freeholders, were deprived the 
 right of voting; and no slave was to be emancipated, "except for meritorious 
 services, to be adjudged of by the governor and council, and a license thereupon 
 had and obtained." 
 
 1724. JOSEPH TALCOT was elected governor of Connecticut. 
 
 Saltonstall died. 
 
 1724. FORT DUMMER was erected by Massachusetts, to pro- 
 tect the towns on the Connecticut River from the Indians. 
 
 It was upon the site of Brattleborough, Vermont, and was the first settlement 
 within the territory of that state. 
 
 1724. A SECOND expedition from Massachusetts surprised 
 Norridgewock. 
 
 The settlement was pillaged and burned, and Rasles, with some thirty of his 
 Indian disciples, was slain. 
 
 1724. THIS year the ship-carpenters of London complained 
 of the increase of ship-building in the colonies, but the Board of 
 Trade did not dare venture to recommend its prohibition. 
 
 1724. THE first insurance office in the colonies was started 
 in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1724. THE first convention of booksellers, for the regulation 
 of the trade, met at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 Their specific object was to increase the prices of books. 
 
 1724. FEBRUARY 18. The Rhode Island assembly passed an 
 act requiring a property qualification for becoming a freeman. 
 
 The person was to be worth one hundred pounds, or be in receipt from real 
 estate of an income of two pounds a year. The eldest son of a freeman might 
 vote in his father's right. The law was not to disfranchise those who were free- 
 men already, without this qualification. At the same assembly the law by which 
 the freemen of the towns, though not of the colony, were forbidden to vote for 
 the deputies, was repealed.
 
 1724-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 197 
 
 1724, OCTOBER. The Rhode Island assembly passed an act to 
 prevent the tearing of the bills of credit into fractional parts, 
 for the making of change. 
 
 1724. RICHARD ROGERS, of New London, appealed to the 
 assembly of Connecticut for the exclusive right to manufacture 
 sail-cloth, such as he displayed samples of. 
 
 The next year the patent w,as given him. 
 
 1724. THE general court of Massachusetts prohibited the 
 use of scarfs at funerals, as a " burdensome custom." 
 
 1724. THE authorities of Massachusetts ordered that " mus- 
 cles shall not be used for making lime, or anything else, except 
 for food and bait to catch fish." 
 
 1724. AN iron mine and furnaces were working on the Rap- 
 pahannock, in Virginia. 
 
 They were operated by Colonel Alexander Spotswood, and were probably 
 erected a few years before this date, which is when The Present State of Virginia, 
 in which it was mentioned, was printed. 
 
 1724. IN Louisiana the lower part of the province was 
 under the religious regulation of the Capuchins, who had a con- 
 sent at New Orleans ; the upper part was under the Jesuits, who 
 igreed to keep at least fourteen priests in the territory. They 
 lad also a house at New Orleans, but could perform no religious 
 rites without permission from the Capuchins. 
 
 The priests of both orders were supported by the French government. A convent 
 :>f Ursuline nuns was established at New Orleans. Six hundred and fifty French 
 
 }ldiers and two hundred Swiss were maintained in the province. Their com- 
 
 lander, two lieutenants, a senior counsellor, three other counsellors, an attorney- 
 general, a clerk, and such other directors as might be in the province, formed the 
 Superior Council, of which the senior counsellor was president, and was the 
 supreme authority in civil and criminal matters. Other local tribunals were com- 
 posed of a director or agent of the company, aided by two inhabitants in civil, and 
 four in criminal cases. The chief products were rice, tobacco, and indigo. The 
 orange had been introduced from St. Domingo, and the fig from Provence. 
 
 r heat and flour were beginning to be received from the French settlements in 
 
 ic Illinois country. 
 
 1725. A CONVENTION of ministers held in Boston sent an ad- 
 Iress to the general court, asking them to appoint a time for 
 lolding a synod. 
 
 The two branches of the general court disagreed, and the matter was postponed. 
 The lords justices hearing of it wrote a letter reprimanding those who had as- 
 ented to it, terming such a proposition an invasion of her Majesty's supremacy. 
 
 1725. GOVERNOR KEITH of Pennsylvania was removed from 
 )ffice, and Patrick Gordon was sent out to take his place. 
 
 1725, OCTOBER 16. William Bradford began in New York the 
 mblication of the New York Gazette.
 
 198 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1725-6. 
 
 It was a weekly paper. Bradford was sixty years old when he commenced it. 
 He died in New York, May 23, 1752, aged ninety-two. His tombstone is in Trin- 
 ity Church-yard. The Gazette was published by him through 1742. In 1743 its 
 name was changed to the New York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy, which was pub- 
 lished by James Parker, who had been an apprentice to Bradford, and had run 
 away. It did not continue long in existence. 
 
 1725. THERE was launched at Groton, Connecticut, a ship of 
 seven hundred tons. 
 
 It was built by John Jeffrey, who had emigrated from England, and was given 
 a ship-yard by the town on condition of his building this " great ship," which he 
 contracted to make the largest ship that had ever been constructed in this country. 
 
 1725. THE assembly of South Carolina passed two laws to 
 encourage the making of salt in the colony. 
 
 At the end of the year, as no more bills of credit could be issued, the assembly 
 added to the bill for yearly revenue a clause to stop the redemption of the bills of 
 credit, which had been reduced to eighty-seven thousand pounds. The council 
 objected to this provision ; and the assembly denied their right to amend money 
 bills. 
 
 1725. THE Penobscot Indians proposed a peace, in which the 
 Norridgewocks took part, and the war ended. 
 
 Public trading-houses were established to furnish the Indians supplies at cost ; 
 and not being subject to the greed of private traders, the Indians kept the peace 
 many years. 
 
 1726. IN January, John Powell, of Boston, memorialized the 
 general court of Massachusetts, proposing, if suitably aided, to 
 have twenty looms for making sail-cloth at work in fifteen or 
 eighteen months. That it would require five hundred pounds 
 for each loom capable of producing fifty pieces of duck a year. 
 
 A committee appointed to investigate the proposition reported in June, recom- 
 mending a bounty of twenty shillings for each piece of duck, "thirty six yards 
 long, and thirty inches wide, a good even thread, well drawn and of a good bright 
 color, being wrought wholly of good strong water-rotted hemp or flax, of the 
 growth of New England, and that shall weigh between forty and fifty pounds, 
 each bolt, and for fourteen years, as is usual in Great Britain and elsewhere, and 
 the memorialist be allowed three thousand pounds, he giving such security as 
 your Court may appoint, two thousand pounds in hand, and the other one thou- 
 sand when he has perfected five hundred pieces of canvas, that shall pass the 
 survey." 
 
 1726. IT was ordered in Massachusetts that hemp and flax 
 should be taken by the public treasury in payment of taxes. 
 
 Hemp at the rate of four pence a pound, and flax at the rate of six pence a 
 pound. 
 
 1726. IRON-WORKS were in operation in Delaware. 
 
 Governor Keith of Pennsylvania was the proprietor. Their location is not 
 known.
 
 1726-7.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 199 
 
 1726. WILLIAM PAEKS set up a press this year at Annapolis, 
 Maryland. 
 
 The printing for Maryland had previously been done by Andrew Bradford, at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1726. A WIND-MILL was erected this year upon a half acre 
 of ground set apart in 1719 upon Tower Hill, in New London, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 1726. A SETTLEMENT was made at Penacook, where a town 
 was laid out. 
 
 The settlement was afterwards called Rumford; and in 1765 its name was 
 changed to Concord. It is now the capital of New Hampshire, and was incor- 
 porated as a city in 1853. The first settlement was made under the authority of 
 Massachusetts, which claimed all this territory as within her chartered limits. 
 
 1726. THE disputed boundary of Rhode Island and Connecti- 
 cut' was settled before the king in council. 
 
 The suit had lasted six years. 
 
 1726. A GRANT was obtained by Burnet, governor of New 
 York, from the Indians, of a strip of territory sixty miles deep, 
 long the borders of the lakes. 
 
 It extended along Lakes Ontario and Erie, from Oswego to Cayuga (now Cleve- 
 ind), and was "to be protected by the English for the use of the tribes." 
 
 1726, DECEMBER. The assembly of South Carolina passed an 
 ict for a further issue of bills of credit. 
 
 The council refused to pass it. 
 
 1726. AN explanatory charter was sent to Massachusetts, 
 rhich the general court felt obliged to accept. 
 
 In it the governor was expressly given the right to cancel the election of the 
 speaker, and the house was forbidden to adjourn by its own vote for longer than 
 ro days. 
 
 1727, JANUARY 20. A royal decree was published fixing the 
 boundary line between Connecticut and Rhode Island. 
 
 The Board of Trade had reported to the Privy Council, and the report, which 
 was in accordance with the agreement made before, was accepted. 
 
 1727, FEBRUARY. Jonathan Edwards was settled minister at 
 Northampton, Massachusetts, as a colleague to his grandfather 
 Solomon Stoddard. 
 
 JONATHAN EDWARDS was born at East Windsor, Connecticut, October 5, 1703, 
 id died at Princeton, New Jersey, March 22, 1758. As a theological metaphysician, 
 reputation and influence have been very great. He carried out the doctrines 
 of Calvin to their logical results. After twenty-four years' pastorate of the church 
 it Northampton, he was forced to resign, as the church refused to accept his rigid 
 lie requiring conversion as a preliminary for the sacrament. From Northampton 
 ic went to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, as a missionary to the Indians, and there
 
 200 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1727. 
 
 wrote his "Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will." In 1758 he was installed as 
 president of Princeton College, of which his son-in-law, Aaron Burr, had been 
 president. Here he died of small-pox after a residence of a few weeks. 
 
 1727, MARCH 20. The New England Weekly Journal, the 
 fourth newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts, appeared. 
 
 It was published by Samuel Kneeland. In 1741 it was united with the Gazette, 
 and was discontinued in 1752. 
 
 1727. THE provisions of the clause in the Navigation Act of 
 1663, referring to the importation of salt and wine, were ex- 
 tended also to Pennsylvania, and subsequently to New York. 
 
 1727. WILLIAM PARKS, at Annapolis, printed "a complete 
 collection of the laws of Maryland," and began the issue of the 
 Maryland Gazette at Annapolis, the first newspaper in Maryland. 
 
 He continued it until 1736, when he went to Virginia to establish a newspaper 
 there. In 1745 it was revived by Jonas Green. With the exception of a short 
 period, at the passage of the Stamp Act, it continued in the hands of Mr. Green, 
 and of his descendants, until in 1839 it was discontinued, and the St. Mary's 
 Gazette took its place. A file of it is in the Maryland State Library. 
 
 1727. WILLIAM GOUCH was appointed governor of Virginia. 
 
 Drysdale had died. 
 
 1727. BURNET was removed from the governorship of New 
 York, and made governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 He had built this year a fort at Oswego, partly at his own expense. 
 
 1727. THE assembly of New Hampshire disputed the title 
 of Massachusetts to the lands that colony claimed. 
 
 Both of the provinces made grants freely in it in order to induce settlers. 
 
 1727. IT was granted to the Episcopalians of Massachusetts 
 that the tax assessed on them for the support of the ministers 
 might be devoted to the support of their own clergy. 
 
 1727. THE planters of South Carolina agreed to pay no taxes. 
 
 They claimed to be unable to do so from the want of any money in circulation, 
 and desired a further issue of bills of credit. Allen, the chief justice, having 
 refused a writ of habeas corpus for a councillor named Smith, who had been 
 active in getting up this association, a party of about two hundred and fifty plant- 
 ers rode into Charleston, and set him free. They presented at the same time a 
 statement of their grievances. A special session of the assembly was called by 
 the council. It impeached the chief justice, and quarrelled with the council, ad- 
 journed on its own authority, and, when summoned again, refused to appear. 
 
 1727. A NEW assembly in New Hampshire limited its exist- 
 ence and that of its successors to three years. 
 
 It also gave all owners of a freehold of fifty pounds in the election district, 
 whether residents or not, the right to vote for members of the assembly. To be a 
 representative required a freehold six times as large. The council appointed by 
 the king consisted of twelve members, and served as a court of appeals.
 
 1728.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 201 
 
 1728. THERE was another paper-mill in operation at Eliza- 
 bethtown, New Jersey, at this time. 
 
 The date of its erection is not known, but at this time it came into the posses- 
 sion of William Bradford, then government printer for the province of New York, 
 who resided here for some time. 
 
 1728, MAY. Joseph Higby, of Simsbury, Connecticut, peti- 
 tioned the general court for a monopoly for twenty years " of 
 practising the business or trade of steel making." 
 
 His petition states that he had, " with great pains and cost, found out and obtained 
 a curious art, by which to convert, change, or transmit common iron into good 
 steel, sufficient for any use, and was the very first that ever performed such an 
 operation in America." He was granted a patent for ten years, provided he 
 brought the art to " any good and reasonable perfection, within two years." 
 
 1728, JUNE. The Rhode Island assembly created a third 
 bank, or loan of forty thousand pounds. 
 
 The loan was to run for thirteen years. The first bank had been renewed at 
 the expiration of the term of ten years originally, and was now extended three 
 more ; and the same course was followed with the second bank. 
 
 1728. ON the 13th of September the general court of Mas- 
 sachusetts granted the privilege for ten years of a paper-mill to 
 Daniel Henchman, Gillam Phillips, Benjamin Faneuil, Thomas 
 Hancock, and Henry Dering. 
 
 The conditions of this privilege were, that in the first fifteen months they were 
 to make one hundred and fifty reams of brown paper and sixty reams of printing- 
 paper ; and the next year to make fifty additional reams and afterwards twenty- 
 five reams of superior writing-paper additional. The whole yearly production to 
 be not less than five hundred reams. The mill was erected in Milton, near Boston, 
 on the Neponsct River, below the head of tide-water, so that for six hours out of 
 the twenty-four its operation was suspended. An Englishman, named Henry 
 Woodman, was employed as foreman ; and as they furnished the legislature in 
 1731 with a sample of the paper they made, the mill was probably built the year 
 before. Henchman, who seems to have been one of the chief promoters, was a 
 bookseller and publisher in Boston. 
 
 1728 IN December of this year, Samuel Keimer, in Phila- 
 delphia, commenced the issue of The Universal Instructor in all 
 Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette, the second news- 
 paper issued in Pennsylvania. 
 
 SAMUEL KEIMER had just established the second press in Philadelphia in 1723, 
 when Benjamin Franklin made his first visit there at seventeen years of age. 
 Franklin found Keimer setting up an elegy upon a young printer, named Aquilla 
 Rose, which he was composing mentally at the same time. He gave Franklin 
 employment. Having eventually sold out his business, he went to Barbadoes and 
 established the Barbadoes Gazette, the first paper published in the Caribbee Islands. 
 Keimer died in 1738. 
 
 Keimer sold his paper to Benjamin Franklin before he had carried it on a year. 
 On the 28th of September, 1729, Franklin condensed the title of the paper to the 
 Pennsylvania Gazette, and it continued under his management until 1765. After
 
 202 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1728-9. 
 
 changing its name to the Philadelphia Gazette, ceasing to appear from 1802 to 
 1804, again changing to Rolf's Gazette in November 3, 1845, it was merged with 
 the North American, and ended its career of one hundred and seventeen years. 
 
 1728. LUYKAS HOOGHKERCH was granted, on petition, by the 
 city of Albany, New York, a lease of two acres " upon y e gallo- 
 hill, adjoining and near a small run of water, for y c term of fifty 
 years, for y e use of a Brick-kiln and plain, provided he and his 
 heirs and assigns pay therefor to the Freemen of the city, 
 twelve shillings yearly and every year, and he doth not stop the 
 Roads and passes." 
 
 It was the custom in Albany to grant such leases. 
 
 1728. FOUR furnaces are said to have been in operation in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 1728. THE council of South Carolina wrote to the Duke of 
 Newcastle that " the government was reduced to the lowest 
 extremity," " that the royal prerogative was openly trampled 
 on," and " they were insulted by the delegates within doors and 
 the tumult without." 
 
 1728. THE Baptists and Quakers in Massachusetts were 
 allowed to pay over, for the use of their own clergy, the minis- 
 terial tax collected from them. 
 
 1728. THE schoolmasters in Maryland were required by the 
 assembly to teach gratis as many poor children as the visitors of 
 the schools should direct. 
 
 1728. THE general court of Massachusetts made an issue of 
 fifty thousand pounds in bills of credit. 
 
 Dummer, the lieutenant-governor then in authority, had to sign it, though 
 against his instructions, as the only means of getting his salary. 
 
 1728. THE population of Canada was about thirty thousand, 
 Quebec having five. 
 
 Most of the officers of the government were established there. The adminis- 
 tration was vested in a governor, an intendant, and a supreme council. The cus- 
 tom of Paris was the law of New France. The chief trade was in furs. By an 
 edict of Louis XIV., the nobles in Canada could engage in this trade without 
 injury to their nobility; but it was chiefly in the hands of the middle class of 
 Montreal and Quebec. The lands on the banks of the St. Lawrence were held by 
 feudal tenure as seigniories ; their cultivators were known as habitans, and were 
 generally better off than lords, who looked chiefly to places in the state, or office 
 in the army, for their incomes. Sufficient coarse linen manufactories were estab- 
 lished to supply the local demand. 
 
 1729, APRIL. Burnet, the governor of Massachusetts, called 
 the general court at Salem, and in August adjourned them to 
 Cambridge. 
 
 The dispute concerning the governor's salary had lasted for years. The suc- 
 cessive governors had been instructed to demand a permanent salary of a thou-
 
 1729.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 203 
 
 sand pounds, but the general court preferred to vote the salary yearly. This dis- 
 pute having commenced, other subjects arose, and both parties appealed to the 
 authorities in England. In the midst of the discussion Burnet died, and Belcher, 
 who had been sent by the general court to London as their agent, was appointed 
 to the position. 
 
 1729, OCTOBER. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an act 
 forbidding practising lawyers from being deputies. 
 
 The act was repealed at the next session, but was afterwards repassed. 
 
 1729, NOVEMBER. The Natchez Indians attacked the French 
 settlement at Fort Rosalie. 
 
 Two hundred of the settlers were massacred. The slaves, being unmolested, 
 in some cases joined the Indians. This attack caused great fear at New Orleans, 
 both of insurrection of the slaves and Indian hostilities. 
 
 1729. BALTIMORE, Maryland, was laid out as a town. 
 
 It was incorporated in 1796. 
 
 1729. IN Salem, New Jersey, the court made a rule prescrib- 
 ing the price and quantity of drink to be sold in the county. 
 
 "For each nib of punch, made with double refined sugar and one gill and a 
 half of rum, nine pence ; for each nib made with single refined sugar, and one 
 gill and a half of rum, eight pence ; for each nib made with Muscavado sugar etc. 
 seven pence ; for each quart of tiff, made with half a pint of rum in the same, 
 nine pence ; for each pint of wine, one shilling ; for each gill of rum, three pence ; 
 for each quart of strong beer, four pence ; for each gill of brandy, or cordial dram, 
 six pence ; for each quart of metheglin, nine pence ; for each quart of cider, four 
 pence. For a hot dinner, eight pence ; for breakfast or supper, six pence. Two 
 quarts of oats, three pence; stabling and good hay, each night, six pence; pas- 
 ture, six pence." 
 
 1729. Two hundred and fifty-five casks, of seven bushels 
 each, of flaxseed, were this year exported from Philadelphia. 
 
 They were valued at one pound thirteen shillings a cask. 
 
 1729. WILLIAM PARKS, who introduced the printing-press 
 into Maryland, in this year set up the first press in Virginia, at 
 Williamsburg, and this year printed Stith's History of Virginia, 
 and the Colonial Laws. 
 
 William Parks was for some time public printer for both Virginia and Mary- 
 land, having, it is said, an allowance of two hundred pounds from each province. 
 
 1729. CONNECTICUT and New Hampshire passed laws allow- 
 ing the various sects to apply the ministerial tax to the support 
 of their own clergy. 
 
 1729. SEVEN of the eight proprietors of Carolina relinquished 
 to the crown for a certain sum ; the eighth, Lord Carteret, sur- 
 rendered his right of jurisdiction, but retained his interest in the 
 soil. 
 
 The amount paid was seventeen thousand five hundred pounds, and five thou- 
 sand more for arrears in quit-rents, estimated at nine thousand pounds. Lord
 
 204 ANNALS OF NORTH "AMERICA. [1729-30. 
 
 Carteret's proportion was set off for him next to the Virginia line, which had been 
 recently surveyed as far west as the Blue Ridge. 
 
 1729. WHEN the news arrived of the sale of Carolina to the 
 crown, the governor of North Carolina, Everard, made large 
 grants of land, without stipulation of price, or reserving any quit- 
 rent, and the assembly made an issue of forty thousand pounds in 
 bills of credit. 
 
 1729. THE king in council confirmed the law of inheritance 
 in Connecticut, by which daughters with sons were joint heirs, 
 and lands were distributed equally, the eldest son having a 
 double share. 
 
 This was the law in New England, as well as in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and 
 Delaware. 
 
 1730. ELEAZER PHILLIPS, of Boston, this year set up the first 
 press in Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 The colonial government of the province had offered a reward of a thousand 
 pounds to any printer who would settle in the province. Three printers went 
 there in consequence, and the next year Phillips obtained the appointment of 
 public printer, but died soon after. 
 
 1730. AN act was passed in Pennsylvania to increase the 
 issue of bills of credit to seventy-five thousand pounds. 
 
 It also provided for its reissue, so that this amount should be kept in circulation 
 for ten years. The proprietaries consented to this issue on condition of receiving 
 an equivalent for their loss in quit-rents from the depreciation of the paper money, 
 and instructed the governor to consent to no more issues. The dependence of the 
 colonies upon foreign trade was the chief cause of the depreciation of their bills 
 of credit. The widow of Penn having died, the sovereignty of the province was 
 reunited, under Penn's will, in his three sons (John, Thomas, and Richard) by his 
 second wife. The eldest son had a double share. 
 
 1730. THE dispute concerning his salary continued with the 
 general court of Massachusetts and the new governor, Belcher. 
 
 1730. THE assembly of Pennsylvania passed an "act for 
 continuing the encouragement for raising hemp, and imposing 
 penalties on persons manufacturing unmerchantable hemp into 
 cordage." 
 
 A bounty of three halfpence a pound was granted by the assembly in addition 
 to that allowed by parliament. 
 
 1730. THE first shipment of hemp from the colonies to Eng- 
 land was made this year. 
 
 It consisted of five thousand pounds raised in New England, and three hun- 
 dred pounds raised in Virginia. Besides these, raw silk, some iron, copper ore, 
 and beeswax from Virginia were the first instalments of new products. 
 
 1730. THE French in Louisiana, with the assistance of the 
 friendly Choctaws, defeated the Natchez Indians. 
 
 The prisoners taken were sent to St. Domingo, and sold as slaves.
 
 1730-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 205 
 
 1730. SIR ALEXANDER GUMMING was sent to Carolina to make 
 a treaty with the Cherokees. 
 
 He held several councils with them, and, returning, carried with him seven of 
 their principal chiefs, who made a treaty with the Board of Trade, promising to 
 return all runaway slaves, and acknowledged themselves subjects of Great Britain. 
 
 1730. ROBERT JOHNSON was sent as the first royal governor 
 of South Carolina. 
 
 He had been governor before. He brought with him a remission of the arrears 
 of quit-rents, and a present of munitions of war. 
 
 1730. PURRYSBURG, the first town on the Savannah River, 
 was settled by a company of Swiss immigrants. 
 
 1730. MANCHESTER, New Hampshire, was settled. 
 
 The settlement was called Derryfield, was incorporated under that name in 
 1751, and in 1810, by act of the legislature, the name was changed to the present 
 one. In 1846 the town received a city charter. Its growth is owing to its manu- 
 facturing facilities, being on the Merrimac River, where the fall of the river is 
 fifty-four feet in a mile, giving power for the most powerful machinery. 
 
 1730. THOMAS GODFREY, of Philadelphia, invented what is 
 known as Hadley's quadrant. 
 
 Dr. Edmund Hadley, of London, the next year gave to the Royal Society of 
 London a description of the same invention. The Society voted two hundred 
 pounds to Godfrey, and decided that they were both entitled to the merits of the 
 invention. Godfrey was a self-instructed mathematician. 
 
 1730. BY order of the Board of Trade a census was taken of 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 The population was found to be about eighteen thousand, of whom fifteen 
 thousand three hundred were whites, sixteen hundred and fifty colored, and nine 
 hundred and eighty-five Indians. 
 
 1731. THE House of Commons, through the Board of Trade, 
 had instituted an inquiry " with respect to laws made, manufac- 
 tures set up, or trade carried on, detrimental to the trade, navi- 
 gation or manufactures of Great Britain." The report was made 
 this year. The information thus acquired was very probably not 
 wholly correct, the amounts returned being less, since the colo- 
 nists, knowing full well that the purpose of gathering it was to 
 legislate against their interests, would not be careful to give the 
 fullest and most accurate returns. 
 
 The report read as follows: "In New England, New York, Connecticut, 
 Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and the County of Somerset in Maryland, they have 
 fallen into the manufacture of woolen and linen cloth for the use of their own 
 families only ; for the product of these colonies being^chiefly cattle and grain, the 
 estates of the inhabitants depended wholly on farming, which could not be man- 
 aged without a certain quantity of sheep ; and their wool would be entirely lost 
 were not their servants employed during the winter in manufacturing it for the 
 use of their families.
 
 206 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1731. 
 
 " Flax and hemp being likewise easily raised, the inhabitants manufactured 
 them into a coarse sort of cloth, bags, traces, and halters for their horses, which 
 they found did more service than those they had from any part of Europe. 
 
 " However, the high price of labor in America rendered it impracticable for 
 people there to manufacture their linen cloth at less than twenty per cent, dearer 
 than that which is exported from home for sale. It were to be wished that some 
 expedient might be fallen upon to direct their thoughts from undertakings of this 
 nature ; so much the rather because these manufactures, in process of time, may 
 be carried on in greater degree, unless an early stop be put to their progress by 
 employing them in naval stores. Wherefore we take leave to renew our repeated 
 . proposals, that reasonable encouragement be given to the same. Moreover, we 
 find that certain trades carried on and manufactures set up there are detrimental 
 to the trade, navigation and manufacture of Great Britain. For the state of these 
 plantations varying almost every year more or less, so in their trade and manufac- 
 tures, as well as in other particulars, we thought it necessary for His Majesty's 
 service, and for the discharge of our trust, from time to time to send general 
 queries to the several governors in America, that we might be the more exactly 
 informed of the condition of the plantations ; among which were several that 
 related to their trade and manufactures, to which we received the following 
 returns, viz. : 
 
 " The Governor of New Hampshire in his answer, said that there were no 
 settled manufactures in that Province, and that their trade principally consisted 
 in lumber and fish. 
 
 " The Governor of Massachusetts Bay informed us that in some parts of this 
 Province the inhabitants worked up their wool and flax into an ordinary coarse 
 cloth for their own use, but did not export any. That the greatest part of the 
 woolen and linen clothing worn in this Province was imported from Great Britain, 
 and sometimes from Ireland ; but considering the excessive price of labor in New 
 England, the merchant could afford what was imported cheaper than what was 
 made in the country. There were also a few hat makers in the maritime towns, 
 and that the greater part of the leather used in that country was manufactured 
 among themselves, etc. 
 
 " They had no manufactures in the province of New York that deserves men- 
 tioning ; their trade consisted chiefly in furs, whale bone, oil, pitch, tar and pro- 
 visions. No manufactures in New Jersey that deserve mentioning ; their trade 
 being chiefly in provisions shipped from New York and Pennsylvania. The chief 
 trade of Pennsylvania lay in their exportation of provisions and lumber; no 
 manufactures being established, and their clothing and the utensils for their 
 houses being all imported from Great Britain. By further advices from New 
 Hampshire, the woolen manufacture appears to have decreased; the common 
 lands, on which the sheep used to feed, being now appropriated, and the people 
 almost wholly clothed with woolen from Great Britain. The manufacture of flax 
 into linens, some coarse and some fine, daily increased by the great resort of peo- 
 ple from Ireland thither, who are skilled in that business. By late accounts 
 from Massachusetts Bay, in New England, the assembly have voted a bounty of 
 thirty shillings, for every piece of duck or canvass made in the Province. Some 
 other manufactures are carried on there, and brown holland for women's wear, 
 which lessens the importation of calicoes, and some other sorts of East India 
 goods. They also make some small quantities of cloth, made of linen 
 and cotton, for ordinary shirting. By a paper mill set up three years ago, 
 they make to the value of 200 sterling yearly. There are also several forges 
 for making bar iron, and some furnaces for cast iron or hollow ware, and
 
 1731.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 207 
 
 one slitting mill and a manufacture for nails. The Governor writes concerning 
 the woolen manufacture, that the country people, who used to make most of their 
 clothing out of their own wool, do not now make a third part of what they wear, 
 but are mostly clothed with British manufacture. The Surveyor General of his 
 Majesty's woods (Jeremiah Dunbar) writes that they have in New England six 
 furnaces and nineteen forges for making iron ; and that in this Province many 
 ships are built for the French and Spaniards, in return for rum, molasses, wines 
 and silks, which they truck there by connivance. Great quantities of hats are 
 made in New England, of which the company of hatters in London have com- 
 plained to us that great quantities of these hats are exported to Spain, Portugal, 
 and our West India Islands. They also make all sorts of iron for shipping. 
 There are several still-houses and sugar bakeries established in New England. 
 
 " By the last advices from New York there are no manufactories there that 
 can affect Great Britain. There is yearly imported into New York a very large 
 quantity of the woolen manufactures of this Kingdom, for their clothing, which 
 they would be rendered incapable to pay for and would be reduced to the neces- 
 sity of making for themselves, if they were prohibited from receiving from the 
 foreign sugar colonies the money, rum, molasses, cocoa, indigo, cotton, wool 
 &c., which they at present take in return for provisions, horses and lumber, the 
 produce of that province and of New Jersey, of which he affirms the British Colo- 
 nies do not take above one half. But the company of hatters of London have 
 since informed us that hats are manufactured in great quantities in this province. 
 
 " By the letters from the Deputy-Governor of Pennsylvania, he does not 
 know of any trade in that Province that can be considered injurious to this King- 
 dom. They do not export any woolen or linen manufactures ; all that they make, 
 which are of a coarse sort, being for their own use. We are further informed 
 that in this Province they built many brigantines and small sloops, which they sell 
 to the West Indies. 
 
 " The Governor of Rhode Island informs us, in answer to our queries, that 
 there are iron mines there, but not a fourth part enough to serve their own use ; 
 but he takes no notice of any manufactures there. No returns from the Gover- 
 nor of Connecticut. But we find by some accounts that the produce of this 
 colony is timber, boards, all sorts of English grain, hemp, flax, sheep, black 
 cattle, swine, horses, goats and tobacco. That they export horses and lumber to 
 the West Indies, and receive in return sugar, salt, molasses and rum. We like- 
 wise find that their manufactures are very inconsiderable ; the people being gen- 
 erally employed in tillage, some few in tanning, shoemaking, and other handi- 
 crafts; others in building, and in joiners', tailors' and smiths' work, without which 
 they could not subsist. No report is made from Carolina, the Bahama, or the 
 Bermuda Isles. 
 
 " From the foregoing statement it is observable that there are more trades 
 carried on and manufactures set up in the Provinces on the continent of America 
 to the northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactures of Great 
 Britain, particularly in New England, than in any other of the British colonies ; 
 which is not to be wondered at, for their soil, climate, and produce being pretty 
 nearly the same with ours, they have no staple commodities of their own growth 
 to exchange for our manufactures, which puts them under greater necessity, as 
 well as under greater temptations, for providing themselves at home ; to which 
 may be added, in the charter governments, the little dependence they have upon 
 the mother country, and consequently the small restraints they are under in any 
 matters detrimental to her interests. And therefore we humbly beg leave to re- 
 peat and submit to the wisdom of this Honorable House the substance of what
 
 208 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1731. 
 
 we formerly proposed in our report on the silk, linin and woolen manufactures 
 hereinbefore recited, namely whether it might not be expedient to give these 
 Colonies proper encouragement for turning their industry to such manufactures 
 and products as might be of service to Great Britain, and more particularly to the 
 production of naval stores." 
 
 1731. IN a description of South Carolina, written by Peter 
 Purry, he says : " Flax and cotton thrive admirably, and hemp 
 grows thirteen to fourteen feet high, but as few people know 
 how to order it, there is very little cultivated." 
 
 1731, JANUARY 8. Thomas Whitmarsh, who succeeded Phil- 
 lips as printer in Charleston, set up the South Carolina Gazette, 
 the first paper in the province. 
 
 In 1733 he died of the epidemic that raged there, and was succeeded by Lewis 
 Timothee, a French Protestant refugee, who had worked for Franklin in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 1731, JUNE. The assembly of Rhode Island created another 
 bank or loan, to the amount of sixty thousand pounds. 
 
 A portion of the interest paid upon the loans was to be used in paying a 
 bounty of five shillings for every barrel of whale-oil, a penny a pound for bone, 
 and five shillings a quintal for codfish caught by Rhode Island vessels and brought 
 to the colony. 
 
 1731, AUGUST. The assembly of South Carolina suspended 
 the redemption of the bills of credit, and made a new issue of 
 one hundred and four thousand pounds. 
 
 The issue was to pay the debts contracted during the past four years of con- 
 fusion ; they also passed an act to confirm defective and obsolete titles. 
 
 1731, SEPTEMBER 27. The Weekly Eehearsal appeared in Bos- 
 ton, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Jeremy Gridlcy, and was printed by " J. Draper for the 
 author." Gridley became attorney-general, and died in 17G7. On the 21st of 
 August, 1735, the name was changed to the Boston Evening Post. It was then 
 in the possession of Thomas Fleet. On the 9th of March, 1741, the general 
 court ordered : " That the Attorney General do, as soon as may be, file an Infor- 
 mation against Thomas Fleet, the publisher of the said paper, in His Majesty's 
 Superior Court of Judicature, Court of Assize and General Gaol Delivery, in 
 order to his being prosecuted for his said offence, as law and Justice requires." 
 The offence was publishing a simple matter of news, which the Court "termed a 
 scandalous and libelous Reflection upon His Majesty's Administration." No 
 further proceedings were taken on the matter. On the 24th of April, 1775, the 
 Post appeared for the last time. It had tried to be so neutral in the rapidly cul- 
 minating dispute, that it had contained not a word concerning the battles of 
 Lexington and Concord, which had just taken place. 
 
 1731. AT Belcher's request, the secretary of state allowed 
 him to accept a grant for a year. 
 
 As he firmly refused to disobey his instructions concerning the issue of bills 
 of credit, the public officers and the soldiers remained unpaid nearly two years.
 
 1731.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 209 
 
 1731. THE French made a settlement at Crown Point. 
 
 The settlement was made by a party from Montreal, and was within one hun- 
 dred miles of Albany. The New York assembly resolved "that this encroch- 
 ment, if not prevented," would produce "the most pernicious consequences to 
 this and other colonies," and informed the other colonies of it. Nothing was 
 done, however, to disturb the French in their peaceful possession of the post. 
 
 1731. A SPECIAL committee reported to parliament that the 
 number of hats exported from New York and New England 
 were estimated at ten thousand a year. In Boston there were 
 sixteen hatters, one of whom was said to commonly finish forty 
 hats a week. The hats were sent to the Southern plantations, 
 the West Indies, and Ireland, and not a few to Great Britain, 
 according to the complaint made to the Board of Trade this year 
 by the felt-makers of London. Parliament, therefore, passed the 
 following act : 
 
 " No hats or felts, dyed or undyed, finished or unfinished, shall be put on 
 board any vessel in any place within any of the British plantations ; nor be laden 
 upon any horse or other carriage to the intent to be exported from thence to any 
 other plantation, or to any other place whatever, upon forfeiture thereof, and the 
 offender shall like wise pay 500 for every such offence. Every person knowing 
 thereof, and willingly aiding therein, shall forfeit 40. Every officer of customs 
 signing any entry outward, or warrant for the shipping or exporting of said arti- 
 cles, shall, for every offence, forfeit 500." By the same statute all hat-makers 
 were obliged to serve an apprenticeship of seven years, nor have more than two 
 apprentices, while no negro was allowed to work at the business of hat-making. 
 
 1731. A SUBSCRIPTION was taken up in Maryland to encour- 
 age the manufacture of linen. 
 
 The mayor and council of Annapolis offered five pounds as a reward for the 
 finest piece of linen, grown and woven in Maryland, which was presented at the 
 next fair in September; three pounds for the next best, and forty shillings for the 
 third best ; the linen to remain the property of the exhibitor. Similar rewards 
 were offered in Baltimore. This year over sixty wagon loads of flax-seed were 
 brought into Baltimore for shipment. 
 
 1731. A CENSUS in New York showed the province contained 
 50,289 persons, of whom 7231 were negroes. The city contained 
 8632. 
 
 1731. As late as this year, it is said, there was not a potter 
 or glass-maker in the province of South Carolina. 
 
 1731. INDEPENDENCE HALL, Philadelphia, or the Old State 
 House, was begun this year. 
 
 1731. EDWARD BRADLEY advertised in the Pennsylvania 
 Gazette that he silvered looking-glasses, and sold window-glass 
 by the box. 
 
 1731. THE Hon. Daniel Oliver, a merchant of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, who died this year, left a spinning-school he 
 had erected at a cost of six hundred pounds, for the education 
 of the children of the poor in the art of spinning. 
 14
 
 210 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1731-2. 
 
 1731. BURRINGTON was appointed governor of North Caro- 
 lina by Newcastle, the secretary of state. 
 
 He announced a remission of quit-rents, but rejected with contempt the protest 
 of the assembly regarding the extortionate fees. The assembly refused to pass 
 any acts or to vote a revenue, and complained to England of his "violence and 
 tyranny." 
 
 1732. WILMINGTON, Delaware, was founded by Thomas 
 Willing, who gave it the name of Willing Town, afterwards 
 changed to the present name. 
 
 In 1832 it received a city charter. It is the largest town in the state, and it is 
 noted for its manufactures, especially of steam engines, railway cars, car springs, 
 and matches. 
 
 1732, FEBRUARY. A report was made to the British parlia- 
 ment " that, in Massachusetts, an act was made to encourage the 
 manufacture of paper, which law interferes with the profit made 
 by the British merchants on foreign Paper sent thither." 
 
 1732, MAY. Richard Fry advertised in Thomas Fleet's paper, 
 the Rehearsal, that he would furnish blank books twenty per 
 cent, cheaper than they could be had from London. 
 
 He also returns thanks to the public for following his directions in previous 
 advertisements "for gathering rags, and hope they will continue the like method, 
 having received upwards of seven thousand weight already." 
 
 1732, JUNE 9. A charter was issued to twenty-one trustees 
 " for establishing the colony of Georgia in America." 
 
 It conveyed seven undivided eighths of the territory between the Savannah 
 and Altamaha rivers, and westward from the heads of these rivers to the Pacific 
 Ocean. Lord Carteret soon after conveyed to them his eighth part of the territory, 
 which, as one of the late proprietaries of Carolina, he claimed. These trustees had 
 power to increase their number, and exclusive right of legislation for twenty-one 
 years. Their acts were not to be repugnant to the laws of England, and had no 
 force until approved by the king in council. A "free exercise of religion " was 
 guaranteed to all, "except papists." "All liberties, franchises, and immunities 
 of free denizens and natural born subjects," were guaranteed to "all and every 
 the persons that shall happen to be born within the same province," in all respects 
 as if born in Great Britain. A council of thirty-four formed the executive. Fif- 
 teen of these were nominated in the charter, the others to be elected by the 
 trustees. They could grant land on such terms as they saw fit, but not directly 
 or indirectly to any trustee, and not more than five hundred acres to any one 
 person. 
 
 1732, SEPTEMBER. William Cosby, who had succeeded to the 
 governorship of New York, became involved in a quarrel with 
 his council. 
 
 He wrote the Board of Trade: "That it was necessary to insist on the 
 king's prerogative at a time when his authority is so openly opposed at Boston, 
 and proper to make examples of men in order to deter others from being advo- 
 cates for Boston principles." He had suspended several members of the council.
 
 1732.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 211 
 
 1732, SEPTEMBER 27. James Franklin commenced in New- 
 port, Rhode Island, the Rhode Island Gazette. 
 
 James Franklin died in 1735, and the press, after his death, was managed by 
 his widow, Anne Franklin, assisted by her daughters as compositors. She 
 printed for the government an edition of the laws of the colony, a folio volume 
 of three hundred and forty pages, and other things. Her son James succeeded to 
 the business in 1752. Only twelve issues of the Gazette are known to have been 
 published. It was printed upon a half sheet of cap paper. 
 
 1732, OCTOBER. The bounty in Rhode Island upon wolves 
 was raised to ten pounds each. 
 
 1732, OCTOBER. The Philadelphia library was organized. 
 
 It was the first subscription library in the country. Benjamin Franklin was 
 one of its projectors. The subscription was two pounds, and a yearly fee of ten 
 shillings. Franklin was librarian the second year, and printed the catalogue of 
 the collection. 
 
 1732. THE assembly of New Jersey petitioned for a separate 
 governor from that for New York. 
 
 Montgomery had died. Their request was refused. 
 
 1732. POOR RICHARD'S ALMANAC, by Benjamin Franklin, was 
 published. 
 
 1732. STAGES were started to run between New York and 
 Boston, the journey occupying fourteen days. 
 
 1732. IN De Witt's Farm Map of New York city, a farm 
 which about this year belonged to Sir Peter Warren, is called 
 the " Glass House Farm." 
 
 Glass is said to have been manufactured before this in New York city. 
 
 1732. THE import duty kid upon the importation of negro 
 slaves by the colonies was repealed by order of the king. 
 
 1732. ABOUT this time a paper-mill was erected on Chester 
 Creek, in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Writing and printing paper and pasteboard were made here. Bank-note paper, 
 used in the continental currency, was made also in this place by hand process. 
 The mill continued in operation until it was demolished in 1829. The date of 
 the erection of this mill is not certainly known. Mr. Joel Munsell, in his History 
 of Paper and Paper-Making, gives 1714 as the date of its erection, but other 
 authorities give later dates. 
 
 1732. THE Mississippi company abandoned Louisiana to the 
 French crown. 
 
 Bienville was appointed governor. The Chickasaws began to be hostile to 
 the French, and attack their boats upon the Mississippi on their passage from 
 above to New Orleans. 
 
 1732. THE young proprietor of Maryland arrived in the 
 province.
 
 212 ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. [1732-3. 
 
 1732. THE Board of Tra3e reported to parliament in ex- 
 planation of the complaints made by the British merchants of 
 excessive issues of paper money in the colonies ; of duties on 
 British goods ; discriminations in favor of colonial ships ; and of 
 the extension of manufactures in America. 
 
 The Board said: "That in Massachusetts, the chief magistrate and every 
 other officer being wholly dependent, the governors are tempted to give up the 
 prerogative of the crown and the interest of Britain. Connecticut, Rhode Island, 
 and Maryland being under no obligation to transmit their laws, or indeed to give 
 any account of their proceedings, it is not surprising that governments constituted 
 like these should be guilty of many irregularities. Pennsylvania had evaded her 
 charter, having transmitted since the year 1715 no acts of assembly for the royal 
 revision, except occasionally an act or two. Even the royal governors had been 
 negligent in sending in the bills which the provincial legislatures frequently endeav- 
 ored to enact repugnant to the laws and interests of Britain, which however, had 
 been always disapproved when at length received." New instructions were sent 
 to the governors of the colonies to refuse assent to any laws tending to injure 
 English trade, or giving merchants in the colonies advantages over British mer- 
 chants. An act was also passed "for the more speedy recovery of debts in 
 America," by which depositions were given the force of personal testimony, and 
 lands and slaves were made subject, upon such evidence, to execution, upon sim- 
 ple contracts as well as upon written contracts. 
 
 1732. THE general court of Massachusetts voted a petition 
 to the king for the recall of the instructions to the governor. 
 
 Their agent was instructed, if their petition was not granted, to present it to 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 1733, JANUARY. A colony for Georgia, under the direction 
 of Oglethorpe, touched at Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 It consisted of about one hundred and thirty-five persons in thirty-five families. 
 The recorder and two bailiffs constituted their town court, with general jurisdic- 
 tion. The Carolina assembly voted a supply of cattle, rice, and boats. They 
 settled, May 18, upon a bluff in the Savannah River, called Yamacraw, in the 
 possession of the Creek Indians, who permitted the settlement. Subsequently, at 
 a council, the Creeks agreed to allow them all the land below tide-water between 
 the Savannah and the Altamaha, except the three southern islands on the coast 
 and a reservation above the town. The town was laid out, a palisade made on 
 the land side, and a fort built and mounted with cannon. Ten acres were laid out 
 for an experimental garden for vines, mulberry-trees, and drugs, .and a store- 
 house built. The company had chosen for their seal a group of silk-worms with 
 the motto, Non sibi sed aliis (not for themselves, but for others), and the culture 
 of silk was expected to be an important industry. A fresh importation of immi- 
 grants soon arrived, among whom were forty Jews, whom the trustees instructed 
 Oglethorpe to give no encouragement. 
 
 Savannah, in December, 1789, was granted a city charter. It is the largest 
 city in the state, has one of the best southern ports, and does a large business in 
 exporting cotton, rice, and lumber. Before the late war, steamers ran regularly 
 to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and the West Indies. It is the terminus of 
 three railroad lines, that between Charleston and Savannah, the Central road, 
 connecting with all the roads in the north of the state, and the Gulf Railroad.
 
 1733. 1 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 213 
 
 1733, JANUARY 23. The assembly of Rhode Island suppressed 
 lotteries, in private hands, which had recently been established. 
 
 Their reason was, that by these " unlawful games, called lotteries, many peo- 
 ple have been led into a foolish expense of money." A penalty of five hundred 
 pounds was imposed on the promoters, and a fine of ten pounds on those pur- 
 chasing tickets. 
 
 1733, MAY. The king decided against the petition from the 
 general court of Massachusetts, and the colonial agents appealed 
 to parliament. 
 
 Parliament was asked to intercede "with his majesty to withdraw the royal 
 orders, as contrary to their charter, and tending in their nature to distress, if not 
 to ruin them." The Commons resolved that the complaint " was frivolous and 
 groundless, a high insult upon his majesty's government, and tending to shake off 
 the dependency of the colony." The Board of Trade suggested to the governor 
 (Belcher) that if the general court persisted in refusing supplies, parliament 
 might interfere, and asked "what duties may be laid in New England with the 
 least burden to the people." The result was that the general court voted the 
 supplies. 
 
 1733, AUGUST. The assembly of Rhode Island created a fifth 
 bank or loan of one hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 The interest was five per cent., and that of the first year was used for building 
 a pier on Block Island for the use of the fisheries. The rest of the interest was 
 to be divided, half to the public treasury and the other half to the towns. 
 
 1733, NOVEMBER 5. The first number of the New "York 
 Weekly Journal appeared. 
 
 It was founded by John Peter Zenger, and was in opposition to the Gazette^ 
 which was in the interest of the governor, William Cosby, and his successor, 
 Lieutenant-Governor George Clarke. 
 
 1733, NOVEMBER 7. The legislature of Massachusetts pub- 
 lished a proclamation warning the people against receiving the 
 bills of credit of Rhode Island. 
 
 The council proposed prohibiting their circulation, but the house refused to 
 concur, but recommended the merchants to combine in refusing to take them. 
 Such a combination was made, but soon fell through. 
 
 1733. DECEMBER 3. The assembly of Rhode Island empowered 
 the clergy of all denominations to perform the ceremony of mar- 
 riage, and fixed the fee at three shillings. 
 
 Only the clergy of the Church of England and the Quakers had previously this 
 authority. This privilege had been accorded the Quakers by the king. 
 
 1733. THE first regularly equipped whaling vessel arrived at 
 Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 It was the sloop Pelican, owned by Benjamin Thurston. She brought one 
 hundred and fourteen barrels of oil and two hundred pounds of bone, upon which 
 the bounty was paid.
 
 214 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1733-4. 
 
 1733. A COLONY of Swiss settled at Purrysburg, South Caro- 
 lina, under the leadership of John Peter Purry, of Neufchatel. 
 
 Cotton-seed, probably from the Levant, were planted by them, and they tried 
 to establish the culture of silk. 
 
 1733. SOUTH CAROLINA coined pence. 
 
 1733. THE first Freemasons' lodge in the country was organ- 
 ized at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1733. JOHN HARRIS obtained from the proprietaries of Penn- 
 sylvania a grant of three hundred acres of land on the left bank 
 of the Susquehanna River, and purchased five hundred acres 
 more from the Indians. 
 
 This land was the site of Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania. 
 
 In 1753 Harris's son was granted the right to build a ferry over the river; in 
 1784 the town was laid out, and then called Louisbourg; but in 1791 the name 
 was changed to its present one, and in 1812 the seat of the state government was 
 removed there from Lancaster. 
 
 1733. MARYLAND issued ninety thousand pounds in bills of 
 credit. 
 
 Each county was to have a thousand pounds to pay for public buildings. 
 Three thousand pounds were to be devoted to the erection of a government house. 
 A certain sum to be paid planters for the tobacco they burned, and the rest to be 
 lent out at four per cent, interest, payable one third in 1748, and the rest in 1764, 
 the interest forming a sinking fund for the redemption of the bills. They were 
 made a legal tender for everything but proprietary and clergy dues. 
 
 1733. THE parliament imposed a duty upon sugar, molasses, 
 and rum imported into the colonies from the Dutch or French 
 West Indies. The act to be limited to three years. 
 
 The act was intended to force the colonies to buy their supplies of these arti- 
 cles from the British "West India Islands. The manufacture of rum had become 
 an important industry in NCAV England. Rhode Island protested against this act 
 as " highly prejudicial to her charter," but the Commons refused to receive the 
 petition on the ground that the bill was a money bill. New York petitioned the 
 House of Lords, saying that it was only in the produce of the West Indies that 
 their exports there could be paid for. The agent of New York, Partridge, wrote 
 the Duke of Newcastle, in forwarding the petition, that " besides the injury the 
 bill will be in itself, almost tantamount to a prohibition, it is divesting the colony 
 of their rights as the king's natural-born subjects and Englishmen, in levying 
 subsidies upon them against their consent, when they are annexed to no country 
 in Great Britain, have no representatives in Parliament, nor are any part of the 
 Legislature of this Kingdom." The general court of Massachusetts expressed 
 itself also in opposition to the act. A great deal of molasses was imported, but 
 very little duty was paid. 
 
 1734. THE city of New York made public provision for 
 " The relief and setting on work of poor, needy persons, and 
 idle vagabonds, and sturdy beggars, and others who frequently 
 commit great depredations, and having lived idly become de- 
 bauched and thievish."
 
 1734.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 215 
 
 An ordinance was passed for the erection of a poor-house on the common, two 
 stories high, and fifty-six feet by twenty-four. It was furnished with spinning 
 wheels, materials and tools for shoemaking, flax and knitting needles, and other 
 appliances for the occupation of its inmates. 
 
 1734. THE first silk raised in Georgia was taken to England 
 by Mr. Oglethorpe. 
 
 The culture of silk was specially encouraged by the founders of Georgia. 
 Lands were granted for it, bounties were offered for it, and skilled workmen from 
 all parts of Europe sent over. Trees and silk-worm eggs were liberally provided. 
 This first produce amounted to eight pounds. An Italian and his family, the 
 second who had been engaged, was paid five hundred and twenty pounds, for six 
 years, to take charge of the filature. Next year a lot was sent over, from which a 
 silk dress was woven and presented to Queen Caroline, who wore it at the next 
 levee. The accounts of the trustees contain a charge, dated 1738, "for making 
 a rich brocade and dyeing the silk from Georgia 26." 
 
 1734. A PAPER of cotton seed was sent to the settlement of 
 Georgia, and planted. 
 
 1734. A LETTER to the Lords of Trade, from Patrick Gordon, 
 the governor of Pennsylvania, mentions the production of silk in 
 that province, in small quantities, equal to French or Italian. 
 
 1734. AN iron furnace was set up by Philip Livingston, of 
 Albany, New York, at Limerock, Connecticut. , 
 
 Castings were made here in 1736. This was the first of the series of founderies 
 set up in this region. In the Revolution, the Council of Safety spent over a thou- 
 sand pounds in fitting up a furnace to cast shot and cannon, and keep the force 
 sufficient to run it at work. 
 
 1734. GOVERNOR CROSBY, of New York, alludes to the discov- 
 ery of rich mines in New Jersey, and of lead in New York. 
 He says, " but as yet no iron work is set up in this province." 
 
 1734. A CATHOLIC church was built in Philadelphia, and 
 mass publicly celebrated. 
 
 Governor Gordon thought it should be prohibited, but the council maintained 
 the charter of liberties protected it, and the church was unmolested. A new sect, 
 called the Dunkers, first appeared among the German settlers. . Various sects 
 were in the province, but each supported its own ceremonies without any com- 
 pulsory laws. 
 
 1734, NOVEMBER. Gabriel Johnston was sent as the governor 
 of North Carolina. 
 
 Barrington was reprimanded and removed. The crown officers were paid from 
 the quit-rents, but as the legal provision for their collection was left to the assem- 
 bly, their amount and collection was a constant source of dispute between that 
 body and those who were to receive them. 
 
 1734. THE Virginia assembly levied a duty of five per cent, 
 on the value ; on the importation of negro slaves.
 
 216 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1734. 
 
 It was payable "by the buyer," and continued in force until the Revolution, 
 being at times increased. 
 
 1734. LORD BALTIMORE petitioned the king to be confirmed 
 in his title to the whole peninsula between the Chesapeake and 
 the Delaware. 
 
 He had come out chiefly to settle the boundaries of his province, and before 
 starting had signed an agreement with Penn's heirs, fixing the southern boundary 
 of Delaware by a line drawn due west from Cape Henlopen to the Chesapeake, 
 the west boundary being a tangent from the middle point of this line to a circle 
 of twelve miles radius round Newcastle. The southern boundary of Pennsyl- 
 vania was a line due west through this tangent to a parallel of latitude fifteen 
 miles south of Philadelphia. A dispute having arisen, peace was ordered until 
 the English court of chancery should decide it. Baltimore returning, Ogle 
 resumed the administration. 
 
 1734. AN "evangelical community," from Salzburg, with 
 their ministers, established themselves in Georgia, and settled 
 above Savannah, calling their village Ebenezer. 
 
 1734, FEBRUARY. In Rhode Island, a bounty of one pound 
 was paid for bears, and the same for wild cats. 
 In 1736 the bounty on bears was raised to three pounds. 
 
 1734. AN act was passed by the assembly of Rhode Island, 
 supplementary of one passed a few years before, " for regulating 
 mills within the colony." 
 
 1734. THE Boston Weekly Post Boy commenced in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Ellis Huske, the postmaster, who is supposed to have sug- 
 gested the Stamp Act of 1765 to the British government. It lived about twenty -five 
 years. 
 
 1734, NOVEMBER 17. John Peter Zenger was arrested by the 
 authorities of New York city on a charge of libel. 
 
 He was kept in prison nine months before he could get a trial. The governor, 
 William Cosby, issued a proclamation on November 6, in which certain numbers 
 of the New York Weekly Journal arc said to contain "diverse scandalous, Viru- 
 lent, False and Seditious reflections, not only upon the whole Legislature, in gen- 
 eral, and upon the most considerable Persons in the most distinguished stations in 
 the Province, but also upon His Majesty's lawful and rightful Government and 
 just Prerogative," and offering a reward of fifty pounds for the discovery of their 
 author. In another proclamation, twenty pounds reward was offered for the 
 discovery of the " author of two late scandalous songs or Ballads, printed and 
 dispersed in this city, highly defaming the Administration of His Majesty's Gov- 
 ernment in this Province." The specific libel upon which Zenger was tried was 
 this sentence: "the people of this city (New York) and province think, as mat- 
 ters now stand, that their liberties and properties are precarious, and that slavery 
 is like to be entailed on them and their posterity, if some past tilings be not 
 amended." The trial took place on the 4th of August, 1735, the Journal being 
 still issued. The copies containing the libels and the ballads were burned by the
 
 1735.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 217 
 
 hangman. The corporation of the city refused to attend, though directed to do 
 so, and the provincial assembly did the same. Andrew Hamilton, the speaker of 
 the Pennsylvania assembly, was brought from Philadelphia to defend Zenger, and 
 made a most effective and noticeable speech. The jury brought in a verdict of 
 not guilty. Zenger continued the publication of the Journal until his death in 
 1746. His widow then carried it on until his son succeeded to it, and managed it 
 until 1752, when it died of inanition. Zenger was a German, and came to this 
 country when he was thirteen years of age. He learned his trade of printer from 
 Bradford. He was a man of enterprise and is said to have imported the first 
 spinet into this country. His contest for the freedom of the press was of great 
 importance in strengthening the spirit of independence which was then beginning 
 to be roused in the colonies. 
 
 1735, JANUARY. The Moravians, under Count Zinzendorf, 
 established a colony in Georgia, on the Ogeechee, south of 
 Savannah. 
 
 1735. CHRISTOPHER SOWER commenced printing in German- 
 town, near Philadelphia, about this time, and this year began the 
 publication of a quarterly journal in German. 
 
 The quarterly was afterwards changed to a monthly, and after 1744 to a weekly 
 paper, the Germantown Gazette, and was continued by his son until the war of 
 the Revolution, A complete file of this paper is still in the possession of one of 
 his descendants. Sower also published the first German almanac in Pennsylvania, 
 and extracts from the Laws of the Province, translated into German. 
 
 1735. THE Hope Furnace, on the Paiuxet River, in Rhode 
 Island, was built by Samuel Waldo. 
 
 Cannon and other munitions of war were made here in the Revolution. 
 
 1735. ROLAND HOUGHTON, of Boston, was granted by the 
 general court a monopoly for his " new theodolite, to last seven 
 years." 
 
 1735. THE trustees of Georgia issued proposals to settlers. 
 
 No papists were to be allowed in the settlement. To all others emigrating at 
 their own expense, fifty acres of land were given for each indented servant ; no 
 grant, however, to exceed five hundred acres. Servants, at the end of their term, 
 were to have twenty acres. Settlers sent out by the trustees were to have fifty 
 acres, subject to a quit-rent often shillings. On failure of male heirs, all land to 
 revert to the trustees, subject to a right of dower. No land to be alienated with- 
 out special permission. No rum was allowed, and all trade with the West Indies 
 prohibited. Negro slavery was prohibited. A further grant of twenty-six thou- 
 sand pounds from parliament, increased the means of the trustees. 
 
 1735. CROSBY, the governor of New York, having died, two 
 claimants arose for the office. 
 
 Van Dam and George Clarke, both of whom claimed the office by virtue of 
 being senior councillor, issued orders and assumed authority. 
 
 1735. JOHNSTON, the governor of North Carolina, undertook 
 to collect the quit-rents on his own authority. 
 It was resisted. His death soon occurred.
 
 218 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1735-6. 
 
 1735. THE French in Louisiana attempted the conquest of 
 the Chickasaws by two simultaneous attacks. 
 
 An expedition from New Orleans ascended the Tombigbee to its head, and 
 attacked the Chickasaw stronghold in its vicinity, but were defeated and driven 
 back. Another expedition from the Illinois attacked a more northerly fort of the 
 Chickasaws, and were also defeated. Its leader, D'Artagnctte, with others, was 
 captured and burned at the stake. Bills of credit were issued in Louisiana, pay- 
 able in France. 
 
 1736. NEW BRUNSWICK, New Jersey, was incorporated as a 
 town, having been settled by emigrants from Long Island. 
 
 During the war it was at various times the head-quarters of the opposing 
 armies. In 1784 it received a city charter. It is extensively engaged in manu- 
 factures, the establishments employing about fifteen hundred hands, and capital of 
 $1,500,000. 
 
 1736, JUNE 14. A line of stages was started between Boston, 
 Massachusetts, and Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 The Rhode Island assembly granted it a monopoly for seven years. 
 
 1736. THE "Warwick charcoal blast furnace, on the south 
 branch of French Creek, Pennsylvania, was erected. 
 
 This, with Redding's furnace, on the same creek, cast cannon for the govern- 
 ment during the Revolution. 
 
 1736. BELLS were cast at New Haven, Connecticut, by 
 Abel Parmlee. 
 
 He petitioned the general court for a monopoly for twenty years, but was 
 refused. His petition states that his was the first bell foundory in the colonies. 
 
 1736. WILLIAM PAEKS commenced at Williamsburg, Virginia, 
 the Virginia Gazette, the first newspaper in that province. 
 
 It was sometimes printed on a half sheet of foolscap, and sometimes on a whole 
 one. It was under the influence of the governor. Parks continued it until his 
 death in 1750. The next year it appeared with the imprint: "Printed by \Vm. 
 Hunter, at the Post Office, by whom persons may be supplied with this paper. 
 Advertisements of a moderate length for three shillings for the first week, and 
 two shillings each week after." At Hunter's death, in 1761, it was enlarged and 
 published by Joseph Royle ; at his death by Purdie and Dixon until the Revolu- 
 tion. During the Revolution Purdie managed it. 
 
 1736. GOVERNOR JOHNSTON, of North Carolina, having died, 
 the lieutenant-governor, Broughton, succeeded. 
 
 The assembly issued one hundred thousand pounds in bills of credit. They 
 were to be lent out at eight per cent, interest, five-eighths of which was to be made 
 a sinking fund for their redemption, two-eighths to be used to assist "poor Prot- 
 estants " who should settle new townships, and the rest for the management of 
 the business. 
 
 1736. A COMPANY under Oglethorpe arrived at Savannah. 
 
 It consisted of two hundred and twenty-one persons, whom the trustees agreed
 
 1736-7.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 219 
 
 to support a year. A colony of Highlanders also settled New Inverness, on the 
 Altamaha. A new town called Frederica was established on the Island of St. 
 Simons, and a post called Augusta, at the head waters of the Savannah, which 
 goon became a flourishing trading station. Posts were established on the coast 
 further south, as far as St. John's, which was claimed as the limits of the charter. 
 
 1736. JOHN WESLEY established a Methodist society in Sa- 
 vannah, Georgia. 
 
 He and his brother Charles came out with Oglethorpe in the second company. 
 
 1737, AUGUST 1. A commission of twenty persons, five of the 
 councils each from New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and 
 Nova Scotia, settled a dispute concerning boundaries between 
 New Hampshire and Massachusetts. 
 
 Both parties appealed, and the king in council decided the question concern- 
 ing the boundary of Maine as a part of Massachusetts, as the commission had, 
 and as it now exists ; the decision concerning the boundaries of New Hampshire 
 and Massachusetts was, that the southern line of New Hampshire should run due 
 west from a point three miles north of the most southerly bend of the Merrimac. 
 This was more than New Hampshire asked, and included lands which had been 
 settled under grants from Massachusetts. 
 
 1737. CLARKE was confirmed as governor of New York by 
 royal instructions, and called an assembly. 
 
 It made a new issue of bills of credit for forty-eight thousand three hundred 
 and fifty pounds. Eight thousand three hundred and fifty pounds were to be 
 applied to the current expenses of the province, the rest was distributed among 
 the counties, and loaned on mortgages for twelve years at four per cent., in sums 
 not larger than one hundred pounds, and not less than twenty-five. The interest 
 to pay first for current expenses, and then used for the benefit of the province. 
 
 1737. THE officers in North Carolina who, under the gover- 
 nor's orders, distrained for the quit-rents, were imprisoned by 
 the assembly. 
 
 1737. GOVERNOR BROUGHTON, of South Carolina, died, and 
 William Bull, the president of the council, succeeded. 
 
 1737. AN act of the assembty of Massachusetts was passed, 
 placing a tax on carriages and other luxuries for the support of 
 a public spinning-school in Boston, " for the instruction of the 
 children of the town." 
 
 This institution had been founded some time before. The public had become 
 much excited concerning the subject. Some of the Scotch-Irish had settled in 
 Boston and established a linen manufactory. A public meeting was called to 
 establish the school, and a handsome brick building was erected for it on what is 
 now Tremont Street. Its front was decorated with the figure of a woman holding 
 a distaff. When the school was opened, the women, rich and poor, gathered on 
 the Common with their spinning-wheels, and engaged in a friendly competition of 
 skill in their use. The school was continued several years, and the result of,turn- 
 ing public attention in this direction was very marked in the improvements which 
 began about this time to be made in the processes of cloth-making.
 
 220 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1737-8. 
 
 1737. COPPER COINS were struck in Granby, Connecticut, 
 from inetal obtained from the mines at Simsbury. 
 
 They were struck by Joseph Higby, and were known as Granby coppers. They 
 are now very scarce. 
 
 1738. CHELSEA, then called Winnisimmet, and a part of Bos- 
 ton, was, with two other settlements, incorporated under its 
 present name. 
 
 The reason of the change was, that the people found it inconvenient to attend 
 the town meetings in Boston, the means of communication being by the ferry, the 
 oldest in the United States having been started in 1G31. Chelsea has a high repu- 
 tation for ship-building. 
 
 1738. EASTON, Penn., was laid out, and incorporated in 1789. 
 
 During the Revolution, General Washington made it the place of deposit for 
 British prisoners. It is a manufacturing depot, the neighboring country containing 
 inexhaustible beds of iron ore of the best quality, and there are three blast fur- 
 naces, manufacturing about thirty thousand tons of pig-iron per annum. It is the 
 terminus of the Lehigh Valley, celebrated for its anthracite coal, and by means 
 of railroads has an unbroken connection with New York and the lakes. It is also 
 the outlet of a rich agricultural country, and exports largely flour, corn meal, and 
 whiskey. Lafayette College was founded here in 1832. 
 
 1738, AUGUST. Another bank, or loan of one hundred thou- 
 sand pounds, was created by the assembly of Rhode Island. 
 
 It was similar to those previously created, with the exception that the principal 
 and interest of the loans were secured by mortgage on real estate. In the pre- 
 vious ones only the principal had been so secured. 
 
 1738. GEORGE THOMAS was made governor of Pennsylvania. 
 
 For two years, Logan, the president of the council, had administered the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 1738. A LAW was passed in New York disfranchising the 
 Jews. 
 
 1738. LEWIS MORRIS, the president of the council, was ap- 
 pointed governor of New Jersey. 
 
 He had been chief justice of New York, and was removed by Crosby. 
 
 1738. A MESSAGE was sent to St. Augustine, Florida, to 
 demand of the Spaniards the return of the runaway slaves from 
 South Carolina, and was peremptorily refused. 
 
 All trade with the Spanish settlements in America was strictly prohibited by 
 the home government, and in Spain itself only the port of Cadiz was permitted. 
 The taxes also laid on trade stimulated smuggling. To prevent this the Spaniards 
 kept fleets along the coast, which were frequently injudicious in the exercise of 
 their authority. The runaway slaves who went to Florida were sheltered, given 
 lands, and organized into military companies. Oglethorpe returned again this 
 year with a regiment of soldiers and a commission as military commander for 
 Georgia and the Carolinas. "To give no offence, but to repel force by force," were 
 his instructions.
 
 1739.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMEKICA. 221 
 
 1739. THE assembly of Maryland passed a law to encourage 
 the erection of grist-mills. 
 
 1739. A GERMAN newspaper was issued by Christopher 
 Sower in Germantown, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1739. EXTRACTS from the diary of Miss Lucas, of this year 
 and 1741, speak of the pains she had taken to plant cotton seed 
 successfully. 
 
 Miss Eliza Lucas was the daughter of the governor of Antigua, and at the age 
 of eighteen was in charge of a plantation in South Carolina. She afterwards 
 married Mr. Pinckney, of South Carolina, and became the mother of Charles 
 Cotesworth Pinckney. She had also experimented successfully with the culture 
 of indigo. 
 
 1739, JANUARY. Commissioners from England and Spain 
 agreed to settle the dispute as to the limits of Carolina and 
 Florida. 
 
 The negotiations were broken off before they were completed. 
 
 1739, MARCH. Joseph Mallinson petitioned the general court 
 of Massachusetts for a grant of land, in consideration of the ad- 
 vantage his manufacture of hollow- ware, such as pots, had been. 
 
 He claimed to be the "sole promoter" of casting them in sand moulds, 
 "whereby the province saved annually at least twenty thousand pounds importa- 
 tions." His furnace was in Duxbury. The court granted him two hundred acres 
 of unimproved land. 
 
 1739. NORTH CAROLINA had a population of ten thousand, 
 and was this year divided into three counties, and these into 
 precincts. 
 
 1739. THE French again attempted to conquer the Chicka- 
 saws. 
 
 Twelve hundred French soldiers, with twice as many friendly Indians and 
 negroes, were assembled at the bluff upon the Mississippi, now the site of Mem- 
 phis. Their ranks were so thinned by disease that they withdrew. 
 
 1739, AUGUST. Oglethorpe made a new treaty with the 
 Creeks by which they acknowledged themselves subjects of 
 Great Britain, and agreed to exclude from their territory all but 
 English settlers. 
 
 Oglethorpe travelled through the woods to Coneta, near the present site of 
 Columbus, on the Chattahoochee. On his return he found instructions from 
 England to attack Florida. 
 
 1739, DECEMBER. Oglethorpe captured the Fort of Picolata, 
 thus securing the navigation of the St. John's. 
 
 1739. THE assembly of Pennsylvania established a loan office 
 to loan the bills of credit. 
 
 Its operation was the lending the bills of credit of the state on real estate
 
 222 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1740. 
 
 security to double the value of the loan, to be repaid in sixteen years by yearly 
 instalments. The interest was four per cent. The interest belonged to the state. 
 The instalments, for ten years, were re-let for the rest of the term, until the last 
 six years, when they were burned. The trustees of the loan office were selected 
 from various parts of the state, and continued four years in office. The institu- 
 tion continued in operation forty years. 
 
 1740. THE WILMINGTON, a vessel for foreign trade, was built 
 at Wilmington, Delaware, by William Shipley, D. Ferris, and 
 others. 
 
 1740. A WIND-MILL was removed from Roxbury and placed 
 on Fort Hill, Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1740, AUGUST 19. Circulars were sent by the Board of Trade 
 to all the colonies, forbidding any further issue of bills of credit. 
 
 1740, SEPTEMBER 4. Royal letters-patent were issued to five 
 commissioners from each of the provinces of New York, New 
 Jersey, and Nova Scotia, to settle the disputed boundary be- 
 tween Rhode Island and Massachusetts. 
 
 Any five of them were to form a quorum, and either colony might appeal from 
 their decision within three months after it was given, and it was to be final after 
 being confirmed by the king. The colonies were to equally pay the expense. 
 
 1740, SEPTEMBER 23. The assembly of Rhode Island created 
 another bank or loan, of twenty thousand pounds, at four per 
 cent, interest. 
 
 These were called New Tenor bills ; they were to be paid in silver at nine 
 shillings the ounce, or gold at six pounds, thirteen shillings, and four pence an 
 ounce. A protest was made against this issue by five of the deputies, and entered 
 on the record. 
 
 1740. A BREWERY was established by Oglethorpe in Georgia, 
 to furnish beer for the troops. 
 
 He tried to stop the use of ardent spirits, and always destroyed it when he 
 found it. 
 
 1740. CHRISTOPHER SOWER established a type foundery at 
 Germantown, Pennsylvania. 
 
 He cast the types for an edition of the Bible, in German, and afterwards cast 
 English types. The type foundery founded by him is still existing in the hands 
 of his successors. 
 
 1740. JONAS GREEN, the son of T. Green of New London, Con- 
 necticut, commenced printing at Annapolis, Maryland, and was 
 made public printer at a salary of five hundred pounds currency. 
 
 1740. THE Ancram iron-works were erected by Philip 
 Livingston about fourteen miles east of the Hudson, in New 
 York. 
 
 The ore was obtained from Salisbury, Connecticut.
 
 1740.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 223 
 
 1740. GUN-STOCKS were made by Vander Poel, at Beaver's 
 Creek, New York. 
 
 1740. A GREAT fire destroyed many houses in Charleston, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 The damage was estimated at a million of dollars. The British government 
 voted twenty thousand pounds for the relief of the sufferers. 
 
 1740. GEORGE WHITEFIELD came over to Georgia and founded 
 an orphan house near Savannah, for which he had collected money 
 in England. 
 
 To collect further funds he visited the northern colonies, and was invited to 
 New England, where he was instrumental in aiding the " great revival," which at 
 this period excited the religious world there. 
 
 1740. SOUTH CAROLINA voted money for the attack on 
 Florida. 
 
 Forces were raised, and Oglethorpe with twelve hundred men marched to 
 Florida and laid siege to St. Augustine, but was forced to abandon the enterprise. 
 
 1740. ALL the colonies except Georgia were called upon to 
 aid in the war with Spain, and furnish their quotas for an Ameri- 
 can regiment of thirty-six hundred men, which was commanded 
 by Spotswood, colonial postmaster-general, and late governor 
 of Virginia. 
 
 Virginia increased the tax on slaves imported to ten per cent. , and impressed 
 " the able bodied persons in every county who follow no lawful calling or employ- 
 ment," for her quota. Pennsylvania furnished four thousand pounds for the 
 king's use, the governor, Thomas, to use it. He, to raise the quota, enlisted 
 indented servants, who obtained their freedom by entering the king's service. The 
 assembly remonstrated, and when Thomas would not discharge such from the 
 army, they kept the money to indemnify the masters. 
 
 1740. Two banking schemes were proposed in Massachusetts, 
 and opposed by Belcher the governor, who forbade them. 
 
 They both went into operation, however, and issued their notes. The first was 
 called the " silver scheme," and was to issue one hundred and fifty thousand 
 pounds in notes, to be redeemed in fifteen years in silver ; the other, known as 
 the " Land Bank, or Manufactory Scheme," was to issue three hundred thousand 
 pounds redeemable in twenty years in produce and manufactured articles. The 
 first was advocated by the merchants and traders, those to whom the chief end 
 of a circulation appeared to be paying for their foreign supplies ; the second was 
 favored by farmers and mechanics, those whose experience taught them daily that 
 labor was the only source of wealth, and a circulation was only a means for the 
 exchange of its products. As the laws authorizing the continuance of the then 
 existing issues of circulating bills would all expire in 1741, a violent contraction 
 of the currency was in operation with its inevitable suffering, not only of specu- 
 lators and traders, but of producers also. The demand, therefore, for some 
 remedy was so strong that Belcher, who opposed both schemes, was fearful of an 
 insurrection of the people to force his assent, when, suddenly, he was recalled 
 from the administration. The circulation of the schemes was partly issued, when
 
 224 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1741. 
 
 parliament, extending to the colonies the act prohibiting the formation of unincor- 
 porated joint-stock companies with more than six partners, they were obliged to 
 wind up their affairs prematurely, and caused great disaster, the partners being 
 held individually responsible for the notes issued. Both in Massachusetts and 
 South Carolina this extension of the act was loudly complained of. 
 
 1741. IN January, a monthly magazine, printed and edited 
 by Benjamin Franklin, and entitled A General Magazine and 
 Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America, 
 was published in Philadelphia. 
 
 The subscription price was twelve shillings a year. It was issued only six 
 months. 
 
 This year a second monthly magazine, called the American Magazine, was 
 started in Philadelphia by John Wclbe. 
 
 It consisted of forty-eight pages Svo., but did not survive. 
 
 1741, APRIL. The expedition against the Spanish West 
 Indies met with disastrous failure. 
 
 The yellow fever decimated the troops ; after several unsuccessful attacks on 
 Carthagena, the attempt to capture it was abandoned. 
 
 1741, JUNE 30. The commission decided concerning the dis- 
 puted boundaries of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 
 
 They had been occupied with the case more than two months. Massachusetts 
 appealed from every portion of the decision, and Rhode Island from a part of it. 
 
 1741. BEHRING'S second and great expedition of discovery 
 started this year. 
 
 It lasted sixteen years. 
 
 1741. WILLIAM SHIRLEY was appointed Belcher's successor 
 as governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 1741. To pay the expenses of the troops raised for the war 
 with Spain, Massachusetts made a new issue of bills of credit. 
 
 Shirley received permission to consent to the issue. 
 
 1741. BENNING WENTWORTH was appointed governor of New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 He was a native of the province, and was the first independent governor of the 
 state. 
 
 1741, JULY. Massachusetts contributed five hundred troops 
 to an expedition against Cuba, undertaken by the British fleet 
 under Vernon. 
 
 The expedition was entirely unsuccessful. 
 
 1741. IN New York city a great excitement prevailed from 
 a report of a contemplated insurrection of the slaves. 
 
 The city contained about nine thousand inhabitants, of whom about fifteen hun- 
 dred were slaves. Like the alarms so common in slave communities, it was
 
 1742.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 225 
 
 baseless, and upon the most insufficient evidence, and in a trial where they had no 
 counsel, eighteen were convicted and hanged, thirteen burned at the stake, and 
 seventy-one transported. The bar of New York then consisted of eight members, 
 and they all took part in the trials, and vied with each other in fanning the base- 
 less excitement. It ended in charging a non-juring schoolmaster with being a 
 Catholic priest in disguise, and inciting the slaves by a promise of absolution. He 
 was condemned and executed. 
 
 1742. THE Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser was 
 issued in Philadelphia by William Bradford. 
 
 He was the grandson of the founder of the Gazette in New York. He insti- 
 tuted the Carriers' Address, on January 1, 1776. His journal was very efficacious 
 in its opposition to the Stamp Act. 
 
 1742. A COTTON-GIN, for separating the fibre from the seed, 
 was invented by M. Dubreuil of Louisiana. 
 
 M. Dubreuil built on his plantation, which was situated on a portion of the 
 present city of New Orleans, the first sugar-mill in Louisiana. The cotton fibre 
 was separated before this by hand, and a pound a day was thought to be a fair 
 day's work. 
 
 1742. RICHMOND, Virginia, was settled. 
 
 Richmond is at the head of tide water, about one hundred and fifty miles from 
 the mouth of the James River. It has extensive cotton and tobacco factories, is 
 also the centre of large railroad connections, being the terminus of five railroads. 
 In 1779 it was made the capital of the state, at which time it was only a small 
 village. During the late war it was made the seat of government of the " Con- 
 federate States." 
 
 1742. FANEUIL HALL, Boston, Massachusetts, was finished in 
 September, and presented to the city by its builder, Peter Faneuil. 
 The ground floor was a market, over it a town hall and other 
 rooms. 
 
 Peter Faneuil was born in New Rochclle, New York, in 1700, a descendant 
 from a French Huguenot family. He died at Boston March 3, 1743. In 1740, at 
 a public meeting, he offered to erect a market-house at his own expense ; but 
 though the offer was accepted, it was only by a majority of seven. The hall has 
 been rebuilt, being destroyed by fire in 1761 ; and the British when they occupied 
 Boston used it as a theatre. It was so often the meeting-place of the patriots of 
 the Revolution, and so many important debates and important declarations have 
 had birth in the hall, that it has often been termed " the Cradle of American 
 Liberty." 
 
 1742. THE first mill within the borough of Wilmington, 
 Delaware, was built this year by Oliver Canby, near the end of 
 Orange Street. 
 
 To this mill the settlers of the neighborhood resorted, and those from New 
 Jersey and the inlets along the Delaware brought their grain in boats. 
 
 1742. THE assembly of Pennsylvania voted three thousand 
 pounds for the king's use. 
 15
 
 226 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1742-3. 
 
 The Board of Trade had rejected, after consideration, the doctrine of the 
 assembly that the proprietaries should defend the province, in consideration of the 
 quit-rents and other revenue. 
 
 1742. A SPANISH expedition set out from Havana against 
 Georgia and Carolina. 
 
 It was repulsed by Oglethorpe in an attack on Frederica, and returned without 
 effecting anything. 
 
 1742. THE discontented colonists of Georgia sent Thomas 
 Stevens to England with a petition charging the trustees with 
 peculation and mismanagement. 
 
 The House of Commons in committee of the whole resolved, " that the petition 
 of Thomas Stevens contains false, scandalous and malicious charges." Stevens 
 the next day was reprimanded, kneeling before the bar of the House. The House 
 also resolved that the importation of rum "would be an advantage to the colony 
 of Georgia," so that the trustees repealed its prohibition ; the attempt to allow the 
 importation of negroes was defeated in the House by a majority of nine. The 
 discontent in Georgia appears to have arisen chiefly among those of the colonists 
 who sought in colonization a chance to make money more by speculation than 
 by labor. 
 
 1742. A LAW was enacted in Connecticut, that settled min- 
 isters who should preach, without special invitation, in other 
 parishes than their own, should lose all claims on their salaries, 
 and if they came from other colonies, should be arrested as va- 
 grants and seut away. 
 
 It was aimed at the revivalists. 
 
 1742. A GERMAN Lutheran church was founded in Philadel- 
 phia under the pastorship of Henry Melchior Muhlenburg, from 
 Hanover, Germany, who had just arrived. 
 
 1742. THOMAS BLADEN was made governor of Maryland. 
 
 He was a native of the province, and had married a sister of Lord Baltimore. 
 He soon quarrelled with the assembly. 
 
 1742. THE American Philosophical Society was organized at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1743. AT Oxford, in Warren County, New Jersey, a charcoal 
 furnace was erected. 
 
 It still remains, and is said to be the oldest in the Union. 
 
 1743. JOHN CLARKE, of Salem, Massachusetts, made an organ 
 for the Episcopal church there. 
 
 1743. CHRISTOPHER SAUR, or Sower, it is printed in both 
 ways in his German and English publications, printed the 
 Bible in German, at Germantown, near Philadelphia. 
 
 This Bible was in quarto, and contained 1272 pages. " The price of our 
 newly finished Bible, in plain binding, with a clasp, will be eighteen shillings ; 
 but to the poor and needy we have no price."
 
 1743-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 227 
 
 1743. THE oppressive duties upon the exportation of articles 
 to other provinces were re-enacted by the government of New 
 Jersey, and continued in force until the Revolution. 
 
 1743, AUGUST. George Clinton succeeded to the governor- 
 ship of New York. 
 
 He was an admiral in the British navy. The assembly passed an act limiting 
 its existence to seven years, and voted money to fortify Albany and Oswego. 
 
 1743. THE " new lights " in Connecticut began to take ad- 
 vantage of the law allowing Episcopalians, and other " sober dis- 
 senters," to erect their own churches. 
 
 The provisions of the law were declared not to apply to Congregationalists or 
 Presbyterians. 
 
 1743. OGLETHORPE went to England to answer charges 
 brought against him. 
 
 His lieutenant-colonel brought them, and on the trial was convicted of false- 
 hood, and deprived of his commission. Oglethorpe did not again return to 
 Georgia. 
 
 1743. THE government of Georgia was intrusted to a presi- 
 dent and four councillors. 
 
 William Stevens was made president. 
 
 1743, DECEMBER. James Glen was appointed governor of 
 South Carolina. 
 
 1744, FEBRUARY 14. Another bank or loan of forty thousand 
 pounds was made by the Rhode Island assembly. 
 
 The interest was to be four per cent. A protest was made against this action, 
 and entered on the records. 
 
 1744, MARCH 31. England declared war against France. 
 
 1744, JUNE. A congress was held at Lancaster, Pennsylva- 
 nia, to treat with the Six Nations of Indians. 
 
 There were present commissioners from Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and 
 New York, and the deputies of the Six Nations, with a large following. The jour- 
 nal of the secretary of the Maryland commissioners is printed in the Massachu- 
 setts Historical Collections. The treaty made with the Indians at this time was 
 appealed to by the English subsequently, to vindicate their claims to the territory 
 against France. The Ohio valley was bought for four hundred pounds, the colo- 
 nies maintained. 
 
 1744, NOVEMBER 28. A lottery was authorized by the Rhode 
 Island assembly. 
 
 It was for building a bridge in Providence : five thousand tickets at three 
 pounds each, and a thousand prizes amounting to twelve thousand pounds. 
 
 1744, DECEMBER 11. The appeals of Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island from the decision of the commissioners had been referred
 
 228 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1744-6. 
 
 to the Committee on Plantations, which confirmed the decision of 
 the commissioners. 
 
 1744. LEONARD and Daniel Barnetz, from York, Pennsylva- 
 nia, built a brewery in Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 1744. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN published his account of the open 
 stove, or " newly invented Pennsylvania fireplace." 
 
 This is still known as the Franklin stove. The publication was illustrated with 
 a copper plate. 
 
 1744. THE French, from Cape Breton, captured Fort Canso, 
 on the northern end of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Annapolis was twice attacked by Canadians and Indians, and privateers from 
 Louisburg threatened the entire destruction of the fisheries, while the eastern 
 Indians began again their hostilities. Shirley proposed to the general court of 
 Massachusetts the capture of Louisburg, the strongest fort north of the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 1745. A STEAM-ENGINE was constructed and used in the cop- 
 per mine of Mr. Schuyler in New Jersey. 
 
 It was probably a Newcomen engine. 
 
 1745, MARCH. An expedition against Louisburg set sail from 
 Boston, Massachusetts, under the command of William Pepperell, 
 of Maine. 
 
 Massachusetts provided ten vessels, each of the other New England colonies 
 one. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania voted money. Connecticut, New 
 Hampshire, and Rhode Island also furnished men. Sailors to serve in the navy 
 were impressed in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. After a siege of seven weeks 
 Louisburg surrendered. William Pepperell was made a baronet for his services. 
 Colonel Gridley, who managed the batteries, laid out the intrenchments at Bunker 
 Hill. 
 
 1745. THE Indians pushed their ravages to Saratoga in New 
 York. 
 
 Governor Clinton wrote to the other colonies for aid. Massachusetts declared 
 war. 
 
 1745. MASSACHUSETTS issued bills of credit for between two 
 and three million pounds. 
 
 They were used for the expenses of the Louisburg expedition. 
 
 1745. BALTIMORE, Maryland, was incorporated, and the Mary- 
 land Gazette was published. 
 
 1746, APRIL 9. Eight regiments were sent from England 
 under General St. Clair, and orders were given to raise an army 
 in the colonies to take part in an expedition against Canada. 
 
 1746, MAY 28. A royal decree was issued settling the dis- 
 puted boundary of Rhode Island and Massachusetts in accordance 
 with the decision of the commissioners.
 
 1746.1 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 229 
 
 An appeal had been made from the decision of the plantation committee, the 
 case heard again before them, and their decision reaffirmed. 
 
 1746, JUNE 12. The Rhode Island Assembly ordered the 
 purchase and return of twenty-two Spaniards, who had been 
 seized by Rhode Island privateers, and sold as slaves. 
 
 The Spaniards had retaliated by seizing a portion of the crew of one of the 
 vessels, and imprisoning them in Havana. 
 
 1746. JOHN JEROM and Stephen Jerom, Jr., proposed to set 
 up " evaporating pans " for making salt in Connecticut. 
 
 1746. THE New York Evening Post was published by Henry 
 De Forrest. 
 
 It lived about a year only. 
 
 1746. PARLIAMENT passed an act forbidding, under a penalty 
 of fifty pounds, the repairing or manufacturing of sails in Great 
 Britain, or the colonies, with foreign-made sail-cloth, or unstamped 
 sail-cloth; while under the same penalty every vessel built in 
 either country was obliged to have her first suit of sails made 
 completely of new sail-cloth manufactured in Great Britain. 
 
 1746. A ROLLING and slitting mill was built by John Taylor, 
 in Thornbury township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is supposed to have been the first in the province, and was in operation in 
 1750, when parliament called for a return of such enterprises. It was returned 
 by the sheriff as the only one. 
 
 1746. ORDERS were sent to the colonies to raise troops for an 
 attack on Canada. 
 
 They were to be paid by the king. The orders were subsequently counter- 
 manded, but not before the levies were made. Massachusetts raised thirty-five 
 hundred men; Connecticut, a thousand; New Hampshire, five hundred; Rhode 
 Island, three hundred; New York voted sixteen hundred, and resorted to im- 
 pressment; New Jersey, five hundred; Maryland, three hundred; Virginia, one 
 hundred; Pennsylvania voted the money for raising four hundred. The com- 
 mand was taken by Governor Clinton of New York, while William Johnson was 
 to lead in advance a party of Indians. The troops collected at Albany, but the 
 English fleet promised to co-operate did not arrive, and at the same time the colo- 
 nies were frightened by the news that a French fleet had sailed for America. To 
 protect Boston, which was supposed to be their point of attack, the militia was 
 collected, and the fort on Castle Island strengthened. The French fleet was, how- 
 ever, scattered by storms, their crews decimated by pestilence, and they returned 
 to France. 
 
 1746. LA JONQUIERE was appointed governor-general of New 
 France. 
 
 He succeeded Beauharnais, who had held the office twenty years. On the 
 death of the admiral commanding the French fleet, La Jonquiere was appointed 
 to the command, and returned to France with his ship.
 
 230 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1746-7. 
 
 1746. THE Presbyterians of New Jersey commenced a col- 
 lege at Elizabethtown. 
 
 In 1748 a new charter was granted it; and in 1757 it was moved to Princeton. 
 Aaron Burr was its first president, Jonathan Dickenson, who was elected to that 
 office at its formation, having died within a year. 
 
 1746. GOVERNOR JOHNSON, of North Carolina, wrote to the 
 Board of Trade concerning his difficulties with the assembly. 
 
 He said "he could not conceive how government can be kept up, as the officers 
 were obliged for subsistence to live dispersed on small plantations, as their salaries 
 had been eight years in arrears." The northern counties had five members, and 
 the more recent ones only two. Johnson equalized them, and moved the seat of 
 government to Wilmington. The northern counties refused to recognize the new 
 assembly, or pay the taxes it laid. 
 
 1746. FAYETTEVILLE, on the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, 
 was settled by Scotch Highlanders. 
 
 They were sent over for having taken part in the rebellion of 1745. The 
 change in their condition from retainers of a chief to land-owners and rent-payers 
 induced further emigration. 
 
 1746. BELCHER, formerly governor of Massachusetts, was 
 sent out as governor of New Jersey. 
 
 Since the death of Lewis Morris, the administration had been in the hands of 
 the council. 
 
 1746. BY the death of John Penn, without issue, his brother 
 Thomas succeeded to the proprietorship of three fourths of the 
 province. 
 
 The dispute between the assembly and the proprietaries continued. The prac- 
 tice began of giving secret instructions to the governor, which he was obliged by 
 his bond to observe, but of which he was forbidden to inform the assembly. 
 
 1747, OCTOBER 28. The assembly of Rhode Island ordered 
 that the laws and orders passed at each session should be printed 
 and distributed among the towns. 
 
 They had heretofore been copied in manuscript, and thus distributed. 
 
 1747, OCTOBER. Orders were received from England to aban- 
 don the expedition against Canada, and disband the forces col- 
 lected. 
 
 1747, DECEMBER 4. Parliament appropriated eight hundred 
 thousand pounds to repay the colonies the expenses they had in- 
 curred in preparing for the expedition against Canada. 
 
 1747. JARED ELIOT, a clergyman in Connecticut, published 
 this year the first series of essays on husbandry ever issued in 
 this country. 
 
 1747. INDIGO was exported to England from South Carolina. 
 The next year a bounty of six pence a pound was ordered for its cultivation.
 
 1747.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 231 
 
 1747. LA GALISSONNIERE was appointed governor-general of 
 New France. 
 
 1747. COMMODORE KNOWLES, of the British fleet then lying in 
 the harbor of Boston, impressed several men to serve on his 
 vessel. 
 
 The people, indignant, captured several officers who happened to be on shore, 
 and held them as hostages for the safe delivery of the captured men. Surround- 
 ing the town-house, they demanded redress from the general court. The governor 
 called out the militia, but they were in no haste to obey. He appealed to Knowles, 
 who offered to bombard the town. The governor had taken refuge in the castle, 
 and it began to be questioned whether this was not an abdication. The council 
 ordered the release of the officers. Knowles discharged the greater part of the 
 impressed men, and sailed away. 
 
 1747. CERTAIN towns, settled under grants of Massachusetts, 
 claimed to be within the limits of Connecticut, and asked to be 
 received within her jurisdiction. 
 
 Their request was granted by Connecticut, though Massachusetts refused to 
 give her consent when asked. The towns were Suffield, Somers, Enfield, and 
 Woodstock. They wanted to escape the higher taxation of Massachusetts conse- 
 quent on the expense of the recent war. 
 
 1747. A VOLUNTEER military organization was formed in Phil- 
 adelphia, and money was raised by a lottery to build batteries for 
 defending the Delaware. 
 
 A rumor had spread that French privateers intended to attack the city, and the 
 assembly refused to do anything, being chiefly Quakers. 
 
 1747. MR. LAW, the governor of Connecticut, wore this year 
 the first coat and stockings made of silk raised in the province. 
 
 In 1750 his daughter wore the first silk dress made from material produced in 
 the country. 
 
 1747. THOMAS WALKER, a land surveyor of Virginia, crossed 
 the ridge dividing the valley of the Tennessee from the head- 
 waters of the Ohio. 
 
 He called it the Cumberland Mountains in honor of the Duke of Cumberland, 
 who had just gained the victory at Culloden. 
 
 1747. OGLE was again made governor of Maryland. 
 
 1747. THE proprietaries of New Jersey appealed to the king 
 against an act passed by the assembly. 
 
 They were supported by the council. The act was one of oblivion and pardon, 
 on certain conditions, of settlers about Elizabethtown and in the southern part of 
 the state, who were known as squatters, having settled before New Jersey was a 
 separate province on lands which they claimed to have bought from the Indians, 
 with the approbation of the then governor of New York. These settlers had banded 
 together for self-protection, and resisted all attempts to dispossess them. The 
 dispute had existed for a long time, and was finally referred to a commission of 
 inquiry ordered from England. The proprietaries had instituted a suit in the
 
 232 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA.. [1747-8. 
 
 court of chancery of England, which remained pending for over a hundred years, 
 and was decided in this century, when the lands were ordered sold. At the sale 
 the late Charlotte Cushman was present, and bought large tracts. Upon a portion 
 of this land, which had been considered almost worthless as a sandy barren, there 
 are now thriving towns, which, like Hammonton and Egg Harbor, bid fair to be- 
 come one of the chief wine-making districts of the country. 
 
 1747-8. BETWEEN the Novembers of these years seven bags 
 of cotton were shipped from Charleston to England. 
 
 They were valued at three pounds, eleven shillings, and five pence a bag. It 
 does not appear certain that they were entirely the produce of the colony. 
 
 1748, JANUARY 4. The Independent Advertiser commenced in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was printed by Rogers and Fowle. Samuel Adams is said to have been the 
 chief promoter of the enterprise, which was the organ of the liberal party then 
 rising into existence. In 1750 Rogers retired from the firm, and David Fowlc 
 continued it. In 1752 he was arrested, and confined several days for refusing to 
 give the name of the writer of an article obnoxious to the government. The 
 paper was discontinued before 1753. 
 
 1748, FEBRUAEY 25. The assembly of Massachusetts accepted 
 a plan for funding the issues of bills of credit, and providing a 
 specie currency with the money voted by parliament to. repay 
 the expenses of preparing the expedition against Canada. 
 
 The plan was proposed by Thomas Hutchinson, afterwards the governor. 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut refused to adopt a similar plan. 
 
 1748, APRIL 19. An armistice of four months was proclaimed 
 between England and France, and notice of it sent to the colonies. 
 
 1748. ON the 23d of July a congress was held at Albany, 
 New York, to cultivate friendship with the Six Nations and their 
 allies. 
 
 From New York there were present George Clinton, the governor, and Caclwal- 
 lader Golden, Philip Livingston, James Delancy and Archibald Kennedy, of the 
 New York council ; the governor of Massachusetts, William Shirley ; Thomas 
 Hutchinson, Andrew Oliver, and John Choate, as commissioners ; and more In- 
 dians than had been seen together before by any one. 
 
 1748, OCTOBER 7. The treaty of peace was signed at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. 
 
 St. Mary's was fixed as the boundary of Florida. Cape Breton and Louisburg 
 were restored to the French, and a new commission was appointed to settle their 
 boundaries in America. 
 
 1748. A BOUNTY of sixpence a pound was offered by parlia- 
 ment upon all indigo raised in the colonies, and exported direct 
 to England. 
 
 1748. FIVE hundred stand of arms for the province of Mas- 
 sachusetts were made by Hugh Orr.
 
 1748.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 233 
 
 They were made in his shop at Bridgewater, and are supposed to be the first 
 muskets made in this country. They were deposited in Castle William, and car- 
 ried away by the British. 
 
 Hugh Orr was a Scotchman, and was devoted to his adopted country. He died 
 in 1798, aged eighty-two. 
 
 1748. IN Virginia the assembly passed an act allowing parish 
 vestries to select their own rectors. 
 
 1748. JAMES HAMILTON, a native of the province, was made 
 deputy governor of Pennsylvania. 
 
 He supported the proprietary interests in opposition to the assembly. 
 
 1748. A FREE school and academy was established in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was projected by Franklin, and became eventually the university of Penn- 
 sylvania. The Philadelphia Library and the Philadelphia Hospital were also 
 established. 
 
 1748. IN North Carolina an act was passed for the collection 
 of the quit-rents. 
 
 1748. THE Duke of Bedford was placed at the head oj colo- 
 nial affairs. 
 
 1748. YIEGINIA exempted persons engaged in the iron- works 
 from taxation for seven years. 
 
 1748. THE Society Library was founded in Charleston, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 1748. THIS year and the next the entrances and clearances 
 of vessels at Philadelphia were about three hundred each year. 
 
 1748. THOMAS FLEET advertised in his paper, the Boston Even- 
 ing Post: " Choice Pennsylvania Tobacco paper, and Bulls or In- 
 dulgancies of the present Pope Urban VIII. , by the single Bull, 
 Quire or Ream, at a much cheaper rate than they can be pur- 
 chased of the French or Spanish Priests." 
 
 This year an English cruiser had captured a Spanish prize, in the cargo of 
 which was a stock of Indulgences, printed only upon one side of the sheet. Fleet 
 bought them cheap, and used them to print ballads upon, the back of each Bull be- 
 being large enough to contain two songs like " Black-Eyed Susan." Thomas relates 
 that he saw numbers of them made this use of. The scarcity of paper at this time is 
 shown by this fact, though now that its manufacture was commenced in America, 
 it was not as scarce as in the earlier days of the colony, when Mr. Robert Salton- 
 stall was fined by the general court five shillings for presenting a petition on so 
 small and bad a piece of paper that the court felt its dignity was outraged. 
 
 1748. THE Swedish traveller, Kalm, remarks of the houses in 
 New York: 
 
 " The walls of the houses are whitewashed within, and I did not any where see 
 hangings, with which the people in this country seem, in general, to be little ac- 
 quainted. The walls are quite covered with all sorts of drawings and pictures, in
 
 234 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1749. 
 
 small frames. On each side of the chimneys they usually have a sort of alcove, 
 and the wall under the window is wainscoted, with benches near the window. 
 The alcoves, as well as all of the wood work, are painted with a blueish-gray 
 color." The houses in Albany conformed much to the old style, but were very 
 neat. The gable ends, facing the street, were of brick, while the walls were of 
 wood. This peculiarity he noticed also in New Jersey. The roofs in Albany were 
 chiefly white-pine shingles, the clay in the vicinity not being considered fit for 
 making tiles, while the extensive forests north of the city were already sufficiently 
 used in the manufacture of shingles to make the town quite a market for them. 
 
 1749. THE " Moravian Brethren " began to emigrate to Amer- 
 ica, encouraged by the act of parliament which acknowledged 
 them as belonging to the Established Church. Their chief seat 
 in this country is at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1749, MARCH. A grant was made in England to the " Ohio 
 Company " of five hundred thousand acres of land on the east 
 bank of that river. 
 
 The company had also the monopoly of the Indian trade. The French consid- 
 ered this an encroachment, claiming by the right of discovery and occupation all 
 the lands watered by the tributaries of the Mississippi. 
 
 1749, APRIL. De la Galissonniere, the governor- general of 
 New France, sent an expedition to traverse the western country 
 from Detroit to the mountains, and take possession of it for 
 France, warning English traders away from it. 
 
 1749, AUGUST 21. The trustees of the bills of credit of 
 Rhode Island reported to the* assembly that more than half a 
 million of pounds, of the issues of the various banks, had been 
 received by them. 
 
 As fast as they were received they were burned. 
 
 1749. A SOCIETY was formed in Boston for promoting indus- 
 try and frugality. 
 
 The assembly purchased the " Spinning House" in Boston, and granted four 
 townships of land to the foreign Protestants, and the use of the provincial frigate 
 to bring them. 
 
 1749. BOUNTIES were offered by the trustees of the settle- 
 ment in Georgia to every woman who should within a year be- 
 come skilled in reeling silk ; and sheds for carrying on the work 
 were built and supplied with machines. 
 
 Fourteen young women claimed the bounty, and a thousand pounds of cocoons 
 raised this year were reeled by them so well that the silk commanded the highest 
 price in England. 
 
 1749. PARLIAMENT passed an act admitting silk free from 
 Georgia and Carolina, in order to encourage its production. 
 
 1749. THE trustees of Georgia consented that slavery should 
 be introduced into that province. 
 
 All masters, under a fine of five pounds, should compel their negroes "to at-
 
 1749-50.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 235 
 
 tend at some time on the Lord's day for instruction in the Christian religion." 
 The settlers were very strenuous for permission to hold slaves. Those who op- 
 posed it were abused and traduced, and numbers of them had been introduced as 
 indented servants for life or for a hundred years. 
 
 1749. HALIFAX was established as a fort and military colony. 
 
 It was named after the president of the Board of Trade, and was intended to 
 guard the fisheries and commerce. Ports were also established at the head of the 
 Bay of Fundy, and the French in Nova Scotia were obliged to take an uncondi- 
 tional oath of allegiance. 
 
 1749. DE LA JONQUIERE entered on his administration of New 
 France as governor-general. 
 
 The commissioners to settle the respective boundaries of the French and Eng- 
 lish met at Paris, and troops from Canada built the forts Beau Sejour and Gas- 
 pereau between the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A new mission 
 and fort were established at Oswegatchie (now Ogdensburg), and the fort at Niag- 
 ara strengthened, and the Indians excited against the English claim over their 
 lands. 
 
 1749. A LOTTERY was opened in New York city for the pur- 
 pose of founding a college. 
 
 It was called King's College (now Columbia). In 1752 it was chartered as an 
 exclusively Episcopal institution. 
 
 1749. THE Swedish traveller, Kalm, speaking of the James 
 River colony, says : 
 
 " They make scarce any manure for their corn-fields, but when one piece of 
 ground has been exhausted by continual cropping they clear and cultivate another 
 piece of fresh land, and when that is exhausted proceed to a third. Their cattle 
 are allowed to wander through the woods and uncultivated grounds, where they are 
 half starved, having long ago extirpated all the annual grasses by cropping them 
 too early in the spring, before they had time to form their flowers or to shed their 
 seeds." The following testimony concerning the condition of agriculture in Vir- 
 ginia at about this time was given in 1842 by the Honorable James M. Garnett, of 
 Virginia. He says, " Previous to our revolutionary war, as I have been told by the 
 farmers of that day, no attempts worth mentioning were made to collect manure 
 for general purposes, all that was deemed needful being saved for the gardens and 
 tobacco-lots, by summer cowpens. These were filled with cattle such as our mod- 
 ern breeders would hardly recognize as belonging to the bovine species. In those 
 days they were so utterly neglected that it was quite common for the multitudes 
 starved to death every winter to supply hides enough for shoeing the negroes on 
 every farm. This was a matter so generally and constantly anticipated, that my 
 own grandfather, as I have heard from unquestionable authority, was once very 
 near turning off a good overseer because cattle enough had not died on the farm 
 of which he had the supervision to furnish leather enough for the above purpose. 
 When any cattle were fattened for beef, almost the only process was to turn them 
 into the corn-fields to feed themselves. Sheep and hogs were equally neglected." 
 
 1750. LYNN, Massachusetts, began to improve in the manu- 
 facture of shoes.
 
 236 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1750. 
 
 
 It is said that John Adam Dagyr (a Welshman who settled there this year) 
 
 gained a reputation for the superior character of his work, and taught many others 
 his methods. So marked was the advance, that, in 1764, a Boston correspondent 
 of the London Chronicle said that the shoes for women, made in Lynn, for strength 
 and beauty surpassed those usually imported from London. 
 
 1750. THE use of the Southern live-oak in ship-building be- 
 gan about this year, and its use added to the reputation of Amer- 
 ican-built vessels. 
 
 1750, FEBRUARY. The committee of the Rhode Island assem- 
 bly, appointed for the purpose, reported to the House of Com- 
 mons that since May, 1710, three hundred and twelve thousand 
 three hundred pounds had been issued in bills of credit, of which 
 one hundred and seventy-seven thousand had been burned, and 
 one hundred and thirty-five thousand were now outstanding. 
 
 The amount issued was estimated in coin as worth about thirty-six thousand 
 pounds. 
 
 1750. IN June, a public filature of silk was opened in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was erected by a subscription, which Benjamin Franklin, who was the agent 
 of the London Society of Arts in the province, had set on foot, and by which 
 nearly nine hundred pounds were raised. In 1771 two thousand and three hundred 
 pounds of cocoons were brought to this institution, and bought by it. They came 
 from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. 
 
 1750. ABOUT this time a glass factory was established in New 
 Jersey, known as Wistar's Glass- Works. 
 
 It was in Salem County, about two and a half miles from Allowaystown. It 
 employed many Germans, who settled at Freasburgh. 
 
 1750. PARLIAMENT passed an act admitting bar-iron from the 
 colonies free in London, and pig-iron in the rest of England, and 
 forbidding the erection in the colonies of slitting, rolling, and 
 plating mills. All new ones were to be considered nuisances. 
 
 In the reports to parliament it appeared that Massachusetts Bay contained two 
 slitting and rolling mills, Pennsylvania one, and New Jersey one, not then in use. 
 Massachusetts contained one plating forge, working with a tilt-hammer ; Connec- 
 ticut, six ; New York, one ; New Jersey, one, not in use ; Pennsylvania, one ; 
 Maryland, one, with two hammers. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey 
 had each one steel furnace, and Pennsylvania two. 
 
 1750. HUGH GAINE this year set up a press in New York 
 city, and commenced the publication of the New York Mercury. 
 
 1750. THE trustees of the settlement in Georgia sent over 
 two commissioners to encourage the culture of silk. 
 
 The next year they erected at Savannah a public silk-house, or filature, which 
 went into operation in May. Six thousand three hundred pounds of cocoons were 
 received there this year ; two thousand of which were sent by the Germans at Eben- 
 ezer, and the remainder from the orphan house founded by Whitefield.
 
 1750-51.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 237 
 
 1750. ABOUT this year a colony of Quakers from Ireland set- 
 tled at Caraden, South Carolina, and built several mills on Pine 
 Tree Creek. ' 
 
 1750. THE first theatrical performance took place in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The play was Otway's " Orphan." It was an amateur performance in a coffee- 
 house by some young Englishmen. The selectmen passed a law forbidding dra- 
 matic performances, which was in force for twenty-five years. 
 
 1750. THE governor of Nova Scotia appealed to Massachu- 
 setts for aid against the encroachments of the French. 
 Fort Lawrence was built opposite Beau Sejour. 
 
 1750. THE monopoly of the Royal African Company having 
 expired, the slave-trade was thrown open. 
 
 The duties placed by the colonies on the importation of slaves were considered 
 impediments to British commerce, and in several cases received the royal veto. 
 
 1750. THE slave code of South Carolina was revised. 
 
 It provided that " all negroes, Indians, mulattoes and mestizoes (free Indians 
 in amity with this government, and negroes, mulattoes and mestizoes who are now 
 free excepted)" "and all their issue and offspring born and to be born, shall be, 
 and they are hereby declared to be and remain forever hereafter absolute slaves, 
 . and shall follow the condition of the mother, and shall be claimed, held, taken, 
 reputed and adjudged in law to be chattels personal." A white man might vol- 
 unteer to bring a suit for freedom in behalf of a person claimed to be a slave, but 
 the burden of proof lay upon the plaintiff. It was forbidden that slaves should 
 hire their own time, or any plantation, own any boat, raise any stock, engage in 
 any trade on their own account, be taught to read or write, or be dressed in any 
 other than a prescribed cloth. Any constable could seize a negro better dressed, 
 and take the clothes for his own use. Fines were imposed for the murder or 
 maiming of a slave. In North Carolina, as in Virginia, no slave could be made 
 free, except by the governor and council for meritorious service. In Virginia it 
 was enacted that slaves set free, without the leave of the governor and council, 
 could be sold at auction by the churchwardens. Slavery existed in all the colo- 
 nies, as did also the system of indented servants, the regulations for these being 
 in some of the provinces almost as harsh as those for slaves. 
 
 1750. THE money voted by parliament having arrived in 
 silver, Massachusetts attempted a specie circulation. 
 
 The bills were redeemed at twenty per cent, discount, and silver was declared 
 the legal tender at six shillings and eight pence the ounce. Laws were made pro- 
 hibiting the circulation of bills of credit of other colonies within her limits. Con- 
 necticut called in hers, but Rhode Island would not. 
 
 1751. JAMES PARKER, a native of Woodbridge, New Jersey, 
 Bet up a press in Woodbridge, where he printed the "Laws of 
 the Province," edited by Judge Nevill, in a folio volume, which 
 sold for five dollars. 
 
 James Parker also published a monthly magazine for about two years. He
 
 238 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1751. 
 
 removed his press in 1765 for a time to Burlington, the capital of the province, 
 and printed there Smith's History of New Jersey. 
 
 1751. AN act was passed by the assembly of Rhode Island 
 for the encouragement of flax and wool growing, and their man- 
 ufacture into cloth. 
 
 1751. THE Sterling Iron- Works, a charcoal blast furnace, 
 were erected at the outlet of Sterling Pond, in the southern part 
 of Warwick. New York. 
 
 They were built for the manufacture of anchors, and named from General Wil- 
 liam Alexander (Lord Stirling), who owned the land. They were very important 
 works. The immense chain, stretched across the Hudson at West Point during 
 the Revolution, was forged here, and delivered in six weeks, under the superin- 
 tendence of Colonel Timothy Pickering, and remained during the war unbroken. 
 It weighed one hundred and eighty-six tons, the links weighing one hundred and 
 forty pounds each. 
 
 1751. THE " enumerated articles " which could be exported 
 only to Great Britain, or to other colonies, by the prepayment of 
 duties, were as follows : 
 
 Ginger, cotton, dye-woods, sugars, tobacco, indigo, molasses, furs, copper ore, 
 pitch, tar, turpentine, masts, and spars. 
 
 1751, MARCH 18. The assembly of Rhode Island created an- 
 other bank or loan for twenty-five thousand pounds. 
 
 The interest was five per cent. The assembly also passed an act that tlie bills 
 were to be worth silver at six shillings nine pence the ounce, and that this amount 
 was worth sixteen shillings in the new tenor bills, and sixty-four shillings in 
 the old tenor notes. On these new bills "death to counterfeit this bill" was 
 printed. 
 
 1751, MARCH 18. Parliament passed an act making the 
 new year begin on the 1st of January, instead of the 25th of 
 March. 
 
 The correction of eleven days in the month was not to take effect until Septem- 
 ber, 1752, the day succeeding the second of which was counted as the fourteenth. 
 
 1751, MAY 20. Parliament passed an act "to regulate and 
 restrain paper bills of credit " in the New England colonies. 
 
 Unless they were to be redeemed within a year, or in case of war or invasion. 
 Massachusetts had applied for such a bill. 
 
 1751. A CONGRESS was held with the Six Nations and their 
 allies on July 6. 
 
 The governor of New York, George Clinton, had invited all the governors from 
 New Hampshire to South Carolina to be present at a congress with the Six Nations, 
 and also to send proper presents to the Indians. This was the first time South 
 Carolina had taken part in these congresses. She sent one commissioner, and a 
 present which was considered too small to be effective, and six Indian delegates 
 belonging to the tribe of the Catawbas, who had been long enemies of the Six
 
 1751-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 239 
 
 Nations. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and South Carolina were the only states 
 which sent presents ; the assemblies of the other provinces declined so doing. The 
 commissioners from New York were Governor Clinton, and from the council Cad- 
 wallader Colden, James Delancy, and Edward Holland ; from Massachusetts, Jacob 
 Newdell, Joseph Dwight, and Oliver Partridge ; from Connecticut, William Pitkin 
 and John Chester ; and from South Carolina, William Bull, Jr. The journal of 
 the commissioners from Massachusetts is printed in the Massachusetts Archives. 
 
 1751. CHRISTOPHER GIST was sent by the Ohio Company to 
 explore their territory. 
 
 With an agent of Pennsylvania, Croghan, he penetrated as far as the Miami, 
 and made treaties with the Indians. 
 
 1751. HENRY PARKER was made president of Georgia. 
 
 1751. THE king, in council, disallowed and declared void ten 
 of the fifty-seven laws of the revised Virginia code. 
 
 The assembly addressed the king on the subject ; they did not like the sugges- 
 tion that any of their laws were subject to be made void. 
 
 1752. THE first house of any size on the site of the city of 
 Troy, New York, was built by Matthias Vanderheyden. 
 
 The tract was laid out and surveyed between 1786 and 1790. It was called 
 Vanderheyden's Eerry until January 5, 1789, when the name of Troy was adopted, 
 at which time there were five stores and about twelve houses. On the 18th of 
 March, 1791, it was made a town. The first state incorporation was April 2, 1801 ; 
 a second, April 9, 1805 ; the city charter was granted April 12, 1816. Its position 
 makes it a great centre both for railroad, canal, and steam transportation, and its 
 manufactories are extensive, the most important being those of iron, coaches, 
 cars, collars, shirts, breweries, and distilleries. The Troy Savings Bank, the 
 third incorporated in the state, was established April 23, 1823. 
 
 1752. THE bell in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, which 
 announced the independence of the colonies on July 4, 1776, was 
 imported from England, and, owing to its being cracked by a 
 stroke of the clapper, was recast in Philadelphia by Isaac Norris. 
 
 It was probably owing to Mr. Norris that the inscription, "Proclaim liberty 
 throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof" (Leviticus xxv. 10), was 
 engraved on it. In 1776, while the British held Philadelphia, the bell was taken 
 to Lancaster. After its return it was used as the state-house bell until 1828 ; since 
 when it has been used only on extraordinary occasions. 
 
 1752. THE first use of granite for building purposes was in 
 the erection of King's Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was furnished by John Hayward of Braintree. 
 
 1752. ABOUT this year an edition of the Bible in English, in 
 small 4to, was printed in Boston. 
 
 This edition was printed by Kneeland and Green. Kneeland was the publisher 
 of the New England Journal, the fourth paper in the colony, and Green was the 
 son of Timothy Green, the second printer of Connecticut. The edition was made 
 for Daniel Henchman, of Boston, a bookseller, and the builder of the first paper-
 
 240 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1752. 
 
 mill in New England. As the English universities enjoyed the monopoly in Eng- 
 land of printing the Bible, and the privilege was supposed to extend to the colo- 
 nies, this edition had to be surreptitiously issued, and was made a copy of an 
 English print, bearing the title of the copy which served as its model, viz. : "Lon- 
 don : Printed by Mark Baskett, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty." 
 The edition consisted of only seven or eight hundred copies, and the circumstances 
 under which it was issued caused it to excite no attention. Thomas, the author 
 of the History of Printing, who was an apprentice in Boston a few years after- 
 wards, heard the compositors who did the work speak of it, and the circumstances 
 were related by Governor Hancock, who was a relative of Henchman, and owned 
 a copy of it. A duodecimo edition of the New Testament was soon after issued in 
 the same way by Rogers and Fowle of Boston. 
 
 1752. THE Marquis Du Quesne succeeded as the governor- 
 general of New France. 
 
 He sought to induce the Indians to disregard their treaties with the English, 
 and surrender the traders of that nation as interlopers. The Indian village Piqua, 
 on the Miami, refusing to do this, was burned, the traders seized, and their stocks 
 confiscated. 
 
 1752, JUNE. The trustees of Georgia surrendered their rights 
 under charter to the crown. 
 
 They had had grants from parliament of one hundred and thirty-six thousand six 
 hundred pounds, and seventeen thousand six hundred pounds had been contrib- 
 uted by private persons to aid the settlement. There were in the province about 
 seventeen hundred white and four hundred negro inhabitants, who lived in three 
 small towns and on scattered plantations. The exports for the three preceding 
 years had amounted to not quite thirteen thousand pounds. Soon after the sur- 
 render the inhabitants of Dorchester, in South Carolina, which had been settled 
 from New England, and who had carried their church organization with them, re- 
 moved in a body, and settled on the river midway between the Savannah and Al- 
 tamaha. 
 
 1752, SEPTEMBER. The first theatrical performance by profes- 
 sionals in the country was held at Williarasburg, Virginia. 
 
 The play was the "Merchant of Venice," performed by a company from Lon- 
 don, under the direction of William and Lewis Hallam. A part of the company 
 seems to have performed before at Annapolis, representing the " Beau's Strata- 
 gem." The company was ambulatory, and travelled through the provinces, 
 avoiding Connecticut and Massachusetts, where the law was against them. In 
 1753 theatres were opened in New York and Annapolis, Maryland; in Albany, in 
 1769 ; Baltimore, in 1773 ; Charleston, South Carolina, in 1774 ; Newbern, North 
 Carolina, in 1788, and Boston, Massachusetts, in 1792. 
 
 1752. THE general court of Massachusetts, in December, 
 granted Isaac C. Winslow and others the sole privilege to make 
 glass in the province. 
 
 1752. LIEUTENANT- GOVERNOR ROBERT DINWIDDIE, of Virginia, 
 who entered on the office this year, commended to the Board 
 of Trade the formation of two great political divisions in the 
 country.
 
 1752-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 241 
 
 They were to be a northern and a southern one ; and with it he proposed a 
 scheme for forming an alliance with all the Indians. 
 
 1752. ARCHIBALD KENNEDY, the receiver-general of New 
 York, published in London a pamphlet advocating a plan of 
 union of the colonies. 
 
 He advocated a yearly meeting of commissioners from the various colonies at 
 New York or Albany, to arrange the quotas and apportionate the expense, and 
 provide for the joint payments for the importation of emigrants. He says, 
 "From upwards of forty years' observations upon the conduct of our colonial 
 assemblies, and the little regard paid by them to instructions, if it is left alto- 
 gether with them the whole will end in altercation and words." 
 
 1752. THE Ohio Company built a fort at Redstone (now 
 Brownsville), on the Monongahela. 
 
 The Indians who had migrated to that region from the Susquehanna were dis- 
 contented and alarmed at seeing this region occupied by the English. 
 
 1753, JANUARY 3. The Boston Gazette, or Weekly Advertiser, 
 appeared in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was printed by Samuel Knceland. It was discontinued in March, 1755, in 
 consequence of the enforcement of the provincial stamp act. 
 
 1753. THE anniversary of the Society for the Promotion of 
 Industry and Frugality was celebrated with great enthusiasm in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 A gathering of three hundred young women, each with a spinning-wheel, at 
 work, was arranged on the Common, in three rows. The weavers also assembled, 
 dressed in cloth of their own manufacture, with one of the number carried upon 
 a platform, at work with her loom. 
 
 1753. THE tax on carriages was renewed in Massachusetts 
 for the support of spinning-schools, and each town was allowed to 
 send one person, at least, to be gratuitously instructed in the art. 
 
 1753. A LOTTERY was organized in Baltimore for the pur- 
 pose of building a public wharf. 
 
 1753. IN " Poor Richard's Almanac," Franklin gave an ac- 
 count of his invention of the lightning-rod. 
 
 1753. AN expedition from Montreal built a fort at Presque 
 Isle, now Erie, on the southern shore of Lake Erie. 
 They afterwards built forts at La Bceuf and Venango. 
 
 1753. THE Board of Trade reported to the king : 
 
 "As the French had not the least pretence of right to the territory on the 
 Ohio, an important river rising in Pennsylvania and running through Virginia, 
 it was a matter of wonder what such a strange expedition in time of peace could 
 mean, unless to complete the object so long in view, of conjoining the St. Law- 
 rence with the Mississippi." The English government had at last become aware 
 that the French had long designed a vast empire in America. Lord Holderness, 
 who had succeeded the Duke of Bedford as secretary of state, wrote to the gov- 
 
 16
 
 242 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1753-4. 
 
 ernors of Pennsylvania and Virginia that " whenever the French were found 
 within the undoubted limits of their provinces," force should be used to repel 
 force. 
 
 1753, SEPTEMBER. Dinwiddie made a treaty with the Indians 
 on the Monongahela, and purchased the right from them to erect 
 a fort at its juncture with the Alleghany. 
 
 He sent George Washington, then a surveyor, with a message to the French 
 fort at La Boeuf, asking explanations of their encroachments, and the release and 
 indemnification of the captured traders. Washington, with Gist, delivered his 
 message, and was politely received, the commander, St. Pierre, promising to 
 transmit the message to his superiors in Canada. In his conversation with the 
 French officers, Washington found that they had no intention of giving up their 
 occupation of the territory. 
 
 1753. DINWIDDIE sent an expedition to build a fort at the 
 junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela. 
 
 It was not known whether it was within the limits of Virginia or Pennsylvania. 
 
 1753. THE assembly of Virginia sent Peyton Randolph as 
 their agent to England to complain of a fee recently imposed on 
 the patents for lands. 
 
 They did not recognize the governor's apprehensions of the French encroach- 
 ments, and took no notice of his request for money to resist them. The foe, which 
 had been for a long time usual in other colonies, had been recently introduced 
 into Virginia, and its payment was there regarded as a betrayal of the rights of 
 the people. 
 
 1753. SIR DANVERS OSBORNE was sent as governor of New 
 York. 
 
 He committed suicide soon after his arrival, and James Delanccy, the lieuten- 
 ant-governor, succeeded. 
 
 1753. THE Athenaeum Library was founded at Providence, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 1754, JANUARY. The Virginia assembly voted ten thousand 
 pounds for the defence of the frontiers. 
 
 Washington had returned from his mission. Dinwiddie asked the neighbor- 
 ing colonies for aid. Pennsylvania offered aid in an issue of bills of credit, 
 which the governor could not agree to on account of his instructions. Maryland 
 gave no aid, the assenibly being engaged with Governor Horatio Sharpc in a 
 dispute concerning supplies. North Carolina made an issue of bills of credit, and 
 voted four hundred and fifty men. 
 
 1754, APRIL. The French, under Contrecceur, drove away 
 Dinwiddie's soldiers, who were building a fort at the head of 
 the Ohio, and commenced themselves a fort there, which they 
 called Du Quesne. 
 
 A regiment of six hundred men from Virginia, with others from New York 
 and South Carolina, had been sent under Frye as colonel and Washington as 
 lieutenant-colonel. Hearing this, the advance-guard, under Washington, pushed
 
 1754.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 243 
 
 forward, and at Great Meadows met and defeated an advance-guard of the French 
 under Jumonville. Frye having died, Washington took command, and erected 
 Fort Necessity at Great Meadows. A superior force, under M. de Villier, forced 
 him to retire from the fort to Mill's Creek, where he built Fort Cumberland. 
 
 1754. THOMAS JOHNSON, of Boston, Massachusetts, made an 
 organ for the use of a church. 
 
 1754. LORD HOLDERNESS wrote circular letters to all the 
 governors, appointing a convention at Albany of delegates 
 chosen by their assemblies. 
 
 The purpose of the congress was to prepare for resistance to the aggressions 
 of France by renewing the treaty with the Six Nations. This was the second call 
 foj; a congress based on the principle of representation, or for a body composed 
 of delegates chosen by the assemblies. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
 the four colonies of New England, appointed delegates. While the treaty with 
 the Indians was making, the congress resolved to consider whether the union of 
 the colonies for mutual defence was not desirable. Franklin presented a plan he 
 had prepared. A committee was appointed to report on it, and brought in, four 
 days afterwards, a paper they called ' Short hints" for a union, which was 
 accepted after debate, and it was ordered that the commissioners lay it before 
 their constituents, that copies be sent to the colonies not represented in the con- 
 gress, and that a copy be sent to England. The congress adjourned on the llth 
 of July. The plan* was rejected by the assemblies of the colonies, and a copy 
 having been sent to the Lords of Trade, it was laid before the king. No action 
 was taken on it by the Privy Council. In 1789 an article was printed in the 
 American Museum, vol. 5, entitled Reasons and Motives on which the Plan of 
 Union was formed, written by Franklin, which ends with this note, omitted in 
 Sparks's edition of Franklin's works, but evidently written by Franklin himself. 
 " On reflection it now seems probable that if the foregoing plan, or something 
 like it, had been adopted and carried into execution, the subsequent separation 
 of the colonies from the mother country might not so soon have happened, nor the 
 mischief suffered on both sides have occurred, perhaps during another century. 
 For the colonies, if so united, would have really been, as they then thought 
 themselves, sufficient for their own defence ; and, being trusted with it, as by the 
 plan, an army from Britain, for that purpose, would have been unnecessary. 
 The pretences for framing the Stamp Act would then not have existed, nor the 
 other projects for drawing a revenue from America to Britain by acts of parlia- 
 ment, which were the cause of the breach, and attended with such terrible 
 expense of blood and treasure ; so that the different parts of the empire might 
 still have remained in peace and union. But the fate of this plan was singular. 
 After many days' thorough discussion of all its parts in congress, it was unani- 
 mously agreed to, and copies ordered to be sent to the assembly of each province 
 for concurrence, and one to the ministry in England for the approbation of the 
 crown. The crown disapproved it, as having too much weight in the democratic 
 part of the constitution, and every assembly as having allowed too much to pre- 
 rogative; so it was totally lost." "The Journal of the Proceedings" of this 
 Congress has been printed in the Pennsylvania Archives, and in the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society's Collections. 
 
 1754. THE Society Library was founded in New York.
 
 244 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA [1754-5. 
 
 1754. THE lead mines on New River, in Wythe county, 
 Virginia, were opened. 
 
 These mines are still in operation. 
 
 1754. THE Massachusetts assembly prohibited the exporta- 
 tion of sheep, and the killing them under two years of age for 
 food, except for the use of the owner's family. 
 
 1754. CHARLES CARROLL erected "at the Mount," in Balti- 
 more, some brick buildings from material imported for the pur- 
 pose. 
 
 1754. The South Carolina assembly procured and distributed 
 to the planters indigo seed from Guatemala. 
 
 The native plant was found the best, and the culture commenced with spirit. 
 Ramsey says : "It proved more really beneficial to Carolina than the mines of 
 Mexico or Peru are, or ever have been, either to Old or New Spain." 
 
 1754. THE exports from Charleston, South Carolina, included 
 about five thousand tanned hides, over a thousand in the hair, 
 and nearly nine hundred hogsheads of deer skins. 
 
 The year before North Carolina exported one hundred thousand pounds of 
 tanned leather, and thirty thousand deer-skins ; and Georgia, two years before, 
 exported nearly three hundred thousand pounds of deer-skina and fifty thousand 
 of leather. 
 
 1754. MARYLAND voted six thousand pounds, and New York 
 five thousand, in aid of Virginia. 
 
 England sent ten thousand pounds. Dinwiddie having divided the Virginia 
 regiment into companies, Washington left the service. A commission was received 
 from England giving the chief command of the forces to be used against the 
 French to Governor Sharpe of Maryland. 
 
 1754. UNDER a form of government, matured by the Board 
 of Trade, and authorized by the king, the first representative 
 assembty in Georgia was called this year by the governor. 
 
 It was composed of nineteen delegates from three districts, and had powers 
 similar to other assemblies in the colonies. John Reynolds was commissioned as 
 governor, and, with the council, established a general court, with jurisdiction in 
 criminal matters and civil cases above forty shillings, with appeal to the gover- 
 nor and council, and finally to the king in council. Offences by slaves were to be 
 tried by a single justice without a jury. 
 
 1755, JANUARY 1. The Connecticut Gazette, the first news- 
 paper in Connecticut, was issued by James Parker & Co., at 
 New Haven. 
 
 1755, JANUARY. The assembly of Georgia met* 
 
 The deputies had to own five hundred acres to be qualified, and voters had 
 to have fifty. This right was soon given to owners of town lots. Twelve acts 
 were passed, three of which were against five members who were expelled. The 
 militia was organized, roads laid out, fences regulated, a market organized at
 
 1755.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 245 
 
 Savannah, and a light-house at Tybee Island ; slaves regulated, the rate of inter- 
 est ascertained, appropriations made for the government, and an issue of three 
 thousand pounds of bills of credit ordered. The Board of Trade disallowed this 
 last act. Money was lodged to pay the sight-bills for small amounts drawn on the 
 trustees, which had up to this time performed the function of a circulation in 
 Georgia. 
 
 1755, APRIL 7. The Boston Gazette and Country Gentleman 
 was published in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was established by Edes and Gill, and was the organ of the advanced revolu- 
 tionary party. In 1775 it Avas temporarily moved to Watertown while the British 
 held Boston. After 1794 it was published by Benjamin Edes alone, and in 1798 
 he issued his farewell address. The paper had lost its influence and circulation, 
 and five years afterwards he died. 
 
 1755, APRIL. Braddock met the colonial governors at Alex- 
 andria, and the plan of the campaign was settled upon. 
 
 He was in person to lead the expedition against Tort Du Quesne. Shirley, 
 with another force, was to march against Niagara. Johnson was to capture Crown 
 Point, and a fourth expedition was to expel the French from Nova Scotia. In 
 Massachusetts the exportation of provisions, except to other British provinces, 
 was forbidden, and the treasurer was authorized to borrow fifty thousand pounds, 
 for two years, pledging the taxes. An excise tax was laid on liquor, against 
 which some of the towns appealed, but the Board of Trade sustained. New 
 Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut issued bills of credit, and raised men. 
 New York voted an issue of forty-five thousand pounds and eight hundred men. 
 New Jersey issued seventy thousand pounds and five hundred men. In Pennsyl- 
 vania, Robert II. Morris, to whom Hamilton had resigned the office of deputy- 
 governor, would not consent to the issue of bills of credit unless the excise tax 
 was limited to five years for its redemption. The assembly wanted it to be for 
 twelve years, since they had the control of the money thus raised. The dispute 
 continued, until the assembly, without consulting the governor, issued fifteen 
 thousand pounds, appropriating one third to Braddock's expedition and two thirds 
 to that against Crown Point. Maryland voted an issue of ten thousand pounds, to 
 be redeemed in the fines and forfeitures. As these were claimed by the proprie- 
 taries, the council refused, and the appropriation went by default. In Virginia, 
 the assembly voted twenty thousand pounds in bills of credit ; the first issue in 
 the province. North Carolina voted eight thousand pounds. The new governor, 
 Arthur Dobbs, soon was engaged in disputes with the assembly. South Carolina 
 proposed aid, but it was defeated by a dispute between the governor and council 
 and the assembly as to the method of raising it. No aid was expected from 
 Georgia. 
 
 1755, MAY. Governor Morris, of New Jersey, in a letter to 
 Thomas Penn, speaks of a fire-engine the Schuylers had erected 
 at their mine in New Jersey, and suggests such an engine would 
 be of advantage to a copper mine in which Penn was interested. 
 
 1755. THE great earthquake at Lisbon, Spain, drove many 
 to seek refuge in this country, and among them many Hebrews, 
 who settled in Rhode Island. 
 
 Some of them were subsequently naturalized, and others were refused on 
 petitioning for the same privilege. A shock of an earthquake in New England
 
 246 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1755. 
 
 this year is supposed to have been caused by the same t concussion that almost 
 ruined Lisbon. 
 
 1755. SIR THOMAS ROBINSON, who had succeeded to the 
 oversight of the colonies, together with the Duke of Cumberland, 
 the commander of the forces, prepared for a vigorous prosecu- 
 of the war. 
 
 The colonial troops were made subject to rules and discipline of the regulars 
 when serving with them, and the assemblies were required to furnish quarters 
 and supplies for them. General Braddock, with his regiments, was sent as com- 
 mander to the Chesapeake. Two regiments, to be paid by the crown, were 
 ordered raised in New England, and the other colonies were called upon for 
 their quotas. Pennsylvania, as the Quakers had scruples concerning war, was 
 to raise three thousand men, enlisted by authority of the crown. 
 
 1755. MRS. PINCKNEY took enough silk with her to England, 
 raised by herself in South Carolina, to make three silk dresses. 
 
 As Miss Lucas, Mrs. Pinckney has been mentioned for her efforts at the culture 
 of indigo and cotton. One of the dresses made from this silk was presented to the 
 Princess Dowager of Wales, another was given to Lord Chesterfield, and the 
 third, Dr. Ramsey, in 1809, says, "in the possession of her daughter, Mrs. Horry, 
 is remarkable for its beauty, firmness, and strength." 
 
 1755. JAMES DAVIS set up a press in Newbern, North Caro- 
 lina, and this year, in December, commenced ihQ. North Carolina 
 Gazette. 
 
 He was appointed postmaster by Franklin and Hunter, and in 1773 published 
 an edition of the Laws of the Province. The Gazette was printed about six years, 
 and then discontinued. On the 27th of May, 1768, it was revived, and continued 
 until after the war began. 
 
 1755. THE mail was this year, in New York, despatched 
 once a week, instead of once in two weeks, as heretofore. 
 
 1755. AT this time Detroit occupied about three acres, 
 which were surrounded by pickets from fifteen to twenty-five 
 feet high. They were pierced by four gates, defended by 
 block-houses and four guns. The houses, about eighty to one 
 hundred in number, were built of logs, and divided by alleys ten 
 to sixteen feet wide. The population amounted to about three 
 or four hundred. 
 
 1755. THE neutral French in Acadie, on a suspicion that 
 they afforded aid to their compatriots, were carried away from 
 their homes and distributed throughout the colonies. 
 
 An expedition for the purpose was arranged with the English fleet under 
 Boscawen, and did the work in the most atrociously cruel way. The people were 
 scattered all through the colonies, and had frequently to be supported at the 
 public expense. 
 
 1755. A FRENCH fleet sailed from Brest with four thousand 
 troops, under Dieskau, for America.
 
 1755-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 247 
 
 An English fleet was sent, under Boscawen, to intercept them off Newfound- 
 land. Most of the French ships escaped, and a thousand men were landed at 
 Louisburg. 
 
 1755. THE French ambassador was recalled from London, 
 and the English government issued letters of marque. 
 
 Though no war had yet been declared, both parties had commenced hostilities. 
 
 1755, JUNE. An expedition from Boston, under the command 
 of John Winslow, proceeded against the forts in the Bay of 
 Fundy. 
 
 The expedition was easily successful. 
 
 1755, JULY 9. Braddock's expedition was defeated when 
 within five miles of Fort Du Quesne, and forced to retreat. 
 
 Washington, who had accepted Braddock's invitation to accompany him as 
 aid-de-camp, conducted the retreat, Braddock being killed. 
 
 1755. THE expedition against Niagara reached Oswego, and 
 built two forts, constructed boats, and made other preparations 
 for attacking Niagara, but returned, putting off the expedition 
 until the next season. 
 
 A garrison was left at Oswego. 
 
 1755. THE Crown Point expedition built Fort Lyman, called 
 afterwards Fort Edward, at the head of boat navigation on the 
 Hudson, and advanced to Lake George, where the battle of 
 Lake George was fought, and the French driven to Crown Point. 
 
 General Johnson, in command of the colonial forces, was wounded, and Gen- 
 eral Lyman, of Connecticut, conducted the operations. Johnson was knighted. 
 The French general Dieskau was mortally wounded. 
 
 1755. FORT WILLIAM HENRY was built at the head of Lake 
 George. 
 
 The French built a fort at Ticonderoga. 
 
 1755. THE defeat of Braddock having left the frontiers open, 
 Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania voted further supplies, 
 and a convention of governors at New York met to arrange for 
 the next year's campaign. 
 
 1756, JANUARY. The Pennsylvania assembly voted to enroll 
 a volunteer militia. 
 
 It had been agreed by the convention of governors to attack Fort Du Quesne, 
 Niagara, and Crown Point, and that twenty thousand men were necessary. New 
 York voted seventeen hundred men as her quota, and an issue of forty thousand 
 pounds. Franklin was made colonel, with command of the frontier of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and erected a chain of forts and block-houses from the Maryland line to 
 the Delaware, at the base of the Kittatinny mountains. The proprietary party did 
 not like the volunteer militia, and the king soon vetoed it. Deputy-Governor 
 Morris was superseded in May by William Denny.
 
 248 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1756. 
 
 1756, FEBRUARY. The Rhode Island legislature issued eight 
 thousand pounds of bills of credit, to pay the expenses of war 
 preparations. 
 
 These bills were called " lawful money," and were printed from type. Their 
 value was stated, in silver, at six shillings and eight pence an ounce. 
 
 1756, MARCH. Maryland granted forty thousand pounds, 
 raised chiefly by bills of credit. 
 
 The proprietary relinquished his fines and forfeitures. The act of issue re- 
 quired Papists to pay double taxes for the redemption of the bills, and the lands 
 of the proprietary were also taxed. A fort called Frederick was built on the 
 Potomac, at the bend nearest the Pennsylvania line. 
 
 1756, MARCH 13. The parliament made a grant to the colo- 
 nies of one hundred and fifteen thousand pounds for their expen- 
 ses for war purposes during the last year. 
 
 A regiment was to be enlisted in the colonies, commissions in which were given 
 to foreign officers. Indented servants were enlisted, their masters being paid their 
 time. 
 
 1756, MAY 18. War was formally declared by England 
 against France. 
 
 It had been actively carried on by the colonists for nearly two years. 
 
 1756, JUNE 8. A bankruptcy act was passed by the assembly 
 of Rhode Island. 
 
 1756. WASHINGTON had command of the Virginia forces. 
 
 They were insufficient, being only about fifteen hundred men, distributed 
 through the forts. The governor, Dinwiddie, wrote to the Board of Trade : " We 
 dare not part with any of our white men to any distance, as we must have a 
 watchful eye over our negro slaves." 
 
 1756, JUNE. Two regiments from England, under General 
 Abercrombie, arrived. 
 
 General Abercrombie outranked Shirley, who had collected seven thousand 
 men at Albany, together with the remains of Braddock's two regiments. The war 
 office had given the Earl of Loudoun a commission as commander, and Abercrom- 
 bie delayed for his arrival. Philip Schuyler and William Alexander, known as 
 Lord Stirling, served in this campaign. 
 
 1756, AUGUST 15. The forts at Oswego surrendered to the 
 French. 
 
 Montcalm, who had recently arrived from France with re-enforcements, with a 
 force of five thousand men laid siege to them, and the commanding officer being 
 killed the troops surrendered as prisoners of war. All the artillery, stores, and 
 the flotilla built for the attack on Niagara were captured. The French, to please 
 their Indian allies, destroyed the fort. 
 
 1756. DANIEL FOWLE, of Boston, set tip a press this year in 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and issued on the 7th of October 
 the New Hampshire Gazette.
 
 1756-7.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. 249 
 
 He printed the laws and did other work for the government. He had been im- 
 prisoned in Boston on account of the Independent Advertiser. He had opposed 
 the excise tax. He continued the Gazette until 1785, when it passed into the hands 
 of Melcher and Osborn. Daniel Fowle died in 1787. 
 
 1756. A DISPUTE arose between South Carolina and Georgia 
 concerning the navigation of the Savannah River. 
 
 The people of Georgia seized several vessels belonging to Carolina, and the 
 people of the latter had armed their vessels. 
 
 1756. THE Marquis de Yaudreuil de Cavagnal was appointed 
 to succeed Du Quesne as governor of France. 
 
 Du Quesne returned to the navy. 
 
 1756. THE assembly of Pennsylvania voted thirty thousand 
 pounds in bills of credit. 
 
 The money was to be devoted to the support of twenty-five companies of 
 rangers, to serve against the Indians, who were attacking the outlying settlements. 
 It was to be redeemed by a continuance for ten years of the excise tax. In this 
 service against the Indians, Armstrong and Mercer, both of whom served in the 
 Revolution, took a part. The Quakers maintained that the Indians did not 
 become hostile until they had been driven to become so by wrongs, and formed 
 an association to bring about a peace, which they succeeded the next year in 
 making at Lancaster. 
 
 1756. WILLIAM H. LITTLETON succeeded as governor of South 
 Corolina. 
 
 The assembly voted four thousand pounds to raise troops to garrison the forts 
 which had been erected. Fort Prince George, on one of the head streams of the 
 Savannah, and Fort Loudoun, on the head waters of the Tennessee. Troops from 
 Virginia and North Carolina presently arrived. It was feared the Indians would 
 become hostile. 
 
 1757, JANUARY. The yearly military council was held at 
 Boston, and Loudoun proposed as the campaign this year the 
 defence of the frontiers and an attack on Louisburg. 
 
 New York, New England, and New Jersey were called on for six thousand 
 men to serve as garrisons for forts William Henry and Edward. 
 
 1757, APRIL. The Pennsylvania assembly voted a levy of 
 one hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 They said nothing about taxing the proprietary estates, but sent Franklin to 
 England to complain of this and the secret instructions to the deputy-governors. 
 Five companies of Royal Americans were provided to guard the frontiers, on con- 
 dition that two hundred recruits should be raised for South Carolina. 
 
 1757, JULY 9. Loudoun sailed from New York to attack 
 Louisburg. 
 
 At Halifax he was re-enforced with a fleet from England. Before beginning 
 his attack a French fleet anchored in the harbor, and Loudoun returned to New 
 York.
 
 250 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1757-8. 
 
 1757, JULY. Thomas Pownall arrived in Massachusetts as 
 governor. 
 
 Shirley was deprived of his governorsliip and military command. 
 
 1757, AUGUST 3. Fort William Henry surrendered to the 
 French under Montcalm. 
 
 The French retired after the capture to Canada. 
 
 1757. POWNALL, who had also a commission as lieutenant- 
 governor of New Jersey, after the death of Belcher went there 
 to assume the position, but finding it impracticable to be there 
 and in Massachusetts at the same time, the government of New 
 Jersey was given to Francis Bernard. 
 
 1757, AUGUST 22. The Boston Weekly Advertiser was issued 
 at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was printed by Green and Russell. It changed its name two years after to 
 Green and Russell's Post Boy and Advertiser, and afterwards to the Massachusetts 
 Gazette and Post Boy and Advertiser. In 1768 it was united with the News- 
 Letter, but separated again in 1769. In 1773 it was published by Mills and 
 Hicks, and discontinued in 1775. It was a supporter of the Home Government. 
 
 1757. SOUTH CAROLINA exported indigo to the value of one 
 hundred and fifty thousand pounds. 
 
 The best indigo was raised on Edisto Island. An acre raised an average of 
 fifty pounds. The apparatus was not expensive, and the process required chiefly 
 skill and care. We now import yearly about a million pounds. The culture of 
 cotton has entirely superseded that of indigo. 
 
 1757. MASSACHUSETTS and South Carolina, though they did 
 not deny the power of parliament to quarter troops in the colo- 
 nies, objected, and difficulties arose in Boston and Charleston 
 concerning this matter, which finally were settled. 
 
 1757. THE governorship of Georgia was given to Henry 
 Ellis. 
 
 Forts were built at the outposts, and in November a new treaty of peace was 
 made with the Creeks. 
 
 1757, DECEMBER 30. A circular letter was sent to the colo- 
 nies, calling upon them to raise twenty thousand men for the 
 vigorous prosecution of the war against the French, and promis- 
 ing aid from parliament for their pay. 
 
 William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, had taken a place in the cabinet, 
 and assumed the control of foreign and colonial affairs, and the management of 
 the war. 
 
 1758. THIS year the newspapers in New York, which had 
 previously been carried by the mail free, were, on account of their 
 " great increase," ordered to pay nine pence a year for fifty 
 miles, and one shilling and six pence for one hundred miles.
 
 1758.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 251 
 
 1758, JUNE 12. James Franklin, the son of James, established 
 this year the Newport Mercury, which continued clear into this 
 century. 
 
 James Franklin suddenly left Newport, and never returned. His mother, Mrs. 
 Anne Franklin, carried on the paper until her daughter married Samuel Hall, who 
 then took charge of it. Subsequently he sold out to Solomon Southwick, who 
 discontinued it temporarily in 1776, lest the British should destroy his plant. 
 
 1758, JULY 4. THE filature at Savannah was burned. 
 
 It was rebuilt on a larger scale the next year. During the next eight years 
 nearly one hundred thousand pounds of cocoons were received at it, chiefly from 
 the Germans at Ebenezer. 
 
 1758, JULY 9. The attack upon Ticonderoga by the English 
 and colonial troops was repulsed, with a loss of two thousand 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 General Abercrombie was in command, and was removed for the defeat. 
 Montcalm commanded the defence. Charles Lee, who subsequently served in 
 the army of the Revolution, was wounded. 
 
 1758, JULY 27. Louisburg surrendered to the English. 
 
 The fleet, under Admiral Boscawen, consisted of thirty-seven ships of war, 
 and the army of ten thousand men was under the command of General Amherst. 
 The place was defended by three thousand men and eleven ships of war, and re- 
 sisted a siege of seven weeks. The capitulation included Louisburg, St. John's 
 (now Prince Edwards), and their dependencies. Henceforth the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence remained English. 
 
 1758, AUGUST 8. The New London Summary was published 
 at New London, Connecticut. 
 
 Its publisher was Timothy Green, who continued it until his death in 1763, 
 when it was discontinued. 
 
 1758. THE South Carolina and American General Gazette, 
 was published in Charleston, South Carolina. 
 It was published by Robert Wells. 
 
 1758. PRESIDENT STILES, of Yale College, Connecticut, began 
 his experiments in silk culture. 
 
 He planted three mulberry trees, which he called ABC. He was one of the 
 foremost advocates for the culture of silk in the colonies, and kept a manuscript 
 journal upon the subject, which is still preserved in the library of Yale College. 
 
 1758. SILK was raised this year at Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 1758. MASSACHUSETTS voted seven thousand men; Connec- 
 ticut, five thousand; New Hampshire and Rhode Island, each 
 five hundred ; New York, two thousand six hundred and eighty ; 
 New Jersey, a thousand ; Pennsylvania, one hundred thousand 
 pounds for enlisting two thousand seven hundred men; Virginia, 
 two thousand men. 
 
 To meet the expenses taxes were very heavy, and a bankrupt law was
 
 252 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1758-9. 
 
 passed in Massachusetts, but disallowed in England. The colonial officers vrere 
 recognized. Large re-enforcements were sent from England. Abercrombie had 
 fifty thousand men under his command, of whom twenty-two thousand were regulars. 
 The population of Canada, fit for arms, did not exceed twenty thousand, and the 
 strain upon her resources had been such that there was almost a famine, so many 
 men had been taken from production. France could give no assistance, and the 
 regular troops in Canada amounted only to four or five thousand men. 
 
 1758, AUGUST 27. An attack by the colonial troops under 
 Colonel Bradstreet upon Fort Frontenac (now Kingston) was 
 successful. 
 
 Nine armed vessels and a great quantity of military stores were captured, and 
 the fort was destroyed. Among the officers who served in the attack were Wood- 
 hull and Van Schaick, who afterwards served in the Revolution. 
 
 1758, NOVEMBER 25. A detachment of the expedition against 
 Fort Du Quesne found the fort deserted. 
 
 A garrison of Virginia troops was left to hold it, and the name was changed 
 to Fort Pitt. Pittsburg now occupies the site. Virginia and Maryland were re- 
 lieved from fear of the Indians, and so was Pennsylvania, the proprietaries of 
 which released all claims to the country west of the Alleghanies. 
 
 1758. FORT POWNALL was built on the Penobscot, to keep 
 the eastern Indians in check. 
 
 1758. GOVERNOR DENNY, of Pennsylvania, consented to an 
 act, in which the proprietary estates were included. 
 
 He was voted a liberal salary by the assembly, but was removed from the 
 office next year by the proprietaries. 
 
 1758. GEORGIA was this year divided into eight parishes. 
 
 1758. FORT SCHUYLER was built on the site of the present 
 city of Utica, New York. 
 
 The site of the city was included in the grant called Coely's Manor, made in 
 1734, but there was no settlement made, and in 1787 there were but three log- 
 huts in the place. In 1813 it had only 1700 inhabitants, and not until the opening 
 of the Erie Canal did the town begin to assume any importance. 
 
 1758. THE first sugar-mill was built on the Mississippi 
 River, a little below New Orleans, by Mr. Dubreuil on his 
 plantation. 
 
 1759, FEBRUARY 16. The New York Gazette was issued in 
 New York city. 
 
 It was published by William Weyman, and was a revival of Bradford's 
 Gazette, and Parker's Gazette and Post Boy. Parker returned and became a 
 partner with Weyman. In 1763 Parker retired from the firm and continued the 
 printing business. 
 
 1759. BARNABY, who travelled through the colonies, wrote 
 of them : " Nothing can exceed the jealousy and emulation 
 which they possess in regard to each other. The inhabitants of
 
 1759-60.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 253 
 
 Pennsylvania and New York have an inexhaustible source of 
 animosity in their jealousy for the trade of the Jerseys. Massa- 
 chusetts Bay and Rhode Island are not less interested in that of 
 Connecticut. Were they left to themselves, there would soon 
 be a civil war from one end of the continent to the other." 
 
 1759. ON the 7th of March the New York assembly ordered 
 " that the members of New York, or the major part of them, be 
 a committee of correspondence, to correspond with the agent of 
 this colony at the court." 
 
 This date is variously given as the 7th and the 4th. 
 
 1759. ABOUT this year the manufacture of horn combs was 
 commenced by Enock Noyes, of West Newbury, Massachusetts. 
 
 ' They were made this year also in Philadelphia. 
 
 1759. Parliament appropriated two hundred thousand pounds 
 to repay the colonies for their war expenses the year before. 
 
 1759, JULY 25. The garrison holding the fort at Niagara 
 surrendered to the colonial forces. 
 
 General Prideaux, in command, was killed, and Sir William Johnson assumed 
 the command. 
 
 1759, JULY 26. Ticonderoga surrendered to the expedition 
 under General Amherst. 
 
 Crown Point was found deserted by the garrison a few days afterwards. The 
 garrisons had been weakened to aid the force at Quebec. 
 
 1759, SEPTEMBER 18. Quebec surrendered to the expedition 
 under General Wolfe. 
 
 Both Wolfe, and Montcalm, the French commander, were killed. The army 
 had in the night climbed the face of the precipice which the French had considered 
 impassable. 
 
 1760. IN May the legislature of Massachusetts decreed "fish- 
 ing, being advantageous, and likely to be impaired by using Tor- 
 tudas salt, which leaves spots on fish by reason of shells and trash 
 in it, that no fish salted with Tortudas salt, and thereby spotted, 
 shall be accounted merchantable fish." 
 
 1760. ABOUT this year a pottery was commenced at Camden 
 South Carolina, by an Englishman named Bartlam. 
 
 1760. RUSSIAN traders landed in Alaska. 
 
 1760. PAPER-HANGINGS and carpets were advertised for sale 
 in New York city. 
 
 1760. A COMPANY of actors from England performed in Wil- 
 liamsburg. Virginia. 
 
 The next year they went to Newport, Rhode Island, and having obtained a
 
 254 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1760. 
 
 license to act, a theatre was built for them. The manager was David Douglass. 
 The company afterwards played in Providence. 
 
 1760. THE assessors this year reported within Philadelphia 
 County eighty-three grist-mills and forty saw-mills. 
 
 1760. THE assembly of South Carolina voted to raise a thou- 
 sand men, for defence against the Indians. 
 
 A premium of twenty-five pounds was offered for each Indian scalp. North 
 Carolina offered the same premium, and authorized the making slaves of captive 
 Indians. 
 
 1760, MAY. Yaudreuil, the governor- general of Canada, made 
 an attempt to recover Quebec. 
 
 Murray, commanding the garrison at Quebec, moved out to meet the French, 
 and was defeated, and driven back and besieged. The fortunate arrival of some 
 ships, which De Leir, the commander of the French, supposed was the expected 
 English fleet, saved the city, for the French returned to Montreal. 
 
 .1760, AUGUST. The Cherokee Indians captured Fort Lou- 
 doun. 
 
 The garrison surrendered, and a part of them were massacred, the rest being 
 detained as prisoners. 
 
 1760, AUGUST. Francis Bernard succeeded to the governor- 
 ship of Massachusetts. 
 
 He had been governor of New Jersey. 
 
 1760, SEPTEMBER 9. Montreal surrendered to the English. 
 
 Three expeditions had been sent against it. The main one, under General Am- 
 herst, descended from Oswego down the lake and the St. Lawrence; another, 
 under General Murray, ascended the St. Lawrence from Quebec ; and a third, under 
 Colonel Haviland, advanced by Lake Champlain from Crown Point. The united 
 forces amounted to nearly twenty thousand men. The capitulation embraced not 
 only Montreal, but all the other ports of Western Canada. The regular troops 
 were sent to France, and the inhabitants guaranteed their property and religion. 
 Some twenty millions of dollars' worth of bills on France, much of which had 
 been used as a circulation, was still outstanding, and very little of it was ever 
 obtained by the holders. 
 
 1760. THOMAS BOONE was appointed governor of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 1760. JOSEPH HARDY was appointed governor of New Jersey. 
 
 1760. WILLIAM BULL, the lieutenant-governor of South Caro- 
 lina, succeeded to the administration. 
 
 He was a native of the province. Littleton had been transferred to the gover- 
 norship of Jamaica. 
 
 1760. THE assembly of Virginia reduced the importation 
 duty on slaves to ten per cent. 
 
 It had been raised to twenty. The argument was that the high duty lessened 
 the importation.
 
 1760-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 255 
 
 1760. THE proprietaries of Pennsylvania superseded Deputy- 
 Governor Denny, and gave Hamilton the place. 
 
 They petitioned also for the royal veto upon seventeen acts the assembly had 
 passed, by which they were bound, although the acts were contrary to their 
 instructions. The case was heard before the Board of Trade, Franklin appearing 
 for the assembly. Six of the acts were disallowed, but the right to tax the pro- 
 prietary estates was sustained. 
 
 1760. CADWALLADER GOLDEN was appointed lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor of New York. 
 
 Delancey had died suddenly. 
 
 1760. LIVERPOOL, Queen's County, Nova Scotia, was settled 
 by emigrants from Massachusetts. 
 
 In the first few years they endured great hardships. It is now a flourishing 
 town, carrying on a large fishery of salmon, mackerel, and herring, and exporting 
 vast quantities of lumber. Its harbor is always open. 
 
 1761, JUNE. The Cherokees were defeated and their villages 
 burned. 
 
 The Indians sued for peace, which was made with them. Grant had been sent 
 with a highland regiment, and his force was increased with levies in Carolina. Mid- 
 dleton, Moultrie, Gadsden, and Marion, who served subsequently in the Revolution, 
 took part in this campaign. 
 
 1761, OCTOBER. The assembly of Rhode Island granted per- 
 mission to a lottery for making a passage round Pautucket Falls. 
 
 The following provision is noticeable : "So that fish of almost every kind, who 
 choose fresh water at certain seasons of the year, may pass with ease." 
 
 1761. IN November, James Otis of Boston, made his argu- 
 ment on writs of assistance. 
 
 A collector of the city had applied to the superior court of Massachusetts for 
 " a writ of assistance," or an authorization to search any house for merchandise 
 liable to duty, and the grant of the order was opposed by Otis. The writs were 
 granted. 
 
 James Otis was born in West Barnstable, Mass., February 5, 1725 ; died, in Ando- 
 ver, May 23, 1783. To make this speech he resigned his office of advocate-general, 
 refusing to argue in favor of the writs of assistance. In 1762 he was elected to 
 the legislature. In June, 17G5, he introduced the motion for the calling of a con- 
 gress from the several colonies. In 17G9, finding the commissioners of customs 
 had sent accusations against him to England, he denounced them in the Boston 
 Gazette. The next evening, at a coffee-house, Robinson, one of the commission- 
 ers, struck him on the head. In 1771 he was again chosen representative, but 
 from the time of his encounter with Robinson to his death he was always deranged, 
 his lucid intervals being only temporary. He was struck by lightning while stand- 
 ing in the doorway of the house where he lived in Andover. 
 
 1761. JAMES ADAMS set up a press this year in Wilmington, 
 Delaware. 
 
 Adams had previously had a press in Philadelphia. In 1762 he issued pro-
 
 256 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1761-2. 
 
 posals for the Wilmington Courant. Before his arrival the printing of the province 
 was done in Philadelphia. 
 
 1761. GENERAL MONCTON was commissioned as governor of 
 New York. 
 
 He sailed with a fleet against the French in the West Indies, aided by colonial 
 troops. Generals Montgomery, Gates, and Lyman served in this expedition, 
 which was successful in conquering for England all the French islands in the 
 Caribbees. 
 
 1762. FAYETTEVILLE, North Carolina, on the Cape Fear River, 
 was settled. 
 
 In 1784 it received its present name, being known before as Cross Creek. 
 In 1831 it was nearly destroyed by fire, and a subscription was taken up by the 
 people of the whole country for its relief, amounting to about one hundred thou- 
 sand dollars. It is one of the largest towns in the state, and exports large quan- 
 tities of lumber, tar, and turpentine. 
 
 1762. HENRY WILLIAM STEIGEL, a German baron, laid out the 
 village of Manheim, in Pennsylvania, and erected iron- works and 
 glass-works. 
 
 The attempt was unsuccessful. The baron sought to introduce some of the 
 customs of feudalism. The outbreak of the war stopped his receipt of money 
 from Europe. The glass-works were abandoned, and the iron-works were sold to 
 a Mr. Coleman, by whom they were successfully carried on. 
 
 1762, JANUARY 4. England declared war against Spain. 
 
 1762, FEBRUARY 6. Parliament appropriated one hundred and 
 thirty-three thousand pounds to the colonies for war expenses. 
 
 1762, APRIL. James Rivington established in New York the 
 Royal Gazette, a newspaper in support of the royalist principles. 
 
 James Rivington was a London bookseller, who settled in Philadelphia in 17CO. 
 The next year he moved to New York, and began business there with branch houses 
 in Boston and Philadelphia. The Royal Gazette claimed at one time to have a 
 subscription list of three thousand. Its persistent misrepresentations of the popu- 
 lar movement of the Revolution caused it to be called Rivington's Lying Gazette 
 by the patriots. The paper was first called Rivington's New York Gazetteer, or 
 the Connecticut, New Jersey, Hudson River, and Quebec Advertiser. Its office was 
 twice sacked ; once by the Sons of Liberty, and the second time by the Connec- 
 ticut militia. After this, Rivington went back to England, obtained the appoint- 
 ment as the king's printer, and, returning, reissued his paper, changing its name 
 to Rivington's Royal Gazette. When the Revolution was drawing to a close, he 
 called it Rivington's New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser, and its publi- 
 cation ceased in 1783. Rivington himself died in 1802, at the age of 78. 
 
 1762, JULY 30. The English fleet and army captured the 
 Moro Castle in Cuba. 
 
 Havana surrendered on the 13th of August. The wealth captured was esti- 
 mated at three millions of pounds.
 
 1762.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 257 
 
 1G72, JULY. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an act 
 forbidding theatrical representations. 
 
 1762. WILLIAM GODDARD set up the first press in Providence, 
 Rhode Island, this year. He commenced this year the issue of 
 the Providence Gazette and Country Journal. 
 
 William Goddard went afterwards to Philadelphia, and later to Baltimore. 
 For about two years the Gazette was published by Sarah Goddard & Co., the 
 senior partner of the firm being his mother, and the Co., John Carter, who was 
 subsequently the proprietor. 
 
 1762. A LAW was passed in Massachusetts making gold a 
 legal tender at two and a half pence silver per grain. 
 
 It had previously circulated by weight, and silver was the general currency. 
 The rate for gold being five per cent, more than it was worth, silver was ex- 
 ported. 
 
 1762. PUBLIC notice was given in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 that the spinning-school was again opened in the " Manufacturing 
 House," where any one who wished might come to learn, gratis, 
 and after three months' instruction wouFd be paid for spinning. 
 
 A premium of eighteen pounds was at the same time offered for the four best 
 spinners. 
 
 1762. THE Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, 
 Manufactures, and Commerce, in London, offered premiums for 
 cocoons raised in Georgia and South Carolina. 
 
 1762. -AN act of the assembly of New York creating two 
 precincts, authorizes the choice of " one precinct clerk, one 
 supervisor, two assessors, one collector, three overseers of the 
 poor, three fence viewers, one pound master,'' and in certain con- 
 tingencies, " four constables and six overseers of the highways." 
 
 These were to be yearly chosen "by the majority of the voices, of the inhabit- 
 ants " assembled in town meeting. 
 
 1762. WILLIAM MOORE, a native of Ireland, removed from 
 Delaware to Baltimore, and purchased mill-sites there. The 
 upper ones he sold to Joseph Ellicott and others, who built a mill 
 " opposite the site of the jail." 
 
 1762, NOVEMBER 3. By the treaty of Fontainebleau, France 
 surrendered all her territorial possessions in America. 
 
 Canada and its dependencies, with all the region east of the Mississippi, the 
 island of New Orleans excepted, passed to England's jurisdiction. Spain ceded 
 to England Florida in exchange for Havana, while Louisiana was given to Spain. 
 The entire navigation of the Mississippi was to be free. France was to retain all 
 her former rights in the fisheries of Newfoundland. The transfer of Louisiana 
 was very distasteful to the ten thousand inhabitants it contained, and it was six 
 years before Spain took possession of the country. The treaty was signed Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1763. The above date is when preliminary articles of peace, agreeing 
 upon an armistice, were signed. 
 
 17
 
 258 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1763. 
 
 1763. WYOMING VALLEY, Perm., which had been purchased 
 of the Delaware Indians in 1753, by an association called the 
 Susquehanna Company, formed in Connecticut, was first settled. 
 
 Soon after, the settlement was attacked by the Indians, the settlers driven away, 
 and for some years the valley remained uninhabited. 
 
 1763. ST. Louis was occupied as a trading post by the 
 brothers August and Pierre Chouteau, traders in furs, and given 
 its present name. 
 
 Their right to trade was granted by M. D'Abadie, then director-general of 
 Louisiana, in 1762, and the company of which the brothers were the leaders built 
 a house and four stores, of which they took possession February 13, 1764. Their 
 descendants are still engaged in the fur trade of the West and Southwest, and 
 Pierre Chouteau lived in St. Louis until 1849, when he died, aged 89. St. Louis 
 was granted a city charter in 1822, at which time it had about five thousand inhab- 
 itants. It is the leading city of the West, and has an immense trade and large 
 manufacturing interests. 
 
 1763, MARCH 26. Parliament appropriated one hundred and 
 thirty-three thousand pounds for the American colonies. 
 
 1763, JUNE 13. The assembly of Rhode Island decreed that 
 silver and gold should be the only legal tender for contracts, 
 except by special agreement. 
 
 It also fixed the values at which the paper currency should circulate. 
 
 1763. ADMIRAL COLVILL, in a letter from Halifax, dated Oc- 
 tober 22, gave notice to the governor of Rhode Island that the 
 " Squirril " would be stationed at Newport to execute the revenue 
 acts. 
 
 Newport was then one of the chief commercial ports of the country. The 
 newspapers of the time give notice of the arrival of other vessels at various ports 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 The Boston Evening Post, November 21, said: "The sugar act has from its 
 first publication (1733) been adjudged so unnatural, that hardly any attempts have 
 been made to carry it into execution." 
 
 Hutchinson says: "The terms Whig and Tory had never been much used in 
 America," but that " all on a sudden the officers of the crown, and such as were 
 for keeping up their authority, were branded with the name of Tories." 
 
 1763, NOVEMBER 1. The Gazette was published in New Lon- 
 don, Connecticut. 
 
 Its name was changed in 1773 to the Connecticut Gazette. 
 
 1763, DECEMBER 2. A synagogue was dedicated in Newport, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 1763. THE mill-sites on the Patapsco, in Maryland, were 
 occupied for corn-mills by Joseph Ellicott and J. & H. Burgess, 
 from Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1763. AN act of parliament prohibited the issue of bills of 
 credit as a legal tender.
 
 1763-4.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 259 
 
 1763. BY proclamation three new provinces were created in 
 America. 
 
 These were East Florida, West Florida, and Quebec. East Florida was 
 bounded on the north by the St. Mary's River, the territory to the Altamaha 
 being annexed to Georgia. West Florida was bounded by the Appalachicola, the 
 Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi, and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas. The 
 northern line was the thirty-first degree of north latitude, which was afterwards 
 extended to a line due east from the mouth of the Yazoo, in order to include 
 Natchez and the settlements about it. Quebec was bounded by a line from the 
 southern end of Lake Nepissing, striking the St. Lawrence at the forty-fifth degree 
 of north latitude, and following that parallel to the head-waters of the Connecti- 
 cut, taking in a part of Lake Champlain ; thence along the highlands dividing the 
 water-sheds of the St. Lawrence from those that fall into the sea. Lands were 
 given the discharged soldiers, and all private purchases from the Indians were 
 prohibited, nor, except in Florida and Quebec, were lands to be taken up beyond ' 
 the head-waters of the streams flowing into the Atlantic. 
 
 1763. A SIMULTANEOUS attack was made by the Indians along 
 the whole frontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 
 
 All the ports in the western country, except Niagara, Detroit, Fort Pitt, and 
 Ligonier, were taken, and the last three were blockaded. In Pennsylvania the 
 excitement produced such a rage against the Indians, who were called the children 
 of Ham, that the converts of the Moravians were massacred, and a mob advanced 
 to Philadelphia to kill such as had escaped there. 
 
 1763. THE Cape Fear Gazette and Wilmington Advertiser was 
 issued at Wilmington, North Carolina. 
 
 It was published by Andrew Stewart, who had recently established a printing- 
 press there. It lived until 17G7. 
 
 1763. JAMES JOHNSON, a Scotchman, established a press in 
 Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Before this the public printing for the province was done in Charleston, South 
 Carolina. Johnson was made the public printer and was handsomely paid for it. 
 He published an edition of the Laws, and in 17C3, on the 17th of April, com- 
 menced the Georgia Gazette. He continued this paper twenty-seven years, and 
 before the Revolution it was the only paper in the province. 
 
 1763. THE importations of British manufactures to the colo- 
 nies of America amounted to fifteen millions of dollars this year. 
 
 1763. MASON and Dixon, two surveyors, engaged to run the 
 boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, erected an 
 observatory in the southern part of Philadelphia. 
 
 This is said to have been the first observatory in the country. 
 
 1764. A LETTER, in September, from Virginia, shows the 
 public feeling of the time. 
 
 It says : " The acts of Parliament have made such impressions on the minds of 
 the northward people, and the men-of-war so strictly enforce them, that there is an 
 entire stagnation of trade. Nothing do they talk of but their own manufactures ;
 
 260 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1764. 
 
 the downfall of England and the rise of America is sung by the common ballad- 
 singers about the streets, as if in a little time we should supply ourselves with 
 most of the necessaries we used before to take from England." 
 
 Another letter from Boston, in October, says: "The practice of putting on 
 mourning at funerals is already almost abolished in this town ; the new method of 
 only wearing a crape tied around the arm is introduced in several of the neigh- 
 boring towns, and it is to be wished it might prevail throughout the government ; 
 the saving to this town only, it is judged, would be twenty thousand pounds per 
 annum." 
 
 The first funeral conducted without mourning and gifts was that of Ellis Cal- 
 lender. 
 
 1764. IN November, the " Society for the Promotion of Arts, 
 Agriculture, and Economy," was organized at New York city. 
 
 The chief object of the society was stated to be the encouragement of the 
 manufacture of linen, thereby increasing the value of land, giving employment to 
 the poor, and saving the public large sums of money and heavy debts for Eng- 
 lish goods. At a meeting in December, committees were appointed on arts, on 
 agriculture, on economy, and on correspondence. Premiums were afterwards 
 offered for linen thread and cloth, and various other articles. The use of mourn- 
 ing at funerals was objected to, and the use of homespun for garments became 
 general. 
 
 1764. PARLIAMENT extended the prohibition of the issue of 
 paper money to all of the colonies. 
 
 1764. ROBERT SANDEMAN landed at Boston, Massachusetts, 
 from Glasgow. 
 
 He was the founder of the sect of Sandemanians. 
 
 1764, FEBRUARY 27. Rhode Island College was incorporated 
 by the Rhode Island assembly. 
 
 It is now known as Brown University. It was at first located at Warren, but 
 six years after was removed to Providence. The college was founded by the 
 Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches, for the education of their minis- 
 ters. The charter expressly forbids the use of religious tests ; of the thirty-six 
 trustees, twenty-two must be Baptists, and five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and 
 four Congregationalists. The name was changed in honor of Nicholas Brown, of 
 Providence, who was a generous benefactor to the college. 
 
 1764, MARCH 9. Resolutions were passed in parliament in 
 favor of a stamp act. 
 
 The scheme of taxation was brought forward by the prime minister, Grenville. 
 It had been spoken of before, and news of the intention had been received by the 
 colonies. The resolution was " that Parliament had a right to tax the colonies," 
 and such a stamp act as the minister proposed was recommended. In April the 
 "Sugar act" was put in force, reducing one half the duties on imported sugar 
 and molasses, and levying duties on coffee, pimento, French and East India 
 goods, and wines from Madeira and the Azores, and adding iron and lumber to the 
 enumerated articles. The preamble described it as an act for "raising a revenue 
 for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting and securing his majesty's 
 dominions in America." Increased jurisdiction was given the colonial admiralty 
 courts, for the collection of this revenue.
 
 1764.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 261 
 
 1764, MARCH 24. A circular letter was issued by the Pres- 
 byterians of Philadelphia, preparatory to the organization of a 
 synod. 
 
 1764, APRIL 19. George III., on proroguing parliament, spoke 
 of the " wise regulations which had been established to augment 
 the public revenues, to unite the interests of the most distant 
 possessions of the crown, and to encourage and secure their com- 
 merce with Great Britain." 
 
 1764, MAY 24. The annual town meeting was held at Boston, 
 and protested against the proposed system of taxation of the 
 colonies. 
 
 A set of instructions, written by Samuel Adams to its representatives concern- 
 ing their course in the next meeting of general court, were adopted. They closed 
 with saying : " As his majesty's other Northern American colonies are embarked 
 with us in this most important bottom, we further desire you to use your endeav- 
 ors, that their weight may be added to that of this province ; that by the united 
 applications of all who are aggrieved, all may happily obtain redress." These 
 instructions were drawn up by Samuel Adams, and were printed in the papers of 
 the day. The original, in Adams's handwriting, is still preserved among his 
 papers. 
 
 1764, NOVEMBER 19. The Connecticut Courant was issued at 
 Hartford, Connecticut. 
 
 A specimen number was issued on the 29th of October. It was published by 
 Thomas Green. During the war its publisher was Ebenezer Watson. Various 
 changes in its proprietorship have occurred in its existence down to the present 
 time. Green was a grandson of Timothy Green of New London. His press was 
 the first in Hartford, and the Courant the third newspaper in Connecticut. 
 
 1764. THE first medical school in the country was established 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 It was added to the Pennsylvania College. Doctors Shippen and Morgan, both 
 natives of the province, were chiefly instrumental in establishing it. 
 
 1764. COPLEY began to paint portraits in Boston, and Benja- 
 min West in New York. 
 
 1764. FRANCIS BERNARD, in his Principles of Law and Polity, 
 published this year in London, spoke of the advantage of unifying 
 the administration of the colonies. 
 
 Bernard had been governor of New Jersey, and was governor of Massachusetts 
 at the time of this publication. In his work he says: "To settle the American 
 governments to the greatest possible advantage, it will be necessary to reduce the 
 number of them ; in some places to unite and consolidate ; in others to separate 
 and transfer ; and in general to divide by natural boundaries instead of imaginary 
 lines. If there should be but one form of government established for the North- 
 American provinces, it would greatly facilitate the reformation of them. . . . 
 A nobility, appointed by the king for life and made independent, would probably 
 give strength and stability to the American governments as effectually as heredi- 
 tary nobility does to that of Great Britain."
 
 262 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1764. 
 
 1764. A PAMPHLET, by James Otis, entitled TJie Rights of the 
 British Colonies asserted and proved, was published in Boston. 
 
 This pamphlet was reprinted in London. It held that in theory, civil govern- 
 ment was of God, and the people were the original possessors of power ; that in 
 fact the British constitution was the embodiment of power, and that by this the 
 colonies enjoyed the right of governing and taxing themselves through their local 
 legislatures. The English reprint was thus advertised in a London paper : " As 
 the ministry propose to tax the Americans, this excellent treatise, which was 
 lately published in the colonies and universally approved of there, is highly neces- 
 sary for the perusal of the members of both Houses, and of such who choose to 
 make themselves masters of an argument so little understood, but of so great 
 consequence to every British subject and lover of constitutional liberty." The 
 general court of Massachusetts accepted it. Pamphlets against the proposed 
 taxation were printed in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, and Virginia. 
 
 1764. ON the 30th of May the general court met. James 
 Otis was one of the representatives from Boston, and his pamphlet 
 was read and ordered to be sent to the agent of the colony at 
 London. 
 
 On the 13th of June it was " ordered that Mr. Otis, Mr. Thatcher, Mr. Cush- 
 ing, Capt. Sheafe and Mr. Gray be a committee, in the recess of the court, to 
 write to the other governments, to acquaint them with the instructions this day 
 voted to be sent to the agent of this province, directing him to use his endeavors 
 to obtain a repeal of the Sugar act, and to exert himself to prevent a stamp act, 
 or any other impositions and taxes upon this and the other American provinces, 
 and that the said committee, in the name and behalf of this House, desire the 
 several assemblies on this continent to join with them in the same measures." 
 
 1764. THE colony of Ehode Island remonstrated to the Lords 
 of Trade against the Sugar Act. 
 
 The remonstrance was dated January 24. Their agent was directed to present 
 it, provided any three of the agents of the other colonies would unite with him. 
 
 1,764. ON the 30th of July the assembly of Rhode Island 
 elected a committee to correspond with the assemblies of the 
 other colonies. 
 
 This committee consisted of Stephen Hopkins, the governor, who was its chair- 
 man, Daniel Jenckes, and Mr. Nicholas Brown. They addressed a letter to 
 Benjamin Franklin, who was then the speaker of the Pennsylvania assembly. 
 A pamphlet, by Stephen Hopkins, on the rights of the colonies, was reprinted in 
 New York. 
 
 1764. ON the 18th of October the assembly of New York 
 ordered their committee of correspondence to correspond with 
 the several assemblies, or committees of assemblies, on this con- 
 tinent. 
 
 The assembly issued an address to Lieutenant-Governor Golden, which was 
 written by Philip Livingston. 
 
 1764. THE assemblies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New 
 York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia, sent petitions
 
 1764-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 263 
 
 and remonstrances against the proposed stamp act, and directed 
 their agents in London to act together. 
 
 The petition to the king and the memorial to the Lords, from Virginia, was 
 written by Richard Henry Lee, and the memorial to the Commons by George 
 Wythe. 
 
 1764. THE assembly of North Carolina elected a committee 
 to express their agreement with the views of the circular letter 
 from Massachusetts. 
 
 1764. THE assembly of Pennsylvania sent Franklin to Eng- 
 land as their agent, to solicit the abrogation of the proprietary 
 government, and the establishment of a royal one in the province. 
 
 Before he left, they instructed him also to oppose the proposed taxation of the 
 colonies. 
 
 1764. JOHN BKOWN, from New Jersey, established a pottery 
 at Baltimore. 
 
 He had learned the trade at Wilmington, Delaware. The town then contained 
 fifty houses. 
 
 1764. A SETTLEMENT was begun at Fort Pitt. 
 
 Emigration began to push out all through the western territory. The territory 
 in which Fort Pitt was situated was claimed both by Virginia and Pennsylvania. 
 On application of Governor Golden, of New York, a royal order had been issued 
 declaring the Connecticut to be the boundary between New York and New Hamp- 
 shire, but Wentworth, the governor of New Hampshire, had granted lands now in 
 the limits of Vermont. Throughout the south emigration increased, and in East 
 and West Florida and Louisiana, pioneers began to penetrate. 
 
 1764-5. HUGH GAINE printed the Notes and Proceedings of 
 the House of Assembly of New York from 1691 to 1765, in two 
 volumes folio, of one thousand pages each. 
 
 1765, MARCH. The Stamp Act received the royal assent. 
 
 By this a duty of one halfpenny was imposed on all pamphlets and newspapers, 
 which were, after November, to be printed on stamped paper. On a publication 
 not exceeding six sheets, the tax was two shillings ; on all advertisements, two 
 shillings ; on all almanacs, two pence a year, if on one side of a sheet, and four 
 pence on all others. 
 
 The act was generally disregarded, especially in New England. Newspapers 
 were printed, and legal documents were executed, on common paper as before. 
 Stamps were also required for legal documents, but the judges generally con- 
 tinued the cases before them without noticing the want of stamps. 
 
 1765, APRIL 29. The Boston Gazette contained the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 " Whose natural right is infringed by the erection of an American wind mill, or 
 the occupation of a water mill on a man's own land, provided he does not flood his 
 neighbours? ... A colonist cannot make a button, a horse shoe, nor a hob nail, 
 but some sooty iron monger or respectable button maker of Britain shall bawl and 
 squall that his honor's worship is most egregiously maltreated, injured, cheated 
 and robbed by the rascally American republicans."
 
 264 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1765. 
 
 1765, MAY 27. The Boston Post Boy and Advertiser printed 
 a letter from Jared Ingersoll, of Connecticut, dated New London, 
 May 10, 1765, containing his report of Isaac Barrd's speech 
 against the passage of the Stamp Act. 
 
 Mr. Ingersoll was present at its delivery. He printed a pamphlet, entitled J/r. 
 IngersolVs Letters relating to the Stamp Act, the preface to which was dated New 
 Haven, June 15, 176(5. The version, as first printed, is as follows : " Mr. Charles 
 Townshend spoke in favor of the bill (stamp duty), and concluded his speech by 
 saying to the following effect: 'These children of our own planting (speaking of 
 Americans), nourished by our indulgence until they are grown to a good degree 
 of strength and opulence, and protected by our arms, will they grudge to con- 
 tribute their mite to relieve us from the heavy load of national expense which we 
 lie under? ' 
 
 "Which having said and sat down, Mr. Barr6 arose, and, with eyes darting 
 fire and an outstretched arm, spoke as follows, with a voice somewhat elevated 
 and with a sternness in his countenance which expressed in a most lively manner 
 the feelings of his heart : ' Children planted by your care ? No ! Your oppres- 
 sion planted them in America; they fled from your tyranny into a then unculti- 
 vated land, where they were exposed to almost all the hardships to which human 
 nature is liable, and among others, to the savage cruelty of the enemy of the 
 country, a people the most subtle, and, I take upon me to say, the most truly 
 terrible of any people that ever inhabited any part of God's earth ; and yet actu- 
 ated by principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleas- 
 ure, compared with those they suffered in their own country from the hands of 
 those that should have been their friends. 
 
 " They nourished by your indulgence? They grew by your neglect of them. 
 As soon as you began to care about them, that care was exercised in sending per- 
 sons to rule over them, in one department and another, who were perhaps the 
 deputies of some deputy of members of this House, sent to spy out their liberty, 
 to misrepresent their actions, and to prey upon them, men whose behavior, on 
 many occasions, has caused the blood of these Sons of Liberty to recoil within 
 them, men promoted to the highest seats of justice : some, to my knowledge, 
 were glad by going to a foreign country to escape being brought to a bar of Justine 
 in their own. 
 
 " 'They protected by your arms? They have nobly taken up arms in your 
 defence, have exerted their valor, amidst their constant and laborious industry, 
 for the defence of a country whose frontiers, while drenched in blood, its interior 
 parts have yielded all its little savings to your enlargement; and, believe me, 
 remember I this day told you so, that the same spirit which actuated that people 
 at first will continue with them still ; but prudence forbids me to explain myself 
 any further. God knows, I do not at this time speak from motives of party heat. 
 What I deliver are the genuine sentiments of my heart : however superior to me 
 in general knowledge and experience the respectable body of this House may be, 
 yet I claim to know more of America than most of you, having seen and been 
 conversant in that country. The people there are as truly loyal, I believe, as any 
 subjects the king has ; but a people jealous of their liberties, and who will vindi- 
 cate them, if they should be violated. But the subject is too delicate. I will say 
 no more.' " 
 
 It was the general publication of Barre's speech which gave rise to the term, 
 " Sons of Liberty," which became general throughout the colonies. 
 
 1765, MAY 29. The legislature of Massachusetts met, and, on
 
 1765.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 265 
 
 the 6th of June, appointed a committee of nine to consider the 
 state of public affairs. The committee reported, advising a 
 congress of delegates from the various assemblies, which was 
 adopted on the 8th. On the 24th a committee was appointed to 
 prepare instructions for the delegates and a letter to the agent. 
 On the 25th the house ordered " all the proceedings relative to 
 sending a committee to New York to be printed in this day's 
 journals." 
 
 The delegates selected were James Otis, Oliver Partridge, and Timothy Rug- 
 gles. The committee to consider the state of public affairs were Samuel White 
 (the speaker of the house), Brigadier Ruggles, Colonel Partridge, Colonel 
 Worthington, General Winslow, Mr. Otis, Mr. Gushing, Colonel Saltonstall, and 
 Captain Sheafe. The circular sent to the assemblies was as follows : 
 
 "BOSTON, June 8, 17G5. 
 
 " SIR: The House of Representatives of this province, in the present session 
 of General Court, have unanimously agreed to propose a meeting, as soon as may be, 
 of committees from the houses of representatives or burgesses of the several British 
 colonies, on this continent, to consult together on the present circumstances of the 
 colonies, and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation 
 of acts of parliament for levying duties and taxes on the colonies, and to consider of 
 a general and united, dutiful, loyal and humble representation of their condition to 
 his majesty and to the parliament and to implore relief. The House of Repre- 
 sentatives of this province have also voted to propose, that such meeting be at the 
 city of New York, on the first Tuesday in October next, and have appointed the 
 committee of three of their members to attend that service, with such as the other 
 houses of representatives or burgesses, in the several colonies, may think fit to 
 appoint to meet them; and the committee of the House of Representatives of this 
 province are directed to repair to the said New York, on the first Tuesday in Oc- 
 tober next, accordingly ; if therefore your Honorable House should agree to this 
 proposal, it would be acceptable that as early notice of it as possible might be 
 transmitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of this Province. 
 
 " SAMUEL WHIIE, Speaker." 
 
 1765, MAY 30. The Virginia house of burgesses accepted a 
 series of resolutions offered by Patrick Henry. 
 
 This was Patrick Henry's first appearance as a member of the house. He had 
 been elected in May, while the house was in session, by the people of Louisa 
 County, to fill a vacancy. The resolutions were written three days before the 
 close of the session upon the blank leaf of a law-book. They were seconded by 
 Mr. Johnston, and opposed by Bland, Pendleton, Randolph, and Weythe on the 
 ground that the burgesses had expressed the same views in a more conciliatory 
 way. During the debate upon them, Henry in speaking said: "Tarquin and 
 Caesar had each a Brutus ; Charles the First his Cromwell ; and George the 
 Third " then paused. The speaker cried " Treason ! " and the cry was repeated 
 on the floor of the house. Henry, fixing his eye on the speaker, continued " may 
 profit by their example." Only four of the resolutions appear on the journal of 
 the house, the governor having dissolved the assembly before the others were 
 entered. In Wirt's Life of Henry, the resolves are printed from a copy in Henry's 
 handwriting. It differs from them as they were printed in the newspapers of the 
 time. Frothingham gives them thus from the Boston Gazette: "Whereas the
 
 266 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. [1765. 
 
 Hon. House of Commons, in England, have of late drawn into question how far 
 the General Assembly of this colony hath power to enact laws for laying of taxes 
 and imposing duties, payable by the people of this his majesty's most ancient col- 
 ony ; for settling and ascertaining the same to all future times, the House of Bur- 
 gesaes of tliis present General Assembly have come to the following resolves : 
 
 " Resolved, That the first adventurers, settlers of this his majesty's colony and 
 dominions of Virginia, brought with them and transmitted to their posterity, and 
 all other his majesty's subjects since inhabiting in this his majesty's colony, all 
 the' privileges and immunities that have at any time been held, enjoyed and pos- 
 sessed by the people of Great Britain. 
 
 " Resolved, That by two royal charters, granted by King James the First, tin 
 colony aforesaid are declared and entitled to all privileges and immunities of 
 natural-born subjects, to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and 
 born within the realm of England. 
 
 " Resolved, That his majesty's liege people of this ancient colony have enjoyed 
 the right of being thus governed by their own assembly in the article of taxes and 
 internal police, and that the same have never been forfeited, or any other way 
 yielded up, but have been constantly recognized by the king and people of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 " Resolved, therefore, That the General Assembly of this colony, together with 
 his majesty or his substitutes, have, in their representative capacity, the only ex- 
 clusive right and power to lay taxes and imposts upon the inhabitants of this col- 
 ony ; and that every attempt to vest such power in any other person or persons 
 whatever than the General Assembly aforesaid, is illegal, unconstitutional, and 
 unjust, and has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as American 
 liberty. 
 
 " Resolved, That his majesty's liege people, the inhabitants of this colony, are 
 not bound to yield obedience to any law or ordinance whatever, designed to im- 
 pose any taxation whatsoever upon them, other than the laws or ordinances of the 
 General Assembly aforesaid. 
 
 " Resolved, That any person who shall, by speaking or writing, assert or main- 
 tain that any person or persons, other than the General Assembly of this colony, 
 have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation on the people here, shall be 
 deemed an enemy to his majesty's colony." 
 
 1765, JUNE 4. The boat of the Maidstone, an English naval 
 ship, was burned at Newport, Rhode Island, by a crowd, who 
 were indignant at the constant impressment of sailors by her 
 crew. 
 
 She was burned in the evening, the crew of a ship just arrived from Africa 
 having been all impressed that afternoon. 
 
 1765, JUNE 20. The New Jersey assembly replied to the cir- 
 cular letter from the house of representatives of Massachusetts 
 that they were " unanimously against uniting on the present 
 occasion.'' The letter was written by the speaker of the as- 
 sembly. 
 
 1765, AUGUST 2. Delegates to attend the congress at New 
 York were appointed by the assembly of South Carolina. 
 
 Much of the credit for this action belongs to Christopher Gadsden, who strongly 
 advocated the measure.
 
 1765.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMEEICA. 267 
 
 1765, AUGUST 13. The town of Providence, Rhode Island, in 
 a town meeting, instructed their representatives to use their 
 utmost endeavors to have delegates appointed to attend the 
 congress in New York, to meet those from the other colonies, as 
 proposed by Massachusetts, and also to procure the passage of a 
 set of resolves incorporating the substance of those issued by the 
 assembly of Virginia. 
 
 1765, AUGUST 14. A popular demonstration of resistance oc- 
 curred in Boston/ Massachusetts. 
 
 Great numbers gathered under the large elm upon the Common, which was 
 known afterwards as The Liberty Tree, and marched through the streets. The 
 watchwords, Liberty, Property, and No Stamps, began to be generally used. The 
 stamp distributers were, in many instances, forced to unite with the people in this 
 cry ; and the newspapers, in instances, printed them at the head of their sheets. 
 Such popular uprisings spread over the country : one took place in Norwich, Au- 
 gust 21 ; in New London, the 22d ; in Providence, the 24th ; in Lebanon, the 2Cth ; 
 in Newport, the 27th; in Windham, the 27th; in Annapolis, the 29th; at Elk 
 Kidge, the 30th ; in New Haven, September 6 ; Portsmouth, the 12th ; Dover, the 
 13th; Philadelphia, October 5 ; in New York, November 1. In some cases vio- 
 lence was done. In Boston, on the 2Gth of August, the house of Hutchinson was 
 Backed ; at Newport, on the 27th of August, at Annapolis on the 29th, and in New 
 York on the llth of November, houses were damaged, but, as a general thing, 
 the manifestations were peaceful. August 14 was for some time observed in Bos- 
 ton by the Sons of Liberty as an anniversary. 
 
 1765, AUGUST 15. A mob in Boston attacked the house of 
 Oliver, the stamp distributer, and forced him to resign. 
 
 1765, AUGUST 26. In Boston the crowd plundered the houses 
 of Lieutenant- Governor Hutchinson, and of the admiralty and 
 revenue officers. 
 
 1765, AUGUST 28. At Newport the crowd sacked the houses 
 of three obnoxious citizens, who took refuge on the sloop-of-war 
 Cygnet, lying in the harbor. 
 
 The custom-house officers closed the custom-house, and took refuge on the 
 Cygnet. 
 
 1765, SEPTEMBER. The Rhode Island assembly passed a series 
 of resolutions asserting the right of the people of the colony to 
 be taxed only by their assembly. 
 
 The third and fourth of these resolutions read as follows : 
 8. " This His Majesty's liege people of this Colony have enjoyed the right of 
 being governed by their own assembly in the article of taxes and internal police ; 
 and that the same hath never been forfeited or any other way yielded up, but hath 
 been constantly recognized by the King and People of Great Britain." 
 
 4. " That, therefore, the General Assembly of this Colony have, in their rep- 
 resentative capacity, the Only exclusive Right to lay taxes and imposts upon the 
 Inhabitants of this Colony ; and that every attempt to vest such power in any Per- 
 son or Persons whatever, other than the General Assembly aforesaid, is unconsti- 
 tutional, and hath a manifest tendency to destroy the Liberties of the People of this 
 Colony."
 
 268 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1765. 
 
 1765, SEPTEMBER 3. General Gage, commanding the British 
 forces in New York, wrote to Lord Conway that the Virginia 
 resolves gave the signal for a general outcry over the continent. 
 
 1765, SEPTEMBER 21. Tlie Constitutional Courant was issued 
 and sold in New York. 
 
 Only a single number was issued. It is said to have been printed at Burling- 
 ton, New Jersey, by William Goddard, who printed in various places. The sheet 
 bore the imprint " by Andrew Marvel, at the sign of the Bribe refused, on Con- 
 stitution Hill, North America." It contained an address by " Andrew Marvel," 
 and two editorials. It was headed with a cut of a snake divided, with the motto 
 "Join or die." It produced a sensation in New York, and the council consid- 
 ered it. 
 
 1765, OCTOBER 7. The congress met at the city hall in New 
 York. There were twenty-eight delegates from nine of the col- 
 onies ; four of the colonies did not send delegates, though ex- 
 pressing their sympathy with the movement. 
 
 New York at this time was the seat of the opposition to the movement of the colo- 
 nies. It was the headquarters of the British military force commanded by General 
 Gage, who had the powers of a viceroy. Ships of war were in the harbor, and a 
 heavily armed fort was in the city. The lieutenant-governor, Golden, was deter- 
 mined to execute the law. He said to the delegates from Massachusetts, when 
 they called upon him, that there was no precedent for the congress, that it was 
 unconstitutional, and he should give it no countenance. The Sons of Liberty 
 were, however, very determined and very enthusiastic in the city, and party feel- 
 ing ran very high. The congress consisted of the following delegates : 
 
 From Massachusetts: James Otis, Oliver Partridge, and Timothy Ruggles. 
 They bore a commission signed by the speaker of the assembly, Samuel White. 
 
 Rhode Island : Metcalf Bowler and Henry Ward. They bore a commission 
 signed by the governor,' Samuel Ward. 
 
 Connecticut : Eliphalet Dyer, David Rowland, and William S. Johnson. They 
 had a copy of the vote of the assembly electing them, September 19, and instruc- 
 tions from the governor, Thomas Fitch. 
 
 New York : Robert R. Livingston, John Cruger, Philip Livingston, William 
 Bayard, Leonard Lespinward. They bore certified copies of the votes constituting 
 the "members of New York" and " Robert R. Livingston" a "committee of cor- 
 respondence." 
 
 New Jersey : Robert Ogden, Hendrick Fisher, and Joseph Borden. They bore 
 a certificate signed John Lawrence, that they were designated, October 3, by "a 
 large number of the representatives." 
 
 Pennsylvania : John Dickenson, John Morton, George Bryan. They bore in- 
 structions signed by Charles Moore, clerk of the assembly. They were elected 
 September 11. 
 
 Delaware : Thomas McKean and Czesar Rodney. They were informally desig- 
 nated by fifteen out of the eighteen members of the assembly, and bore three 
 instruments, dated September 13, 17, and 20, and signed by the members from 
 the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex. 
 
 Maryland : William Murdock, Edward Tilghman, and Thomas Ringgold. They 
 were chosen in October, and bore a commission signed by the speaker, Robert 
 Lloyd.
 
 1765.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 269 
 
 South Carolina: Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, and John Rutledge. 
 They were chosen August 2, and bore a certificate of their election signed by the 
 speaker, Edward Rawlins. 
 
 New Hampshire sent a letter, dated June 29, and signed by the clerk of the 
 assembly, A. Clarkson, approving of the congress, and promising to join in any 
 address they might be honored with the knowledge of. 
 
 Georgia sent a letter, dated September G, signed Alexander Wylly, written in 
 behalf of sixteen out of the twenty-five members of the assembly, stating that the 
 governor would not call the assembly together, but expressing sympathy with the 
 objects of the congress, and promising to concur with its action. These letters 
 were addressed to the speaker of the Massachusetts assembly. 
 
 Virginia sent no delegates, the assembly having been dismissed. 
 
 1765, OCTOBER 25. The congress at New York adjourned. 
 
 The clerk was directed to make a copy of the proceedings of the congress for 
 the use of each one of the colonies. Two sets were sent to England in separate 
 vessels. The newspapers of the time printed portions of them, and they were 
 partly reprinted in London. Niles' Register for July 25, 1812, contains them in 
 full, with the documents. They were printed here from a manuscript copy attested 
 by the secretary, John Cotton, which was found among the papers left by Cajsar 
 Rodney. Niles reprinted them in 1822 in his Principles and Acts of the Revolu- 
 tion. During its session the congress, on the 25th of October, resolved: "That 
 the gentlemen from Massachusetts Bay be requested to send a copy thereof to the 
 colony of New Hampshire ; and the gentlemen of South Carolina to Georgia and 
 North Carolina." Though Virginia was not represented, it appears from the 
 "Journal" that she was considered to concur in the action of the congress. 
 During its session the congress considered the rights, privileges, and grievances 
 of the "British-American colonies," and, after eleven days' debate, agreed, each 
 colony having one vote, upon a declaration, consisting of a preamble and fourteen 
 resolutions, in which they claimed to be loyal, and to have all the rights of Eng- 
 lishmen born. That taxes could not be imposed upon them without their consent, 
 and that the colonies could not be represented except in their respective legisla- 
 tures, and no taxes be imposed constitutionally upon them except by these bodies. 
 The trial by jury they declared to be the inherent right of every British subject, 
 and arraigned parliament for a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liber- 
 ties of the people. An address to his Majesty, a memorial to the House of Lords, 
 and a petition to the House of Commons, were also prepared, and ordered to be 
 engrossed. The committee on the address to the king were Robert R. Livingston, 
 William Samuel Johnson, and William Murdock ; on the memorial to the House 
 of Lords, John Rutledge, Edward Tilghman, and Philip Livingston; on the peti- 
 tion to the House of Commons, Thomas Lynch, James Otis, and Thomas McKcan. 
 During the debates, Christopher Gadsden, objecting to petitioning parliament, 
 said: " A confirmation of our essential and common rights as Englishmen may 
 be pleaded from charters safely enough ; but any further dependence upon them 
 may be fatal. We should stand upon the broad, common ground of those natural 
 rights that we all feel and know as men and as descendants of Englishmen. I 
 wish the charters may not ensnare us at last, by drawing different colonies to act 
 differently in this great cause. Whenever that is the case, all will be over with 
 the whole. There ought to be no New England man, no New Yorker, known on 
 the continent; but all of us Americans." All the delegates present from six of 
 the colonies, except Timothy Ruggles from Massachusetts, who was acting as 
 chairman, and Robert Ogden from New Jersey, signed the petition. The dele-
 
 270 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1765. 
 
 gates from New York, Connecticut, and South Carolina were not authorized to 
 sign. The various assemblies at their next sessions approved the action of their 
 delegates. The Massachusetts assembly voted : "That Brigadier Ruggles, with 
 respect to his conduct at the congress of New York, has been guilty of neglect of 
 duty, and that he be reprimanded therefor by the speaker ; " which was done the 
 next day. Robert Ogden was hanged in effigy by the people of New Jersey. The 
 Connecticut assembly ordered their delegates to sign and forward the petition. 
 The concurrence of the South Carolina assembly was announced on the 2d of 
 December ; and on the 20th of November the New York assembly approved of 
 the attendance of their members. 
 
 1765, OCTOBER 31. The day before the Stamp Act was to take 
 effect, all the royal governors took the oath to sustain it. 
 
 The governor of Connecticut did so also ; but Samuel Ward, governor of Rhode 
 Island, refused to do so. 
 
 1765, OCTOBER 31. THE Pennsylvania Gazette appeared in 
 mourning for the passage of the Stamp Act. 
 
 Its publication, like that of many papers, was suspended temporarily, hand- 
 bills being issued, headed "Remarkable occurrences," "No stamped paper to 
 be had." 
 
 1765, NOVEMBER. A non-importation agreement was organ- 
 ized in New York. 
 
 No goods were to be imported until the Stamp Act was repealed. This move- 
 ment was imitated all over the country. A non-consumption agreement was also 
 made, and associations formed for the increase of home manufactures. 
 
 1765. THE county of Picton, Nova Scotia, was granted to 
 the Philadelphia Company, headed by Dr. Weatherspoon, and a 
 number of emigrants from Maryland were transported thither. 
 
 Additional settlers were brought from Scotland after the war; numbers of 
 Americans came there, but the bulk of the people are Scotch. In 1790 the town 
 of Picton was started, and is now a resort of coasting-vessels. Quantities of oil, 
 fish, and lumber are exported, the Picton birch being considered the best. It is a 
 free port for the exportation of coal. In 1804 its academy was started. 
 
 1765. Tms year a secret association of the "Sons of Lib- 
 erty " was formed for the purpose of resisting by all lawful 
 means the passage of the Stamp Act. As they increased in 
 numbers, they formed centres of action, united by correspond- 
 ence, and gathering strength by their mutual sympathy. 
 
 1765. AUGUSTUS JOHNSTON, the attorney-general, who had 
 been appointed the stamp distributer for Rhode Island, resigned 
 his office. 
 
 1765. THE annual synod of the Presbyterian congregations 
 met for the first time in Philadelphia without a license. 
 
 The crown lawyers having held that the supremacy of the crown in ecclesias- 
 tical matters extended to the colonies, maintained that it was not lawful for the 
 clergy to assemble without a royal license. The movement for this meeting was
 
 1765-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 271 
 
 begun in Philadelphia, and by correspondence was extended through the southern 
 provinces. The letters which had passed were printed in New York in 1769. 
 
 1765. A PAPER-MILL was this year put in operation near Prov- 
 idence, Rhode Island. 
 
 This mill fell into decay from the prejudice and habit, it is said, of depending 
 upon the importation of foreign paper, so that no profitable sale could be made 
 of its production. 
 
 1765. PAPER-HANGINGS of domestic manufacture were exhib- 
 ited to the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, in New 
 York city. 
 
 1765. THE Portsmouth Mercury and Weekly Advertiser was 
 published at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 
 
 It was published by Ezekiel Russell, of the firm of Russell and Furber. It 
 was the second newspaper published in New Hampshire. It was discontinued in 
 1768. 
 
 1765. THE Gazette and Country Journal was issued in 
 Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 It was published by Charles Crouch, and was designed chiefly to sustain the 
 opposition against the Stamp Act. 
 
 1765. ONE hundred journeymen silk-throwsters emigrated 
 from London to New York and Philadelphia. 
 
 1765. ON the recommendation of "William Franklin, the gov- 
 ernor, the assembly of New Jersey granted bounties on hemp and 
 flax, and also on the planting of mulberry -trees. 
 
 1765. A SOCIETY for the encouragement of manufactures was 
 formed in New York. 
 
 It offered premiums for various articles, and opened a fair for their sale. 
 
 1765. THE first fire-engine made in the country was by David 
 Wheeler, a blacksmith, of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was tried at a fire on the 21st of August. Before this, engines were imported 
 from England. 
 
 1765. THE working of a lead mine at Southampton, Massa- 
 chusetts, was begun. 
 
 Neither this mine nor others similar at Northampton and Easthampton, have 
 ever been profitable, or paid for the expense of working them. 
 
 1766. PAUL REVERE, of Boston, Massachusetts, engraved a 
 print emblematic of the repeal of the Stamp Act. 
 
 Revere was born in Boston, January 1, 1735, and died there in May, 1818. 
 He was a Huguenot by birth, and was bred a goldsmith. He taught himself 
 copper-plate engraving, and at this time was one of the four engravers in the 
 country. In 1770 he published a print of the " Boston Massacre ; " in 1775 he 
 engraved the plates, made the press, and printed the paper money ordered by 
 Massachusetts. He went to Philadelphia to learn powder-making, and then set
 
 272 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1766. 
 
 up an establishment in Boston. He participated in the destruction of the tea ; 
 and he it was who rode, by way of Charlestown, to Lexington, on the night of 
 April 18, to give the alarm of Gates's purposed raid on the military stores at 
 Concord. Revere afterwards was lieutenant-colonel in the state forces, and 
 wielded considerable influence. 
 
 1766. THE first Methodist society was formed in New York 
 city. 
 
 They met in a shop in Barrack Street, kept by Pliilip Embury, near where the 
 City Hall now stands. 
 
 1766. A MARINE society was formed in Salem, Massachusetts, 
 this year, and incorporated in 1771. 
 
 1766, MARCH 4. An association called the Daughters of 
 Liberty was formed at Providence, Rhode Island. 
 
 The members met at the house of Dr. Ephraim Bowen, and spent their time in 
 spinning. They were spinning the piece of linen to serve as a prize to the pro- 
 ducer of the most flax in the county. They adopted resolutions to purchase no 
 more British manufactures. Their meetings were afterwards held at the court 
 house. A ball was given to them after the repeal of the Stamp Act. 
 
 1766, MARCH 28. The Stamp Act was repealed. 
 
 The vote in the House of Commons was two hundred and seventy-five to one 
 hundred and sixty-seven. Franklin had been called as a witness, and testified it 
 could never be enforced. A bill previously passed had asserted the right and 
 power of parliament "to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever." 
 
 1766, MAY. The Virginia Gazette was published at Williams- 
 burg, Virginia. 
 
 It was "printed by William Rind, at the new Printing Office on Main Street. 
 All persons may be supplied with this Gazette at 12s. Gd. per year." Thomas 
 Jefferson was chiefly instrumental in having it established. It at first printed its 
 heading " published by authority. Open to all Parties, but influenced by none." 
 After the first year it omitted "by Authority." William Rind carried it on until 
 his death in 1773 ; then his widow, Clementina Rind, continued it for some time. 
 In April, 1775, it was published by John Clarkson and Augustine Davis. 
 
 1766, JUNE 3. On the motion of James Otis, in the Massachu- 
 setts legislature, a gallery was opened " for such as wished to 
 hear the debates." 
 
 This was the first instance of authorized publicity being given to legislative 
 deliberations. The example soon spread throughout the colonies. 
 
 1766, JUNE 3. Charles Townsend, the leader of the House 
 of Commons, spoke as follows : " It has long been my opinion 
 that America should be regulated and deprived of its militating 
 and contradictory charters, and its royal governors, judges and 
 attorneys be rendered independent of the people. I therefore 
 expect that the present administration will, in the recess of par- 
 liament, take all necessary steps for compassing so desirable 
 an event."
 
 1766-7.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 273 
 
 This was spoken with authority from the ministerial benches, and the speaker 
 continued: "If I should differ in judgement from the present administration on 
 this point, I now declare that I must withdraw. I hope and expect otherwise, 
 trusting that I shall be an instrument among them of preparing a new system." 
 
 1766, AUGUST 8. An order in council directed that the cor- 
 respondence of the colonies with the mother country, which had 
 heretofore been carried on with the Board of Trade, should be 
 addressed to the king directly. 
 
 1766. A PAPER-MILL was built at Salem, North Carolina, 
 three hundred miles inland, by a society of Moravians. 
 
 1766. THE assembly of South Carolina voted a thousand 
 pounds to establish a silk filature at Charleston. 
 It was placed under the management of Mr. Gilbert. 
 
 1766. WILLIAM PITT, in advocating the repeal of the Stamp 
 Act " absolutely, totally and immediately, and that the reasons 
 for the repeal be assigned because it was founded in erroneous 
 principles," recommended also that " the sovereign authority 
 of this country (England) over the colonies be asserted in as 
 strong terms as can be devised, and be made to extend to 
 every part of legislation whatever, that we may bind their trade, 
 confine their manufactures, and exercise every power whatever, 
 except that of taking their money out of their pockets without 
 their consent." 
 
 1766. THE Batsto furnace, at the junction of the Batsto and 
 Egg Harbor rivers, New Jersey, was erected by Charles Reed. 
 
 It was the property of Colonel John Cox during the Revolution, and cast shot 
 and bomb-shells for the army. 
 
 1767, JANUARY. Sir Henry Moore, governor of New York, 
 writing to the Lords of Trade, speaks of the difficulty found in 
 establishing new manufactories. 
 
 He said the workmen being able to buy a piece of land, left their occupation. 
 Even servants imported from Europe for different trades, so soon as their inden- 
 tures expired, quit their occupations, and obtained a small piece of land. The 
 satisfaction of being landholders prompted them to endure every privation for a 
 few years, in preference to a comfortable subsistence easily obtainable in their 
 trades. 
 
 1767, JANUARY. Parliament established a custom-house in 
 Nova Scotia, duties to take effect after November 20. 
 
 1767, MAY 13. The revenue acts were passed by parliament, 
 received the royal assent on the 29th of June, and were to go 
 into effect on the 20th of November. 
 
 By these a duty was laid on glass, paper, painter's colors, lead, and tea. A 
 board of customs was established at Boston to collect the revenue throughout 
 America, and writs of assistance were made legal. The preamble stated that the 
 
 18
 
 274 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1767. 
 
 duties were laid for the support of civil government in the provinces, and to pro- 
 vide for the general defence. It was the first step towards making the governors, 
 judges, and attorneys independent of the people, through the assemblies, by 
 providing for them permanent salaries. The scheme was introduced by Charles 
 Townsend, the chancellor of the exchequer, to whom a special vote of thanks had 
 been voted by Massachusetts for his efforts to repeal the Stamp Act. By another 
 act, five years were allowed for a drawback of the whole duty on tea by its expor- 
 tation. Tliis was to encourage the English shippers of tea to America. 
 
 1767, MAY 27. The New York Journal, or General Advertiser, 
 appeared. 
 
 It was published by John Holt, and was a rehabilitation of Zcnger's Journal. 
 George Clinton and Philip Schuyler, two leaders of the revolutionary party, were 
 chiefly instrumental in its establishment. Holt had been engaged with Parker in 
 the publication of the Connecticut Gazette at New Haven, and in New York, on 
 his own account, with the New York Gazette and Post Boy. The Journal was a 
 continuation of that paper. In 177G, when the British took possession of New 
 York, the Journal was removed to Kingston, then called Esopus; and when this 
 place was burned in 1777, it moved to Poughkcepsic. Holt was the state printer 
 during the Revolution, and at his death, January 30, 1784, his wife was appointed 
 to that office. On the conclusion of peace, the Journal was moved back to New 
 York city, and its name changed to the Independent Gazette, or New York 
 Journal revived. Mrs. Holt continued it after her husband's death until 1786, 
 when it was published by Eleazer Oswald until 1787, when it was sold to Thomas 
 Greenleaf, who made two papers from it, one a daily, called The Argus, or Green- 
 leaf's New Daily Register, and a semi-weekly, called Greenleaf s New York 
 Journal and Patriotic Register. These he continued until 1798. Mrs. Green- 
 leaf continued their publication until she sold them to James Cheetham, who 
 changed their names, the daily to the American Citizen, and the semi-weekly to 
 the American Watchman, and published them until 1810. The Argus opposed 
 Washington's administration, and the Citizen was a Democratic pa^er. 
 
 1767, OCTOBER. The Connecticut Journal and New Haven 
 Post-Boy appeared. 
 
 It was published by Thomas and Samuel Green. The last part of its name 
 was dropped in 1775. Thomas Green and son continued its publication until 
 1809, and it is still in existence. 
 
 1767, DECEMBER 21. The Boston Chronicle appeared. 
 
 It was published by Mein and Fleming in support of the British rule. John 
 Mein came to Boston from Glasgow in 17G4. lie was an enterprising bookseller. 
 The Chronicle was well printed, and the subscription price was six shillings and 
 eight pence a year. In 1770 it contained the following notice : " The Printers of 
 the Boston Chronicle return thanks to the gentlemen who have so long favored 
 them with their subscriptions, and now inform them that, as the Chronicle, in the 
 present state of affairs, cannot be carried on, cither for their entertainment or 
 the emolument of the Printers, it will be discontinued for some time." Mein 
 having been carried about in effigy, fled to England before this, leaving the busi- 
 ness in the hands of Fleming, who soon followed him. The English government 
 indemnified him for his losses, and employed him on one of the newspapers of 
 London.
 
 1767.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 275 
 
 1767, DECEMBER 26. Charles Mason and John Dixon com- 
 pleted their survey of the line between Maryland and Pennsyl- 
 vania, and were discharged. 
 
 They had been employed by the descendants of Pcnn and Lord Baltimore, and 
 commenced in 1763. Before entirely completing the line they were stopped by 
 the Indians. Every fifth mile of the line was marked by a stone having Penn's 
 arms on one side and Lord Baltimore's on the other, the intermediate miles 
 being marked with smaller stones, having a P on one side and an M on the other. 
 In 1849 the line was examined by commissioners, and found correct, except that 
 Maryland should have had a little more than an acre and a half more territory at 
 the point of intersection. 
 
 1767, DECEMBER 30. The Massachusetts legislature met. 
 
 Several members of the council, and many of the house, appeared in suits of 
 homespun. February 11, 17G8, they adopted a circular letter to the assemblies 
 of the other colonies, written by Samuel Adams. To this, replies were received 
 dated as follows : From New Hampshire, written by the speaker, Peter Oilman, 
 February 25 ; from Virginia, by the speaker, Peyton Randolph, May 8 ; from New 
 Jersey, by the speaker, Courtland Skinner, May 9 ; from Connecticut, by the 
 speaker, Zebulon West, June 11 ; from Georgia, by the speaker, Alexander 
 Wylly, June 16; from South Carolina, from the speaker, P. Manigault,- July 10; 
 from Rhode Island, by the speaker, Metcalf Bowler, August 5. These replies 
 were all cordial. Governor Bernard of Massachusetts, in his correspondence 
 with the English ministers, characterized the circular letter as designed to pre- 
 pare the way for a confederacy. It was laid before the cabinet August 15, and 
 pronounced little better than an incentive to rebellion ; and it was decided that the 
 king should order the Massachusetts assembly to rescind it, and the other assem- 
 blies to treat it with contempt, under the penalty of dissolution. "I think," said 
 Lord Knox, "this measure will bring matters to a crisis very speedily; and if the 
 colonies see this country is in earnest, they will presently make their option, and 
 take the part of peaceable subjects in future." 
 
 1767. THE Farmer's Letters, addressed to the "American 
 people," appeared. 
 
 The first letter was printed in Philadelphia, in the Pennsylvania Chronicle 
 and Universal Advertiser of December 2, and the others from time to time until 
 the twelfth letter appeared, February 15, 1768. They were written by John 
 Dickenson, were widely copied in the newspapers, and were printed in pamphlet 
 form both in this country and England. 
 
 The following extract is of interest. The colonies are called "a great Ameri- 
 can asylum. In it the poor from the various nations of Europe, by some means, 
 met together. To what purpose should they ask one another what countrymen 
 they were ? Alas ! two thirds of them had had no country. They had been num- 
 bered in no civil list but that of the poor. They had not owned a single foot of 
 land. They had no harvests from the fields they had tilled. Their lives had 
 been scenes of sore affliction or of pinching penury. They had been assailed by 
 hunger, want, and war. And they were ' only as so many useless plants, wanting 
 the vegetable mould and the refreshing showers.' But in this asylum they rank 
 as citizens. They are stamped by the laws with the symbol of adoption. They 
 acquire lands as the reward of their industry ; this gives them the title of free- 
 men; and to this title is affixed every benefit man can acquire. These laws
 
 276 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1767-8. 
 
 proceed from the government ; and the government is derived from the original 
 genius and strong desire of the people. He is an American, who, leaving behind 
 him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new- 
 mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys and the new rank he 
 holds. He becomes an American by being received in the broad lap of our great 
 Alma Mater. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men 
 whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. 
 Americans are the Western pilgrims, who are carrying along with them that great 
 mass of arts, sciences, vigor, and industry which began long since in the East 
 They will finish the great circle." 
 
 1767. THE first camp-meeting is said to have been held this 
 year in Virginia. 
 
 Two Baptist ministers, Samuel Harris and James Read, who were settled in 
 Virginia, between the Rappahannock and James rivers, were the originators. 
 
 1767. A BILL for suppressing the slave trade was passed by 
 the house in the Massachusetts assembly. 
 
 It was so altered in its provisions by amendments that its friends abandoned it. 
 
 1767. THE palace built for Governor Tryon at Newbern, 
 North Carolina, was begun. 
 
 It was to be finished by 1770. Two grants, one of twenty-five thousand 
 pounds, and another of twice that sum, were obtained from the assembly, it is 
 said, through the blandishments of Lady Tryon and her sister Esther Wake. It 
 was of brick, eighty-seven feet front by fifty wide, and two stories high. The 
 architect had a yearly salary of three hundred pounds. The interior was ele- 
 gantly finished. The plans are still in possession of Dr. F. L. Hawks, the 
 descendant of the architect, and were used for the illustrations in Lossing's 
 Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. The people complained much of its 
 cost. 
 
 1767. DAVID RITTENHOUSE, of Philadelphia, made an orrery. 
 
 It was an improvement on those preceding it, and was purchased by Princeton 
 College. 
 
 1767. THE Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser 
 appeared in Philadelphia. 
 
 It was published by William Goddard. 
 
 1768. ABOUT this year Elkanah and William Bean, from 
 Dublin, announced in New York city the making of all kinds of 
 carriages as a new business. 
 
 They stated they had brought over their workmen at great expense, and were 
 ready to build all kinds of vehicles. 
 
 1768. COAL was found in Rhode Island, and an application 
 made to the assembly for the exclusive right to sell it in Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 1768, APEIL. The governor of Nova Scotia was ordered to 
 use his influence in persuading the assembly to treat with con-
 
 1768.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 277 
 
 tempt the circular letter of the Massachusetts assembly request- 
 ing co-operation. 
 
 1768. AN official letter from Governor Moore of New York, 
 to Lord Hillsborough, dated May 7, in answer to inquiries from 
 the Board of Trade, states that a paper-mill had been begun with- 
 in a few days at a small distance from the town. 
 
 The governor is supposed to have referred to a paper-mill erected at Hemp- 
 etead, on Long Island, by Hendrich Onderdonk and his son Andrew, which is 
 thought to be the first mill erected in New York. 
 
 1768. ON the 18th of June a despatch from Lord Hills- 
 borough to the assembly of Rhode Island was presented to that 
 body. It was dated Whitehall, April 21, 1768. In it the circu- 
 lar letter from Massachusetts was termed an unwarrantable com- 
 bination and a flagitious attempt to disturb the public peace, and 
 the governor was instructed to treat it with the contempt it 
 deserved. 
 
 This despatch was signed "Hillsborough," and was immediately reproduced in 
 the newspapers. At first it was supposed to be addressed simply to Rhode Island, 
 but was found to be intended for every colony, and was rejected by every one of 
 the assemblies ; and instead of treating the Massachusetts circular with contempt, 
 they all replied favorably to it, and the replies were promptly given publicity by 
 the press. Maryland replied July 24, though Governor Sharpe hoped they would 
 take no notice of it. In South Carolina, Governor Montague enjoined the as- 
 sembly to treat with contempt any paper or letter that appeared to have the 
 smallest tendency to sedition, and specified the Massachusetts circular as of fac- 
 tious tendency. The assembly answered with a set of resolutions, and sent a 
 reply to the circular letter on November 21st, whereupon the governor dissolved 
 the session. The Georgia assembly sent a reply to the circular on December 24th, 
 though Governor Wright warned them that this action would bring ruin on Amer- 
 ica. Rhode Island replied to it. In Pennsylvania the assembly ordered the cir- 
 cular letter entered on their journal, and resolved that the governor had no right 
 to dissolve them. The assembly in Delaware asserted the right to correspond 
 with the colonies, and petitioned the king. The New York assembly sent a reply 
 to the Massachusetts circular, signed by Philip Livingston, and petitioned the king. 
 The assembly of North Carolina sent a reply, dated November 10, to the Massa- 
 chusetts circular letter. Besides this, many towns in their meetings expressed 
 their hearty sympathy with the circular letter. In New York city the members 
 of the assembly who had supported the right of the colony of Massachusetts to 
 send the circular letter, were escorted by a procession up Broadway, with music 
 and banners. Nowhere in Europe at this time, either in England, France, or 
 Germany, was the right of public meeting, the freedom of the press, or publicity 
 of discussion in the legislature, thought of, or considered as anything but danger- 
 ous to social order. Consequently in the colonies, all those who looked to Europe 
 for precedents, were terrified at the possible results of the free expression of pub- 
 lic opinion. 
 
 1768, JUNE 21. Governor Bernard sent the following message 
 to the Massachusetts assembly, then in session : " 1 have his 
 Majesty's order to make a requisition to you, which I communi-
 
 278 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1768. 
 
 cate in the very words in which I have received it. I must 
 desire you to take it into immediate consideration, and I assure 
 you, that your resolution thereon will have most important con- 
 sequences to the province. I am myself merely ministerial in 
 this business, having received His Majesty's instruction for all 
 I have to do in it. I heartily wish that you may see how forcible 
 the expediency of your giving His Majesty this testimonial of 
 your duty and submission at this time. If you should think other- 
 wise, I must nevertheless do my duty." 
 
 The message enclosed a portion of a despatch received from Lord Hillsborough, 
 containing the royal order for the assembly to rescind the resolution upon which 
 the circular letter was based, on the penalty of dissolution in case of refusal. The 
 assembly then sitting was not the one that had passed the resolution, a new elec- 
 tion having since been held. The message was read in the morning session ; in 
 that of the afternoon James Otis spoke two hours concerning it, the house being 
 filled with listeners. He said : " We have now before us a letter from Lord Hills- 
 borough. From the style, one would conclude it to be the performance of a 
 echool-boy. They are pleased, in their wonderful sagacity, to find fault with our 
 circular letter. I defy the whole legislature of Great Britain to write one equally 
 correct. When Lord Hillsborough knows that we will not rescind our acts, he 
 should apply to parliament to rescind theirs. Let Britain rescind her measures, 
 or the colonies are lost to her forever." A committee, consisting of the speaker, 
 Mr. Otis, Mr. Adams, Mr. Hancock, Colonel Otis, Colonel Bowers, Mr. Spooner, 
 Colonel Warren, and Mr. Saunders, was appointed, which reported on the 30th 
 of June. The house was cleared to receive the report, v r hich consisted of a 
 letter to Lord Hillsborough, stating the origin and purpose of the circular letter, 
 and stating that the House was the representative of the Commons of the province, 
 as the British House was of the British Commons, and hoping that a petition to 
 the king would not be thought inconsistent with the British constitution, nor a 
 letter to their fellow-subjects be judged an inflammatory proceeding. The letter 
 being twice read was accepted, and ordered sent to Lord Hillsborough. The 
 question was then put, "Whether this House will rescind the resolution of the 
 last House which gave birth to their Circular Letter to the several houses of rep- 
 resentatives and burgesses of the other colonies on this continent." The vote was 
 taken by yeas and nays. Ninety-two answered nay, and seventeen yea. During 
 the debate upon the governor's message, he sent another with a threat to dissolve 
 the House, should they not comply with the king's order ; in a third he pressed 
 for a decision, and in a fourth refused to grant them a recess. After the 
 vote the House adopted an answer to the governor's messages, in which, after 
 stating their recent vote, they concluded : " In all this we have been actuated by 
 a conscientious, and finally a clear and determined sense of duty to God, to our 
 king, our countrj r , and to our latest posterity; and we most ardently wish and 
 humbly pray that in your future conduct your Excellency may be influenced by 
 the same principles." As soon as the governor received the answer of the House 
 he prorogued the House, and the next day he issued a proclamation dissolving 
 the general court, which was formally published in every county by the sheriffs. 
 
 1768, JUNE. The sloop Liberty, belonging to Mr. Hancock, 
 was seized in the harbor of Newport, Rhode Island, for violating 
 the revenue laws, in landing a cargo of wines from Madeira with- 
 out having entered the whole.
 
 1768.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 279 
 
 The navigation acts gave England the exclusive right of supplying wines, with 
 other articles, to the colonies, but the right of exporting non-enumerated articles 
 to ports south of Cape Finisterre, enabled them to get wines from the place of 
 growth, in contravention of the trade acts. The duty on wines from England also 
 offered too great a temptation to the merchants to obtain them by evading the 
 duty. In fact, most of the trade carried on by the colonies was smuggling, if 
 England had the right to lay duties for her own benefit, and her interference for 
 this purpose forced the colonial merchants into such a course. The receipt of the 
 news in Boston created a riot on the 10th. The revenue commissioners took 
 refuge in a ship of war in Boston harbor, and afterwards on Castle Island, where 
 a company of British artillery was stationed. A town meeting in Faneuil Hall 
 petitioned the governor to have the ship of war sent from the harbor. The coun- 
 cil condemned the rioters, but would take no further steps. The rioters were 
 never punished, no witnesses against them being found, and the proceedings 
 against the vessel were given up from the same cause. 
 
 1768. A TYPE-FOUNDERY was begun in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 by Mr. Michelson from Scotland. 
 
 He does not seem to have successfully established it. 
 
 1768, JULY 4. The United States Chronicle was issued at 
 Providence, Rhode Island. 
 It continued until June 21, 1792. 
 
 1768. THE Six Nations ceded to the crown all the country 
 south of the Ohio as far south as the Tennessee River. 
 
 1768. THE first settlement within the limits of Tennessee 
 was made by James Robertson and a party of emigrants from 
 North Carolina. 
 
 They settled on the Uataga, one of the head streams of the Tennessee, and in 
 1771 obtained an eight-years' lease of it from the Cherokee Indians. 
 
 1768, JULY 11. General Gage withdrew the troops from 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 1768, AUGUST 6. The Essex Gazette appeared in Salem, 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Samuel Hall at Salem until 1775, when it was taken to 
 Cambridge and issued under the title of the New England Chronicle, or the 
 Weekly Gazette. In 1776 the office was moved to Boston, and the Chronicle was 
 sold to Powers and Willis. Hall returned to Salem in 1781, and uniting with the 
 Salem Gazette and General Advertiser, continued the issue until November 22, 
 1785, when he returned to Boston, giving up the business on account of the tax on 
 newspaper advertisements. In 1776 the Chronicle took the name of the Indepen- 
 dent Chronicle, and soon after added Universal Advertiser to its title. It was a 
 strong advocate of the revolutionary party, and continued its existence until 1783, 
 during the last part of its career being entirely under the control of Willis. In 
 October, 1786, John Dabney and Thomas C. Cushing purchased the materials and 
 revived the publication. At first they called it the Salem Mercury, then the 
 American Eagle, and in 1790 the Salem Gazette. It is still in existence. 
 
 1768. COLONEL CHRISTOPHER LEFFINGWELL, under the prom-
 
 280 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1768-9. 
 
 ise of a bounty from the legislature, erected a paper-mill at 
 Norwich, Connecticut. 
 
 Two years afterwards he was given two pence a quire on four thousand and 
 twenty quires of writing-paper, and a penny each on ten thousand six hundred 
 quires of printing-paper. The bounty amounted to eighty-one pounds, sixteen 
 shillings, and eight pence. The bounty was soon withdrawn. 
 
 1768, SEPTEMBER 2. An order was issued to the governors 
 of the colonies, forbidding them to show any letters, or parts of 
 letters, from the ministry to their assemblies, without special per- 
 mission from the king. 
 
 1768, SEPTEMBER 27. The two regiments ordered to Boston 
 from Halifax, arrived. 
 
 Gage from New York had sent orders to provide barracks for them. A town- 
 meeting was called, which requested the governor to summon the general court. 
 This he refused. The meeting advised a meeting of delegates from the towns, 
 which convened the 22d. It requested the governor to call the general court, but 
 he called the meeting treasonable. This meeting was the first popular convention. 
 There were barracks at the Castle, but Gage ordered the troops quartered in the 
 town. As no arrangement could be made, one regiment was quartered on the Com- 
 mon, and Faneuil Hall and the Town House were used for the rest. The New 
 York assembly for refusing to furnish quarters for the troops there was dissolved, 
 and the next assembly continuing to refuse was also dissolved. The assemblies of 
 Maryland and Georgia were also dissolved for approving the proceedings in Vir- 
 ginia and Massachusetts. In October Gage came to Boston, but the selectmen 
 refused to do anything since the Quartering Act spoke only of justices of the 
 peace. Governor Bernard created a Board of Justices, but they would not 
 serve, so that Gage was obliged to hire houses and purchase supplies from the 
 army chest, the council saying the appropriations of money belonged exclusively 
 to the general court. 
 
 1768, DECEMBER. Parliament met. The House of Lords 
 censured the convention of towns in Boston in particular, and 
 recommended that the offenders be sent to England for trial for 
 treason. 
 
 1768. THE New York Chronicle appeared in New York. 
 
 It was published by Alexander and James Robinson, but did not continue 
 long. 
 
 1769, JANUARY. The resolutions to send prisoners to England 
 were passed by the House of Commons. 
 
 Franklin wrote : " Every man in England regards himself as a piece of a sov- 
 ereign over America, seems to jostle himself into the throne with the king, and 
 talks of our subjects in the colonies." 
 
 1769, MAY 16. The house of burgesses, in Virginia, adopted 
 a series of resolutions, which were considered by the governor, 
 Lord Botetourt, as so abominable that he dissolved the house. 
 
 These resolutions were widely reprinted in the daily newspapers. They were 
 unanimously passed, as follows : " Resolved, That the sole right of imposing taxes
 
 1769.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 281 
 
 on the inhabitants of this His Majesty's Colony and Dominion of Virginia is now, 
 and ever hath been, legally and constitutionally vested in the House of Burgesses, 
 lawfully convened, according to the ancient and established practice, with the con- 
 sent of the Council, and of His Majesty, the King of Great Britain, or Ms Gover- 
 nor for the time being. 
 
 " Resolved, That it is the undoubted privilege of the inhabitants of this colony 
 to petition their Sovereign for redress of grievances ; and that it is lawful and 
 expedient to procure the concurrence of His Majesty's other colonies, in dutiful 
 addresses, praying the royal interposition in favor of the violated rights of 
 America. 
 
 " Resolved, That all trials for treason, misprision of treason, or for any felony or 
 crime whatsoever, committed and done in this His Majesty's said colony and do- 
 minion, by any person or persons residing therein, ought of right to be had and 
 conducted in and before His Majesty's courts, held within his said colony, accord- 
 ing to the fixed and known course of proceeding ; and that the seizing any person 
 or persons residing in the colony, suspected of any crime whatsoever committed 
 therein, and sending such person or persons to places beyond the sea to be tried, 
 is highly derogatory of the rights of British subjects, as thereby the inestimable 
 privilege of being tried by a jury from the vicinage, as well as the liberty of sum- 
 moning and producing witnesses on such trial, will be taken away from the party 
 accused. 
 
 "Resolved, That an humble, dutiful and loyal address be prepared, to His 
 Majesty, to assure him of our inviolable attachment to his sacred person and gov- 
 ernment ; and to beseech his royal interposition, as the father of all people, how- 
 ever remote from the seat of his empire, to quiet the minds of his loyal subjects 
 of this colony, and to avert from them those dangers and miseries which will en- 
 sue, from the seizing and carrying beyond sea any person residing in America, 
 suspected of any crime whatsoever, to be tried in any other manner than by the 
 ancient and long established course of proceeding." At the same time the follow- 
 ing order was passed by the house : " Ordered, That the speaker of this House do 
 transmit, without delay, to the speakers of the several houses of assembly on this 
 continent, a copy of the resolutions now agreed to by this House, requesting their 
 concurrence therein." The speaker of the house, Peyton Randolph, sent these 
 resolutions to the other assemblies, accompanied by a letter, and the assemblies 
 responded heartily to them. Those of North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New 
 York adopted them entire. The assembly of Massachusetts added further resolves 
 to them; that of Maryland and some others altered the phraseology; but they 
 all agreed in maintaining the principles enunciated. 
 
 1769, MAY 31. The house of representatives of Massachu- 
 setts assembled. 
 
 They petitioned the governor to remove the troops from Boston, at least during 
 the session, as the keeping an armed force there was a breach of privilege, and 
 inconsistent with their dignity and freedom. Bernard refused on the ground he 
 had no authority to do so. The house then organized under protest, and would do 
 no business. The governor adjourned them to Cambridge, and told them he was 
 going to England, having been summoned there to state the condition of the prov- 
 ince to the king. The house thereupon petitioned the king for his removal as 
 governor. Being called upon to pay the expenses already incurred for the troops, 
 and provide for those in the future, they replied : " Your excellency must there- 
 fore excuse us, in this express declaration, that as we cannot consistently with our 
 honor and interest, and much less with the duty we owe our constituents, so we
 
 282 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1769. 
 
 never will make provision for the purposes in your several messages above men- 
 tioned." Bernard prorogued the house, and left for England, leaving the lieuten- 
 ant-governor, Hutchinson, in authority. After his departure the grand jury of 
 Suffolk indicted him for libel in writing slanderous letters concerning the people 
 of the province to the king's ministers. 
 
 1769, JUNE. Daniel Boone and a party of six backwoodsmen 
 made their camp and settled on the Red River. 
 
 They were the first settlers in the state of Kentucky. 
 
 Boone was born in Maryland, February, 1735; died September 26, 1822. In 
 1773, he, with his family and another party, again started west, and explored and 
 opened a road to the Kentucky River. In April, 1775, a fort was built, and the 
 spot named Boonesborough. He was placed in command of the fort, and was 
 promoted to the rank of major in the army. After the close of the Revolution, 
 he returned to his farming and hunting. In 1792, when Kentucky was admitted 
 into the Union, he with many others, owing to defective titles, lost their lands, 
 and, disgusted, he removed in 1795 to a settlement on the Osage, where eight 
 thousand five hundred acres of land were awarded him by Spain, then in posses- 
 sion of the country, for his services. In 1812 Congress confirmed his title to 
 part of the land still remaining to him, he having lost the larger portion, in con- 
 sideration of lu's conduct during the early settlement of the West; and on his 
 farm he died at the age of eighty-eight. 
 
 1769, JUNE 3. The transit of Venus was scientifically ob- 
 served at Providence, Rhode Island. 
 
 Joseph Brown, a merchant interested in science, had obtained the necessary 
 instruments from London, and erected an observatory where the observation was 
 made. In Newport the Reverend Dr. Stiles also observed the transit with instru- 
 ments furnished by Abraham Redwood. 
 
 1769, JULY 19. In Newport, Rhode Island, a band of the peo- 
 ple boarded the armed British sloop Liberty, and scuttled her. 
 
 She was in command of William Reid, who had just arrested two Connecticut 
 vessels on suspicion of smuggling. A reward was offered by the Revenue Board 
 at Boston for the discovery of the perpetrators, but without effect. 
 
 1769, SEPTEMBER. The governorship of New York devolved 
 upon Golden. 
 
 Sir Henry Moore had died. The assembly made the required provision for the 
 troops. 
 
 1769, SEPTEMBER 4. The first class graduated from Rhode 
 Island College. 
 
 It consisted of seven members. All who took part in the proceedings were 
 dressed in clothes of American manufacture. 
 
 1769, OCTOBER. The assembly of North Carolina adopted the 
 Virginia resolutions. 
 
 They were dissolved in consequence, and, reassembling as individuals, formed 
 a non-importation league. Georgia, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire also 
 formed a similar league.
 
 1769.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 283 
 
 1769. ON the dissolution of the house of burgesses, in Vir- 
 ginia, they met at Anthony Hay's private residence, chose Peyton 
 Randolph moderator, and the next day adopted and signed arti- 
 cles of association to carry out the non-importation agreement. 
 
 One of these articles was, not to " import any slaves, or purchase any imported 
 after the 5th day of November next, until the said acts of Parliament are re- 
 pealed." The articles were quite elaborate. They were printed in the news- 
 papers. They were drawn up by George Mason, and sent by him to Washington, 
 with a letter. Washington presented them to the house. 
 
 1769. A JOINT board of commissioners settled the disputed 
 boundary question between New York and New Jersey. 
 
 1769. THE assembly of New Jersey granted certain privi- 
 leges to encourage the Hibernia Iron-Works and others in Mon- 
 mouth County. 
 
 Grape-shot and other ordnance was made here during the Revolution. A letter 
 dated November 21, 1776, from John Huff, the manager or owner, asks for a sup- 
 ply of salt, and speaks of the furnace as the only one he knew of in the province, 
 then in blast, and able to furnish such supplies for^the public service. 
 
 1769. ABEL BUELL, of Killingsworth, Connecticut, petitioned 
 the council for aid to put in operation a new process for casting 
 type. His petition was granted. 
 
 The foundery was commenced in New Haven, in the Sandemanian meeting- 
 house, in Gregson Street, and employed some fifteen or twenty boys. During the 
 continuance of the war of the Revolution it was encouraged, and supplied type 
 at the time there was great difficulty, expense, and risk in obtaining foreign sup- 
 plies. It does not appear to have survived the war long. Buell was an ingenious 
 mechanic ; hi's business was that of a gold-and silversmith. He died in the poor- 
 house at New Haven about 1825. Abel Buell and Amos Doolittle engraved and 
 published four views of the battles of Lexington and Concord. 
 
 1769. ONE hundred dollars were placed anonymously in the 
 hands of the selectmen of Boston, Massachusetts, to be given in 
 1771, in sums of forty, thirty, twenty, and ten dollars, to those 
 who had raised the largest number of mulberry-trees in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 1769. THE Superior Court of Massachusetts decided that 
 slavery could not be authorized in Massachusetts. 
 
 The case was James vs. Lechmere. The attorney-general, Small, argued that 
 the royal charter expressly declared all persons born or residing in the province 
 to be as free as the king's subjects in Great Britain, and that there no man 
 could be deprived of his liberty but by the judgment of his peers ; that laws of 
 the province intended to regulate or mitigate an evil did not authorize it. This 
 was two years before Lord Mansfield's famous decision made slavery impossible in 
 England. The negroes of Boston are said to have collected the money among 
 themselves for carrying on the suit. The action was by a slave to recover wages 
 from his master. 
 
 1769. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, at Hanover, New Hampshire, 
 was established.
 
 284 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1769. 
 
 1769. FRANKLIN, testifying before the Board of Trade, was 
 questioned concerning the paper-money systems of the colonies. 
 
 It had been claimed that the paper money carried the gold and silver out of the 
 country, and that experience had shown that every colony which used it was thus 
 ruined by it. Franklin said : 
 
 " This opinion of its ruining the country seems to be merely speculative, or 
 not otherwise founded than upon misinformation in the matter of fact. The truth 
 is that, the balance of trade with Britain being greatly against them, the gold and 
 silver are drawn out to pay the balance ; and then the necessity of some medium 
 of trade has induced the making of paper money. Thus, if carrying out all the 
 gold and silver ruins a country, every colony was ruined before it made paper 
 money. But, far from being ruined by it, the colonies that have made use of 
 paper money have been, and are, all in a thriving condition. . . . 
 
 " Pennsylvania, before it made any paper money, was totally stripped of its 
 gold and silver, though they had from time to time, like the neighboring colonies, 
 agreed to take gold and silver coins at higher nominal values, in hopes of drawing 
 money into and retaining it for the internal usea of the province. During that 
 weak practice silver got up by degrees to eight shillings and nine pence per 
 ounce . . . long before paper money was made. But this practice of increasing 
 the denomination was found not to answer the people. The balance of trade 
 carried out the gold and silver coins as fast as they were brought in, the mer- 
 chants raising the price of their goods in proportion to the increased denomination 
 of the money. The difficulties for want of cash were accordingly very great, the 
 chief part of the trade being carried on by the extremely inconvenient method of 
 barter, when, in 1723, paper money was first made there [in Pennsylvania], which 
 gave new life to business, promoted greatly the settlement of new lands (by lending 
 small sums to beginners, on easy interest, to be paid by installments), whereby the 
 province has so greatly increased in inhabitants that the export from thence hither 
 is now more than tenfold what it then was ; ... so that it does not appear to 
 be of the ruinous nature ascribed to it." . . . 
 
 To the objection that every medium of trade should have an intrinsic value, 
 Franklin replied : 
 
 " However fit a particular thing may be for a particular purpose, whenever that 
 thing is not to be had, or not to be had in sufficient quantity (and must be given up 
 to the demands of commerce whenever made), it becomes necessary to use some- 
 thing else, the fittest that can be got in lieu of it. ... It seems hard, therefore, 
 to draw all their real money from them, and then refuse them the poor privilege 
 of using paper instead of its bank bills and banker's notes as are daily used here 
 [in England] as a medium of trade, and in large dealings, perhaps the greater 
 part is transacted by their means, and yet they have no intrinsic value, but rest on 
 the credit of those that issued them, as paper bills in the colonies do on the credit 
 of the respective governments there. Their [bank bills] being payable in cash 
 upon sight by the drawer is, indeed, a circumstance that cannot attend the colony 
 bills, for the reason just above mentioned, their cash [bullion] being drawn from 
 them by the British trade ; but the legal tender being substituted in its place is 
 rather a greater advantage to the possessor, since he need not be at the trouble of 
 going to a particular bank or banker to demand the money. . . . 
 
 " At this very time even the silver money in England is obliged to the legal 
 tender for a part of its value ; that part which is the difference between its real 
 weight and denomination. Great part of the shillings and sixpences now current 
 are, by wearing, become 5, 10, 20, and some of the sixpences even 50 per cent.
 
 1769-70.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 285 
 
 too light. For this difference between the real and nominal you have no intrinsic 
 value ; you have not so much as paper ; you have nothing. It is the legal tender, 
 with the knowledge that it can easily be repassed for the same value, that makes 
 three pennyworth of silver pass for sixpence. 
 
 "Gold and silver are not intrinsically of equal value with iron a metal in 
 itself capable of many more benefits to mankind. Their value rests chiefly in 
 the estimation they happen to be in among the generality of nations, and the 
 credit given to the opinion that the estimation will continue. Otherwise a pound 
 of gold would not be a real equivalent for even a bushel of wheat." 
 
 1769. THE assembly of South Carolina refused to provide 
 quarters for the troops sent to that province. 
 
 They adopted the Virginia resolutions, as did the assemblies of Maryland and 
 Delaware. 
 
 1769. THE French settlers on the Illinois River made one 
 hundred and ten hogsheads of wine from the native grapes of 
 that region. 
 
 1769. LEWIS NICHOLA commenced a magazine entitled the 
 American Magazine. 
 
 It contained forty-eight pages, 8vo, and the transactions of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society were appended to it. Only one volume of it was published. 
 
 1769. AT this date there were forty paper-mills in the prov- 
 inces of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, of which Penn- 
 sylvania had six. 
 
 The value of their production was estimated at one hundred thousand pounds a 
 year. 
 
 1769. THE following notice appeared in the Boston News 
 Letter : 
 
 ''The bell cart will go through Boston before the end of next month, to collect 
 rags for the Paper Mill at Milton, when all people that will encourage the manu- 
 factory may dispose of them." 
 
 1769-70. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN first made the attempt to have 
 the " Gulf Stream " marked out on charts for the benefit of nav- 
 igators. 
 
 1770. CHARLES IV., of Spain, issued an ordinance opening 
 all the ports of Spain to the Spanish colonies. 
 
 1770. GEORGIA passed a law, making teaching slaves either 
 to read or write an offence punishable with a fine of one hundred 
 pounds for each offence. 
 
 1770. THE first manufacture of tin- ware is said to have been 
 made by Edward Patterson, a native of Ireland, at Berlin, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 1770. MOROCCO leather, of fair quality, is said to have been 
 made by Lord Timothy Dexter at Charlestown, Massachusetts. 
 
 1770. WILLIAM MOLLINEAU, of Boston, was granted a lease,
 
 286 ANXALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1770. 
 
 rent free, for seven years, of the public silk factory, to aid in 
 employing the poor in spinning, dyeing, and weaving silk. 
 
 Mollineau states that he had spent between eleven and twelve hundred pounds 
 in silk culture, chiefly in machinery in the public silk factory, and engaged to buy, 
 at a reasonable price, all the silk raised in the province, and manufacture it. 
 
 1770. SUSANNAH WRIGHT, of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 
 received a premium for a piece of mantua, sixty yards in length, 
 made from silk of her own raising. 
 
 A court-dress for the queen was made from it. Samples of it are preserved in 
 the manuscript copy of Watson's Annals of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, 
 which is in the collection of the Philadelphia Library Company. 
 
 1770, MARCH 5. The Boston Massacre took place. 
 
 In a contest with the citizens of Boston, the military fired, killing four persons, 
 and wounding several more. The soldiers were tried civilly, and all but two ac- 
 quitted, who were found guilty of manslaughter. The occasion was celebrated by 
 an annual oration in Boston, until it was superseded by the celebration of the 4th 
 of July, as the date of the Declaration of Independence. There had been con- 
 stant collisions between the soldiers and the people, and this last one resulted in 
 bloodshed. A town meeting held the next day demanded the removal of the 
 troops, which was finally agreed upon, the council advising it unanimously. John 
 Adams and Josiah Quincy defended the soldiers on their trial. One of the per- 
 sons killed was a negro named Attucks. Their funeral was attended by immense 
 crowds. 
 
 1770, APRIL 12. Parliament partially repealed the act taxing 
 the importation of certain articles into the colonies. The duty 
 on tea was still retained. 
 
 1770. THIS year there were shipped to Liverpool three bales 
 of cotton from New York, four from Virginia and Maryland, and 
 three barrels full from North Carolina. 
 
 1770, JULY. The Massachusetts Spy appeared in Boston, Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 It proposed a tri-weekly, published on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. 
 The publishers were Isaiah Thomas and Zechariah Fowle. Three months after- 
 wards Fowle retired, and Thomas increased the size of the paper, and published 
 it twice a week. Three months afterwards he issued it weekly. It was one of 
 the most influential sheets devoted to the popular cause. In 1774 it printed the 
 snake device, with the motto "Join or die " extending across the entire page. 
 On the 6th of April, 1775, it ceased to appear in Boston, its type were sent away, 
 and on the 3d of May it appeared at Worcester. In 1781 its title was changed to 
 the Massachvsetts Spy, or the Worcester Gazette, In 1786 it was suspended in 
 consequence of the state stamp act, and in 1788 was resumed. In 1870 its present 
 proprietors celebrated its centennial. 
 
 1770, JULY 6. The first royal instruction was adopted in the 
 Privy Council. 
 
 This was sent to Massachusetts, and ordered the garrisoning of Castle William, 
 in Boston harbor, by the king's troops. The charter of the colony expressly pro-
 
 1770.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 287 
 
 vidcd that this fort should be garrisoned by provincial troops. This was the first 
 in a series of instructions designed to destroy entirely the whole theory and prac- 
 tice of local government in the colonies. 
 
 1770. THE merchants of New York sent out a circular letter 
 to the merchants of the other ports, proposing to confine the non- 
 importation agreement to the article of tea. 
 
 This proposition met with no favor from the non-importation associations. At 
 a meeting held in Boston in Faneuil Hall, the circular was torn in pieces. The 
 Philadelphia merchants sent a letter to those of New York, regretting their 
 course, as calculated to weaken the cause of union upon which the general safety 
 depended. In South Carolina, in Charleston, it was voted at a large meeting that 
 the inhabitants of Georgia, since they would not enter in the agreement for non- 
 importation, "ought to be amputated from the rest of the bretheren, as a rotten 
 part that might spread a dangerous infection." The merchants of Boston voted 
 that they would not hold intercourse with the merchants of New Hampshire, or 
 with any who held intercourse with them. The merchants of Philadelphia voted 
 " not to have any dealings with the colony of Rhode Island for breaking through 
 their non-importation agreement," and a vessel from Newport, commanded by 
 Captain Whitman, was not allowed to land her cargo at Philadelphia. This same 
 course was followed with other vessels. The " freeholders, merchants, and trad- 
 ers " of New Brunswick, New Jersey, voted also to have no intercourse with 
 Rhode Island. Boston, Charleston, and Philadelphia drove away ships from New 
 York, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. New York and New Hampshire were 
 also contending concerning the jurisdiction of the territory (now Vermont) ; and 
 Connecticut and Pennsylvania were also disputing concerning their boundaries. 
 It appeared as though dissension, rather than union, was to be the future of the 
 colonies. 
 
 1770. AN association, called Regulators, was made in South 
 Carolina for the summary punishment of offenders, especially 
 horse-thieves. 
 
 As yet there were no courts established outside of Charleston. The governor 
 having appointed an agent to examine the truth of complaints made of the regu- 
 lators, he arrested some of them, and sent them to Charleston. 
 
 1770. ROBERT EDEN, the governor of Maryland, issued a 
 proclamation fixing the rate of fees. 
 
 This " setting fees by proclamation" made a great excitement in the province, 
 it being considered that the fees were in the nature of taxes, and could be laid 
 only by the assembly. The contest continued some years. In this dispute 
 Charles Carroll took the popular side. 
 
 1770. IN North Carolina, an association, called Regulators, 
 protested against the exorbitant fees and taxes, and refused to 
 pay them. 
 
 Proceeding to violence, they assaulted lawyers, judges, and sheriffs, and closed 
 many of the courts. The assembly took ground against them, and ejected one of 
 their number from their midst. 
 
 1770. A COLLEGE was established at New Brunswick, New 
 Jersey, under the auspices of the Reformed Dutch Church in 
 North America, under the title of Queen's College.
 
 288 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1771. 
 
 In 1825 the name was changed to Rutgers. Though under the patronage of 
 the Dutch Church, it is open to all denominations. 
 
 1771. A TAX of fourpence a ton on vessels entering Balti- 
 more was laid by the colonial government of Maryland for the 
 purpose of building a light-house on Cape Henry. 
 
 1771, MAY. Governor Tryon, of North Carolina, at the head 
 of a body of volunteers, marched against the Regulators, who 
 submitted after an engagement. 
 
 Some two hundred of them were killed, and a great number taken prisoners, 
 of whom six were tried and executed for treason. 
 
 1771, JUNE 9. The Massachusetts house of representatives 
 protested " against all such doctrines, principles, and practices as 
 tend to establish either ministerial or even Royal Instructions as 
 laws within the province." 
 
 1771, JULY 8. The Boston Gazette printed what was called 
 the twenty-seventh instruction, by which the governor was told 
 that he should not in the future, upon any pretext, give his con- 
 sent to any law or laws by which the appointed officers were 
 taxed. 
 
 1771, AUGUST 19. The assembly of Rhode Island passed a 
 bankruptcy law. 
 
 The 'bankrupt was discharged, with the assent of a majority of his creditors, 
 on surrendering all of Ms assets, unless fraud appeared. He was allowed to 
 retain certain articles of furniture, and if the dividend to liis creditors amounted 
 to seventy-five per cent, of their claims, he was allowed five per cent., and if the 
 dividend amounted to fifty per cent., then two and a half per cent, for his sup- 
 port. If the bankrupt was convicted of perjury, he was imprisoned, put in the 
 pillory, and deprived of one ear. 
 
 1771, NOVEMBER 1. The first number of the Censor appeared 
 in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 This was a periodical to defend the policy of the ministers. Governor Oliver, 
 Thomas Greenleaf, and other loyalists, contributed to it. It was published by 
 E. Russel. The last number appeared May 2, 1772. 
 
 1771, NOVEMBER. John Dunlap commenced to issue the Penn- 
 sylvania Packet, or General Advertiser, as a weekly, in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 In 1783 it was sold to D. C. Claypoole, who, in about a year after, made it a 
 daily, being the first daily paper in the United States. 
 
 1771, DECEMBER 23. The Boston Gazette said: "To break off 
 our connection with the parent country before the law of self- 
 preservation absolutely obliges us, is a thought we never harbor 
 in our breasts. The reigning principle which animates Ameri- 
 cans is love to Great Britain." 
 
 1771. ALEXANDER and James Robertson set up this year in
 
 1771-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 289 
 
 Albany, New York, a press, and in November commenced the 
 publication of the Albany Gazette. Albany was the second place 
 in New York state where printing was done. 
 
 The Albany Gazette was discontinued in 1776, when the Robertsons left the 
 place and joined the royalists in New York city. When New York was evacuated 
 by the British, they took refuge in Nova Scotia. At Port Rosenay Alexander 
 died in 1784, and James, some time afterwards, died in London, England. 
 
 1771. THOMAS HUTCHINSON was appointed governor of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The general court was prorogued for discussing the taxation of the salaries of 
 crown officers, and made no provision for paying the expenses of the government. 
 
 1771. LORD BALTIMORE died without lawful issue. 
 
 He bequeathed the province of Maryland to a natural son, Henry Harford, 
 then a boy at school. The governor, Eden, continued the administration of the 
 province. 
 
 1771. GOVERNOR TRYON was removed from the governorship 
 of North Carolina, and transferred to that of New York. 
 
 His successor, Josiah Martin, conciliated the Regulators by promising to 
 redress their grievances, and in the end they became loyal supporters of the 
 government. The act organizing the provincial courts of North Carolina having 
 expired by its limitations, a dispute concerning their organization, between the 
 house and the council, kept North Carolina for a year without any courts. 
 
 1771. ETHAN ALLEN and Seth Warner appeared prominently 
 as leaders of the settlers of the territory in dispute between 
 New York and New Hampshire. 
 
 The fees demanded by New York were excessive, and they denied the validity 
 of titles given by Wentworth. Suits of ejectment were brought in Albany, but 
 the settlers combined to resist them. Allen and Warner had emigrated from 
 Connecticut. 
 
 1771. THE settlers on the Wataga organized themselves into 
 a body politic, and agreed to a code of laws, each of them sign- 
 ing it. 
 
 1771. AN Indian missionary school, established by Wheelock 
 at Lebanon, Connecticut, was moved to Hanover, New Hamp- 
 shire, and made into a college. 
 
 Forty-four thousand acres of land were given to it, together with a charter. 
 The college was named Dartmouth, in honor of the Earl of Dartmouth, who acted 
 as one of the trustees for the funds raised for its endowment by Sampson Occum, 
 an Indian preacher, who was sent to England for that purpose. 
 
 1772, JANUARY 6. A writer, signed " American," in the Bos- 
 ton Gazette, said : 
 
 " The more eligible course for the Americans, and that which they will probably 
 take, is to form a government of their own, similar to that of the United Provinces 
 in Holland, and offer a free trade to all the nations of Europe. If she (Great 
 
 19
 
 290 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1772. 
 
 Britain) still pursues false maxims and arbitrary measures, the Americans will 
 soon dissolve their union with Great Britain. They have all the advantages for 
 independence, and every temptation to improve them that ever a people had." 
 
 1772, APRIL 7. Arthur Lee, of Virginia, in a letter to Samuel 
 Adams, of Massachusetts, says : 
 
 " My Lord Hillsborough does not deserve from us a confirmation of his inso- 
 lent boast, that America is quiet and returned to a due sense of her error in 
 opposing his righteous and able government. And upon the whole, why should 
 we be less persevering in opposition than they are in oppression? " 
 
 1772, MAY. The Bankruptcy Act of the last year was re- 
 pealed by the Rhode Island assembly. 
 
 1772, JUNE. A writer from New Hampshire said in the Bos- 
 ton Gazette : " If no regard is paid to our united complaints, we 
 should be justified in the sight of the world if we sought a rem- 
 edy in another way. I mean set up a government of our own, 
 independent of Great Britain." 
 
 1772, JUNE 9. The Gaspee, a schooner of eight guns, sta- 
 tioned at Newport to prevent smuggling, ran aground in the 
 river, and was captured and burned by a party in row-boats. 
 The party was headed by Abraham Whipple. 
 
 William Duddington, a lieutenant in command, had made himself very obnoxious 
 by constantly interfering with passing vessels. The party that attacked her was 
 publicly called together. Duddington was shot, and the vessel burned. One hun- 
 dred pounds reward was offered by the governor, and a thousand pounds each by 
 the king for the two leaders, with five hundred pounds for any one engaged in it, 
 for information that should lead to the discovery of the perpetrators. The infor- 
 mation was never given, though it was quite generally known. The Documentary 
 History of the Destruction of the Gaspee, by W. R. Staples, Providence, 1845, 
 contains a full account of this transaction, which was the first overt act of resist- 
 ance on the part of the colonies. 
 
 1772, JUNE 22. Lord Mansfield, in England, gave the decision 
 that slavery could not exist on English soil. 
 
 A native of Africa, sold as a slave in Virginia, named James Somerset, had 
 been brought to England from Virginia by James Stewart, and, claiming his free- 
 dom, was about to be shipped to Jamaica for sale. On a writ of habeas corpus he 
 was brought before Lord Mansfield in the Court of King's Bench. 
 
 1772, AUGUST 17. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an 
 act making banishment and whipping the punishment for horse- 
 stealing. 
 
 The estate of the offender was confiscated, he was three times whipped with 
 thirty-nine lashes, and banished. If he returned, death was the penalty. 
 
 1772, SEPTEMBER 4. A royal instruction was sent to the 
 governor of Rhode Island, creating a commission to hold its 
 sessions in that colony and inquire into the burning of his 
 Majesty's schooner, " The Gaspee."
 
 1772.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 291 
 
 This instruction was sent by Lord Dartmouth, but was not made public until 
 four months after its date. The commission was composed of the chief justices 
 of New York, Daniel Horsemander; of New Jersey, Frederick Smythe; of 
 Massachusetts, Peter Oliver; the judge of the vice-admiralty court at Boston, 
 Robert Auchmuty ; and Joseph Wanton, the governor of Rhode Island. It was 
 instructed that the offence was high treason ; to arrest the perpetrators and the 
 witnesses, calling upon Lieutenant-General Gage for the assistance of the army, 
 if necessary, and deliver the arrested parties to Admiral Montague, commander 
 of the naval forces, for transportation to England. 
 
 After sitting three weeks, the commission reported, in 1773, "that the whole 
 affair was conducted suddenly and secretly." The assembly met during the 
 sitting of the commission, and Chief-Justice Hopkins asked its advice, and was 
 told to use his discretion when the exigency arose. He said : " For the purpose 
 of transportation for trial, I will neither apprehend any person by my own order, 
 nor suffer any executive officers in the colony to do it." After the report of this 
 commission was received, no more royal instructions were issued, and the plan 
 of having Americans sent to England for trial was abandoned. * 
 
 1772, SEPTEMBER 15. The South Carolina Gazette says: 
 " There has been no assembly to do business for a long time. 
 The last was called, and after sitting three or four days was 
 abruptly dissolved. Now another is called at Beaufort, upwards 
 of seventy miles from the capital, at a place where no assembly 
 ever sat before." 
 
 This was in consequence of one of the arbitrary instructions. 
 
 1772, NOVEMBER 2. At a public meeting in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, Samuel Adams moved " that a committee of correspond- 
 ence be appointed, to consist of twenty-one persons, to state 
 the rights of the colonies, and of this province in particular, as 
 men, as Christians, and as subjects ; to communicate and publish 
 the same to the several towns in this province, and to the world, 
 as the sense of this town, with the infringements and violations 
 thereof that have been, or from time to time may be, made ; 
 requesting of each town a free communication of their senti- 
 ments on this subject." 
 
 This was the inauguration of the system of local committees of correspondence. 
 The committee appointed consisted of James Otis, Samuel Adams, Joseph 
 Warren, Benjamin Church, William Dennie, William Greenleaf, Joseph Green- 
 leaf, Thomas Young, William Powell, Nathaniel Appleton, Oliver Wendell, John 
 Sweetser, Josiah Quincy, John Bradford, Richard Boynton, William Mackay, 
 Nathaniel Barber, Caleb Davis, Alexander Hill, William Molineaux, Robert 
 Pierpont. This committee prepared an exhaustive report, which was ordered to 
 be printed and sent to all the towns in the province, and to leading citizens in the 
 other colonies. The edition consisted of six hundred copies. The report of the 
 proceedings was reprinted in London, with a preface by Franklin. 
 
 1772, DECEMBER 28. The town of Pembroke said : 
 
 "If the measures so justly complained of were persisted in and enforced by 
 fleets and armies, they must (we think of it with pain), they will, in a little time
 
 292 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1772. 
 
 issue in the total dissolution of the union between the mother country and the 
 colonies, to the infinite loss of the former, and the regret of the latter." 
 
 1772. THE assembly in Georgia elected Noble Wimberly 
 Jones three times unanimously for their speaker, and three times 
 the governor refused to allow the election. Jones then declined 
 a re-election, and Archibald Bullock was chosen, and the entry 
 made in the records that he was elected because Jones declined. 
 The governor said : " If this record is to stand on your Journals, 
 I have no choice but to dissolve the assembly." The House an- 
 swered : " Our third choice of Noble Wimberly Jones, Esq., as 
 our speaker, was not in the least meant as disrespectful to His 
 Majesty or you as his representative, nor thereby did we mean to 
 infringe on the just prerogative of the crown/' 
 
 The governor was acting under one of the instructions. 
 
 1772. THE Virginia burgesses addressed a petition to the 
 king concerning the slave trade, representing it as inhuman, and 
 urging that unless it was checked it would endanger the very ex- 
 istence of his Majesty's American dominions, and they pray for 
 the removal of those restraints upon his Majesty's governors 
 which prohibit their assenting to such laws as might check so 
 pernicious a traffic. 
 
 It was one of the instructions under which the governor was acting. 
 
 1772. THE number of vessels built in the colonies this year 
 was one hundred and eighty-two, with an aggregate tonnage of 
 twenty-six thousand five hundred and forty-four tons. 
 
 Of these vessels, one hundred and twenty-three were built in New England, 
 fifteen in New York, one in New Jersey, eight in Pennsylvania, eight in Mary- 
 land, seven in Virginia, three in North Carolina, two in South Carolina, and five 
 in Georgia. 
 
 1772. GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON informed the general court 
 that the crown would henceforth pay his salary. 
 
 The court considered this change a violation of the charter. The salary paid 
 by the crown was six thousand six hundred and sixty-six dollars. 
 
 1772. NEW HAMPSHIRE was divided into five counties. 
 
 They were Rockingham, Hillsborough, Cheshire, Stratford, and Grafton, 
 being named in honor of English nobles. 
 
 1772. THE Society of Arts, in London, withdrew the pre- 
 miums they had offered for the cultivation of silk in the colonies. 
 
 They had paid several hundred pounds in Carolina and elsewhere through 
 their agents. 
 
 1772. MILLS were built on the Patapsco, at Baltimore. 
 
 1772. PARCHMENT was made in Philadelphia by Robert 
 Wood. 
 
 It was said to be equal to that imported.
 
 1773.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 293 
 
 1773, JANUARY 11. The Boston Gazette said : 
 
 " If the Britons continue their endeavors much longer to subject us to their 
 government and taxation, we shall become a separate state. This is as certain as 
 any event that has not already come to pass." 
 
 1773, MARCH 4. The house of burgesses of Virginia met, 
 and on the 12th, on motion of Dabney Carr, appointed a com- 
 mittee of correspondence. 
 
 The resolutions appointing them were as follows : " Whereas the minds of His 
 Majesty's faithful subjects in tlu's colony have been much disturbed by various 
 rumors and reports of proceedings tending to deprive them of their ancient legal 
 and constitutional rights : And whereas the affairs of the colony are frequently 
 connected with those of Great Britain, as well as of the neighboring colonies, 
 which renders a communication of sentiments necessary : in order therefore to 
 remove the uneasiness and to quiet the minds of the people, as well as for other 
 good purposes above mentioned, 
 
 " Be it resolved, That a standing committee of correspondence and inquiry be 
 appointed, to consist of eleven persons, viz., the Honorable Peyton Randolph, 
 Esquire, Robert Carter Nicholas, Richard Bland, Richard Henry Lee, Benjamin 
 Harrison, Edmund Pendleton, Patrick Henry, Dudley Digges, Dabney Carr, 
 Archibald Carey and Thomas Jefferson, Esquires, any six of whom be a com- 
 mittee, whose business it shall be to obtain the most early and authentic intelli- 
 gence of all such acts and resolutions of the British parliament, or proceedings 
 of administration, as may relate to or affect the British colonies in America, and 
 to keep up and maintain a correspondence and communication with her sister 
 colonies respecting these important considerations, and the result of their pro- 
 ceedings from time to time to lay before this House. Resolved, That it be an 
 instruction to the said committee that they do without delay inform themselves 
 particularly of the principles and authority on which was constituted a court of 
 inquiry, said to have been lately held in Rhode Island, with powers to transport 
 persons accused of offences committed in America to places beyond the seas to be 
 tried. Resolved, That the speaker of this House do transmit to the speakers of the 
 different assemblies of the British colonies on this continent copies of the said 
 resolutions, and desire that they will lay them before their respective assemblies, and 
 request them to appoint some person or persons of their respective bodies to com- 
 municate from time to time with the said committee." On the passage of these 
 resolves, the governor, Earl Dunmore, dissolved the House. The members then 
 met in a public-house, and agreed upon a circular letter to the colonies. The 
 resolutions were written by Jefferson, and given to Dabney Carr to offer. He and 
 Jefferson were fellow-students, intimate friends, and brothers-in-law. Carr died 
 a few weeks after. This action of Virginia was the first response to the circular 
 letter from Massachusetts advising the appointment of committees of correspond- 
 ence, and on their reception in Massachusetts they were reprinted and circulated 
 through all the towns of the colony. 
 
 1773, MARCH 19. In the superior court of Rhode Island two 
 actions for trespass were brought against Captain Keeler, of the 
 Mercury, the senior officer on the station, by the officers of a 
 brig, a portion of whose cargo he had seized, and another for 
 trover by the owner of the brig, and verdicts were found for the 
 plaintiffs.
 
 294 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1773. 
 
 1773. IN April, the Cambridge committee of correspondence 
 wrote : 
 
 " We trust the day is not far distant when our rights and liberties shall be re- 
 stored to us, or the colonies, united as one man, will make their most solemn 
 appeal to Heaven, and drive tyranny from these northern climes." 
 
 1773, APRIL 27. Lord North proposed in the House of Com- 
 mons to allow the East India Company " to export such portion 
 of their tea then in their warehouses, to British America, as they 
 should think fit, duty free," which was adopted. 
 
 The tax on tea had led to its importation into the colonies from Holland, in 
 violation of the custom-house duties. The loss of the American market for their 
 tea is said to have been one of the chief reasons for the embarrassment of the 
 East India Company, and the king suggested that the occasion was opportune for 
 both aiding the Company by making a market for its stock of tea, and testing the 
 question of taxation with America. Lord North's resolutions provided that on all 
 teas sent to the American plantations after May the 10th, a drawback be allowed 
 of all the duties paid on their importation into England, and also that such expor- 
 tations should be made under licenses from the commissioners of the treasury. 
 This left the Company to pay the three pence a pound duty on teas imported into the 
 colonies. On the Cth of May the resolutions were adopted by the House of Lords, 
 and on the 10th received the royal assent. Franklin wrote of the measure : 
 " They have no idea that any people can act from any other principle but that 
 of interest ; and they believe that three pence on a pound of tea, of which one 
 does not perhaps drink ten pounds a year, is sufficient to overcome all the patriot- 
 ism of an American." 
 
 1773. IN May, a pamphlet entitled The American Alarm, or 
 the Bostonian Plea, said : 
 
 "If the parliament continue these destructive plans the fatal period which 
 we all deprecate cannot be very far distant, when the political union between Great 
 Britain and these colonies will be dissolved." 
 
 1773, MAY 5. The assembly of Rhode Island elected a com- 
 mittee of correspondence " to obtain the most early and authentic 
 intelligence of all such acts and resolutions of the British Par- 
 liament, and measures of the ministry, as may relate to, or affect, 
 the British colonies in America." 
 
 This committee consisted of Metcalf Bowler, the speaker of the house, 
 Stephen Hopkins, chief justice of the colony, Moses Brown, William Bradford, 
 Henry Marchant, attorney-general, Henry Ward, and John Cole. 
 
 1773, MAY 21. The assembly of Connecticut appointed a 
 committee of correspondence. 
 
 The committee were Ebenezer Silliman, William Williams, Benjamin Payne, 
 Samuel Holden Parsons, Nathaniel Wales, Silas Dcane, Samuel Bishop, Joseph 
 Trumbull, and Erastus Woolcott. A select committee to correspond were William 
 Williams, Silas Deane, Benjamin Payne, and Joseph Trumbull. 
 
 1773, MAY 27. The New Hampshire assembly appointed a 
 committee of correspondence.
 
 1773.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 295 
 
 This committee was made by John Wentworth, John Sherburne, William Par- 
 ker, John Giddings, Jacob Sheafe, Christopher Tappan, and John Pickering. 
 
 1773, MAY 28. The Massachusetts assembly appointed a 
 committee of correspondence. 
 
 This committee consisted of Thomas Chushing, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, 
 William Philips, William Heath, Joseph Ilawley, James Warren, Richard Derby, 
 Jr., Elbridge Gerry, Jcrahmeel Bowers, Jedediah Foster, Daniel Leonard, 
 Thomas Gardner, Jonathan Greenleaf, and James Prescott. 
 
 1773, JUNE 2. The letters of Governor Hutchinson, of Massa- 
 chusetts, which had been obtained in London by Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, were made public, and were printed in the newspapers. 
 
 It is not yet known how they came into Franklin's possession. He sent them 
 to Massachusetts with a request not to have them copied or made public. 
 
 1773, JULY 8. The assembly of South Carolina resolved 
 " that Mr. Speaker and any eight of the other members of the 
 standing committee of correspondence " be a committee to cor- 
 respond with the committees appointed by the house of burgesses 
 or to be appointed by the " sister colonies." 
 
 1773. IN August, the directors of the East India Company 
 obtained licenses from the Lords of the treasury, and sent cargoes 
 of tea to the colonies. 
 
 The cargoes were sent to Boston, Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York. 
 Franklin, as agent for the colonies in London, mentioned it in September. 
 
 1773. IN August of this year, William Goddard, the first 
 printer in Providence, Rhode Island, commenced the issue of the 
 Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, which was the first 
 newspaper in Baltimore, and the third in the province. 
 
 Nicholas Hasselboct, of Pennsylvania, who had learned the art from C. Sower, 
 had previously established a press at Baltimore. He printed in English and Ger- 
 man, and is said to have contemplated, and perhaps commenced, a German edition 
 of the Bible. 
 
 William Goddard was prominently occupied with public business, and while so 
 engaged, the concerns of the printing office were attended to by his sister, Mary 
 Catherine Goddard. The books and papers issued from the office were printed in 
 her name, and she is said to have been the first to print the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 1773, AUGUST 2. The Boston Gazette advocated the meeting 
 of a general congress. 
 
 It said : " Many and great are the advantages that may result from such a con- 
 gress or meeting of American states, and it should be forwarded as fast as 
 possible." 
 
 1773, SEPTEMBER 10. The assembly of Georgia chose a com- 
 mittee of correspondence. 
 
 A letter written to the house of burgesses and dated November 20, is signed
 
 296 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1773. 
 
 by William Young, Noble Wimberly Jones, Joseph Clay, D. Zublcy, Jr., and 
 William Courts. 
 
 1773, SEPTEMBER 13. A writer in the Boston Gazette said : 
 
 " That a congress of American states be assembled as soon as possible, draw 
 up a Bill of Rights, and publish it to the world ; choose an ambassador to reside 
 at the British court, to act for the United Colonies ; appoint where the congress 
 shall annually meet, and how it may be summoned upon an extraordinary 
 occasion." 
 
 1773, OCTOBER. The Norwich Packet appeared in Norwich, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 1773, OCTOBER 15. The assembly of Maryland chose a com- 
 mittee of correspondence. 
 
 It consisted of Matthew Tilghman, John Hall, Thomas Johnson, William Paca, 
 Samuel Chase, Edward Lloyd, Matthias Hammond, Josiah Beale, James Lloyd 
 Chamberlain, Brice Thomas, Beale Worthington, Joseph Sim, or any six. The 
 letter of advice to the house of burgesses is dated December 6. 
 
 1773. ON the 18th of October a large public meeting in 
 Philadelphia resolved that the duty on tea was a tax imposed 
 on the colonists without their consent, and tended to render 
 assemblies useless ; that the importation by the East India Com- 
 pany was an attempt to enforce this tax ; that whoever counte- 
 nanced the unloading, vending, or receiving the tea was an 
 enemy to his country. 
 
 The consignees in Philadelphia, to whom the tea was shipped by the East India 
 Company, were requested to resign their position, and agreed to do so ; and on its 
 arrival, December 25, the vessel was sent back. 
 
 1773. IN Boston, many public meetings were held in Faneuil 
 Hall ; the resolutions passed at Philadelphia were adopted ; the 
 consignees were asked to resign their office, but peremptorily 
 refused to do so. 
 
 1773. IN New York, a large public meeting was held at the 
 City Hall, the action of Philadelphia and Boston commended, and 
 a resolution passed that the tea, under any circumstances, should 
 not be landed in that port. The vessel was sent back on her 
 arrival, April 21, 1774. 
 
 1773. IN Charleston, a large public meeting was held, at 
 which it was announced that the consignees had resigned their 
 position, and the meeting voted them their thanks. On the arri- 
 val of the ship, April 21, 1774, a committee was appointed to 
 inform the captain that the tea must go back. 
 
 Christopher Gadsden, Charles Pinckney, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 
 were members of the committee. The vessel, however, was delayed over the 
 twenty days allowed for paying the duty, so that the collector of the port seized 
 the tea and stored it in a damp cellar, where it was all ruined. 
 
 1773, OCTOBER 21. The committee of correspondence of the
 
 THE DESTRUCTION OF TEA IN BOSTON HARBOR, DECEMBER 16, 1773-
 
 1773.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 297 
 
 assembly in Massachusetts sent a circular letter to the other com- 
 mittees, stating the question between the colonies and Great 
 Britain. 
 
 The refusal of the consignees of the tea to not receive it, in Boston alone, 
 had naturally attracted attention to this port. The committee say in their letter : 
 " Is it not of the utmost importance that our vigilance should increase ; that the 
 colonies should be united in their sentiments of the measures of opposition necessary 
 to be taken by them ; and that in whichsoever of the colonies any infringements are 
 or shall be made on the common rights of all, that colony should have the united 
 efforts of all for its support? This, we take it, to be the true design of the estab- 
 lishment of our committees of correspondence." 
 
 1773, OCTOBER 23. The Delaware assembly chose a com- 
 mittee of correspondence. 
 
 The signers of a letter to the house of burgesses were Cassar Rodney, George 
 Read, Thomas McKean, John McKinley, and Thomas Robeson. 
 
 1773, NOVEMBER 28. One of the ships loaded with tea arrived 
 at Boston, arid a few days afterwards two others. 
 
 The ships were moored close together, the design being to send the tea back in 
 them. " The town is as furious as it was in the time of the Stamp Act," wrote 
 Governor Hutchinson. The ships in returning could not pass the Castle without 
 an order from the governor, and he would not give tlu's before they were cleared 
 at the custom-house, while the collector refused to give them a clearance before 
 they were discharged of all articles subject to duty. Public meetings were held, 
 in which the selectmen took part. The consignees of the tea refused to resign 
 their commission. By the law of the port, a vessel twenty days after her arrival 
 was liable to be seized for nonpayment of dues ; on the sixteenth day of Decem- 
 ber this time would expire with the " Dartmouth," the first ship which arrived. 
 
 1773, DECEMBER 2. The Boston Gazette said : 
 
 " There is no time to be lost. A congress, or a meeting of the states, is in- 
 dispensable." 
 
 1773, DECEMBER 4. The Essex Journal and Merrimack Packet, 
 or the Massachusetts and New Hampshire General Advertiser, 
 appeared in Newburyport. 
 
 It was established by Isaiah Thomas and Henry Walton Tinges. Thomas soon 
 sold his share to Ezra Lunt. Eventually John Mycall became sole proprietor, 
 and continued the publication for a number of years. 
 
 1773, DECEMBER 8. The assembly of North Carolina chose a 
 committee of correspondence. 
 
 This committee consisted of John Harvey, Mr. Howe, Mr. Harnett, Mr. Hooper, 
 Mr. Caswcll, Mr. Vail, Mr. Ash, Mr. Hewes, and Samuel Johnson. Their answer 
 to the burgesses is dated December 26, and is signed John Harvey. 
 
 1773. ON the 16th of December a public meeting was held 
 in Boston at the " Old South Meeting House." 
 
 An immense gathering, estimated at "nearly seven thousand," assembled from 
 the town and country round, and adjourned from the morning to the afternoon,
 
 298 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1773. 
 
 and at half past four resolved that the tea should not be landed. The meeting 
 was patient and orderly, and refused to adjourn. About six o'clock Mr. Rotch, 
 the consignee of the tea, appeared in the meeting and reported that he had been 
 to see the governor, who refused to give the vessel a pass unless the vessel was 
 properly cleared. Being asked whether he would *send the vessel back with the 
 tea in her, he replied he " could not possibly comply, as he apprehended compli- 
 ance would prove his ruin;" and further he said that "if called upon by the 
 proper officers, he should attempt, for his own security, to land the tea." Samuel 
 Adams then said, " This meeting can do nothing more to save the country." An 
 immense shouting arose, the moderator declared the meeting dissolved, and the 
 crowd dispersed, following a band of about fifty persons dressed as Indians, who 
 proceeded to the wharf where the ships were moored. Proceeding on the vessels, 
 they warned the custom-house officers and the guard in possession not to interfere, 
 broke open the hatches, hoisted the chests of tea, broke them open, and emptied 
 them into the water. " The whole was done with very little tumult," wrote 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 The tea had been guarded by a committee of the citizens, and John Hancock 
 was one of them this evening. The names of those who formed the band of 
 Indians are not known ; they worked in an orderly and efficient manner. No 
 other property was injured, no one was hurt, and no tea was allowed to be carried 
 away ; the crowd remained on the wharf while the work was done, and then quietly 
 went home, and the city is said never to have been more quiet than it was at ten 
 o'clock that evening. One of the party, on his return home, found some of the 
 tea had lodged in his shoes ; it was preserved in a bottle with a parchment memo- 
 randum, and is now in the possession of Lemuel Shaw, of Boston. 
 
 1773. IN December, in Philadelphia bells were rung, and a 
 large public meeting returned their " hearty thanks to the people 
 of Boston for their resolution in destroying the tea rather than 
 suffering it to be landed." 
 
 In New York, similar demonstrations were made concerning the destruction of 
 the tea. 
 
 1773. JOHN SHIPMAN, of Saybrook, Connecticut, obtained 
 from the legislature a patent for an improved tide-mill of his own 
 invention. 
 
 An exclusive right was given him for forty years, for the town of Saybrook 
 and twenty miles west of the Connecticut River ; and all others were forbidden to 
 erect or improve tide-mills within these limits, during this time. 
 
 1773. VIEGINIA coined half pence. 
 
 1773. THE copper mines in Simsbury, Connecticut, were 
 abandoned, and being bought by the state- were made a prison 
 for criminals. 
 
 During the Revolution, Tories were confined there. 
 
 1773. THE first experimental steam-engine built in America 
 was exhibited by Christopher Colles, in Philadelphia. 
 
 He had used a model as an illustration for his lectures before the American 
 Philosophical Society, and was employed to build one for a distillery, but the 
 elightness of its construction made it of no practical use.
 
 1773-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 299 
 
 1773. THE settlers in the valley of the Wyoming, on the 
 Upper Susquehanna, were taken under the protection of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 The Susquehanna Company prevailed upon the province to do this. Under the 
 charter of Connecticut her territory extended to the Pacific. The settlement was 
 incorporated as the town of Westmoreland, and annexed to Litchfield County. 
 The Pennsylvania assembly constituted the same settlement the County of North- 
 umberland, and the question of jurisdiction was carried before the king in 
 council. 
 
 1773. THE jurisdiction over Pittsburg and the region west 
 of the Laurel Mountains was claimed by Virginia. 
 
 An agent who appeared there with a commission from Lord Dunmore was 
 arrested, but escaped. 
 
 1773. THE boundary between New York and Massachusetts 
 was arranged by a commission which met at Hartford, Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 Governors Hutchinson and Tryon were present and arranged the line. It was 
 not confirmed before the war. 
 
 1773. GOVERNOR TRYON of New York made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to arrange the disputed question of boundaries with 
 New York and " The Green Mountain boys," as the settlers in 
 Vermont were called. 
 
 He went to England to lay the matter before the English government. 
 
 1773. AN attempt was made to work the mines on Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 It was soon abandoned as too expensive. 
 
 1773. JOHN MURRAY, the founder of Universalism, arrived in 
 the country. 
 
 1774, JANUARY 20. The New York assembly chose a com- 
 mittee of correspondence. 
 
 Their reply to the burgesses is dated March 1. The committee consisted of 
 John Cruger, James DeLancy, James Janney, Jacob Walton, Benjamin Seaman, 
 Isaac Wilkins, Frederick Phillips, Daniel Kissam, Zebulon Seaman, John 
 Eapalse, Simeon Bcerum, John De Noyelles, and George Clinton, or any seven 
 of them. 
 
 1774, FEBRUARY 8. The assembly of New Jersey chose a 
 committee of correspondence. 
 
 It consisted of James Kinsey, Stephen Crane, Hendrich Fisher, Samuel 
 Tucker, John Wetherell, Robert Friend Price, John Hinchman, John Mehelm, 
 and Edward Taylor. 
 
 1774, FEBRUARY 23. The assembly of Rhode Island passed 
 an act providing for the gradual extinction of slavery in that 
 state. 
 
 All children born of slave mothers after the 1st of March were to be free, and
 
 300 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 the towns were to pay the cost of their rearing. The next year this charge was 
 laid upon the owners of the mothers. The act had been framed the year before 
 by the assembly, and printed. It was drawn in answer to a petition from the 
 Quakers for the abolition of slavery. 
 
 1774, FEBRUARY 29. The petition of the Massachusetts assem- 
 bly for the removal of Hutchinson from the governorship was 
 heard before the Privy Council. 
 
 Franklin was present as the agent of the province. The petition was dis- 
 missed as " groundless, scandalous, and vexatious," and Franklin was dismissed 
 from lu's position of colonial postmaster. 
 
 1774, MARCH 5 John Hancock delivered the annual oration 
 in Boston, in commemoration of the Boston Massacre. 
 
 In this he urged that the condition of affairs required a general congress. 
 
 1774, MARCH 7. The king, in his messages to parliament, 
 called their attention to the proceedings in America, and partic- 
 ularly to the destruction of the tea in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1774, MARCH 8. A bill suppressing the slave trade was 
 passed by the Massachusetts assembly. 
 
 Under instructions from the Home government, Governor Hutchinson refused 
 to sign it. This refusal was also made by his successor, Governor Gage. 
 
 1774, MARCH 14. Lord North, in parliament, proposed the 
 Boston Port Bill, which passed both houses, and on the 31st 
 received the royal assent. 
 
 This bill prohibited the landing or the shipping of any merchandise whatever, 
 in Boston, after the 1st day of June. It also constituted Marblehead, Massachu- 
 setts, a port of entry, and made Salem the seat of government. This was to 
 continue until the owners of the property destroyed should be paid for their loss, 
 and until other conditions had been satisfied. Official notice was given that the 
 enforcement of the act would be maintained by the army and navy if necessary. 
 The notice of the act arrived in Boston on the 10th of May, and in New York on 
 the 12th of May by another vessel. 
 
 1774, MARCH 28. Lord North moved in parliament that 
 " leave be given to bring in a bill for the better regulating the 
 government of Massachusetts Bay." 
 
 In speaking of the bill he proposed, he said it was intended to " give a degree 
 of strength and spirit to the civil magistracy and to the executive power." In the 
 debate which followed, Lord George Germain said : " There is a degree of absurd- 
 ity, at present, in the election of a council. I cannot, sir, disagree with the noble 
 lord ; nor can I think he will do a better thing than to put an end to their town 
 meetings. I would also wish that all corporate powers might be given to certain 
 people of every town, in the same way that corporations are formed here. The 
 juries require great regulation ; they are totally different from ours I would 
 wish to bring the constitution of America as similar to our own as possible. I 
 would wish to see the council in that country similar to a House of Lords in this 
 You have, sir, no government, no governor ; the whole are the proceedings of a
 
 1774.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 301 
 
 tumultuous and riotous rabble, who ought, if they had the least prudence, to fol- 
 low their mercantile employments, and not trouble themselves with politics and 
 government, which they do not understand." When he had finished, Lord North 
 said: "I thank the noble lord for every proposition he has held out; they are 
 worthy of a great mind, and such as ought to be adopted." These debates were 
 widely reprinted in the newspapers of the time. 
 
 1774, APRIL 15. Lord North introduced a bill for the better 
 administration of justice in Massachusetts Bay, and another for 
 the impartial administration of justice. 
 
 These bills were passed by large majorities on the 3d of May, and received the 
 royal assent on the 20th of May. The king was so much in their favor that he 
 expressed himself " infinitely pleased" at their passage. The first, for regulating 
 the administration, and known as the " Regulating Act," made the election of the 
 council, as the charter provided, void ; and ordered that they should be appointed 
 by the crown, and should consist of not less than twelve or of more than thirty- 
 six persons. The governor had the power to appoint and remove the judges of 
 the inferior courts, the justices of the peace, and other minor officers. The gov- 
 ernor and council were to appoint and remove the sheriffs, who had the power to 
 select the jurymen. Town meetings were forbidden, without the permission of 
 the governor, except for the purpose of selecting officers. The other act, supple- 
 mentary to the first, provided for the transportation of offenders and witnesses to 
 England, or to other colonies, for trial. A protest was made in the House of 
 Lords that the parties affected by such legislation had not been notified or heard 
 in their own defence, and that by such legislation the governor and council were 
 intrusted " with powers with which the British Constitution had not trusted His 
 Majesty and his privy council," since "the lives, liberties and properties of the 
 subject were put into their hands without control." These acts, and the protest, 
 were both reprinted quite generally in the colonial newspapers. 
 
 1774. THE information of the " regulating acts " reached 
 Boston on the 2d of June, and the next day they were printed 
 in the papers, and immediately sent by the committee of corre- 
 spondence to all the other committees. 
 
 The letter accompanying them said : " These edicts, cruel and oppressive as 
 they are, we consider but as bare specimens of what the continent are to expect 
 from a parliament who claim a right to make laws binding us in all cases what- 
 soever." 
 
 1774, APRIL 25. The Boston Gazette printed a letter from 
 London, dated February 15, in which it was said : " Six ships of 
 war and seven regiments are ordered to America with all expe- 
 dition ; for what purpose time will discover." 
 
 1774, MAY 4. The Rhode Island assembly ordered a census 
 to be taken. 
 
 The population was found to be 59,678, of which 54,435 were whites, 3761 
 blacks, and 1482 Indians. 
 
 1774, MAY 12. A conference of the committees of correspond-
 
 302 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 ence, from eight neighboring towns, called by the Boston com- 
 mittee, was held in Faneuil Hall, Boston. 
 
 Samuel Adams presided. The conference addressed a circular letter to the 
 committees in all the colonies, advising that no trade should be carried on with 
 Great Britain. The letter suggested also that the only question now was, 
 whether the other colonies would consider Boston as suffering for the common 
 Cause, and resent the damage done to her. 
 
 1774, MAY 14. A very large public meeting was held in 
 Faneuil Hall, at which Samuel Adams presided, and a circular 
 letter " to all the sister colonies " was adopted. 
 
 This letter promised that the people of Boston would " suffer with fortitude " 
 for America, but confessed that " singly they must find their trial too severe." 
 
 1774, MAY 17. A meeting of the freemen of Providence, 
 Rhode Island, resolved in favor of a congress. 
 
 This is claimed as the first public and official expression. The resolution 
 read: "That the deputies of this town be requested to use their influence at the 
 approaching session of the General Assembly of this Colony, for promoting a 
 Congress as soon as may be, of the Representatives of the General Assemblies of 
 the several colonies and provinces of North America, for establishing the firmest 
 Union, and adopting such measures as to them shall appear the most effectual to 
 answer that important purpose ; and to agree upon the proper methods for execut- 
 ing the same." 
 
 The same meeting resolved concerning six negroes, who, their owner dying 
 intestate, had become the property of the town, that " it is unbecoming the char- 
 acter of freemen to enslave the said negroes," renounced their claim, and took 
 them under their protection. They also petitioned the assembly, "as personal 
 liberty is an essential part of the natural rights of mankind," to forbid the further 
 importation of slaves, and declare all born after a certain time free. 
 
 The same day, a letter from the committee of correspondence to the Boston 
 committee says : " We trust your town will be for a general congress of the 
 American States being convened as soon as may be, that an opposition to the 
 unrighteous impositions may be entered into by all the colonies, without which 
 we all agree the cause must fail." 
 
 1774. GENERAL GAGE was commissioned as governor of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Four regiments were sent over with him. 
 
 1774, MAY 17. General Gage was publicly received on his 
 return from England, and his commission as governor, in the 
 place of Hutchinson, was read in the council of Massachusetts. 
 
 1774, MAY 21. The committee of correspondence in Phila- 
 delphia wrote the committee in Boston, expressing the opinion 
 that a congress was " the first step to be taken," and promised to 
 obtain the opinion of the people on the subject. 
 
 1774, MAY 23. The New York committee of correspondence 
 wrote the Boston committee that " a congress of deputies from
 
 1774.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 303 
 
 the colonies in general is of the utmost moment," that " it ought 
 to be assembled without delay," and " we request your speedy 
 opinion of the proposed congress, that, if it should meet with 
 your approbation, we may exert our utmost endeavors to carry 
 it into execution." 
 
 1774, MAY 26. The news of the Boston Port Bill was re- 
 ceived in Williamsburg, Virginia, and the delegates of the as- 
 sembly who were still there met in the Raleigh Tavern, and 
 appointed a convention to meet on the 1st of August, to consist 
 of delegates from every county. 
 
 Washington was one of the members who took part in this action. There 
 were eighty-nine members present, and they were joined by others. They 
 " recommended to the committee of correspondence that they communicate with 
 the several corresponding committees, on the expediency of appointing deputies 
 from the several colonies of British America, to meet in a general congress, at 
 such a place annually as shall be thought most convenient ; there to deliberate on 
 those general measures which the united interests of America may from time to 
 time require." 
 
 1774, MAY 28. The assembly of Massachusetts was adjourned 
 by the governor, General Gage, to meet at Salem on the 7th of 
 June. 
 
 Gage, acting as governor, had negatived the election of thirteen of the twenty- 
 eight councillors elected. 
 
 1774, MAY 28. A letter was written by the committee of 
 correspondence, by order of the Massachusetts house of represen- 
 tatives, enclosing copies of the Boston Port Bill to the assemblies 
 of the other colonies, calling their attention to it as " an act 
 designed to suppress the spirit of liberty in America." 
 
 The assemblies of the other colonies responded heartily to Massachusetts. In 
 Connecticut, a day of humiliation and prayer was appointed, and an inventory 
 ordered to be taken of the cannon and military stores on hand. Many of the 
 towns also responded ; and in the Virginia assembly, before the communication 
 from the assembly of Massachusetts was received, resolutions drawn up by Jeffer- 
 son were adopted appointing the 1st of June as a day of fasting and prayer. For 
 this the governor of Virginia, Earl Dunmore, dissolved the session on the 24th of 
 May, while they had before them a resolution providing for calling a congress. 
 
 1774, MAY 28. The corresponding committee of the Virginia 
 house of burgesses said, in a circular letter to the other com- 
 mittees : 
 
 " The propriety of appointing delegates from the several colonies of British 
 America, to meet annually in General Congress, appears to be a measure ex- 
 tremely important and extensively useful, as it tends so effectually to obtain the 
 united wisdom of the whole in every case of general concern. We are desirous 
 to obtain your sentiments on the subject."
 
 304 ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 1774, MAY 31. A meeting in Baltimore, of representatives of 
 the county, resolved on non-intercourse. 
 
 The resolution read: "Resolved unanimously, that the inhabitants of this 
 county will, and it is the opinion of this meeting that this province ought to, 
 break off all trade and dealing with that colony, province, or town, which shall 
 decline or refuse to come into similar resolutions with a majority of the colonies/' 
 A similar resolution was adopted by Arundel County, June 4 ; by Caroline County, 
 June 18 ; by Frederick County, June 20 ; by Charles County, June 14. Other 
 counties made similar resolves. A meeting from the various counties was held at 
 Annapolis, June 22, which voted to " break off all trade and dealings with that 
 colony, province, or town, which shall decline or refuse to come into the general 
 plan which may be adopted by the colonies." 
 
 1774, JUNE. The Salem Gazette and Newbury and Marblehead 
 Advertiser appeared in Salem, Massachusetts. 
 It was published by Russell, but soon ceased. 
 
 1774, JUNE. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an act 
 prohibiting the slave trade in the colony. 
 
 Slaves brought there were to be free, except such as belonged to travellers 
 passing through. To prevent bringing slaves there to obtain freedom, and 
 become a charge upon the state, a fine was imposed upon such action, and upon 
 harboring a slave thus brought into the state. 
 
 1774, JUNE 1. The Boston Port Bill went into operation. 
 
 The town was blockaded, no craft of any kind being allowed to approach the 
 wharves. All commerce was stopped. The day was widely observed as a day 
 of fasting and prayer. Jefferson says : " The people met generally, with anxiety 
 and alarm in their countenances ; and the effect of the day, through the whole 
 colony, was like a shock of electricity, arousing every man and placing him erect 
 and solidly on his centre." 
 
 1774, JUNE 2. The Boston committee of correspondence pre- 
 pared and sent out " A Solemn League and Covenant" for non- 
 intercourse with Great Britain. 
 
 The signers agreed, " in the presence of God," not to buy goods from Great 
 Britain or to consume any, and to break off all dealings with those who did buy 
 them, and publish their names. A public meeting in Faneuil Hall protested 
 against this measure ; and General Gage, as governor, issued a proclamation " to 
 discourage illegal combinations," in which he called the covenant an illegal and 
 traitorous combination to distress the British nation, and instructed the officers 
 of the law to apprehend and hold for trial all persons who should sign or circu- 
 late it. 
 
 1774, JUNE 3. The Connecticut committee of correspond- 
 ence, in a letter to the Boston committee, suggested a time and 
 place for a meeting of the congress, and the next day sent a 
 copy of the letter to the New York committee. 
 
 1774, JUNE 7. The New York committee of correspondence 
 wrote to the Massachusetts committee, requesting them to ap- 
 point the time and place for the meeting of a congress.
 
 1774.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 305 
 
 1774, JUNE 15. The Rhode Island assembly resolved " that a 
 firm and inviolate union of the colonies was absolutely neces- 
 sary," and elected two delegates " to attend a congress at such 
 time and place as might be agreed upon." 
 
 The delegates were instructed "to procure a regular annual convention of 
 representatives of all the colonies." 
 
 1774, JUNE 15. The general assembly of Rhode Island elected 
 delegates to the General Congress. 
 
 These delegates were Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward. They were both 
 ex-governors, and had been the leaders of the two parties which had divided the 
 politics of the colony. 
 
 1774. THE exportation from England of machinery for silk 
 manufacture was prohibited. 
 
 1774, JUNE 17. A resolution was introduced into the assem- 
 bly of Massachusetts, sitting at Salem, by Samuel Adams, provid- 
 ing for a congress to be held at Philadelphia on the 1st of 
 September. 
 
 The resolutions provided for five delegates, and for a tax upon the towns to 
 raise five hundred pounds to pay their expenses. As was the custom, the assem- 
 bly was transacting its business with closed doors. "While discussing the resolu- 
 tions, the secretary of the colony, Thomas Flucker, with a message from the 
 governor, applied for admission, but was refused. Standing outside, he read to 
 the crowd a proclamation from the governor dissolving the assembly. The 
 house continued its sitting, adopted the resolutions, and ordered them sent to the 
 speakers of the other assemblies. 
 
 1774, JUNE 17. The Massachusetts assembly voted that a 
 congress should be held on the 1st of September in Philadelphia, 
 or any place judged most suitable by the committee. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-nine members were present, and only twelve dis- 
 sented. The preamble and first resolution read: "This House, having duly 
 considered and being deeply affected with the unhappy differences which have 
 long subsisted and are increasing between Great Britain and the American colo- 
 nies, do resolve : That a meeting of committees from the several colonies on this 
 continent is highly expedient and necessary to consult upon the present state of 
 the colonies, and the miseries to which they are and must be reduced by the 
 operation of certain acts of parliament respecting America ; and to deliberate and 
 determine upon wise and proper measures to be by them recommended to all the 
 colonies for the recovery and establishment of just rights and liberties, civil and 
 religious, and the restoration of union and harmony between Great Britain and 
 the colonies, most ardently desired by all good men." 
 
 1774, JUNE 22-25. A convention of delegates from all the 
 counties of Maryland declared, that if the bills became acts, 
 they " would lay a foundation for the utter destruction of- British 
 America." 
 
 These are but samples of the sentiments expressed all throughout the colonies. 
 
 20
 
 306 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 1774, JULY. A ship laden with tea was sent back from Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire. 
 
 Another arriving in September, was also sent back. 
 
 1774, JULY 6. A meeting was held on the sixth, seventh, and 
 eighth, at Charleston, South Carolina, which " most solemnly 
 engaged to abide by the decisions of Congress." 
 
 1774, JULY 7. The Massachusetts Gazette, the organ in Bos- 
 ton of the supporters of the English government, said : " The 
 newspapers from all quarters, in every British American colony, 
 so far as we have yet received intelligence, are chiefly filled with 
 accounts of meetings and resolutions of towns and counties ; all 
 to the same purpose, complaining of oppression, proposing a con- 
 gress, a.cessation of intercourse with Great Britain, and a contri- 
 bution for the relief of the Boston poor." 
 
 Not only did the movement for the establishment of committees of correspond- 
 ence become almost universal through the colonies, but the contributions which 
 came in from all parts of the country, in money, provisions, clothes, and other 
 articles, for the support of the poor in Boston, who were deprived by the stagna- 
 tion of business produced by the Boston Port Bill, may be considered the com- 
 mencement of the practical sympathy among the people which has been so 
 frequently manifested during the latter half of this century. In the fourth volume 
 of the fourth series of the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 printed in 1858, will be found a collection of letters from all the colonies of the 
 contributors to aid Boston, with the replies of the Donation Committee, who had 
 charge of the distribution of the contributions. These letters show how wide- 
 spread, embracing all sections of the country, from Maine to Georgia, was the 
 sympathy and the aid afforded to Boston. The " Constitutional Society of Lon- 
 don" sent 100, and "The Supporters of Civil Rights Society," from the same 
 place, sent 500, while individual contributors sent smaller sums. Quebec sent 
 wheat, and Montreal 100. 
 
 1774, JULY 15. A convention of delegates from the counties 
 of Pennsylvania, held at Philadelphia, spoke of the Acts as " un- 
 constitutional, oppressive, and dangerous to the American colo- 
 nies." 
 
 1774, JULY 15. A meeting was held in Philadelphia, of dele- 
 gates from the counties of Pennsylvania, at which non-intercourse 
 was voted. 
 
 A resolution to this effect was unanimously voted, as follows : " That the peo- 
 ple of this province will break off all trade, commerce and dealing, and will have 
 no trade, commerce and dealing of any kind, with any colony on this continent, 
 or with any city or town in such colony, or with any individual in any such 
 colony, city or town, which shall refuse, decline, or neglect to adopt and carry 
 into execution such general plan as shall be agreed to in Congress." 
 
 1774, JULY 18. A general meeting of the inhabitants of
 
 1774.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 307 
 
 Fairfax County, Virginia, at Alexandria, resolved for non-inter- 
 course and a congress. 
 
 George Washington was the chairman of the meeting, which passed many 
 resolutions. The twenty-first was: "That in the opinion of this meeting, this 
 and the other associating colonies should break off all trade, intercourse and deal- 
 ing with that colony, province and town, which shall decline or refuse to agree to 
 the plan which shall be adopted by the General Congress." 
 
 1774, JULY 21. A meeting of delegates from the counties of 
 New Jersey was held at New Brunswick, and passed resolutions 
 in favor of a congress, the delegates to which should be author- 
 ized " mutually to pledge, each to the rest, the public honor and 
 faith of their constituent colonies, firmly and inviolably to adhere 
 to the determinations of the said Congress." 
 
 1774, JULY 27. A public meeting was held in Georgia, at 
 which a committee of correspondence was elected. 
 
 Governor Wright denounced the meeting in a proclamation ; and McCall, in 
 his History of Georgia, terms this action the beginning of the Republican party 
 in that province. 
 
 1774, AUGUST. At a convention in Virginia, "Washington 
 said : " I will raise one thousand men, subsist them at my own 
 expense, and march myself at their head for the relief of Boston." 
 
 1774, AUGUST. A convention was held at Williamsburg, Vir- 
 ginia, one of the resolutions of which advised that attention 
 should be turned " from the cultivation of tobacco to the cultiva- 
 tion of such articles as may form the basis for domestic manufac- 
 tures, which we will endeavor to encourage throughout this 
 colony to the utmost of our abilities." 
 
 These resolutions were signed by Washington, Jefferson, Lee, and Peyton 
 Randolph. 
 
 1774. GOVERNOR TRYON, of New York, in his report to the 
 Board of Trade, says that eleven twelfths of the dress of the 
 people were British manufacture, excepting hats and shoes made 
 in the province. 
 
 The imports he estimates at 500,000, and the exports at about 130,000, ex- 
 clusive of ships built for sale to the value of 30,000 more. 
 
 1774. CHRISTOPHER COLLES contracted to build a reservoir, 
 and provide works to supply water to New York city. 
 
 The reservoir was to be built on the east side of Broadway, between Pearl and 
 White streets. The water was to be pumped up from wells by a steam-engine, 
 the cylinder for which was cast at the foundery of Sharp & Curteneus. The 
 project was abandoned in the troubles of the Revolution. 
 
 1774, AUGUST. A convention in North Carolina agreed be- 
 forehand to abide by the decisions of the General Congress, and
 
 308 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 cease all dealings with towns or individuals who refused to do 
 this. 
 
 1774, AUGUST 1. The convention of delegates from the vari- 
 ous counties of Virginia met at Williamsburg, and agreed to a 
 non-importation association. 
 
 They voted not to deal with any merchant or trader who would not sign it, and 
 to consider him an enemy to the country. 
 
 1774, AUGUST 6. Governor Gage received officially the Acts 
 and instructions with regard to enforcing them. 
 
 They were dated June 3, and were sent through Lord Dartmouth. At the 
 same time he received the appointments for thirty-six councillors. The instruc- 
 tions were elaborate for the vindication of the authority of parliament. They 
 said : " For should those ideas of independence which some dangerous and ill 
 designed persons here are artfully endeavoring to instil into the minds of the 
 king's American subjects, once take root, that relation between this kingdom and 
 its colonies, which is the bond of peace and power, will soon cease to exist ; and 
 destruction must follow disunion." 
 
 1774, AUGUST 8. An informal meeting of the council was 
 called. 
 
 Twenty-four of the thirty-six appointed accepted their appointments. All were 
 notified to meet for the transaction of business on the 16th of August. At that 
 time thirteen met, and took the oath of office. The judges were appointed. The 
 sheriffs summoned jurors. The governor prepared to support the acts by military 
 power. One regiment was quartered at Salem, one in Castle William, in Boston 
 harbor, and one was quartered on Fort Hill, in Boston, and four were camped on 
 the Common, in Boston. In the harbor there were about thirty ships-of-war. 
 
 1774, AUGUST 16. The judges attempted to hold a court at 
 Great Barrington, Massachusetts, but the farmers from the vicin- 
 ity filled the building, and blocked up all access to it. The 
 sheriff ordered the crowd to make way for the court, but they 
 answered they would submit to no other court than the ancient 
 laws and usages. 
 
 In Boston, the chief justice, with the associate justices, assembled, dressed in 
 their robes, at the court-house, but the grand and petit jurors refused to take the 
 oath. In Salem, the governor, by a proclamation, forbade all persons attending a 
 town meeting; but they gathered and held one. In Plymouth, Avhen a new mem- 
 ber of the council, who had accepted his appointment, appeared in church, many 
 rose and left the building. All through the country gatherings of the people 
 forced the newly appointed officers to resign, so that, as Dr. Ramsey says, " On 
 experiment it was found, that to force on the inhabitants a form of government to 
 which they were totally averse, was not within the fancied omnipotence of par- 
 liament." 
 
 1774, SEPTEMBER 1. Governor Gage summoned the general 
 court to meet at Salem on the 5th of October. 
 
 1774, SEPTEMBER 5. Most of the delegates to the congress
 
 1774] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 309 
 
 had gathered in Philadelphia, and were invited by the speaker 
 of the assembly to meet at the state house, but met at Carpen- 
 ter's Hall, near by, and began the session of the Continental 
 Congress. 
 
 "When all the members appeared, the congress consisted of fifty-five delegates, 
 chosen by twelve colonies, as follows : From Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins and 
 Samuel Ward. Their credentials were signed by the governor, J. Wanton. They 
 were elected June 15, by the assembly, and instructed "to consult upon proper 
 measures to obtain a repeal of the several acts and upon proper measures to 
 establish the rights and liberties of the colonies upon a just and solid foundation." 
 From Massachusetts : Thomas Gushing, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert 
 Treat Paine. They were elected by the assembly, June 17, and their creden- 
 tials were signed by Samuel Adams, clerk. Their instructions were "To consult 
 upon the present state of the colonies and to deliberate and determine upon wise 
 and proper measures, to be by them recommended to all the colonies, for the 
 recovery and establishment of their just rights and liberties, and the restoration 
 of union and harmony between Great Britain and her colonies." From Maryland : 
 Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Robert Goldsborough, William Paca, 
 Samuel Chase, elected by a convention of committees from the counties, June 22. 
 Their credentials were the resolutions of the convention, authorizing them " to 
 effect one general plan of conduct, operating on the commercial connection of 
 the colonies with the mother country, for the relief of Boston, and preservation 
 of American liberty." From Connecticut : Eliphalet Dyer, Roger Sherman, Silas 
 Deane, chosen by the committee of correspondence, on the 13th of July. The 
 committee was authorized to do so by an act of the assembly. Their credentials 
 were signed by the committee, authorizing them to "consult and advise with the 
 commissioners or committees of the several English colonies in America, on proper 
 measures for advancing the best good of the colonies." From New Hampshire, 
 John Sullivan, Nathaniel Folsom. Elected on July 21st by a convention of dele- 
 gates from the towns of the colony. Their credentials were copies of the vote 
 of the convention. Their instructions empowered them "to devise, consult, and 
 adopt such measures as may have the most likely tendency to extricate the colo- 
 nies from their present difficulties ; to secure and perpetuate their rights, liberties, 
 and privileges ; and to restore that peace, harmony, and mutual confidence which 
 once subsisted between the parent country and her colonies." From Pennsyl- 
 vania : Joseph Galloway, Samuel Rhoades, Thomas Miffh'n, Charles Humphries, 
 John Morton, George Ross, Edward Riddle. They were elected by the assembly 
 July 22. Their credentials were copies of the vote. They were authorized to 
 " consult together on the unhappy state of the colonies, and to form and adopt a 
 plan for the purpose of obtaining a redress of grievances, ascertaining American 
 rights upon the most solid and constitutional principles, and for establishing that 
 union and harmony between Great Britain and her colonies which is indispensa- 
 bly necessary for the welfare and happiness of both." From New Jersey. James 
 Kinsey, William Livingston, John Dehart, Stephen Crane, and Richard Smith. 
 They were elected, July 23, by a convention of committees from the counties, 
 and their credentials were signed by fourteen members of the convention. Their 
 instructions were, "To represent the colony of New Jersey." From Delaware : 
 Caesar Rodney, Thomas McKean, and George Reed. They were chosen, August 
 1, by a convention of delegates from the three counties of Newcastle, Kent, and 
 Sussex. Their credentials were signed by Caesar Rodney as president of the con- 
 vention that elected them. They were authorized " to determine upon all such
 
 310 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 prudent and lawful measures as may be judged most expedient for the colonies 
 immediately and unitedly to adopt, in order to obtain relief for an oppressed peo- 
 ple, and the redress of our general grievances." From South Carolina : Henry 
 Middleton, John Rutlcdge, Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden, and Edward 
 Rutledge. They were elected by a general meeting held in Charleston on the 
 6th, 7th, and 8th of July, and their election was ratified by the assembly on the 
 2d of August. Their credentials were signed by the clerk of the assembly, 
 Thomas Farr, Jr. They had authority "to agree to and effectually prosecute 
 such legal measures as in the opinion of said deputies, and the opinion of the 
 deputies so to be assembled, shall be most likely to obtain a repeal of" the acts 
 specified, and a redress of grievances. From Virginia : Peyton Randolph, Richard 
 Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Richard Bland, Benjamin Har- 
 rison, Edmund Pendleton. They were elected, August 5, by a convention of 
 delegates from the counties. Their credentials were the vote of the convention. 
 They were instructed "to represent the colony in a general congress," convened 
 "to procure a redress for Massachusetts, secure British America from the ravage 
 and ruin of arbitrary taxes, and speedily to procure the return of that harmony 
 and union so beneficial to the whole empire, and so ardently desired by all British 
 America. From North Carolina : William Hooper, Joseph Hawes, Richard Cas- 
 well. They were chosen at a convention, August 25. Their credentials were 
 signed by John Harvey, the chairman, and Andrew Knox, the clerk. They were 
 " invested with such powers as may make any acts done by them, or consent given 
 in behalf of this province, obligatory in honor upon every inhabitant hereof, who 
 is not an alien to his country's good, and an apostate to the liberties of America." 
 From New York : James Duane, John Jay, Philip Livingston, Isaac Low, William 
 Floyd, Henry Wisner, John Alsop, John Herring, Simon Boerum. They were 
 chosen by counties, and " certificates of their election" by the people served as 
 their credentials. Simon Boerum took his seat October 1. At a general meeting 
 of the inhabitants of Georgia, held August 10, no delegates were elected, but a 
 resolution passed to concur with her sister colonies in the effort to maintain their 
 right to the British constitution. On the second day it was decided that " each 
 colony or province shall have one vote." 
 
 1774. ABOUT this time, the first ale and porter were made in 
 the country. 
 
 1774. F. CHILD & Co. commenced the publication of the 
 New York Daily Advertiser, the first daily newspaper in New 
 York. 
 
 1774, SEPTEMBER 19. Congress received the resolutions of 
 the County of Suffolk, in which Boston was included, declaring 
 that the people owed it as their duty to God and their country, 
 to preserve their liberties, and promised cheerful submission to 
 such measures as the Continental Congress might recommend. 
 
 These resolutions were drawn up by Joseph Warren. The report had been 
 received that Boston was bombarded, and as the congress sat with closed doors, 
 nothing was known of its action. It responded to these resolutions, ordered them 
 printed, and joined with them a strong recommendation to the rest of the colonies 
 to follow in the same firm and temperate spirit, and to continue the contributions 
 for aiding those suffering in Boston.
 
 - ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 311 
 
 1774, SEPTEMBER 28. General Gage issued a proclamation 
 postponing the session of the general court indefinitely. 
 
 Many of the delegates had gathered before the proclamation was issued, and 
 after waiting a few days they organized into a provincial congress, chose John 
 Hancock president and Benjamin Lincoln secretary, and then adjourned to 
 Concord. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER. The provincial congress of Massachusetts 
 appointed a committee of safety. 
 
 John Hancock was at its head, and it had power to call out the militia. An- 
 other committee was appointed to look after the defence of the province, and 
 another to procure provisions and military stores, for which twenty thousand 
 pounds were appropriated. Tax-collectors were ordered to pay them no more to 
 the late treasurer, but to the treasurer appointed by congress. Preble, "Ward, 
 and Pomeroy were appointed generals. The militia were to elect their own 
 officers. To a proclamation by Governor Gage denouncing their proceedings, 
 they paid no attention. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER. Dunmore, governor of Virginia, with a force 
 of fifteen hundred men, marched against the Indians on the 
 
 Scioto. 
 
 The Indians had been engaged in active hostilities since the spring. The 
 entire family, nine persons, of Logan, a chief who had always been friendly to 
 the English, had been massacred by some of the explorers, and by this and simi- 
 lar treatment the Indians had been roused to revenge. At the same time another 
 expedition descended the Kcnawha, and near its mouth defeated the Indians 
 under Logan. Tiie Indians sued for peace. \ 
 
 1774, OCTOBER. A collision occurred in Georgia with the 
 Indians. 
 
 Governor Wright put an end to it by forbidding the Indian trade. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER. A ship with tea, arriving at Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, was burned. 
 The owner set fire to it. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 8, 10, 11. The congress adopted five resolu- 
 tions, which were ordered to be sent to the Boston committee. 
 
 The first of these was adopted on Saturday the 8th. It read: "That this 
 congress approve of the opposition made by the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay 
 to the execution of the late Acts of Parliament, and if the same shall be attempted 
 to be carried into execution by force, in such case all America ought to support 
 them in their opposition." The other resolutions declared that those who con- 
 sented to take office under the new Acts ought to be considered wicked tools of 
 despotism, and be held in abhorrence by all good men. Advised the inhabitants 
 of Massachusetts to submit to a suspension of the administration of justice when 
 it could not be had under laws based on the charter, and recommended a peaceful 
 demeanor to the troops, and steadfastness in acting on the defensive. On the 
 Sunday intervening in the passage of these resolutions, Washington, a member 
 of the congress, wrote a letter to Captain Robert Mackenzie, of the British army 
 then in Boston, in which, expressing indignation at the violation of the rights of
 
 312 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 Massachusetts, and sympathy with its cause, he speaks of his knowledge of the 
 delegates, and that while they would never submit to the loss of their rights, there 
 was no desire for independence. He said: "I am well satisfied that no such 
 thing is desired by any thinking man in all North America; on the contrary, that 
 it is the ardent wish of the warmest advocates for liberty that peace and tranquil- 
 lity, on constitutional grounds, may be restored, and the horrors of civil discord 
 prevented." On the 7th, John Adams wrote to William Tudor: "If it is a secret 
 hope of many, as I suspect it is, that the congress will advise to offensive meas- 
 ures, they will be mistaken. I have had opportunities enough, both public and 
 private, to learn with certainty the decisive sentiments of the delegates and others 
 upon this point. They will not, at this session, vote to raise men or money, or 
 arms or ammunition. Their opinions are fixed against hostilities and rupture, 
 except they should become absolutely necessary ; and this necessity they do not 
 yet see. They dread the thought of an action, because it would make a wound 
 which would never be healed ; it would fix and establish a rancor which would 
 descend to the latest generations ; it would render all hopes of a reconciliation 
 with Great Britain desperate ; it would light up the flames of war, perhaps through 
 the whole continent, which might rage for twenty years, and end in the subduction 
 of America as likely as in her liberation." 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 14. The congress agreed to a Declaration of 
 Rights. 
 
 It contained ten resolves, in which were enumerated the rights that could not 
 be taken from them or abridged, and specified eleven acts, or parts of acts, of 
 parliament which should be repealed in order to restore harmony. In conclud- 
 ing it stated that the congress, for the present, had resolved to pursue only the 
 following peaceful measures : "1. To enter into a non-importation, non-consump- 
 tion, and non-exportation agreement or association. 2. To prepare an address 
 to the people of Great Britain, and a memorial to the inhabitants of British 
 America. 3. To prepare a loyal address to his Majesty." 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 19. An order in council prohibited the expor- 
 tation of powder or its materials. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 20. The non-importation articles of associa- 
 tion were presented by the committee intrusted with their prepa- 
 ration, and were signed by fifty-two members of the congress. 
 
 The covenant commenced : " We do for ourselves, and the inhabitants of the 
 several colonies whom we represent, firmly agree and associate under the sacred 
 ties of virtue, honor, and love of our country." Then followed fourteen articles 
 providing for non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption of merchan- 
 dise with Great Britain. One of these articles stipulated that no slave should be 
 either imported or purchased after the 1st day of December, and that the slave 
 trade should be wholly discontinued by members of the association, who would 
 also refuse to deal with those engaged in it. Non-intercourse was demanded by 
 another article with those of the colonies who would not associate, and that such 
 should be held "as unworthy the rights of freemen, and as inimical to the liber- 
 ties of their country." 
 
 Another article provided for committees in every town, to be chosen by the 
 qualified voters, to carry out the objects of the Association. This instrument, 
 which was known for the next two years as The Association of the United Colo-
 
 1774.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 313 
 
 nies, has been rightly considered as the commencement of the American Union. 
 This document was prepared by a committee. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 21. The address to the people of Great 
 Britain was presented by the committee, and adopted. 
 
 The address was prepared by Jay, and it addressed the British people as 
 "Friends and Fellow-Subjects." It said: "You have been told that we are 
 seditious, impatient of government, and desirous of independency. Be assured 
 that these are not facts, but calumnies. Permit us to be as free as yourselves, 
 and we shall ever esteem a union with you to be our greatest glory and greatest 
 happiness." 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 21. The memorial to the people of the colo- 
 nies was presented and accepted. 
 
 This memorial was prepared by Richard Henry Lee. It closed as follows : 
 " Above all things we earnestly entreat you, with devotion of spirit, penitence of 
 heart, and amendment of life, to humble yourselves, and implore the power of 
 Almighty God ; and we humbly beseech his Divine Goodness to take you into his 
 gracious protection." 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 24. The loyal petition of congress to the king 
 was presented and adopted. 
 
 The petition, as accepted, was drawn up by John Dickenson. A draft, prepared 
 by Patrick Henry, did not prove acceptable. Two copies of it were signed by all 
 the members and sent to the colonial agents in London. The copy presented to 
 the king is in the state paper office in London. A copy, which it is said Franklin 
 carefully preserved, Henry Stevens, in his Biblioiheca Ifistorica, says is in his 
 possession. It is signed by fifty of the delegates. Congress preserved no copy 
 of it. It was printed in London, in January, 1775, it is supposed by Franklin. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 26. The Continental Congress dissolved. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 26. An address to the people of Quebec was 
 adopted. 
 
 This address was drawn up by John Dickenson. It told them that "the 
 injuries of Boston had roused and associated every colony from Nova Scotia to 
 Georgia," and that Quebec was "the only link wanting to complete the bright 
 and strong chain of Union." They were -invited to send delegates to the next 
 congress. 
 
 1774, OCTOBER 27. The provincial congress of Massachusetts 
 appointed a " Committee of Safety." 
 
 The next day this committee was directed "to take care of, and lodge in some 
 safe place in the country, warlike stores." 
 
 1774, NOVEMBER 7. The committee of correspondence in 
 New York chose an inspection committee to carry out the objects 
 of the Association. 
 
 Numerous towns in the state did the same ; but the assembly refused to approve 
 the proceedings of the congress. 
 
 1774. THE estimates of the population of the colonies this 
 year differ greatly. Congress placed it as high as 3,026,678 ; it
 
 314 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1774. 
 
 was probably not much over two millions. Tucker, in his His- 
 tory of the United States, makes it 2,590,000, apportioned thus : 
 Massachusetts, 360,000 ; New Hampshire, 80,000 ; Connecticut, 
 200,000; Rhode Island, 50,000; New York, 180,000; New Jer- 
 sey, 130,000; Pennsylvania, 300,000; Delaware, 40,000; Mary- 
 land, 220,000 ; Virginia, 560,000 ; North Carolina, 260,000 ; South 
 Carolina, 180,000 ; Georgia, 30,000. 
 
 1774, NOVEMBER 21. A meeting of deputies from the coun- 
 ties, held at Annapolis, Maryland, unanimously approved the 
 action of the congress. 
 
 They voted that every person should adhere inviolably to the association. 
 November 9, Anne Arundel County ; November 12, Baltimore County ; Novem- 
 ber 1C, Calvert County; November 18, Frederick County, elected committees 
 "to carry into execution the association agreed on by the American Continental 
 Congress." 
 
 1774, NOVEMBER 29. The king, in his speech at the opening 
 of parliament, said " that a most daring spirit of resistance and 
 disobedience to the law still unhappily prevailed in the province 
 of Massachusetts Bay, and had in divers parts of it, broke forth in 
 fresh violences of a very criminal nature." 
 
 He assured both Houses that he should steadfastly withstand every attempt to 
 impair the authority of parliament over all the dominions of the crown. Both 
 Houses thanked him for his language, and pledged their co-operation in all 
 measures needed to preserve the dignity of the British empire. On the 22d of 
 December parliament adjourned to the 19th of January. 
 
 1774. DECEMBER 1, Elizabethtown, and, December 7, Newark, 
 New Jersey, unanimously approved the Association. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 5. The Rhode Island assembly ordered the 
 guns, cannon, and ammunition removed from Fort George, in 
 Newport, and stored in Providence. 
 
 This action resulted from the receipt of a letter from the Earl of Dartmouth, 
 prohibiting the export of arms to the colonies from Great Britain, and ordering all 
 such imported to be seized. Captain Wallace, in command of the Rose, a frigate 
 stationed at Newport, asked an explanation of this proceeding from Governor 
 Wanton, and was told that it was done to prevent the seizure of the guns by him, 
 and that they would be used against any enemy of the colony. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 5. The provincial congress of Massachusetts 
 approved the action of the Continental Congress, and sent the 
 resolution, properly attested, to all the towns and districts. 
 
 The people in some of the counties signed a covenant to carry out the asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 5. The counties of Delaware, in a meeting 
 at Newcastle, approved the action of the Continental Congress. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 8. The assembly in Rhode Island, specially
 
 1774-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 315 
 
 summoned to hear the report of the delegates, approved the 
 action of the Continental Congress. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 8. A convention of all the counties of Mary- 
 land met and pledged the colony to support Massachusetts in 
 resisting by force. 
 
 They ordered the militia enrolled, and voted ten thousand pounds to purchase 
 arms. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 10. The assembly of Pennsylvania approved 
 the proceedings of the Continental Congress, and appointed dele- 
 gates for the next. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 10. The provincial congress of Massachu- 
 setts dissolved. 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 14. The people of Portsmouth, New Hamp- 
 shire, dismantled the castle William and Mary in the harbor, 
 taking away the cannon and the powder. 
 
 John Sullivan and John Langdon were the leaders of the expedition. One 
 hundred barrels of gunpowder, fifteen cannon, and a quantity of small arms were 
 carried off and concealed, a part of them being hid under the pulpit of a church 
 at Durham, New Hampshire. A part of the powder served at Bunker Hill. The 
 movement was undertaken by the " Sons of Liberty." 
 
 1774, DECEMBER 24. Lord Dartmouth, to whom the agents of 
 the colonies had intrusted the petition to the king, informed 
 them that as soon as parliament met, his Majesty would lay it 
 before them. 
 
 1774. PARLIAMENT passed an act known as the Quebec Act. 
 
 It restored to that province the old French law the custom of Paris in all 
 civil matters. The Catholic Church was guaranteed the possession of all its 
 property, and full freedom of worship. The legislative authority, except for 
 taxation, was given to a council nominated by the crown, and the calling of an 
 assembly was postponed indefinitely. The borders of the province were extended 
 to the Mississippi on the west and the Ohio on the south. 
 
 1775, JANUARY 4. Lord Dartmouth, in a circular letter to the 
 governors of the provinces, instructed them to prevent, if pos- 
 sible, the election of delegates to the next congress. He also 
 repeated the order to Governor Gage to use the force at his dis- 
 posal, if needed, to enforce the acts altering the charter of Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 1775, JANUARY. A counter association was formed by the 
 Tories of Boston, but with little or no effect. 
 
 1775, JANUARY 7. A provincial congress in South Carolina, 
 composed of " deputies from every parish and district " in the 
 province, voted " that this congress do approve the American
 
 316 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 Association." Delegates to the Continental Congress were 
 elected. 
 
 Charles Pinckncy was the president of this congress. It voted that commit- 
 tees of inspection should be appointed in each parish to carry out the objects of 
 the association. In the Continental Congress, at the formation of the non-exporta- 
 tion agreement, rice was excepted, and to this the indigo planters objected. John 
 Rutledgc, one of the late delegates, said that, without this exception, the non- 
 exportation agreement would have operated most severely upon South Carolina. 
 A compensation for the indigo planters was proposed, but lost on the vote. The 
 culture of cotton was recommended, and the local committees were given power 
 to grant extensions upon debts where security was given. Suits were forbidden 
 also without their permission. 
 
 1775, JANUARY 12. The Privy Council decided that the ac- 
 tion of Congress afforded no basis for reconciliation, and that 
 force should be used to protect the loyal in the colonies, and the 
 others should be proclaimed traitors. 
 
 1775, JANUARY 18. A provincial congress, called by the com- 
 mittee of Christ Church Parish, assembled in Georgia, and forty- 
 five of the delegates agreed to the association. 
 
 It was not until later that the colony as a unit agreed to it. Meanwhile the 
 general committee of South Carolina declared non-intercourse with Georgia, and 
 pronounced its people hostile to the liberties of their country, because they would 
 not join "the Continental Association." May 11, a council of safety, of which 
 William Carvin was president, was appointed by a meeting at Savannah. July 4, 
 a new provincial congress met, and sent delegates to the Continental Congress. 
 Lyman Hall, the delegate from St. John's Parish, was already there. The new 
 delegates were Archibald Bullock, Dr. Jones, John Houston, and Rev. Dr. Zubly. 
 A powder-ship, which arrived at the mouth of the Savannah, was seized, and a 
 part of its cargo sent to the camp before Boston. 
 
 1775, JANUARY 23. A convention of delegates met in Phila- 
 delphia, and approved the Association. Joseph Reed was pres- 
 ident. 
 
 They "most heartily approved" of the measures of congress, and resolved to 
 faithfully endeavor to carry into execution the Association ; if this did not effect a 
 redress of grievances, but, instead, if force should be used to effect submission, 
 then " to resist such force, and at every hazard to defend the rights and liberties 
 of America." 
 
 1775, JANUARY 24. The delegates to the Congress from New 
 Jersey reported the action of that body to the assembly, which 
 unanimously approved of them. 
 
 " Such as are of the people called Quakers excepting only to such parts of 
 them as may have a tendency to force," is the language of the record. 
 
 1775, JANUARY 25. A convention was held at Exeter, New 
 Hampshire, composed of a hundred and forty-four delegates from 
 the towns of the province, who heartily approved " the proceed- 
 ings of the late grand Continental Congress/' 
 
 They issued an address, urging the people " strictly to adhere to the Association."
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 317 
 
 1775, JANUARY 26. The papers referring to America were 
 referred to a committee of the whole in the House of Commons. 
 
 Among them was the petition from the Continental Congress to the king. 
 Franklin, Arthur Lee, and Bollan, the agents of the colony, asked to be heard 
 before the House by counsel, and were refused, as the Congress was an illegal 
 body, and its alleged grievances only pretended. Two bills introduced by Chat- 
 ham, for settling the troubles with America, were rejected ; and the petitions for 
 conciliation, which had flowed in in great numbers from various trading and man- 
 ufacturing associations, were referred to a committee for a future day. The sup- 
 port of parliament was pledged to the king for the maintenance of his just 
 authority. In March, the provisions of the New England Restraining Bill were 
 extended by another act to include all the colonies except New York, North Caro- 
 lina, and Georgia. 
 
 1775, FEBRUARY 1. The provincial congress of Massachusetts 
 met at Cambridge. 
 
 The members were elected by the voters spontaneously. This congress ap- 
 pointed a committee for supplies, and organized the militia, placing them under 
 the command of the committee of safety. The minute-men were those who 
 enlisted pledged to be ready at a minute's notice. 
 
 1775, FEBRUARY 2. At a meeting of the county of Fairfax, 
 Virginia, George Washington presided, and it was voted to raise 
 money by taxation for the purchase of arms, to enroll the militia 
 from sixteen to sixty years of age, and engage in military exer- 
 cise, " as recommended by the provincial congress of the Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, on the 29th of October last." 
 
 General Charles Lee said about this time : "I have now run through the whole 
 of the colonies from North to South. I have conversed with every order of men, 
 from the flrst-estated gentleman to the poorest planters, and cannot express my 
 astonishment at the unanimous, ardent spirit reigning through the whole. They 
 are determined to sacrifice everything their property, their wives, children, 
 blood rather than cede a tittle of what they conceive to be their rights. The 
 tyranny over Boston, indeed, seems to be resented by the other colonies in a 
 greater degree than by the Bostonians themselves." 
 
 1775. THIS year there were fourteen newspapers in New 
 England : seven of which were in Massachusetts, being five in 
 Boston, one at Salem, and one at Newburypo'rt ; four in Connec- 
 ticut, being one at New London, one at New Haven, one at Hart- 
 ford, and one at Norwich ; two in Rhode Island, being one at 
 Providence, and one at Newport ; and one at Portsmouth, in New 
 Hampshire. In New York state there were four newspapers, 
 being three in New York city, and one at Albany. In Pennsyl- 
 vania there were nine newspapers, being six in English and one 
 in German in Philadelphia, one in German at Germantown, and 
 one in German and English at Lancaster. In Maryland there 
 were two newspapers one at Annapolis, and one at Baltimore. 
 There were two newspapers in Virginia, both at Williamsburg. 
 There were two in North Carolina one at Wilmington, and one
 
 318 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 at Newbern. There were three at Charleston, South Carolina, 
 and one at Savannah, Georgia making, together, thirty-seven 
 newspapers in the territory of the United States. 
 
 The newspapers of this time differed from those now in existence, no less in 
 their character than in their number. With the advent of the political discussion 
 they began to assume the function of teachers, but their value as advertising 
 agents was not conceived until many years afterwards. 
 
 1775, FEBRUARY 20. Lord North introduced in parliament 
 his plan of conciliation. 
 
 He proposed to tender to each colony, as a separate community, freedom from 
 taxation, except such duties as should be necessary for the regulation of the com- 
 merce of the whole empire, if each colony should make provisions for the general 
 defence and the support of civil government which should be satisfactory to his 
 Majesty. A pamphlet containing this proposition and the arguments in its favor, 
 was printed by the government and freely circulated in the colonies. It was sent 
 to the governors and ordered to be placed before the assemblies. 
 
 1775, FEBRUARY 26. Governor Gage sent a party of soldiers 
 by water to Salem, to capture cannon said to be there concealed. 
 
 Not finding them, they pushed on to Danvers. It was Sunday ; and a collision 
 was prevented by a minister of Salem appealing to the reverence for the day, of 
 the militia ready to oppose them. 
 
 1775. DURING the year, an agent from the French court ar- 
 rived at Philadelphia on a secret mission, to consult with Con- 
 gress. 
 
 The growing dispute between the colonies and the mother-country excited 
 great interest in France, and seemed to offer an opportunity for the injury of her 
 ancient antagonist which was not to be neglected. The agent, M. de Bonvouloir, 
 had been directed to not let his mission be publicly known ; and in his negotia- 
 tions with the committee of Congress, in Philadelphia, so much care was taken to 
 keep the matter secret, that each member of the committee went to the appointed 
 place of meeting by a different route. His mission was to assure Congress that 
 France felt well disposed to aid the colonies, could just and equitable conditions 
 for so doing be agreed upon. Though nothing specific was agreed upon at this 
 time, yet the next year, on the 3d of March, 1776, Silas Deane was sent by Con- 
 gress as commercial agent to France, and was instructed to say to Count Ver- 
 gennes that " there was a great appearance that the colonies would come to a total 
 separation," and to inquire " if the colonies should be forced to form themselves 
 into an independent state, would France acknowledge them and receive their am- 
 bassadors." The chief purpose of Deane's mission was to obtain military supplies, 
 of which there was great want, becoming more and more apparent every day, as 
 military action was organized. The final result was that the colonies obtained 
 supplies of both money and arms from France, together with the more substantial 
 aid of an army and fleets, and the not less important moral support of recognition. 
 
 1775, MARCH 15. The assembly of Delaware voted approval 
 " of the proceedings of the late congress." 
 
 1775, MARCH 25. "A convention of delegates for the coim-
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 319 
 
 ties and corporations " was held at Richmond, Virginia, and 
 voted "that this convention doth entirely and cordially approve 
 of the proceedings of the American Continental Congress/' and 
 took measures for raising volunteers in each county. 
 
 The counties in Virginia had begun on the previous November to meet and 
 form committees to carry out the objects of the association. This convention of 
 delegates was attended by one hundred and eighteen members. Its proceedings 
 were widely disseminated by the newspapers. In April, Governor Dunmore had 
 removed the powder belonging to the province from the public store on to an 
 armed ship in the river. Patrick Henry, with some companies of the volunteers, 
 marched to Williamsbure, and obliged the king's receiver to give bills for the 
 value of the powder. Dunmore, in a proclamation, pronounced Henry and his 
 party guilty of rebellion. 
 
 1775, MARCH 27. The Virginia convention passed a series of 
 resolutions for the promotion of domestic manufactures. 
 
 The making of cloth, salt, gunpowder, nails, wire, and steel was recom- 
 mended. The formation of societies and the awarding of premiums were also 
 recommended. In August it was resolved, "That in case the British ministry 
 attempts to enforce the Act of Parliament preventing the erection of plating and 
 slitting mills in America, the convention will recompense to the proprietors of the 
 first two of such mills as shall be finished and set to work in this Colony all losses 
 they may respectively sustain in consequence of such endeavours of Administra- 
 tion." The manufacture of gunpowder and fire-arms for the colony was advised; 
 and in May, 1776, the convention reprieved a number of negro convicts to work 
 the lead mines in Fincastle on public account. % 
 
 1775. JOHN BELMONT, of Philadelphia, advertised that "he 
 has just finished an extraordinary instrument by the name of the 
 Piano-Forte, of mahogany, in the form of a harpsicord, with ham- 
 mers and several changes." 
 
 1775, MARCH 27. The assembly of Virginia unanimously 
 passed resolutions of non-importation, and recommended " that 
 all persons having proper land ought to cultivate and raise a 
 quantity of flax, hemp, and cotton, sufficient not only for the use 
 of his own family, but to spare to others on moderate terms." 
 
 1775, APRIL 3. The North Carolina convention assembled at 
 Newbern resolved, "from common prudence and regard for the 
 colony," to encourage manufactures. 
 
 The provincial congress in September offered premiums for various branches 
 of manufacture. 
 
 1775, APRIL 7. The assembly of North Carolina passed a 
 resolve highly approving the proceedings of the Continental 
 Congress. 
 
 The next day, Governor Martin, for this vote, dissolved the assembly. A con- 
 vention of delegates for a provincial congress having been called at the same time 
 and place (on the 5th), highly approved of the association, "and recommended
 
 320 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 their constituents to firmly adhere to the same." All the members but one of this 
 convention signed their names to this resolve. 
 
 1775, APRIL 19. The battle of Lexington took place. 
 
 An expedition of eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith, had been sent at 
 night to Concord, to destroy the stores collected by the committee of safety. 
 Early in the morning they reached Lexington. The alarm had been spread, and 
 about a hundred militia were collected on the green at Lexington. They were 
 ordered to disperse, and were fired upon immediately afterwards, and dispersed. 
 The party then kept on to Concord, where another collision occurred with the 
 minute-men. Having destroyed such stores as they found, the force set out on its 
 return to Boston. Before they reached Lexington the retreat had become a rout. 
 The militia from all round the country swarmed upon their path, and at every turn 
 of the road, from behind every vantage ground of rock or brush, fired upon them. 
 At Lexington they met a supporting column of nine hundred men, witli two can- 
 non, under Lord Percy, who had been sent by Gage on a request from Smith. At 
 sunset they reached Charlestown, having lost nearly three hundred men. The 
 colonists lost eighty-five. Depositions of the whole affair were taken and sent to 
 England with an address. 
 
 1775. THIS year there were three small paper-mills in Mas- 
 sachusetts, one in Rhode Island out of repair, and none in New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 1775, APEIL 21. The committee of safety of New Hampshire 
 requested the various towns to forward supplies to the volunteers 
 under John Stark before Boston. 
 
 A provincial congress had been called for the 17th of May, and the committee 
 thought best not to interfere with their work. The New Hampshire volunteers 
 were organized into regiments in camp. 
 
 1775. THE proprietary jurisdiction of Delaware was ended 
 this year ; and after this time this region was counted as " the 
 three lower counties " of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1775, APRIL 22. The Massachusetts congress met. 
 
 They voted to raise thirteen thousand six hundred men, and called upon the 
 other New England colonies to increase the number to thirty thousand. Artcmas 
 Ward was made captain-general, and John Thomas lieutenant-general. Gridley 
 was made chief engineer. A captain's commission was promised to any one who 
 would enlist fifty-nine men, and, obtaining ten companies, was rewarded with a 
 colonel's commission. One hundred thousand pounds were issued of bills of credit 
 a large portion of which were in small denominations. 
 
 1775, APRIL 22. A provincial convention was held in New 
 York, and delegates were elected to the Continental Congress. 
 
 On receipt of the news of the battle of Lexington, the corresponding commit- 
 tee drew up an association for the defence of colonial rights, which every one was 
 forced to sign. They also issued a circular to the other committees, recommend- 
 ing the speedy formation of a provincial congress.
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 321 
 
 1775, APRIL 24. A public meeting was held in Philadelphia, 
 and measures taken for raising a volunteer force. 
 
 May 1, the assembly met and appropriated eighteen hundred pounds for the 
 expenses of the volunteers. They also appointed a committee of safety, with 
 Franklin for chairman, which soon assumed the whole executive authority. 
 
 1775, APRIL 25. The Ehode Island assembly voted to raise 
 fifteen hundred men. 
 
 They were to be an army of observation. The command was given to Nathanael 
 Greene, with the rank of brigadier, who had led a company of volunteers to Boston. 
 
 1775, APRIL 26. The Connecticut assembly voted to raise 
 six thousand men. 
 
 They were to form six regiments, four of which were to serve with the army 
 before Boston David Wooster, Joseph Spencer, Israel Putnam, Hinman, Water- 
 bury, and Parsons were each to command one. Putnam was already before Boston 
 with the Connecticut volunteers. 
 
 1775, MAY 1. Governor Trumbull, pf Connecticut, with the 
 assembly, sent a deputation to General Gage to mediate. 
 
 No result was arrived at ; but the Massachusetts congress remonstrated against 
 any separate negotiations. 
 
 1775. MAY 2. Lord North's plan of conciliation was presented 
 to the assembly of Pennsylvania by Governor Penn. 
 
 The governor urged them to act separately upon it, but the assembly declared 
 they would consider such action a base desertion of the sister colonies, with whom 
 they were engaged in a common cause. 
 
 1775, MAY 3. The Rhode Island assembly passed an act for- 
 bidding the magistrates to administer the official oath of office to 
 Governor Wanton for the term to which he had just been elected. 
 
 It was his seventh election as governor. The charges against him were, that by 
 protesting against the raising of an army of observation, by neglecting to issue a 
 proclamation for the fast-day appointed by the assembly, by refusing to sign the 
 commissions for the officers of the new army, " he hath manifested his intentions 
 to defeat the good people of these colonies in their present glorious struggle to 
 transmit inviolate to posterity those sacred rights they have received from their 
 ancestors." The secretary was authorized to sign the commissions, and the deputy 
 governor to call the assembly at his discretion. Bills of credit for twenty thou- 
 sand pounds were issued, bearing two and a half per cent, interest, and to be 
 redeemed in two and five years by taxation ; and the export of provisions was pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 1775, MAY 3. The provincial congress of Massachusetts sent 
 a letter to the Continental Congress relating the actions which 
 had taken place, that the emergency had precluded their waiting 
 for advice from Congress, and urging that a strong army was the 
 only means to stop the action of the ministry. 
 
 This letter was presented to Congress by John Hancock, one of the delegates 
 from Massachusetts. 
 
 21
 
 322 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 1775, MAY 9. The committee of correspondence, in Orange 
 County, Virginia, issued an address in which they spoke of the 
 blow struck in Massachusetts as being an attack on Virginia and 
 every other colony. 
 
 1775, MAY 10. Ticonderoga surrendered to Ethan Allen. 
 
 Allen had but eighty men, but surprised the fort at night. He found the com- 
 manding officer in bed, and summoned him to surrender " In the name of the Great 
 Jehovah and the Continental Congress." Crown Point was taken about the same 
 time by Setli \Varner. More than two hundred cannon and a large supply of 
 powder were captured at these two posts. Allen was, on September 24, captured in 
 an attempt on Montreal, and sent to England. 
 
 1775, MAY 10. The Continental Congress convened at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 This session was held in the State House, now known as Independence Hall, on 
 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. After approving the credentials of the members, 
 the Congress sat with closed dqors. 
 
 1775, MAY 15. The city and county of New York asked to 
 be advised by Congress what action they should take with regard 
 to the British troops expected to arrive in the city soon, and 
 what disposition should be made of the stores captured at 
 Ticonderoga. 
 
 This communication was referred to a committee of the whole. Congress 
 answered, advising that the warlike stores be removed from the town ; that the 
 troops be allowed to land and occupy barracks, so long as they were peaceable ; 
 to resist building fortifications and cutting off communication of town and country, 
 and to repel force by force. 
 
 1775, MAY 16. Benedict Arnold, with a party, captured St. 
 John's. It was soon reoccupied by an expedition from Montreal. 
 
 He had been commissioned by the Massachusetts committee of safety to raise 
 men in Vermont for operations against the frontier forts. Being joined by some 
 recruits who had seized a schooner at Whitehall (then Skenesborough), he pro- 
 ceeded against St. John's. Valuable stores were captured. 
 
 1775, MAY 16. The provincial congress of Massachusetts 
 sent a letter to the Continental Congress, stating that " govern- 
 ment in full form ought to be taken up immediately," but that 
 they did not wish to assume the " reins of civil government with- 
 out the assent of Congress," and asked their advice in the 
 premises. 
 
 This communication was referred to a special committee. Congress answered, 
 advising the provincial congress to call an election under the charter of 1692, of 
 representatives who in the customary way should choose councillors " to exercise 
 the powers of government until a governor of His Majesty's appointment consent 
 to govern the colony according to its charter." 
 
 1775, MAY 17. The provincial congress of New Hampshire
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 323 
 
 appointed a treasurer, issued bills of credit, and voted to raise 
 three regiments. 
 
 The' volunteers before Boston made two of them. 
 
 1775, MAY 19. The New Jersey assembly, called specially 
 by Governor Franklin to receive Lord North's plan of concilia- 
 tion, declined it. 
 
 They said they had no intention of deserting the common cause, but should 
 abide by the action of Congress. 
 
 1775, MAY 22. A provincial congress assembled in New 
 York, and appointed Nathaniel Woodhull president. 
 
 Each county was allowed a certain number of votes in the ratio of its estimated 
 population and wealth, the members not voting as individuals. They took meas- 
 ures for enlisting four regiments for the defence of the province, and for erecting 
 fortifications at the head of New York Island and in the Highlands on the Hudson. 
 They invited a Connecticut regiment, under the command of David Wooster, to 
 assist ; who came, and encamped at Harlem. 
 
 1775. THE first anthracite coal used was a boat-load sent 
 from Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, to Carlisle, for the United 
 States Armory. 
 
 From that time it found favor with gun and blacksmiths. 
 
 As fuel in private houses, it was not used until 1808, when Judge Fell, of 
 Wilkesbarre, having built grates for the purpose, tried it in his house. It was so 
 slow in growing into favor that up to 1820 only three hundred and sixty-five tons 
 had reached Philadelphia. 
 
 1775, MAY. Congress elected Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, 
 Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam major-generals; Horatio 
 Gates adjutant- general, with the rank of brigadier. 
 
 Ward and Putnam were in the camp before Boston ; the first with a Massachu- 
 setts commission as captain-general, and the other one from Connecticut as a 
 brigadier. Schuyler had been recommended by the New York provincial con- 
 gress for the position. Gates was an Englishman who had sold his commission as 
 major in the British service, and settled in Virginia. Lee at the time of his elec- 
 tion held a commission in the British army as a lieutenant-colonel. He had 
 recently purchased lands in Virginia. Congress undertook to indemnify him for 
 pecuniary loss he met in joining the service, and finally paid him thirty thousand 
 dollars to this end. He resigned his position in the British army before he 
 accepted. 
 
 1775, MAY 22. Congress commissioned Seth Pomeroy, Wil- 
 liam Heath, and John Thomas, of Massachusetts; David Woos- 
 ter and Joseph Spencer, of Connecticut, and Nathanael Greene, 
 of Rhode Island ; John Sullivan, of New Hampshire, and James 
 Montgomery, of New York, brigadiers. 
 
 Pomeroy declined the position.
 
 324 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 1775, MAY 23. A provincial congress was organized in New 
 Jersey, and an association formed for defending colonial rights. 
 
 Ten thousand pounds, to pay expenses, were issued in bills of credit, and meas- 
 ures taken for organizing the militia. Until the Continental Congress should 
 arrange some general plan, the enlistment of regular soldiers was deferred. 
 
 1775, MAY 23. The convention of New Hampshire wrote to 
 Congress that they had voted to raise two thousand men, and 
 trusted to act on the defensive until they heard " the united plan 
 of the colonies in general council." 
 
 This letter was received June 2. It was signed Matthew Thornton. 
 
 1775, MAY 24. The Congress elected John Hancock, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, president, to fill the place vacated by Peyton Randolph, 
 of Virginia. 
 
 Randolph was speaker of the Virginia assembly, and was called home to pre- 
 side over a session called to consider Lord North's proposition. Thomas Jefferson 
 was sent to provisionally fill his place. Lyman Hall, sent by St. John's Parish, 
 Georgia, was allowed a seat without a vote. 
 
 1775, MAY 26. Congress resolved that hostilities had been 
 begun by Great Britain, and voted that the colonies should be 
 put in a posture of defence against every attempt to compel them 
 by force to submit to the scheme of parliamentary taxation. At 
 the same time they denied any intention of throwing off their 
 allegiance to England, but, on the contrary, expressed a strong 
 desire for peace. 
 
 1775, MAY 26. Congress resolved to present " an humble and 
 dutiful petition to His Majesty," and also " for the express pur- 
 pose of securing and defending these colonies," to put them 
 immediately " into a state of defence," and for this end assumed 
 control of the militia forces gathered about Boston, and adopted 
 a code of rules for the government of the army of the United 
 Colonies. 
 
 1775, MAY 31. The committee of Mecklenburg County, North 
 Carolina, met at Charlotte, and passed a preamble and nineteen 
 resolutions, providing a set of rules to serve until Congress should 
 " regulate the jurisprudence of the province." 
 
 The resolutions were written by Dr. Ephraim Brevard. They were read pub- 
 licly on the steps of the court-house, and printed in the newspapers of the time, 
 but were not formally laid before Congress. These were the resolutions which 
 have been termed The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, and which 
 have been the subject of much controversy. A succinct statement of their his- 
 tory will be found in R. Frothingham's Rise of the Republic of the United States, 
 with further references. The delegates in Congress from North Carolina advised 
 the committee to be more patient and wait until Congress should adopt the meas- 
 ures thought best. 
 
 1775. A SPINNING-JENNY was exhibited in Philadelphia.
 
 1775.] ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 325 
 
 A cut and description of it was in the volume of this year of the American 
 Monthly Museum, published in Philadelphia. In a note, Mr. Aiken, the publisher, 
 says: "The machine for spinning twenty-four threads of cotton or wool at one 
 time (by one person) having attracted the notice of the public, and we being 
 desirous to contribute everything in our power towards the improvement of 
 America, engaged Mr. Christopher Tully, the maker of the machine, to furnish 
 us with an engraved plate and description thereof." The machine was imported, 
 and was used in a manufactory of cotton and woollen cloth established this year 
 in Philadelphia by the United Company of Philadelphia for promoting American 
 manufactures, the books of subscription to which were opened on February 22, 
 1775, the shares of which were ten pounds each. In 1777 the society made linens 
 to the value of 1443 Is. 7d., and cotton and woollen goods worth 474 12s. 
 
 1775. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN brought home, on his return from 
 Europe, the material for establishing a type foundery, which he 
 had purchased in France, and fitted up a type foundery and a 
 printing-office stocked with materials he brought from London. 
 
 The type foundery he specially designed for his grandson, Mr. Bache ; but he 
 made only slight use of it, being occupied with the publication of the Aurora 
 newspaper. 
 
 1775, MAY. The assembly of Connecticut passed an act for 
 the encouragement of the manufacture of fire-arms by a bounty. 
 
 1775, JUNE 3. An association was unanimously agreed to by 
 the provincial congress of South Carolina, and was signed by all 
 the members. The document was written by Henry Laurens, 
 president of the congress. A committee of safety was appointed, 
 six hundred thousand dollars of bills of credit issued, and it was 
 voted to raise two regiments, of which Gadsden and Moultrie 
 were made colonels. September 16, Moultrie took possession of 
 the fort guarding the harbor, the small garrison having retired to 
 the ships-of-war, where the governor, William Campbell, soon 
 took refuge. The harbor was fortified. An armed vessel, fitted 
 out by the committee of safety, captured an English powder-ship 
 in St. Augustine, and brought her to Charleston. 
 
 The document read thus : " The actual commencement of hostilities against 
 this continent by the British troops, on the 19th of April last, and the dread of 
 insurrections . . . are causes sufficient to drive an oppressed people to arms. We, 
 the subscribers, inhabitants of South Carolina, holding ourselves bound by that most 
 sacred of all obligations, the duty of good citizens towards an injured country, 
 and thoroughly convinced that under our present distressed circumstances we 
 shall be justified before God and man in resisting force by force, do unite our- 
 selves under every tie of religion and honor, and associate as a band in her defence 
 against every foe ; hereby solemnly engaging that, whenever our continental or 
 provincial councils shall deem it necessary, we will go forth, and be ready to 
 sacrifice our lives and fortunes to secure her freedom and safety, and hold all 
 those persons inimical to the liberty of the colonies who shall refuse to subscribe 
 this association." 
 
 This was copied in the Massachusetts papers.
 
 326 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775." 
 
 1775, JUNE 12. The Virginia house of burgesses, in a letter 
 to Governor Dunrnore, declined the plan of conciliation, leaving 
 the final determination to Congress. 
 
 This letter was drawn up by .Jefferson. The other assemblies followed sub- 
 stantially the same course, and eventually every assembly refused to treat sepa- 
 rately with Great Britain otherwise than through the General Congress. 
 
 1775, JUNE 12. General Gage issued a proclamation of mar- 
 tial law. 
 
 He offered pardon to all who would return to their allegiance, except John 
 Hancock and Samuel Adams. Gage had been reinforced by troops under the 
 command of Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton, and had now about ten 
 thousand men. The colonial forces in front of Boston consisted of about sixteen 
 thousand men; twenty-seven regiments of these were from Massachusetts, and 
 three from Connecticut, three from New Hampshire, and three from Rhode Island. 
 John Whitcombe and Dr. Joseph Warren were first and second major-generals of 
 the Massachusetts forces. 
 
 1775, JUNE 15. The armed tender to the frigate Rose was 
 chased by an armed sloop in the service of Rhode Island, under 
 Abraham Whipple, and captured. 
 
 The tender was a packet which had been captured by the Rose, and armed. 
 This was the first naval conflict of the Revolution. The assembly of Rhode 
 Island ordered two vessels to be armed for the defence of the colony : one to 
 carry ten four-pounders and fourteen swivel guns, with eighty men ; the other to 
 carry thirty men. They were called the Washington and the Katy. Abraham 
 Whipple was placed in their command with the rank of commodore. At this ses- 
 sion the post-office service in the colony was organized by the establishment of 
 routes, rates of postage, and post-riders. 
 
 1775, JUNE 15. Congress elected George "Washington to be 
 " commander-in-chief of the armies raised and to be raised for 
 the defence of America." 
 
 His nomination was made by Thomas Johnson of Maryland, and the motion 
 was seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts. The election was by ballot, and 
 was unanimous. 
 
 1775, JUNE 17. The battle of Bunker Hill was fought be- 
 tween the British under General Howe, and the Americans 
 under Generals Putnam and Prescott. The British lost 1054 
 killed and wounded; the Americans 453. 
 
 As Bunker Hill commanded Boston, then in the possession of the British, 
 works were erected upon it, which the British were forced to attack. The redoubt 
 was thrown up on the night of the 16th. The attacking force was repulsed 
 twice, but carried the works the third time, the Americans' ammunition being 
 exhausted. The chief result of the contest was the confidence it gave the colo- 
 nies, since hastily gathered recruits had shown themselves able to stand before 
 the disciplined force of the enemy, which had been considered invincible, and 
 make the victory so costly as to be equivalent to a defeat. The battle was really 
 fought upon Breed's Hill, though the order had been given to build the redoubt 
 on Bunker's. For this action Gage was superseded. A court-martial investigated
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 327 
 
 the conduct of several of the colonial officers. Joseph "Warren was killed ; he 
 had been a leading spirit in the movement of the colonies, and was president of 
 the provincial congress of Massachusetts, and chairman of the committee of 
 safety. Congress eventually mcide provision for the support of his young family. 
 
 1775, JUNE 19. The provincial congress of Massachusetts 
 issued a summons for the election of representatives, " in obedi- 
 ence to the resolve of the Continental Congress." 
 
 After giving the resolve of Congress, the warrant continues : " In observance of 
 the foregoing resolve of the Honorable Continental Congress now sitting in Phila- 
 delphia, these are to cause the freeholders and other inhabitants of your town " 
 to choose representatives. The qualification of voting was the possession of an 
 estate of forty shillings a year, or othej estate to the value of forty pounds. 
 
 1775, JUNE 20. An association was formed in North Carolina. 
 
 July 17, Governor Martin took refuge in a ship-of-war in the Cape Fear River. 
 The Continental Congress voted the support for a thousand men in North Carolina, 
 where the opposers of the movement were very strong. August 20, a convention 
 at Hillsborough voted two regiments, and in September a third. Robert Howe, 
 Moore, and Francis Nash were made colonels. Governor Martin having issued a 
 proclamation from shipboard, the convention called it "a scandalous, malicious, 
 and scurrilous libel, tending to disunite the good people of the province," and 
 ordering it burned by the hangman. 
 
 1775, JUNE. The assembly of Rhode Island issued ten thou- 
 sand pounds in bills of credit, to meet the expenses of equipping 
 the army. 
 
 1775, JUNE 21. Washington left Philadelphia to take command 
 of the army surrounding Boston. 
 
 1775, JUNE 23. The Congress ordered the first issue of bills 
 of credit, and the second in July. 
 
 The total amount was three millions of dollars. The issues were apportioned 
 among the states. Their quotas were to be paid by taxation. Rhode Island, 
 Massachusetts, and New Hampshire did this. New York, Pennsylvania, New 
 Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia did it in part. The bills were to be received for 
 taxes. The receipts from taxes into the state treasuries were to be paid into 
 the continental treasury in four yearly instalments, the first to become due in 
 November, 1779. The bills were not ready for circulation until August, and 
 were readily received. The scheme had been recommended by the provincial 
 congress of New York, where it had been suggested by Governeur Morris. 
 
 1775, JUNE 23. The council and house of burgesses in 
 Virginia, in a joint address to Governor Dunmore, asked him to 
 return to the capital of the province. 
 
 He had taken refuge upon a ship-of-war. 
 
 1775, JULY 2. General Washington arrived at the camp 
 before Boston, and took command, fixing his headquarters at 
 Cambridge. 
 
 1775, JULY 17. A convention of delegates at Richmond, Yir-
 
 328 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 ginia, organized themselves, and took possession of the juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Lord Dunmore had taken refuge in an armed ship. A committee of safety, 
 appointed by the convention, assumed the executive authority. Two regular 
 regiments were enlisted from the militia, and bills of credit were issued. 
 
 1775, JULY 18. General Putnam, on Prospect Hill, near Bos- 
 ton, displayed a flag. 
 
 It was red, with the motto of Connecticut, " Qui transtulit, susiinet," on one 
 side, and on the other the words, " An Appeal to Heaven." In September the flag 
 used in South Carolina was a blue ground with a white crescent in the left corner. 
 It was designed by Colonel Moultrie. In December Paul Jones displayed on the 
 "Alfred," the flagship of Commodore Hopkins, a flag with a rattlesnake on a 
 yellow field, and the motto " Don't tread on me." 
 
 1775, JULY 19. An election was had in Massachusetts for 
 councillors. 
 
 This was according to the advice of Congress. The governor and lieutenant- 
 governor being absent, the authority devolved on the council, who retained it 
 until a constitution was formed for the state. An executive committee was organ- 
 ized which took the duties of those of safety, correspondence, inspection, and 
 others. 
 
 1775, JULY. Wentworth, the governor of New Hampshire, 
 prorogued the assembly, and retreated for safety to Boston. 
 The provincial congress, with the committees, assumed the jurisdiction. 
 
 1775, JULY 22. A committee was appointed by Congress to 
 consider Lord North's plan of conciliation, which had been 
 forwarded for its consideration by three of the colonial assem- 
 blies, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia. 
 
 This committee consisted of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John 
 Adams, and Richard Henry Lee. The report of this committee, prepared by 
 Jefferson, was adopted on the 31st of July. The report rejected the plan, and 
 ended by saying that nothing but the exertions of the colonies could resist the 
 ministerial scheme of death or abject submission. The report, signed by John 
 Hancock as president, was printed in the Pennsylvania Evening Post, of August 
 8, 1775, and reproduced very generally by the newspapers throughout the 
 colonies. 
 
 1775, JULY 26. Congress organized the continental postal 
 service. 
 
 The plan proposed was that prepared by William Goddard. Franklin was 
 appointed postmaster. The royal mail had almost ceased for want of patronage. 
 
 1775, JULY 27. An army hospital was organized. 
 
 Dr. Benjamin Church, of Boston, was made its director. He was soon de- 
 tected in correspondence with General Gage, and, being tried by a court-martial, 
 was found guilty, and imprisoned by order of congress. His health failing, he 
 was allowed to embark to the West Indies ; but the ship was never heard from. 
 Dr. John Morgan, of Philadelphia, was appointed to his place.
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 329 
 
 1775, JULY 28. The Maryland convention formed an associa- 
 tion, and appointed committees of safety and correspondence. 
 
 They also made an issue of bills of credit, and organized the militia. 
 
 1775. ABOUT this period is given as the date for the intro- 
 duction of clover for agricultural purposes. 
 
 The use of rye-grass in Virginia is given as 1677. Mr. Charles L. Flint says : 
 "No other variety of grass seed appears to have been sown for many years, not 
 indeed, till towards the close of the last century, upon the introduction of tim- 
 othy and orchard grass." Both timothy and orchard grass were introduced into 
 England from this country. The first in 17GO, and the second in 1764. The date 
 of the introduction of red clover into England is given as 1633.; sainfoin, 1651 ; 
 yellow clover, 1659 ; white clover, 1700. Our stock of these was most probably 
 derived from there. The use of grass-seed is said to have been first made in 
 Scotland in 1792. No one of the root crops used for stock was known at this time. 
 
 1775, JULY 29. Two joint treasurers were appointed. 
 
 They were George Clymer and Michael Hillegas. The first resigned August 6 ; 
 the second remained in office during the existence of the confederation. 
 
 1775, AUGUST. The Rhode Island delegates to Congress were 
 instructed by the assembly of that state " to use their whole 
 influence for building at the Continental expense, a fleet of suffi- 
 cient force for the protection of these colonies, and for employing 
 them in such manner and places as will most effectually annoy 
 our enemies, and contribute to the common defence of these 
 colonies." 
 
 The assembly also adopted the continental currency as a lawful tender, and 
 declared him an enemy to his country who should refuse either the colonial or the 
 general issues. 
 
 1775, AUGUST 1. Congress adjourned to meet the 5th of 
 September. 
 
 One of its last acts was to again petition the king. The petition, which was 
 drawn up by John Dickinson, was signed by the members and intrusted to Richard 
 Penn, who sailed with it immediately for England. 
 
 1775, AUGUST 2. General Howe superseded General Gage 
 as commander of the British army at Boston. 
 
 1775, AUGUST. A committee of the Maryland convention re- 
 ported that there were twelve gunsmith shops in the province. 
 
 1775, AUGUST. The Constitutional Gazette, appeared in New 
 York. 
 
 John Anderson was its publisher. 
 
 1775, AUGUST 13. A cruiser, commanded by Lieutenant 
 Mo watt, fired upon the town of Gloucester. 
 
 He had chased a West India vessel into the harbor, and the boats sent to cap-
 
 330 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 ture her were driven back. Another attempt to land was also repulsed, and thirty- 
 five prisoners made. 
 
 1775, AUGUST 23. Congress ordered Captain Lamb to remove 
 from the New York city forts all the cannon to the Highlands. 
 
 The Asia, a man-of-war in the harbor, offered resistance ; but, in spite of her, 
 twenty-one pieces (all that were mounted) were secured. 
 
 1775, AUGUST. Rhode Island followed the recommendation 
 of Congress, and made the Continental bills of credit a legal 
 tender. 
 
 The other states followed one by one. 
 
 1775. "A complete apparatus for printing with a printer 
 and a clergyman were sent to Canada." 
 
 Ramsey, in his History, says : " Writers and printers followed in the rear 
 of the preachers, and next to them had the greatest hand in animating their 
 countrymen." He gives also the above quotation. 
 
 1775, AUGUST 23. The king of Great Britain issued a 
 proclamation for suppressing rebellion and sedition in the colo- 
 nies of North America. 
 
 1775, SEPTEMBER 1. Richard Penn, the bearer of the petition 
 from Congress, was answered by Lord Dartmouth that " as His 
 Majesty did not receive the petition on the throne, no answer 
 would be given." 
 
 1775, SEPTEMBER. The New York congress voted one hun- 
 dred and twelve thousand dollars in bills of credit. 
 
 They were to be redeemed by taxes in two years. Governor Tryon soon 
 retired to the Asia, an armed ship in the harbor of New York. 
 
 1775, SEPTEMBER 5. Congress met. 
 
 So few delegates were present that it adjourned to the 13th. Georgia was fully 
 represented, its provincial congress having accepted the association. From this 
 date the union was called The Thirteen United Colonies. 
 
 1775, SEPTEMBER 8. The North Carolina provincial congress 
 issued an address, denying that they sought independence. 
 
 The congress contained delegates from forty-four counties and towns, and in 
 the address said: "We have been told that independence is our object; that we 
 seek to throw off all connection with the parent state. Cruel suggestion ! Do not 
 all our professions, all our actions, uniformly contradict this ?" 
 
 1775, SEPTEMBER 25. A convention of delegates in Transyl- 
 vania met and organized. 
 
 The delegates were from Boonesborough, a settlement made by Boone, 
 Harrodsburg, another settlement made by Harrod, a backwoodsman, and 
 other pioneer settlements. The proprietors of Transylvania, on September 25, 
 held a meeting at Oxford, North Carolina, and sent a delegate to the Continental 
 Congress.
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 331 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 3. The provincial congress of New Jersey 
 enlisted two battalions. 
 
 The command of one was given to William Alexander, known as Lord Stirling, 
 and the other to Maxwell. The militia was placed under the command of Phile- 
 mon Dickinson and William Livingston. Thirty thousand pounds in bills of 
 credit were issued. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER. Parliament voted twenty-five thousand men, 
 to be used in America. 
 
 Arrangements were made for hiring seventeen thousand Hessians. The com- 
 mand was given to General Howe. 
 
 1775. DURING the winter the British troops in Boston suf- 
 fered a great deal from cold and want of supplies. 
 
 Houses were torn down for fuel, and the town bull was killed for food. The 
 troops encamped on Bunker Hill in tents suffered from cold, and many of the poor 
 in Boston were sent away to lessen the demand for food. The officers made of 
 Faneuil Hall a theatre, and of the Old South Church a riding-school. The library 
 in the steeple of this church was partly destroyed and partly carried away. It 
 belonged to Dr. Price, the minister of the church. Some few years ago the man- 
 uscript of Governor Bradford's History of Plymouth, which was in it, was found 
 to be in the Bishop of London's library, and from a copy was printed by the His- 
 torical Society of Massachusetts. Most of the supply ships sent from England 
 for the troops in Boston were captured by the colonial cruisers. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 5. The governor of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
 ware, John Penn, issued a proclamation ending with " (rod save 
 the King." 
 
 1775, OCTOBER. Dr. Jeremy Belknap visited the camp near 
 Boston, and, under the date of the 19th, says in his journal : " I 
 found that the plan of independence was become a favorite point 
 in the army, and that it was offensive to pray for the king." 
 
 1775. THE Pennsylvania Packet, published in Philadelphia, 
 printed, November 13, an " Address of the people called Qua- 
 kers," advocating peace. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 7. The English fleet, of fifteen sail, under 
 Captain Wallace, anchored off Bristol, Rhode Island, and can- 
 nonaded the town. 
 
 Wallace had previously threatened Newport and Providence ; and parties from, 
 the fleet landing on the shores pillaged the farms, carrying off the cattle. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 18. Falmouth (now Portland), in Maine, was 
 destroyed by a bombardment. 
 
 The ship was under the command of Lieutenant Mowatt. He attempted to land, 
 but was repulsed. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 24. The agents. Mr. Hogg, from Transylvania, 
 (the territory of Kentucky), presented the petition from the
 
 332 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 house of delegates that they might be admitted to the Union, 
 and was refused. 
 
 The objection was that Virginia claimed the territory as within her juris- 
 diction. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER. Orders were received by the governor of 
 Nova Scotia from England to make gratuitous grants of land to 
 loyalist refugees from the colonies, and to support those who 
 were indigent at an expense not exceeding six pence a day. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 26. In a speech to parliament the king de- 
 clared that the war on the part of the colonies was " manifestly 
 carried on for the establishment of an American Empire." 
 
 He recommended the appointment of commissioners to grant pardons to such 
 of the "unhappy and deluded multitude" as should be convinced of their error 
 by arms. The Houses supported him, and applauded his mercy in suggesting 
 pardon. 
 
 1775, OCTOBER 31. News of the fate of the petition of Con- 
 gress to the king was received in Philadelphia. 
 
 The next day the papers of Philadelphia contained this information, together 
 with the king's proclamation for suppressing rebellion in the colonies. On the 
 same day an express from General Washington informed Congress that the 
 British fleet had burned Falmouth, in New Hampshire. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER. The assembly of Rhode Island passed de- 
 crees of forfeiture upon the estates of the Tories. 
 
 Newport was allowed to furnish supplies to the British fleet in stated quantities, 
 in order to insure the safety and support of the inhabitants, who were ruined by 
 the cessation of its trade. Captain Wallace proposed to spare the town on condi- 
 tion of obtaining supplies. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 1. The assembly of Rhode Island consid- 
 ered an act to abolish slavery in that province, and ordered it 
 printed and laid before the towns, to be acted upon at the next 
 session. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 3. An expedition under Montgomery cap- 
 tured St. John's. 
 
 The siege lasted several weeks. Montreal surrendered soon after without 
 resistance. A fortunate supply of clothing for the troops was obtained by this 
 surrender. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 3. Congress advised the provincial conven- 
 tion of New Hampshire " to call a full and free representation 
 of the people and the representatives, if they think it necessary, 
 and establish such a form of government as in their judgment 
 will best promote the happiness of the people, and most ef- 
 fectually secure peace and good order in the province during 
 the continuance of the dispute between Great Britain and the 
 Coloniesv"
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 333 
 
 An application from New Hampshire, for advice how to act in the emergency, 
 had been before Congress from October 18th. The same advice was the next day 
 given to South Carolina, who had made a similar application. In this last case 
 the addition was made of advising the raising of an army to defend the colony 
 " at the continental expense," and that the British ships-of-war should be seized 
 and destroyed, and attempts to occupy Charleston be resisted. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 4. A proclamation for a thanksgiving, issued 
 by the provincial congress of Massachusetts, ended with " God 
 save the people." 
 
 1775. THE Pennsylvania Packet, or General Advertiser ap- 
 peared in Philadelphia. 
 
 It was published by John Dunlop. 
 
 1775. THE Pennsylvania Ledger, or the Virginia, Maryland, 
 Pennsylvania, and New Jersey Weekly Advertiser, appeared in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 It was published by James Humphreys, Jr. 
 
 1775. THE Pennsylvania Evening Post appeared in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was published by B. Towne. 
 
 1775. THE Pennsylvania Mercury and Universal Advertiser 
 appeared in Philadelphia. 
 
 It was published by Story and Humphreys. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 4. Congress reorganized the army before 
 Boston. 
 
 A committee had visited the camp, and consulted with "Washington and the 
 committees from the colonies of New England. By this plan it was to consist of 
 twenty-six regiments, besides riflemen and artillery ; Massachusetts to furnish six- 
 teen, Connecticut five, New Hampshire three, and Rhode Island two ; the officers 
 to be selected by Washington from those in the service. The command of the 
 artillery was given to Knox, Gridley retiring from age, Congress giving him an 
 equivalent for his half pay in the British service. The northern army was to con- 
 sist of eleven battalions two from the troops already enlisted, two from Canada, 
 two from Pennsylvania, and one each from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut, New York, and New Jersey. Besides these, Congress had soon in its pay 
 five regiments from South Carolina, six from North Carolina, nine from Virginia. 
 Virginia and Maryland had been called upon for a regiment of riflemen, Delaware 
 for one, Pennsylvania for six, New Jersey for two, New York for four, and Geor- 
 gia for one. Another from New Jersey and two from Rhode Island, for local 
 defence, were afterwards taken into Continental pay. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 9. The Pennsylvania assembly instructed 
 its delegates to Congress to resist separation from England. 
 
 It said: "We strictly enjoin you, that you, in behalf of this colony, dissent 
 from and utterly reject any proposition, should such be made, that may cause or 
 lead to a separation from our mother country, or a change of this form of govern- 
 ment." John Dickenson was chiefly instrumental in obtaining the passage of 
 these instructions. The Delaware assembly similarly instructed its delegates.
 
 334 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 9. A new pledge of secrecy was adopted 
 by Congress, and all the members required to sign it. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 10. Lord George Germain was made the 
 head of the American department in the cabinet. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 11. The Massachusetts congress passed an 
 act to equip armed vessels, and issue letters of marque and re- 
 prisal, and creating courts for condemning the prizes. 
 
 The congress was then sitting at "Watertown. The Continental Congress, on 
 the 25th of November, authorized privateers, and the establishment of colonial 
 prize courts, with an appeal to Congress. 
 
 1775. THE enlistments in the army were for one year. 
 
 At the end of the term the soldiers were paid. The original intention was to 
 raise, equip, and support a continental army upon uniform and equal terms, but 
 the better credit of the states led gradually to state establishments of the army. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 16. Governor Franklin, in a speech to the 
 assembly of New Jersey, told them the army of his Majesty had 
 orders to proceed against any town raising troops. 
 
 He added: " As sentiments of independency are by some men of present con- 
 sequence openly avowed, and essays are already appearing in the public papers to 
 ridicule the people's fears of that horrid measure, and remove their aversion to 
 republican government, it is high time every man should know what he has 
 to expect." The assembly replied : " We know of no sentiments of independency 
 that are by men of any consequence openly avowed ; nor do we approve of any 
 essays tending to encourage such a measure. We have already expressed our 
 detestation of such opinions." 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 17. Congress took steps to organize a naval 
 code. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 20. Three more millions in bills of credit 
 were issued by Congress. 
 
 They were to be redeemed like the last. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 23. Governor Dunmore, with a force he had 
 collected, captured Norfolk. 
 
 He had been raiding along the coast, and had declared martial law, and offered 
 freedom to all the slaves of rebels who would join him. He was driven out of 
 Norfolk very soon. 
 
 1775. NATHANIEL NILES set up a manufactory for making iron- 
 wire for the manufacture of cards, at Norwich, Connecticut. 
 
 He was granted a loan by the legislature of three hundred pounds for four 
 years. 
 
 1775. THE provincial congress of South Carolina offered pre- 
 miums for the introduction of various manufactures. 
 
 Saltpetre, sulphur, iron, steel, paper, salt, and cloth were the chief articles.
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 335 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER. Congress resolved that clothing for the 
 army should be provided by the states, to be paid for by stop- 
 ping one and two-thirds dollars a month from the soldier's pay. 
 
 The cloth provided was to be dyed brown, the facings were to show the regi- 
 ments. Every man who brought a good new blanket with liini was to be allowed 
 two dollars for it, and could retain it on his return. 
 
 1775. MUSKETS were made in North Providence, Rhode 
 Island, by Stephen Jenks. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 28. The assembly of New Jersey directed 
 their delegates to Congress " not to give their assent to, but 
 utterly to reject any propositions, if such should be made, that 
 may separate this colony from the mother country, or change the 
 form of the government thereof." 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 29. Congress ordered an issue of three 
 millions more of bills of credit. 
 
 They were apportioned like the former, and to be paid after eight years, in four 
 annual payments. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 29. Congress appointed a committee to 
 correspond with foreign nations. 
 
 This committee consisted of Mr. Harrison, Dr. Franklin, Mr. Johnson, Mr. 
 Dickcnson, and Mr. Jay. They were appointed " for the sole purpose of corre- 
 sponding with our friends in Great Britain, Ireland and other parts of the world, 
 and that they lay their correspondence before Congress when directed." 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER 30. Martial law was proclaimed in the prov- 
 ince of Nova Scotia. 
 
 1775, NOVEMBER. The assembly of South Carolina offered 
 premiums of two hundred, one hundred and fifty, one hundred, 
 and of fifty pounds, for the first works that produced fifty pounds 
 of good saltpetre. 
 
 They did the same for sulphur, and agreed to purchase it at five shillings a 
 pound. Georgia also offered inducements for the manufacture. 
 
 1775. The council of safety erected powder-mills in Penn- 
 sylvania, and allowed eight dollars a hundred pounds for it. 
 
 In 1790 there were twenty-one powder-mills in Pennsylvania, making, together, 
 six hundred and twenty-five tons a year. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 4. Congress declared it dangerous to the 
 welfare of America for any single colony to petition the king or 
 parliament. 
 
 Advice was given to Virginia to resist by force, and to form a local government. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 6. Congress issued a proclamation threaten- 
 ing to retort upon the supporters of the ministry any severities 
 inflicted upon the colonies or their supporters. 
 
 The British ministry had declared in a proclamation that the colonies were in 
 rebellion, and threatened punishment to all who should aid them.
 
 336 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1775. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 7. The Maryland convention declared that 
 they " never did nor do entertain any views or desires of inde- 
 pendency," and that their union with the mother country was 
 " their highest felicity, so would they view the fatal necessity of 
 separating from her as a misfortune next to the greatest that 
 can befall them." 
 
 This declaration they ordered entered on the journal. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 9. The Virginia militia were victorious in a 
 battle at Great Bridge. 
 
 They were engaged with Dunmore's forces. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 11. Congress appointed a committee, con- 
 sisting of one member from each of the colonies, to organize and 
 equip a fleet. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 11. A bill passed parliament prohibiting all 
 intercourse between the province of Nova Scotia and the re- 
 volted American colonies. 
 
 1775. LEXINGTON, Kentucky, was settled by a company under 
 the leadership of Colonel Robert Patterson. 
 
 While laying out the town, the settlers heard of the battle of Lexington, and 
 gave its name to their settlement. In 1782 it was incorporated by the Virginia 
 legislature. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 14. The provincial congress of New York 
 resolved, " That it is the opinion of this Congress that none of 
 the people of this Colony have withdrawn their allegiance from 
 His Majesty. 
 
 " That the supposed turbulent state of this Colony arises not 
 from the want of a proper attachment to our prince and the 
 establishment of the illustrious House of Hanover, nor from a 
 desire to become independent of the British Crown, or a spirit 
 of opposition to that just and equal rule to which by the British 
 Constitution, and our ancient and established form, we are sub- 
 ject ; but solely from the inroads made on both by the oppres- 
 sive Acts of the British Parliament, devised for enslaving His 
 Majesty's liege subjects in the American Colonies, and the 
 hostile attempts of the Ministry to carry these Acts into exe- 
 cution." 
 
 1775. ABOUT this time the North Carolina provincial con- 
 gress published an address against independency. 
 
 It said : " That it was our most earnest wish and prayer to be restored, with 
 the other united colonies, to the state in which they were placed before the 
 year 1763." 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 18. The committee of the Rhode Island 
 assembly, having control during the recess of that body, estab-
 
 1775.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 337 
 
 lished a laboratory for making artillery stores in the brick school- 
 house on Meeting Street in Providence. 
 
 1775. DECEMBER 22. Esek Hopkins was confirmed as com- 
 mander of the fleet. 
 
 The management of naval affairs -was given to a " marine committee." John 
 Paul Jones was appointed to a lieutenancy. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER. The committee of correspondence of Con- 
 
 gress addressed letters to Arthur Lee in London, and Charles 
 umas at the Hague, to ascertain the disposition of foreign 
 courts concerning America. Great caution and secrecy were en- 
 joined upon them. 
 
 Dumas was a Swiss, and a friend of Franklin. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 25. The town of Portsmouth, New Hamp- 
 shire, instructed their delegates in the provincial congress to 
 oppose the establishment of a local government. 
 
 They gave as a reason that it would furnish " arguments to persuade the good 
 people there that we are aiming at independency, which we totally disavow." 
 
 1775, DECEMBER 31. An unsuccessful attack was made upon 
 Quebec by the expedition under Benedict Arnold. 
 
 Arnold was wounded, and Montgomery was killed. 
 
 1775, DECEMBER. Congress ordered the construction of thir- 
 teen frigates. 
 
 Of these, the Congress of twenty-eight guns, and the Montgomery of twenty- 
 four, were built at Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson River. In consequence, how- 
 ever, of the English occupation of the city of New York from August, 1776, to 
 November, 1783, neither of them got to sea, and were burned in 1777. Four oth- 
 ers of these frigates the Washington and the Randolph, of thirty-two guns each, 
 the Effingham of twenty-eight guns, and the Delaware of twenty-four were 
 built at Philadelphia. In consequence of the failure to break the blockade of the 
 port, despite the efforts made with galleys, batteries, rafts, fire-ships, and tor- 
 pedoes, the Delaware and Ejffingham were burned, to prevent their falling into 
 the enemy's hands. The Randolph got to sea in 1777. The Virginia, of twenty- 
 eight guns, was intrusted to the ship-builders of Maryland. 
 
 1775. A POWDER-MILL was erected at East Hartford, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 It was built by William and George Pitkin, under an act of the assembly regu- 
 lating their construction, and giving a premium of thirty pounds to the first two 
 powder-mills erected, and ten pounds for every hundred-weight of saltpetre made 
 during the next year. 
 
 1775. THE assembly of Maryland authorized a loan of one 
 thousand pounds for the erection of saltpetre-works, and offered 
 half a dollar a pound for the product. 
 
 The same amount was offered for the construction of a powder-mill. 
 
 22
 
 338 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 1776, JANUARY. The Rhode Island assembly recalled its 
 issue of forty thousand pounds of bills of credit bearing interest, 
 and issued the same amount bearing no interest. 
 
 The bounty of three shillings a pound for saltpetre, declared the year before, 
 was repealed, and it was ordered that saltpetre-works should be established in 
 every town, and a powder-mill set up in the state. 
 
 1776, JANUARY 1. The flag of the United Colonies was un- 
 furled in the camp by order of General Washington. 
 
 It consisted of a St. George and a St. Andrew cross on a blue ground in the 
 upper corner, and alternate horizontal stripes of red and white in the field. It 
 was known as the " great union," and was used in the fleet by Captain Hopkins. 
 
 1776, JANUARY 5. A convention at Exeter, New Hampshire, 
 summoned by the provincial congress, to consist of delegates to 
 be elected under the existing laws for the election of delegates, 
 framed a constitution, which was accepted. 
 
 The constitution was established by "the free suffrage of the people," and 
 made provisions for the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of govern- 
 ment. A council of twelve members from the different counties was elected by 
 the convention. This council elected Mesheck Ware president, a justice of the 
 supreme court, who was also made chief justice. The council was elected yearly, 
 and when not in session, the authority was exercised by the committee of safety, 
 of which the president of the council was the head. This arrangement was made 
 only during the continuance of the war, and lasted during that period. 
 
 1776, JANUARY 9. Common Sense, written by an Englishman, 
 was published by Robert Bell, of Philadelphia. 
 
 This was the publication of Thomas Paine's famous work, which had such 
 admirable influence in ripening public opinion for independence. The book was 
 suggested to him by Benjamin Rush, and during its preparation was submitted to 
 Franklin and Samuel Adams. A German edition was also issued. It was re- 
 printed in many of the cities in the colonies, and also in England. An edition in 
 French was printed in France. The first editions were anonymous ; the term 
 " written by an Englishman" was left from the title after the first edition. 
 
 1776, JANUARY 20. An assembly in Georgia, called by the 
 governor, Sir James Wright, elected an executive committee, 
 with Archibald Bullock as president. 
 
 Governor Wright was made prisoner, but escaped to an armed ship below 
 Savannah. In February, a provincial regiment was raised, of which Mclntosh was 
 made colonel. 
 
 1776, JANUARY. The New York Packet and American Adver- 
 tiser appeared in New York. 
 
 It was published by Samuel Loudon, who had come from Ireland several 
 years before. He removed the paper to Fishkill when the occupation of the city 
 by the British was imminent, and continued its publication there until the peace 
 of 1783, when he returned to New York. After its return, it was issued daily. 
 It was a supporter of the Federal party.
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 339 
 
 1776, JANUARY. Dunmore, reinforced by the arrival of a 
 British frigate, bombarded Norfolk. 
 
 A party, binding, set it on fire. Norfolk was at this time the largest and most 
 flourishing town in Virginia. The part of the town which escaped the conflagra- 
 tion was afterwards destroyed by the colonial forces, in order to prevent its 
 becoming a shelter for the enemy. Dunmore continued his raids along the coast, 
 until he was driven to seek refuge in St. Augustine. 
 
 1776, JANUARY 23. A proclamation was issued by the gov- 
 ernment of Massachusetts, enjoining all the people to use their 
 best efforts to have the resolves of the General Congress and the 
 laws of the colony duly executed. 
 
 In this proclamation the consent of the people is declared to be the only founda- 
 tion of government, and the happiness of the people its sole end. The proclama- 
 tion ends with " God save the people," the first time such a document omitted 
 the traditional " God save the king." It was drawn up by John Adams, was 
 ordered to be read at the opening of every court, at the March town meetings, and 
 by the ministers every Sunday to their congregations. It was also widely printed 
 in the newspapers. The congress which issued k was then sitting at Watertown, 
 Massachusetts, almost within the sound of the guns of the enemy. 
 
 1776, FEBRUARY 17. The first American fleet, under Commo- 
 dore Hopkins, sailed from Delaware Bay. 
 
 It consisted of eight vessels, and made a descent on New Providence, capturing 
 the governor and a quantity of military stores, but finding no powder, in search 
 of which the expedition was undertaken. On the return, a captured ship-of-war 
 escaped, and Congress ordered an inquiry into Hopkins's conduct. 
 
 1776, FEBRUARY 17. A committee of five was appointed by 
 Congress to superintend the treasury. 
 
 April 11, an auditor-general, with clerks and assistants, was appointed to act 
 under this committee. 
 
 1776. THE aggregate issue of bills of credit for this year was 
 nineteen millions of dollars. 
 
 The issues were made February 17, May 9, May 27, August 13, November 
 2, and December 28. Up to January 1, 1777, twenty-five millions were issued. 
 The bills, up to about twenty millions, remained at par. The Declaration of 
 Independence, as it destroyed all possible hope of reconciliation, and made it 
 evident that the contest would be a long one, tended to discredit the issues. 
 
 1776, FEBRUARY. A British squadron sailed from Boston with 
 a body of troops under General Clinton. 
 
 After touching at New York, it proceeded to the coast of North Carolina. 
 
 A party of loyalists, chiefly Scotch Highlanders, under McDonald, were 
 defeated, February 27, in an attempt to reach the coast. The men were disarmed, 
 and the officers, with McDonald, sent north as prisoners. 
 
 1776, MARCH 4. Dorchester Heights, commanding Boston, 
 were occupied at night by the Americans. 
 
 On the 17th the British evacuated the town seven thousand men, with two
 
 340 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 thousand marines and sailors, and about fifteen hundred loyalists. Eleven days 
 were occupied in the evacuation, the troops sailing for Halifax ; and Washington, 
 with the troops, entered the town. Congress ordered a medal struck in com- 
 memoration of the event. 
 
 1776, MARCH 20. Congress invited Canada to join the colo- 
 nies, saying that " they might set up such a government as 
 would most likely produce their happiness." 
 
 Commissioners were appointed to visit Canada and extend the invitation to 
 them, explaining the method used by the United Colonies " of collecting the sense 
 of the people and conducting their affairs regularly." The commissioners were 
 Samuel Chase, Benjamin Franklin, and Charles Carroll of Carrolton. 
 
 1776, MARCH 22. The assembly of Delaware instructed its 
 delegates to Congress to aid in the military preparations, and 
 cultivate the union among the colonies, but to aim at reconcilia- 
 tion with Great Britain, and u avoid and discourage any separate 
 treaty." 
 
 1776, MARCH. Two military departments were organized by 
 Congress, the Southern and the Middle. 
 
 John Armstrong, Thompson, Lewis, Moore, Stirling, and Robert Howe were 
 made brigadiers. 
 
 1776, MARCH 23. The provincial congress of South Carolina 
 authorized their delegates to give their assent to any measure 
 thought necessary for the welfare of the colony or of America. 
 
 There was strong opposition to independence, as was shown by the action of 
 this session. On the 1st of April, in an address to their president, they spoke of a 
 possible accommodation with Great Britain as an event "which, though traduced 
 and treated as rebels, we earnestly desire ; " and on the Cth, resolved that the colony 
 " would not enter into any treaty or correspondence Avith that power, or with per- 
 sons under that authority, but through the medium of the Continental Congress." 
 They organized themselves into an assembly, chose a legislative council of thir- 
 teen members, and, with the assembly, elected John Rutledge president, and 
 Henry Laurens vice-president. An executive council of six members, over which 
 the vice-president presided, was chosen, three by the legislative council and three 
 by the assembly. William Henry Drayton was appointed chief justice. This 
 form of government was to last through the war. Bills of credit were issued, and 
 two more regiments of riflemen were ordered to be raised. In closing the session, 
 Rutledge said: "The consent of the people is the origin and their happiness is 
 the end of government." 
 
 1776, MARCH 23. Congress declared all British vessels law- 
 ful pi'izes. 
 
 1776, APRIL 1. Thomas Mifflin was made brigadier-general. 
 
 He resigned his position as quartermaster-general, but soon resumed it again. 
 Heath, Spencer, Sullivan, and Green, were made major-generals. Read, Nixon, 
 Parsons, McDougall, James Clinton, St. Clair, Adam Stephen, Christopher 
 Gadsden, Moultrie, Mclntosh, Maxwell, Smallwood, were made brigadiers dur- 
 ing the fall, and Thadeus Kosciusko entered the service as an engineer. Joseph 
 Reed was made adjutant-general.
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 341 
 
 1776, APRIL 5. The provincial congress of Georgia elected a 
 new set of delegates to the Continental Congress, and instructed 
 them to vote for independence. 
 
 They were charged "always to keep in view the general utility, remembering 
 that the great and righteous cause in which they were engaged was not provincial, 
 but continental." They were also instructed to join such measures as they might 
 think for the common good, which was taken as authorizing independence. 
 
 1776, APRIL 6. Congress, in a series of resolutions, opened 
 the ports of the colonies to the commerce of all nations. 
 
 The proposition was introduced on the 12th of January, but the lingering hope 
 of reconciliation rendered it most difficult to arrive at the settlement of what now 
 appears the most natural course of action. One of the resolutions provided that 
 no slaves should be imported into the United Colonies ; and another, that certain 
 powers exercised by the local committees of inspection and safety, in relation to 
 trade, should cease. The resolves were printed, signed "By order of Congress, 
 John Hancock." 
 
 1776, APRIL 12. The provincial congress of North Carolina, 
 in session at Halifax, passed unanimously a resolution empowering 
 their delegates in the General Congress " to concur with the 
 delegates in the other colonies in declaring independency and 
 forming foreign alliances, reserving to the colony the sole exclu- 
 sive right of forming a constitution and laws for it," and also 
 " of appointing delegates in a general representation of the colo- 
 nies for such purposes as might be agreed upon." 
 
 1776, APRIL 14. The last of the British fleet left Newport. 
 
 Narragansett Bay was for the first time in months free from British cruisers ; 
 they were driven out by batteries upon the shore. 
 
 1776, APRIL 23. Chief Justice William Henry Drayton, in 
 charging the court of general sessions in South Carolina, said : 
 " The Almighty created America to be independent of Great 
 Britain ; to refuse our labors in this divine work is to refuse to 
 be a great, a free, a pious, and a happy people." 
 
 1776, APRIL 23. The provincial congress of North Carolina 
 authorized their delegates to join with the other colonies in 
 declaring independence. 
 
 1776, APRIL 23. The committee of Charlotte County, Vir- 
 ginia, instructed their delegates to vote for independence. 
 
 This charge read : " By the unanimous approbation and direction of the whole 
 freeholders, and all the other inhabitants of this colony, ... we give it to you 
 in charge to use your best endeavor* that the delegates which are sent to the 
 General Congress be instructed immediately to cast off the British yoke ; and as 
 King George, under the character of a parent, persists in behaving as a tyrant, 
 that they, in our behalf, renounce allegiance to him forever ; and that, taking the 
 God of heaven to be our King, and depending on His assistance and protection, 
 they plan out that form of government which may most effectually secure to us
 
 342 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 the enjoyment of our civil and religious rights and privileges to the latest pos- 
 terity." 
 
 1776, APRIL 24. A majority of the freeholders of James City 
 instructed their delegates " to exert their utmost abilities, in the 
 next convention, towards dissolving the connection between 
 America and Great Britain totally, finally, and irrevocably." 
 
 This sentiment for independence rapidly spread throughout the whole colony. 
 
 1776, APRIL 29. The Massachusetts legislature adopted a 
 flag for their cruisers. 
 
 It was a white ground, with a green pine tree, and the motto, " An appeal to 
 Heaven." Similar flags were displayed on the floating batteries. 
 
 1776, MAY 3. A convention of delegates met at Williamsburg, 
 Virginia. 
 
 The royal governor, Lord Dunmore, had remained on board the fleet, where 
 he had taken refuge. The house of burgesses he had summoned, met, held sev- 
 eral sessions, and then dismissed themselves. A convention of delegates, chosen 
 by those entitled to vote for burgesses, held the political power, and had organized 
 the militia, and appointed a committee of safety. Its last meeting had been in 
 December, 1775, and neither then, nor in the three previous meetings, had they 
 declared for independence. The events transpiring increased the sentiment of 
 independence very rapidly. 
 
 1776, MAY 4. The assembly of Rhode Island instructed their 
 delegates to the Continental Congress to consult on " promoting 
 the strictest union and confederation." 
 
 They were also to preserve the established form of government in the colony. 
 The people were satisfied with their charter, since under it they elected their 
 rulers and made their own laws. By an act at the same time, it was provided 
 that all commissions, writs, and processes in the courts should be issued in the 
 name of "The Governor and Company of the English Colony of Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantations." It was understood, though not openly declared, 
 that this action of Rhode Island meant independence. 
 
 1776, MAY 4. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an act 
 abjuring their allegiance to the British crown. The records of 
 this session ended with " God save the United Colonies," instead 
 of the customary formula " God save the King." 
 
 1776, MAY. Two frigates, the Warren, of thirty-two guns, 
 and the Providence, of twenty-eight, were launched at Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island. 
 
 They were a part of the thirteen frigates ordered by Congress in the previous 
 December, and were placed in command, the Warren of John B. Hopkins, and 
 the Providence of Samuel Tompkins. 
 
 1776, MAY 5. A royal proclamation was issued declaring 
 North Carolina in rebellion. 
 
 Pardon was promised to all who would return to their allegiance, except Cor- 
 nelius Harnett and Robert Howe.
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 343 
 
 1776, MAY 6. The assembly of Pennsylvania refused to re- 
 call their instructions to their delegates. 
 
 They were asked to do so by the committees of inspection and observation in 
 Philadelphia,. 
 
 1776, MAY 8. A British fleet entered Boston harbor. 
 
 They were ignorant of the evacuation, and anchored in Nastaket Roads. 
 They were driven away ; and a few days after, transports arriving with two hun- 
 dred and fifty men were captured. 
 
 1776, MAY 9. Five millions of dollars in bills were issued by 
 Congress. 
 
 Another issue of the same amount was made August 13. 
 
 1776, MAY 10. The house of representatives in Massachusetts 
 voted to submit the question of independence to the people of 
 the province. 
 
 The resolution read : "Resolved, as the opinion of this House, that the inhabi- 
 tants of each town in this Colony ought, in full meeting warned for that purpose, 
 to advise the person or persons who shall be chosen to represent them in the next 
 General Court, whether that, if the honorable Congress should, for the safety of 
 the said colonies, declare them independent of the kingdom of Great Britain, they, 
 the said inhabitants, will solemnly engage, with their lives and fortunes,, to sup- 
 port them in the measure." . 
 
 The towns, during May and June, assembled, and voted upon this measure. 
 On the 12th of June Joseph Hawley wrote : " About two thirds of the towns in 
 the colony had met, and all instructed in the affirmative, and generally returned 
 to be unanimous." On the 2d of June the new House met, and on the 3d of July 
 informed the delegates to Congress that independence "was almost the universal 
 voice of this colony." The letter ends : " This House therefore do, by a unani- 
 mous vote, submit this letter to be made use of as you shall think proper." 
 
 1776, MAY. Beaumarchais, in Paris, under the name of Hor- 
 talis & Co., sent to the colonies ship loads of cannon and other 
 munitions of war. 
 
 Before the summer of 1777, he had thus advanced almost a million of dollars. 
 He had requested to receive return shipments of tobacco, but did not get them. 
 The arrangement had been made by Arthur Lee at London with the French am- 
 bassador there. Vergennes, the French minister, sent Beaumarchais to London 
 to consult with Lee. The French court was not ready to break with England, and 
 this fictitious firm was Beaumarchais' invention to cover the shipments. They 
 went by the way of the West Indies. Deane, on his arrival at Paris, had com- 
 pleted the arrangement with Beaumarchais. 
 
 1776, MAY 14. The Virginia convention went into a commit- 
 tee of the whole, and adopted a resolution in favor of indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 The resolutions were passed unanimously, one hundred and twelve members 
 being present, about twenty being absent. They were drawn up by Edmund Pen- 
 dleton, and read as follows : " Resolved unanimously, That the delegates appointed 
 to represent the colony in the General Congress be instructed to propose to that
 
 31:4 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States, ab- 
 solved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon, the crown or parliament of 
 Great Britain ; and that they give the assent of this colony to sucli declaration, 
 and to whatever measures may be thought proper and necessary by the Congress 
 for forming foreign alliances, and a confederation of the colonies, at such time and 
 in the manner as to them shall seem best. Provided, that the power of forming 
 government for, and the regulation of the internal concerns of, each colony be 
 left to the respective colonial legislatures. Resolved unanimously, That a com- 
 mittee be appointed to prepare a declaration of rights, and such a plan of gov- 
 ernment as will be most likely to maintain peace and order in this colon", and 
 secure substantial and equal liberty to the people." Copies of these resolutions 
 were sent to the other colonial assemblies. On the evening of the day they were 
 passed, the bells were rung in Williamsburg, salutes were fired, the British flag 
 taken from the State House, and " the Union Flag of the American States" sub- 
 stituted for it. 
 
 1776, MAY 15. Congress passed a resolution advising all the 
 colonies to establish their own forms of government. 
 
 The preamble and resolution were as follows : " Whereas his Britannic Majesty, 
 in conjunction with the Lords and Commons of Great Britain, has by a late Act 
 of Parliament, excluded the inhabitants of these United Colonies from the pro- 
 tection of his crown. And whereas no answer whatever to the humble petitions 
 of the colonies for redress of grievances and reconciliation with Great Britain has 
 been, or is likely to be given ; but the whole force of that kingdom, aided by 
 foreign mercenaries, is to be exerted for the destruction of the good people of 
 these colonies. And whereas it appears absolutely irreconcilable to reason and 
 good conscience for the people of these colonies now to take the oaths and affir- 
 mations necessary for the support of any government under the crown of Great 
 Britain ; and it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the 
 said crown should be totally suppressed, and all the powers of government exerted 
 under the authority of the people of the colonies, for the preservation of internal 
 peace, virtue, and good order, as well as for the defence of our lives, liberties, 
 and properties, against the hostile invasions and cruel depredations of their ene- 
 mies. Therefore Resolved, That it be recommended to the respective assemblies 
 and conventions of the United Colonies, where no government sufficient to the 
 exigencies of their affairs has been hitherto established, to adopt such government 
 as shall, in the opinion of the representatives of the people, best conduce to the 
 happiness and safety of their constituents in particular and America in general. 
 " By order of Congress. JOUN HANCOCK, President." 
 
 The resolutions were offered by John Adams. 
 
 1776, MAY 17. The position about Boston is shown in the 
 following letter from James Sullivan, a member of the assembly, 
 and judge of the superior court, to John Adams. 
 
 He writes : " By this conveyance you will have the news of the capture of the 
 ship Howe, with seventy-five tons of powder, and one thousand small arms. This 
 is a grand acquisition. We now expect to be well provided with powder. Nine 
 tons were purchased last week by this colony, at six shillings a pound. We have 
 one powder-mill, which makes a thousand pounds weekly, well grained and very 
 good. Our works are very extensive round Boston, and a great many men must 
 be employed to support them. The fortifications go on briskly. A great deal is
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 345 
 
 done, and there is a great deal more necessary to be done, in order to defend this 
 colony. But unless Congress will now repay the powder we lent the army, we 
 can by no means equip our militia, on whom it seems we have chiefly to depend. 
 We have received your late resolve making us a present of the cannon left by 
 the enemy; but, as nothing is said about the shot, shells, and carriages, General 
 Ward is at a loss about letting us have them. An explanation of the resolve in 
 this respect would do us much service." 
 
 1776, MAY 20. A public meeting was held at the State House 
 iu Philadelphia, which declared for union. 
 
 The resolution passed the 15th of May by Congress was read and applauded. 
 Then the resolution of the provincial assembly of Pennsylvania, of the 9th of 
 November, was protested against. The protest said: "We are fully convinced 
 that our safety and happiness, next to the immediate providence of God, depend 
 upon our complying with and supporting the said resolve of Congress, that thereby 
 the union of the colonies may be preserved inviolate." 
 
 1776, MAY 24. The Maryland convention accepted the report 
 of a committee that Governor Eden had not appeared to act in a 
 hostile character in his correspondence with the ministry, but 
 said that the public safety and quiet made it necessary for him 
 to leave the province. 
 
 The Baltimore committee had attempted to arrest Eden, without consulting the 
 committee of safety. The convention blamed them. Eden was then on his pa- 
 role. The convention dispensed with the oath of allegiance, but voted that it was 
 not necessary to suppress every exercise of authority under the crown. 
 
 1776, MAY 30. The Continental Journal and Weekly Adver- 
 tiser appeared in Boston. 
 
 It was published by John Gill, formerly a partner with Edes. 
 
 1776, MAY 30. Governor Franklin of New Jersey issued a 
 proclamation summoning the assembly to meet. 
 
 The assembly had been prorogued, and the political power was in the hands 
 of a provincial congress, representing the people, and which had approved of as- 
 sociation. 
 
 i 
 
 1776, JUNE 7. Richard Henry Lee, for the delegates from 
 Virginia, presented to Congress a resolution for independence. 
 
 The resolutions read : " That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to 
 be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the 
 British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of 
 Great Britain is, and ought to be totally dissolved. That it is expedient to take 
 the most effectual measures for forming foreign alliances. That a plan of con- 
 federation be prepared and transmitted to the respective colonies for their consid- 
 eration and approbation." The resolutions were seconded by John Adams, and 
 their consideration was postponed until the next day. The next day they were 
 considered in a committee of the whole, until seven in the evening ; and Congress 
 adjourned over Sunday, and on Monday continued the debate, and postponed the 
 resolution until the 1st of July, having decided to appoint a committee to prepare 
 a declaration in conformity with it. This committee was elected by ballot the
 
 346 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 next day, and consisted of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massa- 
 chusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, 
 and Robert R. Livingston of New York. The only objection to the immediate 
 passage of the resolution was on the part of such members as thought it prema- 
 ture. Jefferson says : " It appearing in the course of these debates that the colo- 
 nies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South 
 Carolina were not yet matured for falling from the parent stem, but that they were 
 fast advancing to that state, it was thought most prudent to wait awhile for them." 
 The debates were secret, and no official record was kept of them, and no record 
 of any speech made is known to exist. Jefferson kept a summary of what was 
 said, and this was not printed until 1830, in a selection from his private papers. 
 The Reverend Dr. Zubly, the delegate from Georgia, was accused by Chase, the 
 deputy from Maryland, of having written letters to Governor Wright of Georgia, 
 violating his pledge of secrecy. Zubly denied the charge, but his sudden depart- 
 ure seemed to strengthen the charge, and Houston, Ms colleague, was sent after 
 him. 
 
 1776, JUNE 8. A provincial conference in Pennsylvania 
 sanctioned the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The vote was taken on the 18th. They made arrangements also for a conven- 
 tion to frame a new government for the province. 
 
 1776, JUNE 10. The provincial congress of New Jersey met 
 at Burlington, and declared for independence. 
 
 The congress voted that the proclamation of Governor Franklin, summoning 
 the assembly to meet, " ought not to be obeyed," since " by such proclamation he 
 had acted in direct contempt and violation of the resolve of Congress of the 15th 
 of May." The next day it was voted that he should be secured as an enemy to 
 the liberties of the country. This was done by confining him to his own house, 
 and referring the case to the Continental Congress, who ordered him to be sent as 
 a prisoner to Connecticut. On the 21st the provincial congress voted to form a 
 government " for regulating the internal police of the colony, pursuant to the 
 recommendation " of the Continental Congress. On the next day, the 22d, a new 
 set of delegates were chosen, and instructed to join in " declaring the United Col- 
 onies independent of Great Britain," " always observing that, whatever plan of 
 confederacy they entered into, the regulating the internal police of this province 
 was to be reserved to the colony legislature." 
 
 1776, JUNE 11. The provincial congress of New York, in 
 replying to a letter from their delegates, refused them permission 
 to vote for independence. 
 
 The letter from the delegates was dated the 8th of June, and the reply informed 
 them that they were not authorized to vote for independence, since the provincial 
 congress declined to instruct them on that point. That measures had been taken 
 to obtain the authority of the people to establish a regular government, and " it 
 would be imprudent to require the sentiments of the people relative to the ques- 
 tion of independence, lest it should create division and have an unhappy influence 
 on the others." On the same day the congress adopted a set of resolutions con- 
 cerning local government, and asking the freeholders to express their opinions 
 " respecting the great question of independency," but postponed their publica- 
 tion until after the election of deputies with authority to form a new gov- 
 ernment.
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 34J 
 
 1776, JUNE 12. A Board of War was established by Con- 
 gress, with a secretary and clerks. 
 
 It consisted of five members of Congress. John Adams was its chairman. 
 
 1776, JUNE 12. The new government of Virginia was 
 organized, and Patrick Henry was chosen governor. 
 
 1776, JUNE 12. The Virginia convention adopted a Bill of 
 Eights. 
 
 This declared " That all men are born equally free and independent, and hare 
 certain inherent natural rights. That all power is vested in the people, and gov- 
 ernment should be for the common benefit. That all men are entitled to the free 
 exercise of their religious convictions." The convention also formed a constitu- 
 tion, and elected a governor and other officers. 
 
 1776, JUNE 12. Congress chose a committee, consisting of 
 one from each of the colonies, to report a form of confederation, 
 and another committee of five to prepare a plan for treaties with 
 foreign powers. 
 
 That a committee be appointed "to prepare and digest the form of a confeder- 
 ation to be entered into between these colonies," was voted on the llth, and on 
 the 12th that it should consist of a member from each colony. The committee 
 consisted of Josiah Bartlett of New Hampshire, Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, 
 Stephen Hopkins of Rhode Island, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert R. 
 Livingston of New York, John Dickenson of Pennsylvania, Thomas McKean of 
 Delaware, Thomas Stone of Maryland, Thomas Nelson, Jr., of Virginia, Joseph 
 Hewes of North Carolina, Edward Rutledge of South Carolina, Button Gwinnett 
 of Georgia. Francis Hopkinson, of New Jersey, was appointed June 28. 
 
 1776, JUNE 14. The assembly of Delaware instructed the 
 delegates to the Continental Congress to agree with the other 
 delegates " in forming such further compacts between the United 
 Colonies " and " adopting such other measures as shall be deemed 
 necessary." 
 
 Also " reserving to the people of this colony the sole and exclusive right of 
 regulating the internal government and police of the same." The next day it 
 voted that persons holding office should continue "in the name of the government 
 of the counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex upon Delaware, as they used to 
 exercise them in the name of the King, until a new government should be formed 
 agreeably to the resolution of Congress." 
 
 1776. IN the spring, Washington's Life Guard was organized, 
 varying at different times from sixty to two hundred and fifty 
 men. 
 
 They were selected from the various regiments, their duty being to protect the 
 person, baggage, and papers of the chief. In April, when Washington was in 
 New York, one of the Life Guard was tried and shot for his participation in a plot 
 to capture Washington and deliver him to one of the British armed ships in the 
 harbor. The plot had been formed by the Tories, and the man had been bribed 
 by them. The last survivor was Uzal Knapp, of Orange County, New York, who 
 died in January, 1856, and was buried at the foot of the flag-staff in front of Wash-
 
 348 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 ington's headquarters at Newburg, on the Hudson. On the 18th of July, 1860, a 
 monument was erected to him. 
 
 1776, JUNE 14. The legislature of Connecticut declared for 
 independence. 
 
 They instructed their delegates to propose in Congress " to declare the United 
 American Colonies free and independent States," and further a plan of confeder- 
 ation, "saving that the power for the regulation of the internal concerns and 
 policy of each colony " be left to their local governments. 
 
 1776, JUNE 15. The legislature of New Hampshire declared 
 for independence. 
 
 They instructed their delegates "to join in declaring The Thirteen Colonies 
 an independent state, . . . provided the regulation of their internal police be 
 under the direction of their own assembly." 
 
 1776, JUNE 18. Congress committed the oversight of the 
 Tories and suspected persons to the regularly appointed local 
 committees of inspection and observation. 
 
 1776, JUNE 20. Admiral Lord Howe arrived off the coast of 
 Massachusetts, and issued a circular letter to the governors that 
 he and his brother, the general, were empowered to grant a par- 
 don to all who would submit and aid in restoring peace. 
 
 There was no response to it. 
 
 1776, JUNE 23. Governor Eden of Maryland took refuge on 
 the British man-of-war Fowey, which, under a flag of truce, had 
 anchored off Annapolis. 
 
 This ended the series of royal governors in Maryland. 
 
 1776, JUNE. Congress called upon each of the colonies to 
 furnish its soldiers with a suit of clothes, to be paid for by 
 Congress. 
 
 The waistcoat and breeches might be of deer-skin. A blanket, felt hat, two 
 shirts, two pair of hose, and two pair of shoes, were also required for each 
 soldier. 
 
 1776, JUNE 24. A convention of delegates from the counties 
 of Pennsylvania, in session at Philadelphia, declared for inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 The convention was called by the committee of Philadelphia. The declaration 
 was introduced by Benjamin Rush. It said they would concur in a vote by Con- 
 gress declaring the colonies free, provided the right to form their own government 
 was reserved to the colonies. 
 
 1776, JUNE 28. Fort Sullivan, on Sullivan's Island, Charles- 
 ton harbor, was attacked by a fleet under Sir Peter Parker. The ' 
 attack lasted about ten hours, and the fleet was repulsed. 
 
 The fort was unfinished, built of palmetto logs, and garrisoned by five hundred 
 men, under Colonel William Moultrie. The British lost in killed and wounded
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 349 
 
 two hundred and twenty-fire ; the garrison, two killed and twenty-two wounded. 
 Moultrie was promoted for his gallantry, and the fort called Moultrie in his honor. 
 The fleet, in May, had arrived at Cape Fear, but finding that no assistance could 
 be given it by the loyalists in North Carolina, it was decided to attack Charleston. 
 After the repulse the fleet returned to New York, to join the main British army, 
 which had arrived in New York the day of the attack on Fort Moultrie. 
 
 1776, JUNE. The northern army retreated from Canada to 
 Crown Point. 
 
 Sullivan had been put in command. John Adams said that it was " disgraced, 
 defeated, discontented, dispirited, diseased, undisciplined, eaten up with vermin, 
 no clothes, beds, blankets, nor medicines, and no victuals but salt pork and flour." 
 At Chambly it had suffered severely from small-pox. Carlcton, the English com- 
 mander, was rewarded with the order of the Bath, and Congress thanked Sullivan 
 for his prudent retreat. At Crown Point Gates assumed command. Chambly, 
 Montreal, and St. John's reverted to the British. 
 
 1776, JUNE 28. A convention, assembled at Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, declared for independence. 
 
 It recalled the former instructions against independence, and instructed its 
 delegates "to concur with the delegates of the other colonies in declaring the 
 United Colonies free and independent States, provided the sole and exclusive 
 right of regulating the internal government and police of this colony be reserved 
 to the people thereof." 
 
 1776, JUNE 28. The Declaration of Independence was re- 
 ported to Congress, and ordered to lie on the table. 
 
 The committee to whom the preparation of the declaration was intrusted re- 
 quested Thomas Jefferson to prepare a draft of it. He submitted his draft to 
 Franklin and John Adams, who made a few verbal alterations. It was then read 
 to the committee, and accepted. 
 
 1776, JUNE 29. The Pennsylvania Evening Post of this date 
 contained an article concerning the necessity for independence, 
 in which it was suggested that the name of the new nation should 
 be " The United States of America." 
 
 1776, JUNE 30. General Howe with about eight thousand 
 troops arrived at Sandy Hook, in New York harbor, and embarked 
 on Staten Island. 
 
 He was soon joined by Admiral Howe. 
 
 The circular letter to the late royal governors, offering pardon, was sent on 
 shore July 14 ; on the 19th, Congress ordered it printed in the newspapers, to show 
 how " the insidious court of Great Britain had endeavored to disarm and amuse 
 them," and that those whom " hopes of moderation and justice on the part of the 
 British government still kept in suspense," should see " that the valor alone of 
 their country is to save its liberties." The Tories of Staten Island formed a 
 loyal militia, and promises of support were sent in by those of Long Island and 
 New Jersey. The attempt was made by the Howes to open communication with 
 Washington and subsequently with Congress, but as they refused to recognize 
 either the military rank of Washington or the political existence of Congress, 
 nothing came of it.
 
 350 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 1776, JULY 1. The Continental Congress met and resolved 
 itself into a committee of the whole " to take into consideration 
 the resolution respecting independency," that is, the resolution 
 submitted by the delegates from Virginia on the 7th of June. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison was called to the chair. The new delegates from New 
 Jersey, who had been sent to vote for independence, desired to hear the arguments 
 for it, and John Adams was urged to speak, and did so. His speech was replied 
 to by John Dickenson, who argued for its postponement. After he had finished, 
 Adams spoke again, and the vote was postponed until the next day. Dickenson's 
 speech was printed by himself, but the others we have no record of. Adams, in 
 1807, wrote a letter to Mrs. Mercy Warren, giving an account of the scene, in 
 which he says of his speech, " I wish some one had remembered the speech, for 
 it is almost the only one I ever made that I wish was literally preserved." The 
 letter, printed from the original, will be found in the appendix to Frothingham's 
 Rise of the Republic. 
 
 1776, JULY 1. The Maryland council of safety authorized 
 the loan of two thousand pounds, for nine months to Daniel and 
 Samuel Hughes, who had a furnace in Frederick County, to en- 
 courage them " to prosecute their cannon foundery with spirit 
 and diligence." 
 
 They proposed to Congress to enlarge their works if Congress would take all 
 the cannon they could make, and a contract for one thousand tons of cannon was 
 made with them. Virginia applied to Congress for permission to buy cannon from 
 them, as being "the only persons in this part of the continent to be depended on 
 for cannon ; " and it was given as soon as the needs of Congress were supplied. 
 
 1776. AT the Declaration of Independence every acre of land 
 in the country was held, mediately or immediately, by grants from 
 the crown. All our institutions recognized the absolute title of 
 the crown, subject only to the Indian right of occupancy, and 
 recognized the absolute title of the crown to extinguish that right. 
 An Indian conveyance alone could give no title to an individual. 
 
 1776, JULY 2. The vote was taken in the Continental Con- 
 gress upon the question of independence, and nine of the colo- 
 nies voted for the resolution. 
 
 The delegates from New York were excused from voting on account of their 
 instructions. The Congress then went into a committee of the whole to consider 
 the declaration, and in its discussion occupied the rest of this session, and those 
 of the 3d and 4th of July. Of these discussions Jefferson says : " The pusillani- 
 mous idea that we had friends in England worth keeping terms with still haunted 
 the minds of many. For this reason, those passages which conveyed censure on 
 the people of England were struck out, lest they should give them offence. The 
 clause, too, reprobating the enslaving the inhabitants of Africa was struck out in 
 complaisance to South Carolina and Georgia, who had never attempted to restrain 
 the importation of slaves, and who, on the contrary, wished to continue it. Our 
 northern brethren also, I believe, felt a little tender under those censures ; for 
 though their people had very few slaves themselves, yet they had been pretty 
 considerable carriers of them to others." In the original, the slave trade was 
 declared " piratical warfare against human nature itself."
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 351 
 
 1776, JULY 2. The provincial congress of New Jersey 
 adopted " The Constitution of New Jersey," which had been 
 prepared by a committee. 
 
 This committee reported the constitution June 24, two days after its appoint- 
 ment. This constitution kept in force sixty-eight years. Under it the first state 
 legislature met at Princeton, August 27, and elected William Livingston gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 1776, JULY 4. The Continental Congress, sitting as a com- 
 mittee of the whole, accepted the declaration. In the evening 
 the committee rose, and the chairman announced the declaration 
 had been agreed upon. It was then voted upon, and the twelve 
 colonies unanimously accepted it as " The declaration by the 
 Representatives of the United States of America in Congress 
 Assembled." 
 
 Congress ordered the declaration to be printed under the supervision of the 
 committee that reported, and copies to be sent the committees and conventions, 
 and also the commanding officers of the army to proclaim it to the troops and 
 the people in each of the states. It also appointed Benjamin Franklin, John 
 Adams, and Thomas Jefferson a committee to prepare a design for a seal of the 
 United States of America. 
 
 1776, JULY 6. The news of the Declaration of Independence 
 was received at New York. 
 
 The king's leaden statue in Bowling Green was taken down and run into 
 bullets. The Episcopal clergymen shut up their churches. 
 
 1776, JULY 7. The northern army fell back from Crown 
 Point to Ticonderoga. 
 
 A council of war had decided Crown Point untenable. Congress declared that 
 by appointing Gates to the command they had no intention to supersede Schuyler, 
 and recommended both generals to act in harmony. The small-pox was very 
 virulent in the army ; by death and desertion it lost in three months about five 
 thousand men, and of the five thousand remaining, two thousand were on the sick 
 list. 
 
 1776, JULY 9. The new provincial congress of New York 
 met at White Plains, and gave their sanction to the Declaration 
 of Independence. 
 
 The delegates had been elected with authority to form a government for the state. 
 The instructions of the delegates from New York had not permitted them to vote. 
 By this action of the provincial congress, the declaration was made the unanimous 
 act of the THIRTEEN UNITED STATES. The document was referred to a commit- 
 tee, of which John Jay was the chairman. Their report was favorable, and the 
 convention resolved to support the declaration with their lives and fortunes, and 
 ordered it sent to the county committees. Their proceedings they announced as 
 the action of the representatives of the state of New York. 
 
 1776, JULY 9. Washington communicated the Declaration to
 
 352 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 the army in a general order, which, with the Declaration, was 
 read at six in the evening at the head of each brigade, and dis- 
 tributed in copies freely to the men. 
 
 In this order he said : " The General hopes this important event will serve as 
 an incentive to every officer and soldier to act with fidelity and courage, as know- 
 ing that now the peace and safety of his country depend (under God) solely on 
 the success of our arms ; and that he is in the service of a state possessed of 
 eufficient power to reward his merit and advance him to the highest honors of a 
 free country." " The expressions and behavior of officers and men testified 
 their warmest approbation," wrote Washington subsequently. 
 
 1776, JULY 12. The committee of Congress appointed to 
 draw up articles of confederation, reported a plan. 
 
 Eighty copies were ordered printed for the use of the members, who were 
 enjoined to carefully avoid making them public. The plan presented was drawn 
 up by John Dickenson. On the 29th of July, John Adams wrote : " One great ques- 
 tion is how we shall vote, whether each colony shall have one, or whether each 
 shall have weight in proportion to its number or wealth, or imports and exports, 
 or a compound ratio of all? Another is, whether Congress shall have authority to 
 limit the dimensions of each colony, to prevent those which claim by proclama- 
 tion, or commission, to the South Sea, so as to be dangerous to the rest." The 
 press of business prevented any further action being taken with this plan. 
 
 1776, JULY 15. A state convention of Pennsylvania assembled 
 at Philadelphia and took the government of the state into their 
 own hands. 
 
 The assembly continued to meet, but could not get a quorum, and expired in 
 September in protesting against the new order of things. 
 
 1776, JULY 18. The assembly of Rhode Island approved the 
 action of Congress, and solemnly engaged to support it with 
 their " lives and fortunes." 
 
 The legal title of the colony was changed to that of " the State of Rhode 
 Island and Providence Plantations." The records of this session end with the 
 words " God save the United States." 
 
 1776, JULY 19. Congress, resolved that the "declaration, 
 passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, with the title 
 and style of ' The unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United 
 States of America,' and that the same, when engrossed, be signed 
 by every member of Congress." 
 
 The journal says, August 2 : " The declaration being engrossed and compared 
 at the table, was signed by the members." Jefferson says it was generally signed 
 on the 4th. If it was so signed, that copy is not known to be in existence. John 
 Adams writes on the 9th of July: "As soon as an American seal is prepared, I 
 conjecture the Declaration will be superscribed by all the members." The 
 engrossed copy is preserved in the office of the Secretary of State. An engrav- 
 ing of it, with fac-similes of the signatures, was published in 1819. The engrossed 
 copy was signed by the following fifty-six delegates : New Hampshire, Josiah 
 Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts, John Hancock,
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 353 
 
 Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Shade Island, 
 Stephen Hopkins, William Ellcry. Connecticut, Roger Sherman, Samuel Hun- 
 tington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York, William Floyd, Philip 
 Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Norris. New Jersey, Richard Stockton, John 
 Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abram Clark. Pennsylvania, 
 Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, 
 James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware, Caesar 
 Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKcan. Maryland, Samuel Chase, William 
 Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrolton. Virginia, George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina, William Hooper, Joseph 
 Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heywood, Jr., 
 Thomas Llynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. Georgia, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
 1776, AUGUST 28. The British forces, under General Howe, 
 attacked the Americans at Brooklyn, Long Island, and were suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 The next night Washington withdrew his forces to New York city, and Long 
 Island passed into the possession of the British. Howe, for this, was given the 
 Order of the Bath. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 1. A further attempt was made by the Howes 
 to negotiate for peace. 
 
 General Sullivan, who had been captured by the British advance on Long 
 Island, was sent with a verbal message from the Howes, expressing a desire to 
 confer with some members of Congress, as private persons, with a view of ending 
 the contest, if it were possible. Congress replied that, as representatives of 
 independent states, they could not act in their private capacities, but they would 
 send a committee, since they were desirous of a reasonable peace, and that the 
 Howes might consider them in any light they preferred. Franklin, John Adams, 
 and Edward Rutledge, chosen such a committee, met the Howes on Staten Island ; 
 but no result followed the conference. Lord Howe wrote : " They were very ex- 
 plicit in their opinion that the associated colonies could not accede to any peace 
 or alliance but as free and independent states." The Howes then issued a proc- 
 lamation, saying the British government would revise the instructions to the royal 
 governors, and all acts of Parliament in which the colonies were aggrieved ; and 
 called upon the people to judge for themselves whether it was not better for them 
 to return to their allegiance. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 4. The Massachusetts legislature voted 
 their " entire satisfaction " with the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 14. The Americans evacuated New York 
 city, and the British occupied it. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 15. A detachment of the British landed 
 near Kipp's Bay, about three miles above New York city. 
 
 The main body of the army, under Washington, was encamped at Harlem, and 
 a detachment under Putnam held the city. The British had erected a battery 
 on an island at Hell Gate, and armed ships ascended the East and North River at 
 the same time. Under their fire the landing was made ; and the troops posted to 
 
 23
 
 354 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 guard the spot, panic-struck, fled without resistance. Two brigades from New- 
 England, brought up to support them, did the same. Washington, who had come 
 to the spot, disgusted at such conduct, exclaimed, throwing his hat on the ground, 
 " Are these the men with whom I am to defend America? " He was within eighty 
 paces of the enemy, when his attendants, turning his horse's head, hurried him 
 away. Orders were sent to Putnam, and he hurriedly withdrew, leaving his heavy 
 artillery and stores. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 16. A skirmish occurred between the Brit- 
 ish and American forces, at New York, in which the colonists 
 repulsed their assailants. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 20. The South Carolina assembly voted 
 their support of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 1775, SEPTEMBER 20. A convention in Delaware, of delegates 
 from each county elected for this purpose, adopted a constitution 
 for the state. 
 
 This convention was called from a suggestion of the assembly. The constitu- 
 tion adopted remained in force for sixteen years. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 20. A fire broke out in New York city, and 
 destroyed about a third of it. 
 
 It was reported that the Sons of Liberty had caused it, and the British soldiers 
 in possession of the city seized some persons and threw them into the flames. 
 The fire was, however, accidental, and was heightened by the drought prevailing 
 at the time. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 22. Nathan Hale was executed as a spy, at 
 New York, by command of General Howe. 
 
 Hale was born at Coventry, Connecticut, June 7, 1755. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1773, and on the news of the battle of Lexington, entered the army as a 
 lieutenant, and was soon advanced to a captaincy. When the army retreated 
 from Long Island, Washington desired accurate knowledge of the movements of 
 the British, and Hale volunteered to gather it. He entered the British camp in 
 disguise, made drawings, and took memoranda; but on his return was appre- 
 hended and taken before Howe, who ordered him hanged the next morning. His 
 last saying was, " I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER 28. The convention called in Pennsylvania 
 met in Philadelphia, and adopted a constitution. 
 
 The convention met July 12, and laid the constitution they had adopted, and 
 declared to be in force, before the assembly holding authority under the charter. 
 The assembly denounced the convention, and declared no obedience was due to 
 its ordinances. The next year, the state being threatened with invasion, Congress 
 appointed Samuel Adams, Mr. Duer, and Richard Henry Lee, a committee to 
 exercise all authority necessary for the public safety in conjunction with the offi- 
 cers of the state. The officers of the Continental army were ordered to support 
 the authority of this committee. 
 
 1776, SEPTEMBER. Congress resolved to make provision for 
 granting certain- quantities of land to the officers and soldiers
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 355 
 
 who should serve through the war, or to their heirs if killed in 
 service. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER 3. A loan was opened of five millions of 
 dollars. 
 
 Interest at four per cent, was offered, and loan offices opened under the man- 
 agement of commissioners to be appointed by the local authorities. The certifi- 
 cates were of three, four, five, six hundred, and a thousand dollars. They were 
 payable to bearer, and circulated, adding to the depression. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER 11. The flotilla on Lake Champlain, under 
 Arnold, was driven back to Ticonderoga. 
 
 One boat was captured, and the others, to escape this fate, were run ashore and 
 burned, the crews escaping to the land. The Americans lost eleven vessels and 
 ninety men, the British three vessels and fifty men. The control of the lake thus 
 secured, Carleton with his army took possession of Crown Point, retiring finally 
 to winter-quarters down the lake, as the works in Ticonderoga, held by Gates with 
 about eight thousand men, were too strong to be attacked. 
 
 On the 3d of July, Congress had empowered the Marine Committee to engage 
 shipwrights to go to Lake Champlain, with wages of thirty-seven and a half dollars 
 a month, and a ration and a half with a half pint of rum. By the 22d of August 
 one sloop, three schooners, and five gondolas, carrying fifty-eight guns, eighty-six 
 swivels, and four hundred and forty men, were built at Skenesborough (Whitehall). 
 This flotilla, augmented with six other vessels subsequently finished, was placed 
 under the command of General Arnold, who on the llth of October fought this 
 first naval battle of the Revolution, near Valcour's Island, against a fleet, superior 
 in numbers and strength, which had been constructed with similar rapidity. Some 
 of the material for the English vessels had been brought from England, and the 
 fleet was under the command of Captain Pringle. The term of service expJring, 
 Gates' army rapidly diminished, and during the winter Ticonderoga was held by 
 a very small garrison. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER 15. The New York convention ordered all 
 hides to be carefully preserved, and sent to some place of safety 
 north of the Highlands. 
 
 The day after, Robert R. Livingston asked that Congress be asked to appoint 
 a commissary to take care of the hides, since those that had been provided for the 
 army at Ticonderoga had been sent to Connecticut by the contractors, and so 
 many of them wasted that already they were scarce. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER 18. The convention of delegates in North 
 Carolina adopted a constitution for the state. 
 
 The convention was called August 9, to meet on the loth of October, and met 
 that day at Halifax. It was called by the council of safety, consisting of twelve 
 persons, appointed by the provincial congress, and pledged to carry out the 
 decisions both of the provincial and Continental Congress. The call stated that the 
 business of the convention would be " not only to make laws for the good govern- 
 ment of, but also to form a constitution for this state ; that this last, as it is the 
 corner-stone of all law, so it ought to be fixed and permanent ; and that as it is 
 well or ill ordered it must tend in the first degree to promote the happiness or 
 misery of the state." The convention at the same time adopted a Bill of Rights
 
 356 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 which recognized the freedom of the press. The constitution thus adopted re- 
 mained in force sixty-nine years. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER 28. The battle of White Plains was fought, 
 in which the division under McDougall was driven from its 
 position. 
 
 Washington had withdrawn from Manhattan Island, leaving only a garrison at 
 Fort Washington of three thousand men. He now removed his headquarters to 
 the west side of the Hudson. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER. A strong force from the Carolinas and Vir- 
 ginia marched against the Cherokees, who had begun hostilities. 
 
 1776. THE legislature of Virginia divided the county of Fin- 
 castle into three counties, Washington, Montgomery, and Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Fincastle County had included all the territory west of the mountains. The 
 new county Kentucky included the whole of the state of that name. The settlers 
 of Transylvania gave up their plan of a separate community, and agreed to organ- 
 ize under the authority of Virginia. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER. Franklin sailed for France in the Reprisal, 
 of sixteen guns. 
 
 She was one of the new national frigates, and was the first American vessel to 
 appear in Europe. Franklin, with Jefferson and Deane, had been appointed com- 
 missioners to the French court, September 26. Deane was already in Europe ; 
 and, Jefferson declining the position, Arthur Lee, already in London, was ap- 
 pointed in his place. In December, Franklin arrived, and Lee joined him. They 
 were received privately, with no public acknowledgment of their position. Soon 
 after their arrival they addressed a note to Lord Stormont, the British ambassador 
 at Paris, proposing to exchange some English prisoners, brought to France by 
 American privateers, for Americans held as prisoners by the English. The note 
 was answered, on a slip of paper, as follows: "The king's ambassador receives 
 no application from rebels, unless they come to implore his majesty's mercy." The 
 commissioners returned the slip for his lordship's "better consideration." 4 
 
 1776. THE British this year and for six after used sev- 
 eral condemned hulks, moored in Wallabout Bay, as prison-ships 
 for prisoners ; and it has been estimated that eleven thousand 
 five hundred Americans died in these plague-ships. 
 
 The dead bodies were thrown overboard, and for many years the tides used to 
 wash up the bones. In 1808 they were collected, and laid in a vault near the 
 present navy-yard. 
 
 1776. HAMPTON SIDNEY COLLEGE was founded in Prince 
 Edward County, Virginia, by the Presbyterians. 
 
 1776. MEXICO was divided into twelve intendancies and three 
 provinces. 
 
 These were New Mexico, Upper and Lower California, and the intendancies of 
 Durango, Sonora, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, Guadalaxara, Guanaxuato, Valla-, 
 dolid, Mexico, Puebla, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Yucatan.
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 357 
 
 1776. WATSON and Ledyard, who had a paper-mill at East 
 Hartford, supplied the paper for a weekly issue of eight thousand 
 to the Hartford papers, and the greater part of the writing-paper 
 used in the colony and by the army. 
 
 1776, OCTOBER. Jefferson was appointed chairman of the 
 committee to revise the constitution of Virginia. He ha,d declined 
 a re-election to Congress. 
 
 The work occupied two years and a half. The bills cutting off entail, abolish- 
 ing primogeniture, the bill for religious freedom, and relief from taxation for the 
 support of the established Church, were proposed by Jefferson ; and he was so 
 proud of his success in remodelling the constitution, that he directed the epitaph 
 he dictated to mention that he was the author " of the statute of Virginia for re- 
 ligious freedom." 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 6. A motion in the House of Commons to 
 revise the acts of parliament by which the colonies thought them- 
 selves aggrieved, was lost by a large majority. 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 8. A convention in Maryland adopted a 
 constitution for the state. 
 
 This convention was called by a convention exercising the authority of gov- 
 ernment, on the 3d of July, " for the express purpose of forming a new govern- 
 ment by the authority of the people only, and enacting and ordering all things for the 
 preservation, safety, and general weal of the colony." The convention thus called 
 adopted a Bill of Rights on the 3d of November, in which the freedom of the 
 press was recognized. The constitution thus adopted remained in force for 
 seventy-five years. 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 16. Congress proposed a convention of the 
 New England States, to meet at Providence, to consider the cur- 
 rency. 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 16. Fort Washington was captured. 
 
 The British took possession of the west side of the Hudson River. By this 
 capture the British obtained about two thousand prisoners and a large quantity 
 of artillery. 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 20. Fort Lee was evacuated by the Ameri- 
 cans under General Greene. 
 
 The baggage, artillery, and stores were left to the British. 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 23. Congress empowered the commission- 
 ers in each department to appoint persons to take charge of the 
 hides and tallow in each district. 
 
 It was stated in Congress, on December 4, that one third of the soldiers at 
 Ticonderoga had no shoes. 
 
 1776, NOVEMBER 24. The British under Cornwallis entered 
 the Jerseys, the American forces retreating. 
 
 During the operations at New York, the provincial congress was obliged by 
 the movements of the armies to change its place of meeting to Harlem, King's
 
 358 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776. 
 
 Bridge, Philip's Manor, Croton River, and Fishkill, sitting at times armed, in 
 order to be prepared against surprise. There was fear lest the Tories should rise 
 and openly join the British. A committee was appointed, of which Jay was the 
 chairman, "for inquiring into, detecting, and defeating conspiracies." Great 
 numbers of Tories were arrested. Though many of them were sent away, the 
 jails, and sometimes the churches, were crowded with them. Their personal 
 property was confiscated to the state. When released, they were required to give 
 bonds not to go from within certain limits. These prompt measures repressed 
 them. 
 
 1776. DURING the British occupation of New York, there 
 were four daily papers published, and the proprietors so arranged 
 their issue as to have one paper appear each day. 
 
 Rivington's Royal Gazette appeared every Wednesday and Saturday ; Hugh 
 Gaine's Gazette or Mercury, on Mondays ; Robertson, Mills, and Hicks's Royal 
 American Gazette, on Thursdays ; and Lewis's New York Mercury and General 
 Advertiser, on Fridays. It has been said that one of these was also published on 
 Tuesdays. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 2. A British fleet, under Sir Peter Parker, 
 appeared oft* Block Island, and an army of six thousand men, 
 under General Clinton, took possession of Newport. 
 
 Newport was taken on the 8th. There was no defence. Commodore Hopkins, 
 with several ships, escaped up the bay, and were blockaded at Providence. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 2. Washington and his army entered Tren- 
 ton, New Jersey, and the stores and baggage were transpoited 
 over the Delaware. 
 
 His army did not exceed four thousand men, exclusive of the division in the 
 Highlands under Heath, and the corps on the east side of the Hudson under Lee. 
 They were very illy provided in all requisite stores. Many of the militia left as 
 their terms were approaching : the continentals had been enlisted for only a year. 
 The legislature of New Jersey had retired first to Burlington, then to Pittstown, 
 and then to Hattonfield, where it dissolved. In Philadelphia the retreat produced 
 great excitement. Putnam had been sent there to take the command. Mifflin 
 raised a militia force of fifteen hundred men, and joined Washington at Trenton, 
 "BO that, on December 7, he advanced again upon Princeton ; but, Cornwallis ap- 
 proaching, he again crossed the Delaware, and, securing all the boats, the British 
 were forced to remain at Trenton. 
 
 1776. THE Congress selected Portsmouth, Virginia, which 
 had been a naval station for the king's ships, to be the site for 
 one of its navy-yards ; and two frigates, of thirty-six guns each, 
 were ordered to be built there. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER. Thomas Johnson was elected governor of 
 Maryland, under the new constitution. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER. John McKinley was elected president of 
 Delaware, under the new constitution. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 11. Congress, by resolution, conferred, for 
 six months, the extraordinary power upon Washington to take
 
 1776.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 359 
 
 whatever he might want for the army, if the owners refused to 
 sell at a reasonable price, and to arrest those who refused to take 
 the Continental currency. He was also given power to displace 
 any officer under the rank of brigadier, and to fill vacancies thus 
 created. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 18. The convention of North Carolina agreed 
 upon a constitution, under which Richard Gas we'll was chosen 
 governor. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER. The term of service approaching its end, 
 another army was enlisted. 
 
 This enlistment was paid at the end of their term. A committee of Congress 
 had visited the camp at Harlem, and, in consultation with Washington, matured a 
 plan for another army, to consist of eighty-eight battalions, of seven hundred and 
 fifty men each. Massachusetts and Virginia were to furnish each fifteen battal- 
 ions ; Pennsylvania, twelve ; North Carolina, nine ; Connecticut eight ; South 
 Carolina six ; New York and New Jersey, each, four ; New Hampshire and Mary- 
 land, each, three ; Rhode Island, two ; Delaware and Georgia, each, one. Bat- 
 talions were substituted for regiments, to avoid the rank of colonel, which had 
 made difficulties in exchanging prisoners. The men were to be enlisted for the 
 war, and at the end of their service to be entitled to a bounty of one hundred 
 acres. Colonels were to have five hundred acres, and other officers in proportion 
 to their rank. Twenty dollars bounty was to be given each recruit. It was found 
 necessary, however, to take recruits for three years, though to these no land was 
 to be given. The states were to enlist their quotas, and provide their arms and 
 clothing ; the expense, together with the pay and support, to be a common charge. 
 The company and battalion officers were to be appointed by the states, and com- 
 missioned by Congress. The articles of war were made more strict. National 
 founderies and workshops for military stores were established at Carlisle, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and Springfield, Massachusetts. The recruiting proceeded slowly, and 
 Massachusetts offered an extra bounty of sixty-six dollars, other states doing the 
 same. The states were behindhand in the appointment of their officers, and with- 
 out them enlisting could not begin. On December 27, Congress authorized Wash- 
 ington to enlist and officer sixteen additional battalions, with three regiments of 
 artillery, a corps of engineers, and three thousand light-horse. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 20. Congress met at Baltimore. 
 
 It continued to hold the session there until March, 1777. 
 
 1776. THE provincial congress of New York offered premi- 
 ums of one hundred, seventy-five, and fifty pounds to the first 
 three powder-mills erected, capable of making one hundred 
 pounds a week. 
 
 1776. THE provincial congress of Virginia resolved to build 
 a factory of nitre, in Halifax County, and pay one shilling a pound 
 for it. 
 
 It also appropriated five hundred pounds for a powder-mill. 
 
 1776. NORTH CAROLINA offered two hundred pounds for the
 
 360 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1776-7. 
 
 first five hundred weight of gunpowder, and one hundred pounds 
 for the first thousand pounds of refined sulphur. 
 
 The supply of powder was, however, inadequate, and much was imported. A 
 considerable amount was also obtained by capture. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 26. Washington crossed the Delaware with 
 his army, and attacked and routed the advanced post of the 
 Hessians at Trenton. 
 
 About a thousand prisoners were taken, and six cannons. The British retired 
 to Princeton, and Washington reoccupied Trenton. 
 
 1776, DECEMBER 27. The proposed convention met at Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island. 
 
 They recommended no more paper money be issued, unless absolutely neces- 
 sary, and that borrowing at five per cent, interest, to be met witli taxation, be 
 substituted. They also proposed a scheme for regulating by law the prices of 
 labor and articles, imported or of home make. 
 
 1777, JANUARY 3. Washington, at Princeton, New Jersey, 
 attacked and defeated a detachment of the British army. 
 
 The next day the American army went into winter-quarters at Morristown, 
 New Jersey. For six months no important military movement was made, though 
 skirmishes were frequent, in which the Americans were generally successful. 
 The army was really weak, but made the best show of strength ; and the British 
 were ignorant of its real condition, being themselves very short for forage and 
 supplies. The recovery of the Jerseys by Washington, with an army that had 
 been supposed to be almost entirely disorganized, gave Washington a high repu- 
 tation both at home and abroad, where the fortunes of the contest were narrowly 
 watched. One of its chief effects was the stimulation of the recruiting. His 
 extraordinary powers Washington also exercised with prudence, and the single 
 view to the public good. The medical department was reorganized, Dr. Shippen 
 of Philadelphia being placed in charge of it. Dr. Craik was made his assistant, 
 and Dr. Rush surgeon-general of the middle department. 
 
 1777, JANUARY. The Cherokees sued for peace, which was 
 made with them. 
 
 They ceded a large tract of land, including the early settlements on the Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 1777, JANUARY 16. Loan-office certificates, in sums from two 
 hundred to ten thousand dollars, were authorized by Congress. 
 
 The amount was finally made equal to the outstanding issue of Continental 
 bills. Loan-offices were opened in all the states. The rate of interest was made 
 finally six per cent., and state bills, as well as Continental bills, were taken in 
 payment. Loans came in very slowly ; the loan-offices were overdrawn, and the 
 pressing necessity for funds forced further issues of bills of credit, which, to the 
 amount of ten millions of dollars were authorized in February and May. 
 
 1777. THE new legislature of North Carolina erected the ter- 
 ritory ceded by the Cherokees into the district of Washington, 
 and organized a land-office.
 
 1777.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Any one could enter six hundred and fifty acres of land for himself, with one 
 hundred for his wife, and as much more for each of his children, to be paid for at 
 the rate of two pounds ten shillings the hundred acres, with the fees for entry 
 and survey. A greater quantity than this was charged double price. 
 
 1777, JANUARY 20. Congress voted that an authenticated 
 copy of the Declaration, with the names of the signers, be pre- 
 pared and sent to each of the United States, with a request that 
 it should be placed on record. 
 
 1777, FEBRUARY 5. The convention in Georgia, called for the 
 purpose, adopted a constitution for the state. 
 
 The convention was called, to meet at Savannah in October, by the president 
 of the provincial council, in whom the authority of the government was vested. 
 The call was based upon the authority of the resolution passed by Congress, May 
 15, 1776; and the people were enjoined, in the call, to adopt a government which 
 should "conciliate the affections of the United States; for under their shadow 
 they would find safety, and preserve to themselves their invaluable rights." The 
 constitution adopted remained in force eight years. Under the constitution, 
 Georgia was divided into eight counties four along the coast, and four up the 
 Savannah. Under the new constitution John Adam Trueilten was elected gover- 
 nor, May 8. 
 
 1777, FEBRUARY. Letters of marque and reprisal against 
 America were issued in England. 
 
 Parliament also gave authority to secure and detain, except at the discretion of 
 the Privy Council, without bail or trial, all persons accused or suspected of trea- 
 son committed in America, or of piracy on the high seas. 
 
 1777, FEBRUARY 15. Congress, after discussing the report 
 from the New England convention, adopted it with the exception 
 of raising the proposed interest upon the loans to six per cent., and 
 recommended the Middle States to hold a convention, and the 
 Southern States another. 
 
 1777, FEBRUARY 19. Stirling, Mifflin, St. Clair, Stephen, and 
 Lincoln were made major-generals. 
 
 February 5, and May 3. Commissions as brigadiers were given to Poor, of 
 New Hampshire ; Glover, Patterson, and Learned, of Massachusetts ; Varnum, 
 of Rhode Island ; Huntington, of Connecticut ; George Clinton, of New York ; 
 Wayne, De Haas, Cadwallader, Hand, and Reed, of Pennsylvania; Weedon, 
 Muhlenburg, Woodford, and Scott, of Virginia; Nash, of North Carolina; De- 
 barre, of France ; Gonway, an Irishman who had served in the French army. 
 At first the British refused all exchange of prisoners, on the ground that the 
 Americans were rebels ; but finally the matter was arranged and a partial ex- 
 change effected. Lee, who had been captured in the retreat through New Jersey, 
 held a higher rank than any prisoner in possession of the Americans, and Congress 
 offered to exchange six Hessian field officers for him. Howe refused, claiming 
 Lee as a deserter from the British army. Congress then ordered the Hessian offi- 
 cers, together with two British officers, to be put in prison, and treated as Lee 
 was treated. Howe received orders to send Lee to England, but did not do so, 
 fearing for the result upon the officers held for his exchange, and the effect it
 
 362 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1777. 
 
 would produce upon the Hessian troops in the British army. Finally Lee was 
 treated as a prisoner of war. The prisoners in New York were intrusted to the 
 Tories there, and Washington refused to receive them, feeble and emaciated from 
 their confinement in the hulks, in exchange for healthy and well-fed prisoners. 
 
 1777. THE assembly of North Carolina enacted that the con- 
 sent of the county court was necessary to the emancipation of 
 slaves. 
 
 4 
 
 Slaves freed without this consent were to be resold into slavery. The assembly 
 complained of the numbers of slaves set free, and the danger there was in so doing. 
 
 1777, FEBRUARY. Congress instructed the commissioners to 
 France to press the formation of a treaty, offering most favorable 
 terms. Commissioners were also appointed to other courts in 
 Europe. 
 
 Franklin to Spain, and on his decline, Arthur Lee ; William Lee to Berlin and 
 Vienna, and Ralph Izard to Florence. Lee was not permitted to go to Madrid, 
 being stopped at Burgos by an agent of the Spanish government. Izard made no 
 attempt to visit Florence, but remained in Paris. William Lee visited Berlin, 
 whence, his papers having been stolen, he returned to Paris. 
 
 1777, MARCH 4. Congress met at Philadelphia. 
 
 It remained here in session until the 27th of September. From the 27th of 
 September until the 30th, Congress sat at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From Sep- 
 tember 30 until July, 1778, at York, Pennsylvania. From July 2, 1778, until June 
 SO, 1783, at Philadelphia. On June 30, 1783, at Princeton, New Jersey. On 
 November 26, 1783, at Annapolis, Maryland. On November 30, 1784, at Trenton, 
 New Jersey. On January 11, 1785, Congress met at New York, and held the 
 sessions in that city until 1790, when Philadelphia was made the capital for ten 
 years. 
 
 1777, MARCH 4. The new government of Pennsylvania was 
 organized, with Thomas Wharton, Jr., elected as president, and 
 George Bryan vice-president. 
 
 1777. NEW JERSEY passed a militia law allowing commutation 
 on payment of a certain sum of money. 
 
 The personal estates of all refugees within the British lines, who did not return 
 within a certain time, were confiscated. New York passed a similar law, which the 
 refugees in New York city attempted to retaliate for by fitting out privateers. 
 
 1777, MARCH. Congress resolved that state bills of credit 
 should be received for loan-office certificates, such receipts 
 counting towards the payment of the states' quota of the Con- 
 tinental debt. 
 
 1777, MARCH 23. A detachment of the British from New 
 York city ascended the Hudson, and destroyed a quantity of 
 stores collected at Peekskill. 
 
 1777, MARCH 26. Congress voted to suspend Commodore 
 Hopkins.
 
 1777.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMEEICA. 363 
 
 1777, MARCH 26. A convention was held at Yorktown, for the 
 Middle States, in accordance with the recommendation of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were 
 represented. A scale of prices was agreed upon. This scheme, which was gen- 
 erally popular, was greatly opposed by the traders of all kinds, and finally fell 
 into disuse. 
 
 1777, APRIL 20. The convention in New York, exercising 
 the authority of government, adopted a constitution for the state. 
 
 The draft of the constitution was drawn up bp John Jay. The constitution was 
 declared " in the name and by the authority of the good people." This constitu- 
 tion remained in force forty-five years. It was the first which gave the choice of 
 the governor to the people. George Clinton was elected governor July 3. Jay 
 was appointed chief justice, and Robert R. Livingston chancellor. The first legis- 
 lature met in September, and until that time the committee of safety exercised 
 authority. The constitution gave the legislature power to naturalize at its dis- 
 cretion ; and under this authority naturalization acts for persons were passed until 
 1790. 
 
 1777, APRIL 27. A party of British from New York, under 
 Governor Tryon, destroyed a quantity of stores at Danbury, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 On the retreat they -were attacked by the militia under David Wooster and Ben- 
 edict Arnold. Wooster was killed; Arnold was made a major-general, and pre- 
 sented by Congress with a horse fully caparisoned. 
 
 1777, MAY 5. The British army in possession of Newport, 
 Rhode Island, established a newspaper called the Newport 
 Gazette. 
 
 1777, MAY 24. A quantity of stores and twelve vessels at 
 Sag Harbor, collected by the British, were destroyed by an ex- 
 pedition from Connecticut under Colonel Meigs. 
 
 1777, JUNE 3. The Continental Congress appointed a com- 
 mittee of three to devise ways and means of supplying the 
 United States with salt. 
 
 The committee having reported, Congress, on the 13th, passed a resolution 
 advising the states to offer such inducements for its importation as should prove 
 effectual. The states were also recommended to hire vessels to import it ; and 
 the agents of the United States in Europe and the "West Indies were to be in- 
 structed by the secret committee to effect its importation. At the same time the 
 different states were urged to erect and encourage the erection of works for 
 its manufacture. In 1780 the price of salt is said to have reached eight dollars a 
 bushel. There were numerous small works for its manufacture all along the 
 coast, which were frequently destroyed by parties from the blockading fleet. 
 This year Congress was petitioned to detail a guard of one hundred men to guard a 
 salt-work it was proposed to build, if such protection could be secured. 
 
 1777, JUNE 14. Congress voted, "That the flag of the thir-
 
 364 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1777. 
 
 teen United States be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white ; 
 that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, represent- 
 ing a new constellation." 
 
 This order was not promulgated until September. With the new order of 
 things a new commerce had opened to the colonies. Shipments of tobacco, 
 lumber, and other staples were made to Holland, Spain, and France, directly in 
 some cases, but chiefly through the West Indies. St. Eustatia, a Dutch island 
 in the Caribbees, became a great port for this trade, as it was a free port. Con- 
 gress authorized this year also the building of three seventy-fours, five frigates, 
 and one or two smaller vessels. The Lexington, commanded by Captain John 
 Barry, on the 17th of April, made the first capture of an armed ship (the Edward) 
 by a national vessel. The privateers were very busy, and very successful. 
 Within a year from the opening of the war they captured nearly three hundred 
 and fifty British vessels, worth, with their cargoes, nearly five millions of dollars. 
 The British West India Islands felt the effects of the war more than even the 
 United States, fifteen thousand negroes, it is said, having starved in Jamaica 
 alone. The English cruisers retaliated considerably upon American vessels, and 
 their capture of provisions chiefly relieved the islands. In France, American 
 privateers were allowed to sell their prizes despite the protest of the English 
 ambassador ; and vessels to sail under American commissions were allowed to be 
 secretly fitted out. 
 
 1777, JULY 1. Burgoyne appeared before Ticonderoga. 
 
 He had advanced from Canada. A few days before he had met a council of 
 the Six Nations on the coast of Lake Champlain, and some four hundred of their 
 warriors joined his army. He then issued a proclamation, speaking of the fury 
 of the Indians, the difficulty of restraining them, and threatening all who should 
 presume to resist him with the extremities of war. 
 
 1777, JULY 2. Vermont applied to Congress for admission to 
 the Union. 
 
 The state had been organized January 15, and a constitution adopted. Con- 
 gress refused the application, as the territory was claimed by New York. Ver- 
 mont had raised a Continental regiment. Burgoyne issued a proclamation calling 
 a convention of deputies from each township to meet for re-establishing the royal 
 authority. Schuyler issued another, threatening those who complied with Bur- 
 goyne's proclamation with the punishment of treason. 
 
 1777, JULY 6. The garrison at Ticonderoga, under St. Clair, 
 abandoned that place, and retreated through New Hampshire. 
 
 They were pursued by the British, who captured the baggage and stores, and 
 the next day at Hubberton came up with the rear and captured many of them. 
 The garrison at Whitehall abandoned it and retreated to Fort Edward, on the 
 Hudson, where St. Clair with his forces joined them. General Schuyler was 
 here, and the united northern army amounted to about five thousand men, but 
 was disorganized and in want of supplies. 
 
 1777, JULY 13. General Prescott was captured near New- 
 port by a small party who came over from the mainland for the 
 purpose. 
 
 General Prescott had offered a reward for the capture of Arnold, who, in re-
 
 1777.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 365 
 
 turn, offered half as much for the capture of Prescott. His capture gave the 
 Americans a prisoner of equal rank for Lee, who had been taken in much the same 
 way, and the exchange was eventually made. 
 
 1777. WITH the spring, in order to get reinforcements for the 
 northern army, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut 
 were obliged to enforce a draft of militia, to serve for a year, until 
 the regiments could be filled. 
 
 Negroes were now accepted, and many obtained their freedom by serving. At 
 first they were specially prohibited. In the middle and southern states, which 
 were more behindhand in recruits than New England was, many of the indented 
 servants enlisted. Congress having offered land to such of the Hessians as should 
 desert, Howe offered money to such foreigners in the American service as should 
 leave it. At Washington's request Congress abandoned a plan they had matured 
 for retaining a part of the pay of indented servants for compensating their mas- 
 ters, leaving this to be done at the public expense, and declaring all enlisted 
 servants free. 
 
 1777. DURING this year a lottery was established, the profits 
 of which were to be devoted to the expenses of the government. 
 It was not a success. 
 
 1777. DURING this year the Marquis de La Fayette arrived 
 with a ship loaded with military stores by Deane, and, offering 
 his services in the army as a volunteer without pay, was given 
 a commission as major-general, and entered the military family 
 of Washington. 
 
 He was but nineteen, belonged to a most distinguished family of France, and 
 came secretly, the French court having forbidden his doing so, and sent orders to 
 intercept him at the West Indies. 
 
 1777, JULY 29. Burgoyne with his army reached the Hudson. 
 
 Fort Edward was abandoned by the Americans, who crossed the river and re- 
 tired to Saratoga, and then to Stillwater, just above the mouth of the Mohawk. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 1. Congress recalled the officers of the north- 
 ern army, and ordered an inquiry into their conduct. 
 
 The order was soon suspended on Washington's representation that the army 
 could not be left without officers. The loss of the artillery and stores had ex- 
 cited Congress. The army was reinforced, Washington declined the appointment 
 of a new general, and Congress appointed Gates. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 3. A detachment of Burgoyne's army laid 
 siege to Fort Schuyler, near the head of the Mohawk. 
 
 Schuyler sent Arnold with three regiments to support the garrison, and with 
 the rest of his army withdrew to the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 16. The Americans, under John Stark, at- 
 tacked a detachment of Burgoyne's army at Bennington, Ver- 
 mont, and defeated them. 
 
 Stark had resigned his Continental commission as colonel, and accepted the
 
 366 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1777. 
 
 command of a force of New Hampshire militia, which had been raised after the 
 surrender of Ticonderoga, at the expense of John Langdon. The result of this 
 engagement was the capture of about six hundred prisoners, a quantity of mil- 
 itary stores, and four pieces of artillery. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 22. A detachment of the American forces, 
 under Sullivan, landed on Staten Island, surprised two regi- 
 ments of Tories, and captured a number of prisoners. 
 
 The papers of some of the Quaker societies on the island being captured, 
 Congress, on their examination, advised the council of Philadelphia to arrest 
 eleven of the wealthiest leading Quakers of that city, among them Thomas 
 Wharton, the father of the recently elected president of Pennsylvania. A few 
 weeks before, John Pcnn, the late governor, and others had been obliged to give 
 their parole, and were now sent as prisoners to Fredericksburg, Virginia. Con- 
 gress recommended all the states to arrest all persons "who have in their general 
 conduct and conversation evinced a disposition inimical to the cause of America," 
 and also to seize the records of the Quaker meetings, and send such portions as 
 related to politics to Congress for examination. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 22. Schuyler was superseded by Gates. 
 
 Stark's victory revived the courage of the people, and recruits came flocking 
 to the northern army. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 22. The British at Fort Schuyler retreated, 
 and left to Arnold the greater part of their stores and baggage. 
 
 The Indians began to desert from Burgoyne's army. 
 
 1777, AUGUST 27. The British, under General Howe, from 
 New York, landed on the north-eastern branch of Chesapeake 
 Bay. 
 
 As soon as the stores and baggage were landed, the army, in two columns, 
 began the march to Philadelphia, distant about sixty miles. On landing, Howe 
 issued a proclamation offering pardon to those who had been active in rebellion 
 if they would now submit, and peace and security to those who should remain 
 quiet. 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 2. Washington, having marched through 
 Philadelphia, stationed his army at Wilmington, Delaware. 
 
 He had about fifteen thousand men, though his sick list diminished this force 
 to about eleven thousand. The militia of Maryland and Virginia had not arrived. 
 The Pennsylvania militia numbered thirty thousand as enrolled, but not more 
 than three thousand could be mustered. A portion of the New Jersey militia had 
 been recalled to act against the British in that state under Sir Henry Clinton. In 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware the Tories were numerous, but a corps from Dela- 
 ware, under Caesar Rodney, took the field. 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 11. Washington with his army retired 
 behind the Brandywine, where a battle occurred, and the Amer- 
 icans were driven back. 
 
 The Americans retired to Chester, then to Philadelphia, and from there to 
 Germantown.
 
 1777.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 367 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 12. A party of British entered Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 They made McKinley, the president of the state, a prisoner, and seized a 
 ressel on which were the public records and much valuable property. 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 17. Ticonderoga was besieged by the 
 Americans. 
 
 Burgoyne's communications with his base were thus cut off, and his provisions 
 were becoming scant. - His forage was exhausted, and his horses were dying. 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 19. The battle of Bemus' Heights was 
 fought between the British, under Burgoyne, and the Americans, 
 under Gates. 
 
 Gates had taken up a position at this point, and was attacked. The field re- 
 mained in possession of the British, the Americans retiring to their camp. Both 
 parties claimed the victory, but the British loss was the greater, while the effect 
 was decidedly in favor of the Americans, since it gave them courage, stimulated 
 recruits, and increased their morale. 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 22. Howe with his army crossed the Schuyl- 
 kill, and placed himself between Washington's forces and Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 This forced the abandonment of Philadelphia, since "Washington's army was 
 in no condition for an engagement, being sadly deficient in clothing and supplies 
 of all kinds. The abandonment of Philadelphia being foreseen, the military 
 stores had been removed, and Hamilton, one of Washington's aides, was sent to 
 secure in Philadelphia the shoes, blankets, and clothing which the city could sup- 
 ply before they fell into the hands of the enemy. Congress, before retiring from 
 the city, gave Washington extraordinary powers for sixty days, and then for twice 
 this time. He could suspend officers, fill vacancies, and take supplies for the 
 army where he could find them, giving certificates for them ; and could also 
 secure, for the owners, such goods as would prove serviceable to the enemy. 
 Subsequently, while at York, Congress gave Washington authority to seize and 
 try by court-martial all persons within thirty miles of any town occupied by the 
 British, who should give them any information or aid. 
 
 1777, SEPTEMBER 25. Howe with his army occupied Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 The Tories there welcomed him. Among others, Duche, who had been selected 
 as the minister to open the first session of Congress with prayer, wrote to Wash- 
 ington, advising him to desert the ungodly cause in which he was engaged. The 
 bulk of the British army was encamped at Germantown. 
 
 1777, OCTOBER 4. The Americans, from their camp on the 
 Schuylkill, surprised the British camp at Germantown. 
 
 Washington had heard that two detachments of the British army had been sent 
 the one to remove the obstructions in the Delaware, and the other to guard a 
 train of provisions from Chester, which the obstructions in the Delaware obliged 
 the British to transport by land. The surprise, which was at first complete, was, 
 on account of the darkness, changed into a defeat. After the first surprise the
 
 368 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1777. 
 
 discipline of the British troops enabled them to rally : and their superior knowl- 
 edge of the town gave them the advantage. 
 
 1777, OCTOBER 5. The posts on the Hudson surrendered to 
 the British, who ascended the river from New York. 
 
 Gates had the knowledge of this, and that an attempt would be made to sup- 
 port Burgoyne. After beginning the negotiations for surrender, Burgoyne heard 
 of it from a deserter, but on consultation with his officers concluded to maintain 
 his areement ^*/) . C *" 
 
 - 
 OCTOBER 9. Burgtiyne witn his army fell back upon 
 
 Saratoga. 
 
 1777, OCTOBER 16. Burgoyne surrendered. 
 
 The troops were to march out with the honors of war, lay down their arms, 
 and be transported from Boston to England, under an engagement not to serve 
 against the United States until exchanged. The number surrendered was five 
 thousand six hundred and forty-two, the previous losses of the army being about 
 four thousand. 
 
 1777, OCTOBER 30. Congress directed the board of war to 
 write to the government of New York, urging that the lead 
 mines in that state be worked, and promising to supply prisoners 
 of war for the purpose, if necessary. 
 
 The Livingston mine at Atcram was worked during the war. The scarcity of 
 lead caused the lead gutters and roofs to be taken up and run into bullets. The 
 lead statue of the king erected in New York in 1770 was melted up in the family 
 of Governor "Wolcott, of Connecticut, and made 42,000 bullets. 
 
 1777, OCTOBER. Congress adopted the rule for the distribu- 
 tion of the quotas to be assessed upon the states. 
 All property in slaves was exempted from assessment. 
 
 1777, NOVEMBER 10. The British captured the works defend- 
 ing the obstructions in the Delaware, and, removing them, opened 
 their connection with the fleet. 
 
 1777, NOVEMBER. Congress, in session at York, Pennsylvania, 
 organized a new board of war, consisting of persons not members 
 of Congress. 
 
 John Adams was sent as a commissioner to France, and Silas Deane was re- 
 called to give an account of his proceedings. Hancock resigned as president of 
 Congress, and Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, was elected to the position. 
 
 1777. THE amount of bills of credit issued this year was 
 thirty-four millions. 
 
 In November and December each, a million was issued. The depreciation 
 which had begun in the spring had increased. 
 
 1777, NOVEMBER 15. Copies of the articles of the plan for 
 confederation were ordered transmitted to the legislatures of 
 the various states, with the recommendation that their delegates
 
 1777.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 369 
 
 be authorized to ratify them in the Congress of the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Thirteen copies were ordered made, and signed by the president of Congress, 
 Henry Laurens, and on the 29th they were ordered translated into French and 
 sent to Canada. With them was sent a circular letter, which said : " Permit us, 
 then, earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate 
 attention of the legislatures of the respective states. Let them be candidly re- 
 viewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one general system the 
 various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and 
 independent communities, under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting 
 all our councils and all our strength to maintain and defend our common lib- 
 erties. Let them be examined with a liberality becoming brethren and fellow- 
 citizens surrounded by the same imminent dangers, contending for the same illus- 
 trious prize, and deeply interested in being for ever bound and connected to- 
 gether by ties the most intimate and indissoluble ; and finally let them be adjusted 
 with the temper and magnanimity of wise and patriotic legislators, who, while 
 they are concerned with the prosperity of their own more immediate circle, are 
 capable of rising superior to local attachments when they may be incompatible 
 with the safety and glory of the general confederacy." 
 
 1777, NOVEMBER 22. Congress recommended the states to 
 raise by taxation five millions for the coming year, and to refrain 
 from issuing state bills of credit, calling in those already issued 
 for over the denomination of a dollar, and raising their funds for 
 their expenses by taxation. 
 
 The proceedings of a convention held at Springfield, Massachusetts, the last 
 of July, had recommended the repeal of all laws regulating prices, and substi- 
 tuting for them laws against forestalling and engrossing. Their report being 
 brought before Congress, it recommended three conventions for the states, one 
 for the northern ones, one for Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, and one 
 for South Carolina and Georgia, to fix a new scale of prices by the state legis- 
 latures, and authorize the seizure by the Continental commissaries of goods at 
 these prices, which the holders refused to sell. 
 
 1777, NOVEMBER 27. Congress recommended the states to 
 make speedy sale of the property belonging to those " who had 
 forfeited the right to the protection of their several states," the 
 proceeds to be invested in the loan certificates. 
 
 Most of the states had passed, or soon passed, such laws, but the results were 
 not as favorable as it was hoped they would be. In December, Congress advised 
 the states to call in their colonial bills, replacing them with their own, or with 
 Continental bills, so that all the circulation should bear date subsequent to the 
 battle of Lexington. The same month they recommended the states to seize for 
 the army all clothing in the possession of any citizen to be sold, giving receipts 
 for the same, and inflicting penalties upon those who sought to evade such seizure ; 
 and, further, to authorize the Continental commissaries to seize and give receipts 
 for such goods "purchased up or engrossed by any person with a view of selling 
 the same." These laws, Congress said, were " unworthy the character of infant 
 republics," but had "become necessary to supply the defects of public virtue, and 
 to correct the vices of some of her sons." 
 
 24
 
 370 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1777. 
 
 1777. THE army went into winter-quarters at Valley Forge. 
 
 During the winter it suffered greatly from want of supplies. Washington 
 offered a premium for the best pattern of a shoe made of untanned hide. For 
 want of blankets the troops passed the nights round the camp-fires. More than a 
 quarter of them were reported unfit for duty, being " barefoot or otherwise 
 naked." Cattle and eorn were seized to prevent famine, certificates being given 
 for them, which were paid (when paid) in bills. Meanwhile the British paid in 
 gold. The new board of war was appointed in November, and consisted of Gates, 
 Mifflin, Pickering, Joseph Trumbull, and Richard Peters. A plot was formed to 
 force Washington to resign, and substitute Gates in his place. A correspondence 
 was carried on between Gates, Mifflin, and Conway, which came to Washington's 
 knowledge. Patrick Henry, the governor of Virginia, and Henry Laurens, the 
 president of Congress, enclosed to Washington anonymous letters they had re- 
 ceived criticising his conduct of the war. Though it appeared that Washington 
 had lost New York, Newport, and Philadelphia, and been defeated at Brandywine 
 and Germantown, while Gates had captured Burgoync and his army, yet, as soon 
 as the plot became known, the indignation of the officers under him, as well as of 
 the state legislatures and the people, so disconcerted those active in the plot that 
 they concealed or destroyed all evidence of it they could ; so that there is com- 
 paratively little authentic evidence known to be extant concerning its supporters 
 or their designs. 
 
 1777, DECEMBER 3. The New Jersey Gazette appeared. 
 
 It was published by Isaac Collins, and continued until 1786. It was the first 
 newspaper in New Jersey. 
 
 1777 or 1778. OLIVER EVANS, of Delaware, invented the 
 elevator, conveyer, drill, descender, and hopper-box, all im- 
 provements in flour-mills. 
 
 For years he found difficulty in persuading manufacturers to use them, and it 
 was not until 1786 that he obtained from Pennsylvania and Maryland the sole 
 right to use his improvements in flour-mills. Evans, who was all his life an 
 inventor, was born in Newport, Delaware, in 1755, and died in New York city, 
 April 21, 1819. 
 
 1777. DAVID BUSHNELL, of Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1777, 
 in response to the rewards offered by Congress for the destruc- 
 tion of British ships, made an attempt upon the frigate Cerberus, 
 Commodore Simmons, lying at anchor off New London. 
 
 He did not blow up the frigate, but destroyed a vessel lying near her. About 
 Christmas of the same year, he sent a fleet of kegs down the Delaware to destroy 
 the British ships holding possession of the river, and against which fire-ships had 
 been employed without effect. Owing to the darkness, the kegs were left at too 
 great a distance from the ships, and were dispersed by the ice floating in the 
 stream. Next day they exploded, and blew up a boat, and caused great alarm 
 among the sailors on the English ships. The event was celebrated in a song by 
 Francis Hopkinson, entitled The Battle of the Kegs. 
 
 The torpedo was shaped like two shells placed in contact, and large enough to 
 contain a man ; arranged with glass windows, air-pipes, and ventilators. Behind 
 this submarine vessel was a powder magazine, water-tight, holding one hundred 
 and fifty pounds of powder, fitted with an apparatus for firing the powder, at any
 
 1777-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 371 
 
 time detachable from the vessel by turning a screw, and attached by other appa- 
 ratus to the bottom of the vessel intended to be blown up. Bushnell made sev- 
 eral attempts to blow up the British vessels, but was successful only in this 
 instance, where a schooner was destroyed. 
 
 1777. ABOUT this time, the first works for making salt by 
 solar heat were built on Quivet Neck, in the town of Dennis, 
 Barnstable County, Massachusetts. 
 
 The originator of this specific enterprise was John Sears, who, with Edward 
 Sears, Christopher and Edward Crowell, built the first vat. 
 
 1778, JANUARY. A further loan of ten millions was author- 
 ized by Congress. 
 
 It produced no result, since the subscription for the first was not completed. 
 A new issue of three millions of bills was made this month ; two more were 
 issued in February ; two in March ; six and a half in April ; five in May ; five in 
 June ; making an issue of twenty-three and a half millions in the first six months 
 of the year. 
 
 1778, JANUARY 2. Commodore Hopkins was dismissed. 
 
 1778. THE Virginia assembly passed a bill prohibiting the 
 importation into the state of slaves. 
 
 1778, JANUARY 8. A convention from the northern states met 
 at New Haven, Connecticut, and agreed upon the scale of prices 
 for provisions and clothing. 
 
 Some of the states attempted by legislation to enforce these prices, but un- 
 successfully. 
 
 1778, JANUARY. Congress resolved to suspend the embarka- 
 tion of Burgoyne's soldiers " till a distinct and explicit ratifica- 
 tion of the convention of Saratoga shall be properly notified by 
 the court of Great Britain." 
 
 Burgoyne, in a letter, complained of the quarters for his officers, and said the 
 Americans had broken the convention. Congress took advantage of this expres- 
 sion to suspend the sending away of the troops. The transports were ordered 
 away, and Burgoyne alone was allowed in March to return to England on parole. 
 
 1778, JANUARY 30. Two treaties were signed by France 
 with the American commissioners. 
 
 One was of friendship and commerce, the other of defensive alliance, should 
 England declare war with France. Vergennes had expressed his readiness to 
 treat with the American commissioners as soon as he heard of the introduction 
 into parliament of Lord North's conciliatory bills. 
 
 1778, FEBRUARY 9. The Rhode Island assembly resolved to 
 raise a regiment of slaves. 
 
 They were to be made free on enlistment, and their owners to be paid their 
 value, as assessed by a committee, one hundred and twenty pounds being the 
 limit.
 
 372 /ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1778. 
 
 1778. UNDER the direction of General George Clark, a few 
 families settled at the falls of the Ohio, where the city of Louis- 
 ville, Kentucky, now stands. 
 
 Under authority from Virginia, Clark had enlisted men, and descended the 
 Ohio from Pittsburg, and captured Kaskaskia, an old French settlement near the 
 Mississippi. The people were promised security, on taking the oath of allegiance 
 to the United States, and did so ; those at Vincennes, on the W abash, taking an 
 oath of allegiance to Virginia also. In October, the Virginia assembly made all 
 the land claimed by the state, north of the Ohio, into the county of Illinois. 
 
 1778. DURING this year, sixty-three millions and a half of 
 bills of credit were issued, making the whole amount outstanding 
 nearl} 7 one hundred millions. 
 
 Several millions of these bills had been paid in for certificates of the interest- 
 bearing loan ; but the bills had been immediately paid out again, and the certifi- 
 cates themselves were used as an addition to the currency. At the end of the 
 year the depreciation was, at the north, six to one ; and at the south, eight to one. 
 Congress, in December, denounced a rumor that the bills would never be re- 
 deemed, as "false and derogatory to the honor of Congress." In December (the 
 31st) Congress made a further call for six millions annually for eighteen years on 
 the states, to commence in 1780, and to be appropriated to pay the interest on all 
 loans made to the United States previously to that year. Franklin, writing to 
 Samuel Cooper on the 22d of April, 1779, said, "After the first emission I pro- 
 posed that we should stop, strike no more, but borrow those we had issued. This 
 was not then approved of, and more bills were issued." 
 
 1778, FEBRUARY 17. Lord North introduced in parliament a 
 plan for conciliation. 
 
 He introduced two bills : the first renouncing all intention on the part of par- 
 liament to lay taxes on America ; and the other appointing five commissioners, 
 two of whom were the commanders of the military and naval forces, with ample 
 powers to treat for the re-establishment of the royal authority. 
 
 At the same time David Hartley was sent to Paris to negotiate for a settlement 
 with the American commissioners there. 
 
 1778. SOUTH CAROLINA amended her constitution. 
 
 This action was taken to harmonize the constitution with the Declaration of In- 
 dependence ; the chief change being that the governor was deprived of his power 
 of veto. As Rutledge thought it too democratic for liim to sign, he resigned, and 
 Lowndes was elected. 
 
 1778. A NUMBER of slaves brought into Salem, in a prize 
 ship, were set at liberty by the court of Massachusetts. 
 
 1778. A PRESS was erected at Hanover then claimed by 
 Vermont, but now in Connecticut by J. P. Spooner and Timo- 
 thy Green, printers from Norwich, Connecticut. 
 
 The same year they began a newspaper, but removed, at the request of the 
 newly organized government of Vermont, to Westminster. 
 
 1778. THE New Jersey Journal appeared at Chatham, New 
 Jersey.
 
 1778.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. 373 
 
 It was published by David Franks, and was continued until after the Revolu- 
 tion. He then went to New York, but returned, and revived the Journal at Eliza- 
 bethtown, continuing to issue it until 1818. 
 
 1778, MARCH 13. The French treaties with America having 
 been communicated to the British court, the British ambassador 
 to Paris was recalled. 
 
 Ths was equivalent to a declaration of war. April 7, propositions were 
 introduced into both houses of parliament to make peace with America, aban- 
 doning all attempts to maintain political authority, and in both were rejected. 
 The command in chief of the armies in America was given to Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 1778, MARCH. Conway was ordered to the northern depart- 
 ment, and sent in his resignation to Congress, which was ac- 
 cepted. 
 
 Soon after he was wounded in a duel with General Cadwallader, sent an humble 
 apology to Washington, and on his recovery returned to France. 
 
 1778, MARCH. The Duke of Richmond said in the English 
 parliament, the remedy " is, Jnstantly to declare America inde- 
 pendent, and withdraw our fleets and armies." 
 
 1778, APRIL 15. News arrived of Lord North's conciliatory 
 bills. 
 
 Congress ordered them printed in the newspapers, together with the report of 
 a committee, ending with a unanimous resolution denouncing all who should 
 attempt a separate treaty as open and avowed enemies, and declaring that no 
 conference could be held with any commissioners until the British armies were 
 withdrawn, or the independence of the United States acknowledged. 
 
 1778, APRIL. Gates and Mifflin ceased to act on the board of 
 war, their places being supplied by members of Congress. 
 
 Mifflin, in August, resigned his commission, and was sent as a member of Con- 
 gress from Pennsylvania. 
 
 1778, APRIL 23. Jonathan Trumbull, the governor of Con- 
 necticut, replied to Governor Tryon, of New York, refusing an 
 attempt which had been made to lead that state into acting with- 
 out reference to the General Congress. 
 
 The scheme of the English ministry was to break up the union of the states by 
 treating with them separately. Governor Trumbull replied that " all such pro- 
 posals were to be addressed to the Congress of the United States." 
 
 1778, MAT. BARON STEUBEN, a Prussian officer, was ap- 
 pointed inspector, with the rank of major-general. 
 
 He introduced a uniform system of exercise and tactics. By a new plan of 
 organization, each battalion of foot consisted, officers included, of five hundred 
 and eighty-two men, in nine companies ; the horse and artillery battalions being 
 one third smaller. By this the Continental army should have consisted of sixty 
 thousand men, but it never counted more than half of this. Georgia and South 
 Carolina were never called on for troops, except for local defence, on account of 
 their large slave population. An independent corps, part cavalry and part foot,
 
 374 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1778. 
 
 was raised by Pulaski ; another such was commanded by Arrnand, a French offi- 
 cer; and a third, wholly cavalry, by Henry Lee. The works at West Point, 
 suggested by Kosciusko, were commenced. 
 
 1778, MAY. Congress promised half- pay for seven years to 
 all officers who should serve to the end of the war ; and to all 
 soldiers who should serve the same time, a gratuity of eighty 
 dollars. 
 
 The promise was made from the reiterated recommendations of Washington. 
 He had proposed half-pay for life, and this term was a compromise, both Con- 
 gress and the people having a dislike of a permanent military establishment. 
 
 1778, MAY. News xrf the treaties with France arrived. 
 
 It was brought by a French frigate, despatched for this special purpose. 
 
 1778, MAY 28. The assembly of Rhode Island prohibited the 
 circulation of state bills of credit after the 1st of July. 
 
 Those in circulation were to be exchanged for loan-office certificates, or re- 
 deemed by notes of the state treasurer. 
 
 1778, JUNE 8. Congress laid an embargo, to continue in force 
 until November 15. 
 
 September 2, its provisions were modified so as to allow provisions to be 
 shipped to ports on the coast; but on October 2 this privilege was withdrawn. 
 
 1778, JUNE 13. The commissioners under Lord North's acts 
 sent a copy of their commission to Congress, with an address 
 proposing a cessation of hostilities. 
 
 They were the Earl of Carlisle, William Eden, a brother of the late governor 
 of Maryland, and Governor Johnstone. Washington had refused a passport to 
 Adam Furguson, their secretary, to visit Congress. They proposed, as a basis 
 for negotiation, that the privileges for trade heretofore allowed to the colonies 
 should be extended ; that no military force should be kept in any colony without 
 the permission of its assembly ; that the Continental bills of credit should be sus- 
 tained, and an arrangement made for their eventual settlement ; a representation 
 in the British parliament to be allowed the colonies, and of the British government 
 in the colonial assemblies, and the colonial administrations to be so organized as 
 to be almost entirely independent. 
 
 1778, JUNE 15. The Independent Ledger and American Ad- 
 vertiser appeared in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Draper and Folsom. In 1783 it was published by John 
 W. Folsom alone. 
 
 1778, JUNE 17. Congress returned a brief answer to the 
 address of the commissioners, refusing to treat unless the inde- 
 pendence of the states was first acknowledged, or the British 
 armies withdrawn. 
 
 The commissioners sent, July 1, a long answer, to which Congress made no 
 reply.
 
 1778.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 375 
 
 1778, JUNE 18. The British army evacuated Philadelphia. 
 
 The baggage and stores, with some three thousand non-combatants, who held 
 to their British allegiance, were sent to New York by water ; and the army, about 
 twelve thousand in number, marched for New York over land. 
 
 1778. Parliament passed an act renouncing their right to 
 tax the provinces, save for the regulation of commerce. 
 The proceeds of such taxes to.be applied for the use of the provinces. 
 
 1778, JUNE 28. The battle of Monmouth Court House took 
 place between the British, under General Clinton, on their way 
 from Philadelphia to New York, and the Americans, under Gen- 
 eral Washington, from the camp at Valley Forge. 
 
 The advance guard of the Americans was under Lee, who had been ordered to 
 make an attack. On coming up with the main body of the army, Washington 
 found Lee in full retreat. Ordering the line of battle to be formed, an engage- 
 ment followed, which night put an end to, and during this the British withdrew 
 to the high ground of Neversink. Lee was tried by a court-martial, and suspended 
 for a year. Shortly after the end of his sentence, for an insolent letter to Con- 
 gress, which he retracted and made an apology for, he was dismissed the service. 
 
 1778, JULY 3. A battle took place between the Wyoming 
 settlers, under Colonel Zebulon Butler, and the British force, com- 
 manded by Colonel John Butler, assisted by seven hundred In- 
 dians, in which the settlers were defeated and driven into Fort 
 Wyoming. 
 
 All the prisoners taken were massacred, and the fort besieged. On the 5th of 
 July, under promises of security, the garrison surrendered. Butler and the Tories 
 left ; but the Indians remained, and, burning the houses, laid waste the territory, 
 and forced the women and children in the valley all that were left of the flour- 
 ishing settlement to flee through the wilderness to Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 many perishing on the way. 
 
 1778, JULY 6. The French fleet, under Count D'Estaing, 
 arrived off the Delaware. 
 
 The fleet consisted of twelve ships-of-the-line and four frigates. It brought 
 four thousand French soldiers, and Mr. Gerard, who was appointed ambassador 
 to the United States, and Silas Deane, who returned in obedience to the recall of 
 Congress. 
 
 1778, JULY 21. Washington with his army crossed the Hud- 
 son, and encamped at White Plains. 
 
 The purpose was to make with the French fleet a combined attack upon New 
 York city. The fleet came to anchor off the harbor, but as the pilots refused to 
 take the largest ships over the bar, the attack was given up, and an attack on 
 Newport, then held by a British army of about six thousand men under General 
 Pigot, designed. 
 
 1778, JULY. Nine of the states having instructed their dele- 
 gates to accept the articles of confederation, Congress ratified
 
 376 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1778. 
 
 them ; not, however, to be binding until all the states had 
 accepted them. 
 
 On the 10th of July, Congress issued an appeal to the states "to conclude the 
 glorious compact." 
 
 1778, AUGUST 10. An American army, under Sullivan, ef- 
 fected a landing upon the island on which Newport is situated. 
 
 It was composed of ten thousand men, in two divisions one commanded by 
 Greene, and the other by La Fayette. The French fleet had entered Narragansett 
 Bay, and opened communication with the army at the head of it ; but Lord Howe, 
 at New York, having been reinforced by fo.ur men-of-war, had sailed for the relief 
 of Newport, and arriving at Narragansett Bay, the French sailed out to engage 
 them, carrying the French troops on board which were to co-operate in the attack 
 on Newport. 
 
 1778, AUGUST 11. Congress passed resolutions Accusing 
 Johnstone of attempts at bribery, and declining to hold any 
 further correspondence with him or the commission of which 
 he was a member. 
 
 He had written letters to several members of Congress, one of whom, Joseph 
 Reed, stated that a distinct offer had been made to him of ten thousand pounds 
 and any office he might wish. He had replied, "that he was not worth purchas- 
 ing; but such as he was, the king of England was not rich enough to buy him." 
 
 1778, AUGUST. The people of Providence, Rhode Island, suf- 
 fered severely from the want of provisions. Corn was sold at 
 eight dollars a bushel. The embargo which had been laid on all 
 vessels, in order that their crews might serve in the military 
 operations, was removed. 
 
 1778, AUGUST 20. The French fleet reappeared off Newport. 
 
 A severe storm had scattered both fleets, and D'Estaing determined to go to 
 Boston to refit bis ships. The storm had also injured the troops before Newport, 
 blowing down their tents. Sullivan and the officers of the army sent a written 
 protest to D'Estaing concerning his leaving them to go to Boston. 
 
 1778, AUGUST 29. Sullivan withdrew from before Newport. 
 
 The British followed and attacked his army, but were repulsed, and, on the 
 31st, the American army crossed again to the mainland. The British army was 
 the next day reinforced by four thousand men from New York, led by Clinton in 
 person. 
 
 1778, SEPTEMBER. A controller and two chambers of accounts 
 were constituted by Congress to look after financial matters. 
 
 They acted under the committee having superintendence of the treasury. The 
 complication of accounts made them necessary, the expenditures of the year 
 reaching sixty-seven millions. 
 
 1778, SEPTEMBER 14. Congress appointed Franklin sole com- 
 missioner to France. 
 
 Adams returned : he had found a violent dispute in process among the com-
 
 1778.] ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 377 
 
 missioners. The French court had granted them a loan of three millions of livres, 
 or about five hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1778, SEPTEMBER. The towns of New Bedford and Fair 
 Haven were burned, and a raid made upon the cattle of Martha's 
 Vineyard, by expeditions of the British from Newport. 
 
 1778, SEPTEMBER. The commissioners made a demand that 
 Burgoyne's troops should be released on parole, and tendered a 
 ratification of the capitulation signed by Sir Henry Clinton, the 
 Earl of Carlisle, and William Eden. 
 
 Congress replied that as the acts of the commissioners required the approval 
 of parliament, their authority to make a definite ratification was questioned. Soon 
 after, as Sir Henry Clinton neglected to provide the transports for supplying them 
 with stores, they were marched to Charlottesville, Virginia, and quartered in 
 huts. Some of the officers were eventually exchanged, but the greater part of 
 them remained prisoners during the war. 
 
 1778, OCTOBER. John Roberts and Abraham Carlisle were 
 tried, found guilty, and executed in Philadelphia, for treason in 
 having aided the enemy. 
 
 They were Quakers. In November, twenty-three others were tried and ac- 
 quitted. 
 
 1778, OCTOBER. The settlement of Unadilla, on one of the 
 upper branches of the Susquehanna, occupied by a mixed pop- 
 ulation of Indians and refugees, was destroyed by a Continental, 
 regiment of the Pennsylvania line, stationed at Schoharie. 
 
 Revenge was taken by surprising Cherry Valley, in November. The fort there 
 held out, but the inhabitants were massacred. 
 
 1778. AN expedition was undertaken by the militia and 
 troops of Georgia and South Carolina against St. Augustine. 
 It proceeded as far as St. Mary's, but was there abandoned. 
 
 1778, OCTOBER. A raid on New Jersey was made by Clinton's 
 army from New York. 
 
 Little Egg Harbor was burned, and the surrounding country ravaged. Bay- 
 ard's regiment of horse was surprised and cut to pieces. The infantry of Pulas- 
 ki's legion were surprised and slaughtered. 
 
 1778, OCTOBER 3. The commissioners published a manifesto, 
 addressed to the assemblies and the people. 
 
 It began with charging Congftss with the responsibility of continuing the war ; 
 offering to the assemblies separately the terms already proposed to Congress ; 
 reminding the people that the points originally in dispute had all been conceded 
 by Great Britain ; suggesting to the clergy that the French were papists ; allow- 
 ing forty days for submission ; and ended with threatening, if this offer was not 
 accepted, that the war would thereafter be carried on with a view to desolate the 
 country. Congress had this manifesto published in the papers, together with 
 their comments upon it. La Fayette, in consequence of the disparaging remarks 
 upon the French, despite the remonstrance of Washington and D'Estaing, sent a
 
 378 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1778-9. 
 
 challenge to the Earl of Carlisle, who declined it on the ground that for his public 
 acts he was responsible only to his own sovereign. At the end of the forty days 
 the commissioners returned to England. 
 
 1778, OCTOBER 31. Governor Greene, of Rhode Island, by 
 vote of the assembly, wrote to Connecticut, asking to have 
 the embargo in that state removed, so as to allow provisions 
 to be sent to Rhode Island, which was suffering from their 
 scarcity. 
 
 1778, NOVEMBER 1. An English fleet under Admiral Byron 
 arrived off Boston. 
 
 A storm scattered it, and D'Estaing sailed for the West Indies. Both the 
 Howes resigned, and returned to England. 
 
 1778, NOVEMBER. An expedition of the British from New 
 York sailed for Georgia. 
 
 1778, DECEMBER 10. Laurens resigned the presidency of 
 Congress, and John Jay was elected to the office. 
 
 1778, DECEMBER. Lincoln was sent to supersede Howe in the 
 command of the southern division. 
 
 1778. A SETTLEMENT was made at Elmira, New York. 
 
 1778. THE first insurrection of the natives of Mexico 
 against the blind and foolish oppression of the Spaniards, broke 
 out. 
 
 It was soon stamped out in blood. 
 
 1779, JANUARY. Congress authorized the issue of fifty mil- 
 lions more of bills. 
 
 The faith of the United States was pledged for their redemption before January 
 1, 1797, and was to be kept by the payment by the states of the six millions 
 annually. In February, ten millions more were authorized, together with loan 
 certificates of twenty millions. In April, five millions more of bills were issued, 
 and in May and June twenty millions more. 
 
 1779, JANUARY. A British force from New York, under 
 Colonel Campbell, having landed, defeated the Americana under 
 General Howe, and captured Savannah. 
 
 1779, JANUARY. General Prevost tftok command of the Brit- 
 ish in Savannah. 
 
 He had been in command in East Florida, and was ordered to unite his forces 
 with those under Campbell, and take command. He sent Campbell on an expe- 
 dition against the interior, by which Augusta was captured. A proclamation was 
 issued of pardon to those who would return to their allegiance. Some of the 
 leaders fled, but the state generally submitted ; those who were suspected being 
 disarmed.
 
 1779.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 379 
 
 1779, JANUARY 2. Congress recalled the issues of bills 
 of credit made the 20th of May, 1777, and the llth of April, 
 1778, because they had been so largely counterfeited. 
 
 It also appealed to the states to pay their quotas of the fifteen millions for this 
 year, and six millions a year for the next eighteen years ; the quotas were to be 
 used for paying the loans. Only the bills issued before 1780 were to be used in 
 paying the quotas. 
 
 1779, JANUARY 5. Taxes for fifteen millions were allotted 
 among the states. 
 
 Georgia, being occupied by the British, was exempted from the allotment. 
 
 1779, FEBRUARY. Lincoln sent General Ashe to operate 
 against Augusta. 
 
 The British deserted the city and retired down the river, the Americans fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 1779, FEBRUARY 8. Congress requested New York and 
 Connecticut to repeal their embargo upon bread stuffs for the 
 benefit of Rhode Island. 
 
 Connecticut contributed five hundred bushels of grain and four thousand three 
 hundred pounds in money within two months for the aid of Rhode Island. 
 
 1779, FEBRUARY 14. A battle took place at Kettle Creek, 
 Georgia, between the Americans under Colonel Pickens, and a 
 band of Tories under Colonel Boyd, in which the latter were 
 utterly defeated. 
 
 The Tories were from North Carolina, hastening to join the British forces at 
 Augusta, Georgia. Their loss was seventy killed and seventy-five prisoners ; the 
 Americans lost thirty-eight. 
 
 1779, FEBRUARY 23. Vincennes, on the Wabash, and the fort 
 were captured by an expedition under Clark. 
 
 Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit, was taken prisoner and sent to 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 1779, MARCH. The British attacked Ashe's force, and de- 
 feated it. 
 
 All the cannon and stores fell into the hands of the British, who lost only five 
 killed and eleven wounded, while some four hundred of the Americans were 
 killed or taken prisoners. Augusta was again occupied, and Prevost issued a 
 proclamation reinstating Sir James White as governor, and re-establishing the 
 laws and administration as before 1775. 
 
 1779, MARCH 2. By a vote of Congress, Rhode Island was 
 relieved from fifty thousand dollars, or one sixth of her allotted 
 share, of the Continental tax. 
 
 The delegates from South Carolina assumed the portion of the tax remitted to 
 Rhode Island, for their state.
 
 380 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1779. 
 
 1779, MARCH 4. The American Journal and General Adver- 
 tiser was commenced at Providence, Rhode Island. 
 
 It was published by Southwick and Wheeler, and appeared every Thursday. 
 
 1779. THE legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act for the 
 gradual abolition of slavery. 
 
 It was introduced by George Bryan. 
 
 George Bryan was a native of Dublin, but came to this country when young. 
 In 1776 he was chosen vice-president, and in 1778 president, of the executive 
 council of Pennsylvania. In 1780 he was appointed judge in the supreme court 
 of the state, and held the office until his death, January, 1791. 
 
 1779. THE coin passing through the treasury this year 
 amounted to seventy-three thousand dollars. 
 
 For 1778 and 1779 this makes the coin used in carrying on the entire machinery 
 of the government only one hundred and fifty-one thousand six hundred and 
 sixty-six dollars; 
 
 1779, APRIL 15. An expedition of the British from New York 
 visited Nantucket, and carried off a dozen vessels, chiefly loaded 
 with oil. 
 
 1779, APRIL 16. Three American vessels, under the com- 
 mand of Captain John B. Hopkins, arrived at Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, with a British fleet they had captured off Cape Henry. 
 
 The ships were the Warren, the Queen of France, and the Ranger. The fleet 
 they captured consisted of seven vessels one twenty-gun ship and six transports 
 containing twenty-four British officers on their way to Georgia. The stores 
 captured were valued at eighty thousand pounds. 
 
 1779. BENJAMIN WATERHOUSE, a physician of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, first introduced vaccination for small-pox into the 
 country. 
 
 Dr. Jenner communicated to him his discovery in England, and Waterhouse 
 tried the experiment not only on himself, but his family. For seven years he 
 defended the practice, not only against the prejudices of the people, but the ridi- 
 cule of the profession, and wrote and published a great deal on the subject. 
 
 1779, APRIL. Lincoln set out towards Augusta. 
 
 It was desirable that the legislature of Georgia should have an opportunity to 
 meet again. In South Carolina every effort had been made to strengthen Lin- 
 coln's forces. John Rutledge had again accepted the governorship, and the 
 assembly had passed a more stringent militia law. 
 
 1779, APRIL. A block-house was erected on the site of the 
 present city of Lexington. 
 
 1779, MAY 11. Charleston was summoned to surrender. 
 
 While Lincoln was on his way to Augusta, having left Moultrie with the 
 militia to guard the Savannah River, Prevost crossed the Savannah with his 
 army, and advanced to Charleston. When the summons was given, Rutledge, 
 who was there, offered that South Carolina should be neutral during the war,
 
 1779.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 381 
 
 leaving it to be decided at its close to whom it should belong. This proposition 
 was not received. Pending the negotiation, the works were strengthened, and 
 reinforcements had been received. 
 
 1779, MAY. A force from New York, under General Mathews, 
 raided in Virginia. 
 
 He took Portsmouth and Norfolk, and captured or burned a hundred and 
 thirty merchant-vessels in the James and Elisabeth rivers, carrying off with him 
 about three thousand hogsheads of tobacco. An unfinished frigate and eight 
 smaller vessels, building for the government, were destroyed. The damage of 
 this raid was estimated at two millions of dollars. 
 
 1779, MAY. A settlement was made on the site of Nashville, 
 by a party under James Robertson. 
 
 In 1784, the settlement was incorporated as a town; in 1806 received a city 
 charter, and in 1812 was made the capital of the state. Before the late war, the 
 city carried on the largest publishing business of the West, the publishing house 
 of the Southern Methodist Conference being here. The neighborhood is cele- 
 brated as a stock-raising country, and has a high reputation for blood-horses, 
 sheep, and Cashmere goats. The exports are cotton, tobacco, wheat, and Indian 
 corn. 
 
 1779, MAY 21. Congress called upon the states to pay in, 
 during the year, forty-five millions of the bills, in addition to the 
 fifteen millions already called for. 
 
 1779. IN the spring the American army, exclusive of the 
 few troops in the southern division, consisted of about sixteen 
 thousand men. 
 
 Of these, Gates had command of three thousand in New England, his head- 
 quarters being at Providence, Rhode Island ; seven thousand were about Middle- 
 brook, in which place Washington had his head-quarters. The rest of the army 
 were in the highlands of the Hudson, under McDougall, completing the de- 
 fences of West Point, and under Putnam, on the east side of the Hudson. The 
 British had eleven thousand men in New York, and over four thousand at New- 
 port. The organization of the army was modified. The state quotas were re- 
 duced to eighty battalions : Massachusetts to furnish fifteen ; Virginia and Penn- 
 sylvania, each, eleven; Connecticut and Maryland, each, eight; the two Carolinas, 
 each, six ; New York, five ; New Hampshire and New Jersey, each, three ; Rhode 
 Island, two; Delaware and Georgia, each, one. Huger of South Carolina, 
 Sumner and Hogan of North Carolina, Gist of Maryland, and William Irvine of 
 Pennsylvania, were made brigadiers. > 
 
 1779, MAY 21. The states were called upon to supply their 
 quotas of forty-five millions for this year, before January 
 1, 1780. 
 
 1779, MAY 28. The Board of Treasury reported to Congress 
 that it was impracticable to carry on the war with paper money, 
 if the quartermasters and commissaries continued their enormous 
 expenditures. 
 
 Congress appointed a committee to inquire into the subject.
 
 382 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1779. 
 
 1779. PRESIDENT REED of Pennsylvania, in his message to the 
 assembly, stated that the sale of the confiscated estates had 
 brought in sufficient " to afford a great relief to the good people 
 in this state from their public burdens." 
 
 1779, JUNE 20. Lincoln arrived at Charleston, and encamped 
 near the town. 
 
 He made an attack upon a redoubt, intended to cover a bridge of boats 
 Prevost had provided, and was repulsed. Prevost withdrew to Beaufort, and 
 then returned to Georgia. 
 
 1779, JUNE. Clinton, from New York, ascended the Hudson, 
 and captured Verplanck's Point and Stony Point. 
 
 The works at Stony Point were unfinished, and were abandoned; as they 
 commanded those at Verplanck's, these also were surrendered. These captures 
 interfered with the transportation of the stores for Washington's army. 
 
 1779, JUNE. Commissioners were appointed by Virginia and 
 North Carolina to run the boundary line between these two 
 states. 
 
 When they reached the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, the North Caro- 
 lina commissioners abandoned the survey ; but Walker, the Virginia commis- 
 sioner, continued it, and ascertained the point on the Mississippi where it ought 
 to strike. Fort Jefferson was soon erected just above this point, being named in 
 honor of Jefferson, who had been elected governor of Virginia. 
 
 1779, JUNE. The Spanish court published a manifesto which 
 was equivalent to a declaration of war with England. 
 
 It had proposed to mediate between France and England, and on the rejection 
 of its offer by England, published this manifesto. It did not, however, recognize 
 the independence of the United States. 
 
 1779, JULY 4. A British expedition from New York, under 
 Governor Tryon, ravaged Connecticut. 
 
 New Haven was plundered ; Fairfield and Norwalk were burned. Crossing over 
 to Long Island, Sag Harbor was visited. 
 
 1779, JULY 16. The British at Stony Point were surprised 
 by an expedition under General Anthony Wayne. 
 
 Over five hundred prisoners were captured, the American loss being one hun- 
 dred. Operations were commenced against Verplanck's Point, but abandoned 
 when the British army moved out from New York to defend it. Stony Point being 
 also abandoned, the British reoccupied it. 
 
 1779, JULY 26. An expedition fitted out by Massachusetts 
 under Captain Saltonstall, in the Continental naval service, made 
 a landing to dislodge a post on the Penobscot, which had been 
 established by a party from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Finding the works too strong, reinforcements were sent for from Boston. An 
 expedition in defence of the post was sent from New York under Sir George 
 Collier, which arrived in August. The Massachusetts army abandoned their posi-
 
 1779.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 383 
 
 tion, and escaped through the woods. The ships, five frigates and ten smaller 
 vessels, were destroyed, the others being captured by the British. Saltonstall was 
 tried by a court-martial and cashiered. Eventually, after much discussion, Con- 
 gress assumed the expenses of the expedition, which had resulted in heavy loss. 
 
 1779, JULY 30. The Treasury Board was reorganized, and 
 Gerry retired from it. 
 
 It consisted of three members of Congress, to be changed every six months, 
 and of two permanent members not belonging to Congress. Under these were an 
 auditor-general, six auditors, a treasurer, and three chambers of accounts. The 
 envoys in Europe were instructed to obtain information in their respective 
 countries concerning the methods used in organizing and conducting their finan- 
 cial matters. 
 
 1779, AUGUST 17. Congress recommended the states to make 
 provision for their officers and soldiers, either by granting the 
 officers half-pay for life, and rewarding the soldiers, or by such 
 other method as they should think best. 
 
 It was also recommended the states to make provision for the widows of such 
 as should be killed. 
 
 1779, AUGUST 18. Paulus Hook, now Jersey City, was cap- 
 tured by a corps of the American army under Major Henry Lee. 
 
 1779, AUGUST 21. The frigate Providence and two other 
 United States ships, under Captain Whipple, brought into Boston 
 eight prizes captured along the coast. 
 
 These prizes were valued at over a million of dollars. 
 
 1779. PITTSFIELD, in Massachusetts, this year instructed its 
 representatives to the general court to use their " best endeavors, 
 that any petition which may be preferred from this town, or from 
 any individual of it, respecting the erecting a Paper Mill in 
 this town, be attended to and espoused by you in the General 
 Court." 
 
 1779. THE assembly of Pennsylvania vested by an act the 
 title to all ungranted lands, or quit-rents in the state. 
 
 The late proprietaries were allowed their private property, including the lands 
 already appropriated as proprietary tenths, with the quit-rents accruing on them. 
 The assembly also granted the late proprietaries one hundred and thirty thousand 
 pounds, payable in instalments to commence one year after peace. This they did 
 as a proof of "their liberality and remembrance of the enterprising spirit which 
 distinguished the founder of Pennsylvania.-" This grant was faithfully paid, and 
 the heirs also were indemnified by the British government. 
 
 1779, AUGUST 22. An army under General Sullivan, at New- 
 town, now JSlmira, defeated the Tories and Indians, and laid the 
 country waste. 
 
 At the same time an expedition from Pittsburg ascended the Alleghany, de- 
 stroying the Indian villages along the river.
 
 384 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1779. 
 
 1779, AUGUST. The French fleet, under D'Estaing, arrived 
 off the coast of Georgia. 
 
 It had returned from the West Indies. 
 
 1779, SEPTEMBER. A Spanish expedition from New Orleans' 
 under the command of Galvez, the governor, captured Baton 
 Rouge, and a fort near Natchez. 
 
 Soon after he captured Mobile, leaving Pensacola as the only fort in West 
 Florida in possession of the English. 
 
 1779, SEPTEMBER 1. Congress promised that the issues of 
 Continental bills should not exceed two hundred millions. 
 
 The issue was stated by Jay, in a circular of September 13, as being one 
 hundred and sixty millions. The depreciation was twenty for one. The loans, 
 the interest on which was payable in bills on France, were seven and a half millions 
 before August 1, 1778, and since twenty-six millions. The interest on this was to 
 increase with the increase of the issue. The foreign debt was estimated at four 
 millions. Of the sixty millions in paper currency called from the states, only 
 three millions had come into the treasury. 
 
 1779, SEPTEMBER 27. John Adams was appointed by Congress 
 a commissioner to negotiate with Great Britain, and John Jay 
 with Spain. 
 
 Jay was to obtain the free navigation of the Mississippi, and a loan of five mil- 
 lions of dollars. The vacancy of the presidency of Congress made by his appoint- 
 ment was filled by the election of Samuel Huntington of Connecticut. Shortly 
 after Laurens was commissioned to Holland to negotiate a loan. 
 
 1779, OCTOBER 6. Congress called on the states to pay their 
 quotas of fifteen millions. 
 
 They were to pay it on the 1st of the next February, and the first of each suc- 
 ceeding month until October 1, 1780. Georgia being in possession of the enemy, 
 was excused. 
 
 A circular letter was sent with these calls, in which Congress explained the 
 situation. In the first, they said : "Suddenly called upon to repel the unpro- 
 voked invasion of a prince who ought to have exerted himself for our protection ; 
 without arms or ammunition, without military discipline or permanent finances, 
 without an established government and without allies, and enfeebled by habitual 
 attachments to our very enemies, we were precipitated into all the expensive opera- 
 tions relative to a state of war with one of the most formidable nations on earth. 
 Surrounded on all sides with wants, difficulties, and dangers, notwithstanding the 
 internal wealth of our country, immediate taxation was impracticable. And for 
 the same reason, and a share of ill success at different periods, we could not hope, 
 either at home or abroad, to borrow money to supply our exigencies. From 
 necessity we embraced the expedient of emitting paper money on the faith of the 
 United States ; an expedient often successfully practised in separate states while 
 we were subjected to British dominion. Large sums were indispensably neces- 
 sary, and the paper currency multiplied beyond what was necessary for the pur- 
 pose of a circulating medium. This alone could not fail to discredit it in some 
 degree, but the arts of an unprincipled enemy have added to the mischief. As 
 their last effort, they have had recourse to fraud. Their emissaries have em-
 
 1779.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 385 
 
 ployed a variety of artifices to debase our money and increase the cost of com- 
 modities. The fears and apprehensions of the people have been alarmed by 
 misrepresentations, while our enemies of the highest rank have not hesitated to 
 counterfeit our bills of credit and disperse them through the country. Such being 
 the embarrassments which interrupt the free circulation of our money, they 
 loudly call for a remedy, and Congress, from a regard for good faith, for private 
 justice and the public safety, are bound to apply it. To raise the value of our 
 paper money and to redeem it will not, we are persuaded, be difficult. Without 
 public inconvenience, or private distress, the whole of the debt incurred in paper 
 emissions to this day may be cancelled by taxes ; it may be cancelled within a 
 period so limited as must leave the possessor of the bills satisfied with his security, 
 and if, by a continuance of the war, the public service should demand further 
 emissions, they, too, may be cancelled within the same period ; it being evident 
 that our ability to sustain a tax must increase in proportion to the quantity of 
 money in circulation." 
 
 Gordon, in his history of the American Revolution, quotes from a confiden- 
 tial letter written by General Clinton to Lord George Germain, about 1781, 
 as follows: "The experiments suggested by your lordship have been tried; 
 no assistance that could be drawn from the power of gold, or the arts of coun- 
 terfeiting, have been left untried, but still the currency, like the widow's cruse 
 of oil, has not failed." While New York was in possession of the British, 
 the newspapers contained advertisements of counterfeit money, and flags of truce 
 were made use of to circulate it. In New York, counterfeiting the Continental 
 bills was a regular business, and the British armies carried forged bills as one of 
 their supplies. 
 
 1779, OCTOBER 9. An assault upon Savannah, by the combined 
 French and American forces, was repulsed. 
 
 Pulaski was mortally wounded. D'Estaing sailed again for the West Indies, 
 and Lincoln returned to Charleston. 
 
 1779, OCTOBER 20. A convention met at Hartford, Connecti- 
 cut, of delegates from the five New England states. 
 
 It arranged a tariff of prices, and proposed a scale for payment in Continental 
 bills, on the basis of twenty for one, advising a general convention to be held in 
 Philadelphia in January. 
 
 1779, OCTOBER. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an 
 act prohibiting the involuntary sale of slaves out of the state. 
 
 1779, OCTOBER. Verplanck's Point and Stony Point, on the 
 Hudson, were evacuated by the British. 
 
 Clinton hearing of the arrival of D'Estaing's fleet, was afraid for New York. 
 To strengthen it, these posts were vacated, the troops from Newport withdrawn, 
 and an expedition to the West Indies detained. 
 
 1779, OCTOBER 25. The British army evacuated Newport. 
 
 Forty-six Tory families went with them. During the British occupation of the 
 island, more than five hundred houses had been destroyed, and a legislative com- 
 mittee reported in 1782 that the damage in Newport alone was about one hun- 
 dred and twenty-five thousand pounds. The British carried away with them the 
 records of the town from its settlement. They were sunk in the ship which car- 
 
 25
 
 386 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1779-80. 
 
 ried them, at Hell Gate, in New York harbor, and partially recovered three years 
 afterwards. 
 
 1779, NOVEMBER 19. Congress approved the proposition made 
 by the convention at Hartford, but urged the states to adopt it 
 at once without waiting for another convention. 
 
 1779, DECEMBER. The winter was unusually severe, and in 
 Rhode Island wood was very scarce, selling for twenty dollars a 
 cord. 
 
 Corn was worth four silver dollars a bushel, and potatoes two dollars. 
 
 1779, DECEMBER 26. The British, under Clinton, embarked 
 at New York for Savannah. 
 
 He carried about seven thousand men, of whom two thousand were Tories. 
 The Tories in the British service at this time amounted to about five thousand. 
 
 1780, JANUARY. Massachusetts adopted a constitution. 
 
 A convention was called by the existing authority, of delegates chosen by the 
 method of choosing representatives, for the sole purpose of forming a constitu- 
 tion. They accepted one prepared by John Adams, Samuel Adams, and James 
 Bowdoin, and, submitting it to the people, adjourned. After the people had voted 
 upon it, they reassembled, and, counting the votes, declared it adopted. John 
 Hancock was chosen in October the first governor under it. It recognized the 
 freedom of the press, and also provided a property qualification for the suffrage. 
 The legislature was authorized to provide for the support of ministers, and 
 compel attendance on their services. It also assumed the right to practically re- 
 enact the colonial laws against blasphemy, wlu'ch was defined as denying the Divine 
 inspiration of any part of the Bible, or the received opinions of tiie Divinity. 
 The Bill of Rights held that " all men are born free and equal." 
 
 1780, JANUARY 5. Congress passed an act of retaliation, 
 ordering the same allowances and treatment to be given to 
 British prisoners that was given to American prisoners in British 
 hands. 
 
 1780, FEBRUARY 5. Congress called upon the states to fill up 
 their quotas, by new enlistments or drafts, so as to make an army 
 of thirty-five thousand men. 
 
 Washington had not quite ten thousand men. The bounties now paid disaf- 
 fected the old soldiers. 
 
 1780. THE Pennsylvania assembly forbade the introduction 
 of any more slaves into the state, and declared ah 1 persons born 
 after the passage of the act, free. 
 
 George Bryan was chiefly instrumental in the passage of this act. It was 
 opposed as "premature," and likely to have a bad effect in the southern states. 
 This action of Pennsylvania was, however, soon imitated by Connecticut, Rhode 
 Island, and New Hampshire. New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and 
 Virginia had prohibited the further importation of slaves, and Virginia and Mary- 
 land had repealed their colonial restrictions on emancipation ; but a bill for gradual
 
 1780.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 387 
 
 emancipation, which was prepared by Jefferson and Wythe for Virginia, was not 
 brought forward in 1785 while Jefferson was in France; and in New York a bill 
 for it was voted down in 1785. 
 
 1780. THE boundary line between Pennsylvania and Virginia 
 was finally agreed upon. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's line was continued to a point five degrees west of the 
 Delaware, and a line drawn due north from this point was to form the western 
 boundary of Pennsylvania. By this arrangement Pittsburg came again under the 
 jurisdiction of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1780. THE assembly of Maryland imposed a duty on the 
 export of bar and pig iron, to be paid in coin. 
 
 1780. THE legislature of New Jersey granted to Henry 
 Guest, of New Brunswick, the exclusive right for five years to 
 make currier's oil and blubber by a new process, discovered by 
 him, from materials found in the United States. 
 
 Samples and descriptions, sealed, were deposited with the clerk of the 
 assembly. 
 
 1780. AN association was formed at Worcester, Massachu- 
 setts, for spinning and weaving cotton, and a subscription was 
 opened to raise funds for procuring a jenny. 
 
 On the 30th of April, the Spy announced that the Tuesday before " the first 
 piece of corduroy made in the factory in this town was taken from the loom." 
 
 1780. THE term of enlistment "for three years," made in 
 1777, ran out, and the army was so much reduced that Congress 
 called earnestly upon the respective states to replenish their 
 regiments. 
 
 The average bounty in many states was two hundred and fifty dollars, in specie. 
 In Massachusetts it was two hundred and eighty. The pay was six dollars and 
 sixty-six cents in specie a month, or its equivalent, exclusive of bounties. 
 
 1780. THE legislature of Maryland abolished the quit-rents, 
 and declared the proprietary estates forfeit. 
 
 To a claim subsequently made for indemnity no attention was paid. The 
 illegitimacy of Henry Harford, and the fact that he had inherited by will instead 
 of through descent, were supposed to justify a disregard of his claim for in- 
 demnity. 
 
 1780, FEBEUARY 7. The convention of northern states met 
 at Philadelphia, and discussed various measures for the cur- 
 rency. 
 
 1780, FEBRUARY 19. The legislature of New York instructed 
 its delegates to Congress to cede a portion of the land claimed 
 under its charter, for the common benefit. 
 
 The land was that portion of her claim west of a line drawn through the western- 
 most extremity of Lake Ontario.
 
 388 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1780. 
 
 1780, FEBRUARY 25. Congress called upon the states to fur- 
 nish supplies in kind for the campaign of the opening year. 
 
 Three hundred and thirty thousand hundred-weight of beef; four hundred and 
 fifty-five thousand gallons of rum ; one hundred and twenty-three thousand barrels 
 of flour ; six hundred and ninety-five thousand bushels of corn, or an equal quan- 
 tity of short forage ; fifty-three thousand bushels of salt ; nine thousand tons of 
 hay; seven thousand hogsheads of tobacco, and fifty-two thousand bushels of 
 rice, were asked for to supply the army. The accounts for these supplies were 
 to be kept, and settled in silver coin ; and those states furnishing more than their 
 quota were to receive interest at six per cent, on the surplus, while any deficiency 
 was to be charged at the same rate. To this call no reply was made. 
 
 1780, MARCH 6. Congress resolved upon a change in the 
 character and management of the bills of credit. 
 
 They made a statement that " it is essential speedily to reduce the quantity of 
 the paper medium in circulation, and to establish and appropriate funds that shall 
 insure the punctual redemption of the bills." The United States was now com- 
 petent to do this, because "their independence being well assured, their civil gov- 
 ernments established and vigorous, and the spirit of their citizens ardent for 
 exertion," therefore the following measures were adopted. The states should con- 
 tinue to furnish their quotas of the fifteen millions assigned them October G, 1779 ; 
 coin should be received for taxes at the rate of one dollar for forty of the bills ; 
 that the bills so received (except those for January and February) should be 
 destroyed ; that as bills were received others should be issued, not to exceed a 
 twentieth part of those received; that the new bills should be redeemed in specie, 
 with interest at five per cent., in six years, or in sterling exchange at four shillings 
 and sixpence ; the new bills were issued on the faith of the different states, as well 
 as upon that of the United States, and six tenths of them were given to the indi- 
 vidual states in proportion to their quotas, and four tenths reserved for the United 
 States, and credited to the states, in accordance with their quotas of October 6, 
 1779 ; the interest paid upon the sterling exchange by the United States to be 
 charged to the states ; and the states to provide funds to redeem one sixth of their 
 quotas yearly from the 1st of January, 1781. 
 
 1780, MARCH 18. Congress fixed the depreciation of the cur- 
 rency at forty for one as the scale at which all loan certificates 
 and those from commissaries were to be paid. 
 
 The scale had been begun in March, 1778, at one and three quarters for one. 
 In September 5 it was ordered that only coin, or the new issue, should be received. 
 
 1780, MARCH 20. Congress advised the repeal of the laws 
 making the old bills of credit a legal tender, and desired the 
 assemblies of the states to consider the proposed measure for the 
 new issue. 
 
 1780, MARCH 20. Congress recommended the states to modify 
 their tender laws so as to conform to the change in the bills of 
 credit. 
 
 The states did so ; but, as they did not respond to the change of the 6th of 
 March as promptly as necessary to raise money, Congress was forced to draw bills
 
 1780.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 389 
 
 upon their ministers in Europe, and did so for about seven hundred thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 1780, MARCH. Pennsylvania issued bills of credit to the 
 amount of one hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 They bore five per cent, interest ; and, besides the security of the public credit, 
 the assembly set aside city lots in Philadelphia and on Province Island for their 
 redemption. In December, the assembly made them a legal tender, and fixed 
 their value in relation to the Continental bills at one to seventy-five, to last until 
 the first of the next February, when the state executive council was the first week 
 in each month to publish the rate. 
 
 1780, APRIL 10. Congress resolved, that as soon as the con- 
 dition of the finances would allow, the states should make up the 
 deficiency of the army's pay caused by the depreciation of the 
 Continental money. 
 
 Massachusetts had done this, and the Pennsylvania line complained that it was 
 not done for them. 
 
 1780, APRIL 24. Congress appealed to the states to be prompt 
 in collecting their quotas. 
 
 1780, MAY 2. Two Connecticut regiments, in Washington's 
 army, threatened to march home, or help themselves to supplies. 
 
 1780, MAY 10. Congress called upon the states to collect and 
 pay in, within thirty days, ten millions of dollars a part of the 
 sum called for the year before. 
 
 The states south of Virginia were exempted from this call. The amount was 
 to be collected in bills of credit. 
 
 1780, MAY 12. Charleston, South Carolina, surrendered to 
 the British under General Clinton. 
 
 Clinton had left New York the last of the preceding year, and in January had 
 reached Savannah. From there the fleet entered Charleston harbor, passing Fort 
 Moultrie with trifling loss. The city was finally invested. For its defence Lincoln 
 had nearly seven thousand men. In May, Fort Moultrie surrendered, and, as the 
 enemy were nearly ready to assault the city, and the works for its defence were full 
 of breaches, Lincoln offered to capitulate. The soldiers were to march out and lay 
 down their arms, and be dismissed on their parole not to take up arms, and to be 
 secure as long as the parole was kept. Governor Rutledge/with three of the 
 council, had left the city before the investment was completed. The lieutenant- 
 governor, Gadsden, and five councillors, were included in the capitulation. 
 
 1780, MAY 19. The dark day occurred in New England. 
 
 The darkness extended from Connecticut to New Hampshire. Candles were 
 needed at noonday. 
 
 1780, MAY. As the army was in danger of disbanding from 
 want of provisions, a number of persons subscribed in currency, 
 and gave their bonds, payable in coin if necessary, to secure the 
 government for the purchase of the supplies. The bonds were
 
 390 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1780. 
 
 never collected. They ranged from ten thousand pounds to one 
 thousand, and together amounted to three hundred and fifteen 
 thousand pounds. 
 
 A partial list of their names can be found in H. Niles's Principles and Ads of 
 1he Revolution, p. 486. They formed a bank called the Bank of Pennsylvania. 
 The movement was originated by Robert Morris of Philadelphia. Congress 
 directed the Board of Treasury to deposit in the bank one hundred and fifty thou- 
 sand pounds in sterling bills of exchange to secure them. 
 
 1780, MAY 22. A proclamation was issued by Clinton from 
 Charleston, threatening severe penalties for those appearing in 
 arms against the royal authority. 
 
 June 1, another was issued, offering pardon to all those who returned to their 
 allegiance; such as "under mock forms of justice had polluted themselves with 
 the blood of their loyal fellow-subjects " being excepted. 
 
 1780, MAY 26. Congress resolved that commissary certifi- 
 cates would be received at their face for all Continental taxes. 
 
 They were thus made an addition to the currency. 
 
 1780, MAY 27. Congress recommended the legislatures of the 
 states to empower the collectors to receive for taxes the certifi- 
 cates of quartermasters and commissaries. 
 
 The states made such attempts to collect the taxes called for that the sellers of 
 supplies on credit were afraid they would not be paid. 
 
 1780, MAY. A committee, of which Schuyler was chairman, 
 reported to Congress on the condition of the army. 
 
 They had been appointed to visit the camp, and in consultation with Wash- 
 ington, suggest concerning its organization. They said, "That the army was 
 five months unpaid; that it seldom had more than six days' provisions in advance, 
 and was on several occasions, for sundry consecutive days, without meat; that 
 the army was destitute of forage ; that the medical department had neither sugar, 
 tea, chocolate, wine, nor spirits ; and that every department was without money, 
 or even the shadow of credit." 
 
 1780, MAY 29. Tarleton, commanding a British force sent by 
 Clinton from Charleston, overtook and defeated at Waxhaws, near 
 the North Carolina line, a regiment from Virginia under Buford. 
 
 The regiment had set out to reinforce Charleston : it was cut to pieces, no 
 quarter being given. Two other detachments sent from Charleston by Clinton 
 (one towards Augusta, and the other towards Camden) met with no resistance, 
 the people submitting and giving their parole, or taking the oath of allegiance. 
 
 1780, JUNE 3. A new proclamation was issued from Charles- 
 ton, discharging the paroles of those not taken in arms, and 
 making an oath of allegiance necessary to escape being treated 
 as an enemy. 
 
 Clinton now returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command. He sub- 
 sisted his troops by seizure of supplies from those who had not taken the oath, 
 and by paying those who had with certificates upon the British commissaries.
 
 1780.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 391 
 
 1780, JUNE 12. The assembly of Rhode Island issued twenty 
 thousand pounds in bills of credit. 
 
 They bore interest at six per cent., and were to be redeemed in specie on the 
 following January. They were made a legal tender. 
 
 1780, JUNE 23. The British, under Clinton, advanced from 
 New York to Springfield, New Jersey, and drove Greene with 
 his detachment back over the Railway. 
 
 Clinton soon after withdrew his army to Staten Island to recuperate. 
 
 1780, JULY 10. A French fleet of forty-four sail, under Ad- 
 miral De Torney, with six thousand troops under Count de 
 Rochambeau, arrived at Newport, Rhode Island. 
 
 In the fleet there were twelve ships-of-war and thirty-two transports. Kocham- 
 beau had orders to place himself under Washington's command. 
 
 1780. THE crops this year were a failure. 
 
 1780, JULY 31. News arrived that a second French fleet was 
 blockaded at Brest by a British fleet. 
 
 The British fleet, which had reinforced Clinton at New York, proceeded to 
 Newport, and blockaded the French fleet there. The French army was forced to 
 remain at Newport to protect the fleet ; and, to aid them, three thousand five hun- 
 dred militia were kept at Newport under arms. 
 
 1780, JULY. The command of the southern department was 
 given to Gates. 
 
 He took command at Deep Eiver, and pressed forward towards Camden. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 3. The command in the Highlands, embracing 
 the works at West Point, was given to Benedict Arnold. 
 He obtained the position in order to betray it. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 6. An engagement took place between the 
 British and Americans at Hanging Rock, South Carolina, in 
 which the latter were victorious. 
 
 The Americans were commanded by General Sumter ; the British and Tories 
 by Colonel Tarleton. The battle lasted about four hours, and was one of the 
 hardest fought engagements of the war, considering the numbers engaged. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 13. Congress resolved that from and after the 
 first of that month the army should receive their pay in the 
 " new bills." 
 
 The lands grant was also extended to the general officers. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 16. The battle at Sanders' Creek, a few miles 
 north of Camden, South Carolina, took place between the British 
 under Lord Cornwallis, and the Americans under General Gates. 
 The Americans were defeated. 
 
 The two armies were approaching each other without being aware of it, and
 
 392 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1780. 
 
 met suddenly in the dark, a little after midnight ; a skirmish took place between 
 the vanguards, but the battle did not begin until morning. The British loss was 
 three hundred and twenty-five ; the American, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
 nearly two thousand men. Among the killed was the Baron de Kalb. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 18. Surnter's force was surprised by Tarleton, 
 and completely scattered. 
 
 Georgia, South and North Carolina had not a single battalion in the field. The 
 Virginia line had been chiefly captured at Charleston, or scattered in other engage- 
 ments. The Maryland line was reduced to a single regiment, and the Delaware 
 line to a single company. Among the prisoners taken at Camden were some who 
 had submitted and taken a British protection. Of these, several were hanged on 
 the spot, and the same fate was threatened for all who should imitate their exam- 
 ple. Some forty of the chief residents of Charleston were arrested, and sent to 
 St. Augustine. Sumter and Marion, who were both officers in the Continental 
 service, were commissioned as generals by Governor Rutledgc of South Carolina, 
 and continued to keep a resistance to the British, though the means at their com- 
 mand were of the slightest kind. 
 
 1780, AUGUST. Congress resolved that any one who should 
 sell, embezzle, or wilfully misapply the supplies of the army, 
 should suffer death, or any other punishment a court-martial 
 should decide. 
 
 1780, AUGUST. General Greene resigned the position of 
 quartermaster, which was accepted by Colonel Pickering. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 24. The provision of half-pay for seven years 
 was extended to the generals, and for such as had died, or should 
 die, in the service, to their wives or children. 
 
 1780, AUGUST 26. Congress earnestly recommended the 
 states to withdraw their quotas of the bills of credit, by taxa- 
 tion or otherwise, in order to prepare for the new issue ; and at 
 the same time to raise by taxes, payable in the new issue, their 
 respective quotas of three millions. 
 
 This, it was hoped, would be paid into the Continental treasury by the last of 
 December. 
 
 1780, SEPTEMBER 6. Congress resolved that the lands which 
 should be ceded by the states, claiming them under their charters, 
 or by authority of royal proclamations, should be formed into re- 
 publican states, and become members of the Union with the same 
 rights of sovereignty, freedom, and independence that the origi- 
 nal members of the Union had. 
 
 1780. DURING the early part of this year the cold was so 
 intense that the Hudson froze. 
 
 There was great scarcity of fuel and fresh provisions in New York city, and 
 Kniphausen feared an attack upon the city, as the ice in the river offered an 
 opportunity for the Americans to cross it. All the inhabitants were put under 
 arms ; a " Board of Associated Loyalists " was formed, and William Franklin, the 
 late governor of New Jersey, who had been exchanged, was made its president.
 
 1780.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 393 
 
 1780, SEPTEMBER 6. Congress advised the states whose boun- 
 daries were under dispute to surrender a portion of their terri- 
 tory in order to maintain the confederacy, since the Union was 
 necessary " to their very existence as a free, sovereign, and 
 independent people." 
 
 The ignorance of the geography of the country at the time when the charters 
 were granted had caused these conflicting claims. There was no controversy 
 about their boundaries between Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, 
 New Hampshire, and Rhode Island; but the charters of some of the others were 
 of impossible dimensions, extending a claim to the South Sea, the Mississippi 
 River, or the Pacific Ocean. The dominion of Connecticut, for example, was, by 
 its charter, extended to the Pacific. 
 
 1780, SEPTEMBER 15. Congress made a call upon Massachu- 
 setts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut for supplies for the army. 
 
 A thousand head of cattle a week were wanted for "the immediate supply of 
 the army." 
 
 1780. At the same time, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Del- 
 aware were asked to furnish, " with all possible dispatch," two 
 thousand head of cattle. 
 
 Warrants were drawn on the loan-offices for $28,300 for the expense of for- 
 warding cattle to the army. 
 
 1780, SEPTEMBER 19. Washington went to Hartford, Connec- 
 ticut, to consult with Rochambeau concerning some definite plan 
 of action. 
 
 1780, SEPTEMBER 23. Major Andre" was arrested, and Arnold's 
 treachery discovered. 
 
 Andre" was tried by a court-martial, of which General Greene was president, 
 and Steuben and Lafayette members. He was condemned as a spy, and hanged 
 October 2. Arnold was paid fifty thousand dollars by the English government for 
 his treachery, together with a brigadier's commission in the British army. He 
 issued an " Address tb the Inhabitants of America," and also a "Proclamation to 
 the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army," inviting them to desert, con- 
 trasting their wretchedness with the prompt pay and abundance of the English 
 service, and offering three guineas to each private, and to the officers commissions 
 in the British army according to their rank, and the number of men they brought 
 with them. This document met with the contempt it deserved. 
 
 1780, SEPTEMBER. Laurens embarked for Holland. 
 
 He was captured on his passage by an English ship, and his papers, which he 
 threw overboard, were saved by a sailor who leaped in the sea after them. The 
 information they contained of the negotiations carried on with the Americans by 
 the Dutch led to a declaration of war by England. December 2, Laurens was 
 confined in the Tower on a charge of high treason. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER 5. A court of inquiry was ordered by Con- 
 gress into the defeat at Camden. 
 
 Washington appointed General Greene to succeed General Gates.,
 
 394 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1780. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER. Congress assented to a plan for the organi- 
 zation of the army, presented by the committee sent to the camp. 
 
 The army was to consist of fifty regiments of infantry, four regiments of artil- 
 lery, one of artificers, two partisan corps, and four legions part horse and part 
 foot. All new enlistments were to be for the war. Massachusetts and Virginia 
 were to furnish, each, eleven regiments; Pennsylvania, nine; Connecticut, six; 
 Maryland, five; North Carolina, four; New York, three; New Hampshire, New 
 Jersey, and South Carolina, each, two ; Rhode Island, Delaware, and Georgia, 
 each, one. The full list would have made the army amount to thirty-six thousand 
 men, but it never had in the field one half this number. Half-pay for life was 
 promised all officers who served until the end of the war. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER 9. A body of loyalists from North Carolina, 
 commanded by General Ferguson, were defeated at King's 
 Mountain by a body of backwoodsmen under Shelby and Sevier. 
 
 The survivors (eight hundred in number) surrendered, and ten of the most 
 active in inducing them to rise were tried and hanged on the spot. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER 10. Connecticut offered to cede her claim to 
 the unsettled territory west of Pennsylvania. 
 
 She excepted a tract south of Lake Erie and adjoining Pennsylvania, and 
 known subsequently as the Connecticut Reserve. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER. The legislature of Virginia voted to raise 
 three thousand men. 
 
 Recruits were given twelve thousand dollars in paper, and at the end of the 
 war were to have three hundred acres of land and a " healthy, sound negro," or 
 two hundred dollars in coin. Men to serve eighteen months were drafted from the 
 militia. The seizure of provisions at certain fixed prices was authorized, and ten 
 millions in bills of credit, redeemable at forty for one, were issued. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER. Fort George and Fort Anne were captured 
 by an expedition of Indians and Tories under Sir John Johnson. 
 
 Another expedition drove the Oneidas, friendly to the Americans, from the 
 vicinity of Niagara to the neighborhood of Albany. 
 
 1780, OCTOBER 19. General Van Rensselaer defeated a party 
 of Indians and Tories at Fox Mills. 
 
 The New York line was stationed for the winter at Albany. Washington's 
 headquarters were at New Windsor. The New England troops were quartered in 
 the Highlands, those of New Jersey at Pompton, and Pennsylvania near Morris- 
 town. 
 
 1780. FOR this year the expenditure from the treasury was 
 eighty-three millions, old tenor, and nine hundred thousand new. 
 
 In specie the payments were estimated at three millions. Jay succeeded in 
 borrowing in Spain one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, payable in three years. 
 Four million livres were lent the commissioners by the French court. 
 
 1780, NOVEMBER 4. A call was made upon the states for ten 
 millions of dollars, to be raised by taxes.
 
 1780.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 395 
 
 The quotas were to be paid in coin, or in "money of the new emission; " and 
 the terms were the same as those of February. 
 
 1780, NOVEMBER 16. An advertisement by Isaiah Thomas, in 
 the Massachusetts Spy, offers ten shillings a pound for " clean 
 white rags." 
 
 1780, NOVEMBER 18. An engagement took place between the 
 Americans under General Sumter, and a party of mounted Brit- 
 ish and Tories under Colonel Wemyss, at Fish-Dam Ford, on the 
 Broad River, South Carolina. 
 
 The British were driven back. 
 
 1780, NOVEMBER 20. An engagement between the Americans 
 under General Sumter, and the British cavalry under Colonel 
 Tarleton, took place at Blackstocks, a plantation on the Tiger 
 River, South Carolina. 
 
 After a sharp contest, Tarleton was driven back, leaving about two hundred 
 killed or wounded on the field. The Americans lost three killed and five wounded. 
 Sumter was severely wounded. His men carried him to a place of safety, and 
 then disbanded and scattered. 
 
 1780, DECEMBER 2. Greene took command of the southern 
 army at Charlotte. 
 
 Gates had obtained some recruits. The army was in tatters, the military chest 
 was empty, and supplies were obtained by impressment. 
 
 1780, DECEMBER 31. The assembly of Virginia tendered to 
 Congress, for the common benefit, the territory claimed by her. 
 
 This was the vast domain north-west of the Ohio, and extending to the Missis- 
 sippi and the lakes. The right of Virginia to the remaining territory east of the 
 Mississippi, and north of 35 30' north latitude, was retained. 
 
 1780. AN act for establishing the town of Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky, was passed by the Virginia legislature. 
 
 It was named in honor of Louis XVI. 
 
 1780. THE depreciation of the bills of credit this year was, 
 in January, forty for one ; in December, seventy-five for one. 
 Virginia during this year issued thirty millions of dollars, and 
 made it a legal tender at forty for one. 
 
 Congress this year called for an aggregate of taxes of one hundred and eighty- 
 six millions of dollars. 
 
 1780. DAVID BRYAN, of Duchess County, New York, made 
 the first winnowing-machine ever known to be used in the 
 United States. 
 
 The machine was first brought into England from Holland in the early part of 
 the eighteenth century. 
 
 1780. ANN LEE founded the sect of Shakers at Lebanon, New 
 York. 
 
 Ann Lee was born at Manchester, England, February 29, 1736, and died Sep- 
 tember 8, 1784, at Watervliet, New York. She came to this country in 1774.
 
 396 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1780-1. 
 
 1780. THE first glass-works of which there is any precise 
 account were built at Temple, New Hampshire, by Robert 
 Hewes of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 The works were erected there on account of the cheapness of fuel. The work- 
 men, thirty-two in number, were Hessians, deserters from the British army. They 
 were a drunken set ; and in the winter, in consequence of carelessness, the works 
 took fire, and were destroyed. An unsuccessful attempt was made to rebuild 
 them, but enough capital could not be raised. 
 
 1781, JANUARY 1. A mutiny broke out in the Pennsylvania 
 troops. 
 
 The whole line, with the exception of three regiments, mustered under arms 
 and demanded redress for their grievances. They arrested the British spies who 
 came among them to excite them to violence, and delivered them to General 
 Wayne. The men were in arrears of pay. They claimed to be entitled to dis- 
 charge, since they had enlisted for three years or the war. The officers claimed 
 they had enlisted for three years and the war. The new recruits had received 
 large bounties, which was a further cause of discontent to those who were not 
 paid. A Congressional committee offered an immediate supply of clothing, cer- 
 tificates for pay due, and the discharge of those who had enlisted for three years 
 or the war, their oaths to be taken as to the fact. Most of the line was dis- 
 charged. The British spies they had arrested were hanged. 
 
 1781, JANUARY. Some of the New Jersey line mutinied. 
 
 They refused to obey certain officers, and claimed to be discharged on their 
 oaths. A committee of the New Jersey legislature, to inquire into the grievances 
 of the soldiers, refused to proceed until they returned to their duty. Some of 
 them did so, and the rest were forced to submit by a detachment of eastern 
 troops under Howe, who surrounded their camp. Three of the ringleaders were 
 condemned by a court-martial to death, and two of them were shot, and the rest 
 forced to apologize to their officers and promise for the future to obey. 
 
 1781, JANUARY. Holland declared war against England. 
 
 Paul Jones had carried some of his prizes into the ports of Holland, and she 
 refused, on the demand of England, to deliver them up. 
 
 1781, JANUARY 11. The Salem Gazette and General Adver- 
 tiser appeared in Salem, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Mary Crouch, who removed the plant from Charleston, 
 South Carolina, after the death of her husband. After she had issued thirty-five 
 numbers of the Gazette, it was united with the Essex Gazette, published by 
 Samuel Hall. 
 
 1781, JANUARY. Arnold, who had been sent from New York 
 to Portsmouth with a command composed chiefly of loyalists, as- 
 cended the James River, and burned Richmond. 
 
 He proposed to spare the city if ships should be allowed to come and carry 
 away the tobacco and other stores in it. Governor Jefferson refused this prop- 
 osition. 
 
 1781, JANUARY 15. Congress made a requisition on the
 
 1781.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 397 
 
 states for eight hundred and seventy-nine thousand dollars, to 
 be paid in coin. 
 
 It was needed for the arrears of pay due the army. On the 18th of April, 
 Congress reported that it had not been all paid. * One half of it had been. Mas- 
 sachusetts and New Hampshire sent to each of their soldiers twenty-four specie 
 dollars. 
 
 1781, JANUARY 17. The Americans tinder General Morgan 
 defeated the British at Cowpens, South Carolina, under Tarleton. 
 
 The British lost more than six hundred men, and all their baggage and artil- 
 lery ; the Americans, less than eighty. 
 
 1781, JANUARY. The empress of Russia offered her media- 
 tion towards making peace between England and America. 
 
 The emperor of Germany, at the request of Great Britain, joined in the medi- 
 ation. Nothing resulted from it. England refused to acknowledge the indepen- 
 dence of the United States, or to admit thorn to the negotiation ; and France, 
 through whose agency it was carried on, broke it off. 
 
 1781, FEBRUARY 2. The legislature of Maryland united in 
 instructing their delegates to -Congress to agree to the articles 
 of confederation. 
 
 Maryland had refrained from accepting the articles of confederation from a 
 conviction that the public lands should be the common territory of the various 
 states, and had expressed an official opinion to this effect, which had excited a 
 strong remonstrance from Virginia. Now being convinced that agreeing to the 
 articles of confederation would aid the common cause of the states, she did so. 
 
 1781, FEBRUARY 3. Congress recommended the states to 
 give the Congress " power to levy for the use of the United 
 States a dut}>- of five per cent, ad valorem, at the time and place 
 of importation," upon all goods, with some exceptions, arriving 
 after May 1 ; the duties to be used in paying the principal and 
 interest of the debt, and the expenses of the war. 
 
 Rhode Island refused ; Virginia consented, and then retracted ; Georgia said 
 nothing. In April, Congress made another appeal of a similar nature, with a like 
 result. This course had been recommended by a convention of the New England 
 states, held at Hartford, Connecticut, the autumn before. 
 
 1781, FEBRUARY. Judah Paddock Spooner and Timothy 
 Green published the first newspaper in Vermont, the Vermont 
 Gazette, or Green Mountain Postboy, at Westminster. 
 
 In 1783, the press, under new proprietors, was removed to Windsor. The 
 price of the Gazette in 1788, "as far north as Brandon," was "four bushels of 
 wheat per year ; one bushel of which to be lodged at the time of subscribing, or 
 as soon after as possible." 
 
 1781, FEBRUARY 21. Congress created a superintendent of 
 finance. 
 
 The Board was found cumbersome and inefficient. Robert Morris was made
 
 398 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1781. 
 
 superintendent, with an extension of the duties and powers of the Board. He 
 took Gouverneur Morris as his assistant. Robert Morris was also the fiscal 
 agent of Pennsylvania. On September 20 he wrote : "The late movements of 
 the army have so entirely drained me of money that I have been obliged to 
 pledge my personal credit very deeply, besides borrowing from my friends, and 
 advancing, to promote the public service, every shilling of my own." All the 
 money Morris advanced was finally repaid to him. Morris accepted the position 
 with the express stipulation that all the transactions should be in specie values. 
 
 1781, FEBRUARY 28. Galvez, the Spanish governor of Louis- 
 iana, sailed from New Orleans to attack Pensacola. 
 
 Galvez was reinforced from Havana and Mobile, and Colonel Campbell in 
 command surrendered the post. 
 
 1781. DURING the summer the Spanish post at St. Louis was 
 attacked by the British from Mackinaw. 
 
 They descended by Lake Michigan and the Illinois, but were forced to raise 
 the siege by General Clark. 
 
 1781. FORT JEFFERSON was attacked by the Choctaws. 
 
 General Clark drove them away. The fort was soon after abandoned, as too 
 expensive to retain. General Clark was commissioned as brigadier-general, and 
 had his headquarters at Fort Nelson, now Louisville. The region was being fast 
 settled. The Virginia paper money was so depreciated that warrants for a thou- 
 sand acres could be bought for five dollars in specie, and so many warrants were 
 issued that the lands were covered with conflicting titles, caused by the careless 
 surveys. Three counties were laid out : the region about Louisville, called Jef- 
 ferson; that about Lexington, called Fayette; and that between the Kentucky 
 and the Cumberland, called Lincoln. 
 
 1781, MARCH 1. The articles of confederation, by the sig- 
 nature of the delegates from Maryland, became the settled law 
 of the Union. 
 
 These "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States 
 of America " provided for a firm league for the common defence, whether the 
 attack was made upon grounds of religion or of sovereignty. The free inhabi- 
 tants of each state were entitled to the privileges and immunities of the free citi- 
 zens of the other states. The Union was represented in a Congress, in which each 
 state had one vote. Congress had the sole right to decide on war and peace, and 
 arrange the quotas for each state of men and money for the common defence. 
 Congress also could form treaties and alliances, establish prize courts, and grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal. Disputes between the states were to be settled 
 by Congress. No state was to be deprived of territory for the United States. 
 Congress had the power to borrow money, to regulate the coinage, fix weights 
 and measures, establish post-offices, and make rules for the army and navy. The 
 assent of nine states was necessary for important decisions. " Each state retains 
 its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and 
 right which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States 
 in Congress assembled." The regulation of commerce and taxation was re- 
 served to the states. No state could receive or send foreign embassies, or enter 
 into alliances with another state, and all were bound to submit to the decisions of
 
 1781.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 399 
 
 Congress on questions submitted to it. Congress had power to appoint one per- 
 son from each state, to serve together as a committee, with authority in the 
 recess of Congress. Amendments were to be agreed to in Congress, and ap- 
 proved by the legislatures of the states. The articles, attested, were ordered 
 sent to the executive of each state, the commander-in-chief of the army, and the 
 ministers abroad, and also, translated into French, to Canada. 
 
 1781, MAECH 1. The New York delegates to Congress 
 ceded to the United States the territory west of a line drawn 
 through the western extremity of Lake Ontario. 
 
 They reserved the right of retracting if the same guaranties were not given 
 to New York as were given to the other states making similar cessions. The 
 Maryland delegates then signed the articles of confederation, which thus became 
 the law. 
 
 1781, MAECH 15. The battle of Guilford Court House took 
 place, in North Carolina. 
 
 The Americans under Greene lost their artillery, and were obliged to retreat. 
 The British under Cornwallis fell back. 
 
 1781, MAECH 16. The French fleet from Newport engaged 
 with the English fleet off the capes of the Chesapeake, and 
 being worsted in the engagement, returned to Newport to refit. 
 
 They had sailed to co-operate with an expedition sent by Washington under 
 La Fayette to capture Portsmouth, Virginia, and Arnold with his force. After 
 the engagement, the British fleet entered the Chesapeake, and reinforced the 
 troops at Portsmouth, while La Fayette with his force halted at Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, his men being almost wholly without shoes, hats, and tents. 
 
 1781, APRIL 18. Congress made a statement of the financial 
 condition, on a specie valuation. 
 
 The foreign debt was computed at six millions, bearing an interest of three 
 hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The domestic debt was stated to be eighteen 
 million, fifty-seven thousand, one hundred and fifty-seven dollars. Of this, seven 
 million, three hundred and thirteen thousand, three hundred and six drew inter- 
 est, payable in France, of four hundred and thirty-eight thousand seven hundred 
 and ninety-eight dollars. The bills of credit were computed in this estimate at 
 seventy-five for one. 
 
 1781, APEIL 25. A second battle was fought at Camden, in 
 which the Americans under General Greene were forced to 
 retreat. The British under Lord Rawdon evacuated Camden. 
 
 1781, MAY 2. The bills of credit of Pennsylvania stood at 
 the rate of three to one silver dollar, and one to seventy-five 
 Continental bills of credit. 
 
 Continental bills of credit stood at two hundred and twenty-five for one silver 
 dollar. The council at this date fixed the value of the bills of credit of the state 
 at one for one hundred and seventy-five in the Continental bills. As the popular 
 rule was to multiply this rate by three, to get the value of Continental money in 
 relation to silver, the rate of Continental bills became, in reference to silver, five
 
 400 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1781. 
 
 hundred and twenty-five for one; that is, they practically ceased to circulate. 
 Though it had been anticipated that this event would be most disastrous, yet 
 there was no disturbance caused by it, but on the contrary a universal sense of 
 rejoicing. The people were aware that the Continental money had supported the 
 cost of the war, and that its depreciation in their hands was the payment of the 
 cost. At the same time, they felt that sucli a method of payment was not the 
 most economical, and yet perhaps more so than the regular funding of the debt, 
 with a long arrear of interest, would have been. In April, a committee of Con- 
 gress, speaking of the depreciation of the issues in 1779 of bills of credit, ? aid : 
 " A compliance with these requisitions would not only have answered the exi- 
 gencies of the year, but would have arrested depreciation in its progress. But 
 as they were not complied with in due time, and the demands of the public were 
 pressing and constant, the prospect of future taxes served only to urge those who 
 had in their possession the supplies and accessories wanted to enhance the price 
 in order to pay their taxes with greater ease, while the treasury, receiving no 
 recruit from taxes, was from time to time replenished with new emissions; and 
 from these causes combined, the depreciation, instead of receiving a check, pro- 
 ceeded with redoubled vigour." 
 
 1781. THE American Herald appeared in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 It was published by Edward E. Powers. In 1788 he removed to "Worcester, 
 and continued its publication there, adding to its title, Worcester Recorder. 
 
 1781. THE journal of the second session of the assembly of 
 New York was not printed this year on account of the scarcity 
 of paper. 
 
 1781. BY order of Congress, Robert Aiken printed an edi- 
 tion of the Bible, in small 12mo, in Philadelphia. 
 
 This has generally been called the first Bible in English printed in America. 
 The paper upon which it was printed was made in Pennsylvania. With the con- 
 clusion of peace, English printed Bibles were imported and sold so cheap, that 
 Aiken in 1789 memorialized Congress asking for a patent giving him the exclu- 
 fiive right for fourteen years to print the Bible in the United States. His appli- 
 cation was laid upon the table, and in consequence he stated that he lost by this 
 publication " more than three thousand pounds in specie." 
 
 1781. MAY 25. Richmond, Virginia, was abandoned by La 
 Fayette with his force at the approach of Cornwallis. 
 
 The Virginia legislature moved to Charlottesville, and the prisoners of Bur- 
 goyne's army were marched to Winchester. The assembly had proclaimed 
 martial law within twenty miles of either army, given extraordinary powers to 
 Governor Jefferson, and issued fifteen millions of pounds in bills of credit. 
 
 1781, JUNE 4. The assembly of Virginia adjourned from 
 Charlottesville to Staunton. 
 
 An expedition under Tarleton was approaching. It captured seven members 
 of the assembly. Jefferson narrowly escaped. 
 
 1781, JUNE 5. Augusta, Georgia, was captured by the 
 Americans under General Lee.
 
 1781.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 401 
 
 1781, JUNE 7. The Virginia assembly elected Thomas 
 Nelson governor. 
 
 Jefferson's term had expired, and he refused a re-election. Nelson was one 
 of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was an earnest supporter 
 of the cause, and devoted his great wealth so freely to maintain it, that when he 
 died, on January 4, 1789, at the age of fifty-one, his effects were sold at auction 
 to pay his debts. 
 
 1781, JUNE 18. The siege of Ninety-Six was abandoned by 
 General Greene after an unsuccessful assault. 
 
 It was soon after abandoned by the garrison of Tories defending it. 
 
 1781, JULY 16. Thomas McKean, a delegate from Delaware, 
 was elected president of Congress. 
 
 At the reorganization of Congress, November 5, under the new articles of 
 confederation, McKean resigned, and John Hanson of Maryland was elected to 
 the position. 
 
 1781, AUGUST 1. Cornwallis retired with his whole army to 
 Yorktown, Virginia. 
 
 It consisted of eight thousand men. He had also several frigates and smaller 
 vessels, which had aided in the raids upon Virginia. The amount of damage 
 done during this summer's campaign by the various expeditions under the direc- 
 tion of Cornwallis, was estimated at not less than ten millions of dollars. 
 
 1781, AUGUST 2. Colonel Isaac Hayne, of Charleston, South 
 Carolina, was hanged by the British as a deserter. 
 
 He had been captured at the surrender of Charleston, given his parole, and 
 subsequently, under compulsion as he claimed, had taken the oath of allegiance. 
 Greene in a proclamation threatened to retaliate, and shoot as deserters all 
 found in the enemy's ranks who had once been in his own. The war at the 
 south was carried on with great bitterness. Both sides plundered and burned the 
 houses of their opponents. Capturing their slaves, and selling them, was com- 
 mon. Sumpter is said to have paid his men by this means. The advantage of 
 the campaign was decidedly in favor of the Americans, the greater part of South 
 Carolina being recovered. 
 
 1781, AUGUST 17. Washington and Rochambeau, on con- 
 sultation, resolved to strike a blow at Cornwallis, in Virginia. 
 
 News had been received that De Grasse with a French fleet would arrive to 
 lend their aid. The French army from Newport had joined Washington's, and 
 together they moved south through New Jersey. 
 
 1781, AUGUST 20. Congress consented to a conference, of a 
 committee and agents of Vermont, authorized to show cause 
 why she should be independent. 
 
 As a result of this conference, Congress resolved that if Vermont would relin- 
 quish her claim to territory claimed by New York and New Hampshire, she would 
 be admitted to the Union. New York protested, and sent troops to re-establish 
 her authority over the towns east of the Hudson and north of the Massachusetts 
 line, which had been received by Vermont. New Hampshire threatened to do 
 
 26
 
 402 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1781. 
 
 the same with the towns on the east bank of the Connecticut, which had, on their 
 application, been received by Vermont. The Vermont legislature dissolved the 
 connection with the townships in dispute, and retired to the original limits of 
 the state. 
 
 1781, AUGUST 25. Laurens landed at Boston from his mission 
 to France, bringing with him supplies and money. 
 
 Before Laurens had arrived in Paris, Franklin had obtained a loan of four 
 millions of livres, to pay the bills drawn against him, and also a subsidy of six 
 millions of livres, for supplies, and to pay outstanding and future bills. A fur- 
 ther loan of ten millions the French court agreed to guarantee in Holland. 
 
 , 1781, AUGUST. Congress intrusted the department of foreign 
 affairs "to Robert R. Livingston, and the war department to Gen- 
 eral Lincoln. 
 
 The pext month, the management of naval matters was intrusted to the super- 
 intendent of finance. 
 
 1781, AUGUST. John Adams was commissioned as American 
 minister at the Hague, Holland. 
 He was refused a reception there. 
 
 1781, AUGUST. Dana, who had been sent as minister to Rus- 
 sia, could not obtain an audience there. 
 
 1781, AUGUST 31. The French fleet under De Grasse, from 
 the West Indies, arrived at the Chesapeake. 
 
 The fleet from Newport soon joined them. They avoided an engagement 
 with the British fleet sent from New York, and successfully united with the army 
 operating against Cornwallis. 
 
 1781, SEPTEMBER 6. A British force under Benedict Arnold 
 ravaged the coast of Connecticut. 
 
 They burned New London, captured Fort Griswold, and slaughtered the garri- 
 son after surrender. 
 
 1781, SEPTEMBER 8. An engagement took place at Eutaw 
 Springs, South Carolina, between the Americans under General 
 Greene and the British under Colonel Stuart. 
 
 Both parties claimed the victory, but the advantages were with the Americans, 
 and both forces retired. 
 
 1781, SEPTEMBER 17. Washington, De Grasse, and Rocham- 
 beau in an interview arranged a plan of operations. 
 The besieging army amounted to sixteen thousand men. 
 
 1781, SEPTEMBER. The supreme court of Massachusetts de- 
 cided slavery not to exist in Massachusetts. 
 
 The judges upon the bench were N. P. Sargent of Haverhill, David Sewall 
 of York, and James Sullivan. The suit was brought for damages for enticing 
 away a slave. In the court of common pleas damages had been recovered, but
 
 1781.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 403 
 
 on appeal to the supreme court, the decision was that there were none, since, by 
 the Bill of Rights, slavery was not recognized. 
 
 1781, OCTOBER. Thomas Barclay was sent as American con- 
 sul to Paris, France. 
 
 He was authorized to settle all outstanding accounts, and was sent to take the 
 place which Palfrey had been sent to fill the year before, but who was probably 
 lost with the ship, which was never heard from. 
 
 1781, OCTOBER 19. Lord Cornwallis surrendered at York- 
 town, Virginia, to the allied French and American forces under 
 Washington. 
 
 There were about seven thousand troops. The ships and about fifteen hun- 
 dred sailors were given up to the French. Cornwallis was allowed to send a ship 
 without examination, under cover of sending despatches to Clinton at New York, 
 and in it some of the most obnoxious Tories escaped. The British were made 
 to march out with their colors cased; and Lincoln, who had surrendered at 
 Charleston, was chosen to receive the capitulation. 
 
 1781, OCTOBER 31. Congress called upon the states for eight 
 millions of dollars, to be paid quarterly, beginning on the 1st of 
 April, 1782. 
 
 1781, NOVEMBER 5. Congress reorganized under the articles 
 of confederation. 
 
 The sessions were to be yearly, commencing in November. The delegates 
 were elected for a year, but were liable at any time to be recalled. They could 
 also serve not more than three years in six, and could hold no salaried Federal 
 office. The assent of nine states was required on important points, and no state 
 could be considered voting unless represented by two delegates. Upon matters 
 of foreign policy Congress could decide, but it had no power to tax. It could 
 make requisitions, but could not enforce them. The Continental Congress had 
 resolutely assumed powers at the commencement of the war, and during the time 
 that its bills of credit passed current readily, had a great power which it used 
 wisely. While the articles of confederation were under discussion, though with- 
 out any express authority, it continued to exercise this power, trusting to the 
 consent of the states. After three or four years, the Congress of the confedera- 
 tion seldom contained a complete representation from all the states at the same 
 time. The debates were mostly carried on in a conversational manner, there 
 being no reporters or spectators present. The states paid the expenses of their 
 representatives. While South Carolina and Georgia were in the possession of 
 the British, Congress gave their delegates an allowance from the treasury. The 
 president was provided with a house at the public charge, and his household 
 expenses provided for in the same way. 
 
 1781. DURING this year the total expenditures from the 
 treasury were less than two millions of dollars. 
 
 This included the money raised by the sale of bills on France. 
 
 1781, NOVEMBER. Pennsylvania applied to Congress for a 
 " federal court," to settle the disputed jurisdiction to Wyoming. 
 
 Connecticut, by her charter, claimed this northern half of Pennsylvania.
 
 404 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1781-2. 
 
 1781, NOVEMBER 27. Sir Guy Carleton was appointed to 
 supersede Clinton in the command of the British forces. 
 
 1781, DECEMBER 31. The Bank of North America was incor- 
 porated by a resolution of Congress. 
 
 The corporators were partly the subscribers who had given their personal 
 bonds to the government in 1780. The title of the corporation was The Pres- 
 ident, Directors, and Company of the Bank of North America, and it was " for 
 ever." Its capital was four hundred thousand dollars, which was afterwards 
 increased to two millions. Subscriptions to its stock were to be paid in gold or 
 silver. Its notes, payable in cash on demand, were to be received by the United 
 States for all taxes, duties, and debts due the United States. It began business 
 January 7, 1782, having received subscriptions of about seventy thousand dollars, 
 with not over forty thousand paid in. Within six months it had advanced the 
 government four hundred and eighty thousand dollars, chiefly in its own notes 
 and in the bills of credit of the states. The charter was to continue ten years. 
 
 1782, FEBRUARY 22. A motion in the House of Commons for 
 an address to the king to put a stop to the war, was lost by 
 one vote. 
 
 On the 27th, a similar motion was carried. 
 
 1782, FEBRUARY. Vermont having complied with the condi- 
 tions, claimed admission into the Union. 
 
 She passed also an act of indemnity and oblivion, and another confirming all 
 existing grants of land in her territory. Congress delayed acting on her claim, 
 and soon after called upon her to make restitution to the New Yorkers whom she 
 had sent away. New York opposed her admission. 
 
 1782, MARCH 28. Lord North resigned. 
 
 His successor, the Marquis of Rockingham, was in favor of recognizing the 
 independence of the United States. 
 
 1782, APRIL 12. The French fleet under Count De Grasse, 
 and the English fleet under Admiral Rodney, met in the West 
 Indies, and had an engagement in which the English had the 
 advantage. 
 
 The English fleet comprised thirty-seven ships of the line and ten frigates, 
 and the French fleet thirty-three ships. One third of the French fleet was 
 captured or destroyed. 
 
 1782, APRIL 19. Holland acknowledged the independence 
 of the United States, and received John Adams as minister. 
 
 1782, MAY 31. Sir Guy Carleton communicated to Congress 
 his instructions to treat for peace. 
 
 He had been authorized, with Admiral Digby. Congress declined to negotiate 
 except at Paris and in connection with France. 
 
 1782, MAY 22. Congress sent a committee to the northern 
 states, and another to the southern, to represent the alarmingly
 
 1782.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 405 
 
 destitute condition of Washington's army encamped near the 
 Hudson. 
 
 1782, MAY 24. General "Wayne attacked a detachment of the 
 British army about four miles from Savannah, Georgia, and drove 
 them back to the town. 
 
 1782, JUNE 6. An expedition to destroy the Christian Indian 
 settlements at Sandusky was itself attacked by the Indians and 
 routed. 
 
 The Christian Indians had the year before been driven from their homes on the 
 Muskingum, and forced to settle at Sandusky. Many of the party now attacking 
 them were captured and burned at the stake. 
 
 1782. THE last contest in Kentucky with the Indians from 
 the north of the Ohio took place at Big Blue Lick. 
 
 Boone was one of the leaders. It was with difficulty that any of the settlers 
 escaped. 
 
 1782, JUNE 20. Congress adopted a design for the great seal 
 of the United States. 
 
 The design was an American eagle, holding in his right talon an olive branch, 
 and in his left a bundle of thirteen arrows, in his beak a scroll inscribed E 
 Pluribus Unum, and over his head, in an azure field, thirteen stars. On the 
 reverse an unfinished pyramid, with an eye over it, having above the words Annuit 
 coeptis, on the base MDCCLXXVI, and underneath Novus ordo Seculorum. 
 
 1782. ABOUT this time there was a window-glass factory at 
 Gloucester, New Jersey. 
 
 1782. THE assembly of Maryland erected the county school 
 at Chester, Kent County, into Washington College. 
 
 It was named "in honorable and perpetual memory of his Excellency, General 
 Washington." 
 
 1782. THE Christian Indians at a Moravian village, on the 
 Muskingum, were massacred by a party of volunteers from 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Some ninety of them were killed, on the ground that they had aided in some 
 murders which had recently been committed. 
 
 1782, JULY. The legislature of Massachusetts passed bills 
 enlarging the powers of the supreme court, and creating the 
 courts of common pleas and county sessions. 
 
 The judges' salaries were three hundred pounds a year, and in February they 
 memorialized the general court for an increase. 
 
 1782, JULY 4. A committee was appointed by the Massachu- 
 setts legislature to consider " what measures were to be taken to 
 reduce the expenses of the government, show the best method 
 of supplying the public treasury, and reforming the state of the 
 finances." 
 
 They reported in October, advising the establishment of customs and imposts.
 
 406 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1782. 
 
 1782, JULY 11. The British evacuated Savannah, Georgia, 
 which was immediately occupied by the Americans under 
 General Wayne. 
 
 The British carried away with them about five thousand negroes. 
 
 1782, JULY 30. Rhode Island refused to give Congress the 
 power to levy an import duty of five per cent. 
 
 The grounds for the refusal were, that the articles of confederation guaranteed 
 her the resources of trade ; that to surrender it would infringe upon the 
 sovereignty of the state ; that she needed it to protect her from the inland duties 
 her neighbors might impose ; that Congress was not responsible for the moneys 
 thus placed in its hands ; that such surrender would tend to create an army of 
 office-holders, and corrupt public morals ; and, finally, that Congress had not yet 
 come to any decision concerning the public lands, which the united efforts of the 
 colonies had conquered for the common benefit. 
 
 1782, AUGUST. Parliament gave Richard Oswald authority to 
 treat for peace. 
 
 He had visited Franklin in Paris serni-ofncially, and learned from him that 
 independence, a satisfactory boundary, and participation in the fisheries were 
 indispensable to the treaty. Jay was with Franklin in Paris. Oswald's instruc- 
 tions authorized him to treat with certain " colonies." Jay objected to this, and 
 Oswald obtained new ones authorizing him to treat with the commissioners of 
 "the United States of America." 
 
 1782, AUGUST 19. The legislature of Massachusetts having 
 voted to grant the right to Congress to lay an import duty, the 
 vote was negatived by Governor Hancock as contrary to the 
 liberties of the people. 
 
 1782, SEPTEMBER 4. Congress made a call upon the states for 
 twelve hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The call said this amount was immediately and absolutely necessary for the 
 payment of interest on the public debt. 
 
 1782, OCTOBER 16. Congress called upon the states for two 
 millions of dollars for the expenses of the next year. 
 
 Up to January 30, 1783, $1,486,511 had been paid by the states, in answer to 
 the repeated calls by Congress. The estimated requirements of the next year 
 were eight millions, besides that wanted for interest. 
 
 1782, OCTOBER 17. The Cherokees made a treaty with Gen- 
 eral Pickens, who had led an expedition against them. 
 
 By it they gave to Georgia all their lands south of the Savannah and east of the 
 Chattahoochee. The treaty was confirmed the next year, and by another shortly 
 after, they gave up all claim to the lands east of the Altamaha and Oconee. 
 
 1782, OCTOBER 31. Congress accepted formally the deed of 
 New York conveying her title to the western lands. 
 
 A committee had examined the claims of the various states to the western 
 lands, and reported to Congress that New York's claim was better than that of any 
 other state, company, or individual.
 
 1782.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 407 
 
 1782, NOVEMBER 3. The new Congress met, and Elias 
 Boudinot of New Jersey was made president. 
 
 1782, NOVEMBER 27. The Rhode Island assembly consoli- 
 dated the paper money issues of the state. 
 
 The bills were to be redeemed by the treasurer, in his notes bearing six per 
 cent, interest, their value being calculated upon the scale of depreciation pre- 
 viously adopted. 
 
 1782. THE assembly of Virginia repealed the colonial statute 
 forbidding the emancipation of slaves except for meritorious 
 conduct, and by the governor and council. 
 
 Emancipation remained unrestricted for twenty-three years. 
 
 1782. NEW HAMPSHIRE took a census. 
 
 The actual population was found to be 82,000 persons ; the estimate in 
 
 apportionment was 200,000. 
 
 1782, NOVEMBER. A court of five judges, appointed by Con- 
 gress, met at Trenton, and decided the disputed question of the 
 jurisdiction of Wyoming in favor of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The court sat six weeks. Connecticut submitted to it. The people of Wyo- 
 ming objected to the refusal on the part of Pennsylvania to recognize the land titles 
 given by Connecticut. 
 
 1782, NOVEMBER 30. The preliminary articles of peace were 
 signed at Paris. 
 
 With a distrust of the hearty co-operation of the French court, which was 
 natural from the peculiar combination of circumstances, but which was wholly 
 undeserved, as is now fully known, the American commissioners had signed these 
 preliminary articles without consulting Vergennes. Adams joined Franklin and 
 Jay in Paris before the signing of the articles. The following provisions were 
 settled after much discussion, and not a few compromises. Canada was ceded to 
 Great Britain ; the eastern boundary of the United States was to be the St. Croix. 
 The northern line of Florida, according to the proclamation of 1763, was to be the 
 southern boundary of the United States, completed by a line due west from the 
 St. Mary's to the Appalachicola, and thence to the Mississippi at the 31 of north 
 latitude. The United States had a right to participate in the fisheries of New- 
 foundland. By a secret article, if Great Britain in making peace with Spain 
 should retain West Florida, the northern boundary of that province was to be a line 
 due east from the mouth of the Yazoo to the Chattahoochee. The English commis- 
 sioners sought to obtain some indemnity or restitution for the Tories, but this was 
 refused unless England would make restitution for the private property destroyed 
 during the war. Further confiscation was to be stopped, and it was agreed that 
 Congress should recommend the states to restore all confiscated property. It was 
 also agreed by a special article that no impediments should be placed by either 
 side to the collection of debts. As soon as possible the British armies and fleets 
 were to be withdrawn, and the articles were to take effect when peace had been 
 concluded between France and Great Britain. Just before the signing, Laurens 
 arrived, and an article was added that " no negroes or other property" should be 
 carried away by the evacuating armies.
 
 408 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1782-3. 
 
 1782, DECEMBER. A committee of the officers of the army, 
 appointed for the purpose, presented a petition to Congress, 
 asking for a settlement of their pay. 
 
 They agreed to forego the half-pay for life, for a sum to be paid down, or 
 secured. 
 
 1782, DECEMBER. A new loan of six millions of livres was 
 made by the French court to the United States. 
 
 1782, DECEMBER 14. Charleston, South Carolina, was evacu- 
 ated by the British. 
 
 1783, JANUARY 20. Preliminaries of peace were signed at 
 Versailles, France, between Spain, France, and Great Britain. 
 
 1783, JANUARY 31. By an account made up at this time, it 
 appears that only four hundred and twenty-two thousand one 
 hundred and sixty-two dollars had been paid by the states to- 
 wards the eight millions required for the expenses of the past 
 year. 
 
 Delaware, North and South Carolina, and Georgia had paid nothing. 
 
 1783, FEBRUARY 24. The assembly of Rhode Island passed a 
 tariff act levying specific duties on all imported articles, and pro- 
 viding for bonding goods intended for exportation. 
 
 Domestic liquors, carriages, dogs, billiard-tables were also taxed. The same 
 session a law was passed giving the Roman Catholics the same civil rights as 
 Protestants. The term "Roman Catholics excepted"had slipped into the act of 
 1663, declaring the rights of freemen, no one knows exactly how. It was proba- 
 bly interpolated, while the laws were kept in manuscript, in some copy that was 
 made of them ; perhaps through orders given to Governor Dudley, in 1702, by 
 Queen Anne. 
 
 1783, MARCH 11. Tn the general orders for the day, Wash- 
 ington spoke of a call which had been made anonymously for a 
 meeting of the officers of the army, to consider the aspect of their 
 affairs, as irregular and destructive of discipline, and called a 
 meeting of the officers, subsequently to that named in the call, 
 to hear a report from Congress by the committee they had sent. 
 
 An anonymous address, written by Captain Armstrong of the Pennsylvania 
 line, had been circulated, and another was issued in reply to general order of the 
 day. Much anxiety was felt concerning the action of the officers, who were really 
 suffering for their pay. At the meeting on the loth, Washington entered, made a 
 few remarks, and then retired. The meeting passed a resolution of " unshaken 
 confidence in the justice of Congress," and adjourned. 
 
 1783, MARCH 23. Congress resolved that the half-pay of the 
 officers of the army should be commuted to five years' full pay. 
 
 The amount was paid in bonds of the government drawing six per cent. The 
 commutation was about four thousand five hundred dollars to a colonel, and two 
 thousand four hundred to a captain. It was at the option of the officers whether 
 to receive it or not. Many of the states opposed this measure.
 
 1783.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 409 
 
 1783, MARCH 23. The news of the preliminaries of peace 
 reached Philadelphia. 
 
 1783, APRIL 11. Congress issued a proclamation announcing 
 that provisional articles of peace had been signed on the 30th 
 of November, and declared a cessation of arms. 
 
 In a general order, Washington appointed the 19th as the date for reading to 
 the army, at the head of each regiment, this proclamation, which, he said, " like 
 another morning star, promised the approach of a brighter day than hath illumed 
 the western hemisphere." It was thus read, just eight years after the battle of 
 Lexington. The proclamation of peace was celebrated in Greene's army on the 
 23d of April. 
 
 1783. A CONVENTION in New Hampshire adopted a new con- 
 stitution for that state. 
 
 It recognized the freedom of the press. The president was elected by the peo- 
 ple, and was president of the council, and had the power of appointing executive 
 or judicial officers. 
 
 1783, APRIL 18. The assembly of Pennsylvania granted a 
 charter to the Bank of North America for ten years. 
 
 As the power of Congress to grant a charter to the bank was questioned, this 
 action was taken as a matter of security. The bank was given a monopoly of 
 issue of bills. 
 
 1783, APRIL 18. Congress prepared a new impost bill, in 
 which a provision was inserted repealing the article of the con- 
 federation giving the states the sole power of taxation. 
 
 This act was limited to twenty-five years, and gave the appointment of the 
 collectors to the states. The states were also called upon to contribute revenues 
 sufficient to raise their yearly quotas to a million and a half, while those which 
 had not ceded their western lands were urged to do so immediately. 
 
 1783. A PREMIUM of four pounds was offered in Massachu- 
 setts for every wolfs head, and a pound for every whelp, brought 
 to the selectmen of any town. 
 
 The system of bounties for the killing of wolves was used by almost all of 
 the colonies. In 1677, three thousand one hundred and twenty-five guilders 
 (twelve hundred and fifty dollars) were paid by the Dutch settlement on the Dela- 
 ware for this purpose. 
 
 1783. THE assembly of Connecticut granted a bounty often 
 shillings for every hundred white mulberry-trees planted for ten 
 years, and three pence an ounce for the raw silk produced. 
 
 The act was renewed the next year. Its passage was chiefly due to the exer- 
 tions of Messrs. Styles and Aspinwall, who renewed their interest in the subject 
 of silk culture, which the war of the Revolution had interrupted but not de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 1783. BURLINGTON, Vermont, the seat of the University of 
 Vermont, was settled. 
 
 In 1787 it was organized, and in 1789 the first store was built. During the war
 
 410 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1783. 
 
 of 1812, a garrison and hospital were stationed here by the government. It is on 
 the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, has a lake trade and a- large mercantile 
 business, as the steamers from Montreal all stop here ; and a steam ferry connects 
 with Port Kent and Plattsburg. 
 
 1783. AN application was made to parliament, by the loyal- 
 ists, for an indemnity. 
 
 A committee of one from each colony had been selected to make the applica- 
 tion. Parliament appointed a commission, and in 1791 three million, two hundred 
 and ninety-three thousand, four hundred and fifty-five pounds were allowed. The 
 whole amount claimed was eight million, twenty-six thousand, and forty-five 
 pounds. Claims up to ten thousand pounds were paid in full ; on those larger a 
 deduction was made. The payment was in stock bearing three and a half per 
 cent. Two hundred and four claimants, who had lost offices, were provided for 
 with pensions amounting to twenty-five thousand seven hundred and eighty-five 
 pounds. The Penn and Calvert families were among these claimants. 
 
 1783, APRIL. Congress proposed to amend the articles of 
 confederation, in the matter of apportioning the ratios of the states. 
 
 The appraised value of the houses and improved lands had been the basis, but 
 no appraisement had been made. It was now proposed that the basis should be 
 " the whole number of white and other free citizens and inhabitants of every age, 
 sex, and condition, including those bound to servitude for a term of years, and 
 three fifths of all other persons, except Indians not paying taxes ; " and that by a 
 triennial census the number should be arrived at. 
 
 1783. DICKENSON COLLEGE, at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was 
 incorporated. 
 
 1783. THE Transylvania Seminary, in the District of Ken- 
 tucky, was incorporated by the Virginia assembly. 
 
 It was endowed with confiscated lands. The Hampden Sidney Academy was 
 chartered as a college. 
 
 1783. THE number of refugees who had settled in Nova 
 Scotia, from the colonies, was estimated this year at eighteen 
 thousand. 
 
 1783, APRIL 26. Congress issued an address to the states, in 
 which they said : " The citizens of the United States were re- 
 sponsible for the greatest trust ever confided to a political 
 society." 
 
 1783, MAY. Treasury notes were issued to pay the three- 
 months' pay to the furloughed soldiers ; and an earnest appeal 
 was made to the states to contribute their quotas. 
 
 The treasury notes were payable six months from date, and were receivable for 
 all Continental taxes, all Continental receivers being authorized to redeem them 
 on presentation. 
 
 1783, MAY 13. The Order of the Cincinnati was formed by 
 the officers of the army encamped on the Hudson.
 
 1783.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 411 
 
 It was originally intended to be hereditary, admitting only the eldest sons of 
 the original founders. It excited great opposition, as an attempt to introduce an 
 hereditary aristocracy. At the first meeting, in May, 1784, Washington and others 
 were instrumental in having this principle abolished. 
 
 1783, JUNE 2. Washington, by instructions of Congress, in 
 general orders granted furloughs to most of the soldiers. 
 
 This action being considered simply a way of dismissing them without the pay- 
 ment of the arrears due them, caused great dissatisfaction. The furloughed men 
 were to have three months' pay, and keep their arms and accoutrements as an 
 extra. 
 
 1783, JUNE 23. The Rhode Island assembly repealed the 
 tariff act, and passed another, laying two per cent, duty ad valo- 
 rem upon all imports. 
 
 1783. THE assembly of Maryland prohibited the importation 
 of slaves, and removed the restrictions on emancipation. 
 
 1783, JUNE 26. Congress adjourned to Princeton. 
 
 A portion of the Pennsylvania line marched, without their officers, from Lan- 
 caster to Philadelphia, and surrounding the State House, in which Congress was 
 sitting, demanded the immediate payment of the pay due them. Washington 
 sent a force to suppress violence. Several of the mutineers were condemned to 
 death by a court-martial, but were all pardoned before execution. 
 
 1783, JULY. Congress resolved that its sessions should be 
 held alternately at Annapolis and Trenton, the next session to be 
 held at Annapolis. 
 
 This arrangement to last until two federal cities should be built, one near the 
 falls of the Delaware, and the other near the falls of the Potomac, the sessions to 
 be held in them alternately. 
 
 1783, AUGUST. A ship, loaded at Boston, sailed for China. 
 
 Her cargo was valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This was the 
 commencement of the trade of this country with Cliina. 
 
 1783, SEPTEMBER 3. The treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 
 
 1783, OCTOBER 18. Congress ratified the peace, and issued a 
 proclamation to disband the arrny on the 3d of November. 
 
 1783, OCTOBER 18. Commercial agents of France were sta- 
 tioned at various parts of the country. 
 
 The consul for the New England states was Philip Joseph de 1'Etombe. The 
 assembly of Rhode Island, on the 27th, granted exequaturs to him, and Joseph 
 M. S. Toscan, the vice-consul. The consuls appointed consular agents in va- 
 rious ports. Franklin had made a consular agreement with the French gov- 
 ernment, which was not ratified by Congress for some years on account of the 
 powers which it gave to the consuls. 
 
 1783, NOVEMBER. In consideration of the increasing impor- 
 tance of the provinces, their application to the Post Office, to
 
 412 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1783-4. 
 
 have packets sail regularly from Falmouth to Halifax, was 
 granted. 
 
 1783, NOVEMBER 2. Washington issued his farewell address 
 to the army. 
 
 1783. NOVEMBER 25. The British evacuated New York city, 
 and encamped on Staten Island, awaiting their embarkation. 
 
 With the evacuation of New York, several thousand loyalists found it neces- 
 sary to abandon the country. Those from the north went chiefly to Canada or 
 Nova Scotia; those from the south to the West India Islands. Washington called 
 Carlcton's attention to the article of the treaty prohibiting the carrying away of 
 slaves. Carleton refused to understand this clause as referring to slaves who 
 had sought refuge under the British flag, and sent such negroes away in the 
 first vessels, keeping an accurate list of them. Many of them, under promise 
 of protection, had deserted in Virginia and the Carolinas. They were carried to 
 Nova Scotia, whence many of them emigrated to Sierra Leone, as freemen, where 
 their descendants to-day reside. 
 
 1783, DECEMBER 2. The definitive treaty of peace was re- 
 ceived at Providence, Rhode Island, by a vessel from London. 
 
 1783, DECEMBER 4. Long Island and Staten Island were va- 
 cated by the British, who embarked. 
 
 The sea-coast was free, but British garrisons remained in the western posts of 
 Oswegatchie (now Ogdensburg), Oswego, Niagara, Presque Isle (now Erie), San- 
 dusky, Detroit, Mackinaw, and a few others. 
 
 1783, DECEMBER 23. Washington, at Annapolis, Maryland, in 
 the presence of Congress, returned his commission to the presi- 
 dent, and resigned his command. 
 
 The Congress, it is said, "were seated and covered as representatives of the 
 sovereignty of the Union." Washington stood during the remarks he made. 
 
 On his way through Philadelphia, Washington deposited at the comptroller's 
 office his account of his expenses. It amounted, including the secret-service fund, 
 to nineteen thousand, three hundred and six pounds, eleven shillings, and nine 
 pence, in Virginia money ; or sixty-four thousand three hundred and fifteen dollars. 
 
 This same day Congress ordered letters to be addressed to the executive of 
 New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, and 
 Georgia, informing them that the honor of the United States required the attend- 
 ance of their delegates ; that during the session there had not been more than 
 seven states represented, and most of them by only two delegates ; and that 
 "matters of great national concern" must be immediately settled, and required 
 the assent of nine states. 
 
 1783, DECEMBER. The assembly of Rhode Island passed a 
 copyright law. 
 
 It provided that natives of the state or of other states which should pass a 
 similar law should enjoy its benefits. 
 
 1784, JANUARY 14. Congress ratified the definitive treaty 
 of peace.
 
 1784.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 413 
 
 1784, JANUARY 14. Congress announced by proclamation that 
 a treaty of peace had been confirmed. 
 
 1784, JANUARY 22. The Empress of China, Captain Green, 
 sailed from New York to China. 
 
 She is said to have been the first ship to display the American flag in any 
 Chinese port. 
 
 1784. SALT-WORKS are said to have been erected on Big 
 Beaver River, by an association of Pittsburg and Philadelphia 
 merchants. 
 
 1784. THE first lots on the site of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 were sold by the proprietaries of the manor, John Penn, Jr., and 
 John Penn, to Isaac Craig and Stephen Bayard. 
 
 1784. THE American Daily Advertiser appeared in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was published by Benjamin Franklin Bache. It was opposed to the Federal 
 party. In 1802 it passed into the possession of Zachariah Poulson, and was known 
 as Paulson's Advertiser. 
 
 1784, MARCH. The Northwest Territory, ceded by Virginia, 
 was accepted by Congress. 
 
 Virginia in her cession reserved certain lands for her revolutionary soldiers, 
 and stipulated that the expenses of the expeditions for the conquest of Kaskaskia 
 and Vincennes should be paid, the French inhabitants being secured in their 
 rights. The lands were to be made into republican states, with the rights of the 
 original states, and each of them not less than ten thousand, nor more than twen- 
 ty-two thousand five hundred miles in extent. 
 
 Congress appointed a committee, composed of Jefferson of Virginia, Chase of 
 Maryland, and Howell of Rhode Island, who reported a plan " for the temporary 
 government of the western territory." By this the territory was to be divided 
 into ten states, in which slavery was to be abolished after 1800. The report was 
 adopted, the anti-slavery clause being stricken out, since it failed to obtain the 
 necessary vote of seven states. The vote was taken, and the report accepted, 
 April 23. North Carolina on the vote was divided ; New Jersey, Delaware, and 
 Georgia were unrepresented; Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina voted 
 against it. 
 
 1784, MARCH 24. The Massachusetts Centinel and the Repub- 
 lican Journal appeared as a semi-weekly in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 It was published by Warden and Russell, and was managed by Major Benjamin 
 Russell. It was a strong advocate of the constitution. June 16, 1790, its name 
 was changed to the Columbian Centinel. In November, 1828, Russell sold the 
 concern to Adams and Hudson ; and in 1840 it was merged in the Boston Daily 
 Advertiser. 
 
 1784. NEW BRUNSWICK and Cape Breton were set off as dis- 
 tinct governments.
 
 414 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1784. 
 
 1784. THE first English settlement in Sydney County, Nova 
 Scotia, was made by officers of the Nova Scotia regiment. 
 
 Since then, they have had augmentations from Scotland and New England. The 
 principal towns are Milford Haven, famous for its coal and fisheries ; Canseau, 
 whose harbor is always accessible ; and St. Mary's, noted for its salmon fishery. 
 
 1784, APRIL 1. Congress apportioned the necessary quotas to 
 the states of the amount required to protect drafts which had 
 been drawn by Robert Morris, as treasurer, upon Holland, and 
 sent back protested. 
 
 A portion of the drafts so drawn had been met by the proceeds of loans made 
 in Holland ; the remainder, unpaid, amounted to six hundred and thirty-six thou- 
 sand dollars. 
 
 1784. THE Connecticut assembly required the judges to give 
 in writing the reasons for their decisions. 
 
 1784, APRIL 21. Congress asked from the states the limited 
 power, for fifteen years, to regulate the foreign trade of the 
 country ; and commissioners were sent abroad to negotiate trea- 
 ties on the basis of reciprocity. 
 
 Seven states had given their assent to the impost act, but generally with quali- 
 fications. Jefferson, who had drawn up the plan, which Congress approved, for 
 the negotiation of commercial treaties, was sent to Europe to take Jay's place, he 
 having given notice of intended return. 
 
 1784, APRIL 30. A treaty with Sweden was signed by 
 Franklin. 
 
 Special powers for this purpose had been given him. 
 
 1784, MAY. The Board of Treasury was re-established. 
 
 Robert Morris had resigned. This board consisted of three members, and their 
 duties were those of the superintendent. 
 
 1784, JUNE 1. The committee to regulate matters during the 
 absence of Congress dispersed, leaving no one in control. 
 
 It consisted of one delegate from each state, and had been appointed according 
 to the articles of confederation, at the adjournment of Congress. It divided into 
 two parties. The experiment was not tried a second time. 
 
 1784, JULY 1. The assembly of Rhode Island rejected the 
 impost act of Congress laying five per cent. duty. 
 
 It also raised the state duty on imports from two to two and a half per cent. 
 An act was also passed regulating the value of gold coin in circulation. 
 
 1784, SEPTEMBER. James Rumsey exhibited on the Potomac 
 River, in presence of Washington, who gave a certificate to that 
 effect, a boat which worked against the stream by means of 
 mechanism. 
 
 Rumsey was born in Cecil County, Maryland, about 1743 ; died in England De- 
 cember 23, 1792. He subsequently gave much attention to steam as a motive
 
 1784.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 415 
 
 power, held a controversy with John Fitch as to who had the prior right, went 
 over to England, and obtained patents for his inventions in England, France, and 
 Holland. In December, 1792, he made a successful trip with his boat on the 
 Thames, and was preparing for another, when he died. In 1839, Congress voted 
 to his son, James Rumsey, a gold medal, in commemoration of his father's ser- 
 vices in giving the benefit of steamboats to the world. 
 
 1874, OCTOBER 4. A treaty was made at Fort Schiiyler with 
 the Six Nations. 
 
 They agreed to peace, and ceded their claim to the territory west of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 1784. NORTH CAROLINA ceded her western territory, on cer- 
 tain conditions, to the United States. 
 
 A subsequent session repealed it before the United States had a chance to ac- 
 cept it. 
 
 1784, NOVEMBER 1. The annual session of Congress began at 
 Trenton, New Jersey. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee was chosen president. One hundred thousand dollars were 
 appropriated to lay out a federal city and erect public buildings near the falls of 
 the Delaware. It was voted inexpedient to build more than one federal city at 
 this time. Congress at its adjournment voted to meet in New York. 
 
 1784. THE assembly of Maryland established for the western 
 shore, at Annapolis, a college, to be called St. John's. 
 
 This with Washington College were to constitute the University of Maryland ; 
 and a perpetual grant of twelve hundred and fifty pounds to Washington Collegs, 
 and seventeen hundred and fifty pounds to St. John's, to be taken from the mar- 
 riage, tavern, and peddler's licenses, and fines, was voted them. 
 
 1784. NORTH CAROLINA adopted the rule of the equal divis- 
 ion of intestate estates among all the heirs. 
 
 1784. THE Connecticut assembly forbade the further intro- 
 duction of slaves into that state, and declared those born subse- 
 quently to the act free. 
 
 Rhode Island passed a similar law. 
 
 1784. EIGHT bags of cotton, shipped in an American ship to 
 Liverpool, England, were seized on their arrival, on the ground 
 that so much cotton could not be raised in the United States. 
 
 1784. - ABOUT this time Mr. Chittenden of New Haven, Con- 
 necticut, invented a machine for making teeth for cards, capable 
 of producing eighty-six thousand in an hour. 
 
 1784. THE legislature of South Carolina passed an act for 
 the encouragement of arts and sciences. 
 
 It secured to authors their copyrights, and patents to inventors. 
 
 1784. NEW JERSEY was reported as having eight furnaces 
 and seventy-nine forges for the manufacture of iron.~
 
 416 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1784. 
 
 1784. THE cost of transportation from Philadelphia to Erie 
 is said to have been two hundred and forty-nine dollars a ton. 
 
 The transportation was by pack-horses and wagons. 
 
 1784. THE Bank of New York, and the Bank of Massachu- 
 setts, in Boston, were organized. 
 
 1784, NOVEMBER. Samuel Seabury was consecrated Bishop 
 of the Episcopal churches in Connecticut. 
 The ceremony took place at Aberdeen, Scotland. 
 
 1784. 
 
 Of the two hundred millions of Continental bills of credit issued by Congress, 
 eighty-eight had been paid for taxes into the state treasuries, at the rate of forty 
 for one, and replaced by four million four hundred thousand dollars of the " new 
 tenor," bearing interest at six per cent. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and 
 Rhode Island had thus provided for their entire quota of the issue. Connecticut, 
 Delaware, both the Carolinas, and Georgia had taken up none. The other states 
 had taken up a part. About forty millions were in the federal treasury, and a part 
 of the balance was in the state treasuries, the remainder being in the hands of 
 individuals. Besides these Continental issues, all of the states had made issues 
 of their own. In Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, these had been called in, and 
 bonds issued for them. In others of the states, land warrants had been issued 
 for a part of them, the rest remaining in the holders' hands. In Virginia eventu- 
 ally this portion was received for bonds at the rate of one thousand for one. The 
 direct and indirect taxes also, levied by the states, are estimated at about thirty 
 millions. Congress had also borrowed about forty-four millions, ten of which 
 were due in France. Franklin had signed contracts for about seven millions. 
 The French king remitted the interest until peace was declared, and the payment 
 was to be made in instalments, beginning the next year. There was a loan from 
 Spain, another from the Farmers General of France, and the loan from Holland. 
 Besides these, the United States owed at home eleven millions and a half, specie 
 value, borrowed on loan-office certificates ; six millions to the army ; five millions 
 to the officers for commutation of pay; and twelve millions on other accounts. 
 The states also owed their own debts of this kind. 
 
 1784, NOVEMBER 13. An act was passed by the legislature of 
 Massachusetts authorizing their delegates in Congress, or any 
 three of them, to cede, for the common benefit, to the United 
 States such of the disputed lands claimed by her as they should 
 think proper. 
 
 The lands were specified as lying between the Hudson and the Mississippi. 
 
 1784, DECEMBER 14. A convention met at Jonesborough, 
 Tennessee, and resolved to organize an independent government, 
 tinder the name of Franklin, or Frankland. 
 
 Both names appear to have been used. The convention made a provisional 
 organization, taking the constitution of North Carolina as a basis, and referring to 
 a convention, to meet the next year, the subject of a permanent constitution. The 
 people had objected to the cession of their territory by North Carolina, and were 
 not appeased by its prompt repeal.
 
 1784-5.] AXXALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 417 
 
 1784. MAYSVILLE, Kentucky, on the Ohio River, was settled, 
 under the name of Limestone. 
 
 In 1788, the name was changed to the present one, in honor of John May, one 
 of the original settlers. It has been for many years the largest hemp market in 
 the United States. 
 
 1784. THE Litchfield Law School was opened by Tapping 
 Reeve. 
 
 Until 1798 he was the sole instructor. Reeve was born in Brookhaven, Long 
 Island, in October, 1774; died at Litchfield, Connecticut, December 13, 1823. In 
 1772, he settled in Litchfield, and began to practise law. His school soon became 
 famous, and in 1798 he took as an associate James Gould. Mr. Reeve continued 
 to lecture until 1820. He was the first lawyer who labored to effect a change in 
 the laws regarding the property of married women. The building in which he 
 began the law school is still standing in Litchfield. 
 
 1784, DECEMBER 25. A conference was held at Baltimore of 
 Methodist preachers, and the Methodist Episcopal Church of 
 America was organized. 
 
 1784. THE legislature of Georgia granted a tract of wild 
 lands for a college. 
 
 A charter for it was granted the next year. The University of Georgia was 
 subsequently organized at Athens upon this grant. 
 
 1785, JANUARY 1. The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Adver- 
 tiser appeared at Falmouth, Maine. 
 
 This first newspaper in Maine was published by Thomas B. "Wait and Benja- 
 min Titcomb. In 178G, when Falmouth was incorporated and called Portland, it 
 was published by Wait, and its name changed to the Cumberland Gazette. Tit- 
 comb also commenced soon after the publication of the Gazette of Maine, which 
 was discontinued in 1796. 
 
 1785, JANUARY 21. A treaty was made with the western 
 Indians. 
 
 1785, FEBRUARY 24. John Adams was appointed minister to 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The younger Pitt declined to enter into any treaty on the subject of com- 
 merce. 
 
 1785, MARCH. The Philadelphia society for promoting agri- 
 culture was formed. 
 
 1785. THE South Carolina Agricultural Society was formed 
 in South Carolina. 
 
 This society offered premiums for the introduction of various articles, among 
 others a medal for the first flock of sheep of the true merino breed, and for oil 
 made from cotton or other seeds. 
 
 1785. JOHN BAINE, a type founder of Edinburgh, about this 
 time established a type foundery in Philadelphia. 
 Baine died in 1790. 
 
 27
 
 418 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1785. 
 
 1785. AN iron mine was opened in Tinmouth, Rutland 
 County, Vermont. 
 
 1785. JAMES JDLIANN, of Philadelphia, advertised "the great 
 American Piano-forte of his own invention." 
 
 1785. THE Philadelphia dispensary, the first institution of 
 the kind in the country, was planned by Dr. Benjamin Rush of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1785, MARCH. Under the provisional arrangement of Frank- 
 land, an assembly met and chose John Sevier governor. 
 
 Courts were instituted, laws passed, and an address forwarded to Governor 
 Martin of North Carolina, stating that the inhabitants of the counties of Wash- 
 ington, Sullivan, and Greene had formed the state of Frankland, and declared 
 themselves independent of North Carolina. In April, Governor Martin urged 
 them in a manifesto to return to their allegiance, and the assembly of North 
 Carolina passed an act of oblivion, while insisting on their authority. 
 
 1785, MARCH 1. The New York Daily Advertiser appeared 
 in New York. 
 
 It was published by Francis Childs & Co. Philip Freneau became its editor 
 about 1790, and continued to be so until the seat of government was changed to 
 Washington. 
 
 1785. DUBUQUE, the oldest town in Iowa, was settled by 
 Julien Dubuque, a French Canadian, who had the grant from 
 Spain, and authority to work the lead mines in the vicinity. 
 
 The United States took formal possession of the land in 1833, having made a 
 treaty with the Indians of the neighborhood the year before, and leases of the 
 mines were issued. In 1844, in consequence of the trouble in collecting the 
 rents, the leases were called in, and the mining lands offered for sale. La Sueur, 
 in his voyage up the Mississippi in 1700, discovered the lead mines in Iowa, 
 Illinois, and Wisconsin. 
 
 1785, MARCH 8. General Knox was made secretary of war. 
 
 In April, an enlistment was ordered for three years to defend the western 
 frontier. 
 
 1785, MARCH 10. Jefferson was appointed minister to France 
 in place of Franklin, who had resigned. 
 
 1785, APRIL 19. The delegates from Massachusetts made a 
 deed to Congress of all the territory west of the present western 
 boundary of New York. 
 
 Congress on the 20th of May provided for the survey and sale of the lands 
 northwest of the Ohio. By this ordinance the lands were all surveyed at the 
 public expense, and divided into townships of six miles square, each township into 
 thirty-six sections of a square mile, one section in each township being reserved 
 for schools. The lands were then offered for sale to purchasers in the states in 
 quantities proportionate to the quotas of the states. The sales were at auction at 
 a minimum price of a dollar an acre, with the expense of the survey, $49, a 
 township. Payment was in specie or certificates of federal debt. This system was
 
 1785.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 419 
 
 an improvement upon that in use in New England and Pennsylvania ; in Virginia 
 and North Carolina, each purchaser had surveyed his own grant. A pfoposition 
 to prohibit slavery in these lands was referred to a committee. 
 
 1785. THE Vermont legislature established a mint at Rupert, 
 \vbich issued copper cents and some few half cents. 
 
 The cents bore on one side a sun rising from behind hills, with a plough in the 
 foreground; legend Vermontensium Res Publica 1786; on the reverse a radiated 
 eye surrounded by tliirteen stars ; legend Quarto, Decima Stella. The centa 
 coined in 1788 had on one side a head with the legend Auctoritate Vermontensium ; 
 on the reverse, a woman and the letters Inde. Et Lib. 
 
 1785. CONNECTICUT authorized a mint at New Haven to issue 
 coins of copper weighing six pennyworths. 
 
 On one side a head with the words Auctori. Connec. ; on the reverse, a female 
 holding an olive branch, with the words Inde. Et Lib. 1785. This mint lasted for 
 three years. 
 
 1785, MAY 2. The assembly of Rhode Island added a duty 
 of seven and a half per cent, on all goods imported in British 
 vessels. 
 
 1785, MAY. A convention was held at Danville, Kentucky, 
 which petitioned Virginia for permission to form a new state. 
 
 In March, the assembly of Virginia had made the three western counties a 
 separate judicial district, and given it a supreme court of its own. Another con- 
 vention was held soon after, and an address to the people, in manuscript, was cir- 
 culated. There was no printing-press in Kentucky. 
 
 1785, JUNE. A suit in Massachusetts, brought by John 
 Murray and involving religious liberty, was decided by the jury 
 in favor of liberty. 
 
 The law of Massachusetts taxed the inhabitants for the support of the Orthodox 
 clergy. The third article of the Bill of Rights gave individuals the right to pay 
 their taxes for the support of any public Protestant teacher of piety, religion, and 
 morality on whose services they attended ; otherwise they were used for the support 
 of the established preacher of the district. Mr. Murray, whose opinions were 
 those of the Universalists, was settled over a congregation in Gloucester, Massa- 
 chusetts, who built him a church. The Calvinists of the town excommunicated 
 him, and disputed his right to take the assessments of the members of his audience 
 for his support. A suit was therefore brought by Mr. Murray against the inhabi- 
 tants of the town of Gloucester. The point had been tried before and appealed, 
 but this was the first decision it reached. 
 
 John Murray was born in England, December 10, 1741, and died in Boston, 
 Septembers, 1815. In 1770, he came to this country. He is generally considered 
 the founder of Universalism in this country. 
 
 1785, JUNE 14. The first pier for the bridge from Charlestown 
 to Boston was laid. 
 
 The bridge was finished in about a year, was considered at that time one of the 
 greatest building enterprises, and its completion was celebrated by a public pro- 
 cession, in which the legislature, military, and civic societies joined.
 
 420 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1785. 
 
 1785. THE Davidson Academy was incorporated at Nash- 
 ville, Tennessee. 
 
 In 1826 its name was changed to the Nashville University. 
 
 1785, JUNE 27. The assembly of Rhode Island passed an 
 additional tariff act, levying specific duties upon all tools, and an 
 ad valorem duty of from five to twenty per cent, upon hats, 
 articles of leather, furs, paper, and other articles, " for encoura- 
 ging the manufacture thereof within this state and the United 
 States." 
 
 1785, JULY 6.' The " dollar " was adopted by Congress. 
 
 Jefferson was chiefly instrumental in its adoption, and in that of the decimal 
 system of subdivisions. 
 
 1785. ONE bag of cotton from Charleston, South Carolina, 
 twelve bags from Philadelphia, and one from New York were 
 shipped to Liverpool. 
 
 1785. THEATRES were reopened in New York and Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 The company of which Lewis Hallam, the son of the manager who had intro- 
 duced the first theatrical company in the country, was manager, had returned from 
 Jamaica. They had gone there on the opening of the war. The Continental 
 Congress had passed a resolution discountenancing " shows, plays, and other 
 expensive diversions and entertainments ; " and the company " determined to leave 
 the continent rather than offend the patriotic supporters of their country's free- 
 dom." This is a statement made by Hallam in a memorial to the Massachusetts 
 legislature in 1790. He says also that the various British commanders in New 
 York during the war repeatedly asked the company to return there, but they 
 refused; " they felt themselves Americans, and would not act in opposition to 
 their country." 
 
 1785. THE constitution of Vermont was amended. 
 
 It had been adopted in 1777. The right of suffrage was given to every man, 
 twenty-one years of age, of peaceable behavior, and a resident of the state a year 
 before the election. An assembly of a single house was elected by the towns. It 
 could pass no act before it had been printed for the consideration of the people, 
 and laid before the governor and council, and laid over one session. A council 
 of censors, consisting of thirteen, were to be chosen by the people once in seven 
 years, to inquire whether the constitution had been violated, and to suggest 
 amendments, if needed, and call a convention to consider them, the proposed 
 amendments being printed six months before. The first article of the Bill of 
 Rights read: "No male person born in this country, or brought from over sea, 
 ought to be bound by law to serve any person as a servant, slave, or apprentice 
 after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, nor female, in like manner, after 
 ehe arrives at the age of twenty-one years, unless they are bound by their own 
 consent, after they arrive at such age, or are bound by law for the payment of 
 debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like." The constitution of 1777 had con- 
 tained this provision. 
 
 This revision also removed the test of Protestantism, contained in the first con-
 
 1785.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMEKICA. 421 
 
 stitution in a provision that no one could be a member of the assembly who did 
 not sign a declaration of his belief in a God, the creator and governor of the uni- 
 verse, the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked, and in the Old 
 and New Testaments as inspired, and in the Protestant faith. The members were 
 in 1793 absolved from the whole declaration. Public schools in every town, at 
 public expense, were provided for in the constitution, and county schools and a 
 university recommended. 
 
 1785, JULY. A treaty was made with Prussia. 
 
 In case of war it prohibited privateering, making free ships insure free goods. 
 
 1785, JULY. M. Gardoqui was sent by Spain as minister to 
 the United States. 
 
 1785, AUGUST. Jefferson, in letters from Paris, mentions that 
 the French government were practically introducing an im- 
 proved method of manufacturing fire-arms. 
 
 It consisted ' ' in the making every part of them so exactly alike that what 
 belongs to any one may be used for every musket in the magazine." 
 
 1785, SEPTEMBER. Congress made a requisition on the states 
 for three millions of dollars. 
 
 It was a portion of the eight millions called for in 1781. Two thirds of it were 
 made payable in interest certificates, called "indents." 
 
 1785, OCTOBER 14. News was received that Algiers had de- 
 clared war against the United States. 
 
 Circulars with this information were sent to the several states by John Jay. 
 No formal proclamation was made, but American vessels were seized, the object 
 being to force the United States to pay tribute to Algiers. 
 
 1785. THE Pennsylvania Herald was started in Philadelphia 
 by Matthew Carey. 
 
 It was the first to give regular reports of legislative proceedings. 
 
 CAREY was born in Dublin, January 28, 1760 ; died in Philadelphia, September 
 16, 1839. He came to this country in 1784. In 1791 he opened a bookstore, and 
 was the originator of the yearly fairs which have resulted in the trade sales. He 
 wrote largely on politico-commercial topics. 
 
 1785, OCTOBER. The Virginia legislature passed an act mak- 
 ing it treason to erect a new state in any part of her territory 
 without first obtaining permission from the assembly. 
 
 1785, NOVEMBER. The convention in Frankland met and 
 rejected the constitution which had been prepared by a com- 
 mittee, adopting the provisional form as a permanent one. 
 
 It sent William Cocke as a delegate to Congress, asking admission to the Union. 
 He met no encouragement. 
 
 1785, NOVEMBER. Congress convened, and John Hancock, 
 again a delegate, was chosen president. 
 
 As sickness prevented his attendance, David Kamsey, of South Carolina, was 
 appointed chairman.
 
 422 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1785-6. 
 
 1785, NOVEMBER. The Virginia legislature authorized the 
 election of five delegates from each of the seven counties of 
 Kentucky, to consider the question of forming an independent 
 government. 
 
 If the convention should decide for this, the separation would be allowed, pro- 
 vided Congress would admit the new state before June, 1787, and provided the new 
 state would assume its proportion of Virginia's debt. The Ohio was to remain 
 open, and all Virginia land titles to be held good, and warrants to be located until 
 September, 1788, and no special tax to be levied on non-resident citizens of the 
 United States who were land-owners in the new state. 
 
 1785. THE Virginia legislature passed a Religious Freedom 
 Act. 
 
 It confirmed and extended the act of 1776, suspending the collection of parish 
 rates. 
 
 1786, JANUARY. Treaties were made with the various tribes 
 of Indians, so that the jurisdiction of the United States extended 
 over almost all the territory of the present states of Tennessee, 
 Alabama, and Mississippi. 
 
 1786, FEBRUARY. A special committee to examine the matter 
 of the federal impost reported. 
 
 Nine states had so far granted the power to Congress to levy it, that it could 
 act, provided Georgia, Maryland, New York, and Rhode Island should agree. 
 Rhode Island, Maryland, and Georgia soon agreed to it, and so did New York, 
 though reserving the collection of the duties to her own officers, and making 
 them payable in her own recently issued bills of credit. Another committee 
 reported that all the states except Delaware, Georgia, and South Carolina had 
 granted the power to Congress to regulate commerce for a certain term of years, 
 though some of them had done so with conditions. 
 
 1786, MARCH 13. An act was passed by the assembly of Rhode 
 Island empowering Congress to regulate the trade of that state 
 with vessels of nations having no treaties with the United States, 
 and to forbid the importation by such nations of goods of their 
 own manufacture, and also to regulate the trade between the 
 states. The same session a tender act was passed to enable 
 debtors to settle their obligations by the transfer of lands and 
 certain personal effects at an appraised value, the same to be re- 
 deemed within a year by the payment of their value in money, 
 with interest. 
 
 The Tender Act was repealed the same year. 
 
 1786, MARCH. James Rumsey succeeded, on the Potomac, in 
 propelling a boat by a steam-engine and machinery. 
 
 The motion was caused by the force of a stream of water thrown out at the 
 stern through a pump. 
 
 The next year he made another successful trip ; and about this time he and 
 John Fitch, who had been experimenting on the Delaware, engaged in a contro- 
 versy on the subject of steam navigation.
 
 1786.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 423 
 
 1786, APRIL 25. The legislature of New York authorized its 
 agents to settle the question of disputed borders otherwise than 
 by appeal to the federal courts. 
 
 1786, MAY 3. The assembly of Rhode Island created a loan, 
 or " bank," of one hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 Bills of credit to this amount were issued, and loaned on mortgages of land to 
 double their value, to be paid into the treasury at the end of fourteen years. 
 The deputies from Providence entered their protest against it. 
 
 1786. THE legislature of North Carolina passed an act laying 
 a duty of five pounds a head upon the importation of slaves. 
 
 The act spoke of the introduction of slaves into the state as "of evil conse- 
 quences and highly impolitic." 
 
 1786. THE legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act forbid- 
 ding theatrical performances. 
 
 1786. THE first American play was represented in New 
 York. 
 
 It was a comedy, entitled " The Contrast," and was written by Royal Tyler, 
 who was subsequently chief justice of Vermont. 
 
 1786. A COINAGE of copper money was authorized by New 
 Jersey. The patent allowed the establishment of two mints, one 
 at Solitude, two miles west of Morristown, the other at Elizabeth. 
 
 The coins had on the obverse a horse's head, with a plough beneath it, and the 
 legend, Nova Caesarea 1786 ; reverse, a shield, the legend, E Pluribus Unurn. 
 
 1786, JULY 5. The legislature of Massachusetts authorized 
 its agents to settle the question of disputed borders. 
 
 1786, JULY. The merchants refusing to sell their wares for 
 the bills of credit, a mob in Newport forced the dealers in corn 
 to accept the bills for their stock. 
 
 The distress was severe, and the movement spread, leading to conventions. The 
 assembly passed penal laws in favor of the bills. A plan for state trade was 
 suggested, the state providing vessels and importing necessaries, under the direc- 
 tion of a committee of the legislature ; payments for the supplies to be made in 
 produce, lumber, and labor, to furnish return cargoes. A law case against a 
 butcher for refusing to sell his meat for the bills of credit was tried before the 
 superior court in Newpoi't, with a full bench, and the court declared the acts in 
 favor of the bills unconstitutional and void. An extra session of the assembly 
 was called, and the judges were summoned before them to give their reasons for 
 their decision. Their examination was postponed until the next session. Tlie 
 judges maintained their independence, and that they were not accountable to the 
 assembly ; and the assembly resolved finally that " no satisfactory reasons " had 
 been given by the judges for their judgment, and, there being no ground for im- 
 peachment, dismissed them. 
 
 1786, JULY 29. The CommomueaUh, or Pittsburg Gazette, 
 appeared in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 
 It was published by John Scull.
 
 424 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1786. 
 
 1786. FALMOUTH, Maine, was incorporated, and its name 
 changed to Portland. 
 
 1786. CALONNE stated, this year, that the American war of 
 independence had cost France fourteen hundred and forty mil- 
 lions of francs about two hundred and fifty-six millions of 
 dollars. The English national debt was increased by the war, 
 in dollars, about five hundred and seventy-five millions. 
 
 1786. AT the convention held in Annapolis, Maryland, James 
 Madison said " there was no reason to doubt that the United 
 States would one day become a great cotton-producing country." 
 
 1786. THE seed of sea island, or long staple cotton, was 
 introduced about this year into Georgia. 
 
 1786. THIS year there were within ten miles of Lancaster, 
 Pennsylvania, which was situated on the great high-road to the 
 West, eighteen grain-mills, sixteen saw-mills, one fulling-mill, 
 four oil-mills, five hemp-mills, two boring and grinding-mills for 
 gun-barrels. 
 
 1786. JEFFERSON, writing to M. De Warville, in August, 
 says : 
 
 " Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York 
 abound with large manufacturing mills for the exportation of flour." 
 
 1786. ROBERT ATS T D ALEXANDER BARR, Scotchmen, made three 
 carding, roping, and spinning machines for Hugh Orr, at his 
 works at East Bridgewater, Massachusetts. 
 
 The legislature granted them two hundred pounds to complete them, and gave 
 them six tickets in the land lottery, which had no blanks, as a reward. The 
 machines were placed on exhibition. They cost one hundred and eighty-seven 
 pounds, and are said to have been the first jenny and stock-card made in the 
 country. 
 
 1786, JULY. A three-inch cylinder model of a steam-engine 
 was built in Philadelphia by John Fitch and Henry Voight, by 
 which a skiff was moved on the Delaware by means of oars at- 
 tached to a crank. 
 
 The next year a twelve-inch cylinder engine was built, which propelled a 
 steamer on the Delaware in the presence of the Federal convention, then in 
 session in the city. 
 
 1786. LYNCHBURG, Virginia, on the south bank of the James 
 River, was laid out. 
 
 The manufacturing of tobacco is the chief business of the city. 
 
 1786, AUGUST 3. Congress called upon the states for three 
 millions seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand dollars. 
 
 It was to pay the expenses and two instalments of the foreign debt, falling 
 due. One million six hundred and six thousand of it could be paid in " indents." 
 A large part of the last year's requisition remained unpaid. Rhode Island had
 
 1786.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 425 
 
 made the Continental taxes payable in her own bills of credit. New Jersey 
 refused to pay until New York consented to the federal impost, and then, though 
 she recalled this refusal, she made no arrangement for collecting the money. 
 Pennsylvania claimed that too large a quota had been assigned her. South Caro- 
 lina claimed credit for supplies she had furnished the army in 1782 and 1783. 
 
 1786, AUGUST. The courts in Worcester, Massachusetts, and 
 the adjoining counties, were prevented by an armed force of the 
 people frorai holding their sessions. 
 
 The popular discontent against the extortionate fees of the lawyers, the multi- 
 plicity of lawsuits, and the absence of any money in circulation, since the state 
 and Continental issues had ceased to serve this purpose, had been for a long 
 time gathering to a head. 
 
 1786, AUGUST 7. An Indian Bureau was organized by 
 Congress. 
 
 It was subordinate to the "War Department, and had two superintendents, one 
 for the district north of the Ohio, and the other for the district south of that 
 river. Their duty was to keep the Indians quiet by treating them with justice, 
 and preventing the encroachments by which their hostility was generally pro- 
 voked. The states of Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia especially conceived 
 it their right to deal directly with the Indians, though the articles of confedera- 
 tion had given exclusive control over Indian affairs to Congress. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER 6. The Hampshire Gazette appeared in 
 Northampton, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by William Butler. It was issued to counteract the discon- 
 tent which culminated in Shays' rebellion. 
 
 1786. THE pope appointed John Carroll, of Maryland, his 
 vicar-apostolic. 
 
 Carroll was afterwards consecrated as bishop of Baltimore, and eventually as 
 archbishop of the United States. By the state constitution, the Catholics had 
 been made, politically, the equals of the Protestants. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER 11. Congress accepted the cession of Con- 
 necticut to the western lands. 
 
 This completed the title of the United States to the lands northwest of the 
 Ohio. 
 
 1786. EARLY this year the assembly of Virginia appointed 
 commissioners to meet in convention at Annapolis, to consider the 
 question of commerce, with a view of altering the articles of 
 confederation. 
 
 The states had reserved the control of their own foreign commerce, and the 
 general sentiment of the inadequacy of the confederation for national purposes 
 was expressed by Washington, who said in a letter dated August 1, 1786 : " I do 
 not conceive we can long exist as a nation without having lodged somewhere a 
 power which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner as the 
 authority of the states governments extends over the several states." The assem- 
 bly of Virginia made it the duty of the committee appointed to confer with the 
 other states and invite them to concur. This movement of Virginia was not the
 
 42G ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. [178G. 
 
 first that was made towards this end. It was suggested in Common Sense in 
 1776 ; a convention for the purpose was suggested by Hamilton in 1780 ; by the legis- 
 lature of New York in 1782; by the governor of Massachusetts, Bowdoin, in a 
 speech to the legislature in 1785, and by other individuals; but nothing definitive 
 had arisen from these suggestions. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER 11. The convention suggested by the legis- 
 lature of Virginia assembled at Annapolis, and issued an address, 
 suggesting another and a larger convention for the same purpose. 
 
 There were delegates present from four legislatures Virginia, New York, 
 Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Delegates had been appointed by New Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina, who did not attend. 
 From Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia no notice of any 
 action had been received. The representation was so partial that no definite 
 action was taken upon the object of the convention, other than issuing an address 
 urging the appointment of commissioners from each of the states, to meet in 
 Philadelphia on the second Monday in May of the next year, to devise such 
 measures as should meet the exigencies of the case. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER 29. Congress called upon Virginia and 
 Massachusetts to modify their cessions, so that the territory north- 
 west of the Ohio could be divided into three or five states, as 
 might be best. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER. An extra session of the general court 
 of Massachusetts was called by Governor Bowdoin. 
 
 Acts were passed diminishing the legal fees for the collection of debts, allow- 
 ing the payment of back taxes and debts in produce at specific valuations. The 
 militia was called out to defend the courts in the southern counties, and the habeas 
 corpus was suspended, after the general court in an address offered pardon to all 
 for past offences, provided they should cease unlawful proceedings. 
 
 An act was also passed limiting the claim to lands, based upon writs of right. 
 By this it was intended to recognize the rights of actual settlers and improvers 
 of land against the claims of those who demanded possession from patents or 
 charters. The time for the issue of writs of right was limited to sixty years, for 
 writs of entry to fifty years, and claims upon one's own seisin to thirty years. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER. A quorum was not present at the conven- 
 tion called in Kentucky. 
 
 The members had been called away upon an expedition against the Indians. 
 Those who attended asked from the assembly of Virginia that a new convention 
 should be called the next year, which was granted. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER. A convention met at Portland, Maine, to 
 \consider the expediency of making that state independent of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1786, SEPTEMBER. An armed force of the people, in New 
 Hampshire, surrounded the legislative hall at Exeter, and de- 
 manded a remission of taxes and an issue of a supply of bills of 
 credit. 
 
 The legislature had submitted a proposed issue to the people, but no vote had 
 yet been taken. They dispersed when appealed to by Governor Sullivan.
 
 1786.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 427 
 
 1786, OCTOBER 16. A mint was established. 
 
 It coined only cents, and but a few tons of those. A mint law had been passed 
 in August, and was now modified. 
 
 1786. THE supreme court of New York pronounced the 
 Trespass Act void, as conflicting with the treaty with England. 
 
 This act, passed three years before, empowered owners of real estate in the 
 city to recover damages and rent from those who had used their buildings during 
 the British occupation. 
 
 1786, OCTOBER 21. Congress voted to raise thirteen hundred 
 men, and called upon the states for money to support them. 
 
 They were for service in Massachusetts. The federal armory in Springfield 
 was thought to be in danger. Before the troops were raised, the insurrection 
 had culminated. 
 
 1786, OCTOBER 28. A riot act was passed by the legislature 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
 This devolved on justices and sheriffs the duty of dispersing riotous assemblies 
 of more than twelve armed, or thirty unarmed persons, and allowed these officers 
 to call to their aid assistance. 
 
 1786, OCTOBER. Massachusetts established a mint. The next 
 year the works were put up at Dedham and on Boston Neck, 
 and in 1788, cents and half cents were issued. 
 
 The coins bore on the obverse the American eagle, with arrows in the right 
 talon, and an olive branch in the left, a shield on the breast, bearing the word 
 "Cent"; legend, "Massachusetts, 1788"; on the reverse, an Indian holding a 
 bow and arrow; legend, " Commonwealth," and a star. 
 
 1786. ABOUT this time a machine for cutting cold tacks and 
 nails was invented by Ezekiel Reed of Bridgewater, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 His son Jesse Reed, in 1807, patented a machine for cutting and heading tacks 
 at one operation. 
 
 1786, NOVEMBER 9. The Virginia legislature selected dele- 
 gates to attend the convention at Philadelphia. 
 
 Washington was made the chairman of the delegation. The purpose of the 
 convention, as expressed in the instruction to the delegates, " was to concur in 
 such further suggestions and provisions as might be necessary to secure the 
 great objects for which that government" (the Federal government) "was estab- 
 lished, and to render the United States as happy in peace as they have been glori- 
 ous in war." 
 
 1786, NOVEMBER 30. The agents of New York and Massa- 
 chusetts met at Hartford, Connecticut, and agreed upon a settle- 
 ment of the disputed claim to the territory west of the Delaware. 
 
 The pre-emption right to the land in dispute was about equally divided be- 
 tween the two states, the jurisdiction of the whole being left to New York. 
 
 1786, DECEMBER 5. A force of about a thousand armed men,
 
 428 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1786-7. 
 
 under Daniel Shays, took possession of Worcester, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 They prevented the session of the court here, and also in Springfield. Shays 
 had been a captain in the Continental army. 
 
 1786. DURING the spring, elections were held in Frankland 
 for members to the new assembly, and also to that of North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Two sets of officers claimed the authority, and party spirit ran very high. 
 
 1787. THE " Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of 
 Manufactures and the Useful Arts " was formed. 
 
 The fee for membership was ten shillings, and the same annual dues and sub- 
 scriptions were received for a manufacturing fund. The influence of this society 
 in introducing various branches of industry, and in calling public attention to the 
 whole subject was very marked. They offered prizes for various new processes 
 and machines. 
 
 1787, JANUARY. The coinage for Khode Island was granted 
 to Deputy- Governor Owen and others, on their petition, as " an 
 exclusive privilege " for twelve years. 
 
 1787, JANUARY. The militia being called out by Governor 
 Bowdoin of Massachusetts, assembled, and, under General Lin- 
 coln, marched for Worcester, on their way to Springfield. 
 
 While attempting to capture the arsenal at Springfield, General Shepherd, in 
 command, fired upon the insurgents and dispersed them. On the 27th, hearing of 
 Lincoln's approach, they retreated to Pelham. On the 3d of February, from 
 want of provisions, they retreated to Petersham. By a forced march, Lincoln 
 surprised them there, captured many of them, and the rest fled. 
 
 1787. FEBRUARY 3. The general court of Massachusetts met 
 in special session. 
 
 They declared the existence of rebellion, and voted men to supply the place 
 of the militia, who had been called out only for thirty days. The neighboring 
 states were called on to assist in arresting and dispersing the insurgents. New 
 Hampshire, Connecticut, and New York promptly lent their aid ; Khode Island 
 and Vermont not so promptly. A free pardon was offered all who would lay 
 down their arms and take the oath of allegiance. Many were tried, fourteen were 
 condemned to death for treason, but no one was executed. A commission, insti- 
 tuted to pardon those they should see fit, was very lenient. They were neces- 
 sarily so, since about one third of the population were thought to sympathize 
 with the insurgents. 
 
 1787, FEBRUARY 4. The archbishop of Canterbury ordained 
 White of Philadelphia, and Provoost of New York, as bishops of 
 Pennsylvania and New York. 
 
 An act of parliament had been obtained to permit such ordinations. A con- 
 vention had also been held, which matured a constitution for the "Protestant 
 Episcopal Church of the United States," and had altered the liturgy in accord- 
 ance with the newly established government.
 
 1787.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 429 
 
 1787. A SPINNING-JENNY was set up in Providence, Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 It was made by Daniel Jackson, and had twenty-eight spindles. Daniel 
 Anthony, Andrew Dexter, and Lewis Peck were the copartners in this enter- 
 prise. The jenny is said to have been made on the model of that at Beverly. 
 
 1787, FEBRUARY 20. The legislature of Massachusetts passed 
 an act authorizing the governor to call upon the military, when 
 necessary, to suppress insurrection. 
 
 Where notice could not be given the governor, the sheriff or any two justices 
 could call upon the local military. 
 
 1787. THERE were sixty-three paper-mills in Pennsylvania, 
 New Jersey, and Delaware, forty-eight of which were in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 1787. SPECIMENS of white glass, made at Albany, New York, 
 were presented to the American Philosophical Society. The 
 works were built by John de Neufville. 
 
 John de Neufville came to this country from Holland. He was the negotiator 
 of the treaty between Holland and America, which led to the war between Hol- 
 land and England in 1781. Being an enthusiastic admirer of the struggle for lib- 
 erty in this country, he sacrificed his independent fortune in its support; and, 
 finally coming over, he invested the remnant of his wealth in establishing this 
 glass-work about eight miles west of Albany. 
 
 1787, FEBRUARY 21. Congress recommended the legislatures 
 of the states to appoint delegates to meet in convention in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 They were to be elected "for the sole and express purpose of revising the 
 Articles of Confederation, and report to Congress and the several State legis- 
 latures." The convention was for the purpose of " establishing in those States a 
 firm national government." All the states except Rhode Island elected delegates. 
 
 1787, MARCH 28. The assembly of Pennsylvania passed an 
 act confirming in Wyoming the grants made by Connecticut prior 
 to the decision of jurisdiction. 
 
 The people were still dissatisfied, and the plan of making an independent state 
 was openly discussed. 
 
 1787, MARCH 31. Up to this date, but one million three thou- 
 sand seven hundred and twenty-five dollars had been paid into 
 the Continental treasury by the states. 
 
 From 1782, requisitions upon the states to pay the interest upon the debt had 
 been made by Congress, amounting to six million, two hundred and seventy-nine 
 thousand, three hundred and seventy-six dollars. 
 
 1787, APRIL. The disputed title to the territory west of the 
 Altamaha was settled by mutual agreement by Georgia and 
 South Carolina. 
 
 South Carolina ceded it to Georgia.
 
 430 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1787. 
 
 1787, APRIL. Congress addressed a circular letter to the gov- 
 ernors of the various states, calling their attention to the neces- 
 sity for the organization of a national system of responsibility. 
 
 The circular says that " the national Constitution having committed to them the 
 management of the national concerns with foreign states and powers, it was their 
 duty to take care that all the rights which they ought to enjoy within their juris- 
 diction, by the law of nations and the faith of treaties, remain inviolate ; " and that 
 " when a treaty was constitutionally made, it immediately became binding on the 
 whole nation and superadded to the laws of the land, without the intervention of 
 a fiat of State legislatures." This circular letter was signed by A. St. Clair, 
 President. 
 
 1787, MAY 1. John Fitch made an experiment upon the 
 Delaware with a steamboat he had constructed, a description of 
 which he had printed in the Columbian Magazine for December, 
 1786. 
 
 His experiment was witnessed by Messrs. Rittenhouse, Ewing, and Ellicott, 
 with others, and, according to the measurements of these gentlemen, the new 
 steamboat travelled at the rate of eight miles an hour at dead water. On the 28th 
 of March of this year, the legislature of Pennsylvania granted to Fitch "the sole 
 right and advantage of making and employing the steamboat by him lately in- 
 vented, for a limited time" that is, for fourteen years. Fitch had obtained 
 similar privileges from the legislatures of Delaware, New York, and Virginia. 
 Fitch's method was by a paddle-wheel at the stern. 
 
 1787, MAY 25. The convention of delegates from the states 
 met at Philadelphia, and organized. 
 
 Washington was elected president. Sixty-five delegates had been elected, but 
 ten did not appear to take their seats. The convention sat from May 25 until 
 September 17. Its sessions were secret, no member being allowed to copy from 
 its journal. This document was intrusted to the custody of Washington, who 
 deposited it in the state department. In 1818 it was printed by the order of Con- 
 gress. One of the New York delegates, Robert Yates, made short notes of the 
 earlier debates, which were printed in 1821. Madison took short-hand notes of 
 the proceedings, which he wrote out daily. These were printed in 1840. Wash- 
 ington left the convention on the 29th of June, and did not return until August 13. 
 On July 10, he wrote a letter to Hamilton, in which he said he almost despaired 
 of seeing a favorable result of the proceedings, and regretted having had any- 
 thing to do with them. It was a difficult thing to harmonize the prejudices and 
 the local interests of the various sections. One of the chief disturbances arose 
 from the existence of slavery. Luther Martin, one of the delegates, said: "I 
 believe near a fortnight, perhaps more, was spent in the discussion of this busi- 
 ness, during which we were on the verge of dissolution, scarce held together by 
 the strength of a hair.!' The conflicting elements were arranged by a compromise 
 fixing the basis of representation by allowing the slave population to count as 
 three fifths of their number in the enumeration for settling the representation, 
 and by making the states equally represented in the senate, and a right to one 
 member in the house for every forty thousand inhabitants. This and the reconcili- 
 ation of the advocates for centralization, and for the paramount power of the state 
 governments, were the chief causes of the delay. Hamilton proposed a plan in 
 which the general government should appoint the governors of the states. It was
 
 1787.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 431 
 
 not, however, .acted upon. Finally the articles were agreed upon, and attested in 
 the form furnished by Franklin : " Done in convention, by the unanimous consent 
 of the States present, the 17th day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1787, and 
 of the Independence of the United States of America, the twelfth." When the 
 articles as agreed upon were read, Franklin said : "I agree to that Constitution, 
 with all its faults, if they are such, because I think a general government neces- 
 sary for us ; and there is no form of government but what may be a blessing to 
 the people if well administered ; and believe, further, that this is likely to be well 
 administered for a course of years, and can only end in despotism, as other forms 
 have done before it, when the people shall be so corrupted as to need despotic 
 government, being incapable of any other." When the document was signed, it 
 was decided that it should be transmitted to the people, the sovereignty, through 
 Congress, which should forward it to the various legislatures, and when its ratifi- 
 cation by nine states should be made known to Congress, it should be practically 
 put in operation. 
 
 1787. BINGHAMTON, New York, at the junction of the Che- 
 nangc and Susquehanna rivers, was settled by William Bingham 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Owing to the water-power, the city carries on an extensive flour and lumber 
 trade. 
 
 1787. THE states accepted the Constitution in the following 
 order : 
 
 December 7, Delaware, unanimously; December 12, Pennsylvania, by two 
 thirds majority; December 18, New Jersey, unanimously. 1788, January 2, 
 Georgia, unanimously ; January 9, Connecticut, 128 to 40 ; February 7, Massa- 
 chusetts, 187 to 168, with nine amendments proposed; April 28, Maryland, 63 to 
 12; May 24, South Carolina, 149 to 73, with three amendments; June 21, New 
 Hampshire, 57 to 4G, with the same amendments proposed by Massachusetts ; June 
 27, Virginia, 89 to 79, with amendments ; July 25, New York, with amendments ; 
 August 7, North Carolina, conditionally, if the other states accepted amendments. 
 1789, November, a new convention in North Carolina accepted. 1790, May 29, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 1787, JUNE. The legislature of Massachusetts granted a 
 charter to a company, with the exclusive right to make glass for 
 fifteen years in Boston. The penalty of an infringement was five 
 hundred pounds for each offence. The capital stock was ex- 
 empted from taxation for five years, and the persons employed 
 in the work from military duty. 
 
 A large factory was built, and then taken down and replaced by another. Op- 
 erations were not commenced until November, 1792, when they made crown 
 window-glass of a superior quality. 
 
 1787, JULY 6. The first metallic coinage was made by the 
 United States. 
 
 It consisted of cents, having thirteen circles linked together, with a small 
 circle in the middle. The words " United States " round it; " We are one " in the 
 centre; on the reverse, a dial and sun, the date and Fugio, with the words
 
 432 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1787. 
 
 "Mind your business " below the dial. The cents were made at New Haven, 
 under a contract with James Jarvis. 
 
 1787. A COMPANY at Beverly, Massachusetts, was formed to 
 manufacture cotton. 
 
 They imported a carding-machine at a cost of eleven hundred pounds. Their 
 jennies were either imported or made from the machine exhibited by the state. 
 The legislature made them a grant of five hundred pounds. Washington visited 
 the manufactory in 1789. In 1790 they petitioned the general court for assistance 
 to carry on the enterprise ; the business, as a corporation, was abandoned, and 
 was carried on by individuals, who were also unsuccessful. 
 
 1787, JULY 11. Congress accepted a report from the com- 
 mittee appointed for the subject, entitled " An Ordinance for the 
 Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest 
 of the Ohio." 
 
 Nathan Dane, of Massachusetts, was the chairman of the committee. The 
 report contained a proviso that intestate estates should be equally divided. 
 The officers of the territory were appointed by Congress, but, as soon as it con- 
 tained five thousand male inhabitants, it was entitled to a representative assembly. 
 Religious freedom, trial by jury, the writ of habeas corpus, and other rights 
 claimed m the state Bills of Rights, were guaranteed. Schools, and justice, good 
 faith, and humanity to the Indians were also demanded. The states to be formed 
 were to accept their responsibility for the public debt, and were not to tax the 
 lands of non-residents higher than those of residents. When the territory con- 
 tained sixty thousand inhabitants, it was to be divided into three or five states at 
 the option of Congress ; and finally " there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary 
 servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof 
 the party shall hq,ve been duly convicted." A further clause provided for the 
 reclamation of fugitives from labor. 
 
 Nathan Dane was born in Massachusetts in 1752, and died there in 1835. He 
 founded the Dane professorship in the Harvard College Law School, which was 
 filled at his request by Judge Story. 
 
 1787, JULY 23. A contract was made with the Ohio Company 
 for the sale of a tract of five million acres extending along the 
 Ohio from the Muskingum to the Scioto. 
 
 The price paid was two-thirds of a dollar an acre, payable by instalments in 
 certificates of the public debt. The chief leaders of the company were the Rev. 
 Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent. In December, Cutler with a party 
 started from Massachusetts, and made a settlement at Marietta. They travelled 
 overland, and were travelling until April. Cutler is said to have suggested the 
 provisions of the ordinance for the Northwest Territory. 
 
 1787, SEPTEMBER 7. A convention at Danville, Kentucky, 
 resolved unanimously in favor of separation from Virginia. 
 
 They directed the calling of another convention to frame a state constitution, 
 and sent an address to Congress asking admission to the Union. At the request 
 of the convention, the Virginia assembly elected John Brown, a Kentuckian, to 
 Congress.
 
 1787.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 433 
 
 1787. THE Kentucky Gazette was published at Lexington, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 It was published by John Bradford, who had made the type himself. 
 
 1787, SEPTEMBER 28. Congress passed a resolution to trans- 
 mit the constitution accepted by the convention at Philadelphia 
 to the state legislatures, recommending its reference, for approval 
 or rejection, to state conventions to be called by the state legis- 
 latures. 
 
 1787. A SOCIETY " for promoting the abolition of slavery, for 
 the relief of free negroes unlawfully held in bondage, and for 
 improving the condition of the African race," was formed in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Franklin was its president, and Dr. Rush and Tench Coxe its secretaries. A 
 similar society was soon formed in New York, and others in all the states from 
 Virginia northward. 
 
 1787, SEPTEMBER 28. Congress ordered the plan of the con- 
 stitution " be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in 
 each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves 
 of the Convention." 
 
 The seventh article of the Constitution thus proposed reads : "The ratification 
 of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this 
 constitution between the states so ratifying the same." When accepted, the pre- 
 amble of the Constitution thus adopted read : " We the People of the United 
 States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic 
 tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare and 
 secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and estab- 
 lish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America." A provision in the 
 Constitution gave Congress the power to make a uniform law for naturalization, to 
 apply to all the states. 
 
 1787, OCTOBER. The estimate for the year's expenses was 
 $3,009,788. 
 
 Of this, $1,300,798 was needed in specie, to pay the interest on the public 
 debt. The rest was called for in indents. 
 
 1787, OCTOBER 27. The first number of the Federalist ap- 
 peared in New York. 
 
 It was published in the Independent Journal, and the subsequent numbers in 
 all of the papers. Then they were the same year issued in book-form. They were 
 written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. The first edition in book-form was 
 printed by J. and A. McLean, the publishers of the Independent Journal. In 
 1788, the name of this paper, to distinguish it from Holt's Journal revived, was 
 changed to the New York Gazette, which in 1840 was merged in the Journal of 
 Commerce. The Gazette, when in the possession of the Langs, as it was for many 
 years, began the custom of giving the shipping news, and the elder Lang is said 
 to have instituted the practice of collecting the news by news-boats. 
 
 1787, OCTOBER. The legislature of Ehode Island passed a 
 28
 
 434 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1787. 
 
 law forbidding the citizens of that state to engage in the slave- 
 trade. 
 
 Massachusetts passed a similar law the next year, and Connecticut and Penn- 
 sylvania did the same. 
 
 1787. THE legislature of South Carolina passed an act class- 
 ing actors as vagrants. 
 
 All persons representing publicly for hire "any play or entertainment of the 
 stage " might, as vagrants, be required to give security for their good behavior, or 
 be sent to the county jail, and, at the option of the court, sold for not exceeding a 
 year. 
 
 1787. ABOUT this date the manufacture of salt was com- 
 menced at the Onondaga Salines. 
 
 At first about ten bushels a day were made. During this or the following year, 
 the lands in this part of the state were ceded to New York by the Oneida Indians, 
 and the salt springs were reserved by the state. The boiling process was begun 
 near the site of the present city of Syracuse. 
 
 1787. SYEACUSE, New York, at the head on Onondaga Lake,, 
 was settled. 
 
 It remained a village until the completion of the Erie Canal, when it rapidly 
 increased in population and importance, and in 1847 was incorporated as a city. 
 From its central location, being accessible by the New York Central Railroad, and 
 being the terminus of the Oswego Canal and the Syracuse, Binghamton, and New 
 York Railroad, it is a favorite place for conventions. It is famous for its fac- 
 tories, of machinery, soap and candles, flour, boots and shoes, coaches, &c. ; and 
 the machine shops of the Central Railroad are established here. It is also the 
 depot of the great salt-producing region in the country. 
 
 1787. NEW BEDFORD, Massachusetts, was set off from Dart- 
 mouth, and in 1847 received a city charter. 
 
 As early as 1755. the people were celebrated for their whaling vessels ; and in 
 1776 there were about sixty vessels engaged in the business, many of which were 
 captured. After the war the trade revived, was crushed by the war of 1812, but 
 again in 1818 a fresh impulse was given, and in 18GO the number of vessels em- 
 ployed in trade and fishing was five hundred and forty-seven. Since the discov- 
 ery of petroleum, and the use of gas, kerosene, &c., for illuminating purposes, 
 the trade has almost entirely declined. It was at one time, in 1859, the wealthiest 
 city in the country in proportion to its population. 
 
 1787. OLIVER EVANS made an application to the legislature 
 of Pennsylvania for an exclusive right to r.se his steam-carriages, 
 which was denied, though his application for mill machinery was 
 granted. 
 
 The same year he made the same application to the legislature of Maryland. 
 His application was granted, and shortly after his mill improvements were intro- 
 duced into the extensive establishments of the Ellicotts on the Patapsco. The 
 saving in attendance alone in these mills, where three hundred and twenty-five 
 barrels of flour were made daily, was estimated at four thousand eight hundred
 
 1787-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 435 
 
 and seventy-five dollars a year ; and the saving made by the increased manufac- 
 ture was at least fifty cents a barrel. 
 
 1787, DECEMBER. James Rumsey made his first experiment 
 with a steamboat on the Potomac at Shepherdstown. His method 
 was to push the boat along by poles acting against the bottom, 
 and operated by a steam-engine. 
 
 In 1784 he had exhibited a model of his invention to General "Washington; and 
 in March, 1785, had obtained an exclusive right for ten years from the assembly 
 of Pennsylvania "to navigate and build boats calculated to work with greater ease 
 and rapidity against rapid rivers." 
 
 Rumsey was supported in his claims for priority of invention of the steamboat 
 by the Rumseian Society of Philadelphia, of which Benjamin Franklin was a 
 member, and by the legislatures of New York, Maryland, and Virginia, while 
 Fitch was sustained by those of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey. The 
 discussion concerning the invention of the steamboat, or the practical application 
 of steam to navigation, comprises an entire literature of such dimensions as can- 
 not be reproduced here. There is no question that the idea of making use of the 
 steam-engine as a power for the propulsion of boats was, very soon after the inven- 
 tion of the steam-engine itself, present in many minds. It is said that, as early as 
 1750, a farmer of Reading, Pennsylvania, had tried, without success, the idea of 
 doing this by means of poles, somewhat as Rumsey invented. Oliver Evans seems 
 to have had an idea of doing it as early as 1773; and to others, both here and in 
 Europe, the idea occurred. A succinct account of the data concerning the whole 
 subject may be found in the article upon Steam Navigation in The Great Indus- 
 tries, Hartford, 1872. 
 
 1788, JANUARY 2. Georgia ratified the Constitution. 
 1788, JANUARY 9. Connecticut ratified the Constitution. 
 
 1788. DE WARVILLE, who visited the states this year, says 
 Franklin told him he had established about eighteen paper-mills. 
 
 He states that there was a glass factory at Alexandria, Virginia, which ex- 
 ported the year before ten thousand pounds' worth of its product, and employed 
 five hundred hands. 
 
 1788, JANUARY. The Virginia assembly 'laid a duty upon 
 imports. 
 
 1788, JANUARY 13. The Friends in Philadelphia emancipated 
 their slaves. 
 
 1788. MRS. KINSEY BURDEN, of St. Paul's Parish, South 
 Carolina, made the first experiment in that state to cultivate Sea 
 Island cotton. 
 
 1788. A COMPANY was incorporated in the state of Connecti- 
 cut to manufacture cloth of silk. 
 
 Thomas Barrens and thirty-one others were the incorporators. 
 
 This year, at Yale College commencement, President Stiles wore a gown 
 made of Connecticut silk.
 
 436 ANNALS OF NOETH AMEKICA. [1788. 
 
 1788, FEBRUARY 7. Massachusetts accepted the national Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 A month after accepting the Constitution, the legislature passed a rigid law 
 against the slave-trade, and another forbidding any African, or negro, not a citi- 
 zen, from settling in the state. Any such person, without a certificate of citizen- 
 ship of another state, who should remain sixty days, upon complaint before a jus- 
 tice of the peace, should be ordered to leave the state in ten days, and neglecting 
 should be confined with hard labor in the house of correction. If found guilty 
 when tried at the next session of the court, he should receive not more than ten 
 stripes, and leave the state within ten days. 
 
 1788, MARCH 2. Congress passed a series of resolutions, and 
 sent them to all the states. 
 
 The right of any state to pass laws obstructing the execution of any treaty, or 
 attempting to construe it, was denied. The states were all called upon to aid in 
 preparing the basis of a new demand for the delivery of the forts, and for com- 
 pensation for the negroes carried away, by repealing any laws in force obstructing 
 the execution of any part of the treaty. 
 
 1788, MARCH 29. The legislature of Pennsylvania passed an 
 act " to encourage the manufactures of the state." 
 
 It was limited to two years, and forbade the exportation of manufacturing 
 machines. 
 
 1788. THE " Rumseian Society " was formed in Philadelphia 
 to aid the schemes of the inventor James Rumsey. 
 
 Franklin was a prominent member of the society. 
 
 1788, APRIL. Marietta, at the mouth of the Muskingum, was 
 settled. 
 
 It was named after Marie Antoinette, and was the first white settlement in 
 Ohio. 
 
 1788, APRIL 28. Maryland accepted the Constitution. 
 
 1788, MAY. A collision occurred in the state of Frankland, 
 between the partisans of the new state and those adhering to 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Several persons were wounded, and one or two killed. Sevier, the gov- 
 ernor of Frankland, fled, and North Carolina assumed the jurisdiction without 
 further resistance. Sevier was arrested for high treason, but made his escape. 
 
 1788, MAY 24. South Carolina ratified the Constitution. 
 
 1788, JUNE 21. The state of New Hampshire ratified the 
 Constitution. 
 
 1788. JOHN GREENWOOD, a dentist, established an office in 
 New York. 
 
 He was the first dentist in the United States ; and in 1790, and again in 1795, 
 carved a set of teeth out of ivory for General Washington, which were considered 
 marvels of neatness and ingenuity.
 
 1788.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 437 
 
 1788, JUNE 25. Virginia ratified the Constitution. 
 
 1788. A COMPANY was formed at Providence, Rhode Island, 
 for making " home-spun cloth." 
 
 They obtained their drawings for machinery from the Massachusetts Company. 
 
 1788, JULY 2. The president of Congress informed that body 
 that the Constitution had been ratified by the conventions of nine 
 of the states. 
 
 A committee was appointed to report an act " for putting the said Constitution 
 into operation." The plan adopted by Congress, on the 13th of September, was as 
 follows : The first Wednesday in January, 1789, was fixed for the appointment 
 of electors. The first Wednesday in February for their meeting to vote for 
 President ; and the first Wednesday in March as the time for commencing the 
 new administration of the government, in New York city, which was chosen as the 
 place for the proceedings. 
 
 1788, JULY 4. The acceptance of the Constitution was cele- 
 brated with great pomp in Philadelphia. 
 
 Its acceptance by their states had been celebrated in Boston, Baltimore, and 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 1788. THE general assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 
 America issued a pastoral letter recommending the abolition of 
 slavery and the instruction of the negroes. 
 
 1788, JULY 8. The Continental Congress referred the peti- 
 tion of Kentucky for admission into the Union to the new con- 
 gress to meet under the new Constitution. 
 
 1788. THE Confederate Congress, in preparing for the new 
 government, reported the military condition. 
 
 It had about six hundred men in the service, under the command of Brigadier- 
 General Harmar. Two companies of artillery, formed from the recruits raised 
 for Massachusetts, were stationed, one at Springfield, and the other at West 
 Point. The frontier stations were : Pittsburg ; Fort Mclntosh, on Beaver Creek ; 
 Fort Franklin, on French Creek ; Fort Harmar, at the mouth of the Muskingum ; 
 Fort Steuben, at the falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville; and Fort Vincennes, 
 on the Wabash. The British still kept possession of Oswego, Niagara, and the 
 posts on the Lakes. There were arsenals at Springfield, West Point, and Phila- 
 delphia, and stores of arms at Providence, New London, the Mohawk River, Man- 
 chester in Virginia, opposite Richmond, and in Charleston, South Carolina. The 
 regiment of Canadians who had served in the Revolution still drew rations from 
 the government, though they had settled on lands near Lake Champlain granted 
 them by New York. 
 
 1788. JOHN JAY reported to Congress upon the foreign 
 relations. 
 
 With Great Britain and Spain they were in an unsettled condition. At the 
 time of the ratification of the treaty with Great Britain, and since, Massachusetts, 
 New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina had laws placing obstacles 
 in the way of the collection of debts due England. With regard to the negroes
 
 438 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1788. 
 
 carried away by the British, he thought England could not have acted differently, 
 but that compensation was due their late owners. 
 
 1788, JULY 25. New York ratified the Constitution. 
 
 1788, AUGUST. A committee reported to Congress on the 
 financial condition. 
 
 The liabilities of the treasury incurred since 1774, exclusive of the interest on 
 the domestic debt, but including two instalments of the French debt, were a 
 little over six millions, of which more than half had been paid. Of this amount 
 nearly two millions had been paid by the states ; the rest had been received from 
 Dutch loans. Of the specie requisitions made since the peace upon the states, 
 about three millions remained unpaid. One million seven hundred thousand 
 dollars, in indents, were called for to pay the interest on the domestic debt. Of 
 the five millions called for up to this time, not two had been paid. Other com- 
 mittees reported that the accounts of the loan offices had been settled in New 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Delaware, and Maryland. The accounts 
 of the first Virginia loan office were lost. South Carolina and Georgia had used 
 the proceeds of the loan offices for state purposes. From the commissioners 
 appointed to settle with the states, no returns had been received except from New 
 York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Georgia. The expenditure of 
 much of the money raised abroad, and of that appropriated to the secret service, 
 was unexplained. The committee spoke of " many strong marks of want of 
 responsibility or attention in former transactions respecting the public treas- 
 ure." 
 
 1788, AUGUST. Fort Washington was built on the present site 
 of Cincinnati. 
 
 A road was laid out by Virginia from Alexandria to the Ohio, opposite Marietta. 
 It was about three hundred miles long. 
 
 Cincinnati owes its growth to the introduction of steamboats. The first one built 
 there was finished in 1816. By means of these the long extent of river coast on the 
 Mississippi and Ohio was opened to traffic, and the city soon became the depot for 
 the reception and transmission of the products of the great western valleys. 
 Since 1816, one fifth of the whole number of steamboats built in the United States 
 has been built at Cincinnati, and in fifty years the population increased from the 
 few settlers to 200,000, an unprecedented growth. The city is famous for its 
 manufactories, especially those for the curing of hogs and the manufacture of 
 whiskey. 
 
 1788, AUGUST. Pennsylvania purchased the tract between 
 her northern boundary and Lake Erie. 
 
 She thus secured the harbor of Presque Isle, now Erie. 
 
 1788. A LAND OFFICE was opened at Canandaigua. 
 
 The tract accorded to Massachusetts was purchased of her for a million of 
 dollars, payable by instalments, in certificates of her state debt, by a company 
 who opened it to settlers. 
 
 1788, AUGUST 7. North Carolina conditionally ratified the 
 Constitution. 
 
 Another convention, November 13, 1789, accepted it without conditions.
 
 1788-9.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 439 
 
 1788. IN this year, or the next, Ebenezer Allen built a mill 
 to make use of the water-power of the Genesee Falls, on the 
 site of the city of Rochester, New York. 
 
 He soon sold it to Colonel Fisk. The mill went to decay. 
 
 1788. GILES RICHARDS & Co. began in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, the manufacture of cards, for carding. 
 
 They used a newly invented machinery, which is supposed to have been that 
 invented by Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, in 1777, and which, as the state refused 
 to assist him in introducing, he sold to some one. His machine is said to have 
 made card teeth at the rate of fifteen hundred a minute. 
 
 1788, SEPTEMBER 15. The Herald of Freedom and Federal 
 Advertiser appeared in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It advocated the election of Hancock to the governorship of Massachusetts in 
 opposition to Bowdoin. 
 
 1788. JOSEPH ALEXANDER, a Scotchman, introduced at Prov- 
 idence, Rhode Island, the use of the fly-shuttle. 
 
 1788, OCTOBER. The Legislature of Pennsylvania passed an 
 act " to assist the cotton manufactures of this state." 
 
 1788. A MANUFACTORY of sail duck was erected in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was incorporated by the general court, and aided by a bounty. The work- 
 men were organized into societies for their mutual aid, and admitted members 
 only by vote. Their hours were from eight to six. 
 
 1788, NOVEMBER. The legislature of North Carolina passed 
 an act of oblivion to all who would submit, excepting Sevier, 
 who was disqualified for any office of trust. 
 
 The next year he was elected to the senate of North Carolina by a large 
 majority, and the disqualifying clause was repealed, and he took his seat. 
 
 1789, FEBRUARY. Washington received the unanimous vote 
 of the electors for President, and John Adams the next highest 
 number, and was thus elected Yice-President. 
 
 Senators and representatives under the new constitution were also elected by 
 the eleven ratifying states. The Continental Congress quietly passed out of 
 existence, no notice being taken of its demise. New York, from a dispute be- 
 tween the two houses of the legislature, did not vote for President. 
 
 1789, MARCH. John Hewson received a loan of two hundred 
 pounds from the legislature of Pennsylvania, to enable him " to 
 enlarge and carry on the business of calico printing and bleach- 
 ing within this state." 
 
 His print works were near Richmond, where Dyottville now is, and were con- 
 tinued by his son. 
 
 1789. THE first saw-mill in Ohio was built by the "New 
 England Ohio Company." 
 
 It was situated on Wolf Creek, about a mile above its junction with the
 
 440 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1789. 
 
 Muskingum, and sixteen miles from Marietta. Colonel Robert Oliver, Major 
 Hatfield, and Captain John Dodge received an allotment of land for this purpose 
 from the company. The crank weighed one hundred and eighty pounds, and was 
 made in New Haven, carried on a pack-horse over the mountains to the Youghio- 
 gheny River, at Siiurel's Ferry, and thence by water to Marietta. 
 
 1789. NEW HAMPSHIRE granted Oliver Evans the monopoly 
 of the sale of his improved mill machinery for fourteen years. 
 
 1789. THIS year the first wagon-load of goods is said to 
 have crossed the southern route through Virginia to'Brownsville, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 With a team of four horses, the wagon took twenty hundred-weight from 
 Hagerstown and back, one hundred and forty miles, in a little less than a month, 
 charging three dollars a hundred-weight. The previous method of transportation 
 had been by lines of ten or twelve horses, tied to each other, in single file, 
 each carrying a pack weighing about two hundred pounds, and all under the care 
 of a single driver. 
 
 1789. THE legislature of Maryland made a considerable 
 loan to a glass factory established at Tuscarora Creek, four 
 miles above Fredericktown, and known as the Etna Glass 
 Works. 
 
 They were established by a German, John Frederick Amelung. 
 
 1789, MARCH 4. Congress met at New York city. 
 
 The session was held at the old City Hall, at the corner of Wall and Nassau 
 streets, opposite Broad Street. The building had been fitted up for the purpose 
 by a private subscription. Only eight senators and thirteen representatives were 
 present, not enough to form a quorum of either house. The House, fully 
 represented, would consist of fifty-nine members, not counting those from Rhode 
 Island and North Carolina, who had not yet accepted the Constitution. Massa- 
 chusetts, New York, Virginia, Maryland, and South Carolina had elected their 
 representatives by districts ; New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and 
 Georgia, by a general ticket ; Connecticut, by having the voters nominate a list of 
 candidates, three times the number to be chosen, and from a selection of these, 
 the list having been published, they were elected. In the southern states a 
 plurality, and in the New England states a majority elected. It was almost a 
 month after the appointed day before enough members had arrived to form a quo- 
 rum in either house. 
 
 1789, MARCH 30. The House, having a quorum, proceeded to 
 organize itself. 
 
 Frederic A. Muhlenburg, of Philadelphia, was chosen chairman by ballot. 
 
 At this first session of Congress, reporters were admitted to the floor of the 
 House, and gave reports of the debates, which were printed in the newspapers, 
 and afterwards published in two volumes, entitled the Congressional Record. At 
 the next session, the speaker was allowed to admit such reporters as he thought 
 necessary, to the floor or the gallery. The Congressional Record extends, how- 
 ever, only to the middle of the second session. 
 
 1789, APRIL 6. The Senate, having a quorum, organized.
 
 1789.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 441 
 
 John Langdon was chosen president " for the sole purpose of counting the 
 votes for President of the United States." A message was sent to the House, 
 who proceeded to the Senate chamber, and the votes were counted. The whole 
 sixty-nine votes were cast for Washington as president, and thirty-four for John 
 Adams as vice-president. The House sat with open doors, the Senate with 
 closed doors. 
 
 1789, APRIL 21. John Adams arrived, and took Iris position 
 to preside over the Senate. 
 
 He was escorted from Massachusetts by a troop of horse, which was changed 
 as he entered Connecticut and New York. 
 
 1789, APRIL 23. Washington arrived at Elizabethtown Point, 
 and was escorted to New York by a committee of both houses. 
 
 He was rowed in a barge manned by thirteen pilots dressed in white. His 
 progress from Mount Vernon had been a triumphal procession. 
 
 1789, APRIL 30. The oath of office was formally taken by 
 Washington. 
 
 The oath of office was administered by Chancellor Livingston, of New York. 
 The ceremony took place in the balcony of the City Hall. The president's inau- 
 gural address was delivered before both houses of Congress, the officers of the 
 old government, and the public, in the Senate chamber. 
 
 1789. KING'S COLLEGE, Windsor, Nova Scotia, was founded. 
 
 The assembly granted four hundred and forty-four pounds yearly for the sup- 
 port of the college, and gave five hundred pounds for the purchase of the neces- 
 sary land. 
 
 1789, MAY 20. A department of foreign affairs was estab- 
 lished by Congress. 
 
 During the same session it was made the department of state. John Jay con- 
 tinued to discharge its duties. It was given to Jefferson, who entered on its 
 duties in March of the next year. 
 
 1789. THE department of war was reorganized. 
 
 General Knox remained at the head of it. 
 
 1789. THE federal courts established in the United States 
 were allowed to administer in equity as well as law, and courts 
 of chancery were practically abolished. 
 
 John Jay was appointed chief justice of the supreme court. 
 
 1789, MAY. The constitution of Georgia was amended. 
 
 The legislature was to consist of a senate and house of representatives. A 
 property qualification was necessary to serve in either house, and no clergyman 
 could be a member. The right of the franchise was accorded to all tax-paying, 
 resident freemen, the property qualification being removed. The governor, 
 judges, and civil officers were elected by the assembly. Entails were prohibited, 
 and intestate estates were equally divided among all the children. Religious 
 freedom was allowed to all, no one to be taxed for the support of any religious 
 denomination other than his own. A convention of three from each county was
 
 442 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1789. 
 
 to meet to consider the need for changes in the constitution at the end of five 
 years. Louisville was made the capital of the state. 
 
 1789. THE legislature of Pennsylvania repealed, the act for- 
 bidding any theatrical performance. 
 
 It was done through the efforts of the actors, who had petitioned for it. 
 
 1789, JUNE. The Cherokees sent a delegation to appeal to 
 " their elder brother General Washington, and the great council 
 of the United States," to protect them in their rights under the 
 treaty made with them. 
 
 Congress promised them justice ; but as North Carolina had not at the time 
 accepted the Constitution, and claimed the territory as within her jurisdiction, 
 nothing further could be done. 
 
 1789, JULY 4. Congress passed a tariff bill. 
 
 The preamble declared that it was " necessary for the support of the govern- 
 ment, for the discharge of the debts of the United States, and the encouragement 
 and protection of manufactures, that duties be laid on goods, wares and merchan- 
 dise imported." The operation of the bill was limited to June 1, 1796. 
 
 1789, AUGUST 7. The act organizing a new government for 
 the Northwest Territory was passed by Congress. 
 
 The first log cabin, on the site of Cincinnati, then called Losantiville, was 
 built in December, 1788, and the first saw-mill in Ohio, was built this year at 
 Wolf Creek, by the Ohio Company, who had made the first settlement at 
 Marietta. 
 
 1789. THE legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act ena- 
 bling aliens to purchase, hold, sell, and bequeath real estate, with- 
 out relinquishing their former allegiance. 
 
 1789. KNOXVILLE, Tennessee, was settled. 
 
 It was named after General Knox, and became the capital of the state in 1794 ; 
 and the same year Blount College was founded, the largest in the state. 
 
 1789, SEPTEMBER 2. By an act of Congress, the treasury 
 department of the United States was organized. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton was appointed secretary of the treasury. 
 
 1789, SEPTEMBER 24. Congress passed an act exempting the 
 ships of Ehode Island and* North Carolina, for a limited period, 
 from the tonnage duties laid upon foreign vessels. 
 
 These states had not accepted the Constitution. The general assembly of 
 Rhode Island had sent an address to Congress explanatory of their situation, say- 
 ing, " They have viewed in the new constitution an approach, though perhaps 
 but a small one, toward that form of government with which we have lately dis- 
 solved our connection, at so much hazard and expense of blood and treasure." 
 
 1789. THE Gazette of the United States appeared in New 
 York. 
 
 Its originator was John Penno. Its name was afterwards changed to the
 
 1789-90.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 443 
 
 United States Gazette; and when, in 1790, the government removed to Philadelphia, 
 the Gazette was moved to that city. It was the organ of Alexander Hamilton and 
 the Federalists. The Gazette, after a varied career, was finally absorbed, in 1847, 
 by the North American, of Philadelphia. 
 
 1789. THE Exeter Federal Miscellany appeared in Exeter, 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 It was published by Henry Ranlet, and was a supporter of Federalism. 
 
 1789. GENERAL WASHINGTON, in his tour through the eastern 
 states, notes, after leaving New York, that all the houses had 
 brick or stone chimneys. Those in Connecticut were, as a rule, 
 " two flush stories, with a very good show of sash and glass 
 windows." 
 
 1789, NOVEMBER 13. A new convention in North Carolina 
 accepted the Constitution. 
 
 They suggested eight amendments. 
 
 1789, NOVEMBER. The legislature of North Carolina ceded 
 the territory constituting the state of Tennessee to the United 
 States. 
 
 It was provided that the territory was subject to the land warrants already 
 issued by North Carolina, and "that no regulation made or to be made by Con- 
 gress shall tend to the emancipation of slaves." It also endowed the state uni- 
 versity at Chapel Hill, and founded the city of Raleigh as the capital of the state. 
 
 1789. AT the end of the year, Washington made a tour 
 through the New England states. 
 
 He avoided Rhode Island. All throughout his route the people received him 
 with great enthusiasm. 
 
 1790, JANUARY 8. Congress reassembled. 
 
 It accepted a report of a committee fixing the date for its dissolution March 
 3, 1791. 
 
 1790. THE manufacture of wooden clocks was commenced 
 in Waterbury, Connecticut, by James Harrison. 
 
 The first one is charged at three pounds twelve shillings and six pence. 
 
 1790, JANUARY 21. The Rhode Island assembly called a con- 
 vention to consider the adoption of the Federal Constitution. 
 
 They also requested Congress to further suspend, as far as Rhode Island ship- 
 ping was concerned, the collection of the extra duties on foreign vessels. 
 
 1790, FEBRUARY 8. The consideration of the public debt was 
 entered upon by Congress, in committee of the whole, on a series 
 of resolutions introduced. 
 
 Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury, had reported in writing. The foreign 
 debt he estimated at $11,710,378, and the domestic debt at $42,414,085, nearly 
 one third of which was interest due. The state debts, including interest due, he
 
 444 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1790. 
 
 estimated at about twenty-five millions, and advised their assumption by the Fed- 
 eral government. After much discussion, it was voted to fund the debt, both inter- 
 est and principal, and assume the state debts. 
 
 1790, FEBRUARY 11. Petitions from the yearly meetings of 
 Quakers in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New York were pre- 
 sented to Congress on the subject of slavery. 
 
 They asked whether it was not in the power of Congress "to exercise justice 
 and mercy, which if adhered to must produce the abolition of the slave trade." 
 Under the rules, a motion to refer it to a special committee was laid over until the 
 next day, when a memorial on the same subject from the Pennsylvania society 
 for the abolition of slavery, signed by Franklin as president, was presented. 
 After a long debate, the subject was referred to a special committee of one from 
 each of the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. After a month's consideration, they 
 reported a series of resolutions which Avere debated for six days, and finally 
 ordered placed upon the journal as follows : "That the migration or importation 
 of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit 
 cannot be prohibited by Congress prior to the year 1808. 
 
 " That Congress have no authority to interfere in the emancipation of slaves, 
 or in the treatment of them, in any of the states, it remaining with the several 
 states alone to provide any regulations therein which humanity and true policy 
 require. 
 
 " That Congress have authority to restrain the citizens of the United States 
 from carrying on the African slave trade for the purpose of supplying foreigners 
 with slaves, and of providing by proper regulations for the humane treatment, 
 during their passage, of slaves imported by the said citizens into the said states 
 admitting such importation. 
 
 " That Congress have also authority to prohibit foreigners from fitting out 
 vessels in any part of the United States for transporting persons from Africa to 
 any foreign port." 
 
 1790, MARCH 26. Congress accepted the territory ceded by 
 North Carolina. 
 
 The territory was erected into the Territory south of the Ohio, and was in 
 every respect, with the exception of slavery, to stand on the same footing with 
 the Territory north-west of the Ohio. North Carolina had, in the cession, made it 
 a condition that Congress should make no regulation tending to the emancipation 
 of slaves. The land was chiefly in possession of the Indians. The north-east 
 corner the late State of Frankland and a portion around Nashville, on both 
 sides of the Cumberland, were the only portions where the Indian title had been 
 extinguished. 
 
 1790, MARCH 26. Congress enacted that any " alien free 
 white person," after a two years' residence in the United States, 
 of good character, on taking the oath of allegiance, could be 
 naturalized. 
 
 Any court of record was authorized to receive such applications. No one dis- 
 franchised by any state under laws passed during the Revolution was to be ad- 
 mitted as a citizen except by an act of the legislature of the state to which he had 
 belonged.
 
 1790.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 445 
 
 1790, APRIL. The Pennsylvania assembly repealed the act 
 confirming the Connecticut titles in the western counties. 
 
 The Susqxiehanna Company had been revived, and a design formed to secede 
 from the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania. Violent collisions had taken place, and 
 arrests by both parties had been made. No more opposition was made to the juris- 
 diction of Pennsylvania, the question being carried into the courts, and finally 
 after years of litigation was settled. 
 
 1790. THE General Advertiser was published in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Its name was subsequently changed to the Aurora, and under the editorship of 
 Bache it became the chief organ of the opposition to the Federal party. 
 
 1790, MAY 29. The convention in Ehode Island accepted the 
 Federal Constitution. 
 
 It was ratified by a majority of two votes. They suggested twenty-one amend- 
 ments, and a Bill of Rights in eighteen articles. The members from Rhode 
 Island took their seats in Congress ; and after that body had adjourned, Washing- 
 ton made a tour through the state, being received everywhere with enthusiasm. 
 
 1790, MAY 31. An act " for the encouragement of learning " 
 was passed by Congress. 
 
 It secured to authors, " residents in the United States," a copyright for four- 
 teen years ; and if the author was living at the end of this period, for an additional 
 term of fourteen years. 
 
 1790. AN act " for the government and regulation of sea- 
 men " was passed by Congress. 
 
 It made a written contract necessary, specifying the voyage and the rate of 
 wages. Without such a contract the master was liable for the highest rate. De- 
 serters could be compelled to fulfil the agreement, and the ship was liable for the 
 wages. 
 
 1790. AN act to " regulate trade and intercourse with the 
 Indian tribes " was passed by Congress. 
 
 No one was allowed to trade with the Indiana except with a license from the 
 President. Sales of land by the Indians could be made only at a public treaty, 
 and offences against the persons or property of Indians were to be treated as though 
 against white men. 
 
 1790, JUNE. A convention met at Columbia, South Carolina, 
 which had been made the capital of the state, and formed a con- 
 stitution; 
 
 The right of suffrage was given to all tax-paying citizens. A property quali- 
 fication was required of -candidates for office. The governor, lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor, and judges, and all other civil officers, were elected by the legislature. 
 The liberty of the press was guaranteed in a bill of rights. The "free exercise 
 and enjoyment of religious profession and worship " was secured. Clergymen 
 were made ineligible to the legislature, or the office of governor or lieutenant- 
 governor. The right of primogeniture was abolished, and intestate estates were 
 equally divided.
 
 446 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1790. 
 
 1790, JULY. A convention in Kentucky voted for separation 
 from Virginia, and fixed June 1, 1792, as the date. 
 
 They also authorized the meeting of another convention to frame a constitu- 
 tion for the state. 
 
 1790. THE New York Dispensary was established. 
 
 There were in 1876 twenty-five institutions for the gratuitous treatment of the 
 poor. 
 
 1790. CONGRESS imposed tonnage duties of six cents a ton 
 on all vessels of the United States entering from foreign ports ; 
 on all vessels built in the United States, but partly owned 
 abroad, thirty cents ; and ou other ships or vessels, fifty cents. 
 
 1790. THE General Washington, a fine ship of two hundred 
 and fifty tons, was launched from the ship-yard of William 
 Woodcock, in Wilmington, Delaware. 
 
 1790. BRICKS, coarse tiles, and potters ware were among the 
 industries enumerated by Hamilton as most considerable. 
 
 1790. THE first successful crop of Sea Island cotton was 
 raised by William Elliot, on Hilton Head, near Beaufort, South 
 Carolina, from five bushels and a half of seed. 
 
 1790. ABOUT fifty families were engaged in silk-raising in 
 New Haven, Connecticut, and about thirty at Norfolk. 
 
 The occupation is said to have been profitable. The silk was made into 
 stockings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, buttons, and sewing-silk, worth a dollar an 
 ounce. Fine sewing-silk was manufactured in Western (now Warren), in Wor- 
 cester County, Massachusetts, and elewshere in that state. Ipswich produced 
 some forty thousand yards of lace this year. The last silk was offered for sale in 
 Georgia. 
 
 1790. THE first voyage round the world by an American 
 ship was completed. 
 
 The ship Columbia, Captain Gray, sailed from Boston to Nootka Sound, and 
 returned by way of Canton and the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 1790, JULY 10. Congress passed a bill providing for the per- 
 manent seat of the Federal government on the Potomac. 
 
 The particular spot was left to the discretion of the President, who was to ap- 
 point commissioners to fix the location, erect the buildings, &c. Congress was to 
 move there in 1800, and meanwhile, from the next session, to meet at Philadelphia. 
 
 1790, JULY 24. Congress passed the funding bill. 
 
 It had been amended, assuming certain specified amounts of the debts of the 
 various states. The act authorized the President to borrow twelve millions of 
 dollars, to be paid within fifteen years. Payment for stock in this loan could be 
 made in certificates of the domestic debt at par, and in Continental bills of credit 
 at one hundred for one. Subscriptions to the interest of the domestic debt bore 
 interest, payable quarterly, at three per cent, a year, to commence January 1, 
 1791. Subscriptions to the principal of the public debt bore interest at six per
 
 1790.1 ANNALS OF NOKTII AMERICA. 447 
 
 cent., that portion known as deferred stock being about one third of the amount, 
 interest to commence in 1800. An additional loan was also opened of twenty-one 
 and a half millions, payable in certificates of state debts, to the following 
 amounts : Massachusetts and South Carolina', four millions each ; Virginia, three 
 millions and a half ; North Carolina, two millions four hundred thousand ; Penn- 
 sylvania, two millions two hundred thousand ; Connecticut, one million six hun- 
 dred thousand ; New York, one million two hundred thousand ; New Jersey and 
 Maryland, eight hundred thousand each ; New Hampshire and Georgia, three hun- 
 dred thousand each ; Rhode Island and Delaware, two hundred thousand each. 
 Only such certificates as had been issued for services or supplies were to be 
 received. If the subscriptions exceeded the amounts allowed, a pro rata division 
 was to be made ; if it fell short, the states would receive the interest until their 
 accounts with the Federal government were arranged and settled. For the pay- 
 ment of the foreign debt, the excess of the import and tonnage duties, over six 
 hundred thousand dollars for expenses, were pledged. At the same time additional 
 duties were imposed. A sinking fund was also established, under the manage- 
 ment of a board. 
 
 1790, AUGUST 1. The first national census was completed. 
 The population of the United States was found to be 3,921,326, 
 includiing 697,697 slaves, and exclusive of Indians not taxed. 
 
 A patent law was made, under which the first patent was issued July 31, and 
 also a law of copyright. 
 
 1790. AN act for "the punishment of crimes against the 
 United States " was passed by Congress. 
 
 The penalty of death was enacted for treason, murder, piracy, and forgery of 
 the securities of the United States. For this last, fine and imprisonment have 
 been since substituted. In cases of conviction, no forfeiture of estate or corrup- 
 tion of the blood were to ensue. Falsification of the records was to be punished 
 by imprisonment and a public whipping, not to exceed thirty-nine lashes. A 
 fine might be substituted. 
 
 1790, AUGUST 13. A treaty was negotiated with the Creeks. 
 
 They acknowledged themselves to be under the sole protection of the United 
 States, and ceded all the lands north and east of the Oconee, while all the lands 
 south and west of that river were guaranteed to them. The treaty was ratified 
 by M. Gillivray, the chief of the tribe, who with twenty-eight others went to New 
 York to meet Congress, where the treaty was ratified with Washington. The 
 ceremony took place in the hall of the House of Representatives, and concluded 
 with a general hand-shaking and singing the " song of peace," in which the chiefs 
 all joined. On their arrival in New York, the Creek chiefs were received by the 
 Tammany society, which had been recently organized, dressed in their Indian 
 costumes. 
 
 1790, SEPTEMBER. The United States bought of Stephen 
 Moore the point where West Point stands. 
 
 In 1824 it purchased the tract adjoining, and in 1826 New York ceded juris- 
 diction over it. 
 
 1790, SEPTEMBER 2. A convention in Pennsylvania accepted 
 a new constitution. 
 
 The legislature was to consist of a senate and house of representatives. The
 
 448 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1790. 
 
 governor was to be elected by the people. The right of suffrage was bestowed on 
 all tax-paying citizens, and their sons, over twenty-one years old. Elections to 
 be by ballot. The judges were appointed during good behavior, and had fixed 
 salaries. The Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of worship, and exempted from 
 involuntary contributions to support any ministry. The belief in the existence 
 of a God, and a future condition of rewards and punishments, was necessary as a 
 qualification to .hold office ; but the members of the assembly were no longer 
 obliged to sign their belief in the divine inspiration of the Old and New Testa- 
 ments. Schools at which the poor were to "be taught gratis " were to be estab- 
 lished " as soon as conveniently may be." 
 
 1790, OCTOBER 7. The legislature of New York consented 
 to the admission of Vermont into the Union, and renounced all 
 claim of jurisdiction over the territory of that state. 
 
 It had been arranged that Vermont should pay thirty thousand dollars to the 
 New York grantees. The Vermont legislature, the same month, agreed to the 
 arrangement. The boundary of the state to be the western line of the western- 
 most townships granted by New Hampshire, and the middle channel of Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
 1790, OCTOBER. An expedition sent against the Indians north 
 of the Ohio was unsuccessful. 
 
 Harmer and Hardina, the leaders, were tried by a court-martial and acquitted. 
 
 1790, NOVEMBER. The legislature of Virginia resolved that 
 the assumption of the state debts was " repugnant to the Consti- 
 tution of the United States," since it was " the exercise of a 
 power not expressly granted to the general government." 
 
 A memorial to this effect was presented to Congress. The North Carolina 
 legislature passed very strong resolutions to the same effect. 
 
 1790, NOVEMBER 1. A furnace and forge were erected on 
 Jacob's Creek, fifteen miles above its entrance into the Youghio- 
 gheny River. 
 
 This is said to have been the first built west of the Alleghanies. 
 
 1790. A STEAM-PACKET was run as a freight-boat between 
 Philadelphia and Burlington. 
 
 Her engine had been improved by the labors of many ingenious inventors of 
 the time. 
 
 1790, NOVEMBER. The Virginia legislature passed a resolu- 
 tion recommending that the sessions of the Senate of the United 
 States should be public. 
 
 The legislatures of Pennsylvania, New York, and North and South Carolina 
 passed similar resolutions. The Virginia legislature also appropriated one hun- 
 dred and ten thousand dollars for the erection of the national buildings, and the 
 legislature of Maryland voted seventy thousand dollars for the same purpose. 
 
 1790, NOVEMBER. The legislature of North Carolina refused
 
 1790-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 449 
 
 a request made by Congress to allow the jails of the state to be 
 made use of. 
 
 It also refused to take an oath to support the Federal Constitution. 
 
 1790, DECEMBER 6. Congress met at Philadelphia. 
 
 The debates of Congress, during its continuance at Philadelphia, were chiefly 
 printed in the Philadelphia Gazette. A plan for the regular employment of a 
 reporter to take them, made in 1796, was not carried. The price asked four 
 thousand dollars was considered too high, though Mr. Brown, of the Gazette, 
 offered to pay a part. Washington, at the second session of Congress, delivered 
 his annual address in a full suit of broadcloth made at the factory of Colonel 
 Wadsworth, at New Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 1790, DECEMBER 20. Samuel Slater started three cards, 
 drawing and roving frames, and two frames of seventy-two 
 spindles, at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 
 
 This was the real origin of the cotton manufacturing industry of the country. 
 Slater had been engaged in cotton-spinning in England, and came to this country 
 induced by the interest taken in its introduction here. From the jealous care 
 with which England guarded the secret of this branch of industry, he was 
 obliged to leave clandestinely, and to bring no drawings or models with him. The 
 details of his history, and of his connection witli the success of cotton-spinning, 
 will be found in White's Memoir of Slater, Philadelphia, 1836. 
 
 1790. DURING this year, Herman Vandausen, at East Green- 
 wich, Rhode Island, commenced the printing of calicoes from 
 blocks. 
 
 He cut his own blocks, samples of which, with those of his prints, are in the 
 Historical Society at Providence, Rhode Island. The business was soon given up. 
 
 1790. A COMPANY to manufacture duck was incorporated 
 in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1791, JANUARY 1. The Massachusetts Historical Society was 
 formed. 
 
 It was incorporated February 19, 1794, and was the first society of the kind 
 organized. 
 
 1791. 'CANADA was divided into Upper and Lower Canada. 
 
 The " clergy reserves" established by parliament one seventh of the waste 
 lands of the colony were appropriated for the support of the Protestant 
 ministers. 
 
 1791, JANUARY 1. The total debt of the United States 
 amounted to seventy-five million, four hundred and sixty-three 
 thousand, four hundred and seventy-six dollars and fifty-two 
 cents. 
 
 Of the foreign debt there were due to France seven million, five hundred and 
 sixty-one thousand, four hundred and forty-nine dollars and forty-two cents ; to 
 Spain, two hundred and fifty thousand, three hundred and eighty-two dollars and 
 
 29
 
 450 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1791. 
 
 fifty cents ; to Holland, five million and one thousand dollars. Between the years 
 1791 and 1795 money enough was borrowed in Holland to pay the debt due 
 France and Spain. 
 
 1791, JANUARY 19. A convention called in Vermont ratified 
 the Federal Constitution, and asked admission into the Union. 
 
 Commissioners were appointed to wait upon Congress and negotiate the accept- 
 ance into the Union. 
 
 1791, FEBRUARY 4. Kentucky was admitted to the Union. 
 
 The date of admission was fixed for June 1, 1792, the date which a conven- 
 tion had fixed for the separation from Virginia, and the formation of a state con- 
 stitution. 
 
 1791, FEBRUARY 18. Vermont was admitted to the Union. 
 
 The act was to take effect after the termination of the session of Congress. 
 
 1791, FEBRUARY 25. Congress passed the bill creating the 
 national bank. 
 
 The plan of the bank was submitted by Alexander Hamilton December 13, 
 1790. The title of the bank was The President, Directors, and Company of the 
 Bank of the United States. Its capital was ten millions, and the President of the 
 United States was authorized to subscribe, for the account of the United States, 
 for an amount not exceeding two millions. Its privileges were to cease on the 
 4th of March, 1811. Its notes were to be received for all dues by the govern- 
 ment, and were not to be under ten dollars. Individual subscriptions were pay- 
 able in four instalments ; the last at the end of eighteen months, one fourth in 
 gold or silver, the rest in United States stocks, the six per cents at par, and the 
 three per cents at fifty per cent. The United States' subscription was payable in 
 cash, and they were entitled to a loan from the bank equal to their subscription, 
 to be paid in ten annual instalments. Twenty-five directors, chosen by the stock- 
 holders, were to choose a president from among themselves. 
 
 1791. THE University of Vermont was established at Bur- 
 lington. 
 
 It was endowed by private subscriptions, and the legislature gave it nearly fifty 
 thousand acres of land. 
 
 1791. AFTER the adjournment of Congress, General Wash- 
 ington made a tour through the southern states. 
 
 On his way he stopped on the Potomac, and selected, in accordance wfth the 
 authority given him by Congress, the site for the federal seat of government. In 
 his journal he speaks of Charleston, South Carolina, as having a number of very 
 good houses of brick and wood, but most of the latter, the whole number being 
 about one thousand six hundred. 
 
 1791. THERE were three banks in the United States. 
 
 Their capital was two millions of dollars. 
 
 1791, MARCH 3. Congress laid an import duty upon imported 
 spirits, and an excise duty upon their home manufacture. 
 
 The duty ranged from twenty to forty cents a gallon, and the excise from nine
 
 1791-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 451 
 
 to thirty cents. The proceeds were pledged to reduce the public debt, and the act 
 was to cease when this was attained. Resolutions against the excise were passed 
 by the legislatures of Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. 
 Small distilleries were common in these states, Pennsylvania alone having about 
 five thousand. 
 
 1791, JULY 27. A public meeting, held at Brownsville, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Monongahela, to protest against the excise, was 
 the first step taken in the expression of the public discontent, 
 which gradually assumed such proportion as to be threatening, 
 and which is known as the " Whiskey Rebellion." 
 
 The collection of the excise was resisted, and it was finally obtained only by a 
 rigorous exercise of authority on the part of the administration. 
 
 1791, AUGUST. George Hammond presented his letters of 
 credence as minister from Great Britain. 
 
 1791, OCTOBEE. The National Gazette appeared in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was published by Philip Freneau, who was at the time a clerk in the state 
 department under Jefferson. It opposed the Federal party vigorously. In Oc- 
 tober, 1793, it ceased to appear. 
 
 1791. THE Grade, of Dauphin appeared in Harrisburg, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Its editor was John Wyeth. It was the first paper in this place. 
 
 1791, NOVEMBEE. The legislature of New Jersey chartered a 
 company with extensive privileges, to carry on all kinds of man- 
 ufactures at the falls of the Passaic. 
 
 This was the origin of Patterson, which now contains extensive cotton-mills, 
 large machine-shops (half the locomotives used in the country being made there), 
 paper-mills, printing and dyeing establishments. Within the last few years four 
 silk factories have been started, with an aggregate capital of $846,000. 
 
 1791. A FOEGE was built on Furnace Brook, in Pittsford, 
 Vermont. 
 
 1791. THE first furnace erected in Kentucky was built by 
 government troops on Slate Creek, a branch of the Licking 
 River, in Bath (now Bourbon) County. 
 
 It was worked until 1838. 
 
 1791, DECEMBEE. Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, was 
 appointed minister to England. 
 
 1792, FEBEUAEY 1. The Impartial Intelligencer appeared in 
 Greenfield, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Thomas Dickman. Six months afterwards its name was 
 changed to the Greenfield Gazette. As the Gazette and Courier, it is still pub- 
 lished.
 
 452 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1792. 
 
 1792. THE State Gazette appeared at Trenton, New Jersey. 
 
 1792, MARCH 7. The Massachusetts Society for promoting 
 Agriculture was incorporated. 
 
 1792, APRIL 2. The mint was established in Philadelphia. 
 
 Bullion was to be assayed and coined free, or exchanged for coin at a reduc- 
 tion of one half per cent. Horse-power was used for coining until 1815, when a 
 steam-engine was procured. Dr. David Rittenhouse was the first director. The 
 mint was ready for operation September 7. Six pounds of copper, at ten shillings 
 and three pence a pound, was the first purchase of material. 
 
 1792. MOUNT LEBANON New York, the parent Shaker society, 
 was established. 
 
 In 1787 the "Millennial Church, or United Society of Believers, commonly 
 called Shakers," was organized. They have now eighteen societies in the United 
 States, of which two are in Maine, at Alfred and New Gloucester ; two in New 
 Hampshire, at Canterbury and Enfield ; one in Connecticut, at Enfield ; four in 
 Massachusetts, at Harvard, Shirley, Tyringham, and Hancock; three in New 
 York, at Mount Lebanon, Watervliet, and Groveland ; four in Ohio, at Union Vil- 
 lage, North Union, Watervliet, and Whitewater ; two in Kentucky, at South Union 
 and Pleasant Hill. 
 
 1792. CONGRESS passed an act by which all able-bodied citi- 
 zens (except those mentioned as specially exempt) between the 
 ages of eighteen and forty-five were to serve in the militia 
 according to the rules of the different states. 
 
 The exempted persons differed according to the states, as did the time of service 
 required. 
 
 1792. A COMPANY in Massachusetts obtained charters for the 
 South Hadley and Montague canals, the earliest constructed in 
 the United States. 
 
 They are both short. The first is two miles long, the second three miles in 
 length, but there is in it a cut-out of solid rock of forty feet in depth, and three 
 hundred feet in length. 
 
 1792, MAY 2. Congress increased the average rate of duties- 
 
 The expenses of the Indian war on the frontier made it necessary. It was pro- 
 posed to admit cotton free, as an aid to manufactures, since the supply came 
 from abroad, but the southern members desired the duty of three cents a pound 
 to remain, since they gave the assurance that it was plentifully raised in South 
 Carolina, and there was no market for it. The excise duty was lessened. 
 
 1792, MAY 4. The post-office was established. 
 
 A single letter cost six cents for thirty miles, the rate increasing with the dis- 
 tance ; over four hundred and fifty miles, the price was twenty-five cents. 
 
 1792, MAY 8. Congress passed an act reserving the revenue 
 received from the sale of the public lands for the payment of the 
 debt.
 
 1792.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 453 
 
 1792. DAVID BRUCE arrived in New York from Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, and established a type foundery. 
 
 1792. CONGRESS provided the method for the election of the 
 President. 
 
 In 1853 the act was so amended as to make the electors chosen by all the states 
 upon the same day the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November in 
 every fourth year. The act also provided for the succession in case of the death, 
 resignation, or removal of the acting president. It gave the succession to the 
 president of the Senate pro tempore, or the speaker of the House, until another 
 election. 
 
 1792. CONGRESS regulated the authority and duty of Amer- 
 ican consuls in foreign ports. 
 
 1792. A CONVENTION in Kentucky prepared a constitution 
 for that state. 
 
 The existing code of laws of Virginia were to remain in force until altered by 
 the legislature, which consisted of a senate and house of representatives. The 
 senators were to be chosen by electors, who chose also the governor. No pecu- 
 niary qualification was demanded for the suffrage, or for office. The legislature 
 was to have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves, without the 
 consent of their owners and the payment of a full pecuniary equivalent. Re- 
 ligious freedom and the equality of sects was provided for in the Bill of Rights. 
 
 1792. THE constitution of Delaware was revised. 
 
 The president was made a governor ; the legislative council a senate, and the 
 executive council was dispensed with. 
 
 1792. THE constitution of New Hampshire was amended. 
 
 The president was made a governor. All tax-paying inhabitants were allowed 
 to vote, and a property qualification was made for representatives, senators, and 
 governor ; all of whom must be Protestants. 
 
 1792, JUNE. A turnpike road was commenced from Phila- 
 delphia to Lancaster a distance of sixty-two, miles. 
 
 It was built by a private company, and was completed in 1794, costing four 
 hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars. It was subsequently paved with stone, 
 and then macadamized. 
 
 1792, AUGUST. A convention of four counties was held at 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, which passed a series of resolutions 
 against the excise. 
 
 Albert Gallatin was secretary of the convention. The resolutions declared 
 their intention to persist in every ' ' legal measure " to obstruct the collection of 
 the tax. It appointed a committee of correspondence. 
 
 1792, SEPTEMBER 29. The President issued a proclamation in 
 reference to the opposition to the excise. 
 
 It warned all unlawful combinations to desist, and charge^ magistrates and
 
 454 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1792-3. 
 
 courts to use their best efforts to bring the infractors of the law to justice. It 
 quieted the disturbances in North Carolina, but did not have this effect in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 1792. WASHINGTON was elected president for a second term, 
 and John Adams vice-president. 
 
 Washington was elected unanimously, and Adams by seventy-seven votes out 
 of one hundred and thirty. 
 
 1792. PETITIONS to Congress for the abolition of the slave- 
 trade were sent from the abolition societies of Pennsylvania, 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, and Maryland. 
 
 They were referred to a special committee. Others presented by New Hamp- 
 shire and Massachusetts were suffered to lie on the table. A petition from Warner 
 Mifflin, of Delaware, was ordered returned to Mm. 
 
 1793, JANUARY 1. The Massachusetts Mercury appeared in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Alexander Young and Samuel Etheridge were the proprietors. It was a tri- 
 weekly. It was finally merged in the Advertiser. 
 
 1793. THE Farmer's Weekly Museum appeared in Walpole, 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 It was published by Isaiah Thomas. It was in this sheet that the " Lay Ser- 
 mons " of Joseph Dennie, who signed himself the Lay Preacher, were printed. 
 They were copied very extensively. 
 
 1793. THE Knoxville Gazette appeared at Knoxville, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 It was published by a New Englander named Roulstone. 
 
 1793. ELI WHITNEY, of Massachusetts, invented the saw gin 
 for cleaning cotton, which was patented the next year. 
 
 Various devices had been used previously. The first was the bow-string, 
 which had been used in India for ages. The use of this gave rise to the com- 
 mercial term " Bowed cotton." In 1722 a roller gin, the idea of which was 
 derived from the East, where it was seen and spoken of by Nearchus, an officer 
 in Alexander's army. Various forms of this gin were used. A Mr. Bissel, of 
 Georgia, in 1788 used a " simple plan of a bench, upon which rose a frame sup- 
 porting two short rollers revolving in opposite directions, and each turned by a 
 boy or girl, and giving as the result of a day's work five pounds of clean cotton." 
 Gins at this time were manufactured in Philadelphia, which claimed to clean 
 tliirty or forty pounds a day. The saw gin superseded all these, as it enabled one 
 man's labor to clean a thousand pounds a day. South Carolina gave the inventor 
 fifty thousand dollars for his invention, and threw it open to the planters of the 
 state. North Carolina and Tennessee remunerated him by a tax they laid for the 
 purpose. The patent was elsewhere immediately infringed, and the legal expenses 
 for its defence absorbed almost all the pecuniary benefit Whitney derived from 
 this invention which made the culture of cotton profitable.
 
 1793.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 455 
 
 1793. A MANUFACTORY of woollen cloth was commenced at 
 Byfield, Massachusetts. 
 
 1793. THE circuit court of the United States, sitting at 
 Richmond, Virginia, declared all acts of Virginia obstructing the 
 collection of British debts, null and void. 
 
 Their ground was the treaty of peace with Great Britain. Virginia had en- 
 acted that the debtor making certain payments into the state treasury, was absolved. 
 
 1793, FEBRUARY 21. A new patent law was passed, that of 
 1790 being repealed. 
 
 1793, MARCH. The Society for the Promotion of the Useful 
 Arts was incorporated in New York. 
 
 1793. THE Lehigh Coal Company was formed in Pennsylvania 
 to work the mines at Mauch Chunk. 
 
 1793. THIS year the caterpillar first appeared in the cotton- 
 fields of Georgia. 
 
 It nearly destroyed the crop. In 1788 it had been very destructive in the 
 Bahamas, and caused the abandonment of the cotton culture in many of the West 
 India Islands. 
 
 1793. WILLIAMS COLLEGE, at Williamstown, Massachusetts, 
 received its deed of incorporation. 
 
 In 1755, Colonel Ephraim Williams died, leaving property to found a college. 
 The funds were left to accumulate until 1785, when a free school was incorporated, 
 buildings erected, and the school opened in October, 1791, the Rev. Ebenezer 
 Fitch being appointed principal. When the college was started, he was chosen 
 president. In 1795, at the first graduation, the college catalogue, said to be the 
 first ever issued in this country, was published. 
 
 1793. THE cent, with the head and inscription of "Liberty," 
 was coined this year. 
 
 Its issue had been ordered the year previous. 
 
 1793. " HAMILTON ONEIDA ACADEMY " was incorporated. 
 
 The Rev. Samuel Kirkland, for more than forty years minister to the Oneida 
 Indians, gave to the trustees several hundred acres of land. In 1812 the title 
 was changed to that of Hamilton College, and Dr. Azel Backus, of Connecticut, 
 was chosen first president. 
 
 1793. THE legislature of New York voted a loan of three 
 thousand pounds to the proprietors of the glass-works, near 
 Albany, for three years, without interest, and for five years at 
 five per cent. 
 
 The proprietors were McClallen, McGregor & Co. They this year offered 
 a reward of fifty dollars for the discovery of a suitable sand-bank within ten 
 miles of their works. In 1796 they extended their operations, called their town
 
 456 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA.' [1793. 
 
 Hamilton, and the next year were incorporated by the state as the Hamilton Man- 
 ufacturing Company, and exempted from taxation for five years. The proprietors 
 were Jeremias Van Rensselaer, John Sanders, Abraham Ten Eyck, Elkanah 
 Watson, F. A. de Zeng, K. K. Van Rensselaer, Thomas and Samuel Mather, 
 Douw Fonda, and Walter Cochran. They had two glass-houses, a saw-mill, 
 pounding-mill, and cross-cut mill. They employed three furnaces and about 
 thirteen glass-blowers, and made about twenty thousand feet of glass a month, 
 besides bottles and flint-glass. They used kelp instead of pearlash, and had quite 
 a reputation for their products. The enterprise is said to have stopped in 1815 for 
 the want of fuel. 
 
 1793. CONGRESS passed an act regulating the surrender of 
 fugitives from justice, and from service. 
 
 Fugitives from justice -were to be delivered up and carried back for trial on the 
 presentation of a duly authenticated indictment or affidavit from the executive of 
 the state from whence they had fled. The person to whom service was due, or 
 his agent or attorney, might seize a fugitive escaped from his service, and carry 
 him before any United States judge, or magistrate of the city, town, or county 
 where the arrest was made, who was, on presentation of proof that the service was 
 due, to give a certificate of the fact, which was sufficient warrant for the re- 
 moval of the fugitive to the state from which he had fled. A fine of five hun- 
 dred dollars, to be recovered by the claimant, was imposed upon any one obstruct- 
 ing the seizure of such fugitive, or harboring him after notice. 
 
 1793, MARCH 1. The first issue was made from the mint. 
 
 It consisted of 11,178 cents. Nothing but cents and half cents were coined 
 until 1795. 
 
 1793, MARCH 4. Washington took the oath of office publicly 
 in the senate chamber. 
 
 1793, APRIL 9. Citizen Genet arrived at Charleston, South 
 Carolina, as ambassador from France. 
 
 He brought the news of the declaration of war by France against England. It 
 had reached New York five days before. 
 
 1793, APRIL 22. The President issued a proclamation of neu- 
 trality. 
 
 Genet had been enthusiastically received in Charleston, and had issued com- 
 missions to two privateers, manned chiefly by Americans, but sailing under the 
 French flag, and which had made several British prizes. The frigate in which he 
 arrived (the L' Ambuscade), on her way to Philadelphia, captured several British 
 vessels ; one within the Capes of the Delaware. 
 
 1793. CANADA was made a bishopric. 
 
 1793. A PAPER-MILL was erected at Troy, New York, by 
 Messrs. "Webster, Ensign, and Seymour, which made from five to 
 ten reams of paper a day. 
 
 1793, MAY 30. A Democratic society was formed in Phila- 
 delphia.
 
 1793.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 457 
 
 It was in imitation of the clubs in France. Others were formed in other 
 cities, and from this the term Democrat first came to be used in the politics of the 
 country, though at first it was objectionable to even the party itself, who claimed 
 for themselves the name of Democratic republicans. 
 
 1793, JUNE 14. A French privateer, fitted out in New York, 
 was seized by the militia, ordered out for this purpose by Gov- 
 ernor Clinton. 
 
 Clinton was acting under the instructions of the government. Genet had 
 assumed the authority under a decree of the convention, in authority in France, 
 to give the French consuls in the United States power to act as courts of admiralty 
 for trying and condemning such prizes as the French cruisers might bring into 
 American ports. His reception during his progress from Charleston to Philadel- 
 phia, and at this place, where a "republican feast had been tendered him," had 
 given him the idea that the people would support him, though the government 
 should object to such steps as he should take to identify the nation with the cause 
 of France. He had been informed that the issuing of commissions within the 
 United States was an infringement. 
 
 1793, JUNE. The Creeks and Cherokees along the southern 
 border began hostilities. 
 
 They had been roused to it by aggressions. 
 
 1793, JULY. It was resolved to submit all the questions 
 concerning the duty of the government in the matter of the 
 French privateers to the supreme court, and Genet was informed 
 that the detention of such vessels as had been stopped should 
 continue until the decision was made. 
 
 Four privateers, the Sans Culotte, the Citizen Genet, the Cincinnatus, and the 
 Vanqueur de la Bastile, had been fitted out at Charleston; the Anti- George, at 
 Savannah ; the Carmagniole, in the Delaware ; the Roland and another at Boston. 
 Numerous prizes had been captured by these, which the French consuls continued 
 to condemn. Another vessel, the Little Sarah, which had been captured and sent 
 into Philadelphia, was rechristened the Little Democrat by Genet, and fitted out as 
 a privateer. News of her destination coming to the knowledge of the govern- 
 ment, Governor Mifilin, of Pennsylvania, was called upon to stop her, and ordered 
 out the militia to do so. On the excuse that she was not ready, and intended to 
 drop down the river for repairs, the militia was dismissed, and the ship slipped 
 away. Washington was at Mount Vernon while these occurrences took place, 
 and on his return the project of submitting the questions above to the supreme 
 court was decided upon. 
 
 1793, AUGUST. The judges of the supreme court expressed 
 themselves as unwilling to give any opinion concerning the 
 rights and duties of the United States, unless some suit was 
 brought before them. 
 
 An indictment having been brought against Henfield, who had enlisted on the 
 Citizen Genet at Charleston, he was acquitted by the jury. 
 
 1793, AUGUST. Copies of the correspondence with Genet
 
 458 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1793. 
 
 were sent to Gouverneur Morris, the minister to France, with 
 instructions to lay them before the executive council. 
 
 He was also to ask for Genet's recall. A statement was also made to Genet, 
 who was called upon to give up the captured vessels, since France would be 
 held responsible for the indemnity of their owners. The British minister was in- 
 formed that the owners would be reimbursed for the vessels captured since the 
 date on \vhich Genet had been informed that the equipment of French priva- 
 teers would not be allowed. The vessels captured within a marine league of the 
 outer coast were also to be delivered up by Genet. 
 
 1793, AUGUST. A council of the Six Nations refused to treat 
 with commissioners sent for the purpose, unless the Ohio should 
 be made the boundary. 
 
 The commissioners on their way to the council at Maumee Rapids had been 
 met at the entrance to the River Detroit by a deputation of Indians, and this 
 answer was sent in writing to a proposition submitted by the commissioners. 
 
 1793, SEPTEMBER 7. A circular letter was sent to the French 
 consuls in the country threatening to revoke their exequaturs, 
 should they continue to exercise their pretended admiralty juris- 
 diction. 
 
 In October this was done with the French vice-consul at Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 1793, SEPTEMBER 27. The general court of Massachusetts 
 instructed its delegates in Congress to take measures to amend 
 the Constitution, and instructed the governor to send the infor- 
 mation to the other states. 
 
 The amendment was to provide against a state's being sued by an individual in 
 a United States court. 
 
 Suits having been brought in the Federal courts in various states by individ- 
 uals. Judge William Gushing, of the supreme court, had pronounced such con- 
 stitutional. It had been supposed that the states were sovereign, and could not 
 be sued. The legislature of Georgia passed an act subjecting to death, without 
 the benefit of clergy, any marshal or other person who should serve any process 
 issued against the state in the suit of an individual. Such a suit had been com- 
 menced against Massachusetts. Ultimately the proposition of Massachusetts, 
 which was favorably received, prevailed. 
 
 1793, NOVEMBER 9. William Maxwell commenced the pub- 
 lication of the Centinel of the North West Territory at Cincinnati, 
 Ohio. 
 
 This was the first newspaper published north of the Ohio. In 1796 it was pur- 
 chased by Edward Freeman, who changed its name to the Freeman's Journal. 
 This year it was printed on paper made in the vicinity. 
 
 1793, DECEMBER 2. The Third Congress met at Philadelphia. 
 
 The Senate passed a resolution that as soon as suitable galleries should be pro- 
 vided, after the present session the proceedings, except in cases requiring secrecy, 
 should be public.
 
 1793-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 459 
 
 1793, DECEMBER 9. The Minerva appeared in New York. 
 
 It was edited by Noah Webster, and published by George Bunce & Co. Its 
 name was soon changed to the Commercial Advertiser, and under this name it 
 still exists. 
 
 1793. DURING the summer and early fall the yellow fever 
 prevailed in Philadelphia. 
 
 It was so violent that most of the newspapers suspended their publication, and 
 business was at a standstill. 
 
 1793. WILLIAM FOSTER, of Boston, Massachusetts, imported 
 the first merino sheep. 
 
 He gave them to a gentleman to keep, who, ignorant of their value, ate them. 
 At the World's Fair at London, in 1851, a fleece raised in Tennessee carried off 
 the prize in a competition with Spain, Saxony, Silesia, and other parts of Ger- 
 many ; and in 1863, at the International Exhibition in Hamburg, the merino sheep 
 of Vermont carried off the prize. 
 
 1793. " JUSTIN MORGAN," a famous stallion, was foaled. 
 
 The celebrated " Morgan" stock came from him. 
 
 1794, JANUARY 1. A convention of delegates from the socie- 
 ties for the abolition of slavery was held at Philadelphia. 
 
 They prepared a memorial to Congress praying it to do all it could to suppress 
 the slave trade. This with similar documents were referred to a committee, who 
 introduced a bill, which was passed, prohibiting fitting out ships in the United 
 States to supply foreign nations with slaves. The penalty was the forfeiture of 
 the vessel and a fine of two thousand dollars. 
 
 1794, JANUARY 2. Congress resolved to purchase a treaty 
 with the Algerines, and to provide a naval force to protect Amer- 
 ican commerce in the Mediterranean. 
 
 The Senate had previously made a secret arrangement to pay forty thousand 
 dollars for the ransom of thirteen captives held by the Algerines, and a yearly 
 sum of twenty-five thousand dollars for a treaty of peace with them. This was 
 communicated to the House, considered in secret session, and referred to a com- 
 mittee of ways and means, which was on this occasion appointed for the first 
 time. 
 
 1794, FEBRUARY. The Boston Theatre was completed and 
 opened to the public. 
 
 The general court in 1742, and again in 1750, had passed a law prohibiting the- 
 atrical performances. In 1785, after the adoption of the state constitution, the 
 provincial laws were revised, and the statute of 1750 was re-enacted to remain in 
 force until 1797. In 1791, at a public meeting, in October, at Faneuil Hall, the 
 Boston members of the assembly were instructed to procure, if possible, the repeal 
 of the laws against the theatre ; the matter was brought before the assembly in 
 January, 1792, referred to a committee who reported against it, and the report 
 was accepted by a vote of ninety-nine to forty-four. In 1793 a company of actors, 
 with Charles Powell as manager, fitted up a stable in Board Alley as a theatre, 
 and advertising their performances as moral lectures, commenced giving public
 
 460 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1794. 
 
 performances. The attention of the grand jury, in September, was brought to the 
 subject, but it refused to interfere, and the representations continued. In Novem- 
 ber, Governor Hancock, in his speech to the general court, advised that the law be 
 vindicated ; and in December, the sheriff, under the directions of James Sullivan, 
 the attorney-general, to whom the governor had given a special order, entered 
 the building during the performance of The School for Scandal, arrested one of 
 the actors named Harper, and held him to bail. Harper's examination took place 
 before the justices in Faneuil Hall, where counsel appeared for him, and he was 
 acquitted on the ground that his arrest was contrary to the bill of rights. In 
 March following, the legislature repealed the act of 1750, and in 1797 passed a 
 statute regulating theatres. 
 
 1794, MARCH 11. Congress authorized the President to pro- 
 vide and equip a naval force against the Algerine cruisers. 
 
 Six frigates, the Constitution, the President, the United States, the Chesa- 
 peake, Constellation, and Congress, were constructed at Boston, New York, Phila- 
 delphia, Portsmouth (Virginia), Baltimore, and Portsmouth (New Hampshire). 
 The first three carried forty-four guns each, and the second three thirty-six. 
 A bill was also passed for fortifying the harbors, purchasing arms, and establishing 
 arsenals. The exportation of arms was prohibited for a year, and for two years 
 arms could be imported free of duty. 
 
 1794, MARCH 26. An embargo was laid by Congress for 
 thirty days. 
 
 It was then continued thirty more. 
 
 1794, APRIL 19. The appointment of John Jay as a special 
 envoy to England was confirmed by Congress. 
 
 1794, MAY. The appointment of minister to France was given 
 to James Munroe. 
 
 The French government had asked the recall of Gouverneur Morris. 
 
 1794. THE first sewing- thread from cotton was made at 
 Pawtucket, Rhode Island, by Samuel Slater. 
 
 1794. MATTHEW PATON, of Virginia, emigrated to Kentucky, 
 carrying with him some fine cattle. 
 
 He had obtained them from a Mr. Goff, of Maryland, who with two other 
 gentlemen had imported them from England in 1793. In 1800, one of Mr. Paton's 
 sons carried some of them to Ohio. From these animals it is claimed the im- 
 provement in the stock of the West chiefly arose. 
 
 1794. A TURNPIKE road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, a 
 distance of sixty-two miles, was completed. 
 
 It was commenced in 1792 by a private company. Its cost was $465,000. It 
 was afterwards paved with stone, and finally macadamized. 
 
 1794, JUNE 5. A bill was passed by Congress defining the 
 duties of neutrality, and inflicting penalties for their infraction. 
 
 It imposed a fine upon any one within the jurisdiction of the United States, who 
 should enlist, or enlist others in the military service, whether by sea or land, of
 
 1794] ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. 4(51 
 
 any foreign prince or state, together with imprisonment for not over three years. 
 Any such enlisted person giving information to the government, leading to con- 
 viction, escaped the penalty. Fitting out cruisers, or aiding in any military expe- 
 dition against a nation at peace with the United States, was subject to similar 
 penalties. The sale of prizes within the United States was also prohibited. 
 
 1794, AUGUST 7. A 'proclamation was issued requiring the 
 opposers of the excise to desist their unlawful acts, and a requi- 
 sition made upon Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Vir- 
 ginia for fifteen thousand men. 
 
 Commissioners were sent to treat with the insurgents. 
 
 1794, AUGUST. An expedition under General Wayne, against 
 the allied Indians, defeated them thoroughly in a battle on the 
 banks of the Maumee. 
 
 1794. THE Massachusetts legislature granted a charter to 
 Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, Maine. 
 
 They also endowed it with a land grant. The college was named after Gover- 
 nor Bowdoin. 
 
 1794. A LINE of packets was started between Pittsburg and 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 There were two of them, and made the trip every four weeks. Each boat was 
 armed with six cannons, carrying pound-balls, and plenty of muskets. The pub- 
 lic were assured of safety, since the cabins were proof against rifle or musket 
 balls, and provided with convenient port-holes for firing from. 
 
 1794, SEPTEMBER 24. The commissioners having returned 
 and reported, another proclamation was issued commanding sub- 
 mission to the excise laws, and giving notice of the advance of 
 the militia. 
 
 With the advance of the militia all resistance ceased. Arrests were made, and 
 two persons were found guilty of treason, but were pardoned. 
 
 1794, OCTOBER 15. The first silver coins were issued from 
 the mint. 
 
 The silver had been deposited July 18; the amount issued was 1,758. The 
 silver dollar was to weigh 371.25 grains of pure metal. 
 
 1794. THIS year, where Utica, New York, now stands, there 
 was only one log house and two dwellings. 
 
 1794. GEORGE SCRIBA, a merchant in New York, who had 
 purchased fifty thousand acres of land in the present counties of 
 Oswego and Oneida for eighty thousand dollars, erected at a 
 place called Rotterdam (now Constantia Centre), on the shore of 
 Lake Oneida), a saw-mill. 
 
 1794. THERE were this year three flour-mills at Fayetteville, 
 North Carolina.
 
 462 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1795. 
 
 1795, JANUARY. Congress amended the naturalization act. 
 
 By this the preliminary residence was made five years, and the declaration of 
 intention, to be made in some court of record, must be made three years before- 
 hand, and the applicant must have resided in the state at least a year. He was 
 also called upon to renounce all foreign allegiance, and make an express renun- 
 ciation of any title of nobility he may have been entitled to. 
 
 1795, JANUARY 16. A patent was issued to Jacob Perkins 
 for a machine for cutting and heading nails. 
 
 He invented the machine about 1790. 
 
 Jacob Perkins was born in Newburyport in July, 1766. He was apprenticed 
 to a goldsmith. As an ingenious inventor, he was very prolific, having taken 
 out seventeen patents in the United States and a number in England, where he 
 passed the latter part of his life. 
 
 1795, FEBRUARY. Congress passed an act for the gradual 
 redemption of the public debt. 
 
 By this act the management of the debt was taken from the treasury depart- 
 ment and vested in the commissioners of the sinking fund. The total debt 
 amounted to nearly seventy-seven millions. The annual revenue was estimated, 
 from the past, at six millions and a half, and the expenditures at nearly six mil- 
 lions. The duties on imports were made permanent, and the temporary taxes 
 continued to March 1, 1801. From these resources the debt would be cancelled, 
 it was estimated, within twenty-three years. Hamilton's official conduct having 
 been investigated by Congress, and found perfectly satisfactory, he resigned, and 
 Oliver Wolcott was appointed to the place. 
 
 1795, FEBRUARY 25. Union College, at Schenectady, New 
 York, was incorporated. 
 
 1795. THE legislature of New York appropriated fifty thou- 
 sand dollars for the establishment of public schools. 
 
 The money was to be divided among the towns and counties in proportion to 
 their voters, and each county was to raise from the towns by taxation a sum 
 equal to one half the amount allowed it by the state. The idea had been sug- 
 gested by George Clinton, the governor, in his message to the legislature. The 
 appropriation ended in 1800. 
 
 1795. THE society in Charleston, South Carolina, to aid and 
 instruct emigrants, recommended brick-making as a profitable 
 pursuit. 
 
 Their price was then nine dollars a thousand. 
 
 1795. A SMALL window-glass factory was set up in Pitts- 
 burg, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Wood was employed as the fueL 
 
 1795. UP to this year the amount realized in Massachusetts 
 from the property confiscated from the loyalists was about one 
 hundred and twenty thousand pounds. 
 
 From the property seized the debts of the owners were paid.
 
 1795.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 463 
 
 1795, MAY. The Jersey Chronicle appeared at Mount Pleas- 
 ant, New Jersey. 
 
 It was conducted by Philip Freneau. 
 
 1795, MAY 9. The first copyright, under the United States 
 law, was granted. 
 
 It was granted to William Patten, a minister in Newport, Rhode Island, for a 
 work entitled Christianity the true Theology : an Answer to the Age of Reason, 
 which was printed at Warren, Rhode Island. 
 
 1795. GEORGE SCRIBA erected at Constantia Centre a grist- 
 mill, the first in Oswego County, New York. 
 
 1795, JULY. The treaty with England was furnished by the 
 President for publication in the newspapers. 
 
 The opposition to it was expressed very strongly in various cities. A public 
 meeting in Boston, which expressed a disapproval of it in toto, sent an address to 
 the President. New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, South Carolina, Wilming- 
 ton, Delaware, and other towns made similar demonstrations. Gradually, how- 
 ever, the expression of the counter opinion obtained utterance, and numerous 
 public meetings were held at which a favorable opinion of the treaty was ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 1795, AUGUST 3. A treaty was made with the Northwestern 
 Indians. 
 
 General Wayne met a large assemblage of deputies from the various tribes at 
 Fort Grenville. The Indian boundary, by this treaty, was to commence on the 
 Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky ; thence the line extended to Fort 
 Recovery on the south-easternmost head-waters of the Wabash ; thence east to 
 Lake Erie, by the Muskingum and Cuyahoga. All east of this line was ceded to 
 the United States, together with sixteen detached pieces of territory occupied as 
 posts. For this the Indians were paid twenty thousand dollars in goods, and a 
 yearly allowance of nine thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 1795, AUGUST 14. The President ratified the commercial 
 treaty with England, which had been negotiated by John Jay. 
 
 It had been signed by Jay on the 19th of November, 1794 ; and May 28, 1795, 
 Jay had returned. On the 2d of June it was submitted to the Senate, who by a 
 vote of twenty to ten voted its ratification. The treaty provided for the organiza- 
 tion of three boards of commissioners ; one to determine the eastern border of the 
 United States, another to ascertain the British debts due before the Revolution, 
 which the United States were to pay, and a third to estimate the losses Americans 
 had incurred by seizures made by British cruisers, and which the British govern- 
 ment was to pay. As the negroes carried away at the end of the Revolution were 
 all such as had been freed during the course of the war by proclamation and 
 promised British protection, no compensation for them was to be paid. The 
 western posts were to be surrendered on the 1st of June, 1796. The rivers and 
 harbors of America were to be opened to British trade. American vessels were 
 not admitted to the harbors of the British North American colonies, nor to the 
 rivers below the highest port of entry. Alienage was no bar to the inhabitants 
 of either nation in the possession of land, nor in case of a war was there to be 
 any confiscation. These points were perpetual ; the other commercial regulations
 
 464 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1795-6. 
 
 were limited to two years after the war then raging with France. American ships 
 were allowed in British ports in Europe and the East Indies. To the West Indies 
 only vessels not exceeding seventy tons were allowed. Privateers were to give 
 bonds to reimburse neutrals. Carefully prepared provisions concerning contraband 
 trade completed the treaty, which contained also provisions for the mutual return 
 of fugitives guilty of murder or forgery. 
 
 1795, SEPTEMBER 5. The Boston Prices Ci^rrent and Marine 
 Intelligencer, Commercial and Mercantile, appeared in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was the first periodical publication devoted chiefly to commerce. In 1789 
 it introduced politics into its columns, and in 1800 its name was changed to the 
 Boston Gazette, and it became a regular newspaper. 
 
 1795. GOLD was first coined by the United States mint. 
 
 The gold dollar contained 24.75 grains of pure metal. The rating of gold to 
 silver being lower than in England, gold coin was exported. 
 
 1795, OCTOBER 20. A treaty with Spain settled the boundary 
 of Florida, and secured the free navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 The line of Florida was between the Mississippi and the Appalachicola, the 
 31 of north latitude. East of the Appalachicola, a line from the junction of the 
 Flint to the head of the St. Mary's, and thence to the sea. The Americans for 
 three years had the right of deposit at New Orleans, and then this arrangement 
 was to be continued, or some other made. 
 
 1796, JANUARY 11. A convention adopted a constitution for 
 the state of Tennessee. 
 
 The convention had been called as soon as the census taken had shown the 
 number of inhabitants to be 67,000 and 10,000 slaves. Under the terms of the 
 act constituting the territory south of the Ohio, the people claimed the right to 
 become a state. By the constitution adopted, the right of suffrage was given to 
 every freeman who had resided six months in any county. A property quali- 
 fication was required for the assembly, of which no minister of the gospel could 
 be a member. The governor must own not less than five hundred acres of land, 
 and was elected for two years by the people. The code of North Carolina was 
 accepted as the law. No mention of slavery was made in the constitution. 
 Knoxville was made the capital until 1802. No person who denied the being of a 
 God, or a future state of rewards and punishments, could be elected to any office. 
 The legislature was forbidden to compel any one to attend any place of worship, 
 or give any preference to any religious establishment. The bill of rights forbade 
 that any religious test should ever be required as a qualification for any office. 
 
 1796, JANUARY 15. The whole foreign debt of the United States 
 was eleven million nine hundred and thirty-nine thousand dollars. 
 
 It was all due to Holland, and bore interest at four and four and a half per 
 cent. The last of it was paid in 1810. 
 
 1796, MARCH 30. The President, in a message to the House, 
 declined to furnish the House with the correspondence and other 
 documents relating to the treaty with England. 
 
 The House had asked for them in a set of resolutions passed March 24.
 
 1796.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 465 
 
 1796, APRIL 29. The House of Representatives voted the ap- 
 propriations needed to carry out the provisions of the treaty with 
 England. 
 
 The vote was a tie, and the chairman voted for the appropriations. The 
 debate upon the subject had been long and violent. On the 28th, Fisher Ames, of 
 Massachusetts, made his great speech in favor of the treaty, the effect of which 
 was undoubtedly to carry the resolutions. Under the treaty the commissioners 
 were appointed as follows : For ascertaining the true St. Croix, as the eastern 
 boundary of the United States, Howell of Rhode Island ; to settle the British 
 debts, Fitzsimmons and Sitgreaves ; to settle the British spoliations, Christopher 
 Gore and William Pinkney. 
 
 Fisher Ames was born at Dedham, Massachusetts, April 9, 1758, and died 
 July 4, 1808. 
 
 1796. CONGRESS passed an act regulating intercourse with 
 the Indians. 
 
 The boundary line was marked out, and no white man could cross it, either 
 for hunting or pasturage, without a permit from some one authorized to give 
 it. Trade with the Indians required a license. The establishment of public 
 trading-houses was also authorized, and the money appropriated for them. The 
 goods were to be sold at prices which kept the capital intact. Though limited to 
 two years, as an experiment, the system was continued, and an end was put to 
 the border wars, which had lasted so long. 
 
 1796. AN act of Congress authorized the survey of the pub- 
 lic lands north of the Ohio, and they were offered for sale. 
 
 They were divided into townships six miles square, and sold at public sale 
 at an upset price of two dollars an acre. The townships were divided into thirty- 
 six sections, and into quarters alternately. A year's credit for half the purchase- 
 money was given ; ten per cent, discount being allowed for cash. 
 
 1796. CONGRESS passed an act authorizing the appointment 
 of two more agents, to investigate impressments, to report to the 
 state department, and to relieve the sufferers. 
 
 One agent was to reside in Great Britain, and the others elsewhere, as the 
 President should direct. 
 
 1796, JUNE 1. A bill passed Congress to admit Tennessee 
 as a state. 
 
 In April, a legislature had met in Knoxville, and copies of the state constitu- 
 tion, and of the census, had been sent the President, who laid them before Con- 
 gress. The House was for admitting the new state at once, but the Senate thought 
 the census should be taken by Congress. By a conference between the houses, it 
 was agreed to admit the new state at once, and the senate bill, so amended, was 
 passed. Senators from the new state presented themselves, but were allowed on 
 the floor of the Senate only as spectators. After the admission of the state, they 
 again claimed their seats, but were refused by the Senate on the ground that their 
 credentials were dated before the act admitting the state to the Union. 
 
 1796, JUNE 11. The Washington Gazette appeared in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 The seat of government had not yet been removed. The commissioners for 
 
 30
 
 4G6 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1796. 
 
 the erection of the public buildings in "Washington reported that from the dona- 
 tions given by Virginia and Maryland, together with the sale of lots in the city, 
 they had received seven hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars. They had on 
 hand four thousand seven hundred lots, valued at one million three hundred thou- 
 sand dollars. The money received had been expended in laying the foundation of 
 the capitol and in building a house for the President ; and, to continue the work 
 they wanted authority to mortgage the lots for three hundred thousand dollars, 
 the loan to be guaranteed by the United States. Congress passed the act, but the 
 money could be borrowed, finally, only from the state of Maryland, in United 
 States stock, and then only two thirds of the amount desired. 
 
 1796. THE Sciota Gazette appeared at Chillicothe, Ohio. 
 
 It was established by Nathaniel Willis. 
 
 1796. A MANUFACTORY of bolting cloth from Georgia silk 
 was established at Wilmington, Delaware. 
 
 1796. ELEVEN hundred mill sites were occupied at this time 
 in New Jersey, and five hundred of them by flouring-mills. 
 
 1796. A WATER-POWER mill, near Philadelphia, Rumsey's 
 pattern, improved by Baker, ground and bolted flour, ground 
 chocolate, snuff, hair-powder, and mustard, and pressed and 
 cut tobacco. 
 
 1796, JUNE 29. The treaty with the Creeks was renewed. 
 
 They were given an annuity of six thousand dollars, and provided with two 
 blacksmiths. The right to establish such trading-houses as the President might 
 find necessary, was also obtained. 
 
 1796, JULY 31. The first issue of gold coin was made from 
 the mint. 
 
 The gold was deposited for coinage, February 12, 1795. 
 
 1796. THE Eastern Star appeared in Hallowell, Maine. 
 1796. THE Post appeared in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1796, SEPTEMBER. Charles C. Pinckney was appointed minis- 
 ter to France. 
 
 Monroe was recalled ; he had overstepped his instructions in his relations with 
 France. On his return he published his vindication. 
 
 1796. JOHN FITCH moved a small boat on the Collect Pond, 
 in New York city, by a small engine, and a worm-screw project- 
 ing from the stern of the boat. 
 
 This was the first employment of the screw as a method of naval propulsion. 
 
 1796. "THE American Coast Pilot," by Edmund Blunt, of 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was published. 
 
 This work is used by seamen all over the world, no port in this country being 
 undescribed. It still remains an authority, and has been translated into various 
 foreign languages.
 
 1796.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 467 
 
 1796. THIS year the town of Milton, Massachusetts, had, be- 
 sides other manufactories, three paper-mills. On the Neponset 
 there were six, and in the state, twenty. 
 
 1796, SEPTEMBER 18. Washington issued his Farewell Ad- 
 dress. 
 
 He had resolved, at the end of his second term, to retire to private life. 
 
 1796. THE Scourge of Aristocracy and Depository of Impor- 
 tant Political Truth appeared at Castleton, Vermont. 
 
 It was published by Matthew Lyon. He is said to have made his own type, and 
 used paper made by himself from the bark of the bass-wood tree. His paper aided 
 his election to the House of Representatives. 
 
 1796. THE legislature of North Carolina re-enacted the law 
 prohibiting emancipation, except for meritorious conduct. 
 Even then it required the allowance of the county courts. 
 
 1796, OCTOBER. Cleveland, Ohio, was settled. 
 
 It was the point of departure on Lake Erie of the line for the boundary of the 
 Indian territory. It was named after General Moses Cleveland of Connecticut. 
 It is now quite a railroad and commercial centre. 
 
 1796. FROM Philadelphia, this year, there were four daily 
 stages to New York at four, five, six, and eight o'clock A. M. ; 
 a line of packet boats to Bordentown, thence by stage to Amboy, 
 and thence by packet to New York ; a daily stage to Baltimore, 
 a tri-weekly mail-carriage, and six days in the week by packet 
 and stage combined ; a stage twice a week for Lancaster and 
 Burlington, and six other weekly stages to various points. 
 
 1796. SUGAR was manufactured from the cane in Louisiana 
 by M. Etienne Bore", on his plantation just above New Orleans. 
 
 He had been partially successful the year before. Unsuccessful attempts had 
 been made previously. 
 
 1796, NOVEMBER 5. The French minister, Adet, published in 
 the newspapers an order, in the name of the French Directory, 
 calling upon all Frenchmen residing in America to mount the 
 tri-colored cockade. 
 
 Many of the sympathizers with the French republic began also to wear the tri- 
 colored cockade. This was the beginning of this custom, which, as the excite- 
 ment of party politics grew stronger, became very common as a mark of party 
 allegiance. 
 
 1796, NOVEMBER 11. A patent was granted to Isaac Garret- 
 son, of Pennsylvania, and, on December 12, another to George 
 Chandler, of Maryland, for machines for cutting and heading 
 nails. 
 
 Later, others were granted to different inventors ; that to Jesse Reed, of Massa- 
 chusetts, being the most important. It has been estimated that from 1794, the
 
 468 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1797. 
 
 time of the first patent, to 1810, over one million dollars had been spent in bring- 
 ing them to perfection. That year Albert Gallatin, as secretary of the treasury, 
 made the value of this American invention generally known ; and Joseph C. Dyer, 
 of Boston, Massachusetts, took out patents in England for the American machines, 
 built manufactories, and settled in England. In 1856 it was computed that the 
 United States produced eighty-one thousand four hundred and sixty-two tons of 
 nails. 
 
 1797. THE first national vessel built upon Lake Erie was 
 launched this year at Four-Mile Creek, near Erie, Pennsylvania. 
 She was named the Washington, and was lost soon after. 
 
 1797. NEW YORK state legislated for the first time upon the 
 subject of salt-works. 
 
 The yield of the wells is generally a bushel of salt to every thirty or fifty gal- 
 lons of brine evaporated. The average of sea-water is a bushel to about three 
 hundred to three hundred and fifty gallons. As early as 1791, salt from Onondaga 
 could be purchased sixty miles west of it for half a dollar, where it had previously 
 cost many dollars. 
 
 1797. NEWBERN, North Carolina, had about four hundred 
 houses, all built of wood, except the palace built for Governor 
 Tryon. 
 
 1797. A GLASS-FACTORY went into operation at Pittsburg, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Peter "W. Eichbaum, of Philadelphia, erected the works for General James 
 O'Hara and Mr. Craig. * A memorandum, found after his death among General 
 O'Hara's papers, read, " To-day we made the first bottle, at the cost of thirty 
 thousand dollars." Flint-glass and window-glass were afterwards made, and coal 
 was used as fuel. 
 
 1797. A CHARTER was obtained for the Massachusetts Mutual 
 Fire Insurance Company. 
 
 This was the first mutual insurance company in the state. 
 
 1797, FEBRUARY 8. The electoral votes were opened and 
 counted in the presence of both houses of Congress, with the 
 result of the choice of John Adams for President, and Thomas 
 Jefferson Vice-President. 
 
 As Vice-President, John Adams declared the result. 
 
 1797, MARCH. The Time Piece appeared in New York. 
 
 It was published by Philip Freneau, and subsequently Matthew L. Davis be- 
 came its editor. 
 
 1797, MARCH 4. John Adams was inaugurated as President. 
 
 Washington retired to Mount Vernon, in his progress thither receiving various 
 evidences of the regard of the people for him. The following extract from an 
 article communicated to the Aurora, the opposition paper of Philadelphia, edited 
 by Benjamin Franklin Bache, will show the height of party spirit at the time.
 
 1797.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 469 
 
 The article is said to have been written by Michael Leib, a member of the Penn- 
 sylvania assembly, and was printed March 6. 
 
 " The man who is the source of all the misfortunes of our country is this day 
 reduced to a level with his fellow-citizens, and is no longer possessed of power 
 to multiply evils upon the United States. If ever there was a period of rejoicing, 
 this is the moment. Every heart in unison with the freedom and happiness of the 
 people ought to beat high with exultation that the name of Washington from this 
 day ceases to give a currency to political iniquity and to legalized corruption. A 
 new era is now opening upon us, an era which promises much to the people ; for 
 public measures must now stand upon their own merits, and nefarious projects 
 can no longer be supported by a name." 
 
 1797, MARCH 25. A special session of Congress was called 
 by a proclamation from the President. 
 
 Despatches had been received from Pinckney, telling of the refusal of the 
 French Directory to receive him as minister, or to permit his stay in France. 
 News was received at the same time of the capture of American vessels by the 
 French privateers. 
 
 1797, MARCH. Porcupine's Gazette appeared in Philadelphia. 
 
 It .was published by William Cobbett, and was the eighth daily paper then pub- 
 lished in Philadelphia. 
 
 1797, MAY 10. News was received of a decree of the French 
 Directory of July 2, 1796. 
 
 By this, American vessels and their cargoes were declared lawful captures for 
 any cause recognized as lawful by the treaty with England; and Americans found 
 serving on hostile armed vessels were to be treated as pirates, though they pleaded 
 compulsion as their excuse. This applied to sailors impressed by the British. 
 
 1797, MAY 13. The special Congress assembled. 
 
 During its eight weeks' session, it apportioned eighty thousand militia among 
 the states, to be ready at a moment's warning ; appropriated one hundred and fif- 
 teen thousand dollars for defence of the harbors ; prohibited the exportation of 
 munitions of war, and encouraged their importation ; authorized the building of 
 three frigates, and a number of revenue cutters ; imposed a fine of ten thousand 
 dollars and ten years' imprisonment for fitting out any privateer, or being con- 
 nected with one armed against nations at peace with the United States ; authorized 
 a loan of eight hundred thousand dollars, and raised the import duties, and laid 
 specific taxes by stamps and other methods. The Committee of Ways and Means 
 was this session organized of seven members taken from the House at large. 
 
 1797, MAY. A grand jury, at Richmond, Virginia, presented 
 letters from members of Congress to their constituents as an 
 evil. 
 
 The charge specified as "a real evil the circular letters of several members 
 of the late Congress, and particularly letters with the signature of Samuel J. 
 Cabcll," and spoke of them as " endeavoring, at a time of real public danger, to 
 disseminate unfounded calumnies against the happy government of the United 
 States, and thereby to separate the people therefrom, and to increase or produce 
 a foreign influence ruinous to the peace, happiness, and independence of the 
 United States." Cabell responded by saying that the grand jury had gone out of
 
 470 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1797. 
 
 their province. Nothing further came of it, though it was proposed to follow it 
 up by proceedings of some kind against the grand jury, and Judge Iredell who 
 had charged them. The incident is an indication of how high the political excite- 
 ment was at the time upon the question of support for France in her struggle 
 against the feudal institutions of Europe. 
 
 1797, JUNE 2. Envoys to France were appointed. 
 
 They were John Marshall, Pinckney, and Gerry. 
 
 1797, JULY 9. The Senate expelled William Blount, a mem- 
 ber from Tennessee. 
 
 The House had asked that he be " sequestered from his seat " until his im- 
 peachment was decided. He had been engaged in a plot to transfer New Orleans 
 and Louisiana to the British, by means of an expedition. He had been governor 
 of the territory south of the Ohio. On his return home, Blount was elected to 
 the state senate, and made its president. 
 
 1797, AUGUST. A warrant was issued against William Cob- 
 bett by Chief-Justice McKean of Pennsylvania, ibr having libelled 
 various persons, and he was bound over in bonds to keep the peace. 
 
 In November, another warrant was issued against him for publishing certain 
 libels on the king of Spain and his minister, and the Spanish nation, "tending to 
 alienate their affections and regard from the government and citizens of the 
 United States, and to excite them to hatred, hostilities, and war." In his charge 
 to the grand jury, Judge M'Kean spoke of Cobbett as " licentious and virulent be- 
 yond all former example." The grand jury, however, took no notice of the case. 
 
 1797. AMOS WHITTEMORE, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
 patented a machine for making cotton and wool cards. 
 
 He said that the proper method occurred to him in a dream. He went to Eng- 
 land to secure a patent there, but it was not granted. He sold his patent for this 
 country, but it was afterwards bought back by one of his brothers. "VVhittemore 
 was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 19, 1759 ; died in West Cambridge, 
 April, 1828. 
 
 1797. THE first patent for a cast-iron plough in this country 
 was issued to Charles Newbold, of Burlington, New Jersey. 
 
 It combined the mould-board, share, and land-slide, all being cast together. 
 
 It was asserted at first that cast-iron poisoned the land and spoiled the crop. 
 
 A form of the wooden plough used heretofore, and known as the " Carey 
 Plow," is thus described by Mr. C. L. Flint : " It was more extensively used than 
 any other, though its particular form varied very much, according to the skill of 
 each blacksmith or wheelwright who made it. The land-slide and the standard 
 were made of wood, and it had a wooden mould-board, often roughly plated over 
 with pieces of old saw-plate, tin, or sheet-iron. It had a clumsy wrought-iron 
 share, while the handles were upright, held in place by two wooden pins. It took 
 a strong man to hold it, and about double the strength of team now required to do 
 the same amount of work. The ' bar-share plow,' sometimes called the ' hill- 
 plow,' was also used. A flat bar forming the land-slide, with an immense clump 
 of iron, shaped like half of a lance-head, into the upper part of which a kind of 
 ' colter was fastened, which served as a point. It had a wooden mould-board fitted 
 to the iron work in a most bungling manner. A sharp-pointed shovel, held with
 
 1797.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 471 
 
 the reverse-side up, and drawn forward with the point in the ground, would give 
 an idea of its work. Then there was the ' shovel-plow,' in very general use in the 
 middle and southern colonies. A roughly-hewn stick was used for the beam, and 
 into this another stick was framed, upon the edge of which there was a piece of 
 iron, shaped a little like a sharp-pointed shovel. The two rough handles were 
 nailed, or pinned, to the sides of the beam. A plow known as the ' hog plow ' 
 was also used in some parts of the country, in the last and the early part of the 
 present century, so called, probably, on account of its rooting propensity. Speci- 
 mens of this plow were taken to Canada in 1808, for use there, which would seem 
 to indicate that it was thought to be one of the best plows then made. These old 
 forms of the wooden plow continued to be used, with little or no improvement, 
 till some time after the beginning of the present century. The wooden plow was 
 liable to rapid decay. As for the other implements of husbandry, they were very 
 few and very rude. The threshing was done with the flail ; the winnowing was 
 done by the wind. Slow and laborious hand-labor for nearly all the processes of 
 the farm was the rule, and machine-labor the exception, till a comparatively re- 
 cent date. Indeed, it has been said that a strong man could have carried on his 
 shoulders all the implements used on his farm, except, perhaps, the old wooden 
 cart and the harrow, previous to the beginning of the present century ; and we 
 know that the number, as well as the variety, of these tools was extremely small." 
 A manuscript upon the correct form of the mould-board, with mathematical cal- 
 culations, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1790, is in the possession of Mr. Flint. 
 
 1797. The quarterly Medical Repository, the first scientific 
 journal in America, was started by Drs. Edward Muller, Edward 
 Mitchell, and Elihu Smith, in New York. 
 
 Dr. Mitchill was the first editor, and held the office for sixteen years. lie was 
 born at North Hempstead, Long Island, August 20, 1764; died September 7, 1831, 
 in New York. 
 
 1789-97. FIRST administration, 1789 to 1797. 
 
 President, George Washington, of Virginia, two terms. 
 
 Vice-President, John Adams, of Massachusetts, two terms. 
 
 r Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Sept. 26, 1789. 
 Secretaries of State, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, Jan. 2, 1794. 
 
 I Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, Dec. 10, 1795. 
 Secretaries of Treasury, / Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Sept. 11, 1789. 
 
 I Oliver Wolcott, of Connecticut, Feb. 3, 1795. 
 
 r Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, Sept. 12, 1789. 
 Secretaries of War, \ Timothy Pickering, of " Jan. 2, 1795. 
 
 I James McHenry, of Maryland, Jan. 27, 1796. 
 
 r Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts, Sept. 26, 1789, 
 Postmasters-General, -I Timothy Pickering, of " Nov. 7, 1794. 
 
 L f Joseph Habersham, of Georgia, Feb. 25, 1795. 
 
 f Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, Sept. 2G, 1789. 
 Attorneys-General, \ William Bradford, of Pennsylvania, Jan. 27, 1794. 
 
 I Charles Lee, of Virginia, Dec. 10, 1795. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Frederick A. Muhlenberg, of Pennslyvania, First Congress, 1789. 
 Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, Second Congress, 1791. 
 Frederick A. Muhlenberg, of Pennsylvania, Third Congress, 1793. 
 Jonathan Dayton, of New Jersey, Fourth Congress, 1795.
 
 472 ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. [1798. 
 
 1798, FEBRUARY. The first personal encounter on the floor 
 of the House of Representatives took place, and was not pun- 
 ished. 
 
 Lyon, the member from Vermont, spat in the face of Griswold, the member 
 from Connecticut, on January 30 ; and on February 12 a motion to expel him was 
 lost, as it required a two-thirds vote. On the loth of February, Griswold caned 
 Lyon on the floor of the House, after the reading of prayers, but before the House 
 was called to order. February 23, a vote to expel both of them was lost, as was 
 also a vote of censure. 
 
 1798, MARCH. Congress passed an act creating the Missis- 
 sippi Territory. 
 
 It embraced that portion of the late British province of West Florida 
 lying between the 31 of north latitude and a line due east from the mouth of 
 the Yazoo to the Chattahoochee. It was to be constituted and regulated in all 
 respects like the territory northwest of the Ohio, except that slavery was not pro- 
 hibited in it. During the debate, the motion was made to forbid slavery, but on 
 the vote was lost, only twelve votes being given in its favor, the majority of them 
 by slaveholders. A few days afterwards, an amendment was carried, forbidding 
 the introduction of slaves in the new territory from without the limits of the 
 United States. 
 
 1798, MARCH. The President notified Congress that despatches 
 had been received from the envoys to France, and that the mis- 
 sion was a failure. 
 
 The envoys were never officially received, but, being kept in suspense for a 
 long time, were finally dismissed. 
 
 1798, APRIL 3. The papers relating to the mission to France 
 were furnished Congress. 
 
 They were soon printed. The evidence they afforded that the leaders in power 
 in France were more interested in getting money from America than in forming 
 an alliance, justified fully the action of the administration. From this time arose 
 the popular saying, " Millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." 
 
 1798, MAY 4. Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, was selected as 
 the site ibr a government armory and manufactory. 
 
 1798, MAY. Congress passed an act for raising a provisional 
 army. 
 
 It empowered the President, at any time within three years, in case of a war 
 declared against the United States, or an actual invasion by a foreign power, or a 
 danger of such invasion, to enlist ten thousand men for three years. Another 
 act, passed soon after, gave the President power to authorize commanders of ships 
 of war to seize and bring to port for trial any armed vessel which had committed 
 depredations on American shipping, or might be intending to do so. 
 
 1798, MAY. " Hail Columbia " first appeared, and had a great 
 success. 
 
 It was written by Joseph Hopkinson, of Philadelphia. It was adapted to an 
 air called the President's March. " Adams and Liberty," by Robert T. Paine,
 
 1798.] ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 473 
 
 of Boston, had also a great popularity during the excitement concerning a war 
 with France. 
 
 1798. THE Shakers at Watervliet, New York, began the 
 manufacture of brooms. 
 
 They were sold at fifty cents. 
 
 1798. THE navy-yard at Charlestown, Massachusetts, was 
 started. 
 
 It is the best in the country, and many of the largest and finest vessels in the 
 service were built here. 
 
 1798. A PATENT for a machine for making horn combs was 
 granted to Isaac Tryon of Connecticut. 
 
 1798. THE legislature of New York granted to Chancellor 
 Livingston an exclusive right to navigate the inland waters of 
 the state by vessels propelled by fire or steam. 
 
 In 1803 the legislature extended the duration of the monopoly for twenty years, 
 and extended the time for making the experiment to 1807. 
 
 1798. NATHAN READ, of "Warren. Massachusetts, patented a 
 machine for cutting and heading nails at Tone operation. 
 
 Read was born at Warren, July 2, 1759 ; died at Belfast, Maine, January 20, 
 1849. In 1796 he started, with others, the Salem Iron Foundery. In 1788 he 
 devised for Fulton a cylinder to be used on his steamboats, and in 1791 patented 
 the multitubular boiler. He built a small boat for his own use, fitted with pad- 
 dle-wheels and cranks; also planned a steam-carriage, with a tubular boiler; 
 different pumping-engines and threshing-machines. By profession he was a 
 lawyer, and was for many years chief justice in Hancock County, Maine. 
 
 1798. THE first straw bonnet braided in the United States 
 was made by Miss Metcalf, of Providence, Rhode Island, after- 
 wards Mrs. Baker. 
 
 It was in imitation of an imported bonnet, and a fac-simile is preserved by the 
 Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry, to whom 
 Mrs. Baker sent it. This was the first step in this industry, which is now an 
 important one. 
 
 1798. THIS year the first American-built vessel on Lake 
 Ontario was launched at Hanford's Landing, three miles below 
 Rochester. 
 
 She was called the Jemima, and was thirty tons burden. 
 
 1798. IT was stated, this year, that there were in New Jer- 
 sey eleven hundred improved mill sites, of which about six 
 hundred were occupied with saw-mills, fulling-mills, forges, 
 furnaces, slitting and rolling mills, paper, powder, and oil mills, 
 a large portion of them being saw-mills. 
 
 1798. RusseWs Echo, or the North Star, appeared in Frye- 
 burg, Maine. 
 
 It was published by Elijah Russell.
 
 474 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1798. 
 
 1798. THE Bee appeared in New London, Connecticut. 
 
 It was published by Charles Holt. It opposed the administration, and, under 
 the Sedition Act, Holt was fined and imprisoned in 1800. 
 
 1798. A MANUFACTORY of fire-arms was erected at Whitney- 
 ville, Connecticut, by Eli Whitney. 
 
 He had obtained a contract from the government for ten thousand stand of 
 arms. Most of his machinery fot their manufacture he invented for himself. 
 His buildings were the models upon which the national armories were afterwards 
 arranged. 
 
 1798. BERKS COUNTY, Pennsylvania, had six furnaces and as 
 many forges. 
 
 1798, JUNE. Congress passed three acts relative to aliens. 
 
 The first of these extended the period of residence necessary to naturalization 
 to fourteen years, with five years subsequent to the declaration of intention. A 
 register to be kept of aliens, who were to report themselves, and the entry in this 
 to be the only proof of residence, in case of application for citizenship. The sec- 
 ond act gave the President authority, for two years, to send such aliens as he saw 
 fit out of the country. The third provided that, in case of war or invasion, all 
 aliens, upon a proclamation to this effect, to be issued at the President's discretion, 
 should be apprehended and sent away or secured. 
 
 1798, JUNE. An act was passed by Congress suspending all 
 commercial relations with France or her dependencies. 
 
 1798, JUNE 21. The President communicated to Congress the 
 fact of the return of Marshall, one of the envoys to France, to- 
 gether with the correspondence concerning the whole matter. 
 
 Gerry had written that he would remain, and a letter was sent him recalling 
 him. For the first time, this communication from the President was printed, and 
 distributed among the people. 
 
 1798, JUNE 25. Congress passed an act giving authority to 
 merchant ships to defend themselves against search or seizure by 
 any vessel under French colors. 
 
 The act was to remain in force until the President should announce that the 
 French had conformed to the law of nations. Merchant vessels were also author- 
 ized to capture any such vessel as attempted to search or seize them, and to retake 
 any vessel captured by the French, and given a claim of salvage in such. 
 
 1798, JUNE 30. The President was authorized to accept ves- 
 sels furnished by private subscription, and pay for such in stock. 
 
 Seven hundred and eleven thousand seven hundred dollars were paid for vessels 
 thus furnished. The movement for constructing them was very general, all the 
 large towns taking part in it. In Cincinnati a subscription was opened for building 
 a galley for the defence of the Mississippi. 
 
 1798, JUNE. Congress passed an act abolishing imprisonment 
 for debt.
 
 1798.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 475 
 
 All debtors of the United States, on proving to the secretary of state their in- 
 ability to pay, and that they made no fraudulent concealment of their property, 
 were to be released from prison. The judgment to stand against their property, 
 and the act not to apply in cases of fine, forfeiture, penalty, or breach of trust. 
 
 1798, JUNE. Congress passed an act for the benefit of sea- 
 men. 
 
 Twenty cents a month were to be retained from their wages, by the collectors 
 of the ports, to be used for a fund for the erection of hospitals. There are now 
 five hospitals, built from this fund, one each at Chelsea (Massachusetts), Brooklyn 
 (New York), Philadelphia, Portsmouth (Virginia), and Pensacola (Florida). 
 
 1798. THE constitution of Georgia was amended. 
 
 The legislature was forbidden to pass any act of emancipation without the con- 
 sent of the owners. All further importation of slaves from foreign countries was 
 prohibited. Immigrants, however, were not to be forbidden from bringing with 
 them "such persons as may be deemed slaves by the laws of anyone of the 
 United States." 
 
 The freedom of the press was recognized. 
 
 1798, JULY 6. Congress passed an act declaring the French 
 treaties void. 
 
 It said the treaties had been "repeatedly violated on the part of the French 
 government, and the just claims of the United States for reparation of the injuries 
 so committed having been refused, and their attempts to negotiate an amicable 
 adjustment of all complaints between the two nations repelled with indignity." 
 
 1798, JULY 8. Congress gave the President authority to in- 
 struct the commanders of the national armed vessels to capture 
 any French armed vessels, and grant commissions to private armed 
 vessels to do the same. 
 
 Unarmed merchant ships were not to be captured. 
 
 1798, JULY. The navy and army were increased, and appro- 
 priations made by Congress for the purchase of arms. 
 
 To meet the expenses, a direct tax was laid, chiefly on slaves, houses, and 
 lands. 
 
 1798, JULY. Congress passed an act defining treason, and to 
 punish sedition. 
 
 It was carried by forty-four votes to forty-one. The first section made it a 
 misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment, "for any persons unlawfully 
 to combine and conspire together, with intent to oppose any measures of the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States," c. The second section gave the same kind of 
 penalty to the printing or publishing " any false, scandalous, and malicious writ- 
 ings against the Government of the United States, or either house of the Congress, 
 or the president, with intent to defame them, or bring them into contempt or dis- 
 repute, or to excite against them the hatred of the good people of the United 
 States," &c. The truth might be stated in defence in any trial under thisf act, 
 wluch was to continue in force until March 4, 1801. 
 
 1798, JULY. The President appointed Washington lieuten-
 
 476 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1708-9. 
 
 ant-general of all the armies raised, or to be raised, for the service 
 of the United States. 
 
 Washington accepted the position on condition that he should not serve actively 
 until the army needed him, and was confirmed by the Senate. 
 
 1798, OCTOBER 25. The commissioners* to settle the eastern 
 boundary decided that the true St. Croix was the Passamaquoddy. 
 
 The jurisdiction of the islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy was left un- 
 settled. 
 
 1798. UNDER the Sedition Act, four convictions were ob- 
 tained. 
 
 The first was that of Matthew Lyon, the representative from Vermont, who, 
 for having written a letter to a paper in Vermont, was sentenced to a fine and 
 four months' imprisonment. While in prison, he was re-elected to Congress. 
 The second was Haswell, the printer of the Vermont Gazette, for printing a call 
 in favor of Lyon. The third was Holt, the printer of the New London Bee ; and 
 the fourth was Abijah Adams, of Boston, the bookkeeper of the Independent 
 Chronicle, the editor, Thomas Adams, being sick. 
 
 1798, NOVEMBER. The legislature of Kentucky passed a series 
 of resolutions against the alien and sedition acts of Congress, 
 asking their repeal. 
 
 They called upon the other states to do the same, and the next month the 
 legislature of Virginia passed resolutions to the same effect. 
 
 1798, DECEMBER 24. The Senate resolved itself into a court 
 of impeachment, to consider the case of Blount, undisposed of at 
 the last session. 
 
 Blount, at this time, was president of the senate of Tennessee, and disregarded 
 the summons to appear personally. He was represented by counsel, who ques- 
 tioned the jurisdiction of the court, since senators were not " officers ; " and 
 further, that his expulsion from the Senate made the accused no longer a senator. 
 The plea was sustained by the Senate, and this ended the matter. 
 
 1799, FEBRUARY 9. The American vessel, the Constellation, 
 captured the French vessel, the L'insurgeute, off the Island of 
 St. Kitts, after an engagement of an hour and a quarter. 
 
 The prize was sent to the United States. 
 
 1799. PERMISSION was granted to change the name of St. 
 John's to that of Prince Edward's Island. 
 
 1799, FEBRUARY. A bill was passed by Congress authorizing 
 retaliation upon French prisoners upon proof that Americans were 
 treated by the French as pirates. 
 
 The French had extended the provisions of their act to all neutrals, and then 
 repealed it, but left the first regarding Americans in force. 
 
 1799, FEBRUARY. Congress authorized the increase of the 
 navy and army, and voted two millions of dollars to be used if 
 necessary.
 
 1799.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 477 
 
 1799, FEBRUARY 18. The President sent to the Senate the 
 nomination of William Van Murray, resident minister to the 
 Hague, as minister plenipotentiary to France. 
 
 The Senate refused to confirm it, but did so when Patrick Henry and Chief 
 Justice Ellsworth were joined with Murray; the two former not to leave for 
 France until assurances were given they would be received. Henry declined 
 from age, and General Dane, governor of North Carolina, was appointed in his 
 place. 
 
 1799. THE estimates for this year amounted to over thirteen 
 millions of dollars. 
 
 To raise this amount, direct taxation and a loan were relied upon. The interest 
 upon the loan was eight per cent. An act was passed that the states in debt to the 
 general government for the revolutionary accounts should be credited with such 
 amounts as within five years they should spend in fortifications. New York par- 
 tially accepted this, but from the other debtor states nothing was obtained. 
 
 1799, MARCH 2. A patent was issued to Charles Whiting, of 
 Massachusetts, for a method of extracting oil from cotton- seed. 
 
 Oil had been made previously from the seed by the Moravians at Bethlehem, 
 Pennsylvania, a sample of it being shown to the American Philosophical Society 
 in 1770. Another patent was granted in 1820 to George P. Digges, of Virginia, 
 for a method of extracting oil from cotton-seed. 
 
 1799. OLIVER EVANS made the first high-pressure steam- 
 engine. 
 
 Vivian and Trevethick, who had access to his drawings, sent to England in 
 1794-5, have claimed the credit of the invention. 
 
 1799. VACCINATION was advocated by Dr. Waterhouse, of 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 In 1802, nineteen boys, from eight to fifteen years old, the sons of selectmen 
 of Boston, and others, were taken to Noddle's Island, vaccinated, and, when it had 
 taken, were subjected to infection and contagion. The experiment was carried 
 on under the direction of the principal physicians of the city. None of them 
 caught the disease. 
 
 1799. THE Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette appeared at 
 Hamilton, Ohio. 
 
 In 1823 its name was changed to the National Republican and Ohio Political 
 Register. 
 
 1799. THE Register appeared in Raleigh, North Carolina. 
 
 It was published by Joseph Gales. Gales was an Englishman, the publisher 
 of a liberal paper (the Sheffield Register} in England, and had been obliged to flee 
 that country to escape persecution by the government. He landed in Philadel- 
 phia, and was employed on one of the newspapers there as a printer. On the 
 voyage over he had practised stenography, and commenced to report the debates 
 in Congress for the newspapers. This was the first attempt at verbatim report- 
 ing, and made an excitement at the time. The Register was a moderate repub- 
 lican sheet.
 
 478 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1781 
 
 1799, MARCH. Armed resistance was made in Pennsylvania 
 to the collection of the land-tax laid by Congress. 
 
 The militia, furnished on call of the President, put down the opposition. Some 
 of the leaders were tried and found guilty of misdemeanor. 
 
 1799, APRIL. The legislature of New York passed an act for 
 the gradual abolition of slavery. 
 
 John Jay was the governor, and had been chiefly instrumental in securing the 
 passage of the act. All who were slaves at its passage were to remain so during 
 life, but their children, born after July 4 following, were to be free, to remain as 
 apprentices to their mothers' owner males until they were twenty-eight, and 
 females until they were twenty-five. The exportation of slaves was forbidden by 
 a fine, and the slave to become free at once. Slaves who had been owned a year 
 might be brought by their owners into the state, but could not be sold. 
 
 1799, APRIL. The New York legislature chartered the Man- 
 hattan Company. 
 
 Its charter was perpetual, and its capital two millions. Its ostensible purpose 
 was to supply the city of New York with water, within ten years, to such citi- 
 zens as should wish it, at such prices as the company should make. Its real pur- 
 pose was to do a banking business, which was provided for by a clause in the 
 charter providing that the surplus capital of the company might be used in the 
 purchase of stocks, "or any other moneyed transactions or operations." The 
 company sunk a well at the corner of Duane and Cross streets, and the water was 
 pumped up by a steam-engine. The supply was inadequate, and its quality not 
 good. 
 
 1799. THE legislature of Pennsylvania indemnified the pur- 
 chasers of the Wyoming lands, under Pennsylvania grants, by 
 payment of a certain price. 
 
 The lands were rated according to quality. The holders of them under grants 
 from Connecticut contributed a part of the payment. This ended the controversy. 
 
 1799, AUGUST. A convention in Kentucky revised the con- 
 stitution of the state. 
 
 The election of the governor and senators was given to the people. The con- 
 stitution recognized the freedom of the press. An attempt was made to abolish 
 slavery, in which Henry Clay took part. An attempt for the gradual abolition of 
 slavery in Maryland, and for its immediate abolition in Pennsylvania, were equally 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 1799, AUGUST. Assurances having been received from the 
 authorities in France that the envoys would be received, orders 
 were given them to prepare for going. 
 
 They were instructed to demand their passports, if the assurances were not ful- 
 filled within twenty days after their arrival in France. They were to demand 
 indemnity, and a release from all the obligations of the old treaty of alliance and 
 commerce, and the repeal of the French decree for confiscation of neutral vessels 
 with English merchandise on board. 
 
 1799. THE commissions under the treaty with England for
 
 1799-1800.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 479 
 
 settling the claims of English and American citizens disbanded 
 without arriving at any definite result. 
 
 That for awarding American claims under the sixth article of the treaty was 
 sitting in London, and another for British claims, under the seventh article, in Phil- 
 adelphia. This last disagreed, and the American commissioners, with the per- 
 mission of the government, retired. Hearing this, the British government with- 
 drew their commissioners in London, and thus both dissolved. 
 
 1799, NOVEMBER 21. David Frothingham, of the Argus, was 
 tried in New York for libel, on complaint of Alexander Hamilton, 
 and sentenced to four months' imprisonment and a fine of a thou- 
 sand dollars. 
 
 The case was tried before Judge Radcliff, Richard Harrison, the recorder, and 
 the mayor of the city. Frothingham was foreman of the office. The attorney for 
 the prosecution, Mr. Hoffman, claimed that every one connected with the printing- 
 office was liable to prosecution for the libel. The libel consisted in printing from 
 another paper a story concerning an offer on Hamilton's part to buy the Aurora 
 for the purpose of suppressing it. 
 
 1799. THE assembly of Virginia passed an act repealing all 
 the laws passed in the state since the Revolution, which recog- 
 nized a corporate character in the Episcopal Church. 
 
 1799, DECEMBER 14. Washington died. 
 
 An oration was pronounced in his honor, before Congress, by Henry Lee, and 
 throughout the country, in the various cities and towns, by various orators. On 
 December 30, Congress recommended the people to observe his birthday (the 22d 
 of February) in testimony of their grief, which was quite generally done. When 
 the news was received in Europe, the British fleet guarding the Channel lowered 
 their flags at half-mast, and Bonaparte in the order of the day paid a tribute to 
 his memory. 
 
 1800, JANUARY 2. A petition was presented to the House of 
 Representatives from the free colored inhabitants of Philadelphia, 
 alleging that the slave-trade with Africa was secretly carried on, 
 and that free colored men were seized and sold as slaves in vari- 
 ous parts of the country; that the Fugitive law of 1793 was 
 severe in many of its provisions, and asking Congress to do all 
 they could to prepare the way for their relief. 
 
 The petition, amended, was referred to a committee, who in May brought in a 
 bill, which was passed, making stricter provisions for preventing the slave-trade 
 by United States ships. The debate upon referring the petition was very acri- 
 monious, the members from Boston and Rhode Island being even more violent 
 against it than the southern members. 
 
 1800, JANUARY. Under the sedition law, Thomas Cooper, of 
 Pennsylvania, was indicted and found guilty of a libel against the 
 President. 
 
 He had published an article attacking the administration, and charged the Pres- 
 ident with a "stretch of power which the monarch of Great Britain would have 
 shrunk from." The act was the delivery to England of one Thomas Nash, or
 
 480 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1800. 
 
 Jonathan Robbins, who had been engaged in a mutiny in an English trar-v2ssel, 
 and taking refuge in this country, claimed its protection. 
 
 1800, FEBRUARY. Congress suspended further enlistments, 
 and empowered the President, in case of war, to order their 
 renewal. 
 
 The President was also authorized to borrow three millions and a half of 
 dollars. 
 
 1800, MARCH 2. The commissioners to France arrived, and 
 were formally received by Bonaparte, the first consul, and pleni- 
 potentiaries appointed to treat with them. 
 
 The negotiations resulted, October 1, in the conclusion of a convention. The 
 old treaties were to be inoperative; public ships, and all captured property not 
 yet condemned, were to be returned by both parties ; the debts due either by both 
 governments, or by individuals, were to be paid, and 'both nations were to enjoy 
 from each other the privileges of the most favored nation. American commerce 
 was to be freed from the vexations of French cruisers countenanced by French 
 tribunals. Free ships were to make free goods. 
 
 1800, APRIL. Congress passed a general bankrupt law. 
 
 It applied to only merchants and traders. Another act gave persons impris- 
 oned on executions issued from the Federal courts the right of discharge on 
 taking an oath of poverty ; their future property to be liable for the debt. This 
 oath could also be taken with the same effect though no execution had issued. 
 The law remained in force until December 19, 1803. 
 
 1800, APRIL. Connecticut relinquished her claim of jurisdic- 
 tion to the lands west of her present border. 
 
 By agreement, the United States ceded the lands claimed by settlers to the gov- 
 ernor of Connecticut in trust for them. This action settled the disputes of juris- 
 diction to the western lands between Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania. 
 
 1800, MAY 7. The territory of Indiana was created by act 
 of Congress. 
 
 It was formed from a portion of the Connecticut Reserve, and consisted of the 
 land west of a line drawn from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recov- 
 ery, and thence due north to Canada. The name was taken from one of the land 
 companies which had claims in the region. It was but sparsely settled on such 
 isolated spots as the Indian title had been extinguished in. A territorial assembly 
 was allowed as soon as the majority of the freeholders should desire it, and Vin- 
 cennes was selected as the capital. 
 
 1800, MAY 10. A territorial assembly was granted to the 
 territory of Mississippi by Congress. 
 
 Commissioners were empowered to settle with Georgia concerning her claims 
 to the territory, no money, however, to be paid her other than such as was derived 
 from the sale of the lands. 
 
 1800, MAY. The duties were raised on imports. 
 
 1800, MAY. Congress established four land-offices in the ter- 
 ritory north-west of the Ohio.
 
 1800.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 481 
 
 They were at Cincinnati, Marietta, Chillicothc, and Steubenville. The lands 
 were divided into sections of three hundred and twenty acres each, offered at 
 auction, and if unsold could bo entered at two dollars an acre, besides the expense 
 of survey. One fourth payable in forty days, and the remainder in three instal- 
 ments within four years. 
 
 1800, MAY. The President removed two of his cabinet. 
 
 For James McHenry, secretary of war, Samuel Dexter was substituted. For 
 Timothy Pickering, secretary of state, John Marshall was substituted. McHenry 
 resigned on being asked to do so ; Pickering refused, and was dismissed. 
 
 1800, JUNE. Under the sedition law, J. C. Callender, of 
 Virginia, was indicted for passages in a pamphlet called The 
 Prospect before Us, and found guilty. 
 
 He was fined and imprisoned. 
 
 1800, SEPTEMBER. The frigate George "Washington, under the 
 command of Bainbridge, who had brought the yearly tribute to 
 the Bey of Algiers, was pressed to carry presents to Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 The Bey said: "You pay me tribute, by which you become my slaves, and 
 therefore I have a' right to order you as I think proper." Bainbridge wrote to the 
 navy department: "I hope I shall never again be sent to Algiers with tribute, 
 unless I am authorized to deliver it from the mouth of our cannon." His slu'p 
 was the first to show the American flag in Constantinople. 
 
 1800, OCTOBER 1. Spain ceded Louisiana to France. 
 
 The territory was to be of the same extent it possessed when formerly trans- 
 ferred by France to Spain. The treaty was a secret one, to take effect within six 
 months after the complete execution of another by which Tuscany was to be as- 
 sured to the Duke of Parma, the king of Spain's son-in-law. Tuscany was at the 
 time a republic. 
 
 1800. THE legislature of South Carolina prohibited emanci- 
 pation except by consent of a justice of the peace and five 
 indiiferent freeholders. 
 
 The same year it was made unlawful for a number of slaves, free negroes, 
 mulattoes, or mestizos, to assemble together, even in the presence of white per- 
 sons, " for mental instruction or religious worship." 
 
 1800, OCTOBER 31. The National Intelligencer and Washing- 
 ton Advertiser appeared in Washington. 
 
 It was published by Samuel Harrison Smith, and was at first a tri-weekly. It 
 was a continuation of the Independent Gazetteer, of Philadelphia, which had been 
 sold by Joseph Gales in 1799. In 1810, Joseph Gales, Jr., became a partner, 
 and the name Washington Advertiser was dropped. In 1812, William Winston 
 Seaton became a partner, and Smith having retired, the firm was styled Gales & 
 Seaton. The Intelligencer was the organ of the government. Gales, who was 
 also a stenographer, having learned the art from his father, reported the debates 
 in Congress. For many years after Seaton became interested in the paper, these 
 two proprietors were the only reporters. Seaton reported the Senate, and Gales 
 
 31 '
 
 482 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1800. 
 
 the House. It was from these notes that Congress afterwards authorized the 
 preparation of The Debates in Congress. The Intelligencer continued after it had 
 ceased to receive the government patronage. Joseph Gales died in I860, and Wil- 
 liam Winston Seaton in 18G6. Before the death of the latter, it had been sold to 
 Snow, Coylc & Co., and finally ceased to appear about 1870. 
 
 1800. THE Washington Federalist appeared in "Washington, 
 B.C. 
 
 1800, NOVEMBER 22. Congress met for the first time in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Only the north wing of the Capitol was finished, and had been fitted up for the 
 accommodation of Congress. The White House was finished externally. The 
 printed Letters of Mrs. Adams describe the inconveniences of the unfinished con- 
 dition of the interior. Speculation had carried the price of lands to a high price. 
 Wolcott, writing at this time, says, after describing the desolate condition of the 
 grounds about the public buildings : " All the lands I have described are valued at 
 fourteen to twenty-five cents the superficial foot. There appears to be a confi- 
 dent expectation that this place will soon exceed any city in the world. Mr. 
 Thornton, one of the commissioners, spoke of a population of 1(JO,000 as a mat- 
 ter of course in a few years. No stranger can be here a day, and converse with 
 the proprietors, without conceiving himself in the company of crazy people. 
 Their ignorance of the rest of the world, and their delusion with respect to their 
 own prospects, are without parallel. Immense sums have been squandered in 
 buildings which are but partly finished, in situations which are not, and never will 
 be, the scenes of business, while the parts near the public buildings are almost 
 wholly unimproved. . . . Though five times as much money has been expended 
 as was necessary, and though the private buildings are in number sufficient for all 
 who will have occasion to reside here, yet there is nothing convenient and nothing 
 plenty but provisions ; there is no industry, society, or business." An application 
 of two reporters for seats on the floor of the House was refused by the speaker ; 
 the reporters appealed to the House, which sustained the speaker. One of the 
 reporters was the editor of the National Intelligencer, who in consequence accom- 
 modated himself outside of the bar and in the gallery. For a report he made, 
 the speaker instructed the sergeant-at-arms to expel him. When this course was 
 brought before the House as a usurpation of authority, the motion for a vote of 
 censure was ruled out of order, and a motion to amend the rules, so as to give 
 reporters a right to be present, was set aside by the previous question. 
 
 1800. THE cotton- worm first appeared in South Carolina. 
 
 1800. THE oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe was invented by Robert 
 ITare, of Philadelphia. 
 
 1800. VACCINATION for the small-pox was brought to this 
 country by Dr. Waterhouse. 
 
 It had been discovered by Dr. Jenner in 1776, and made public in England in 
 1798. 
 
 1800. THE first machine for brick-making was patented. 
 
 1800. A JOINT-STOCK company introduced water into Boston, 
 Massachusetts, from Jamaica Pond, about eight miles distant.
 
 1800.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 483 
 
 The proposition for an aqueduct was first made in 1794, and the legislature 
 asked for a charter. The people of the locality in which the pond was situated 
 made such objection that the application was withdrawn for a time, but Avas finally 
 carried through despite their opposition. James Sullivan, the president of the 
 company, was chiefly instrumental in carrying the work through. The engineer 
 of the works was Bond. Subsequently the company sold out their charter to the 
 city of Boston. 
 
 1800. THE Charleston Courier appeared in Charleston, South 
 Carolina. 
 
 It was established by Loring Andrews, who had previously published the Her- 
 ald of Freedom in Boston, the Western Star in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and 
 the Centinel in Albany, New York. In 1807 he died. The Courier was continued, 
 and, in the hands of A. Wellington & Co., was a leading paper. James Gordon 
 Bennett was employed upon it at one time. At times, by way of Havana, the 
 Courier received advices from Europe, through the packets between Cadiz and 
 Havana, sooner than the New York papers. 
 
 1797-1801. SECOND administration. 
 
 President, John Adams, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Vice-President, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
 
 Secretaries of State, -f Timoth y Kckerin S continued in office. 
 
 I. John Marshall, of Virginia, May 13, 1800. 
 
 Secretaries of Treasury, ( Oliver Wolcott > of Connecticut, continued in office. 
 I Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 1800. 
 
 1 James McHenry, of Maryland, continued in office. 
 Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, May 13, 1800. 
 Roger Griswold, of Connecticut, February 3, 1801. 
 
 Secretary of Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland, May 21, 1798. 
 
 Postmaster-General, Joseph Habersham, of Georgia, continued in office. 
 
 Attorney-General, Charles Lee, of Virginia, continued in office. 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Jonathan Dayton, of New Jersey, Fifth Congress, 1797. 
 Theodore Sedgwick, of Massachusetts, Sixth Congress, 1799. 
 
 1800. DURING the winter, the war and treasury departments 
 were burned. 
 
 Valuable papers were destroyed in them both. 
 
 1800. THE receipts of the United States, from all sources, 
 loans included, for this year, amounted to nearly thirteen millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 The expenditures were about twelve millions. Wolcott resigned at the end of 
 the year, and Samuel Dexter was appointed secretary of the treasury, leaving the 
 war department without a head. 
 
 1800, DECEMBER. Congress amended the convention with 
 France. 
 
 Bonaparte accepted the amended convention, with the proviso that both parties 
 abandoned their claims to indemnity.
 
 484 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1801. 
 
 1801. THE judiciary was reorganized. 
 
 The judges of the supreme court were reduced to five, and released from 
 circuit duty. Twenty-three districts were organized into six circuits, each to have 
 a bench of its own, composed of a chief judge and two puisne judges, holding 
 court annually. 
 
 1801, JANUARY 31. John Marshall of Virginia was appointed 
 chief justice of the supreme court. 
 
 He held the office until his death. 
 
 Marshall was born in Virginia, September 24, 1755, and died at Philadelphia 
 July 6, 1835. His Life of Washington is still the standard authority. 
 
 1801, FEBRUARY 17. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, 
 and Aaron Burr Vice-President, by the House of Representatives. 
 
 The college vote was a tie, and the House voted thirty-seven times. There 
 were four methods of conducting the presidential election at this time. The 
 electors were chosen by the legislature, either by a joint ballot or a concurrent 
 vote ; or by the people, the whole number of electors being on one ticket voted 
 for throughout the state ; or chosen by districts. Massachusetts and Virginia had 
 abandoned the district system. In Virginia, the choice had been given the people 
 on a general ticket ; in Massachusetts their election was by the legislature. In 
 Maryland the election was by districts. In North Carolina it was the same. In 
 Pennsylvania, it was settled at the last moment that each house of the assembly 
 should nominate eight candidates, from whom, by joint ballot, the fifteen electors 
 were to be chosen. In South Carolina the election was by the legislature. 
 
 1801, MARCH 3. Congress authorized the President to sell 
 all the vessels of the navy except thirteen of the best. 
 
 For the construction of the six seventy-four-gun ships, which were not com- 
 pleted, half a million of dollars was appropriated. 
 
 1801, MARCH 4. Jefferson was inaugurated President. 
 
 Ex-President Adams left in the morning, before the ceremony, for his home in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1301, MARCH 5. James Madison, Henry Dearborn, and Levi 
 Lincoln were appointed secretaries of state, of the treasury, and 
 attorney-general, respectively. 
 
 1801, MAY 15. Albert Gallatin was appointed secretary of 
 the treasury. 
 
 1801, MAY. Jefferson announced that there would be no 
 more presidential levees, and that at the openings of Congress a 
 message would be sent in manuscript, to which no answer would 
 be expected. 
 
 This last custom has been followed ever since. The levees were revived by 
 Mrs. Madison, on her husband's accession to the presidency. 
 
 1801. THE Palladium appeared at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1801. A RELIGIOUS revival, which lasted several years, com- 
 menced in Kentucky.
 
 1801.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 485 
 
 Camp-meetings were held in the different counties, which thousands of people 
 attended. " The falling exercise " and "the jerks" were common. In the first, 
 as described by a witness, Richard McNemar, "at first they were taken with an 
 inward throbbing of the heart; then with weeping and trembling; from that to 
 crying out in apparent agony of soul ; falling down and swooning away, until every 
 appearance of animal life was suspended." Those so affected were gathered to- 
 gether, and laid out like corpses, in order to prevent their being trampled on by 
 the others. Those with the "jerks " are said to have in some cases jerked their 
 heads so violently that their hair snapped like a whip. Lorenzo Dow describes 
 one of these camp-meetings where poles were set firmly in the ground for the 
 jerkers and stampers to hold on to. 
 
 1801. THE House of Representatives, by an addition to the 
 rules, made reporters entitled to seats within the bar, to be as- 
 signed them by the speaker. 
 
 The Senate also admitted reporters to the floor; but the reports of the speeches 
 were not printed. 
 
 1801, JULY 22. Robert Smith was appointed secretary of the 
 navy. 
 
 1801. AN envoy was sent to France with the amended con- 
 vention. 
 
 He was sent in the sloop-of-war Maryland. He was given a letter also from 
 Jefferson, inviting Thomas Paine to return, and offering him a passage in the 
 Maryland. Soon after the departure of the envoy, a French chargt d'affaires 
 arrived. 
 
 1801, NOVEMBER 10. The chief justice of the circuit court 
 was made sole justice of the district court of the District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Justices of the peace were to be appointed by the President, and the laws of 
 Maryland and Virginia, as they then stood, were made the law of the District, on 
 the north and south sides of the Potomac respectively. 
 
 1801. THE Albany ^Register appeared in Albany, New York. 
 
 It was edited by John Barber, assisted by Solomon Southwick. Southwick 
 became the chief editor in 1808. The Register was the organ of the Clintonians, 
 a portion of the Democratic party. In 1820 its name was changed to New York 
 Statesman, and Nathaniel H. Carter became its editor. 
 
 1801, NOVEMBER 16. The Evening Post appeared in New 
 York. 
 
 It was edited by William Coleman. It was in support of the Federalists, and 
 was said to be the organ of Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 1801. THE American Citizen appeared in New York. 
 
 It was established by Dennison, and edited by James Cheetham, and was the 
 organ of the Republicans. 
 
 1801. OLIVER EVANS completed at Philadelphia a small high- 
 pressure steam-engine. 
 
 It had a six-inch cylinder, with eighteen-inch stroke. It cost him three thou-
 
 486 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1801-2. 
 
 Band seven hundred dollars. He used it to grind plaster, then coming into use as 
 a fertilizer. 
 
 1801, NOVEMBER 22. The pillory was used for the last time 
 in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1801. BUFFALO, New York, was founded by the Holland 
 Land Company. 
 
 It was incorporated in 1832. As the terminus of the Erie Canal, it has a large 
 trade. In 1857, an English consulate was established there for protection of ita 
 Canadian trade. 
 
 1801. THE legislature of South Carolina purchased the right 
 for the use of the cotton gin in the state, of the patentees, and 
 gave its use to the people. 
 
 The price paid was fifty thousand dollars. Messrs. Miller and "Whitney, the 
 owners, had asked a hundred thousand. 
 
 1801. THE Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences was 
 incorporated. 
 
 It was formed at New Haven in 1799. 
 
 1801. THE South Carolina College was founded at Columbia 
 by act of the assembly. 
 
 The college is liberally endowed by the state. 
 
 1801. THE Port Folio was published at Philadelphia. 
 
 It was the first periodical which lasted ten years. It ceased to exist in 1825. 
 
 1802, JANUARY. An act was passed by the Virginia legislature 
 forfeiting the glebes of the Episcopal Church as fast as they be- 
 came vacant. 
 
 They were to be sold for such purpose, "not religious," as the majority of the 
 parishioners should select. 
 
 1802, MARCH 3. The judiciary act of the last session was 
 repealed. 
 
 The first reported debate of the Senate was upon this motion for repeal. 
 
 1802, MARCH 16. Congress reduced the army to the peace 
 establishment of 1796, and a military academy was instituted at 
 West Point. 
 
 In the reduction of the army, a corps of engineers was retained, to consist of 
 seven officers and ten cadets, with their headquarters at "West Point. The senior 
 officer to be the superintendent, with forty students, two from each of the twenty 
 companies of artillery. 
 
 1802, MARCH. The excise tax was repealed. 
 
 1802, APRIL 26. The President communicated to Congress 
 the compact made by the commissioners of the United States and 
 those of Georgia concerning the territory between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Chattahoochee.
 
 1802.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 487 
 
 The compact was to remain in force, unless one of the parties to it rejected it 
 within six months. By its provisions, Georgia ceded all her claims, on condition 
 of receiving, out of the first proceeds from the sale of the lands, one million two 
 hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and the United States to agree to extinguish, 
 " as early as the same could be peaceably obtained on reasonable terms," the In- 
 dian title to the lands reserved by Georgia. It was also provided that when the 
 population of the territory ceded should amount to sixty thousand, or earlier if 
 Congress chose, it should be erected into a state, on the terms and conditions of 
 the ordinance of 1787 for the northwest territory, "that article only excepted 
 which prohibits slavery." 
 
 1802, APRIL 29. Anew judiciary act was passed by Congress. 
 
 The supreme court was held once a year, a majority of the judges being au- 
 thorized to hold it. Six circuits were organized, with a single judge of the su- 
 preme court, with a district judge for an associate, to hold semiannual courts in 
 each circuit. In case the judges differed on a point of law, the case, by certi- 
 ficate, was carried to the supreme court. 
 
 1802, APRIL. The naturalization act was repealed, and the 
 provisions of the act of 1795 re-enacted. 
 
 1802, APRIL 29. An act was passed by Congress appropri- 
 ating the annual sum of seven million three hundred thousand 
 dollars to pay the interest and principal of the public debt. 
 
 The current expenses were to be paid from the surplus revenue remaining after 
 this payment. 
 
 1802, APRIL 29. Congress passed a copyright law. 
 
 The copyright was granted for fourteen years, with a right of renewal for the 
 same period, if the author was living. The copyright notice on the title-page was 
 first required by this act. Designs, etchings, and engravings were made subject 
 to copyright. 
 
 1802. THE manufacture of large saws was commenced by 
 William Rowland of Philadelphia. 
 
 1802. A COMPANY was incorporated in Pennsylvania, with a 
 capital of twenty thousand dollars, to engage in wine culture. 
 
 They purchased land at Spring Hill, on the Schuylkill, thirteen miles from 
 Philadelphia, planted a vineyard, and in 1811 had thirty thousand vines growing. 
 
 1802. THE Morning Chronicle appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was published by William A. Davis. Its first editor was Dr. Peter Irving. 
 Washington Irving first appeared as a writer in its columns, with the signature 
 " Jonathan Oldstyle." The Chronicle was established by the friends of Aaron Burr, 
 in order to support him against the attacks his desertion of the Democratic party 
 subjected him to. It continued until 1805, when it was merged with the Pough- 
 keepsie Journal. 
 
 1802. BENJAMIN HENFREY obtained a patent for an " improve- 
 ment, being a cheap mode of obtaining light from fuel." 
 
 He had made gas from wood, and proposed to light the light-houses with gas 
 made from coal.
 
 488 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1802. 
 
 1802, APRIL 30. The people residing in the northwest terri- 
 tory north of the Ohio were authorized to organize themselves 
 into a state. 
 
 The}' had petitioned for this permission. Congress provided that a convention 
 should meet at Chillicothe in November, and form a constitution for the state. 
 The remainder of the territory was to be annexed to Indiana. The convention in 
 November formed the constitution of the state of Ohio. By an irrepealable ordi- 
 nance, all lands newly purchased from the United States were exempted from 
 taxation for four years, and Congress in return granted one township in each sec- 
 tion for school purposes, together with five per cent, of the proceeds of the lands 
 sold for the construction of roads, which was subsequently divided so that three 
 per cent, was spent for roads constructed within the state, and two per cent, upon 
 roads leading eastward. 
 
 1802. BY act of Congress the board of commissioners hav- 
 ing charge of the affairs of the city of Washington .was dissolved, 
 and a superintendent appointed. 
 
 A municipal government was also provided for the city. 
 
 1802. A BILL was passed by Congress appropriating the 
 means for the payment of two million six hundred and sixty- 
 four thousand dollars, in three annual payments, to Great Britain. 
 
 The commission under the treaty had made an agreement to pay this sum. 
 
 1802, JUNE. A trade-sale for books was held in New York 
 city. 
 
 It was held under the auspices of the American Company of Booksellers. 
 
 1802. THE Natchez Gazette appeared in Natchez, Mississippi. 
 
 It was established by Colonel Andrew Marschalk. The circulation of the ter- 
 ritory at this time consisted of " cotton receipts ; " that is, receipts for cotton de- 
 posited for ginning in public gins. 
 
 1802, JiraE 16. The Creeks ceded the territory between the 
 Oconee and the Ocmulgee. 
 
 A treaty was held with them, and considerable presents made them. This was 
 the territory Georgia reserved in the compact of cession with the United States ; 
 and this cession by the Creeks chiefly induced Georgia to allow the compact to go 
 into force. 
 
 1802. AN act was passed by Congress regulating intercourse 
 with the Indians. 
 
 The public trading-houses for supplying them with goods were maintained. 
 
 1802. A SQUADRON was ordered to be got ready for service 
 against Tripoli. 
 
 Tripoli had declared, and Congress had recognized the existence of war. 
 
 1802. THE Repertory appeared at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1802, JULY 31. The Western Spy was published at Cincin- 
 nati.
 
 1802-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 489 
 
 1802, JULY 31. The Sciota Gazette was published at Chilli- 
 cothe, Ohio. 
 
 The paper for these two Ohio journals was brought from Georgetown, Ken- 
 tucky, on horseback. 
 
 1802, OCTOBER 16. The Spanish intendant of Louisiana issued 
 a proclamation forbidding the depositing American merchandise 
 at New Orleans. 
 
 The treaty of 1785 had secured this privilege for three years, and guaranteed 
 that, if stopped, some other convenient place should be provided. 
 
 1802. THE legislature of North Carolina purchased the right 
 to use the cotton gin for the state, for a tax upon each machine, 
 for five years. 
 
 1802. A MECHANICS' association was formed at Portsmouth, 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 1803, FEBRUARY 16. The commissioners who had negotiated 
 the cession from Georgia reported concerning the claims to the 
 territory. 
 
 They had been authorized to inquire into them. They reported in favor of 
 liberal grants to all actual settlers prior to the Spanish evacuation of the territory, 
 however defective their titles might be. The claims resting on the grants of 1789 
 they thought invalid. For those based on the grants of 1795 they proposed a 
 compromise. The claimants Avanted twenty-five cents an acre. The commission- 
 ers proposed to pay two millions and a half in interest-bearing certificates, or 
 twice that amount in non-interest-bearing certificates, payable out of the first re- 
 ceipts for the Mississippi territory, after Georgia had been paid. 
 
 1803, MARCH 1. Ohio began its state government. 
 
 Its constitution had been framed by the convention of the year before. It gave 
 the right of suffrage to all white male inhabitants over twenty-one years of age, 
 resident in the state for a year, and on whom taxes had been assessed. The gov- 
 ernor was elected by the people. The freedom of the press was secured. 
 
 1803, MARCH 3. Congress passed an act intrusting to the 
 President the matter of the closing of the Mississippi by the 
 Spanish intendant of Louisiana. 
 
 He was authorized, if he saw fit, to call upon the governors of the states for 
 eighty thousand volunteers ; and twp millions of dollars were appropriated for 
 purchasing a place of deposit. The West was much excited concerning the closing 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 1803. CONGRESS passed an act prohibiting the slave trade. 
 
 It imposed a fine of a thousand dollars upon the captain of the ship, with the 
 forfeiture of the vessel, for each person imported contrary to the laws of any 
 state. The law was passed from the remonstrance of South Carolina concerning 
 the importation of slaves from Africa, and slaves and free blacks from the West 
 Indies.
 
 490 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1803. 
 
 1803, MARCH 3. Congress created two boards of commis- 
 sioners to adjudicate the claims on the Mississippi territory. 
 
 Settlers prior to the Spanish evacuation, whose titles proved defective, were to 
 be granted lots not exceeding six hundred and forty acres each ; those who had 
 settled in the territory prior to this act, without any title, were to have a pre-emp- 
 tion right of purchase for their lands, payable in the usual instalments, without 
 interest. The territory remaining after settling these claims was to be used for 
 settling such other claims as should be recorded in the office of the secretary of 
 state before the end of the year ; the same commissioners being appointed to re- 
 ceive such claims and submit them to the next Congress. The act also provided 
 for the survey and sale of the lands, by a system similar to that provided for 
 Ohio. Only that portion of the territory which now constitutes the states of Mis- 
 sissippi and Alabama had the Indian title extinguished, and were to be surveyed. 
 
 1803, MARCH 19. The New York legislature granted a charter 
 to the State Bank, at Albany. 
 
 There were only three banks in the state, out of New York city : the Bank of 
 Columbia, at Hudson ; the Bank of Albany ; and the Farmers' Bank, near Troy. 
 
 1803, APRIL 30. A treaty was concluded, transferring Louis- 
 iana to the United States for fifteen million dollars. 
 
 The treaty consisted of three parts, all dated the same day. The first provided 
 for the cession, and the other two regulated the payment of the consideration. It 
 was provided that the inhabitants should be secure in their liberty, property, and 
 religion, and as soon as possible admitted to the rights of citizens of the United 
 States. The payment was to be made eleven million, two hundred and fifty 
 thousand dollars in six per cent, stock of the United States, the interest payable 
 in Europe, and the principal to be redeemed, after fifteen years, in annual instal- 
 ments of not less than three millions of dollars. The claims of citizens of the 
 United States against France were to be paid, to the amount of three million, 
 seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars, at the American treasury, on orders 
 from the American minister in France. The claims to be decided by a joint com- 
 mission, consisting of the French bureau, to which the claims had been referred, 
 and three American commissioners, to be appointed. In case of any dispute, the 
 final decision to be with the French minister of finance. The territory ceded, 
 embraced not only the state of Louisiana, but also that occupied by the states of 
 Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territo- 
 ries. The American flag was first raised in Louisiana December 20, 1803. The 
 treaty required a mutual ratification within six months. 
 
 1803, APRIL. The legislature of New York extended for 
 twenty years the privilege granted in 1798 to Livingston and 
 Fulton. 
 
 It also extended for two years, and later to 1807, their time for practically 
 demonstrating they could propel a boat of twenty tons four miles an hour against 
 the current of the Hudson River. 
 
 1803. THE Middlesex Canal, in Massachusetts, connecting the 
 Merrimac and the Charles Rivers, was completed. 
 
 It was chartered by the state, June 22, 1793. It was a great aid to local trade, 
 until the railroad superseded it.
 
 1803.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 491 
 
 1803. THE Moniteur appeared in New Orleans. 
 
 It was published by Fontaine. Louisiana was still in the possession of France. 
 
 1803. THE legislature of South Carolina repealed the con- 
 tract made with the proprietors of the cotton gin, retained the 
 payment of the balance due, and began a suit to recover what 
 had already been paid. 
 
 In Georgia, claims for a prior invention were made, and the governor, in a 
 message, advised withholding compensation for it, and invited the other states to 
 co-operate with Georgia in getting Congress to buy the patent. The next year, 
 the legislature of South Carolina rescinded the repeal. 
 
 1803. THE flax rust appeared on Long Island. 
 
 1803. A PLASTER-MILL was erected at Newburg, New York. 
 
 The use of plaster as a fertilizer was becoming general. 
 
 1803. THE " Miami Exporting Company," of Cincinnati, was 
 incorporated. 
 
 Its capital was four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and was used for bank- 
 ing purposes. It was the first such institution in that city. 
 
 1803, MAY 17. An improved machine " for cutting grain and 
 grass " was patented by Richard French and John T. Hawkins 
 of New Jersey. 
 
 It is said to have been the first mowing or reaping machine on record. 
 
 1803, AUGUST 13. At a treaty held with Governor Harrison, 
 the Kaskaskias ceded to the United States a large tract north of 
 the Ohio. 
 
 The consideration was five hundred and eighty dollars in cash, an increase of 
 their annuity to one thousand dollars, three hundred dollars towards building a 
 church, and one hundred dollars a year, for seven years, to a Catholic priest. The 
 territory ceded embraced, with the exception of a small reservation, all the land 
 bounded by a line from the mouth of the Illinois, down the Mississippi to its junc- 
 tion with the Ohio, up the Ohio to the Wabash, and then west to the Mississippi. 
 The Kaskaskias, now consisting of a few hundreds, claimed to represent the 
 Illinois. 
 
 1803, OCTOBER IT. Congress, called by proclamation, met. 
 
 The cession of Louisiana was ratified by Congress on the 25th. 
 
 1803. THE commissioners under the treaty with England 
 awarded American claims to about six millions of dollars. 
 
 The award was paid by the British government. 
 
 1803, OCTOBER 31. The frigate Philadelphia, Captain Bain- 
 bridge, while blockading the port of Tripoli, ran aground, and 
 was captured by the Tripolitans. 
 
 The oflicers were well treated, but the men were reduced to slavery.
 
 492 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1803-4. 
 
 1803, DECEMBER. A commission received the island and city 
 of Orleans from Citizen Lansat, the French commissioner. 
 
 Lansat had a few days before received them from the Spanish authorities. The 
 American commissioners were General Wilkinson, the commander of the army, 
 and C. C. Claiborne, who had been made governor of the Mississippi Territory. 
 Claiborne chartered the Bank of Louisiana, with a capital of six hundred thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 1803. A HOUSE for the relief of shipwrecked sailors was 
 founded at Sable Island, and four hundred pounds granted yearly 
 for its support. 
 
 1803. As late as this, persons were publicly whipped in Bos- 
 ton, Massachusetts. 
 
 In the court of sessions, the judge's charge was : " Gentlemen of the grand 
 jury, you are required by your oath to see to it that that the several towns in the 
 county be provided according to law with pounds, schoolmasters, whipping posts, 
 and ministers." 
 
 1803. WILLIAM E. CHANNING, the founder of Unitarianism in 
 America, was settled minister of the Federal Street church in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Channing was born April 7, 1780, at Newport, Rhode Island ; died October 2, 
 18-42, at Bennington, Vermont. 
 
 1803. THE legislature of Massachusetts granted a bounty on 
 the manufacture of window-glass. 
 
 A German, named Lint, took charge of the works in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1803. THE state of Tennessee purchased the right to use 
 the cotton gin, by a tax on each machine used for four years. 
 
 It suspended the payment later in the year. 
 
 1803-4. OLIVER EVANS furnished a steam-engine for a boat 
 to ply between New Orleans and Natchez. 
 
 The boat was built in Kentucky by Captain James McKeever, of the navy, and 
 Louis Valcour, and floated to New Orleans to be supplied with her engine. She 
 was eighty feet keel, and eighteen feet beam. The river subsiding, left her 
 grounded, and the engine was put up in a saw-mill, where it cut three thousand 
 feet of boards in twelve hours. 
 
 1804. CONGRESS divided the territory obtained from France 
 into two provinces. 
 
 They were divided by a line drawn along the thirty-third parallel of north lati- 
 tude. That on the south of this line was called the Territory of Orleans, that west 
 of the Mississippi and north of Orleans was called the District of Louisiana. 
 Orleans contained at this time about fifty thousand persons, more than half of 
 whom were slaves. The President was authorized to appoint the governor and 
 secretary of the territory, and to nominate annually the thirteen members to com- 
 pose the legislative council. To the cession of Louisiana to Spain, the laws of 
 France had been in force. On taking possession, the Spanish governor substi- 
 tuted the Spanish code, and this remained in force, except where repugnant to
 
 1804.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 493 
 
 \ 
 
 the constitution .and laws of the United States. A Federal district court and a 
 superior territorial court were organized by the act. The trial by jury was insti- 
 tuted, and the writ of habeas corpus guaranteed the inhabitants. Claiborne was 
 continued as governor. New Orleans contained about eight thousand inhabi- 
 tants. In the District of Louisiana, the chief settlement was St. Louis. The 
 President was authorized to propose to the Indians on the east of the Mississippi 
 to exchange their lands for those west of that stream ; in the meanwhile the whole 
 territory was annexed to the territory of Indiana. The territory east of the Mis- 
 sissippi, in which the Indian title had been extinguished, were, by another act, 
 ordered to be surveyed, and land offices were opened at Detroit, Vincennes, and 
 Kaskaskia. The lands were offered for sale in quarter-sections of one hundred 
 and sixty acres, without interest on the instalments if prompt payment was made. 
 The salt-springs were reserved, and every sixteenth section in each township 
 reserved for schools, and an entire township in each district for a seminary. 
 
 1804, FEBRUARY. A memorial was presented to Congress 
 from a convention of delegates from the societies in the different 
 states for promoting the abolition of slavery and improving the 
 condition of the African race, asking that the importation of 
 slaves into the Territory of Louisiana, recently obtained, be pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 It was referred to the committee on the government of Louisiana, and in the 
 act creating the Territory of Orleans it was forbidden to introduce slaves except 
 from some part of the United States, and by actual settlers in the new territory ; 
 slaves introduced into the United States since 1798 being exempted from this 
 permission. 
 
 1804. THE legislature of South Carolina repealed the act 
 prohibiting the slave trade. 
 
 The representative from the state defended it in the national House, on the 
 ground that it was done because slaves were constantly imported, and to avoid 
 the daily open infraction of the law. The law was repealed. 
 
 1804, FEBRUARY 15. The legislature of New Jersey passed 
 an act abolishing slavery. 
 
 It made all persons born in the state after the fourth of thq. next July, free. 
 The children of slaves to become free, males at twenty-five and females at twenty- 
 one. 
 
 1804. CONGRESS passed an act giving to the electors the 
 right of designating their candidates for President and Yice- 
 President. 
 
 It was passed by the speaker's vote. 
 
 1804. AN additional duty of two and a half per cent, was 
 laid on goods subject to an ad valorem duty. 
 
 It was to remain in force during the continuance of hostilities in the Mediter- 
 ranean. The news had arrived of the capture of the Philadelphia. A million of 
 dollars was also appropriated, and additional frigates ordered. 
 
 1804, FEBRUARY 16. The captured frigate Philadelphia was
 
 494 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1804. 
 
 boarded and burned in the harbor of Tripoli by an expedition 
 under Lieutenant Decatur. 
 
 She had been refitted by her captors. 
 
 1804. CONGRESS repealed the Bankruptcy Act. 
 
 1804, MARCH 10. Upper Louisiana was formally surrendered 
 to the United States. 
 
 It was taken possession of by Captain Amos Stoddard, as the agent of the 
 United States. The chief business of the territory was furs, which centred at St. 
 Louis, and the circulation consisted of peltry bonds, or notes payable in furs. 
 
 1804. THERE were eighty-four patents granted this year. 
 
 1804. THE legislature of New York passed an act prohibiting 
 all unincorporated companies from issuing their notes to serve as 
 money. 
 
 A similar act was passed in Massachusetts. 
 
 1804, MAY 9. The Richmond Inquirer appeared at Rich- 
 mond, Virginia. 
 
 It was published by Thomas Ritchie and William W. Worsley, and was founded 
 upon the Examiner, a Republican paper edited by Merriweather Jones. Jeffer- 
 son was interested in its establishment, and in its first number it printed the laws 
 of the United States. Thomas Ritchie retired from it in 1843, and his sons Wil- 
 liam F. and Thomas, Jr. carried it on. It is still in existence. In its palmy days 
 it was known as the organ of the Richmond Junta. 
 
 1804. ELEVEN thousand dollars of the gold coined this year 
 was obtained from North Carolina. 
 
 All the gold from this date to 1827, amounting to one hundred and ten thousand 
 dollars, was obtained from this state. 
 
 1804. OLIVER EVANS constructed, this year, a steam dredg- 
 ing-machine which he called the Eruktor Amphiholis. 
 
 It was built on the order of the Philadelphia Board of Health. It propelled 
 itself upon land, and in the water with paddle-wheels at the stern. Later in the 
 year he made an estimate for the Lancaster Turnpike Company of the expense of 
 a locomotive engine, and offered to build one such. 
 
 1804, JULY 11. Alexander Hamilton was fatally wounded in 
 a duel with Aaron Burr. 
 
 His death created much excitement, and was of much influence in creating an 
 abhorrence of duelling. The coroner's inquest found Burr guilty of wilful murder. 
 In New Jersey, where the duel was fought, he was indicted for murder, and in 
 New York, he and his seconds were indicted for being concerned in sending and 
 receiving a challenge, a recent law of the state having made tliis an offence pun- 
 ishable with disfranchisement and incapacity for holding office for twenty years. 
 
 1804. CONGRESS appropriated sixty thousand dollars for 
 building twenty-five gunboats. 
 
 They were in addition to the ten ordered before. Jefferson, in his annual
 
 1804.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 495 
 
 message, had advised twenty-five a year for ten years, to be used for harbor 
 defence. 
 
 1804. A COMPANY of Germans, under the leadership of George 
 Rapp, landed, and, organizing the " Harmony Society," settled 
 about twenty-five miles north of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 
 
 In 1814 they moved to Posey County, Indiana, .and in 1824 moved to their 
 present settlement of Economy, on the Ohio. They are a religious community, 
 and are very wealthy. 
 
 1804. THE Historical Society in New York city, and the 
 Athenseum Library in Boston, Massachusetts, were both organ- 
 ized this year. 
 
 1804. DAVID PEACOCK, of New Jersey, patented a plough. 
 
 The mould-board and land-side were made separate and of cast-iron, while the 
 share was of wrought-iron edged with steel. 
 
 1804. JOHN STEVENS, of New York, constructed a steam- 
 propeller. 
 
 It was finished soon after Fulton's steamer, the Clermont. As Livingston and 
 Fulton held the monopoly of steam navigation in the state, Stevens carried hia 
 boat by sea round to the Delaware. 
 
 John Stevens was born in New York in 1749, and died at Hoboken, New Jer- 
 sey, in 1838. In 1812 he published a pamphlet proposing to build a railroad from 
 Albany to Lake Erie. 
 
 1804, AUGUST. During this month two treaties were made at 
 Vincennes, by which the Indian title to large tracts was extin- 
 guished. 
 
 The treaties were held with the Delawares and Piankeshaws. In November 
 another treaty was made at St. Louis with the Sacs and Foxes, by which also 
 large tracts were ceded. The consideration in this last treaty was a yearly pay- 
 ment in goods of a thousand dollars, and the tract ceded embraced nearly eighty 
 thousand square miles, lying on both sides of the Mississippi. 
 
 1804. CONGRESS annexed all the region south of the state of 
 Tennessee to the Territory of Mississippi. 
 
 The act made an appropriation for exploring the Territory of Louisiana, and 
 under it the expedition of Lewis and Clarke was made. 
 
 1804. A MEMORIAL from a convention of the people of In- 
 diana, held at Vincennes, asking for the territory a suspension 
 of the article in the ordinance of 1787 prohibiting slavery north 
 of the Ohio, was referred, together with a report made upon it 
 by a committee, to a new committee. 
 
 The memorial had been presented at the last session, and the committee had 
 reported just before its close, that they thought it " highly dangerous and inexpe- 
 dient to impair a provision wisely calculated to promote the happiness and pros- 
 perity of the north-western country, and to give strength and security to that 
 extensive frontier." The new committee reported in favor of the suspension, so 
 as to admit for ten years slaves born in the United States, their male heirs to be
 
 496 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1805. 
 
 free at the age of twenty-five, and their female heirs at the ago of twenty-one. N o 
 further action was taken on the subject. 
 
 1805, JANUARY 2. Judge Chase, of the Supreme Court, ap- 
 peared before the Senate to answer charges of impeachment, and 
 requesting delay, was given a month. 
 
 There wer^ eight charges against him : six for his conduct in trials, and two 
 for liis late charge to the Maryland grand jury. At the trial, in consideration of 
 his age and infirmities, he was allowed to be seated in the centre of the Senate 
 chamber. He was acquitted on all of the charges. 
 
 1805. THE Territory of Orleans was given such a govern- 
 ment as that of the Territory of Mississippi, or of a territory of 
 the first class. 
 
 The people had petitioned for the right to form a state, and had complained of 
 the arbitrary government placed over them. This gave them a legislature chosen 
 by the people, and the privilege of organizing themselves into a state, forming a 
 constitution, and claiming the right of admission to the Union, as soon as they 
 numbered sixty thousand. Claiborne was continued as governor, and Robert 
 Williams made governor of Mississippi. 
 
 1805. THE District of Louisiana was erected into a territory 
 of the second class. 
 
 The governor and judges had the legislative power. By a section of the act, 
 all existing laws and regulations were continued in force until repealed or altered 
 by the legislature. This tacitly permitted slavery, which existed in some of the 
 settlements on the Arkansas and Missouri. 
 
 1805. A PORTION of Indiana was divided off and erected into 
 a territory of the second class called Michigan. 
 
 The population of the territory was about four thousand. The Indian title had 
 been extinguished in only a small tract about Detroit, and another on the main 
 land opposite Mackinaw. William Hull was appointed governor. 
 
 1805, FEBRUARY 13. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, 
 and George Clinton Vice-President. 
 
 1805, APRIL. The New York legislature granted a charter 
 to the Merchants' Bank of New York city. 
 
 1805. THE legislature of New York appropriated the pro- 
 ceeds of the remaining state lands for the school fund. 
 The land consisted of more than a million acres. 
 
 1805, JUNE. A treaty of peace was made with Tripoli. 
 
 It provided for an exchange of prisoners, man for man. As the American 
 prisoners were fewer by about two hundred, sixty thousand dollars were paid by 
 the United States. 
 
 1805. THE King's County Society of Mechanics and Trades- 
 men was incorporated in New York. 
 
 1805. THE first cargo of ice exported from this country was
 
 1805.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 497 
 
 one of one hundred and thirty tons, sent by Frederick Tudor, 
 of Boston, in his own brig, to Martinique. 
 
 Mr. Tudor persevered, making very little, if any profit from the business until 
 after the war of 1812. In 1815 he obtained the monopoly of the Havana trade; 
 in 1817, that of Charleston. South Carolina ; in 1820, that of New Orleans. In 1833 
 he sent the first cargo to Calcutta, and in 1834, the first to Brazil. He monopo- 
 lized the business until 1836, when other parties became interested. 
 
 1805. THE Free School Society was incorporated in New 
 York city. 
 
 The present Board of Education was its outgrowth. 
 
 1805, JULY 4. At a treaty held at Fort Industry, the Indians 
 ceded to the United States the tract in Ohio known as the Con- 
 necticut Reserve. 
 
 The treaty was made by Governor Harrison, with the Wyandots, Ottawas, 
 Chippeways, Mamsees, Delawares, Shawanees, and Potta\vatomies. The consid- 
 eration was a perpetual annuity of one thousand dollars. The Connecticut Land 
 Company, which had purchased the land from Connecticut, had already paid the 
 Indians sixteen thousand dollars. 
 
 1805, AUGUST 21. By a treaty with the Indians, their title 
 to almost the whole of the present state of Indiana was extin- 
 guished. 
 
 The treaty was made with the Delawares, the Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River 
 Indians, and Ucas. The land ceded extended to within fifty miles of the Ohio, 
 except a narrow strip along the west bank of the "W abash. The consideration 
 was four thousand dollars in cash, an annuity for ten years of five hundred dol- 
 lars, and a permanent one of eleven hundred dollars. 
 
 1805. THE Cherokees ceded to the United States the tract 
 between the settlements of East and West Tennessee, and allowed 
 the opening of roads, and the passage of the mail through their 
 territory. 
 
 The consideration was fourteen thousand dollars in cash and a perpetual an- 
 nuity of three thousand dollars. Having become interested in agriculture and 
 stock-raising, they no longer needed as wide an expanse of hunting-grounds. 
 
 1805, OCTOBEE. A decision in a Massachusetts court was con- 
 sidered a further advance of religious liberty. 
 
 A tax-collector in the town of Dalton had collected a tax from a member of a 
 Baptist church for the support of an older parish in the town. Suit was brought 
 against the town for the recovery of the money, and the court decided it should 
 be returned. 
 
 1805. THE Reporter appeared in Lexington, Kentucky. 
 
 It was established by William W. Worsley, who left the Richmond Inquirer, 
 and Thomas S. Smith. It was the organ of Henry Clay. 
 
 1805. A BILL was passed by the New York legislature 
 authorizing the truth to be given in evidence, when the matter, 
 32
 
 498 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1805-6. 
 
 written or printed, was published " with good motives and for 
 justifiable ends." 
 
 This change in the law of libel was incorporated in the constitutions adopted 
 for the state in 1821, 1845, and 1865. It was brought about from a trial in 1804 
 of Harry Croswell, the editor of the Hudson Balance, who had assailed Thomas 
 Jefferson with such violence that he was indicted by the grand jury of Columbia 
 County for libel. The case was tried before Chief Justice Lewis in the superior 
 court, and Alexander Hamilton, as counsel for Croswell, showed that the maxim 
 "The greater the truth, the greater the libel," was contrary to the genius of our 
 republican institutions, an outrage on human rights, common justice, and common 
 sense, and of modern date in England. 
 
 1805. THE legislature of Virginia enacted that thenceforth 
 all emancipated slaves remaining in the state six months ai'ter 
 obtaining their freedom should be arrested and sold for the bene- 
 fit of the poor of the county. 
 
 The proceeds of such sale were afterwards awarded to the literary fund. Xegro 
 or mulatto orphans, bound out by the overseers of the poor, were forbidden to be 
 taught reading, writing, or arithmetic. It was the business of the overseers to 
 forbid their masters to do this. Free blacks coming to the state were sent back. 
 
 1805, NOVEMBER 14. The Creeks ceded to Georgia the tract 
 between the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers. 
 
 The consideration was an annuity of twelve thousand dollars for eight years, 
 and then one for eleven thousand dollars for ten years. 
 
 1806, JANUARY. Congress appropriated two millions of dol- 
 lars for " extraordinary expenses of foreign intercourse." 
 
 The bill had been debated in the House for two weeks with closed doors. The 
 money was placed at the disposal of the President, who was authorized to borrow 
 it, the extra duty being continued to reimburse the loan. In sending the bill to 
 the Senate, it was accompanied by a message that it was passed for " the en- 
 abling the president to commence with more effect a negotiation for the purchase 
 of the Spanish territories east of the Mississippi." The negotiations resulted in 
 nothing. The American claim extended to the Rio Grande. On the other side, 
 the Spaniards limited Louisiana to a very narrow strip on the west bank of the 
 Mississippi. The Sabine had been considered a provisional boundary, but the 
 Spanish commander in Texas crossed the river with an armed force, and occupied 
 a settlement at Bayou Pierre, on the Red River. Orders were sent to General 
 Wilkinson, at St. Louis, to reinforce the troops in the Territory of Orleans, and 
 take command there. 
 
 1806, MARCH 26. Congress prohibited the importation from 
 Great. Britain or her dependencies, or from any other country, 
 certain articles of British manufacture. 
 
 These were manufactures of leather, silk, hemp, flax, tin or brass ; woollen 
 cloths invoiced over a dollar and a quarter a square yard ; woollen hosiery, glass, 
 silver or plated ware, paper, nails, spikes, hats, ready-made clothing, millinery, 
 beer, ale, porter, playing-cards, or prints. The act was to take effect in the mid- 
 dle of November.
 
 1806.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 499 
 
 1806. CONGRESS appropriated two hundred and fifty thousand 
 dollars for the building of fifty more gunboats. 
 
 One hundred and fifty thousand dollars were also appropriated for the fortifica- 
 tion of forts and harbors. 
 
 1806. APPROPRIATIONS were made by Congress for building 
 roads. 
 
 For the road from Cumberland, Maryland, to the Ohio, $30,000; for a road 
 from Athens, Georgia, to New Orleans, $G600 ; from Cincinnati to the Missis- 
 sippi, opposite St. Louis, GOOO; for a road from Nashville to Natchez, $6000. 
 
 1806, APRIL. The Leander, Captain "Whitby, an English war- 
 vessel, fired upon the sloop Richard, and killed John Pierce, the 
 owner, and brother of the captain. 
 
 The Leander had been ordered by the admiral to cruise off New York harbor, 
 and obtain the latest news from the vessels coming in and going out. Impatient 
 at the tardiness with which the Richard responded to his signal, Whitby fired a 
 ball. The common council of New York asked the administration for two or 
 three ships to keep the foreign cruisers in order. The President issued a proclama- 
 tion ordering the Leander out of the waters of the United States. 
 
 1806, JUNE. The American Botanical Society was formed in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1806, NOVEMBER 3. It was agreed that the Sabine should be 
 for the present the boundary between the United States and the 
 Spanish territory. 
 
 General Wilkinson had advanced with his troops, and the Spaniards retreated 
 across the Sabine. 
 
 1806, NOVEMBER 21. Napoleon Bonaparte issued his Berlin 
 decrees. 
 
 These declared all England's ports blockaded ; excluded English letters from 
 French mails, and ordered every Englishman on French territory arrested as a 
 prisoner of war ; all property belonging to the English, coming from their factories 
 or colonies, and all neutral vessels touching at English ports, were lawful prizes 
 for French cruisers. 
 
 1806. THE Louisiana Courier appeared in New Orleans. 
 
 1806, NOVEMBER 27. The President issued a proclamation, de- 
 claring that he had information of an unlawful scheme for the 
 invasion of the Spanish dominions, and warning all good citizens 
 against taking part in it, and calling upon the authorities to arrest 
 all concerned in it. 
 
 The scheme was one of Aaron Burr's, for the purpose of capturing New 
 Orleans and Mexico. 
 
 1806, DECEMBER 2. The legislature of Ohio passed an act, with 
 closed doors, ordering the seizure of the boats building on the 
 Muskingum, which was done. 
 
 The boats were designed for use in Aaron Burr's expedition.
 
 500 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1806-7. 
 
 1806, DECEMBER 19. Congress suspended the act prohibiting 
 the importation of British goods until the following July. 
 
 The President was authorized to still further continue the suspension, at his 
 discretion, until the next Congress. All penalties incurred were remitted. 
 
 1806, DECEMBER 24. The legislature of Kentucky passed an 
 act similar to that passed by Ohio. 
 
 Under it further seizures were made. 
 
 1806. THE first barge load of anthracite coal was shipped 
 from Mauch Chunk to Philadelphia. 
 
 It was sold, but it was found impossible to use it. 
 
 1807. CONGRESS appropriated fifty thousand dollars for a 
 coast survey. 
 
 It was "for the purpose of making complete charts of our coast, with the adja- 
 cent shoals and soundings." F. II. Hassler, a Swiss, was appointed superintend- 
 ent. But little was done, except laying out a base line, in the rear of the 
 Palisades on the Hudson, until 1832. Hassler died in 1843, and Professor A. D. 
 Bache was appointed his successor, under whose direction the survey was made 
 efficient, and is still continued. 
 
 1807, JANUARY 7. England declared all neutral ships trading 
 at French ports or those of her allies, or from which English 
 ships were excluded, subject to capture and condemnation in her 
 prize courts. 
 
 1807, JANUARY. Aaron Burr surrendered unconditionally to 
 a body of militia of the Territory of Mississippi. 
 
 Burr had descended the Mississippi with a small armed band, and had halted 
 about thirty miles above Natchez, outside of the jurisdiction of Mississippi. After 
 the surrender he went to the capital of the territory, where the grand jury, 
 instead of indicting him, brought a presentment against the governor for call- 
 ing out the militia, and against the way he was compelled to surrender. 
 
 1807, FEBRUARY 19. Aaron Burr was arrested in eastern 
 Mississippi, and sent under a guard to Washington, the capital of 
 Mississippi. 
 
 He was riding with a single companion. The arrest was made by the registrar 
 of the land office, and Lieutenant Gaines with a few men. 
 
 1807, FEBRUARY. Congress passed an act prohibiting the 
 slave trade. 
 
 A fine of twenty thousand dollars was imposed on all persons concerned in 
 fitting out a vessel for the slave trade, with the forfeiture of the vessel ; a fine of 
 five thousand dollars, with the forfeiture of the vessel, was imposed for taking any 
 negro or colored person on board in a foreign country for the purpose of selling 
 him within the jurisdiction of the United States. For transporting any negro or 
 person of color from a foreign country and selling him as a slave, imprisonment 
 for not less than five years, nor more than ten, with a fine not less than a thousand 
 or more than ten thousand dollars, was imposed, the purchaser, knowing the facts,
 
 1807.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 501 
 
 being liable to a fine of eight hundred dollars for each person purchased. The 
 persons imported were to be subject to such regulations, not contrary to this act, 
 as the respective states and territories might make. Coasting vessels transporting 
 slaves from one state to another were obliged by a fine of one hundred dollars 
 for each slave to insert a description of them in their manifesto. No vessel of 
 less than forty tons could transport slaves except on the inland bays and rivers. 
 A vessel with slaves found on the coast was confiscate, the master subject to a 
 fine of ten thousand dollars, and imprisonment. The negroes on such vessel to 
 be delivered to such agents as the states might appoint ; where no such appoint- 
 ment was made, to the overseer of the poor, and if they should be " sold or dis- 
 posed of, the penalties of the act to attach to the seller and purchaser." The act 
 was passed after a long and very violent debate. The act was to take effect on. 
 the 1st of January, 1808. 
 
 1807, MARCH. The President, by proclamation, suspended 
 the operation of the act prohibiting the importation of British 
 goods until December. 
 
 The commissioners to England had concluded a treaty which the President 
 rejected. 
 
 1807, MARCH 11. The Philadelphia Society for the Encour- 
 agement of Manufactures was incorporated. 
 
 Its capital was ten thousand dollars, with the right to increase it to one hundred 
 thousand dollars. The directors were empowered to advance, either cash or raw 
 materials, to half the amount of the finished product, to be deposited in their ware- 
 house, the residue to be paid when the articles were sold, deducting interest and 
 a commission of five per cent. 
 
 1807. A VESSEL was navigated by a screw propeller, from 
 Eddy's Point to Pautucket, Rhode Island. 
 
 She was called " The Experiment," was about one hundred feet long, and 
 twenty feet wide. The screws were driven by eight horses, and she made an 
 average of four miles an hour. The machinery was built by Jonathan Nichols 
 and David Given, of Providence, and the vessel was built by John S. Eddy. 
 It was the first attempted realization of the propeller. 
 
 1807, MAY. The news was received that Captain Whitby, of 
 the Leander, had been honorably acquitted by a court-martial at 
 Plymouth, England. 
 
 1807, JUNE 22. The Chesapeake, a national vessel, was 
 overhauled, on sailing from Hampton Roads for the Mediterra- 
 nean, by the Leopard, a British ship, and fired into, and four 
 sailors claimed as deserters carried off. 
 
 Three of the Chesapeake's crew were killed, and eighteen wounded ; she was un- 
 able, for want of preparation, to reply. The deserters were carried to Halifax, 
 where one, an Englishman, was hanged ; the three others, negroes, who had de- 
 serted from an American ship, and were natives, were pardoned on condition of 
 re-entering the British service. 
 
 1807, JULY 2. The President issued a proclamation ordering
 
 502 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1807. 
 
 all the British ships-of-war to leave the waters of the United 
 States, and forbidding any intercourse with them. 
 
 The proclamation spoke of the habitual insolence of the British cruisers, and 
 expressed the belief that the outrage on the Chesapeake was unauthorized. Con- 
 gress was called together, and a court of inquiry was ordered, and instructions 
 were sent to the American ministers in England to demand reparation, and sus- 
 pend all other negotiations until it was granted. 
 
 1807, SEPTEMBEB 1. The jury in the trial of Aaron Burr for 
 high treason, which took place in Richmond, Virginia, brought in 
 a verdict of Not guilty. 
 
 Burr had been sent under a guard from Mississippi. Chief Justice Marshall 
 presided at the trial. Indictments for treason, which had been found against 
 Blennerhasset, Dayton, Smith, Tyler, and Floyd, as accessories, were abandoned. 
 On September 9th a verdict of Not guilty was returned, also on a charge of setting 
 on foot within the United States a hostile expedition against the Spanish prov- 
 inces. 
 
 Aaron Burr died in 183G, aged 80. 
 
 1807, OCTOBER. The English government sent an agent to 
 the United States to settle the affair of the Chesapeake. 
 
 As soon as the news of the outrage was received in England, the ministry dis- 
 owned the act, offered reparation, and sent orders for the recall of Admiral 
 Birkeley, in command of the North American station, by whose orders the captain 
 of the Leopard had acted. The instructions sent to the American ministers having 
 made it impossible for them to conclude the matter, this agent was sent to do so. 
 
 1807, OCTOBER. The General Society of Mechanics was in- 
 corporated in New Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 It was to promote the mechanic arts, and assist young mechanics by loans. 
 
 1807. THE " Clermont " was launched in the spring. 
 
 Being supplied with a steam-engine made by Watt and Boulton in England, 
 she made her first trip to Albany in thirty-two hours, the distance being one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles. She was built by the firm of Livingston and Fulton. 
 
 1807. THE duty on salt was repealed. 
 
 The act to take effect after December 31. 
 
 1807, DECEMBER 22. Congress laid an embargo on all shipping 
 in the ports of the United States. 
 
 The departure of any vessel from any port of the United States, bound to any 
 foreign port, was forbidden, except by the express permission of the President. 
 Foreign armed vessels, with public commissions, and foreign merchant ships in 
 ballast, or with only such cargo as they had when notified of the act, were also 
 excepted. Coasting vessels were to give bonds, in double the value of their 
 cargoes, to reland the same in the United States. 
 
 1807. THE American Botanical Society took the name of the 
 Philadelphia Linnajan Society.
 
 1808.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 503 
 
 1808. Two Indian treaties were made this year, by which 
 territory was ceded to the United States. 
 
 The Choctaws ceded the territory lying between the settlements about Natchez, 
 and those on the Tombigbee, now forming the southern part of Mississippi. The 
 consideration was $50,000 to pay their debts to traders, a present of $500 to each 
 of the three principal chiefs, with an annuity during their chieftainship of $50, and 
 a yearly payment to the tribe of $3000 in goods. The Ottawas, Chippeways, Wy- 
 andots, and Pottawatomies ceded the territory north of the Maumee, from the 
 junction of the Au Glaze, extending to the Detroit River and Lake Huron, 
 including a large part of Michigan. The consideration was $10,000 in goods, 
 and an annuity of $2400. 
 
 1808, JANUARY 8. Congress passed an act supplementary to 
 the embargo. 
 
 All coasting and fishing-vessels were required to give bonds to reland their 
 cargoes in the United States, all vessels violating it to be confiscated with their 
 cargoes, the masters being fined, and the owners liable for double the value of the 
 vessel and cargo. The coasting-vessels were found to take advantage of the act 
 as passed before, to engage in the West India trade> 
 
 1808, MARCH 2. A betterment law was passed by the legis- 
 lature of Massachusetts. 
 
 This was intended to quiet the disaffection of the actual settlers upon the unim- 
 proved territory of Maine and Massachusetts. The Plymouth Company had exer- 
 cised their claims with great harshness, and the people were consequently very 
 much discontented. Writs of right were limited to forty years, and writs of entry 
 to thirty. It provided that the settler should pay the value of the land within a 
 year. 
 
 1808. AN act was passed by the Massachusetts legislature 
 limiting the issue of bank-bills. 
 
 Banks should not issue bills less than five dollars to a greater amount than 
 fifteen per cent, of their capital. 
 
 1808, MARCH 12. Another act supplementary to the embargo 
 was passed by Congress. 
 
 Boats and vessels of all kinds were made subject to the embargo. Foreign 
 vessels were forbidden to carry cargoes from one part of the United States to 
 another without first giving bonds not to proceed to a foreign country. The 
 masters of fishing-vessels were forced to declare, on oath, that they had landed 
 no fish at any foreign port. Land-carriages were submitted to the same restric- 
 tions, under penalty of forfeiture with their loads and horses. 
 
 1808, MARCH 18. The envoy from England returned home. 
 
 He had demanded the recall of the proclamation forbidding British ships from 
 entering American waters, as a preliminary to an offer on his part of reparation. 
 To the promise that the proclamation would be withdrawn should his offer prove 
 satisfactory he would not accede, and returned to consult his government. 
 
 1808. CONGRESS passed an act making an addition to the reg- 
 ular army of six thousand men. 
 
 They were to be enlisted for five years, unless sooner discharged. The Pres-
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1808. 
 
 ident was also authorized to call out 100,000 militia, and $300,000 were appropri- 
 ated for the purchase of munitions. 
 
 1808, APRIL 8. Gallatin, the secretary of the treasury, made 
 a report on the subject of internal improvements. 
 
 It stated that a great number of roads had been built in the eastern and middle 
 states, while few had been constructed south of the Potomac. The roads were 
 chielly turnpikes, varying in cost from less than a thousand dollars a mile to four- 
 teen thousand. The toll collected paid an interest on the investment varying from 
 less than three to eleven per cent. Connecticut since 1803 had incorporated fifty 
 turnpike companies. In New York, in less than seven years, sixty-seven compa- 
 nies, with a nominal capital of about five millions, had been incorporated to build 
 roads ; and twenty-one, with a capital of four hundred thousand dollars, had been 
 incorporated to build toll-bridges. It was recommended that two millions of the 
 revenue be spent yearly for ten years in improving the communication between 
 different parts of the Union, and several special measures for this were mentioned. 
 
 1808. THE Theological Seminary at Andover was founded. 
 
 1808. THE legislature of Kentucky enacted that free negroes 
 coming into the state should give security to leave within twenty 
 days, or should be sold for a year. 
 
 If twenty days after the expiration of the year they were remaining in the 
 state, the process was repeated. 
 
 1808, APRIL 25. Congress passed a third act supplementary 
 to the embargo. 
 
 All lake, river, and bay craft were required to clear in due form, and furnish 
 proof within two months that their cargoes had been relanded in the United 
 States. Sea-going vessels were forbidden to take in any cargo except under the 
 inspection of a custom-house officer. Collectors were authorized to seize all sus- 
 pected vessels. Except with the permission of the President, no clearances were 
 to be granted to vessels for ports adjacent to foreign territories. Unusual collec- 
 tions of goods in any such ports were to be seized and detained until their owners 
 should give bonds not to carry them out of the United States. All coasting-trade 
 was entirely forbidden to foreign vessels. 
 
 1808, APRIL. Congress passed an act empowering the Presi- 
 dent to appoint agents to grant licenses for the transportation of 
 flour from one American seaport to another. 
 
 The permits to do this were to be given only to those who could be relied upon 
 not to make use of them for the exportation of merchandise. 
 
 1808. SOUP-KITCHENS were opened in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 in Portland, Maine, and in other places. 
 
 The embargo had caused a great deal of commercial distress. 
 
 1808. JOSEPH CHARLESS, in July, commenced in St. Louis, 
 Missouri, the Missouri Gazette. 
 
 This was the first newspaper in St. Louis, and the first west of the Mississippi. 
 It is now continued as the Missouri Republican.
 
 1808-9.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 505 
 
 1808. THE laws of Louisiana (Territory), printed this year 
 in St. Louis, was the first book printed west of the Mississippi. 
 
 1808. THE first newspaper in Indiana appeared in Vincennes. 
 
 1808, JUNE 23. Importation of merchandise of American 
 growth or manufacture to Great Britain was permitted by an act 
 of parliament. 
 
 They were permitted in either British or American vessels, and were subject to 
 such duties only as the same commodities from other countries paid. 
 
 1808, SEPTEMBER 15. The viceroy of Mexico, Don Jos Itur- 
 rigaray, was deposed by an insurrection, and sent as a captive to 
 Spain. 
 
 It was the Spaniards who made the insurrection ; they favored the French pol- 
 icy of Napoleon; the Creoles supported the Bourbons, having publicly burned a 
 proclamation of King Joseph, whom Napoleon had made king of Spain. Iturri- 
 garay was succeeded as viceroy by Vanegas. 
 
 1808. THE South Carolina Homespun Society was incorpo- 
 rated with a capital of thirty thousand dollars, to promote domes- 
 tic manufactures. 
 
 1808, OCTOBER. The American Patriot appeared in Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire. 
 
 It was established by William Hoit. In 1809 it was purchased by Isaac Hill, 
 and its name changed to the New Hampshire Patriot. It was a Democratic sheet. 
 
 1801-1809. THIRD administration. 
 
 President, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
 
 Vice-Presidents ( Aaron Burr ' of New York) 180L 
 
 v George Clinton, of New York, March 4, 1805. 
 
 Secretary of State, James Madison, of Virginia, March 5, 1801. 
 
 Secretaries of Treasury, ( Samuel Dexter ' of Mass "' continued in offlce - 
 
 < Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, January 26, 1802. 
 
 Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1801. 
 
 C Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland, continued in office. 
 Secretaries of Navy, j Robert Smith, of Maryland, January 26, 1802. 
 
 I Jacob Crowninshield, of Mass., March 2, 1805. 
 
 Postmasters-General, -f Jose P h Habersham > of Georgia, continued in office. 
 * Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, January 26, 1802. 
 
 (Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1801. 
 Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 3, 1805. 
 John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, January 17, 180G. 
 Caesar Rodney, of Delaware, January 20, 1807. 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, Seventh Congress, 1801. 
 Joseph B. Varnum, of Massachusetts, Eighth Congress, 1803. 
 Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, Ninth Congress, 1805. 
 Joseph B. Varnum, of Massachusetts, Tenth Congress, 1807.
 
 506 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1809. 
 
 1809, JANUARY 9. Congress passed an act "more effectually 
 to enforce the embargo." 
 
 It was called "the enforcing act." Every attempt to avoid the embargo worked 
 the forfeiture of the ship, boat, or vehicle, and was subject to a fine of foxir times 
 the value of the merchandise, one half the fine to go to the informer. Collectors 
 were given ample power to seize suspected goods. The President was given power 
 to employ the army and navy to enforce the provisions of the embargo, and ad- 
 dressed a circular to the governors of the states, calling upon them to use the 
 militia. The summer before, troops had been used to prevent the inland trade 
 through Lake Champlain to Canada, and blood had been shed. The commercial 
 towns of New England suffered the most severely from the embargo, and were 
 most violent in their protests against it. 
 
 1809, FEBRUARY 3. The embargo was repealed by Congress. 
 
 The act to take effect on the 15th of March. 
 
 1809. CONGRESS erected the territory of Illinois. 
 
 It embraced the present states of Illinois and Wisconsin. Kaskaskia was made 
 the seat of government, and Ninian Edwards was appointed governor. 
 
 1809, FEBRUARY 27. Congress passed a non-intercourse act. 
 
 It forbade all commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain, France, or their dependencies, after the 20th of May. In case either of these 
 nations should repeal its offensive orders or decrees, the President was authorized 
 to reopen trade with that country by proclamation. 
 
 1809. THE Athenian Society was formed at Baltimore, Mary- 
 land. 
 
 It was incorporated the next year with a share capital of $20,000. Its object 
 was to encourage domestic manufactures by advances made on their products, and 
 Belling them on commission. Its sales were over $17,000 the first year. 
 
 1809. ROBERT FULTON took out his first patent in the United 
 States for improvements in steamboats, they being the adaptation 
 of paddle-wheels to the axle of the crank of Watts' engine. 
 
 He was granted a second patent in 1811, and the same year appointed a com- 
 missioner by New York> to explore the route of an inland navigation from the 
 Hudson River to the Lakes. 
 
 1809, MARCH 4. James Madison was inaugurated President. 
 
 He took the oath of office in the Hall of Representatives, the Senate, the Cab- 
 inet, and foreign ministers, with citizens, being present. 
 
 1809. THE legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act making 
 education free. 
 
 Children between the ages of five and twelve, whose parents should report 
 themselves as too poor to pay for their schooling, could attend the most convenient 
 school at the public expense. 
 
 1809, MARCH 10. The committee of the Rhode Island legis- 
 lature, appointed to inquire into the situation of the Farmers' 
 Exchange Bank of Gloucester, reported.
 
 1809.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 507 
 
 The bank went into operation in 1804. On February 9, 1809, it had issued 
 $648,043 of its bills, of which $580,000 were then out, and the bank had in specie 
 
 $86. 1C. 
 
 1809. AN Englishman built a mill on the present site of Roch- 
 ester, which was still a wilderness. 
 
 1809, APRIL 19. The President, in a proclamation, announced 
 the cessation of the non-intercourse act with Great Britain and 
 her dependencies after June 10. 
 
 Great Britain, in reparation for the Chesapeake, agreed to return the men, and 
 make a ' ' suitable provision for the unfortunate sufferers on that occasion ; " also to 
 send an envoy extraordinary with full powers to conclude a treaty on all points of 
 dispute, and withdraw the orders in council, if the President would issue a proc- 
 lamation for the renewal of intercourse with her. 
 
 1809, AUGUST 9. A proclamation by the President recalled 
 that of April 19. 
 
 The British government had refused to ratify the arrangement made by their 
 minister. This recall left in force the non-importation act which forbade all impor- 
 tation from France or England or their dependencies. Erskine, the minister who 
 had made the arrangement, was replaced by Francis James Jackson. 
 
 1809, NOVEMBER 13. The British minister, Jackson, withdrew 
 from Washington, and asked for special passports to return to 
 England. 
 
 In his official correspondence with the American government, he had made 
 etatements which were used as a reason to refuse to receive further communica- 
 tions from him, and a ground for asking his recall. 
 
 1809, NOVEMBER. The Columbian Agricultural Society for 
 the Promotion of Rural and Domestic Economy was formed at 
 Georgetown, D. C. 
 
 It held an exhibition with premiums the next year, which is said to have been 
 the first held in the country. 
 
 1809. THE sixth volume of the Transactions of the American 
 Philosophical Society contained a Geological Survey of the United 
 States by William Maclure. 
 
 It was dated January 10, and was the first of the kind. Mr. Maclure had made 
 the survey at his own expense, and had travelled extensively about the country 
 for the purpose of his survey. He had also made a geological map of the United 
 States. 
 
 1809. THE consul at Lisbon, William Jarvis, of Vermont, 
 sent over to the country some thousands of merino sheep. 
 
 He purchased fourteen hundred of the crown flocks of the Escurial, which 
 were sold by order of Napoleon, and also shipped about two thousand more. 
 Others made further shipments. Though a few specimens of merino sheep had 
 been before imported, this was the immediate cause of their general introduc- 
 tion.
 
 508 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1810. 
 
 1810, MARCH 1. A cortes, or council of the whole nation, 
 met at Cadiz, Spain. 
 
 Representatives were present from Mexico. 
 
 1810, MARCH. The legislature of Pennsylvania passed a law 
 forbidding incorporated companies from issuing notes or perform- 
 ing the functions of banks. 
 
 1810. THE first house was built on the site of the city of 
 Rochester, New York. 
 
 In 1812 it was laid out as a village by Nathaniel Rochester and two associates. 
 In 1817 it was incorporated, and in 1834 received a city charter. 
 
 1810. THE Adirondack Iron and Steel Company was incor- 
 porated with a capital of one million dollars. 
 
 The first furnace was built in a secluded spot among the Adirondack Hills. 
 Subsequently the first cast steel was made by them. 
 
 1810. ELKANAH WATSON exhibited three merino sheep at 
 Pittsfield, Massachusetts. 
 
 1810. THE census of this year gave returns from eleven 
 states and territories. 
 
 It gave two thousand, five hundred and twenty-six saw-mills for common pur- 
 poses, and twenty-one mahogany-mills : of these, all the mahogany-mills and 
 nineteen hundred and ninety-five of the others belonged to Pennsylvania. The 
 quantity of lumber sawed was ninety-four million feet, of which seventy-four were 
 sawed in Pennsylvania. From New York and several other of the lumber states 
 there was no return. Maryland had three hundred and ninety-nine wheat -mills. 
 The county of Providence, Rhode Island, had twenty-two grist and twenty-eight 
 saw-mills. 
 
 1810, MARCH 13. The legislature of New York organized a 
 commission to examine and report upon the route for inland nav- 
 igation from the Hudson to the Lakes. 
 
 1810. CONGRESS introduced the rule, at its session this year, 
 of setting apart one day in the week for the consideration of 
 private bills. 
 
 1810, MARCH 23. France issued a decree, known as the Ram- 
 bouillet Decree, ordering the sale of one hundred and thirty-two 
 American vessels, with their cargoes, which had been seized for 
 violating the French decrees. 
 
 The vessels with their cargoes were estimated as worth eight millions of dol- 
 lars. The proceeds of the sale were to be deposited in the Caisse d'Amortisse- 
 ment. All American vessels, entering subsequently any French port, or port 
 occupied by French arms, were to be treated similarly. The decree was not pro- 
 mulgated until May. 
 
 ^ 1810, APRIL. Congress passed a bill excluding French and 
 English war-ships from American waters.
 
 1810.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 509 
 
 The non-importation act was to expire with the session, and the President was 
 authorized to announce it by proclamation in case either France or England should 
 recall their offensive acts ; or if one of them should do so, and the other should 
 not, the non-importation act should in three months be revived against it by proc- 
 lamation. 
 
 1810. CONGRESS appropriated sixty thousand dollars more for 
 the construction of the Cumberland turnpike. 
 
 The discussion of schemes for internal improvements began, and it was pro- 
 posed in Congress that the government should take half the stock in the compa- 
 nies formed for making a canal from Boston to Narragansett Bay ; from New York 
 to the Delaware ; from the Delaware to the Chesapeake ; from the Chesapeake 
 to Albemarle Sound ; from New York to Lakes Champlain, Ontario, and Erie ; 
 round the Falls of Niagara ; from Lake Erie to the Ohio ; round the Falls of the 
 Ohio ; from the Appomattox to the Roanoke ; from the Tennessee to the Tombig- 
 bee. Turnpike roads, to form a great mail route from Maine to Georgia, were 
 also proposed. 
 
 1810, MAY 22. Instructions were sent to Pinckney, the min- 
 ister to England, that if no successor was appointed to Jackson, 
 who had been recalled, he should leave his post and return home. 
 
 1810, AUGUST 5. France announced that the Berlin and Milan 
 decrees were revoked, the revocation to take effect after the 1st 
 of November. 
 
 "It being understood," so the minister notified ours in Paris, "that in conse- 
 quence of this declaration, the English shall revoke their orders in council, and 
 renounce the new principles of blockade which they have wished to establish, or 
 that the United States, conformably to the act of May, shall cause their rights to 
 be respected by the English." 
 
 1810, AUGUST 31. The English government responded to a 
 demand from the American minister for a repeal of the orders in 
 council, that they would be withdrawn as soon as the French 
 decrees should be actually repealed, and commerce restored to 
 its condition prior to their promulgation. 
 
 1810, SEPTEMBER 10. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla began his 
 insurrection against the rule of the Spaniards in Mexico. 
 
 He was a curate of Dolores. 
 
 1810. THE population of Mexico was estimated at six mil- 
 lions, of whom more than half were pure Indians. 
 
 1810, OCTOBER 27. The President issued a proclamation tak- 
 ing possession of the east bank of the Mississippi under the treaty 
 ceding Louisiana. 
 
 The province of "West Florida had revolted from the jurisdiction of Spain, and, 
 declaring themselves independent, asked aid and protection from the United States. 
 Mobile was still held by a Spanish governor from whom they feared an attack. 
 Claiborne, the governor of Orleans Territory, was sent to take possession of the 
 east bank of the Mississippi, with orders to use the military, if necessary, but
 
 510 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1810-11. 
 
 make no resistance against any place held by the Spaniards. A body of the in- 
 surgents from Baton Rouge having threatened Mobile, the Spanish governor wrote 
 the government offering to treat for the transfer of the entire province. 
 
 1810, NOVEMBER 1. The President issued a proclamation an- 
 nouncing the repeal of the French decrees, and the consequent 
 cessation of the exclusion of French armed ships from the ports 
 of the United States. 
 
 The proclamation was based upon the promise of the French government to 
 repeal the decrees at this date. 
 
 1811, JANUARY 3. Congress, in secret session, passed a reso- 
 lution of unwillingness to allow a territory like Florida, in which 
 the United States had such an interest, to pass into the posses- 
 sion of any foreign power from the hands of Spain. 
 
 The English charge d'affaires had protested against the occupation of Florida, 
 and his letter, with that of the Spanish governor of Mobile, had been laid before 
 Congress. On the 5th, also in secret session, an act was passed authorizing the 
 President to take possession of East as well as of West Florida, under any 
 arrangement with the local authorities; and if any foreign power attempted to 
 take possession, to repel force by force. The act was not made public for some 
 months. 
 
 1811, JANUARY 14. Congress passed a bill authorizing a con- 
 vention in the territory of Orleans to form a state constitution. 
 
 The constitution was to adopt the trial by jury in criminal cases, and make 
 English the official language. During the debate upon this bill, it was objected to 
 by Quincy, the member of the House from Massachusetts, on the ground that it 
 was unconstitutional, there being no authority in the Constitution for the erection 
 of states out of territory acquired after the acceptance of that instrument. In the 
 course of his remarks he spoke of it as a virtual dissolution of the Union, making 
 it the duty of the objecting states to separate from it, peacefully if they could, but 
 forcibly if they must. For this he was called to order, appealed from the decision 
 of the chair, and was sustained by the House. 
 
 1811, FEBRUARY. Augustus J. Foster was appointed minister 
 plenipotentiary from England to the United States, to take the 
 place of Jackson. 
 
 1811, FEBRUARY. The legislature of New York passed a gen- 
 eral law for the incorporation of manufacturing companies. 
 It remained in force until 1848. 
 
 1811. THE non-importation act caused exchange on England 
 to fall below par. 
 
 It went as low as twenty per cent, below. Specie payments being suspended in 
 England, gold flowed to this country. 
 
 1811, MARCH 2. Congress passed an act revising the non- 
 importation acts of 1809 and 1810, as against Great Britain, and 
 authorizing the President to employ the army, navy, and militia 
 to enforce it.
 
 1811.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 1 
 
 The time allowed in the President's proclamation for the repeal of the orders 
 in council was about expiring. 
 
 1811, MARCH. Fulton and Livingston, at Pittsburg, built the 
 Orleans, the first steamer ever run on the western rivers. 
 
 She was built under the superintendence of N. J. Roosevelt, was a stern- 
 wheeler, and made her first trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans in the winter of 
 1812. She was detained by low water at Louisville, and was wrecked at Baton 
 Rouge in 1814. 
 
 1811. THERE was disturbance in Massachusetts upon the 
 Waldo Patent. 
 
 This was about the last trouble concerning the settlement of the land question 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 1811, MAY 16. An engagement took place off the coast be- 
 tween the frigate " President," Captain Rodgers, and the English 
 sloop-of-war " Little Belt," Captain Bingham. 
 
 A court of inquiry decided that the "Little Belt" fired first. The affair cre- 
 ated a great excitement. 
 
 1811, JUNE. The Massachusetts legislature passed an act 
 giving tax-payers the right of paying their parish taxes to the 
 minister of such denomination as they chose. 
 
 They had been, under the construction of the Supreme Court, obliged to pay 
 them to the Congregational ministers. 
 
 1811, JULY 27. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was executed. 
 
 He had been captured in March, after having been successful enough to threaten 
 the city of Mexico. 
 
 1811, JULY. There were this month five steamboats running 
 from New York to Albany, and one to New Brunswick. On the 
 Delaware there was one ; on Lake Champlain one ; on the Ohio 
 one ; on the St. Lawrence one. 
 
 Steam ferry-boats were also used between New York and Jersey city, or Paulus 
 Hook. Like those still in use, they had rudders at each end, and were designed 
 by Fulton. 
 
 1811, SEPTEMBER 7. Nlles's Register appeared in Baltimore, 
 Maryland. 
 
 It was published by Hezekiah Niles, the editor of the Baltimore Evening Post. 
 In 1827 his son, William Ogden Niles,' became associated with it, and in 1836 con- 
 tinued it alone, his father retiring. It ceased to appear in 1848. It is invaluable 
 for reference concerning the history of the country during the period of its pub- 
 lication. 
 
 1811. THE Federal Republican appeared in Baltimore, Mary- 
 land. 
 
 It was edited by Alexander Hanson, and violently opposed the war of 1812. It 
 was twice mobbed during the war once on June 22, 1812, when the office was 
 destroyed, and again July 26, when an armed resistance was made, and several of
 
 512 AXXALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1811-12. 
 
 the crowd shot, one being killed. The military was called out, and the defenders 
 of the paper were conducted to prison, charged with murder. That night the mob 
 sacked the prison, some of the defenders escaped, and others were beaten by the 
 crowd. General Henry Lee was maimed for life, and General Lingan lulled. 
 
 1811. THERE were this year eighty-eight banks in the United 
 States. 
 
 Their capital was forty-two million and six hundred thousand dollars, their 
 circulation twenty-two million and seven hundred thousand dollars, and their 
 specie nine million and six hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1811, OCTOBER 5. The " Merino Society " of the middle states 
 held its first meeting at the farm of its president, Mr. Caldwell, 
 at Haddonfield, New Jersey. 
 
 1811, NOVEMBER. The offer of reparation for the Chesapeake 
 outrage was accepted. 
 
 It was made by Foster, and consisted of a renewed disavowal of Berkeley's 
 orders, the restoration of the seamen who had been impressed, and a pecuniary 
 compensation to the families of those who were killed. 
 
 1811, NOVEMBER 8. An encounter with the Indians took place 
 near Terre Haute. 
 
 A force under Harrison had advanced towards Tippecanoe an Indian village 
 settled by Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet, who were engaged in organiz- 
 ing a confederacy of the tribes. The Indians attacked the camp, but were driven 
 back, and Harrison with his force returned to Vincennes. 
 
 1811, NOVEMBER. The President's speech at the opening of 
 Congress was received in Philadelphia in nine hours and a half, 
 and in Boston in sixty-four hours. 
 
 It was sent by special express, and was considered an instance of extraordinary 
 dispatch. 
 
 1812, JANUARY 1. The total debt of the United States was 
 forty-five million, thirty-five thousand, one hundred and twenty- 
 three dollars and seventy cents. 
 
 This included the fifteen millions loaned to pay for Louisiana. 
 
 1812, JANUARY. Congress passed bills for increasing the 
 army, and appropriating $1,900,000 for the purchase of munitions 
 of war. 
 
 Twenty-five thousand regulars were to be enlisted for five years, or until dis- 
 charged. Bounties were paid of sixteen dollars, three months' extra pay when 
 discharged, and one hundred and sixty acres of land. The President was also 
 authorized to accept within two years fifty thousand volunteers for twelve months, 
 to clothe themselves, but be armed by the United States. 
 
 1812, FEBRUARY. At this time Oliver Evans, the first steam- 
 engine builder, had ten of his engines in operation, and orders 
 for ten more. 
 
 They were from ten to twenty-five horse-power, and were used, one in Florida,
 
 1812.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 513 
 
 two in Louisiana, one in Kentucky, one in Mississippi, one in Ohio, two in Penn- 
 sylvania, one in Connecticut, and one in his works in Philadelphia. 
 
 1812, MAKCH 9. The President communicated to Congress 
 such documentary evidence as he possessed of a plot in the New 
 England States to divide the Union. 
 
 A certain John Henry, an Irishman by birth, but a naturalized American, had 
 been engaged by the governor of Canada, Sir James Craig, in 1809, to go to 
 Boston and report whether the discontent with the embargo was such as to make 
 it probable that the state would be desirous of severing its connection with the 
 Union, and forming some relation with England. If there was any such prospect, 
 he was authorized to show his instructions. Henry was about three months in 
 Boston. As the English government did not reward him, he went to Washington, 
 and for his documents was paid by the President fifty thousand dollars out of the 
 secret-service fund, and sailed for France the day the documents were presented 
 to Congress as a bearer of dispatches. The disclosure made a great sensation for 
 a short time, but as there was absolutely nothing in it, and the English govern- 
 ment stated that Craig had acted only on his own responsibility, it soon died away 
 
 1812, MARCH 29. The Cortes, at Cadiz, accepted a consti- 
 tution. 
 
 The government was to be an hereditary monarchy, and the legislative branch 
 to consist of deputies. 
 
 1812, APRIL 4. Congress passed an act laying an embargo 
 for ninety days. 
 
 It forbade the sailing of any vessel for a foreign port, except foreign ones, 
 with such cargoes as they had on board at the passage of the act. 
 
 1812, APRIL. Congress passed acts supplementary to the 
 embargo. 
 
 Exportations by land were forbidden. The President was authorized to call 
 upon the states for their respective quotas. Whipping in the army was abolished ; 
 a corps of engineers was formed, and the ordnance department organized. Pro- 
 fessorships were established at West Point for the education of two hundred and 
 fifty cadets. 
 
 1812, APRIL 8. Louisiana was admitted to the Union. 
 
 A constitution had been adopted giving the suffrage to all white tax-paying 
 male citizens residents for a year of the state. It recognized the freedom of the 
 press. The legislature was to select as governor one of two candidates having 
 the most votes in a popular election. Claiborne was elected the first governor. 
 
 1812, APRIL 14. Congress passed an act annexing to Louis- 
 iana that part of Florida lying west of the Pearl River. 
 
 1812, MAY. The French government produced a decree, 
 dated April 28, 1811, by which the Berlin and Milan decrees 
 were ordered to be considered as not having existed, so far as 
 American vessels were concerned, since November 1, 1810. 
 
 The decree had never been published. 
 
 33
 
 514 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1812. 
 
 1812, MAY 14. The remaining part of Florida was annexed 
 to the Mississippi territory. 
 
 1812, JUNE 4. The territory north of Louisiana was given 
 the name of Missouri. 
 
 1812. CANADA at this time was divided into Upper and 
 Lower Canada. Lower Canada, comprising the old settlements 
 on the St. Lawrence, contained about three hundred thousand 
 inhabitants. Upper Canada, comprising the settlements above 
 Montreal, contained about one hundred thousand inhabitants. 
 
 Each had its own governor and legislature, the governor of Lower Canada 
 being governor-general, with a superintending power over both divisions. The 
 regular force in the territory did not exceed two thousand men. 
 
 1812, JUNE 18. Congress made a declaration of war against 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The President had sent a confidential message to Congress on the 1st, recapit- 
 ulating the charges against Great Britain ; the impressment of seamen ; her in- 
 fringement upon the maritime jurisdiction of the United States ; her disturbance 
 of the peace of our waters ; her paper blockades ; her violation of the neutral 
 rights of the United States ; her determination to maintain her orders in council ; 
 and her supposed instigation of Indian hostilities. The debate upon this message 
 was carried on with closed doors. An issue was authorized of five millions in 
 treasury notes, bearing six per cent, interest, and receivable for all dues to the 
 treasury. The import duties were doubled, and ten per cent, additional imposed 
 on foreign vessels. 
 
 1812, JUNE 23. The English government revoked the orders 
 in council of January, 1807, and April, 1809. 
 
 They had been notified by the American minister of the French decree. The 
 revocation contained a proviso for the renewal of the orders should the American 
 government, after due notice, still persist in their non-importation and other hos- 
 tile acts. 
 
 1812, JUNE 26. An act was passed by Congress consolidating 
 the new levies with the regular army. 
 
 The army was to consist of twenty-five regiments of infantry, four of artillery, 
 two of dragoons, and one of riflemen, making a total of 36,700 men. At the 
 declaration it really consisted of about 10,000 men, one half of whom were new- 
 recruits. An act was also passed regulating privateers, and appropriations made 
 for coast defence, the navy, and the expense of keeping and exchanging prisoners. 
 
 1812, JULY 1. The duties on imports were doubled. 
 
 The prices of all articles doubled on the average during the war, and in many 
 instances rose even higher. Wages advanced fifty per cent, on the average. 
 
 1812, JULY 17. Fort Michilimackinack was captured by an 
 allied force of British and Indians. 
 
 The fort was commanded by Lieutenant Hanks. The force consisted of fifty- 
 seven effective men. The British, commanded by Captain Roberts, numbered
 
 1812.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 515 
 
 ten hundred and twenty-one. The garrison were sent as prisoners on parole to 
 the United States, not to serve in the war until regularly exchanged. 
 
 1812, JULY. A cartel ship was sent to Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, from Halifax, to deliver on board the United States frigate 
 Chesapeake the three seamen taken from her by the British 
 frigate Leopard. 
 
 1812, JULY 20. The United States schooner Nautilus, Lieu- 
 tenant Crane commanding, was captured after an eight hours' 
 chase by the British fleet, Commodore Brooke commander. 
 
 1812, JULY 27. The American representative in England 
 was authorized to modify the proposition for an armistice, which 
 had been sent by the British minister, who returned shortly 
 after the declaration of war. 
 
 The proposition as modified was that he might agree to an armistice in order 
 that full time might be allowed for the settlement of all difficulties, on condition 
 that a commission was appointed by each party with power to form a treaty to 
 secure the seamen of each nation from being impressed by the ships of the other, 
 and to regulate commerce and other questions of interest. 
 
 1812, AUGUST 4. At Brownstown, Michigan, the Americans, 
 some two hundred in number, were routed by a force of British 
 and Indians. 
 
 1812, AUGUST 9. The English commander, Sir George Pre- 
 vost, proposed a suspension of hostilities by land, which was 
 accepted provisionally by Major-General Henry Dearborn, in 
 command of the northern department, but was refused accept- 
 ance by the government. 
 
 The refusal was based upon the ground chiefly that the suspension, previous 
 to any settlement of the question of impressment by the English government, 
 would seem like a waiving of the question by the United States. 
 
 1812, AUGUST 15. Fort Dearborn, near the site of Chicago, 
 Illinois, was attacked by Indians. 
 
 Captain Heald commanded the garrison. The Americans lost fifty-two killed. 
 
 1812, AUGUST 16. General William Hull surrendered the fort 
 at Detroit to General Brock, the governor of Lower Canada, with 
 a combined force of regulars and Indians. 
 
 By the terms of this surrender, the whole of Michigan passed into the pos- 
 session of the English. Hull was governor of Michigan, had been made a brig- 
 adier-general, and was leading an expedition for the conquest of Canada. By a 
 subsequent court-martial he was found guilty of cowardice. At the time of the 
 surrender he was not aware of the smallness of the British force. 
 
 1812, AUGUST 19. The American frigate Constitution, Isaac 
 Hull commander, captured the British frigate Guerriere, James 
 A. Dacres commander. 
 
 This was the first naval action of the war. The Guerriere was burned, and
 
 516 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1812. 
 
 Captain Hull carried his prisoners into Boston. The American loss was fourteen 
 killed and wounded; the British, seventy-nine killed and wounded. Hull was 
 born in Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775 ; died in Philadelphia, Februarys, 1843. 
 
 1812. THE first rolling-mill was erected in Pittsburg, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 It was erected by Christopher Cowen. 
 
 1812, SEPTEMBER. Admiral "Warren, who had been given the 
 command of the British naval forces on the American coast, 
 arrived at Halifax. 
 
 He was empowered to propose an armistice, and did so. The President 
 replied by referring to the proposition already made through the American agent 
 in England. As Warren had no authority to treat concerning impressment, the 
 negotiation resulted in nothing, and hostilities were resumed. At this time the 
 state department had records of over sLx thousand cases of sailors, claiming to 
 be Americans, who were impressed in the British navy, and it was estimated that 
 this number was not more than one half of the cases. In the House of Parlia- 
 ment, Castlereagh admitted that early the year before thirty-five hundred sailors 
 claiming to be Americans had on an examination been found in the English navy. 
 At the commencement of the war, twenty-five hundred of these impressed men 
 selected imprisonment rather than to be forced to serve against their country. 
 
 1812, SEPTEMBER 4. Fort Harrison, on the Wabash, com- 
 manded by Captain Zachary Taylor, was attacked by Indians. 
 
 Taylor had only fifteen effective men ; the assailants numbered three hundred. 
 Yet he drove off the Indians, losing only two men killed and two wounded. 
 
 1812, SEPTEMBER 5. Fort Madison, on the Mississippi River 
 above St. Louis, was attacked by Indians. 
 
 Lieutenant Hamilton commanded, and though the attack was renewed on the 
 6th, 7th, and 8th, he successfully defended the fort, losing but one killed and one 
 wounded. 
 
 1812, OCTOBER 9. Two English brigs, the Detroit and Cal- 
 edonia, were boarded by a company under the command of 
 Captain Jesse D. Elliot, and captured, on Lake Erie, near Black 
 Rock. 
 
 Elliot, for this exploit, was voted a sword by Congress. 
 
 1812, OCTOBER 12. The English government issued letters 
 of marque and reprisal against American commerce. 
 
 Licenses were however granted American ships to transport flour to Spain, for 
 the use of the British army there. 
 
 1812, OCTOBER 13. An American force commanded by Colonel 
 Solomon Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River to Le \viston 
 and attacked the British troops on Queenstown Heights. 
 
 The American leader was soon wounded. Captain Wool then took command, 
 and gained the heights. In the afternoon, fresh British troops from Fort George 
 arrived, and the Americans were defeated. They lost, killed and wounded, two 
 hundred and fifty, and seven hundred and sixty -four were made prisoners.
 
 1812.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 517 
 
 1812, OCTOBER 15. A naval engagement took place between 
 the frigate United States, Captain Decatur commanding, and the 
 British frigate Macedonian, Captain Garden commanding, off the 
 tVestern Islands. 
 
 The British were defeated, losing thirty-six killed and sixty-eight wounded ; 
 the Americans, four killed and seven wounded. Decatur carried the Macedonian 
 into New York. 
 
 1812. THE American Antiquarian Society in Worcester, 
 Massachusetts, was founded. 
 
 1812. THE Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania, was founded. 
 
 1812. COLONEL JOHN STEVENS, of Hoboken, New Jersey, 
 published a book entitled, " Documents to prove the Superior 
 Advantages of Railways and Steam Carriages over Canal Nav- 
 igation." 
 
 Mr. Stevens had before urged upon the national and state governments the ad- 
 vantages of railways. 
 
 1812. A PATENT was issued to Thomas Blanchard, of Massa- 
 chusetts, for a tack-making machine. 
 
 It made five hundred tacks in a minute better than had ever been made by 
 hand. Blanchard was born at Sutton, Massachusetts, June 24, 1788. He had 
 worked six years at the machine. 
 
 1812, OCTOBER 18. The naval engagement between the Wasp, 
 Captain Jacob Jones, and the Frolic, an English war brig, Cap- 
 tain Whinyates, took place off the coast. The Frolic was cap- 
 tured. 
 
 Both vessels were greatly injured, and were both taken possession of by the 
 British frigate Poictiers, which came up at that juncture, and carried them both 
 to Bermuda. Captain Jones was born in Delaware in 1770, and died in Philadel- 
 phia in 1850. 
 
 1812. THE legislature of New York made another appropri- 
 ation for the establishment of public schools. 
 
 1812. THIS year, or the next, William Johnston, by boring to 
 the depth of two hundred feet, near the Kiskiminetas, or Con- 
 emaugh, a branch of the Alleghany, succeeded in reaching a 
 body of strong salt water. 
 
 Salt-boiling immediately began, so that now Pittsburg is the centre of a salt 
 trade. In 1796, when the supply of salt for Pittsburg was first brought from 
 Onondaga by the way of the Lakes, it was sold at four dollars a bushel, which was 
 just half the price for the supply brought over the mountains. 
 
 1812. THE United States salines, thirty miles below the 
 Wabash, were in operation this year. 
 
 Saline springs were about tlu's time discovered to supply the lower Ohio and 
 Mississippi and the Northwest. On the Illinois and the Wabash salt had been
 
 518 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1812-13. 
 
 sold at a reasonable rate before the beginning of this century. The W abash sa- 
 lines had been used by the French and Indians more than fifty years before those 
 of New York were made use of by us. The supply of salt for the West was such 
 during the war of 1812, that it ranged at eighty-seven and a half cents a bushel, 
 while on the seaboard it was five or six dollars. 
 
 1812. THE Albany Republican appeared at Albany, New 
 York. 
 
 It was published by Brown. The name ' ' black republican " was first given to 
 the supporters of this sheet. 
 
 1812, NOVEMBER 28. The Americans captured and destroyed 
 the British boats and batteries at Black Rock, on Lake Erie, a 
 short distance below Buffalo. 
 
 The sailors of the party, on their return, by mistake brought away the boats 
 of some of the soldiers, whom they supposed had returned, and the men thus left 
 were captured by the enemy. 
 
 1812, DECEMBER 26. The Constitution, Bainbridge com- 
 manding, engaged the English frigate Java, Captain Lambert, 
 commanding. 
 
 The English lost one hundred and seventy-four killed and wounded, and the 
 vessel was a total wreck. The Americans lost nine killed and twenty-four 
 wounded. 
 
 William Bainbridge was born at Princeton, New Jersey, May 7, 1774 ; died at 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 28, 1833. 
 
 1812, DECEMBER. The Atlantic coast, from the Chesapeake 
 to Rhode Island, was declared in a state of blockade, and the 
 British vessels on the seaboard began to harass the settlements. 
 
 An unsuccessful attack was made on Lewiston, at the mouth of Delaware Bay ; 
 but in the Chesapeake, under Admiral Cockburn, the enemy destroyed French- 
 town, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown. At Norfolk they were 
 repulsed, but Hampton, eighteen miles distant, they laid waste, and also the 
 shores of North Carolina. 
 
 1813, JANUARY 2. Congress authorized the building of six 
 sloops- of- war, and as many ships upon the lakes as the President 
 should think necessary. 
 
 Half the value of British armed ships which were destroyed by torpedoes or 
 any other contrivance, was promised to the inventors of such. 
 
 1813, JANUARY 13. The Albany Argus appeared in Albany, 
 New York. 
 
 The paper was established to support the war. Its editor was Jesse Buel. It 
 was afterwards given the state printing, and made the official organ of the state 
 and of the Democratic party. It was issued as a daily October 8, 1824, having 
 previously been a tri-weekly. Edwin Croswell was then its editor. It was life 
 organ of what was called the Albany Regency. 
 
 1813, JANUARY 22. An American -detachment at French-
 
 1813.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 519 
 
 town, on the River Raisin, surrendered to a force of English and 
 Indians. 
 
 The detachment had just captured Frenchtown, and were attacked by another 
 force. By the terms of the surrender, the prisoners were promised safe trans- 
 portation, and protection from the Indians. The wounded, left behind, were 
 massacred by the Indians. This massacre excited great indignation, especially 
 in Kentucky, whence many of the soldiers had come. 
 
 1813, JANUARY 29. Congress authorized the President to 
 enlist twenty regiments of regulars for twelve months. 
 
 The volunteer system was repealed. A bounty of sixteen dollars was offered 
 the new recruits. 
 
 1813, FEBRUARY 24. The American ship Hornet, off the 
 mouth of the Demerara, South America, engaged and captured 
 the British ship Peacock. 
 
 The Peacock sank before the prisoners could be removed, and carried down 
 with her nine of her own men and three of the Hornet's. 
 
 1813, FEBRUARY 25. Congress authorized the President to 
 sell sixteen millions of six per cent, stock for what price he 
 could get. 
 
 Five millions more of treasury notes were also authorized to be issued. 
 
 1813, FEBRUARY 27. The forfeitures incurred by violations 
 of the non-importation act were remitted. 
 
 On the repeal of the orders in council, all the American ships in British ports 
 had taken in cargoes of British merchandise, and such shipment was allowed by 
 the authorities six weeks after the news of the declaration of war had been re- 
 ceived. The invoice value of these goods thus imported was more than eighteen 
 millions of dollars. 
 
 1813, FEBRUARY. An expedition for the protection of New 
 Orleans convened at Natchez. 
 
 A call had been made upon the militia of Tennessee. The infantry were 
 under the command of Andrew Jackson. 
 
 1813, MARCH 3. Congress passed an act prohibiting the 
 employment, after the close of the war, in public or private ves- 
 sels, of any person not an American citizen, or persons of color, 
 natives of the United States. 
 
 This prohibition was, however, to apply only to the subjects or citizens of such 
 states as should make reciprocal regulations. Restrictions were also made upon 
 the naturalization of foreign seamen. 
 
 1813. CONGRESS passed an act authorizing the President to 
 retaliate upon British prisoners of war the treatment which 
 American prisoners should receive from England. 
 
 Some of the seamen captured, and other prisoners, had been sent to England 
 to be tried for treason, on the ground that they were English subjects. Retalia-
 
 520 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1813. 
 
 tion was also authorized in the case of outrages by the Indian allies of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 1813, MARCH. Russia offered to mediate for peace between 
 England and the United States. 
 
 Gallatin and Bayard were appointed commissioners to serve with Adams, the 
 minister to Russia, in its negotiation. They were instructed to insist upon 
 settling the question of impressment. 
 
 1813, MARCH 3. The Boston Daily Advertiser appeared in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by William W. Clapp, and edited by Horatio Bigelow, and was 
 the first successful daily paper issued in Boston. With the second number, The 
 Repertory was united with it. Bigelow left the paper on April C, 1814, and 
 Nathan Hale succeeded as editor. The paper was then called the Boston Daily 
 Advertiser. Under Mr. Kale's administration, editorial articles, as regular com- 
 ments upon passing events, were introduced as a new feature in journalism. 
 Heretofore such articles had been generally signed "communications." The Ad- 
 vertiser is still in existence. 
 
 1813. D. & G. BRUCE, in New York, commenced the first 
 stereotype foundery in America. 
 
 1813. DON FELIX MARIA COLLEJA was commissioned viceroy 
 of Mexico. 
 
 1813, MARCH 16. Orders were given by the treasury depart- 
 ment to extinguish all the lights on Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 The English had stationed vessels on the coast to. enforce the blockade. 
 
 1813, APRIL 10. Lewiston, at the entrance of the Delaware, 
 was bombarded by the British ships. 
 
 Its inhabitants had refused to furnish fresh provisions to the ships. 
 
 1813, APRIL. Frenchtown and Havre de Grace were plun- 
 dered and burned by parties from the blockading British fleet. 
 Georgetown and Fredericton soon met the same fate. 
 
 1813, APRIL 15. The fort at Mobile was taken possession 
 of by the Americans. 
 
 This completed the possession of the territory claimed under the Louisiana 
 treaty. In May, East Florida was also evacuated by the Spaniards. 
 
 1813, APRIL 27. York (now Toronto), the capital of Upper 
 Canada, was captured by an expedition. 
 
 It was also the headquarters of General Sheafe, and a naval station. 
 
 1813, MAY 1. Fort Meigs, at the Maumee Rapids, commanded 
 by General Harrison, was besieged by the British and Indians 
 under General Proctor. 
 
 The garrison numbered about two thousand men ; the besiegers were two 
 thousand eight hundred men. On the 5th, General Clay with eight hundred men
 
 1813.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 521 
 
 attacked the British and drove them off. The Americans pursued, when the 
 British turned and compelled them to retreat to the fort. In this attack and pur- 
 suit, the Americans lost eighty killed and four hundred and ninety prisoners. 
 
 1813, MAY 10. The steamer Nassau was used as a ferry- 
 boat between New York and Brooklyn. 
 
 Until 182G this was the only steamboat used ; the other ferry-boats were pro- 
 pelled by horses or by hand. 
 
 1813. THE National Advocate appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was edited by Henry Whcaton, and supported Madison's administration. In 
 1815 he retired to become a justice of the Marine Court, and Mordecai Manasseh 
 Noah became the editor. 
 
 1813. THE Boston Manufacturing Company erected their 
 works at Waltham, Massachusetts. 
 
 This was the first time that all the operations for making cloth from cotton were 
 united under one roof. Up to this time the spinning and weaving had been distinct 
 businesses. The chief promoters of this enterprise were Francis C. Lowell, Patrick 
 Tracy Jackson, and Nathan Appleton. 
 
 1813, MAY 27. The British evacuated Fort George at the 
 mouth of the Niagara River. 
 
 The evacuation of Fort George led to the evacuation of all the British posts on 
 the Niagara River. 
 
 1813, MAY 29. The British appeared off Sackett's Harbor 
 and effected a landing, but were driven back. 
 
 They partly accomplished their purpose by destroying the magazine contain- 
 ing the stores captured at York. 
 
 1813, JUNE 11. The House of Representatives voted to 
 expel all reporters from the floor. 
 
 They were offered accommodations in the gallery, where it was almost impos- 
 sible to hear. 
 
 1813, JUNE 23. An American detachment was surrounded 
 and forced to surrender at Beaver Dam. 
 
 1813, JUNE. The Chesapeake was captured by the Shannon. 
 
 The engagement took place in the offing of Boston harbor. Captain Law- 
 rence, in command of the Chesapeake, was mortally wounded, and was buried at 
 Halifax, where the Shannon carried her prize. The body was afterwards brought 
 back and buried at Salem. 
 
 1813, JUNE 23. An attack was made by the British upon 
 Craney Island, *vhich commanded the entrance to Norfolk, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 It was repulsed by Major Faulkner, who commanded the resisting force. 
 There were nearly twenty British ships in the Chesapeake, with about four thou- 
 sand troops on board.
 
 522 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1813. 
 
 1813, JUNE 25. The British landed at Hampton, on the James 
 River, and plundered it. 
 
 Their brutal treatment of the women roused great indignation. 
 
 1813, JULY 15. The legislature of Massachusetts issued a re- 
 monstrance against the continuance of the war. 
 
 They spoke of it* as impolitic and unjust, after the repeal of the orders in 
 council. It ended with an appeal to the " Searcher of all hearts," for " the purity 
 of our motives and the sincerity of our declarations." 
 
 1813. THE Essex, Captain Porter, cruising in the Pacific, 
 captured a number of British whalers during the early fall. 
 
 He found them provided with letters of marque, and by their capture prevented 
 their depredations upon American vessels. 
 
 1813, JULY 31. The British landed at Plattsburg and burned 
 a quantity of stores. The same day a detachment of Americans 
 landed at York and captured a quantity of stores. 
 
 1813, AUGUST. The Argus, a sloop-of-war commanded by 
 Captain Allen, entered the British Channel and captured in a 
 short time vessels and cargoes to the value of two million dollars. 
 
 She was finally captured by the Pelican. Several other American vessels 
 made captures in the British Channel. 
 
 1813, AUGUST 2. The British made an attack upon Fort 
 Stevenson, at Lower Sandusky, and were repulsed. 
 
 Lieutenant Croghan, who held it, had been ordered to vacate the post and burn 
 it ; but as it was surrounded by the Indians when he received the order, he de- 
 fended it. 
 
 1813, AUGUST 20. Fort Mimms, on the west side of the 
 Alabama, was captured by the Indians. 
 
 They set it on fire, and only about twenty persons escaped. 
 
 1813, SEPTEMBER 4. The American brig-of-war Enterprise 
 captured the British brig-of-war Boxer. 
 The commanders of both vessels were killed. 
 
 1813, SEPTEMBER 10. The battle of Lake Erie took place. 
 
 The fleet had been finally completed through Perry's exertions. The combat 
 lasted about three hours. This victory caused the British to evacuate Michigan, 
 and gave the control of the lakes to the Americans. Congress voted medals to 
 Oliver H. Perry and Captain Elliot for this victory. 
 
 1813, OCTOBER 5. The battle of the Thames, in Upper Canada, 
 took place. 
 
 General Harrison commanded the Americans, and General Proctor the British. 
 The British and Indians were routed. Tecumseh was killed. 
 
 1813, NOVEMBER 3. The battle of Tallasehatche, Alabama,
 
 1813-14.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 523 
 
 between the Creek Indians and the Americans under General 
 Coffee, took place. 
 
 The Indians lost two hundred killed and eighty-four prisoners; the Ameri- 
 cans, five killed and forty-one wounded. 
 
 1813, NOVEMBER 9. General Jackson's command defeated the 
 Creeks at Talladega, in the present state of Alabama. 
 
 1813, NOVEMBER 11. The battle of Chrysler's Field, on the 
 Canada side of the St. Lawrence, took place between the Amer- 
 icans and British. 
 
 The Americans, numbering sixteen hundred, were commanded by General 
 Boyd ; the British, fifteen hundred, commanded by Colonel Morrison. The for- 
 mer lost one hundred and two killed and two hundred and thirty-six wounded. 
 The purpose of the engagement, to cover the passage by the Americans of the 
 rapids, was accomplished. 
 
 1813, NOVEMBER 13. The congress assembled at Chilpanzingo 
 declared the independence of Mexico. 
 
 Don Jose Maria Morelos was in command of the native forces. He was 
 captured and executed in 1815. 
 
 1813, DECEMBER 12. Congress prohibited the exportation, by 
 land or water, of any goods, produce, specie, or live-stock. 
 
 The coasting trade was entirely prohibited, and no transportation on the inland 
 waters allowed, except by the special permission of the President. 
 
 1813, DECEMBER 19. Fort Niagara was surprised and cap- 
 tured by the English and Indians. 
 
 The attack took place before daylight. The garrison was massacred. 
 
 1814, JANUARY 6. An English vessel, under a flag of fruce, 
 arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, bringing an offer for peace. 
 
 London was proposed as the place in which the negotiations should be carried 
 on ; or if this was objectionable, Gottenburg. 
 
 1814, JANUARY 14. The President nominated commissioners 
 to represent the United States in the negotiations for peace. 
 
 They were John Quincy Adams, Bayard, Henry Clay, and Jonathan Russell. 
 In February, Gallatin was added to the commission. Clay and Russell sailed in 
 February. Their instructions were similar to those given before. Concerning 
 impressment they said, " This degrading practice must cease. Our flag must 
 protect the crew, or the United States cannot consider themselves an independent 
 nation." 
 
 1814, JANUAEY. Congress passed acts making the term for 
 enlistment five years ; an army of sixty- six thousand regulars to 
 be raised. 
 
 The bounty was raised to one hundred and twenty-four dollars, and the Presi- 
 dent was given authority to call out the militia for six months. In the debate 
 upon the enlistment bill, Daniel Webster made his first speech in Congress, being 
 a member of the House.
 
 524 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1814. 
 
 1814, FEBRUARY 7. The Massachusetts legislature forbade 
 the employment of the jails in the state for the confinement of 
 prisoners committed by any other than the judicial authority. 
 
 The jailers were directed at the end of thirty days to discharge all British offi- 
 cers, prisoners of war, committed to them for close confinement. Congress there- 
 fore authorized the marshals of the United States to find other places for the 
 custody of their prisoners, when the use of the state jails was refused them ; on 
 application by the President, the legislature of Pennsylvania granted the use of 
 the penitentiaries of that state for the confinement of the British officers. 
 
 1814, MARCH 4. The naval force of the United States, on 
 the Atlantic coast, consisted of thirty-three vessels, twenty-seven 
 of which were in commission. 
 
 Besides these there were the gunboats which had been built. The whole coast 
 had been declared in a state of blockade by a proclamation from Admiral Warren, 
 at Halifax, on the 16th of the November preceding. 
 
 1814, MARCH 9. Congress appropriated three hundred and 
 twenty thousand dollars for building one or more floating 
 batteries designed by Robert Fulton. 
 
 This battery was to discharge hot water and red-hot shot. Her keel was laid 
 on the 20th of June, and she was launched on the 29th of October, being the first 
 steam-vessel of war built. Her name was the Demologas, and she was one hun- 
 dred and fifty-six feet in length of keel. Her engine was put in her the following 
 May, after Fulton's death, and she was christened Fulton. Her trial trip was 
 made in July, but peace being ratified, she was made a receiving ship, and on 
 June 4, 1829, she blew up. 
 
 1814, MARCH 21. The legislature of Pennsylvania passed a 
 bill incorporating forty-one specie-paying banks. 
 
 The bill was passed over the governor's veto. Thirty-seven of the banks went 
 into operation, and on September 1st they had all suspended specie payments. 
 Their nominal capital was $11,500,000. 
 
 1814, MARCH 27. General Jackson defeated the Indians at 
 Great Horse Shoe, on the Tallapoosa River. 
 
 He had had several successful engagements with them before this year, but 
 this last was decisive and ended the Creek war, and the survivors came into Fort 
 Jackson, at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, suing for peace, which Jack- 
 son was in May authorized to make. 
 
 1814, MARCH. A council was held at Dayton with the North- 
 ern Indians. 
 
 They were required to take up arms against the British, the government pay- 
 ing each warrior twenty-five cents a day. In June and July, other councils were 
 held, and other tribes brought into the alliance. The Pottawatomies insisted on 
 their neutrality. After one or two excursions into Canada, the Indians were dis- 
 missed. 
 
 1814, MARCH 28. The Essex, Captain Porter, was captured 
 off the coast of South America by the Phoebe.
 
 1814.] ANNALS OE NORTH AMERICA. 525 
 
 1814, MARCH 30. An unsuccessful attack was made on an 
 outpost of the British force, at a stone mill on La Cole River. 
 
 General Wilkinson was in command of the American forces. He asked a 
 court-martial, and by it was relieved of the command, General Izard being ap- 
 pointed to succeed him. 
 
 1814, MARCH. A loan was authorized of twenty-five millions 
 and an issue of treasury notes for ten millions. 
 
 1814, MARCH 31. Congress provided by an act for the issue 
 to the claimants under titles from the United States, of the lands 
 in Georgia known as the " Tazoo claims," of scrip to the amount 
 of eight millions of dollars, bearing no interest, and receivable 
 for Mississippi lands, and to be redeemed from the sale of them, 
 after Georgia's lien was satisfied. 
 
 The Supreme Court had decided that the act of Georgia repealing the act for 
 the sale of these lands was unconstitutional and void. 
 
 1814, APRIL. All officers held as prisoners were ordered dis- 
 charged on their paroles. 
 
 Some of the American prisoners in England having been discharged and re- 
 turned, informed the government that those charged with treason by the English 
 government were treated like the rest, and had not been brought to trial on a 
 charge of treason. 
 
 1814, APRIL. The New Orleans banks suspended. 
 
 1814, APRIL 8. Six boats with about two hundred men from 
 the British fleet entered the Connecticut River, and burned some 
 twenty vessels. 
 
 1814, APRIL 21. The Frolic was captured by the British 
 frigate Orpheus. 
 
 1814, APRIL 23. Admiral Cochrane, who had succeeded to 
 the command of the British fleet, issued a proclamation extending 
 the blockade to the entire coast of the United States. 
 
 1814, APRIL 27. The Peacock captured the British war brig 
 Epervier, off the coast of Florida. 
 
 The British ship had 118,000 in coin on board. 
 
 1814, MAY. An expedition ascended the Mississippi and 
 established the post of Prairie du Chien. 
 
 The post was attacked and captured on July 17, by a party of Canadians and 
 Indians. 
 
 1814, MAY 6. A British force attacked Oswego, destroyed the 
 fort, and carried away a quantity of stores. 
 Among them were cannon for the fleet then building. 
 
 1814, MAY 30. A party of British attacked the fort at Sandy 
 Creek, on Lake Ontario, and were all captured. 
 
 The Americans lost one rifleman and one Indian.
 
 526 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1814. 
 
 1814, JUNE 14. Expeditions from the blockading British fleet 
 landed at Wareham and Scituate, on the coast of Massachusetts, 
 and destroyed property. 
 
 1814, JUNE 24. Instructions were sent to the peace com- 
 missioners to refer the impressment question, if it should bo 
 found an impediment to the treaty, to a separate commission, to 
 be formed after the peace had been established. 
 
 Nothing had been heard from the commissioners. The news of Napo- 
 leon's abdication and of peace in Europe had arrived. Before the letter was 
 sent, despatches arrived from the commissioners, and a postscript was added that 
 if best they should treat in London, and if necessary omit the subject of impress- 
 ment altogether, though having it understood that this omission was not to bo 
 counted as an admission of the claims of Great Britain. 
 
 1814, JUNE 28. The Wasp, in the British Channel, captured 
 and destroyed the Reindeer, a British sloop of war. 
 
 1814, JUNE. The Rattlesnake was captured by a British ship 
 of war, and the Syren by another. 
 
 1814, JULY 2. Fort Erie surrendered to a force of Ameri- 
 cans under the command of General Jacob Brown. 
 
 1814, JULY 4. The President issued a circular letter to the 
 states to hold ready for immediate service their quotas of militia. 
 
 The entire force was to consist of ninety-three thousand five hundred men. 
 Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Virginia north of the Rappahannock 
 were made into a tenth military district, and its command was given to General 
 Winder. 
 
 1814, JULY 5. The battle of Chippeway was gained by the 
 Americans. 
 
 In this engagement Winfield Scott distinguished himself. 
 
 1814, JULY 14. The British took possession of Eastport, 
 Maine. 
 
 The islands in Passamaquoddy Bay were still in dispute under the treaty of 
 1783, and Eastport was upon one of these. 
 
 1814, JULY 25. The battle of Bridgewater or Lundy's Lace 
 took place, resulting in a victory for the Americans. 
 
 The American army withdrew after the battle to Fort Erie. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 4. An expedition from Detroit against Fort 
 Michilimackinac was repulsed. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 4. A body of Americans, under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Groghan, made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture 
 Fort Mackinaw. 
 
 The Americans numbered 500 regulars and 400 militia ; they lost 13 killed 
 and 61 wounded.
 
 1814] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 527 
 
 1814, AUGUST 4. A British fleet landed troops at Pensacola. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 8. Commissioners from England, to treat of 
 peace, met those from the United States at Ghent. 
 
 The commissioners from the United States had been waiting for them some 
 time. Those from England were Lord Gambier, Henry Gouldburn, and William 
 Adams. They claimed as indispensable preliminaries for peace, that, as a barrier 
 to Canada, a fixed territory should be assigned the Indian allies of Great Britain, 
 suggesting the line of the treaty of 1795 as the boundary of such a territory. The 
 United States should also renounce the right to keep armed vessels or military 
 posts upon the lakes, while that portion of Maine lying between New Brunswick 
 and Canada was claimed for Great Britain. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 9. The Creeks by a treaty surrendered a great 
 part of their territory. 
 
 They retained only that part of it east of the Coosa, and north of a line from 
 the mouth of the Tallapoosa to Fort Gaines on the Chattahoochee. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 10. The British blockading squadron bom- 
 barded Stonington, Connecticut. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 14. A British fleet appeared in the Chesa- 
 peake. 
 
 It had on board General Ross with four thousand soldiers, a portion of Well- 
 ington's army. On the 19th and 20th the troops were landed at Benedict, on the 
 Patuxent, some fifty miles from Washington. Admiral Cochrane, in command of 
 the fleet, sent a despatch to the President declaring it his intention to destroy such 
 towns upon the sea-coast as he should find it possible to reach. The despatch was 
 dated the day of his arrival on the coast, but was not received until after the cap- 
 ture of Washington, when its publicity added to the excitement. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 15. The British made a midnight assault upon 
 Fort Erie which was repulsed. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 24. The battle of Bladensburg was fought. 
 
 The Americans made but small resistance, and their rout placed the city of 
 Washington at the disposal of the British. The public buildings were all burned, 
 except the post-office and the patent-office. The most valuable papers of the 
 state department had been removed. The library of Congress, in the capitol, 
 was burned with that building. The post-office and patent-office only escaped de- 
 struction by a violent tornado which passed over the city. That night the British 
 withdrew to Benedict, and re-embarked upon their ships. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 27. The banks in the District of Columbia 
 suspended. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 29. The British fleet anchored before Alexan- 
 dria, which surrendered at discretion. 
 
 They captured here many merchant vessels and large stores of merchandise, 
 which they carried away with them. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 29. Specie payments were suspended in Phil- 
 adelphia.
 
 528 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1814. 
 
 Specie was at a premium of from fourteen to twenty per cent. The banks of 
 Maryland and New York suspended September 1. 
 
 Some of the banks in Maine suspended early in the year. Those of the middle 
 and southern states suspended in September. The New England banks generally 
 did not suspend. Those of Ohio and Kentucky continued paying specie until 
 January 1, 1815, and the only one in Tennessee until the summer. 
 
 1814, AUGUST 31. The island of Nantucket agreed with the 
 British to be neutral during the war. 
 
 The settlements on Cape Cod paid heavily to save their salt-works from de- 
 struction. 
 
 1814, AUGUST. The legislatures of Rhode Island, New York, 
 Virginia, and Georgia were convened. 
 
 The sea-coast towns all prepared for defence. Rhode Island voted one hundred 
 thousand dollars and to raise five hundred men, and proposed an exchange of militia 
 with Massachusetts and Connecticut. New York and Philadelphia agreed to 
 advance, the first a million and the second three hundred thousand dollars for 
 defence. Works were built in Boston and Portland, the population without dis- 
 tinction of class working at the trenches. As at the time the national treasury 
 was straitened, Daniel D. Tompkins, the governor of New York, with others, 
 advanced money to support West Point, and pay the workmen in the Springfield 
 armory, besides aiding in raising and supporting the troops enlisted in the state. 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 1. Castine and Belfast, on Penobscot Bay, 
 were captured by the British from Eastport. 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 1. The Wasp captured the British sloop 
 of war Avon. 
 
 On the 23d the Wasp captured the British brig Atalanta, which Captain Blake- 
 ley sent to the United States. This was the last heard of the Wasp. She is sup- 
 posed to have been lost. 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 3. John Armstrong resigned his position as 
 secretary of war. 
 
 The blame of the capture of Washington was laid to him. 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 11. A land and naval battle took place at 
 Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, between the British and Amer- 
 icans. 
 
 The American land force was commanded by General McCorab; the naval 
 force by Commodore McDonough. The British land force was commanded by 
 General Prevost ; the naval force by Commodore Downie. The naval action was 
 soon won by the Americans, and the British land forces retreated. 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 12. The British fleet appeared at North 
 Point, on the Patapsco, and landed the troops. 
 
 The next day the fleet bombarded Fort McHenry, which protected the approach 
 to Baltimore. Ross was killed while heading a reconnoitring party at North 
 Point. The bombardment was kept up all night, the British army re-embarking 
 during the darkness.
 
 1814.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 529 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 14. An expedition of the British from 
 Pensacola attacked Fort Bowyer, at Mobile Point, on the eastern 
 entrance to Mobile Bay, and was repulsed. 
 
 The attack was made by land and water. The garrison consisted of one hun- 
 dred and thirty men, under the command of Major Lawrence. 
 
 1814, SEPTEMBER 17. A sortie was made by the garrison of 
 Fort Erie, which succeeded in destroying the works of the be- 
 sieging British army. 
 
 The British raised the siege and retired. 
 
 1814, OCTOBER 14. The legislature of Connecticut acceded to 
 the circular letter from Massachusetts, and appointed seven 
 delegates to meet those of the other New England states, at 
 Hartford, Connecticut, on the 15th of December. 
 
 They were to deliberate " for the purpose of devising and recommending such 
 measures for the safety and welfare of these states as may consist with our obliga- 
 tions as members of the national Union." 
 
 1814, OCTOBER 16. The settlement at Barataria Bay, west of 
 the Mississippi, was captured by an expedition from New Orleans 
 under the command of Commodore Patterson. 
 
 The settlement was the headquarters of the pirates, who, calling themselves 
 privateers, were not particular whose commerce they preyed on. The British 
 having offered to receive them into their service if they would take part in an 
 attack on New Orleans, Lafitte, their leader, gave notice of it to the governor of 
 Louisiana. Ten vessels were captured and the pirates dispersed without re- 
 sistance. 
 
 1814, OCTOBER. The Star-Spangled Banner was first sung 
 at Holliday-Street Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 1814, OCTOBER 18. The Massachusetts legislature adopted a 
 report of a committee, which proposed a convention for amend- 
 ing the Constitution, and appointed twelve delegates to the 
 same. 
 
 The report of the committee recommended " a conference between those 
 states the affinity of whose interests is closest, and w r hose habits of intercourse, 
 from local and other causes, are most frequent, to the end that, by a comparison 
 of their sentiments and views, some mode of defence suited to the circumstances 
 and exigencies of those states, and measures for accelerating the return of public 
 prosperity, may be devised ; and also to enable the delegates from those states, 
 should they deem it expedient, to lay the foundation of a radical reform in the 
 national compact by inviting to a future convention a deputation from all the 
 states in the Union." A circular letter was also sent the other New England 
 states. 
 
 1814, OCTOBER 22. The legislature of New York resolved 
 that the terms of peace proposed by the British commissioners 
 were " extravagant and disgraceful." 
 
 The news of the terms proposed at Ghent had arrived. The legislature of 
 
 34
 
 530 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1814. 
 
 Virginia passed, a few days after, a resolution calling the terms "arrogant and 
 insulting." Both states voted to raise a body of permanent militia for defence, to 
 be paid and supported by the general government. 
 
 1814, NOVEMBER 5. The legislature of Rhode Island accepted 
 the circular from Massachusetts, and appointed four delegates to 
 the proposed convention. 
 
 1814, NOVEMBER. The Americans, under General Tzard, aban- 
 doned Fort Erie, and blew it up. 
 
 1814, NOVEMBER 7. General Jackson, at the head of the 
 Tennessee militia, took possession of Pensacola. 
 
 It was surrendered without opposition, and was handed over by Jackson to the 
 Spanish authorities. Orders had been sent to Jackson countermanding his 
 authority to take Pensacola, but he acted before they were received. 
 
 1814, DECEMBER 14. An American flotilla of five gunboats, 
 commanded by Lieutenant Thomas Catesby Jones, was captured 
 by a British expedition of forty-two barges and boats on Lake 
 Borgne, Louisiana. 
 
 This, with the capture of the Balize at the entrance of the Mississippi, opened 
 to the British the passage to New Orleans. 
 
 1814, DECEMBER 15. The convention at Hartford met. 
 
 Twenty-six delegates were present from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
 Rhode Island; Vermont and New Hampshire were represented only by county 
 delegates. The convention sat with closed doors for twenty days, and on their 
 adjournment addressed a report to their legislatures. This report was accepted 
 by the legislatures of Massachusetts and Connecticut, and commissioners ap- 
 pointed by them to present to Congress the suggestions of the convention. In 
 1833, a history of the Hartford Convention, by its secretary, Theodore Dwight, 
 was published. 
 
 1814, DECEMBER. The President, under the command of 
 Decatur, was captured on the coast of Long Island by the Endy- 
 mion, a British frigate, assisted by several other vessels. 
 
 The President had disabled the Endymion, but was herself so injured that on 
 the arrival of the other vessels she was forced to surrender. 
 
 1814, DECEMBER 24. A treaty of peace was signed by the 
 commissioners at Ghent. 
 
 It was ratified by the President in the following February. 
 
 1814, DECEMBER 28. The British made an attack upon the 
 position held by General Jackson for the defence of New Orleans, 
 and retired after a contest of about seven hours. 
 
 Jackson had taken the command in New Orleans, the governor having put him- 
 self and the militia under him. Jackson had declared martial law, and directed 
 the governor to arrest the legislature, should it make, as was feared, any move- 
 ment towards capitulating.
 
 1814-15.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 531 
 
 1814. THE Recorder appeared in Chillicothe, Ohio. 
 
 It was published by John Andrews, and was the first religious newspaper, 
 being "devoted to Theology, Literature, and all matters of local and national 
 interest." 
 
 1814-15. THE Illinois Intelligencer appeared at Kaskaskia, 
 Illinois. 
 
 This was the first newspaper in the state. 
 
 1814. THE first flour was exported from Rochester, New 
 York, and the third mill was built there. 
 
 1815, JANUARY 1. The British were repulsed in a second 
 attack upon General Jackson's line of defence at New Orleans. 
 
 1815, JANUARY 8. The British made a third attack upon 
 General Jackson's position, and were repulsed. 
 
 Jackson had been reinforced with levies from Kentucky. Packenham in per- 
 son led the attack, and was killed. The watchword of the British was " Booty 
 and Beauty." The troops were chiefly drawn from Wellington's peninsular army. 
 In this engagement the British lost two thousand men, while Jackson's loss in the 
 entire campaign was only three hundred and thirty-three. The British withdrew 
 to their original landing-place and re-embarked. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 11. The British sloop-of-war Favorite ar- 
 rived at New York, with an English and an American messenger, 
 bearing a treaty of peace, which the English government had 
 already ratified. 
 
 The news, despatched by express, reached Boston in thirty-two hours. As 
 the news spread, a general feeling of satisfaction expressed itself in rejoicing, 
 without caring to inquire what were the terms of the treaty. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 12. Fort Bowyer was again attacked by the 
 whole British force, and Captain Lawrence was forced to sur- 
 render. 
 
 The British retiring from New Orleans captured it. Fort Morgan now occu- 
 pies the site of the old fort. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 17. The treaty was ratified and promul- 
 gated. 
 
 By its provisions all conquered territory was to be mutually restored, and three 
 commissions were to be appointed : the first to settle the title to the islands of 
 Passamaquoddy Bay ; the second to settle the northeastern boundary as far as the 
 St. Lawrence ; and the third to run the line through the St. Lawrence and the 
 lakes to the Lake of the Woods. In case of disagreement, the point in dispute 
 was to be referred to some friendly power. Hostilities on land were to terminate 
 with the ratification of the treaty, and on sea in certain specified times, according 
 to the distance, the longest time being four months. The treaty provided against 
 the carrying away by the British of " any negroes or other property." Both par- 
 ties agreed to use their best endeavors for the suppression of the slave-trade. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 17. Congress proposed a loan of eighteen
 
 532 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1815. 
 
 million and four hundred thousand dollars, and an issue of treas- 
 ury notes to the amount of twenty-five million dollars. 
 
 A portion of these, issued in sums under a hundred dollars, payable to bearer, 
 and to serve as a currency. Those over one hundred dollars were to bear inter- 
 est at five and two fifths per cent., making a cent and a half a day on each one 
 hundred dollars. Both were receivable for all public dues, and were transferable 
 at option, those bearing interest in six per cent, bonds and those without in seven 
 per cent, bonds. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 20. The Constitution, off Lisbon, captured 
 two British sloops-of-war, the Cyane and the Levant. 
 
 The engagement took place by moonlight. The loss to the Constitution was 
 only three killed and twelve wounded. Meeting subsequently with a fleet of 
 British vessels, she escaped in a fog, but lost the Levant, which was recaptured. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 21. The British, after issuing a proclama- 
 tion of martial law, withdrew from the coast of Georgia. 
 
 1815, FEBRUARY 24. Congress authorized the funding of the 
 non-interest-paying treasury notes in circulation. 
 
 The interest upon the loan was seven per cent. Three millions two hundred 
 and sixty-eight thousand nine hundred and forty-nine dollars were invested in 
 bonds at par. 
 
 1815, MARCH 3. Congress authorized a loan of twelve mil- 
 lions of dollars. 
 
 The rate of interest was six per cent. The amount issued was nine million 
 eeven hundred and forty-five thousand seven hundred and forty-five dollars. The 
 loan was made for the purpose of funding the interest-paying treasury notes, and 
 the subscription price was from ninety to par in treasury notes. 
 
 1815. THE colony of Harmonists moved from Pennsylvania 
 and settled in Posey County, Indiana. 
 
 1815. ABOUT this time the use of the small plough, for the 
 cultivation of corn, was introduced among the French settlers in 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mr. Charles L. Flint says their ploughs, "from the time of their occupation, 
 in 1682, down to the war of 1812, were made of wood, with a small point of iron 
 fastened upon the wood by strips of raw-hide. The beams rested upon an axle 
 and small wooden wheels. They were drawn by oxen yoked by the horns, the 
 yokes being straight and fastened to the horns by raw-leather straps, a pole 
 extending back from the yoke to the axle. These ploughs were large and 
 clumsy. . . . They used carts that had not a particle of iron about them." 
 
 1815, MARCH 23. The Hornet, off the Cape of Good Hope, 
 captured the Penguin, and destroyed her. 
 
 1815, MARCH 31. General Jackson was sentenced by the 
 court to a fine of one thousand dollars for contempt of court. 
 
 He had arrested a member of the legislature named Louallier, for an article 
 he had written while the city was under martial law. Judge Hall having granted a 
 writ of habeas corpus in the prisoner's favor, Jackson arrested the judge and sent
 
 1815.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 533 
 
 him out of the city. "When martial law was repealed, the judge, returning, sum- 
 moned him for contempt of court, and fined him. Jackson gave his check for 
 the fine, and the amount was reimbursed him by subscription. 
 
 1815, MARCH. The non-intercourse and non-importation acts 
 were repealed, as well as all acts creating discriminating duties 
 on foreign vessels. 
 
 The acts to take effect with only reciprocating nations. 
 
 1815, JUNE 30. The Peacock, in the Straits of Funda, cap- 
 tured an armed British vessel. 
 
 The next day the vessel was given up. The number of British vessels cap- 
 tured on the sea and the lakes by privateers and national vessels was said to be 
 1750. The official account of American vessels captured or destroyed by the 
 royal navy was 42 national vessels, 233 privateers, and 1437 merchant ships, 
 making a total of 1683. The British privateers did not make many captures. 
 
 1815, JUNE. Decatur, with a fleet, appeared off Algiers, and 
 the Dey signed a treaty on his quarter-deck. 
 
 The Dey had declared war against the United States, captured an American 
 vessel, and made slaves of the crew. Decatur was sent with the fleet. Near 
 Gibraltar he captured the largest frigate of the Algerine navy. By the treaty, the 
 Dey surrendered all prisoners, paid an indemnity, and agreed to renounce all 
 claim to American tribute, and not make slaves of his war prisoners. Proceeding 
 to Tunis and Tripoli, Decatur obtained indemnity for American vessels captured 
 during the war, under the guns of their forts, by British cruisers. In part-pay- 
 ment, he took from Tripoli eight Danes and two Italians held as slaves. 
 
 1815, JULY. The commissioners at Ghent made a commer- 
 cial convention with Great Britain, to last four years, and stipu- 
 lating for absolute reciprocity by abolishing, in direct trade, all 
 discriminations. 
 
 1815, SEPTEMBER 1. A council was held at Detroit, and the 
 hatchet buried by the tribes represented. 
 
 These were the Senecas, Delawares, Shawanees, Wyandots, Pottawatomies of 
 Lake Michigan, Ottawas, and Chippeways, with the Winnebagoes and Sauks. 
 Other treaties were made with the Pottawatomies of the Illinois, the Piankeshaws, 
 Osages, lowas, Kansas, Foxes, Kickapoos, and bands of the Sioux. The posts 
 of Prairie du Cliien and Michilimackinac were reoccupied. 
 
 1815. A BRIDEWELL, or house of correction, was started at 
 Halifax. 
 
 Persons liable to be committed for a term not exceeding seven years were by the 
 act described " as disorderly and idle people, who notoriously misspend their 
 time, to the neglect of their own and family's support, and those who are convicted 
 of any clergyable or lesser criminal offence." 
 
 1815. JOSE MARIA MORELOS was executed. 
 
 He was a priest, and had for several years successfully maintained an insur- 
 rection against the Spanish domination of Mexico.
 
 534 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1815-16. 
 
 1815. THE North American Review was started iii Boston, 
 Massachusetts, under the editorship of William Tudor. 
 
 In 1817 it passed into the control of a club of Boston gentlemen, who made 
 Jared Sparks chief editor; then Edward Channing; and in 1819, Edward Everett 
 assumed the post. 
 
 1815. THE water-works at Fairmount, for supplying Phila- 
 delphia, Pennsylvania, with water, were completed. 
 
 They were begun in 1812. As far back as 1764, after the yellow fever in 
 Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin had advocated the necessity of supplying the 
 city with water, and in his will, June 23, 1789, recommended the city should make 
 an appropriation for that purpose. In 1797 water was brought from Spring Mill 
 Creek, and from the Schuylkill by steam-power, and stored in tanks ready for 
 use ; but in 1812 more efficient works were undertaken. 
 
 1815, SEPTEMBER 30. The total debt of the United States 
 amounted to one hundred and nineteen million six hundred 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 The estimated cost of the war was at this date eighty million five hundred 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 1816, JANUARY 3. The Recorder appeared in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 This was the second religious newspaper published. From the different 
 claims which have been made for its establishment, it appears that Nathaniel 
 Willis first conceived the idea of such a paper, and printed the Recorder, of 
 which Sidney Edwards Morse was the first editor. 
 
 1816, FEBRUARY. Congress passed a tariff bill. 
 
 It had been introduced by Mr. Lowndes, of South Carolina, with the view of 
 encouraging manufactures. 
 
 1816, MARCH 1. Congress passed an act limiting importation 
 by foreign vessels to the produce of their respective countries. 
 
 Its provisions were to apply to only such nations as had placed a similar 
 obstruction upon commerce. The coasting trade was also limited to American- 
 built vessels owned by Americans. All coasting and fishing vessels were required, 
 under penalties, to have three fourths of their crews Americans. 
 
 1816, MARCH 1. Congress repealed all such parts of existing 
 laws imposing duties as were inconsistent with the provisions of 
 a treaty prepared by a convention held in London, England, on 
 the third of the previous July. 
 
 At this convention it was agreed to equalize the duties on tonnage and imports. 
 The treaty was reciprocal with regard to the British territories in Europe and 
 the East Indies, but did not secure for the United States equal privileges in Brit- 
 ish possessions in America. This treaty was renewed in 1818, October 20, for 
 ten years, and in 1827, on August 6, indefinitely. 
 
 1816. THE first steam paper-mill was erected at Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania.
 
 1816.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 535 
 
 1816. THE first steamboat built at Cincinnati was launched. 
 
 She was named the Vesta. 
 
 1816, MARCH 3. Congress passed an act forbidding the fit- 
 ting out within the jurisdiction of the United States of any vessel 
 to cruise against any power with which the United States were 
 at peace. 
 
 A fine often thousand dollars and imprisonment not to exceed ten years were 
 the penalties for heing engaged in fitting out any such vessel. Spain had pro- 
 tested against the fitting out of vessels to sail under the flags of her revolted South 
 American provinces, and to assist Texas and Mexico, which had also rebelled. 
 
 1816, APRIL 10. Congress chartered a national bank. 
 
 Its capital was thirty-five millions ; government to subscribe for seven millions 
 in five per cent, bonds, and the rest to be subscribed by the public ; seven millions 
 in specie, and the rest in government stock. The bank to issue no notes under 
 five dollars, and forbidden to suspend under twelve per cent, penalty. Its direc- 
 tors were elected by the stockholders. The bank was organized on October 28, 
 fifteen of the directors being Democrats, and ten Federalists. Its charter was to 
 run twenty-one years, and it was to pay for it one million five hundred thousand dol- 
 lars in three instalments, at two, three, and four years. It was to be the deposi- 
 tary of the public money, which it should transfer without charge. It was to estab- 
 lish a place of deposit and discount in Washington, and a similar one in any state 
 where two thousand shares were held on application of the legislature. The 
 shares were one hundred dollars. 
 
 1816, APRIL 25. Congress appropriated one million dollars 
 annually to the increase of the navy. 
 
 1816, APRIL 30. Congress voted that specie payments ought 
 to be resumed February 20, 1817, and that the government 
 should then accept only specie, or its equivalent, u treasury 
 notes, notes of the Bank of the United States, or in notes of 
 banks payable and paid on demand in specie." 
 
 The banks refused to resume specie payments before July, 1817. 
 
 1816, APRIL. An act was passed by the legislature of New 
 Hampshire changing the name of Dartmouth College to Dart- 
 mouth University, and changing the board of trustees. 
 
 The old board refused to submit; the governor brought the subject before the 
 legislature, who passed an act fining any one who should oppose the new board, 
 who thus obtained possession of the buildings and records. The matter was car- 
 ried to the supreme court, which finally decided that the original charter of tht 
 college was a contract, and its modification without the consent of the trustees 
 was unconstitutional. The college was therefore reinstated in possession. 
 
 1816, APRIL. Congress enacted that the pay of its members 
 should be fifteen hundred dollars a year. 
 
 There was great objection made to it. The legislatures of Massachusetts, 
 Rhode Island, Georgia, and Kentucky passed resolutions expressive of their 
 objection to it as extravagant. The next session it was repealed, being allowed 
 to stand for the session, and the future being left to the next Congress.
 
 536 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [18 1G. 
 
 1816, MAY. The steamboat Enterprise ascended the Missis- 
 sippi from New Orleans to Louisville. 
 
 She was commanded by Captain Henry M. Shreve, who was chiefly instru- 
 mental in breaking down the monopoly claimed by Fulton and Livingston of the 
 steam navigation of the rivers. He carried the case up until he got a decision 
 from the Supreme Court. 
 
 1816, SEPTEMBER. Indiana formed a constitution, and under 
 it Jonathan Jennings was chosen the first governor. 
 
 Authority to frame a constitution had been given by Congress. The constitu- 
 tion gave the right of suffrage to all male citizens resident in the state one year. 
 It recognized the freedom of the press. 
 
 1816, SEPTEMBER 24. The Cherokeea, by a treaty, limited 
 themselves on the south side of the Tennessee to the parallel of 
 Huntsville. 
 
 In the fall, at two treaties, the Chickasaws and Choctaws relinquished all 
 claim to territory east of the Tombigbee, except the valley of Bear Creek. The 
 consideration for these cessions was, with the Cherokees, $5000 cash, and an 
 annuity for ten years of $6000. They also received $5000 cash for relinquishing 
 all claim to any part of South Carolina. The Chickasaws received 4500, an 
 annuity for ten years of $12,000, and gifts to some of the chiefs. The Choctaws 
 10,000 cash, and an annuity for twenty years of $6000. 
 
 1816, SEPTEMBER 28. An expedition from New Orleans, with 
 a force from Camp Crawford, under Colonel Clinch, destroyed 
 the fort on the Appalachicola. 
 
 The fort had been built by the British, and, with its armament, given by them, 
 at the close of the war, to their Indian and negro allies. It was claimed that it 
 was an asylum for runaway negroes. The magazine was exploded by red-hot 
 shot, and some three hundred and fifty persons killed. 
 
 1816, NOVEMBER. The United States Bank was organized in 
 Philadelphia, with branches at Boston, New York, and Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Other branches were soon opened at Portsmouth, Providence, Middletown 
 Connecticut, Washington, Richmond, Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, New 
 Orleans, Lexington, and Cincinnati, and soon after at Louisville, Chillicothe, 
 Pittsburg, Fayetteville, and Augusta. 
 
 1816, NOVEMBER 25. A bank of savings was formed in New 
 York. 
 
 It was formed at a public meeting held by the Society for the Prevention of 
 Pauperism, and was incorporated in March, 1819. 
 
 1816, DECEMBER 2. The Saving Fund Society was organized 
 in Philadelphia, and opened the business of a savings bank. 
 
 1816, DECEMBER 13. The Provident Institution for Savings 
 was incorporated at Boston, Massachusetts.
 
 1816-17.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 537 
 
 1816. THE Columbian Institute for the promotion of Arts 
 and Sciences was instituted at Washington, D. C. 
 
 At the expiration of its charter, in 1830, it was merged in the National Institute. 
 
 1816, DECEMBER. The American Colonization Society, for 
 colonizing free colored people on the African coast, was estab- 
 lished at Washington. 
 
 Rev. Robert Finley was active in the work. The plan had been urged by 
 Jefferson as early as 1777, and the legislature of Virginia had advocated it in 1801. 
 Bushrod Washington was the first president of the society. His immediate suc- 
 cessors were Charles Carroll, James Madison, and Henry Clay. 
 
 1816. POTTERY-WORKS were started at Jersey City, and 
 some porcelain ware was made. 
 
 The works now manufacture chiefly the cream-colored ware, for which the 
 clay is obtained near Amboy. 
 
 1816, DECEMBER. Congress appropriated ten millions to the 
 sinking fund. 
 
 1809-17. FOURTH administration. 
 
 President, James Madison, of Virginia. 
 
 fGeorge Clinton, of New York, 1809; died 1812. 
 Vice-Presidents, j Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, March 4, 1813; 
 
 I died November 23, 1813. 
 
 / Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 6, 1809. 
 Secretaries of State, \ Jameg Monroe> of Virginia, April 2, 1811. 
 
 ( Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, continued in office. 
 Secretaries of Treasury, \ George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, Feb. 9, 1814. 
 
 I Alexander J. Dallas, of Tennessee, Oct. 6, 1814. 
 
 'William Eustis, of Massachusetts, March 7, 1809. 
 John Armstrong, of New York, January 13, 1813. 
 Secretaries of War, j James Monroe, of Virginia, September 27, 1814. 
 
 .W. H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 3, 1815. 
 
 ( Paul Hamilton, of South Carolina, March 7, 1809. 
 Secretaries of Navy, ) William Jones, of Pennsylvania, Jan. 12, 1813. 
 
 LBenj. W. Crowninshicld, Mass., Dec. 17, 1814. 
 
 ( Gideon Granger, of Connecticut, continued in office. 
 
 Postmasters-General, \ -^ . T XT */~vu- nr T. i? 101.1 
 I Return J. Meigs, of Ohio, March 17, 1814. 
 
 ( Cajsar Rodney, of Delaware, continued in office. 
 Attorneys-General, \ William Pinkney, of Maryland, Dec. 11, 1811. 
 
 I Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, February 10, 1814. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Joseph B. Varnum, of Massachusetts, Eleventh Congress, 1809. 
 Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Twelfth Congress, 1811. 
 
 " " Thirteenth Congress, 1813. , 
 
 Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina, Thirteenth Congress, 1814. 
 Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Fourteenth Congress, 1815. 
 
 1817, JANUARY. The government resumed specie payments. 
 
 It paid its obligations in Boston, Massachusetts, in coin.
 
 538 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1817. 
 
 1817. THE President was authorized to procure for the 
 capitol four large pictures of Revolutionary scenes by John 
 Trumbull. 
 
 An appropriation had been made for rebuilding the capitol, enclosing the 
 grounds about it and making them ornamental. Trumbull had served in the army 
 of the Revolution, and made a series of portraits of the chief actors in it. The 
 four pictures he painted for this order are now in the rotunda of the capitol. 
 
 1817, FEBRUARY 15. The Delaware Society for Promoting 
 American Manufactures was established at Wilmington. 
 
 1817, MARCH 1. Congress passed an act giving to the people 
 of the western portion of the territory of Mississippi the right to 
 organize a state government. 
 
 By another act the territory was divided, the eastern portion being erected into 
 the territory of Alabama, of which William W. Bibb was appointed governor. 
 The constitution formed for the state of Mississippi gave the right of suffrage to 
 all white male adults, residents of the state. A property qualification was requi- 
 site to hold the office of governor, or to be a member of the legislature. The 
 legislature was denied any power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves 
 without the consent of their owners, or paying an equivalent for them ; nor laws 
 to prevent immigrants bringing with them persons deemed slaves by any of the 
 states, as long as similar persons were held in slavery by the laws of the state. 
 Grand juries were dispensed with in the trial of slaves, and petit juries in all but 
 capital cases. 
 
 1817. THE Massachusetts Peace Society memorialized Con- 
 gress, suggesting the formation of a congress of nations for the 
 purpose of settling national disputes by arbitration. 
 
 1817, MARCH 3. Congress appointed John Quincy Adams 
 commissioner to examine and report on the subject of weights 
 and measures in the United States, and also as to the desirable- 
 ness of adopting the French system, or some similar one. 
 
 During the years 1819 and 1820, Adams had the standards employed in the vari- 
 ous custom-houses examined, and, in a table accompanying his report, presented 
 in 1821, showed the discrepancies that existed in the different states. He reported 
 unfavorably to the French system, but recommended a more exact conformity with 
 the English system. 
 
 181.7, APRIL. The legislature of New York passed an act for 
 the abolition of slavery in the state. 
 
 It was to take effect July 4, 1827. It also passed an act abolishing imprison- 
 ment for debts less than twenty-five dollars. 
 
 1817. MONTGOMERY, on the Alabama River, was laid out. 
 
 It became the capital of the state in 1846, when the government was removed 
 there from Tuscaloosa. 
 
 1817. EVANSVILLE, Indiana, was laid out by General Robert 
 Evans, James W. Jones, and Hugh McGeary, and named in honor 
 of the first.
 
 1817.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. 539 
 
 It is a large manufacturing city on the Ohio River, and has a rapidly increasing 
 commerce. Coal and iron abound in the neighborhood. 
 
 1817, APRIL 15. The New York legislature created a fund 
 for the construction of the Erie, Champlaiu, and Hudson Canal. 
 
 Ground was first broken at Rome on the 4th of July, and it was completed on 
 the 26th of October, 1825. 
 
 1817, APRIL 15. The first American asylum for the deaf and 
 dumb was opened at Hartford, Connecticut, with Thomas H. Gal- 
 laudet as principal. 
 
 Mr. Gallaudet had spent two years in Europe, the expense being borne by 
 wealthy men of Hartford, studying under the Abbe Sicard at Paris his system of 
 teaching mutes, and brought back with him, as assistant, M. Laurent Le Clerc, a 
 mute, one of the abbe's best teachers. The institution had a grant of $5000 from 
 the state, and in 1819 Congress gave it the grant of a township of land in Ala- 
 bama, which produced a fund of $300,000, the income from which is used in 
 defraying the current expenses of the asylum. 
 
 The New York institution was started in 1818 ; that of Pennsylvania in 1820. 
 
 1817. THIS year a revival in the cause of education began, 
 and the grade of instruction in the public schools has since stead- 
 ily been raised. 
 
 Horace Mann, of Massachusetts ; Henry Barnard, of Connecticut ; the publi- 
 cation of the "American Journal of Education," begun in 1826; the improved 
 text-books ; the founding of normal schools, all have worked for the same end : 
 the increased efficiency of the common schools. 
 
 1817. THE Hartford Times appeared in Hartford, Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 It was established by Alfred E. Burr, and is now under the direction of his 
 sons Alfred E. and Franklin L. Burr. It is Democratic. 
 
 1817, MAY 13. The Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion 
 of Public Economy was formed at Philadelphia. 
 
 1817. THE American Society for the Encouragement of 
 American Manufactures was formed in New York. 
 
 1817. THE Maryland Economical Association was organized 
 at Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 1817. THE legislature of New York appropriated twenty 
 thousand dollars, to be divided among the county agricultural 
 societies, for the promotion of agriculture and family domestic 
 manufactures. 
 
 1817, JULY. The Gazette appeared in Mobile, Alabama. 
 
 1817. A COMPANY of Germans, known as Separatists, landed 
 and settled at Zoar, in Tuscarora county, Ohio. 
 
 They had bought the land, which was uncleared, and in 1819 formed them- 
 selves into a community. In 1832 they adopted a constitution, and were incor- 
 porated by the legislature. They have about three hundred members.
 
 540 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1817-18. 
 
 1817, AUGUST. An agent was sent in the frigate Congress to 
 establish commercial relations with the northern part of St. Do- 
 mingo. 
 
 Christophe was in command as king of the independent government which the 
 revolted colored population had established. He expressed a desire to establish 
 friendly relations. The agent had only a simple certificate of his appointment. 
 The United States had not recognized the independence of Hayti, and hesitated 
 to do so. 
 
 1817. THREE commissioners were sent to South America to 
 ascertain and report the real condition of affairs there. 
 
 The republics had revolted from Spanish rule, and claimed to have established 
 their independence. 
 
 1817, NOVEMBER 30. The Indians attacked a boat on the Ap- 
 palachicola carrying supplies to Fort Scott on the Flint River, and 
 killed all who were on it except six men and one woman. 
 
 The boat contained about forty men, with a number of women and children. 
 The attack was made in retaliation for one that had been made by General Gaines 
 from Fort Scott upon the Indian village of Fowltown, a few miles below the fort, 
 in order to enforce a demand he had made upon the Indians for the surrender of 
 some murderers who had taken refuge in their settlement. Jackson was sent, on 
 reception of the news, to take command in person, and given authority to call on 
 the militia from Tennessee. 
 
 1817, DECEMBER 23. The internal taxes were repealed. 
 
 1817. THE legislature of Kentucky chartered thirty-nine new 
 banks. 
 
 There were already in the state a state bank with fourteen branches. 
 
 1818, JANUARY 22. The Creeks ceded to the United States 
 two tracts one on the Upper Ocmulgee, and the other south 
 of the Altamaha. 
 
 The consideration was $20,000 in cash, and an annuity for ten years of 
 $10,000. 
 
 1818. CONGRESS fixed the compensation of its members at 
 eight dollars a day, and the same amount for each twenty miles 
 of travel. 
 
 1818, MARCH 14. Congress refused to receive a petition from 
 Vincente Pazos, an agent from the Spanish-American republics. 
 
 He was residing in Washington, but had not been officially recognized. The 
 petition was presented by the speaker, Henry Clay, and was a protest against the 
 suppression, made without violence, of settlements at Amelia Island and Galves- 
 ton, Texas, under the authority, as claimed, of the insurgent authorities of New 
 Grenada, Venezuela, and Mexico. The President had suppressed these establish- 
 ments, which were chiefly occupied by buccaneers, under authority of a secret 
 act made in 1811, and which was now first made public. The Spanish minister, 
 Don Onis, also protested against them. The same day the President laid before 
 Congress the correspondence which had passed between the Spanish minister and
 
 1818.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 541 
 
 the secretary of state, in which was a full discussion as to the boundaries of Flor- 
 ida and Louisiana, and the claims for Spanish spoliations of American commerce. 
 From this correspondence it appeared that the administration had declined an 
 offer made by Spain to submit the points in dispute to the arbitration of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 1818. THE first savings bank was formed in Baltimore. 
 
 1818. MR. CALHOUN, while secretary of war, prohibited the 
 use of liquors in the army. 
 
 1818. THE State Library at Albany, New York, was founded. 
 
 1818. NOAH WEBSTER, in an agricultural address, spoke of 
 "the art of draining wet lands, which is now in its infancy in this 
 country." 
 
 1818. A "SOCIETY for the Prevention of Pauperism and 
 Crime " was formed in New York city. 
 
 Isaac Collins, Joseph Curtis, John Griscom, and James W. Gerard were 
 chiefly instrumental in its formation. 
 
 1818. ALL the territory lying north of Illinois and Indiana 
 was annexed to Michigan, and the lands, having been surveyed, 
 were offered for public sale. 
 
 1818, MARCH 14. The House resolved that Congress was 
 empowered " to appropriate money for the construction of post- 
 roads, military and other roads, and of canals, and for the 
 improvement of water-courses." 
 
 The resolution was passed after long and earnest debate. 
 
 1818, MARCH 18. Congress passed an act for the relief of the 
 soldiers of the Revolution. 
 
 It gave a life pension of twenty dollars a month to officers, and eight dollars a 
 month to privates, who had served nine months in the Continental army or navy. 
 The recipients were to resign all claim to invalid pensions, and prove to the satis- 
 faction of the war department that they stood in need of assistance. 
 
 1818, APRIL 1. General Jackson captured a Seminole village 
 near the present site of Tallahassee. 
 
 The village was burned. 
 
 1818, APRIL 2. The American farmer appeared at Baltimore. 
 
 It was established by John S. Skinner, and was the pioneer of the agricultural 
 press. He also began this year The Turf Magazine. 
 
 1818. A COMMITTEE of the legislature of New York reported 
 concerning the banking system of that state that it was out- 
 rageous. 
 
 The report says, " Of all aristocracies, none more completely enslave a people 
 than that of money, and in the opinion of your committee no system was ever 
 better devised so perfectly to enslave a community as that of the present mode 
 of conducting bank establishments."
 
 542 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1818. 
 
 1818. SHOE-PEGS are said to have been invented about this 
 time, by Joseph Walker, of Hopkinton, Massachusetts. 
 
 1818, APRIL 4. Congress passed an act prescribing the fash- 
 ion of the national flag. 
 
 It was to be made with thirteen stripes, and as many stars as states a new 
 star to be added for each state admitted to the Union. 
 
 1818, APRIL 4. The House directed the secretaries of war 
 and of the treasury to report at the next session a list of the 
 internal improvements in progress, and a plan for appropriations 
 to aid them. 
 
 It was stated in the debate, that the transportation of each barrel of flour to 
 Detroit, during the late war, had cost not less than sixty dollars, and that of every 
 pound of ammunition and war material not less than fifty cents. 
 
 1818, APRIL 7. General Jackson captured the fort at St. 
 Marks. 
 
 He captured it by force, though there was no blood shed. It was the only Span- 
 ish fort in that part of Florida. He claimed that it afforded aid and protection to 
 the Indians. Jackson then captured and destroyed other Indian villages. 
 
 1818, APRIL 18. Congress passed an act authorizing the ter- 
 ritory of Illinois to form a state constitution. 
 
 1818, APRIL 18. Congress passed an act closing the ports of 
 the United States to British vessels from any British colonial 
 port into which American vessels were not admitted. 
 
 On the 27th of May. the ports of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. John, New 
 Brunswick, were opened to American vessels by an order in council. 
 
 1818. THE duties on some articles were increased. 
 The practice of a custom-house appraisement for the collection of ad valorem 
 duties was begun. 
 
 1818, APRIL 20. Congress passed an act intended to give 
 greater efficiency to the law against fitting out vessels, or organ- 
 izang military expeditions against nations with whom they were 
 at peace. 
 
 1818, APRIL. Congress passed a bill for the abolition of the 
 slave-trade. 
 
 The burden of proof, in cases where negroes were found on board of a vessel, 
 was thrown on those in possession. The penalties for fitting out vessels for the 
 slave-trade, or transporting slaves to any country, were increased. 
 
 1818, APRIL 20. Congress repealed the discriminating du- 
 ties so far as they related to the Netherlands. 
 
 On the 24th of July the President, by proclamation, extended the equality of 
 trade to Bremen, which had repealed its discriminating duties. 
 
 1818. THE steamboat trade of the West increased, about 
 thirty vessels being built this year, and the first steamer on Lake
 
 1818.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 543 
 
 Erie, called " Walk in the Water," was launched at Black Rock, 
 near Buffalo, May 28. 
 
 1818, APRIL 29. General Jackson ordered the execution of 
 two traders who had been captured in his campaign. 
 
 One of them, a Scotsman named Arbutlmot, was taken in the fort at St. Marks ; 
 the other, a native of New Providence, was named Ambrister, and was taken at 
 Sawanee. They were tried by a court-martial for aiding the Indians, and Arbuth- 
 not had been sentenced to death, Ambrister to receive fifty stripes, and be con- 
 fined at hard labor for a year. Jackson sentenced them both to death on the 
 ground that it was "an established principle of the law of nations, that an indi- 
 vidual making war against the citizens of any other nation, the two nations being 
 at peace, forfeits his allegiance and becomes an outlaw and a pirate." 
 
 1818, MAY 24. General Jackson captured Pensacola. 
 
 There was no resistancs. The Spanish governor had protested against the 
 invasion of Florida, and took refuge in the fort at Barancas, which capitulated a 
 day or two after. 
 
 1818, JULY. The American Journal of Science and Arts was 
 established. 
 
 ' 1818, JULY 4. The association of mechanics of the Com- 
 monwealth of Massachusetts held their first public exhibition. 
 
 In giving premiums, apprentices and journeymen were first considered. 
 
 1818. THE New England Glass Company was established at 
 East Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 1818. THE New Hampshire legislature made an appropria- 
 tion for the promotion of agriculture and domestic manufactures. 
 
 1818, JULY 23. It was offered to restore Pensacola at once to 
 Spain, and St. Marks whenever Spain stationed a sufficient force 
 there to control the Indians. 
 
 The Spanish minister had protested against the invasion of Florida. General 
 Jackson had written that the Seminole war was ended. 
 
 1818, AUGUST 26. Illinois adopted a state constitution. 
 
 It was the same, in all essential points, with that of Indiana./ 
 
 1818, SEPTEMBER 27. The Indians of Ohio ceded all their 
 remaining lands in that state (about four million acres, embracing 
 the valley of the Maumee). 
 
 They were the Wyandots, Delawares, Senecas, Shawanese, and some Pottawafr- 
 omies, Ottawas, and Chippewas. The consideration was $14,000 paid the various 
 tribes as compensation for the damage they had suffered from the British during 
 the war ; $500 to the Delawares ; a perpetual annuity of $10,000 to the Wyan- 
 dots, Senecas, Shawanese, and Ottawas, and 3300 a year for fifteen years to the 
 Pottawatomies and united Chippewas and Ottawas. Various tracts were also 
 reserved for various families, bands, and individuals, with the idea that they 
 might adopt the habits of civilized life.
 
 544 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1818-19. 
 
 1818. THE Chickasaws ceded all the tract of land lying be- 
 tween the Mississippi and the northern course of the Tennessee. 
 
 This tract had been used as their hunting-ground. Certain reservations were 
 made to certain of the chiefs, and the consideration, besides presents to the chiefs, 
 was 870,000 yearly for fifteen years. The tract ceded was in the jurisdiction of 
 Tennessee and Kentucky, but had been taken up by the grants from Virginia and 
 North Carolina. 
 
 1818, OCTOBER 12. A constitution for Connecticut was ratified 
 by the people. 
 
 It had been framed by a convention which met at Hartford in August. It was 
 modelled upon the original charter. The board of assistants was made a senate. 
 The representatives were elected yearly. The governor could state his objections 
 to any bills, but they availed nothing if a majority still were in favor of them. 
 The legislature appointed all officers. All tax-payers were given the right of 
 suffrage, and the old religious establishment was abolished. By the Bill of Rights 
 no person should be compelled to join, or be classed with, or be taxed by any 
 church or religious association against his consent. "All societies of Christians" 
 in the state were entitled to the privilege of taxing their members ; and these 
 could, at pleasure, withdraw by giving a written notice of their intention. The 
 judges of the highest court held office during good behavior. 
 
 1818, OCTOBER 19. Further cessions of land in Illinois and 
 Indiana were made by the Indians. 
 
 The Pottawatomies, the Ucas, the Miamis, and the Delawares were the tribes 
 making them. The consideration, perpetual annuities amounting to $9850. The 
 Delawares, having ceded all their land, agreed to remove to the west of the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 1818, DECEMBER 22. A treaty made with Spain, August 11, 
 1802, was published by the President. 
 
 It provided for the organization of commissions for the settlement of all claims 
 by individuals of both nations for losses prior to 1802. The claims by Americans 
 for losses by French privateers who carried their prizes to Spanish ports, were 
 reserved for future settlement. 
 
 1819., JANUARY 16. A committee appointed by the House, 
 with authority to send for persons and papers, in order to a 
 thorough examination of the affairs of the bank, reported. 
 
 Congress passed an act restricting stockholders, in however many names their 
 stock might be held, to the thirty votes allowed by the charter. In the previous 
 March, the Boston branch of the bank had refused to receive the notes of the 
 other branches ; and in August all the branches were authorized to refuse, except 
 in payments on government account, all notes but their own. Some of the 
 branches had been managed more in the interest of the directors than the public. 
 The bank had imported specie at high cost only to have it flow immediately back 
 again to Europe. The president resigned, and Langdon Cheeves was appointed in 
 his place. Under his administration, a violent contraction of the currency was 
 made, and the wide-spread commercial disaster necessarily incident to such a 
 financial course was produced. 
 
 Prices fell seriously. The specie in the country was drawn abroad by the
 
 1819.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 545 
 
 premium for its exportation, while the paper currency, which in 1815 and 1816 
 had amounted to an estimated aggregate of one hundred and ten millions, was 
 reduced to about forty-five millions by the contraction of bank discounts. Flour, 
 which was ten to fifteen dollars a barrel in 1817, was now five to six. The prices 
 of other staples were equally reduced; all manufacturing enterprises suffered 
 severely ; factories and workshops were closed ; the industrious producers of 
 wealth were everywhere thrown out of employment. Farms sold at one-half or 
 one-third of their value. The court actions for debt in Pennsylvania alone were 
 this year 14,537, and the number of confessed judgments, 10,326, besides an equal 
 number before the justices. 
 
 1819, JANUARY 30. The President gave public notice by 
 proclamation that a treaty with England had been made and 
 ratified. 
 
 It had been made October 20, 1818, at London, by Richard Rush and Albert 
 Gallatin for the United States, and Frederick John Robinson and Henry Gould- 
 burn for Great Britain, forming one of the commissions under the treaty of 
 Ghent. The boundary line between the United States and British America, from 
 the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, was settled. The territory west 
 of the Rocky Mountains was to remain for ten years in the joint occupancy of 
 both parties. The commercial convention of 1815 was to continue in force also 
 ten years. The rights for American fishermen were restored to the north and 
 east coasts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the coast of Labrador, and the Mag- 
 dalen Islands ; but they were not to fish within three mile* of the coasts of New 
 Brunswick and Nova Scotia, or the southern and western coasts of the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. Russia was selected to arbitrate concerning the true interpreta- 
 tion of the article in the late treaty concerning the slaves carried away. 
 
 1819. CONGEESS appropriated half a million of dollars for 
 the completion of the turnpike from Cumberland to Wheeling. 
 
 It was now called the national road. The list of public improvements called 
 for at the last session was laid on the table of the House, but no further action 
 was taken on it. The low state of the treasury was the cause. 
 
 1819. CONGRESS passed an act for the suppression of the 
 slave trade. 
 
 New York and New Jersey had both forbidden the export of slaves from their 
 territory, and applied to Congress to aid in their enforcement. The act gave fifty 
 dollars to the informer for every illegally imported African seized in the United 
 States, and twenty-five dollars for those seized at sea. The President was also 
 authorized to transport them to Africa and appoint agents for their reception 
 there. 
 
 1819, FEBRUARY 8. Congress voted a disapproval of the ex- 
 ecution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, and also of the seizure of 
 Pensacola. 
 
 1819, FEBRUARY 22. By a treaty made with the Spanish 
 minister in Washington, under instructions, Florida was ceded 
 to the United States in payment of American claims, the United 
 States agreeing to pay the claimants five millions of dollars. 
 
 The boundaries of the territory were fixed as the Sabine to the tliirty-second 
 
 35
 
 54G AXXALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1819. 
 
 degree of north latitude ; thence a north meridian line to the Red River ; along 
 the course of that river to the one hundredth degree of longitude east from 
 Greenwich ; then north by that meridian to the Arkansas ; up that river to its 
 head, and to the forty-second degree of north latitude, and along that degree to 
 the Pacific. The inhabitants of the ceded territory were to be free in the exercise 
 of their religion, and to be admitted, as soon as consistent with the constitution, 
 to the rights, privileges, and immunities of the citizens of the United States. 
 The five millions were to be paid from the proceeds of the sale of the lands, the 
 claims to be allowed by a commission appointed by the President and Senate. 
 The Senate ratified the treaty, and an act passed authorizing the President to take 
 possession of the ceded territory. 
 
 1819, FEBRUARY 27. The Cherokees ceded their territory 
 north of the Tennessee, and of the lower course of the Hiwassee, 
 and also that east of the Chestatee. 
 
 They retained a tract between the Chestatee and Chattahoocb.ee on the east, 
 the Hiwassee on the north{ the Tennessee on the northwest, and the territory of 
 the Creeks on the southwest. A portion of them had moved west of the Missis- 
 sippi, and the cession was made for the lands given them, they being also to 
 receive one-third of the annuities from the United States. 
 
 1819, APRIL 26. Thomas Wildey, of Baltimore, Maryland, 
 together with four other members, instituted the Washington 
 Lodge No. 1 of Odd Fellows. 
 
 Wildey was an Englishman by birth, and a blacksmith by trade. He soon 
 after procured from the "Manchester Unity," England, which still is considered 
 the main body of Odd Fellows, a charter for the Washington Lodge, as the Grand 
 Lodge of Maryland and the United States. 
 
 1819. HOSEA BALLOU started in Boston, Massachusetts, the 
 Universalist Magazine. 
 It is still in existence. 
 
 1819. THE General Pike was launched this winter at Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 She was one hundred feet long in the keel, and twenty-six feet broad. Her 
 cabin had fourteen state-rooms and twenty-one side-berths, and she could accom- 
 modate eighty-six passengers. 
 
 1819. THE Watchman and Reflector appeared in Boston. 
 
 It is a Baptist organ. 
 
 1819. A GOVERNMENT expedition under Colonel Leaven worth 
 explored the West, and built a fort, called the Cantonment Leav- 
 enworth, on the low land west of the Mississippi and south of 
 the Minnesota River. 
 
 Being overflowed, its position was changed to the site of Fort Snelling, on the 
 opposite side of the Minnesota, and a fort commenced. It was finished in 1824 
 by Colonel Snelling, who had succeeded to the command in 1820, and was subse- 
 quently named after him by General Scott while on a visit to it. 
 
 1819, MAY 24. The side-wheel steamship Savannah left Sa- 
 vannah, Georgia, for Liverpool.
 
 1819.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 547 
 
 She arrived there on the 20th of June. After ten or twelve days' steaming, 
 having exhausted her coal, she finished the voyage under canvas. She was in 
 command of Captain Moses Rogers, who had commanded the Clermont. 
 
 1819. INDIANAPOLIS, Indiana, was settled by John Pogue, and 
 numbered at the end of a year fifteen families. 
 
 In January, 1821, it was chosen as the seat of the state government, its pres- 
 ent name given, and the legislature appointed commissioners to lay out the town. 
 In 183G it was incorporated, and in 1847 received a city charter. 
 
 1819, AUGUST 27. A CONVENTION of the Friends of National 
 Industry assembled in New York. 
 
 It was composed of delegates from nine states, and was called to consider the 
 depressed condition of manufactures. It resolved to petition Congress to abolish 
 the credit given for the payment of duties, impose a restrictive duty on auction 
 sales, and increase the duties on imports. 
 
 1819. THE Philadelphia Apprentices' Library was estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1819, OCTOBEE 26. A meeting at Trenton, New Jersey, pro- 
 posed the extension to the territory west of the Mississippi of 
 the ordinance of 1787 against slavery. 
 
 A long debate in Congress concerning the admittance of Missouri had created 
 a great excitement. Meetings in November and December were held in New 
 York, Philadelphia, Boston, Salem, and other cities, for the purpose of advo- 
 cating the same plan. 
 
 1819, DECEMBER 14. The territory of Alabama, having 
 framed a state constitution, was admitted to the Union. 
 
 Permission to form a constitution was given earlier in the year. The constitu- 
 tion was almost an exact copy of that of Mississippi. 
 
 1819. THE territory of Arkansas was organized by act of 
 Congress, and Colonel Miller appointed governor. 
 
 The territory embraced the tract north of the state of Louisiana, and south of 
 thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude. 
 
 1819. THE Kickapoos ceded their lands in Illinois, and 
 agreed to remove to a tract on the River Osage. 
 
 The consideration was six thousand dollars cash, and an annuity of two thou- 
 sand dollars for ten years, in place of the perpetual one for one thousand dollars. 
 
 1819, DECEMBER. Mobile, Alabama, was incorporated as a city. 
 It is the only seaport of the state. 
 
 1819. A PATENT was granted Daniel Gillett, of Springfield, 
 Massachusetts, for a method of preparing food from cotton seed. 
 
 1819. THE New Hampshire legislature passed an act abol- 
 ishing all compulsory contribution to the support of the min- 
 isters.
 
 548 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1820. 
 
 1820, JANUARY. The Pennsylvania legislature voted that it 
 was the duty as well as the right of Congress to prohibit slavery 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 
 The discussion in Congress was continuing concerning the admission of Mis- 
 souri. The legislatures of New Jersey and Delaware, New York, Ohio, and 
 Indiana, made similar protests. Those of Virginia and Kentucky expressed as 
 strongly a contrary opinion. The legislature of Maryland agreed with Virginia, 
 but in Baltimore a protest was made at a public meeting against the further ex- 
 tension of slavery. From various cities and towns similar memorials were sent 
 to Congress. 
 
 1820, JANUARY 3. The Manufacturers and Farmers Jour- 
 nal and Providence and Pawtucket Advertiser appeared in Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island. 
 
 It was edited by William E. Richmond. It was founded by the manufacturers 
 of Rhode Island to advocate a tariff. It was a semi-weekly, and had no concern 
 in politics. In 1824 its name was changed to Rhode Island Country Journal, and 
 July 1, 1829, the Daily Journal was published. It was enterprising in obtaining 
 news. In 1841 this was sent from New York, set up in type, and was thus re- 
 ceived in time to be printed in the morning edition. 
 
 1820. A CONSTITUTION was adopted by Massachusetts. 
 
 The elective franchise was made free, the property qualification being omitted. 
 
 1820. THE New York Observer appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was established by Sidney E. and Richard C. Morse. 
 
 1820, SEPTEMBER 20. The debt of the United States amounted 
 to ninety-one million two hundred and twenty-five thousand five 
 hundred and sixty dollars. 
 
 1820. CONGRESS authorized a loan of three millions. 
 
 1820. LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas, was settled, and in October 
 was chosen as the seat of government for the territory. 
 
 1820, JANUARY 29. A committee appointed by the legisla- 
 ture of Pennsylvania to inquire into the causes and extent of the 
 public distress, reported. 
 
 The distress was shown in the fact of the number of sheriff's sales ; in the num- 
 bers of persons forced to leave their homes ; and in the great scarcity of money 
 even on landed security. The committee say the distress is "unexampled in our 
 country since the period of its independence." One of the causes they give as 
 " usurious extortions whereby corporations instituted for banking, insurance, and 
 other purposes, in violation of law, possess themselves of the products of industry, 
 without granting an equivalent." Imprisonment for debt still existed, and to the 
 enforcement of this the committee ascribe much of the suffering. The numerous 
 lawsuits, the losses arising from the "depreciation and fluctuation in the value 
 of bank notes, the imposition of brokers, and the frauds of counterfeiters," were 
 also given as at once the evidence and the cause of the distress. 
 
 1820. A FURNACE was built at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania,
 
 1820-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 549 
 
 by some of the members of the Lehigh Coal Company, for the 
 manufacture of iron by the use of anthracite coal. 
 
 This was the first experiment of the kind. In 1827, another one was made at 
 Kingston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1820, FEBRUARY 22. The Boston Apprentices' Library was 
 established. 
 
 1820, MARCH 3. Congress admitted Maine into the Union. 
 
 Massachusetts had given the people authority to form a state constitution. 
 
 1820, MARCH 6. Authority was given by Congress to the 
 people of Missouri to form a state constitution. 
 
 There had been a long and violent debate, and finally by a compromise, 
 known as the Missouri Compromise, by which the introduction of slavery was 
 forbidden in any of the states formed from the Louisiana cession north of latitude 
 36 30', this being the boundary of Arkansas, by which it was not prohibited in 
 Missouri, the permission was given. 
 
 1820. THE Mercantile Library, New York city, was founded. 
 1820. MEMPHIS, Tennessee, was laid out. 
 
 The city is on the Mississippi River, and does a very large cotton business, 
 being the most important city on the river between St. Louis and New Orleans. 
 It is built on a bluff which stands some thirty feet above the highest floods, and 
 is beginning to increase its manufacturing interest. 
 
 1820, MARCH 11. The Mercantile Library of Boston was 
 established. 
 
 1820, APRIL 18. Congress passed an act closing the ports of 
 the United States, after the 3d of September, to all British ves- 
 sels arriving from ports in the colonies or the West Indies not 
 included in the former act. 
 
 This led to the opening of the West India ports to American vessels. 
 
 1820, MAY 3. Congress originated the first committee on 
 agriculture. 
 
 1820, OCTOBER 9. Cape Breton was reannexed to Nova 
 Scotia, and its laws made similar. 
 
 1820. DALHOUSIE COLLEGE, at Halifax, was founded. 
 
 The assembly voted two thousand pounds towards its erection. 
 
 1821, FEBRUARY. Congress voted, provisionally, to admit 
 Missouri into the Union. 
 
 The constitution made for the state directed the legislature "to prevent free 
 negroes and mulattoes from coming to or settling in the state." On the 20th of 
 February a resolution proposed by a committee of the House, of which Henry 
 Clay was chairman, appointed to meet a committee of the Senate, providing 
 " that Missouri shall be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the 
 original states, upon the fundamental condition, that the fourth clause of the 
 twenty-sixth section of the third article of the constitution submitted on the part
 
 550 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1821. 
 
 of said state to Congress, shall never be construed to authorize the passage of any 
 law by which any citizen of either of the states of this Union shall be excluded 
 from the enjoyment of any of the privileges and immunities to which such citizen 
 is entitled under the Constitution of the United States," was passed. The legis- 
 lature was also required by a public act to declare the assent of the state to this 
 condition, and to transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the 
 fourth Monday of November next, an authentic copy of the act, and upon the 
 public announcement of this fact by the President, the admission of the state was 
 to be considered complete. The objection having been raised that free citizens 
 of color were debarred by the provision of the constitution of Missouri from their 
 rights in that state, led finally to this legislation. The Senate passed the act on 
 the 28th. 
 
 1821, FEBRUARY 24. Iturbide presented to the officers of his 
 army a plan for a national government. 
 
 It is called the plan of Iguala, or the three guaranties. Mexico should be an 
 independent nation, the crown to be offered the king of Spain, and if he refused, 
 to the princes in succession. The acceptor to live in Mexico, and take an oath 
 to observe a constitution fixed by a congress. The Roman Catholic religion to 
 be preserved. All inhabitants to enjoy the same civil rights. 
 
 Iturbide was a native of Valladolid, and at this time was intrusted by the 
 viceroy with the command of a native army, ostensibly to serve against the insur- 
 gents. The officers agreed to the terms, and the army accepted them. 
 
 1821, APRIL 20. The Christian Register appeared in Boston. 
 
 It was established as the exponent of Unitarianism. 
 
 1821, MAY 19. The following prices were given by the Pitts- 
 burg Mercury : 
 
 "Flour, a barrel, $1; whiskey, 15 cents a gallon; good merchantable pine 
 boards, 20 cents a hundred feet; sheep and calves, $1 a head; foreign goods at 
 the old prices ; one and a half bushels of wheat will buy a pound of coffee ; a bar- 
 rel of flour will buy a pound of tea ; twelve and a half barrels will buy one yard 
 of superfine broadcloth." 
 
 1821, JULY 2. A committee of the stockholders of the bank 
 reported its losses at three million five hundred and forty-seven 
 thousand eight hundred and thirty- eight dollars. 
 
 1821. CONGRESS authorized a loan of five millions. 
 
 1821, JULY 6. The viceroy was deposed by the Spanish 
 troops at Mexico, and General Novella placed at the head of the 
 government. 
 
 1821, AUGUST 24. General O'Donoga, sent from Spain with a 
 commission as captain-general of Mexico, signed a treaty with 
 Iturbide at Cordova, Mexico. 
 
 Commissioners were sent to Spain, a junta was formed, and a cortes sum- 
 moned, a regency being appointed in the mean time, of which Iturbide was made 
 president. 
 
 1821. THE Great Falls Manufacturing Company was incor-
 
 1821-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 551 
 
 porated by Maine and New Hampshire, and erected mills on the 
 Piscataqua. 
 
 1821. THE Plough Boy appeared in Albany, New York. 
 
 It was published by Solomon Southwick. 
 
 1821, SEPTEMBER 27. Iturbide, at the head of his army, en- 
 tered the city of Mexico, and instituted a government of which 
 he was made the regent. 
 
 1821. THE Massachusetts General Hospital was opened with 
 one patient. 
 
 Dr. James Jackson was physician, and Dr. "Walter Channing assistant. 
 
 1821. A TRACT of about four hundred acres of land was pur- 
 chased on the Merrimac River, Massachusetts, by a company who 
 were subsequently incorporated as the Merrimac Manufacturing 
 Company, and the present city of Lowell started. 
 
 Lowell is now the principal cotton manufacturing city of New England, and 
 the third shire town of Middlesex County. 
 
 1821. AMHERST COLLEGE, Massachusetts, was founded. 
 
 For twenty-five years it had a hard struggle ; then the state donated it twenty- 
 five thousand dollars, one half for paying the debts, the other for founding the 
 professorship of Natural History. About the same time Samuel Williston, of 
 Easthampton, Massachusetts, gave the college sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 1821. CONGRESS abolished the system of selling the public 
 lands on credit. 
 
 The price was reduced to a dollar and a half an acre. Twenty-five millions 
 of dollars were due for lands purchased, the payment for which had in many 
 cases been repeatedly extended. At the next session of Congress it was enacted 
 that lands unpaid for might be relinquished, or by paying cash the price to be a 
 dollar and a quarter. 
 
 1821, DECEMBER. The Register appeared in Mobile, Alabama. 
 
 It was published by W. D. Mann, and edited by John Forsyth. 
 
 1822, JANUARY. Congress recognized the independence of 
 Mexico and the South American republics. 
 
 The President had recommended this action ; an appropriation was also made 
 to pay the expenses of envoys to these republics. 
 
 1822. A TREATY of navigation and commerce was made be- 
 tween France and the United States. 
 
 1822, FEBRUARY 5. The Merrimac Manufacturing Company 
 was incorporated in Massachusetts. 
 
 This was the commencement of Lowell. The first mill was started in Septem- 
 ber, 1823, and the capital increased to one million two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1822. GAS, as a means of illumination, was first successfully 
 used in Boston, Massachusetts.
 
 552 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1822-3. 
 
 1822. THE National Journal appeared in "Washington. 
 
 It was published by Thomas L. McKinney. In 1825 it passed under the con- 
 trol of Peter Force. For a time, under President Monroe's administration, the 
 patronage of the government was transferred to the Journal from the Intelli- 
 gencer. 
 
 1822, FEBRUARY 24. The cortes met in Mexico. 
 
 1822, MAY 18. The army and the people of Mexico pro- 
 claimed Iturbide emperor of Mexico. 
 
 The regency resigned, the cortes published a decree confirming the choice of 
 the army, and taking the oath to support the independence of Mexico, the religion, 
 and the constitution. Iturbide was installed as Augustin I. 
 
 1822, JULY 27. The New Orleans Prices Current appeared 
 in New Orleans. 
 
 It is continued until the present. 
 
 1822, AUGUST. THE New England Farmer appeared. 
 
 It was established by Thomas Green Fessenden and T. W. Shepard. 
 
 1822, OCTOBER. The Chamber of Commerce at Halifax was 
 established. 
 
 1823, FEBRUARY 2. An act of casas matas, guaranteeing a 
 republican form of government for Mexico, was issued by an 
 army of insurgents. 
 
 Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria were their chief leaders. 
 
 1823, FEBRUARY. A grant was made by Mexico to Stephen 
 H. Foster Austin to colonize in Texas. 
 
 His father had petitioned for permission, but was now dead. He had the 
 absolute control of the colony. The settlement was called Austin, and was the 
 first American one in Texas. In 1844 it was made the capital. 
 
 1823, MARCH 1. By an act of Congress the ports of the 
 United States were opened to British vessels from colonial ports 
 in America. 
 
 1823, MARCH 3. Congress repealed the tonnage duty on 
 French ships, and a duty was laid of two dollars and seventy- 
 five cents a ton on French goods in French bottoms, to be les- 
 sened after two years one fourth annually. 
 
 1823, MARCH 31. The assembly of Pennsylvania passed an 
 act incorporating a railroad company to construct a road, eighty 
 odd miles long, from Philadelphia to Columbia, in Lancaster 
 County. 
 
 The road was to be built by John Stevens and his associates, but as they 
 failed to do it, an act was passed, April 7, 1826, to incorporate the Columbia, 
 Lancaster, and Philadelphia Railroad Company ; and March 28, 1828, the legisla- 
 ture authorized its construction by the state. It was completed in October, 
 1834.
 
 1823-4.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 553 
 
 1823. TEINITY COLLEGE, at Hartford, Connecticut, obtained 
 its charter. 
 
 The college is under the control of the Episcopalians, and was formally opened 
 in the fall of 1824. 
 
 1823. THE New York Gas Light Company was incorporated 
 with a capital of one million dollars, but did not begin successful 
 works until 1827. 
 
 1823. THE Charleston Mercury appeared in Charleston, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 It was the organ of the nullifiers in 1832, and of the secessionists in 1860. In 
 November, 1868, it ceased to appear. 
 
 1823, MAY 11. Iturbide abdicated the throne. 
 
 He went with his family to Europe, where he had agreed to remain, and re- 
 turning in 1824, he was taken and executed. 
 
 1823, OCTOBER 4. A constitution for Mexico was framed by 
 the congress. 
 
 It was based upon that of the United States. The Catholic Church was the 
 only one supported, and there was no trial by jury. General Victoria was 
 elected president, and General Bravo vice-president. By the constitution, Mexico 
 was divided into sixteen states, with the title of the Mexican United States. 
 
 1823. ROBERT OWEN, of Scotland, purchased New Harmony, 
 Indiana, of the Harmonists, and there started his community. 
 
 1824, JANUARY 27. The legislature of Virginia chartered the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. 
 
 1824, FEBRUARY 14. A caucus "of Republican members of 
 Congress " was held to nominate a candidate. 
 
 The large majority voted for William H. Crawford. The custom of holding a 
 caucus of members of Congress to nominate candidates had grown up since 1800, 
 but was never popular, and was abandoned. 
 
 1824, MARCH 2. The Boston Courier appeared in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was edited by Joseph Tinker Buckingham until 1848. It is now a weekly 
 paper. 
 
 1824, MARCH 20. The " Franklin Institute of the State of 
 Pennsylvania " was incorporated in Philadelphia. 
 
 1824. CONGRESS reduced the time of residence necessary to 
 naturalization to two years after the declaration of intention. 
 
 1824, APRIL 5. A treaty was made between Russia and ttie 
 United States. 
 
 The boundary between the two countries was fixed at 54 40' north latitude. 
 The citizens of neither country were to intrude upon the territory of the other.
 
 554 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1824-5. 
 
 1824, MAY 19. Congress revised the tariff, and raised the 
 rate of duty. 
 
 The new tariff raised the average rate of duty to forty and a half per cent. 
 
 1824, JULY 13. Slavery and the slave-trade were abolished 
 in Mexico by the congress. 
 
 1824, DECEMBER 31. The legislature of New Jersey char- 
 tered companies to construct the Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
 and the Morris and Essex Canal. 
 
 1824. NATIVE gold was first coined at the Philadelphia mint. 
 
 Until 1827 gold was principally brought from North Carolina, where mines 
 had been worked since 1804. South Carolina's first deposit was in 1829, and the 
 same year Virginia began working a mine, and Georgia in 1830. Since the dis- 
 covery of gold in California, the method of working the mines by sluice-washing 
 has also been practised in the southern gold regions. 
 
 1824. A CIVIL code for the government of Louisiana was 
 adopted. 
 
 It superseded all previously existing French, Spanish, and territorial laws. 
 This is the only code ever made in this country. Louisiana was originally gov- 
 erned by French law ; when ceded to Spain, Spanish laws were in force ; and 
 when ceded to the United States, a third system was introduced. The complica- 
 tions arising required a revision, and a code was prepared in 1806 which did not, 
 however, entirely supersede the old laws, but only so far as they conflicted with 
 the code. This did not answer, and in 1822 Congress appointed a commission, 
 who gave in their report in 1824. The principal part of the codification was done 
 by Edward Livingston. 
 
 1824. "A SOCIETY for the reformation of juvenile delin- 
 quents" was chartered in New York city. 
 
 The society was formed the year previous, and in 1825 a house for the recep- 
 tion of the offenders was opened. A similar institution was started in Boston in 
 1826, and one in Philadelphia in 1826. There are now some fourteen or fifteen 
 of these refuges in the country. 
 
 1824. THE Suffolk Bank system was inaugurated in New 
 England. 
 
 By this system the Suffolk Bank in Boston was selected as the agency at 
 which the country banks should keep their accounts for the redemption of their 
 bills. The design of the system was to serve as a check to the indefinite exten- 
 sion of their circulation* by banks which were not able to redeem them. 
 
 1817-1825. FIFTH administration. 
 
 President, James Monroe, of Virginia. 
 
 Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, March 4, 1817. 
 
 Secretary of State, John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1817. 
 
 Secretary of Treasury, William H. Crawford, of Georgia, March 5, 1817. 
 
 Secretaries of War ( IsaaC Shelby ' f Kentuck y' March 5 ' 1817 ' 
 
 "' I John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, Dec. 17, 1815.
 
 1825.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 555 
 
 fBenj. W. Crowninshield, of Mass., continued in office. 
 
 Secretaries of Navy, | Smith Thom P son of New York > November 30, 1818. 
 ] John Rogers, of Massachusetts, September 1, 1823. 
 I Sam'l L. Southard, of New Jersey, Sept. 16, 1823. 
 
 ( Return J. Meigs, of Ohio, continued in office. 
 Postmasters-General, ( Jo]m McLean> of Ohio? June ^ Ig23 
 
 n i ( Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, continued in office. 
 
 Attorneys-General, \ William Wirt, of Virginia, November 13, 1817. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Fifteenth Congress, 1817. 
 " " Sixteenth Congress, 1819. 
 
 John W. Taylor, of New York, Sixteenth Congress, 1820. 
 Philip P. Barbour, of Virginia, Seventeenth Congress, 1821. 
 Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Eighteenth Congress, 1823. 
 
 1825, JANUARY 1. The American Traveller appeared in Bos- 
 ton, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was edited by Royal L. Porter. It soon was united with the Stage Register, 
 which had been devoted to publishing the advertisements of the various stage 
 lines. Royal L. Porter died in 1834. In 1845, the Traveller was absorbed in the 
 Boston Evening Traveller, of which Ferdinand Andrews and George Punchard 
 were the originators. The Traveller was a two-cent paper, and was the first 
 to be sold in the streets by newsboys. 
 
 1825. THE Sunday Courier appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was published by Joseph C. Melcher, and edited by William Hill, a theo- 
 logical student. 
 
 1825. THE State Library at Indianapolis, Indiana, was 
 founded. 
 
 1825. THE common-school system was organized in Illinois. 
 
 1825, FEBRUARY 12. At a treaty, the Creeks ceded their lands 
 in Georgia to the United States. 
 
 They were given in exchange for them a like quantity of land on the Arkansas 
 River, west of the Mississippi, and the sum of four hundred thousand dollars for 
 their improvements and to pay the expense of moving. They were to remove 
 before the 1st of September, 1826. This year, by a report of the secretary of 
 war, the Creeks claimed in Georgia 4,245,760 acres, and the Cherokees 5,202,160 
 acres. These wo tribes claimed also in Alabama 5,995,200 acres. In Tennes- 
 see, the Cherokees claimed 1,055,680 acres. In Mississippi and Alabama, the 
 Choctaws and Chickasaws claimed 15,705,000, and 1,276,976 acres respectively. 
 The treaty was made with the chiefs of the Creeks, who acted without the author- 
 ity of the tribe, and were tried by them and executed. The Indians objecting to 
 the treaty, the government supported them, though the governor of Georgia in- 
 sisted upon the treaty being carried out. The dispute at one time seemed to 
 threaten civil war. 
 
 1825. IT is stated that at this date there did not exist in 
 New England a nursery for the sale of apple and pear trees. 
 
 The supplies had to be imported from abroad, or else from New York and 
 New Jersey.
 
 556 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1825-6. 
 
 1825. THE Homoeopathic Examiner appeared in New York 
 city. 
 
 It was edited by Dr. Hull. The method of practice had been introduced by 
 Dr. H. B. Gram, a native of Boston, Massachusetts, who had been educated in 
 Europe, and settled in New York. 
 
 1825, MARCH 25. The University of Virginia was opened for 
 students. 
 
 It had been chartered in 1819. 
 
 1825. THE first opera troupe appeared in New York city. 
 They were brought here by the Signer Da Ponte, the friend of Mozart, and 
 author of the libretto of Don Giovanni. 
 
 1825. LAFAYETTE laid the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill 
 monument on the site of the battle. 
 
 By voluntary subscriptions one hundred thousand dollars were raised, and the 
 monument completed July 23, 1842. Its erection was celebrated by a procession 
 and an oration by Daniel Webster. 
 
 1825. THE Erie Canal was finished. 
 
 Its length is three hundred and sixty-three miles. The act authorizing its 
 commencement was passed in the New York legislature in 1817, chiefly through 
 the influence of De Witt Clinton. Christopher Colics had, in 1784, and again in 
 1786, memorialized the assembly on the subject of the inland navigation of New 
 York, and had published pamphlets upon it. He died four years before the pro- 
 ject was realized. 
 
 1826, JANUARY 24. By a new treaty, the Creeks ceded to the 
 United States all their lands, with the exception of a small quan- 
 tity in the state of Georgia. 
 
 The treaty was made at Washington by the secretary of war and a delegation 
 from the Creek nation. On the 22d of April, the treaty having been ratified, was 
 proclaimed by the President. Georgia still was discontented, and Governor Troup, 
 in 1827, in answer to the declaration in the President's message to Congress that 
 if necessary he would employ force in executing the laws, wrote to the depart- 
 ment that it was his purpose " to resist to the utmost any military attack from the 
 government of the United States." It continued : " From the first decisive act 
 of hostility, you will be considered and treated as a public enemy, and with the 
 less repugnance because you, to whom we might constitutionally have appealed 
 for our defence against invasion, are yourselves the invaders ; and, what is more, 
 the unblushing allies of the savages, whose cause you have adopted." The con- 
 troversy was finally ended at the beginning of 1828 by a treaty for the purchase 
 of the last of the land from the Indians. 
 
 1826, MARCH 3. The New England Society for the Promotion 
 of Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts was incorporated by the 
 Massachusetts legislature. 
 
 It held fairs, and semiannual sales, and awarded premiums for inventions and 
 skill.
 
 1826.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 557 
 
 1826, MARCH. The Cohoes Company was incorporated by the 
 legislature of New York. 
 
 By building a dam and canals, they made use of the whole fall of one hundred 
 and three feet in the Mohawk River, about five miles north of Albany. They 
 made five separate levels. 
 
 1826. THE Hudson and Mohawk Eailroad, between Albany 
 and Schenectady, New York, was chartered. 
 
 1826. THE Commercial Register appeared in Cincinnati. 
 
 Morgan Neville was its editor. It was a daily. In six months it failed. In 
 1828 it was resuscitated for three months. 
 
 1826, JUNE 22. A congress composed of representatives of 
 the republics of South America and Mexico met at Panama. 
 
 The United States had been invited, and sent delegates, who were prevented 
 from attending. One of them died on the way, and the protracted debate in both 
 houses of Congress, before the necessary legislation was completed, delayed the 
 other until the time had passed when it was safe for him to cross the Isthmus. 
 Colombia, Peru, Central America, and Mexico were represented. Another was 
 appointed to meet in 1827 at Tecubaya, near the City of Mexico. Commissioners 
 to represent the United States were appointed, and were present ; but the congress 
 was prevented by the internal troubles of the other states. 
 
 1826. THE Maryland Institute was incorporated at Balti- 
 more. 
 
 1826, OCTOBER 25. The Daily Advertiser appeared in Roch- 
 ester, New York. 
 
 1826. THE Whig appeared in Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 It was founded by John H. Pleasants, and was the opposition paper to the 
 democracy. 
 
 1826. THE New Orleans Bee appeared in New Orleans. 
 
 It was printed in French and English until 1872, and since then entirely in 
 French. There are at least four hundred newspapers printed within the United 
 States in foreign languages. These are in German, French, Spanish, Welsh, 
 Italian, Cherokee, Danish, Croatian, Chinese, Dutch, Swedish, and Hebrew. 
 
 1826. THE first steamboat was placed on Lake Michigan. 
 
 1826. THE first slate quarry was opened on Kittatinny Moun- 
 tain, about a mile from the Delaware Water-Gap, by James M. 
 Porter, aided by Samuel Taylor. 
 
 At first, school-slates were manufactured, and a village grew up at the foot of 
 the mountain ; and then roofing-slates were undertaken. 
 
 Since, quarries have been opened in 1839 in Maine and in Vermont ; in 1852 in 
 Maryland and Georgia. 
 
 1826. THERE was a general failure of banks throughout the 
 country. 
 
 The projectors and managers of many of these institutions were sent to the
 
 558 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1826-7. 
 
 penitentiary. They were the merest policy-shops. Taking advantage of the 
 necessity of the people for some currency to carry on their exchanges with, 
 banks were projected in places where it was almost impossible for the bill-holders 
 to get access. As long as the bills could be kept in circulation in a region of 
 country away from the bank, the bank was solvent ; but as soon as any demand 
 was made 1 upon it, it failed. 
 
 1826. THE State Library at Annapolis, Maryland, was 
 founded. 
 
 1826. THE disputed boundary line between Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut was settled. 
 
 1826, DECEMBER. The Pennsylvania Society for the Promo- 
 tion of Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts was formed in Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
 1826. THE first specimen of the Morus multicaulis, or mul- 
 berry-tree, from the Philippine Islands, was imported from Ta- 
 rascon, near Marseilles, France. 
 
 It cost five francs, and was planted in a nursery at Flushing, Long Island. 
 
 1827, JUNE 15. The Mechanics Institute was incorporated at 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1827. THE railroad from the granite quarries at Quincy, 
 Massachusetts, to the tide-water of the Neponset River, was 
 finished and used. 
 
 It was about three miles long, and was used only for the transportation of 
 granite. 
 
 1827. A RAILROAD, about nine miles long, was built to carry 
 the coal from the Summit Mines to the landing on the Lehigh. 
 
 It was built in about three months, and was known as the Mauch Chunk Road. 
 
 1827. THE Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was chartered. 
 1827, JUNE 25. The Gazette appeared in Cincinnati. 
 
 It was a daily paper, and still exists. 
 
 1827, JULY 4. The act passed by the New York state legis- 
 lature, to abolish slavery in the state, went into effect. 
 
 1827. THE Morning Courier and the Journal of Commerce 
 appeared in New York city. 
 
 The Courier was established in May, and soon passed into the possession of 
 James Watson Webb. In 1829 it was united with the Enquirer, and appeared as 
 the Morning Courier and New York Enquirer. These two papers were rivals for 
 the mercantile advertisements of the city, and tried to surpass each other in size, 
 whence the term " blanket sheets " was given them. To get the commercial news, 
 they started swift schooners and pony expresses. In 1861 the Courier and En- 
 quirer was united with the World. The Journal of Commerce was issued Sep- 
 tember 1. It was aided by Arthur Tappan, and was edited by William Maxwell, 
 in the interest of the abolition of slavery. Eventually it came into the possession
 
 1827-8.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 559 
 
 of David Hale and Gerard Hallock, and was the organ of conservatism. The 
 swift news-boats and pony expresses were begun by Hale and Hallock. With the 
 establishment of the Associated Press they took part, and Gerard Hallock was its 
 first president. 
 
 1827. THE Ladies' Magazine appeared in Boston. 
 
 It was edited by Mrs. Sarah Josepha Hale. It was afterwards united with 
 Godey's Ladies' Book, of Philadelphia. 
 
 1827, AUGUST 6. A treaty was made between Great Britain 
 and the United States. 
 
 It was ratified in April, 1828, and proclaimed by the President in May. It 
 provided that the treaties of 1815 and 1818, which expired in 1828, should be 
 continued another ten years. It was agreed also to leave the question of bounda- 
 ries to the king of the Netherlands. 
 
 1828, JANUARY 30. The legislature of South Carolina char- 
 tered the South Carolina Railroad, to run from Charleston to 
 Hamburg. 
 
 It is claimed that this was the first road which was begun with the intention of 
 using steam-power. It was begun in 1830, and finished October 2, 1833 ; and the 
 first locomotive built in the country was built for it. 
 
 1828. WEBSTER'S Dictionary was published. 
 
 Its author, Noah Webster, began writing it in 1807, and at the time of its pub- 
 lication was in his seventieth year. 
 
 1828. WINE from native grapes was made in Cincinnati by 
 Nicholas Longworth. 
 
 1828. THE Southern Agriculturist appeared in Charleston r 
 South Carolina. 
 
 It was published by John D. Legare. 
 
 1828, FEBRUARY. Congress ordered six thousand copies of a 
 report upon the growth and manufacture -of silk, by the secretary 
 of the treasury, to be printed and distributed, together with a 
 manual upon the subject. 
 
 The manual was prepared by Dr. James Mease, of Philadelphia. 
 
 1828, MARCH 8. A decree was made in Mexico expelling all 
 Spaniards. 
 
 1828, MARCH. A county convention was held in Le Roy, 
 New York, which inaugurated the anti-Masonic movement in 
 politics. 
 
 In September, 1826, William Morgan, who was about to publish a work pre- 
 tending to reveal the secrets of the Masonic order, was forcibly carried off, and 
 was never afterwards heard of. From this and other incidents, the opposition to 
 the Masonic order arose, and for years formed a strong element in politics, acquir- 
 ing its chief force in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and 
 Ohio.
 
 560 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1828. 
 
 1828. A PETITION from the inhabitants of the District of 
 Columbia was presented to Congress, praying for the abolition 
 of slavery in the district, and the repeal of the laws authorizing 
 the selling of reputed runaways for their prison-fees. 
 
 It led to no action on the part of Congress. 
 
 1828, APRIL 2. The Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion 
 of the Culture of the Mulberry and the Raising of Silk- Worms 
 published a list of premiums. 
 
 1828, MAY 15. Congress passed a tariff act raising the rate 
 of duties. 
 
 The debate upon it had been very long. The title of the bill was " An act in 
 alteration of the several acts imposing duties on imports." To this title the fol- 
 lowing amendments were proposed : " To increase the duties upon certain im- 
 ports, for the purpose of increasing the profits of certain manufacturers ; " and 
 "to transfer the capital of the New England states to other states in the Union." 
 These amendments were rejected. 
 
 182?, JUNE. A stage-coach began to run three times a week 
 between Halifax and Annapolis. 
 
 Three hundred pounds per annum were granted for five years to encourage this 
 enterprise. 
 
 1828. FRANCES WRIGHT, an Englishwoman, at Memphis, Ten- 
 nessee, having purchased land and slaves, gave these last their 
 freedom, and attempted to organize their labor. 
 
 The attempt was not a success, her ill health forbidding her personal super- 
 vision. The negroes were sent to Hayti. Mrs. Wright, who had been educated 
 in the family of General Lafayette, then lectured through the country. 
 
 1828, DECEMBER 10. The legislature of Georgia protested 
 against the last tariff act passed by Congress. 
 
 They demanded its repeal, as "fraudulent, oppressive, partial, unjust, and a 
 perversion of the powers of Congress." In South Carolina, various meetings 
 were held to protest against the tariff, but no official statement of grievances was 
 made. 
 
 1828. PICTOU and Sidney were made free ports. 
 1825-29. SIXTH administration. 
 
 President, John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 
 
 Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 
 
 Secretary of State, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, March 7, 1825. 
 
 Secretary of Treasury, Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, March 7, 1825. 
 
 . f James Barbour, of Virginia, March 7, 1825. 
 
 ar> I Peter B. Porter, of New York, May 26, 1827. 
 Secretary of Navy, Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, continued in 
 
 office. 
 
 Postmaster-General, John McLean, of Ohio, continued in office. 
 
 Attorney-General, William Wirt, of Virginia, continued in office.
 
 1829.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 5(31 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 John W. Taylor, of New York, Nineteenth Congress, 1825. 
 Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia, Twentieth Congress, 1827. 
 
 1829, JANUARY 13. A meeting of merchants in Boston re- 
 solved that the tariff acts were partial, oppressive, and contrary 
 to the Constitution, and to memorialize Congress. 
 
 1829, FEBRUARY 12. The legislature of South Carolina pro- 
 tested against the tariff, as unconstitutional, oppressive, and 
 unjust. , 
 
 1829, FEBRUARY 21. The assembly of Virginia passed a 
 series of resolutions condemning the tariif as unconstitutional. 
 
 1829, FEBRUARY 28. The Alabama legislature protested 
 against the tariff. 
 
 North Carolina also protested. 
 
 1829, APRIL 1. Pedraga having resigned his claim, Guer- 
 rero was proclaimed president of Mexico. 
 
 1829, MAY 2. The American Institute, of New York city, 
 was incorporated by the legislature. 
 
 Its purpose was to encourage and promote domestic industry in this state and 
 the United States, in agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and the arts. 
 
 1829. THE manufacture of bricks by machinery was begun 
 successfully in New York. 
 
 1829. THE breakwater in Delaware Bay, just within Cape 
 Henlopen, was begun under the direction of William Strickland, 
 engineer. 
 
 1829, JULY 4. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was 
 opened. 
 
 1829, JULY 27. A Spanish army under General Barradas 
 invaded Mexico, landing at Tarnpico. 
 
 1829, SEPTEMBER 10. General Santa Anna captured the 
 Spanish army, and the Spaniards were allowed to re-embark for 
 Havana. 
 
 1829. ILLINOIS COLLEGE, at Jacksonville, Illinois, was founded. 
 
 1829, OCTOBER 13. The Daily Courier appeared in Portland, 
 Maine. 
 
 It was edited by Seba Smith, Jr. 
 
 1829, DECEMBER. The legislature of Georgia passed an act 
 annexing the Indian territory in the state to the counties ad- 
 joining it, and extending the jurisdiction of the state laws 
 over it. 
 
 The act was to take effect June 1, 1830. In the August preceding, the gen- 
 eral government had made a proposition to the Cherokees to meet a commission, 
 
 36
 
 562 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1830. 
 
 which John Ross, the principal chief, declined. The government had previously 
 informed a delegation from the Cherokees that it would sustain the states in exer- 
 cising jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders. The object of the govern- 
 ment was to get the Indians to emigrate. Against this legislation the Indians 
 appealed to Congress. 
 
 1830, MARCH 30. The committee of finance of the Senate 
 reported that it was not advantageous to make any change in 
 the financial system of the country. 
 
 They said they thought " it prudent to abstain from all legislation, to abide by 
 the practical good which the country enjoys, and to put nothing to hazard by 
 doubtful experiments." 
 
 1830. THE Genesee Farmer appeared in Rochester, New 
 York. 
 
 It was published by Luther Tucker. 
 
 1830. THE Christian Intelligencer appeared in New York. 
 
 It is the organ of the Dutch Reformed Church. 
 
 1830, JULY. The Boston Transcript appeared in Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was established by Button and Wentworth. Its editor was Lynde M. Wal- 
 ter. He died July 24, 1842, when his sister, Miss Cornelia M. Walter, conducted 
 it for some time. Epes Sargent then succeeded her. Mr. D. N. Haskell fol- 
 lowed, ond died October, 1874. At present it is edited by William A. Hovey. 
 
 1830, APRIL 13. The committee of ways and means reported 
 to Congress in favor of rechartering the Bank when the time for 
 doing so should arrive. 
 
 The Bank's charter expired March 3, 1836. The report of the committee was a 
 most elaborate one. The President in his message had referred to the Bank, ques- 
 tioning its constitutionality, and suggesting another based upon the credit and 
 resources of the government. From the report of the committee it appears that 
 the currency furnished by the branches of the Bank was at a discount varying in 
 various localities. In Washington and Baltimore, from twenty to twenty-two per 
 cent. ; in Philadelphia, seventeen to eighteen ; at New York and Charleston, seven 
 to ten ; in western Pennsylvania, twenty-five. 
 
 1830, MAY. Congress passed a bill " to provide for an ex- 
 change of lands within any of the states or territories, and for 
 the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi." 
 
 The bill was the completion of a change of policy in the treatment of the In- 
 dians, by which the right to the soil being conceded to the states, the government 
 of the Indians occupying it reverted to the states. While the bill in no way 
 sought to compel the Indians to remove west, it was intended to provide for the 
 contingency of their so doing. By the bill, five hundred thousand dollars were 
 appropriated for carrying the provisions of the bill into effect. 
 
 1830, SEPTEMBER 27. A treaty was made with the Choctaw 
 Indians. 
 
 They ceded their lands in Georgia, and agreed to remove west of the Missis-
 
 1830.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 563 
 
 sippi within three years. Those who chose to remain as citizens of Georgia were 
 to have land reserved for them, which by a five years' residence should become 
 their own in fee. In their western residence they were to be governed by laws 
 of their own, which should, however, not be inconsistent with those of the United 
 States. The government to use its influence with the states of Mississippi and 
 Alabama to suspend the operation of their laws, and to not extend their operation 
 to the Indians. 
 
 1830, OCTOBER 5. The President announced by proclamation 
 that the ports of the United States were open to British vessels 
 from the colonies on the same terms as for our own vessels. 
 
 The English government had opened the ports of the colonies to American 
 vessels. 
 
 1830, DECEMBER 9. The first locomotive engine built in the 
 United States was finished this year at the West Point Foundery 
 in New York, and tested. 
 
 It was built for the South Carolina Railroad, from Charleston to Hamburg, and 
 was called the Best Friend, and afterwards the Phcenix. It was built under the 
 direction and at the personal responsibility of Mr. E. L. Miller, who was a strenu- 
 ous advocate of steam locomotion. When tried, its performance was much better 
 than the contract called for. 
 
 1830. THE first omnibus was built and used in New York 
 city. 
 
 1830. THE charter of the Boston and Lowell Railroad was 
 granted by the Massachusetts legislature. 
 
 1830. A RAILROAD from New Orleans to Lake Poutchartrain 
 was commenced. 
 
 It was considered a great feat of engineering to carry it through the swamp. 
 The engineer was General Joseph Swift. 
 
 1830. "BOOK OF MORMON;" or, the doctrines of the Mor- 
 mons as expounded by Joseph Smith, the founder of the sect, 
 was published. 
 
 On April 6, the Mormon church was first formally organized at Manchester, 
 New York ; and at the first conference, held at Fayette in June, the number of 
 believers was thirty. 
 
 1830, DECEMBER. The Globe appeared in Washington. 
 
 It was established by Francis Preston Blair. Soon after its issue, John C. 
 Rives became a partner with Blair, and Amos Kendall a regular writer for it. 
 The patronage of the government was given to the Globe until March 3, 1841. In 
 1846 Blair and Rives obtained the contract for the publication of the congressional 
 debates ; and in 1849 Blair sold his interest to Rives. The establishment of the 
 Globe was due to General Jackson's wish, and it was the organ of his administra- 
 tion. Politically it was known as the organ of the Kitchen Cabinet. 
 
 1830. THE Albany Evening Journal appeared in Albany, 
 New York. 
 
 It was edited by Thurlow Weed in the interest of the anti-Masonic party. The
 
 564 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1830-31. 
 
 National Monitor had taken this ground two years before, under the management 
 of Solomon Southwick, and was absorbed by the Journal. Thurlow Weed had 
 edited the Republican Agriculturist in the interest of De Witt Clinton, and, &s a 
 member of the legislature, became a supporter of William H. Seward and the 
 editor of this anti-Masonic organ. He retired from the editorship of the Journal 
 in 18C2. 
 
 1830. THE first telescope for astronomical purposes was put 
 up by Yale College. 
 
 1831. THE Supreme Court refused an application made by 
 the Cherokees for an injunction against the state of Georgia, to 
 restrain her from executing her laws within the Cherokee ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 On June 1, 1830, the laws of Georgia had, according to the act of the legisla- 
 ture, gone into force within the Cherokee territory, and an Indian had been tried, 
 convicted, and executed for murder. The Cherokee nation had therefore brought 
 their cause before the Supreme Court. The ground for the decision of this tri- 
 bunal was that the Cherokee nation was not a foreign nation, but a dependent 
 nation, in a state of pupilage, and holding their territory by the right of occu- 
 pancy. 
 
 1831, JANUARY 1. The Liberator appeared in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 It was edited by William Lloyd Garrison, and was the advocate of the aboli- 
 tion of slavery. In 1865 Mr. Garrison, feeling that its mission had been accom- 
 plished, discontinued it. 
 
 1831, JANUARY 5. The Daily Evening Advertiser appeared in 
 Portland, Maine. 
 
 It was published by John and William E. Edwards. 
 
 1831. THE Louisville Journal appeared in Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 It was edited by George D. Prentice. 
 
 1831. THE Spirit of the Times appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was published by William T. Porter, and was the first sporting paper pub- 
 lished in the United States. 
 
 1831. THE "American Institute of Instruction" was incor- 
 porated in Massachusetts. 
 
 President Wayland, of Brown University, Rhode Island, was made its president. 
 
 1831, APRIL 5. A treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation 
 was made between the United States and the republic of Mexico. 
 
 1831. CHLOROFORM was first obtained by Samuel Guthrie, of 
 Sackett's Harbor, New York, by distilling a" mixture of chloride 
 of lime and alcohol, and then rectifying the result. 
 
 About this time, Liebig in Germany, and Souberain in France, also obtained 
 it ; but it was not until 1834 that its true character was discovered.
 
 1831-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 565 
 
 1831. IMPRISONMENT for debt upon contract, except in cases 
 where fraud had been committed, or was intended, was abolished 
 in New York state. 
 
 The other states followed in a measure the example of New York ; and this 
 abolishment holds substantially through the United States. 
 
 1831, JULY 4. A treaty was made between France and the 
 
 United States. 
 
 By it France agreed to pay the United States twenty-five millions of francs as 
 an indemnity for the injuries done American commerce after 1806. 
 
 1831, SEPTEMBER. A number of persons, among them several 
 missionaries, were arrested in the Cherokee territory under the 
 authority of a law of Georgia. 
 
 The Georgia legislature, in December, 1830, had passed a law placing the laws 
 of the state in force in the Cherokee territory, and forbidding the residence of 
 white men there after March 1, 1831, without permission. One of the mission- 
 aries, the Rev. Mr. Worcester, appealed to the Supreme Court. 
 
 1831, SEPTEMBER. The Wesleyan University, at Middletown, 
 Connecticut, under the control of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, was opened for students. 
 
 The Rev. W. Fisk was the first president. 
 
 1831, SEPTEMBER 30. A free-trade convention met in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was composed of about two hundred delegates from fifteen states, and re- 
 mained in session a week. Its memorial was presented to Congress the next 
 year. 
 
 1831, OCTOBER 26. A tariff convention met in New York. 
 
 It contained about five hundred delegates. It prepared a memorial to Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1831. THE legislature of Massachusetts made an appropria- 
 tion for the preparation and distribution of a manual on the cul- 
 ture of silk. 
 
 1831. DR. EDWARD HITCHCOCK published this year his Report 
 on the Geology, Zoology, and Botany of Massachusetts. 
 
 He had been appointed by the legislature the year before to make a survey of 
 the state. 
 
 1831, NOVEMBER 9. The Daily Morning Post appeared in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Beals and Greene ; and Charles Gordon Greene, a member 
 of the firm, was the editor. It is a Democratic paper. 
 
 1832, JANUARY 1. Nineteen railroads were completed or in 
 process of construction, their aggregate length being nearly 
 fourteen hundred miles.
 
 566 ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. [1832. 
 
 1832. THE Perkins Institute for the Blind was established in 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Dr. S. G. Howe was its projector, and Colonel T. H. Perkins the chief con- 
 tributor. This was the first institution for the practical education of the blind, 
 to enable them to support themselves by industry. 
 
 1832. THE Sunday Morning News appeared in New York 
 city. 
 
 It was published and edited by Samuel Jenks Smith, aided by John Howard 
 Payne. 
 
 1832, JANUARY 9. The Bank petitioned Congress for a con- 
 tinuance of its charter. 
 
 A special committee appointed by the House made two reports. The majority 
 report was against the re-charter. The charges against the Bank were : that its 
 assets consisted largely of accommodation bills, which were worthless ; that it 
 had extended favors to congressmen ; that it used political influence. The re- 
 charter was passed, but was vetoed by the President July 10, 1832. 
 
 1832. A COMMERCIAL treaty between the United States and 
 Eussia was made. 
 
 It was negotiated by James Buchanan, the American minister to Russia. 
 
 1832, MARCH 1. The Supreme Court gave a decision in favor 
 of Mr. Worcester, and against the state of Georgia. 
 
 The court held that Georgia had no right to extend her laws over the Cherokee 
 country, or to punish the defendant for disobeying those laws there. Georgia dis- 
 regarded the decision, and still kept the missionaries in prison. The lands were 
 surveyed and offered for sale, and the missionaries discontinuing the suit, were 
 released by the order of the governor of Georgia on January 14, 1833. 
 
 1832, MARCH 1. The Newark Advertiser appeared at New- 
 ark, New Jersey. 
 
 William B. Kenney was the proprietor. 
 
 1832, MAY 4. The general assembly of Pennsylvania passed 
 an " act to promote the culture of silk." 
 
 It authorized the governor to incorporate a society for this purpose in each 
 county, and also to establish a school where the whole art of raising and man- 
 ufacturing silk should be taught. 
 
 1832, JULY 2. The Boston Atlas appeared in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 It was established by John H. Eastburn. In 1857, it was absorbed by the 
 Traveller. 
 
 1832. THE first steamboat appeared at Chicago. 
 
 1832, JULY 14. Congress passed an act exempting from 
 duty, iron imported for and actually laid on railroads, or in- 
 clined plains.
 
 1832-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 567 
 
 1832, JULY 14. Congress passed another tariff act. 
 
 It was to take effect on the 3d of March next. It reduced the duties on a large 
 number of articles, and increased them on a few, but was still a protective tariff. 
 
 1832, AUGUST 2. The Illinois Indians, under Black Hawk, 
 were defeated. 
 
 Black Hawk was captured, and the Indians driven beyond the Mississippi. 
 They had commenced hostilities in May. The reports of the army of the fertility 
 of the soil stimulated emigration to the Illinois country. 
 
 1832, OCTOBER 29. The New York Globe appeared in New 
 York city. 
 
 It was published by James Gordon Bennett. It failed in a very short time. 
 
 1832, NOVEMBER 24. A convention held at Columbia, South 
 Carolina, passed resolutions to nullify the tariff acts of Congress. 
 
 The convention declared that the tariff laws of 1828, and July 14, 1832, were 
 "unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true mean- 
 ing and intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law, nor binding upon this 
 state, its officers, or its citizens." The legislature also passed an act empowering 
 the governor to employ the military and naval force of the state, and subject all 
 officers of the state to a test oath. 
 
 1832, DECEMBER 10. President Jackson issued a proclamation 
 warning the authorities of South Carolina of the consequences 
 of their course, and of the action he would be forced to take. 
 
 1832, DECEMBER 20. Governor Hayne, of South Carolina, 
 issued a proclamation in answer to that of the President of the 
 United States. 
 
 In the legislature it was said, referring to the President's proclamation, " We 
 should hurl back instant scorn and defiance for this impotent missile of despicable 
 malignity. Of answer to its paltry sophisms and disgraceful invectives, it is ut- 
 terly unworthy. But the country and the world should know how perfectly we 
 despise and defy him ; and they should be told that before they plant such princi- 
 ples as his upon our free soil, the bones of many an enemy shall whiten our 
 shores the carcasses of many a caitiff and traitor blacken our air." The legis- 
 lature passed acts for increasing the military force of the state, and requested the 
 governor, Mr. Hayne, to issue a proclamation. In this document he claimed 
 "nullification as the rightful remedy," and exhorted the people to protect their 
 liberties, " if need be with their lives and fortunes." 
 
 1833, JANUARY 16. The President officially informed Con- 
 gress in a message of the action of South Carolina, and sug- 
 gested the measures to be taken. 
 
 A bill was prepared by the judiciary, authorizing the President to employ the 
 army and navy, if necessary, to collect the revenue. The legislature of Virginia 
 passed resolutions requesting South Carolina to repeal the nullifying ordinance, 
 or suspend it till the close of the next Congress ; asking Congress to reduce the 
 duties, and reasserting the resolutions of the Virginia legislature of 1798. Ben- 
 jamin \V. Leigh was also appointed a commissioner to proceed to South Carolina
 
 568 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1833. 
 
 with the resolutions, and expostulate with the authorities for the preservation of the 
 peace. The legislatures of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Delaware, 
 Tennessee, Indiana, and Missouri disclaimed the doctrine of nullification as de- 
 structive to the Constitution. Those of North Carolina and Alabama joined, with 
 the expression of similar views, an opinion that the tariff was inexpedient and 
 unconstitutional. Georgia did the same, and proposed a convention from the 
 southern states to obtain relief from the tariff. The legislature of New Hamp- 
 shire passed resolutions in favor of reducing the tariff; while those of Massachu- 
 setts, Vermont, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania were in favor of 
 making no modifications in it. 
 
 1833, FEBRUARY 2. The secretary of the treasury drew upon 
 the French minister of France for the first instalment of the in- 
 demnity due under the treaty of 1831. 
 
 The French chamber of deputies having made no arrangement for the pay- 
 ment of the indemnity, the bill was protested, but paid by Hottinguer. The 
 secretary of the treasury had sold the bill to the Bank, and Hottinguer, their 
 correspondent, paid it for their credit. The Bank claimed fifteen per cent, 
 damages from the government, and reserved one hundred and seventy thou- 
 sand and forty-one dollars from the dividends due the United States on July 17, 
 1834. A suit was instituted by the government to recover this, and a verdict for 
 the government was obtained in 1847. 
 
 1833. AN anti-lottery society was organized in Philadelphia. 
 1833, FEBRUARY 28. The enforcing bill was passed. 
 
 It gave the President authority to employ the army and navy to collect the 
 duties. 
 
 1833, MARCH 2. A tariff bill, which originated in the 
 Senate, and passed both house's, received the signature of the 
 President. 
 
 It was introduced in the Senate by Henry Clay. It provided that where the 
 duties exceeded twenty per cent., they should be diminished after December 30, 
 1833, one tenth, and a tenth each alternate year until December 31, 1841, when 
 fifty per cent, of the duty remaining should be deducted ; and after the 30th of 
 June, 1842, the duties were to be reduced twenty per cent, on a home valuation, 
 and be paid in cash. 
 
 1833, MARCH 11. The convention in South Carolina met at 
 the call of the governor, and repealed the ordinance of nullifi- 
 cation. 
 
 The milliners claimed this as a victory. 
 
 1833, APRIL 24. The New York Mechanics' Institute was 
 incorporated. 
 
 1833, AUGUST 19. The government directors of the Bank, in 
 their report, declared that the Bank had spent large sums in 
 printing and circulating documents in its favor during the presi- 
 dential campaign of the previous year. 
 
 1833, SEPTEMBER 3. The Sun appeared in New York city.
 
 1833.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 569 
 
 It was published by Benjamin H. Day. Eventually, it became the property 
 of Moses Yale Beach. It was the first successfully established paper which sold for 
 a cent. It is now sold for two cents. 
 
 1833. THE Boston Daily Journal appeared in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 It was published by Ford and Damrell, and edited by John S. Sleeper. It ia 
 now managed by a stock association. 
 
 1833, OCTOBER 1. An order was given for the removal of the 
 public deposits from the Bank, and for their deposit in the local 
 banks. 
 
 The President in his message had suggested that the deposits were unsafe in 
 the Bank, and Congress had referred the subject to a committee who reported that 
 the deposits were safe. As the secretary of the treasury refused to give an order 
 for the removal of the deposits, he was removed from office, and Roger B. Taney, 
 then attorney-general, appointed to the place. 
 
 1833. A PATENT was issued to Obed Hussey, of Cincinnati, 
 for a machine reaper. 
 
 The next year one was issued to McCormick of Virginia. 
 
 1833. GRAND RAPIDS, Michigan, was settled. 
 
 The city was incorporated in 1850. The river supplies it with water-power, 
 and steamboats connect it with Lake Michigan, so that it is one of the largest 
 trading and manufacturing cities in the state. Salt, limestone, gypsum, and pine 
 lumber are among its principal exports. The year of its incorporation as a city, 
 St. Mark's College was founded under the auspices of the Episcopalians. 
 
 1833. DR. WILLIAM BEAUMONT published the result of his 
 experiments on the stomach of St. Martin. 
 
 Dr. Beaumont was stationed as surgeon at Michilimackinac, Michigan. In 
 June, 1822, young St. Martin received a wound in his left side, the shot entering 
 his stomach. By careful treatment he recovered, though he always had an aper- 
 ture two and a half inches in circumference opening into his stomadh. Dr. 
 Beaumont was born in 1796 ; died at St. Louis, Missouri, April 25, 1853. 
 
 1833. THE normal-school system was established in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Edmund Dwight, of Boston, gave ten thousand dollars for the purpose, on con- 
 dition that the state should raise an equal amount, which was done. 
 
 1833, OCTOBER 2. The anti-slavery society of New York was 
 organized. 
 
 On the 1st of October, the following notice was placarded in the city : 
 " The friends of immediate abolition of slavery in the United States are re- 
 quested to meet at Clinton Hall on Wednesday evening, 2d October, at half past 
 seven o'clock, to form a New York City Anti-Slavery Society. Committee : 
 Joshua Leavitt, John Rankin, William Goodell, William Green, Jr., Lewis 
 Tappan."
 
 570 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1833. 
 
 The next day the following placard was posted : 
 
 " Notice to all Persons from the South. All persons interested in the object 
 of a meeting called by J. Leavitt, W. Goodell, W. Green, Jr., J. Rankin, and 
 L. Tappan, at Clinton Hall, this evening at seven o'clock, are requested to attend 
 at the same hour and place. MANY SOUTHERNERS. 
 
 " N. B. All citizens who may feel disposed to manifest the true feeling of the 
 State on this subject are requested to attend." 
 
 The trustees of Clinton Hall becoming alarmed, refused to open the hall. The 
 movers of the society therefore met fifty-three of them in the Chatham Street 
 Chapel, and in half an hour organized their society, and adjourned. The crowd 
 that had gathered at Clinton Hall, hearing of this, rushed to the chapel, but were 
 just too late. 
 
 1833. AFTER the defeat of the Spaniards by Santa Anna 
 in 1829, revolutions followed each other headed by Santa Anna, 
 Bustamente, and Guerrero. In 1831, the latter was captured 
 and executed, and in April, 1835, Santa Anna was elected presi- 
 dent, and Bustamente was exiled. 
 
 1833. ANTHRACITE coal was successfully used in a hot blast 
 by Frederick W. Geisenhaimer, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 He had been experimenting with it for some time, and took out a patent for 
 the process. 
 
 1833, NOVEMBER. The Democrat appeared in Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 This was the first newspaper in Chicago. 
 
 1833. THE Advertiser appeared in Mobile, Alabama. 
 
 1833, DECEMBER 3. The secretary of the treasury gave his 
 reasons for removing the deposits from the Bank. 
 
 These were : that the exchange committee of the directors managed the Bank; 
 that the Bank had meddled with politics ; that it had deferred the payment of the 
 three per cents, and demanded damages for the draft on France. The acting sec- 
 retary was Roger B. Taney, who had been recently appointed in place of Duane, 
 who refused to remove the deposits. Taney was not confirmed as secretary. 
 
 1833, DECEMBER 9. The government directors of the Bank 
 reported that they were excluded from knowing the Bank's con- 
 dition. 
 
 1833. THE constitution of Massachusetts was amended, mak- 
 ing the individual contributions to the support of the ministry 
 voluntary, instead of obligatory, as it had been. 
 
 A bill, called the "religious liberty bill," which proposed substantially the 
 same thing, had been proposed in the legislature in 1807, but was lost. 
 
 1833, DECEMBER 11. The Green Bay Intelligencer appeared at 
 Green Bay, Wisconsin. 
 
 It was published by Suydam and Ellis. After three numbers, it was entirely 
 controlled by Mr. A. G. Ellis.
 
 1834.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 571 
 
 1834. CONGRESS passed an act amending the copy-right law. 
 
 The original term of fourteen years was doubled, and the wife and children of 
 an author in case of his death were entitled to a renewal. 
 
 1834. THE Philanthropist appeared at Cincinnati. 
 
 It advocated the cause of emancipation. It was published by James G. Bir- 
 ney, a professor in Danville, Kentucky. Having become convinced of the error 
 of slavery, he freed his own slaves, and moved to Cincinnati for the purpose of 
 starting his paper. His office at one time was sacked by a mob. 
 
 1834. THE Ohio Company imported fine specimens of im- 
 proved English cattle. 
 
 In 1841, Mr. Coleman, a well-known agricultural writer, said that the general 
 treatment of cows in New England was a proper subject for presentment by a 
 grand jury. 
 
 1834. BURLINGTON, Iowa, named after the city of same name 
 in Vermont, was laid out. 
 
 In 1837 it was made the territorial capital of the state. It is the terminus of 
 several of the western railroads, and has rapidly increased. In 1854 the Bur- 
 lington University was founded. Large manufactures are carried on at Burling- 
 ton, the extensive coal-fields near by offering unusual facilities. 
 
 1834, JANUARY. John Russell, of Greenfield, Massachusetts, 
 started the first manufactury for table cutlery in the United 
 
 States. 
 
 1834. THE Albany Cultivator appeared in Albany, New 
 York. 
 
 It was edited by Jesse Buel. 
 
 1834. THE Arkansas Gazette appeared in Little Rock, Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 1834. THE Helena Herold appeared in Helena, Arkansas. 
 
 1834, FEBRUARY 4. The Senate appointed a committee to 
 investigate the concerns of the Bank. 
 
 It reported favorably to the Bank December 18th. 
 
 1834, MARCH 28. The Senate resolved that in the removal 
 of the deposits the President " had assumed upon himself author- 
 ity and power not conferred by the Constitution and the laws." 
 
 On the 15th of April the President sent to the Senate a protest against this res- 
 olution, which that body refused to enter upon the record. The resolution was 
 "expunged" from the record of the Senate on January 16, 1837. 
 
 1834, APRIL 4. The House resolved that the Bank should 
 not be re-chartered, nor the deposits restored to it, and appointed 
 another committee of investigation.
 
 572 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1834-5. 
 
 1834, MAY 2. The assembly of New York authorized a joint 
 stock company for supplying New York city with water. 
 
 This was the project "of the Croton-water supply. In April, 1835, the citizens at 
 an election approved of the plan. The work was begun in the spring of 1837, 
 and completed October 14, 1842. 
 
 1834. THREE branch mints were established by Congress. 
 
 One was at New Orleans, for coining gold and silver ; one at Charlotte, North 
 Carolina, and one at Dahlonega, Georgia. 
 
 1834, MAY 22. The committee of investigation of the Bank 
 presented a majority and minority report to the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. 
 
 The majority report stated that the Bank had refused to submit to investiga- 
 tions ; the minority report stated that the committee had made unreasonable de- 
 mands upon the Bank. 
 
 1834, JUNE 28. The coinage of the United States was 
 altered. 
 
 The silver dollar was made to weigh four hundred twelve and a half grains of 
 pure metal, and the gold dollar twenty-five and eight tenth grains, twenty-three 
 and two tenths pure metal ; the two commodities ranking as fifteen and ninety- 
 nine one hundredths to one. The standard for silver was nine hundred thou- 
 sandths fine ; and for gold, eighty-nine thousand nine hundred and twenty -two 
 hundred thousandths. Foreign coins were rated so low that they were not sent to 
 the mint ; and silver, by the above, was rated so low that it was exported. 
 
 1834. A STATE geological survey of Maryland was begun. 
 
 It was made by Dr. J. T. Ducatel, and was completed in seven annual reports. 
 
 1834. THE first linen-mill was built at Fall River, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 1834, JULY. A riot took place in New York city against the 
 abolitionists. 
 
 The Chatham Street Chapel, the Bowery Theatre, Dr. S. H. Cox's church and 
 house, Zion's Church (colored), the Rev. Mr. Ludlow's church, St. Philip's 
 Church (colored), the African Baptist church, Arthur and Lewis Tappan's 
 houses, were sacked. 
 
 1835, JANUARY 31. A new congress, announced by Santa 
 Anna, assembled at Mexico. 
 
 The constitution was abolished, the militia of the several states was disarmed, 
 and a central government organized. 
 
 1835, MARCH 6. The directors of the Bank ordered the ex- 
 change committee to make loans upon the stock of the Bank, in 
 order to wind up the concern. The twenty-five branches were 
 sold, for bonds running from one to five years. 
 
 1835. A Prices Current appeared in Cincinnati.
 
 1835.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 573 
 
 1835. THE first house at Yerba Buena, California (now San 
 Francisco), was built. 
 
 In 1839 a survey was made, streets laid out, and town lots marked off. In 
 1776 the site had been occupied as the Mission Dolores. In 1835 all the missions 
 in California were secularized, and the settlement was called Yerba Buena. In 
 1846 it passed into the possession of the United States, and in 1847 the town 
 council changed its name to San Francisco. The population then numbered four 
 hundred and fifty-nine. 
 
 1835, MARCH 30. The Nashville Union appeared in Nash- 
 ville, Tennessee. 
 
 It was edited by Samuel McLaughlin. 
 
 1835, MAY 6. The New York Herald appeared in New York 
 city. 
 
 It was published by James Gordon Bennett. The first number said : "We 
 have had an experience of nearly fifteen years in conducting newspapers. On 
 that score we cannot surely fail in knowing at least how to build up a reputation 
 and establishment of our own. In debuts of this kind many talk of principle 
 political principle as a sort of steel-trap to catch the public. We mean to be 
 perfectly understood on this point, and therefore openly disclaim all steel-traps, 
 all principle, as it is called, all party, all politics. Our only guide shall be a 
 good, sound, practical common sense, applicable to the business and bosoms of 
 men engaged in every-day life. We shall support no party, be the organ of no 
 faction or coterie, and care nothing for any election or any candidate, from pres- 
 ident down to a constable. We shall endeavor to record facts on every suitable and 
 proper subject, stripped of verbiage and coloring, with comments, when suitable, 
 just, independent, fearless, and good-tempered." On the llth of May the second 
 number appeared. With the establishment of the Herald the modern era of the 
 newspaper opened, and it has been the first to introduce most of the distinctive 
 characteristics of the modern press. First, the money articles, commenced in 
 May, 1835; the cash system, introduced from its origin; the organization of a 
 system for gathering news ; the publication of maps and illustrations, in 1838 ; 
 the arrangements made the same year for foreign correspondence ; the general 
 spirit of enterprise which in 1845 led to the establishment of expresses from 
 Texas and Mexico. Mr. Bennett died June 1st, 1872, aged seventy-six. The 
 Herald is published by his son. 
 
 1835. THE formation of banks, which began the year before, 
 continued through this year. 
 
 Notes under five dollars were forbidden in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, 
 Georgia, Tennessee, Louisiana, North Carolina, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, New 
 York, New Jersey, and Alabama. Notes for one or for two dollars were forbid- 
 den in Connecticut. There were no notes under five dollars in Mississippi and 
 Illinois, while Missouri had no bank of issue. 
 
 1835, AUGUST. Anti-slavery documents sent by mail to 
 Charleston, South Carolina, were destroyed. 
 
 The grand jury in Alabama indicted R. J. Williams, the editor of the Emanci- 
 pator ; and Governor Gayle, of Alabama, made a requisition upon Governor 
 Marcy, of New York, for his delivery, which was refused. A committee of vigi-
 
 574 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1835. 
 
 lance in Louisiana offered a reward of fifty thousand dollars for the delivery of 
 Arthur Tappan. The state of Mississippi offered five thousand dollars for the 
 arrest of persons convicted of circulating the Liberator or other seditious publi- 
 cations in the state. On application from Virginia, concerning the suppression 
 of anti-slavery documents in the mail, Postmaster-General Kendall said he had no 
 authority to do so, and the only means for redress was " in responsibilities volun- 
 tarily assumed by the postmasters." To the postmaster of New York, who had 
 detained such documents and written to him for advice, he said, " If I were sit- 
 uated as you are, I would do as you have done." In his annual message the 
 President referred to the subject, suggesting the passage of a law that should 
 "prohibit, under severe penalties, the circulation through the mail of incendiary 
 publications, intended to instigate the slaves to insurrection." This part of the 
 message being referred to a special committee, a bill was introduced prohibiting 
 postmasters from knowingly mailing or delivering such publications, but to burn 
 them. The bill was rejected in the Senate, where it had originated, by a vote of 
 five to nineteen. 
 
 Covernor McDuffie, of South Carolina, in his message to the legislature, said : 
 "No human institution, in my opinion, is more manifestly consistent with the will 
 of God than domestic slavery ; and no one of his ordinances is written in more 
 legible characters than that which consigns the African race to this condition, as 
 more conducive to their own happiness than any other of which they are suscep- 
 tible. Domestic slavery, therefore, instead of being a political evil, is the corner- 
 stone of our republican edifice. No patriot who justly estimates our privileges 
 will tolerate the idea of emancipation at any period, however remote, or on any 
 condition of pecuniary advantage, however favorable. I would as soon think of 
 opening a negotiation for selling the liberty of the state at once, as of making 
 any stipulation for the ultimate emancipation of our slaves. So deep is my con- 
 viction on this subject, that if I were doomed to die immediately after recording 
 these sentiments, I would say in all sincerity, and under all the sanctions of 
 Christianity and patriotism, ' God forbid that my descendants, in the remotest 
 generation, should live in any other than a community having the institution of 
 domestic slavery as it existed among the patriarchs of the primitive church and 
 in all the states of antiquity.' " 
 
 1835, DECEMBER 29. A treaty was made with the Cherokees 
 in Georgia, by which they agreed to remove west of the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 They were to be paid five million dollars for their lands, six hundred thousand 
 dollars for their expenses in moving, and one hundred thousand dollars more. 
 The treaty was ratified by the Senate in May, 1836. 
 
 1835. THE President, in his message, announced the extin- 
 guishment of the national debt. 
 
 The duties on imports, and the sale of the public lands, had produced the 
 money for this purpose. 
 
 1835. THE first tiles for draining are said to have been used 
 about this date by John Johnston, near Geneva, New York, he 
 having made the tiles by hand. 
 
 1835. A PATENT for a revolving pistol was granted to Samuel 
 Colt.
 
 1835-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 575 
 
 1835. MC-KENDREE COLLEGE, at Lebanon, Illinois, was started 
 under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 1835, DECEMBER. The second Seminole war began. 
 
 1835. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, at Upper Alton, Illinois, under 
 the patronage of the Baptists, was founded. 
 
 It was named after Dr. Shurtleif, of Boston, Massachusetts, who liberally 
 endowed it. 
 
 1836. THE constitution of Pennsylvania was amended. 
 
 1836. MRS. ERNESTINE L. ROSE, a Polish lady, began lec- 
 turing through the country. 
 
 The "Equal Rights of Women" was one of her subjects. She sent to the 
 New York legislature a petition, with five names, concerning the property rights 
 of women. Another, with thirty names, was sent the same year. Neither of 
 them met any notice from the legislature. 
 
 1836. THE constitution of Vermont was amended. 
 
 A senate of thirty members was made a part of the legislature. 
 
 1836. JANESVILLE, Wisconsin, was founded. 
 
 In 1853 it received a city charter. Numbers of the northwestern railroads 
 intersect at this point, and the city had a rapidly increasing trade. 
 
 1836. DAVENPORT, Iowa, was settled. 
 
 It was organized as a town in 1839, and in 1851 as a city. In 1848 Iowa Col- 
 lege was founded here, an institution for both men and women. The city has 
 a large commercial and manufacturing business. 
 
 1836. A GEOLOGICAL survey of New York was ordered. 
 
 It was intrusted to Professors Emmons, M. L. Vanuxen, L. C. Beck, T. A. 
 Conrad, and James Hall. Five annual reports were made, and the report pub- 
 lished in several volumes. 
 
 1836. A STATE survey of Georgia was ordered. 
 
 It was intrusted to J. R. Cotting, who reported in 1841. 
 
 1836. A REPORT upon the geology of Kentucky, by D. 
 Trimble, was published. 
 
 1836, FEBRUARY 8. Congress passed resolutions concerning 
 the anti-slavery petitions presented to it, that it had " no consti- 
 tutional authority to interfere in any way with the institution of 
 slavery in any of the states of this confederacy." 
 
 Numerous petitions had been handed in to Congress, especially for the aboli- 
 tion of slavery in the District of Columbia, concerning which it was at the same 
 time resolved that " Congress ought not to interfere in any way with slavery in 
 the District of Columbia, because it would be a violation of the public faith, un- 
 wise, impolitic, and dangerous to the Union."
 
 576 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1836. 
 
 1836, FEBRUARY 13. Abroad riot took place in New York 
 city. 
 
 A meeting had been called in City Hall Park to protest against the high price 
 of rents, fuel, and food, and the mob sacked a large grain and provision store. 
 
 1836, FEBRUARY 15. Pennsylvania granted a charter to the 
 Bank. 
 
 The new charter required the Bank to aid certain schemes of internal im- 
 provement. 
 
 1836, MARCH 2. The representatives of Texas met at Wash- 
 ington on the Brazos, and made a declaration of independence 
 from Mexico. 
 
 A constitution was formed and a provisional government organized, Samuel 
 Houston being made commander-in-chief of the army, and in September pres- 
 ident of the republic. 
 
 1836, MARCH 3. The charter of the Bank given by Congress 
 expired, but the Bank continued under the title of the United 
 States Bank of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Bank had loaned twenty millions upon its stock, under the resolution of 
 the year before. 
 
 1836, MARCH 5. The Mexicans, under Santa Anna, captured 
 the Alamo, and slaughtered the garrison. 
 Texas had risen against the central government. 
 
 1836, MARCH 23. Steam-power was introduced into the mint 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 It was used for driving a new coining-press, designed by Franklin Peale, 
 together with a new milling-machine. A medal was struck in commemoration. 
 
 1836, MARCH 25. The Public Ledger appeared in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 It was established by W. M. Swain, A. S. Abell, and Azariah II. Simmons. 
 Shortly after its appearance it united with the Transcript, and took the title 
 Public Ledger and Daily Transcript. Its price was one cent. In 18G4 it was 
 bought by George W. Childs, and the price raised to two cents. 
 
 1836. MADISON was chosen as the capital of Wisconsin. 
 
 It was then in the midst of a wilderness. The city is built between the two 
 lakes Mendota and Monona. 
 
 1836. FELT cloth was first successfully made at Norwalk, 
 Connecticut. 
 
 The method for making it was patented by John Arnold in 1829, and improved 
 afterwards. 
 
 1836. UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, in New York city, was 
 founded. 
 
 1836. THE first observatory in the country was built at Wil- 
 liams College, Massachusetts, by Professor Hopkins.
 
 1836.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 577 
 
 1836, APRIL 11. The Massachusetts legislature offered a 
 bounty of ten cents a pound for cocoons, and a dollar a pound 
 for raw silk. 
 
 Only eighty-five dollars and twenty cents were claimed under it this year. 
 Maine and New Jersey also offered bounties upon silk-raising. New Jersey 
 repealed the act the next year. 
 
 1836. A GEOLOGICAL survey of Maine was ordered. 
 
 It was intrusted to Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Boston, to whom Massachusetts 
 intrusted also the survey of her lands in Maine. Dr. Jackson made three annual 
 reports concerning Maine, and two to Massachusetts. 
 
 1836. THE Beaver Meadow Railroad, in Pennsylvania, began 
 the use of anthracite coal as fuel, instead of wood. 
 
 1836, MAY 14. A treaty was made by Mexico with Texas, 
 acknowledging its independence. 
 
 Santa Anna, having been made captive at the battle of San Jacinto, with others 
 signed the treaty, pledging themselves to have it confirmed as soon as possible. 
 
 1836, JUNE 9. The Seminoles, under Osceola, were repulsed 
 in an attack on the United States fortified post at Micanopy, 
 Florida. 
 
 On the 12th of August the Seminoles were victorious at Fort Doane. 
 
 1836, JUNE 15. Arkansas was recognized as an independent 
 state. 
 
 Until 1812 it had formed a part of Louisiana, and then, until 1819, a part of 
 Missouri, when it was made a separate territory. The legislature had called a 
 convention, without the action of Congress, January 1, to form a constitution, 
 and after making it applied for admission to the Union. It was objected that 
 such action was unlawful, and also that the constitution forbade the legislature to 
 emancipate the slaves. 
 
 1836, JUNE 18. The Pennsylvania legislature passed an act 
 making arbitration compulsory if either party to a civil action 
 wishes to refer it to arbitrators. 
 
 If the parties cannot agree on the arbitrators, the prothonotary draws up a 
 list of names, allows each side alternately to strike off one, until the requisite 
 number only is left, who constitute the arbitrators. From their award, however, 
 there can be an appeal. 
 
 1836, JUNE 20. The New York Express appeared in New 
 York city. 
 
 It was published by James and Erastus Brooks. In 1836 the Daily Advertiser 
 was united with it. It was finally issued as the Evening Express. 
 
 1836, JUNE 23. Congress passed a bill ordering the surplus 
 revenue in the treasury on the 1st of January, 1837, over five 
 millions of dollars, to be deposited with the states. 
 
 A surplus of over forty millions of dollars accumulated this year in the 
 treasury. 
 
 37
 
 578 'ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1836-7. 
 
 1836, JULY 4. The act reorganizing the patent office was 
 approved. 
 
 By it the patent office was made a separate department, with a chief, to be called 
 Commissioner of Patents, appointed by the President. The first commissioner 
 was Henry L. Ellsworth. Other subsequent acts were approved, March 3, 1837; 
 March 3, 1839; August 29, 1842; May 27, 1848; March 4, 1861. 
 
 1836, JULY 11. The secretary of the treasury issued a cir- 
 cular ordering nothing but specie to be received in payment of 
 the public lands. 
 
 It was filed in the state department, March 3, 1837. 
 
 After the loth of August, sales to others than actual settlers or residents in the 
 state, and not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres, were to be paid for in 
 specie, and after December 15, all sales, without exception. 
 
 1836, OCTOBER 24. A patent for friction-matches was granted. 
 
 It was granted to Alonzo D. Phillips, of Springfield, Massachusetts. 
 
 1836, DECEMBER 15. The patent office, with its contents, was 
 burned. 
 
 1836. A LAW was passed in Massachusetts forbidding the 
 employment in factories of children under fifteen, unless in every 
 year they had eleven weeks' schooling. 
 
 1836. A GEOLOGICAL survey of Virginia was begun by Pro- 
 fessor W. B. Rogers. 
 
 It was completed in six annual reports. Pennsylvania and New Jersey ordered 
 surveys to be made by Professor Henry D. Rogers. The first report for New 
 Jersey was made this year, and the last in 1840. In 1859 Professor Rogers pub- 
 lished the report for Pennsylvania. 
 
 1836. THE Washington mine, in Davidson County, North 
 Carolina, was opened. 
 
 It is the only lead mine in the country that has produced much silver. 
 
 1829-1837. SEVENTH administration. 
 
 President, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 
 
 Vice-Presidents / ^ onn ^' Calhoun, of South Carolina. 
 
 I Martin Van Buren, New York, March 4, 1833. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, of New York, March 6, 1829. 
 , Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, May 24, 1831. 
 
 ' Louis McLane, of Delaware, March 29, 1833. 
 . John Forsyth, of Georgia, June 27, 1834. 
 Sam. D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, March 6, 1829. 
 Louis McLane, of Delaware, August 8, 1831. 
 
 Secretaries of Treasury i Wm< J> Duane ' f Penns y lvania > Mav 29 > 1833 ' 
 
 iury 'l Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, September 3, 1833; 
 
 not confirmed by Senate. 
 
 Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, June 27, 1834. 
 f John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, March 9, 1829. 
 
 Secretaries of War, i Lewis Cass, of Michigan, August 1, 1831; resigned, 
 v. November 1, 1836.
 
 1837.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 579 
 
 C John Branch, of North Carolina, March 9, 1829. 
 
 Secretaries of Navy, j Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, May 25, 1831. 
 I Mahlon Dickerson, of New Jersey, June 30, 1834. 
 
 r William T. Barry, of Kentucky, March 9, 1829. 
 Postmasters-General, ( Amog Kendall) rf KentuckV) May j ? 1836 _ 
 
 (John Berrien, of Georgia, March 9, 1829. 
 
 Attorneys-General, \ Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, December 27, 1831. 
 
 I Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, June 24, 1834. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia, Twenty-first Congress, 1829. 
 
 " " Twenty-second Congress, 1833. 
 
 " " N Twenty-third Congress, 1835. 
 
 John Bell, of Tennessee, Twenty-fourth Congress, 1834. 
 James K. Polk, of Tennessee, Twenty-fifth Congress, 1835. 
 
 1837, JANUARY 18. The coinage of the United States was 
 again altered. 
 
 The gold coins were made twenty-three and twenty-two hundredths fine, and 
 both gold and silver were brought to the standard of nine hundred thousandths. 
 This made the exchange with the coinage of England one hundred and nine and a 
 half, one pound sterling being equal to four dollars and eight thousand six hundred 
 and sixty-five ten thousandths of a dollar. 
 
 1837. THE first successful introduction of the screw in 
 steam navigation was made by Captains Ericsson and F. P. 
 Smith on the steamer Thames. 
 
 1837, JANUARY 25. The New Orleans Picayune appeared in 
 New Orleans. 
 
 It was published by Lumsden and Kendall. In 1839 A. M. Holbrook took 
 charge of it. George Wilkins Kendall's letters in it during the Mexican war gave 
 it much notoriety. 
 
 1837. ABOUT this time anthracite coal was first used success- 
 fully in the manufacture of iron in the Pioneer Hot-blast Steam- 
 furnace at Pottsville, in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The furnace was managed by Mr. William Lyman, of Boston, and Benjamin 
 Perry, from South Wales. Various unsuccessful attempts to use anthracite had 
 been made previously, and it had long been used by smiths as fuel, even as early 
 as 1769. The first grate for burning it as fuel in the house is said to have been 
 made by Mr. Fell in 1808. 
 
 1837, JANUARY 26. Michigan was admitted into the Union. 
 
 A conditional act had been passed June 15, 183G, admitting her as soon as 
 the boundaries prescribed by Congress were accepted by a state convention of 
 delegates elected by the people. The boundaries as fixed by Congress were, for 
 the northern boundary of Ohio, a direct line from the southern extremity of Lake 
 Michigan to the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay, after the line so drawn 
 should intersect the eastern boundary line of Indiana ; then from this cape north- 
 east to the boundary between the United States and Upper Canada in Lake Erie ; 
 thence along the Canada line to the west line of Pennsylvania. The boundaries 
 being accepted, she was admitted. A section of each township had been granted
 
 580 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1837. 
 
 for school purposes by an act of June 23, 1836, and seventy-two sections for a 
 university, a similar provision at the same time being made for Arkansas." 
 
 1837, JANUARY. A code of mint laws was enacted by Con- 
 gress. 
 
 1837, FEBRUARY 7. In a special message to Congress, the 
 President called attention to the treatment the government had 
 received from Mexico, which " would justify, in the eyes of all 
 nations, immediate war." 
 
 He advised, however, moderation, and recommended an act authorizing repri- 
 sals. Both Houses of Congress passed resolutions in favor of another demand for 
 redress before proceeding further. 
 
 1837. THE legislature of New York appropriated two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars a year for three years to form township 
 and district libraries. 
 
 After three years the amount was fifty thousand dollars a year. In 1839 
 Massachusetts made a grant for the same purpose; in 1854, Indiana; in 1857, 
 Ohio ; and subsequently other western states followed this example. 
 
 1837. MARY S. GROVE began lecturing on Woman's Rights. 
 
 She specially urged her right to receive a thorough medical education. 
 
 1837. THE "American and Foreign Bible Society" was 
 established in New York city. 
 
 In April, 1848, it was incorporated by the legislature of the state. In 1850 a 
 number of members seceded and started the " American Bible Union," the society 
 having decided that it was not their province or duty to revise the Bible, but 
 merely to reprint the commonly accepted version. 
 
 1837, FEBRUARY 25. The United States Bank offered to pay 
 off the shares owned by the government. 
 
 The proposition was to pay them at the rate of one hundred and fifteen dollars 
 and fifty-eight cents a share, in four instalments, September, 1837, '38, '39, and 
 '40. The proposition was accepted by Congress March 3, and was carried out. 
 
 1837, MARCH 1. The Senate resolved that the recognition 
 of Texas as an independent nation was proper and expedient. 
 
 A similar resolution was tabled in the House, but an appropriation was made 
 for a diplomatic agent to Texas as soon as the President had satisfactory evidence 
 of her independence, and that it was expedient to send such an agent. 
 
 1837, MARCH. A commercial panic began by the failure of 
 Herman Briggs & Co., in New Orleans. 
 
 They had advanced upon cotton shipped to Liverpool upon speculation, and 
 the cotton declining in price, were unable to make up the loss. It spread until 
 in city after city the banks suspended payment, reaching its height in May. On 
 the 28th of March, Mr. Biddle, the president of the Bank, came to New York, and 
 sold exchange on England for the notes of merchants. The news that the English 
 merchants who had been receiving American products were in difficulty increased
 
 1837.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 581 
 
 the panic. Gold, on the suspension of the banks, rose to one hundred and seven, 
 and in the South and West rose as high as one hundred and twenty-five. 
 
 1837, MARCH. There being no election of Vice-President in 
 the electoral college, the Senate elected Richard M. Johnson, 
 of Kentucky, to that position. 
 
 1837. A REBELLION in Lower Canada, known as Papineau's 
 rebellion, was forcibly suppressed. 
 
 The chief mover of the insurrection, Louis Joseph Papineau, was a native 
 Canadian. The French inhabitants were discontented, and finally rebelled 
 openly. A republic of Lower Canada was one of their objects. Martial law 
 was proclaimed by the authorities, and all resistance was soon trampled out. Of 
 the leaders, some were executed and others exiled. 
 
 1837, APRIL 19. Bustamente was declared president of 
 Mexico. 
 
 He held the office for two years. 
 
 1837. KNOX COLLEGE, at Galesburg, Illinois, was opened. 
 
 1837, MAY 3. A committee of New York merchants went to 
 "Washington to consult with the authorities upon the situation, 
 but obtained no relief. 
 
 They proposed that gold should not be required for the payment of the public 
 lands ; that credit should be extended in the collection of custom-house duties : 
 that treasury notes should be issued ; that an extra session of Congress should be 
 called. 
 
 1837, JULY 14. A man was publicly whipped on the court- 
 house parade, in Providence, Rhode Island, for horse-stealing. 
 
 This method of punishment had never been legally abolished, though it had 
 been discontinued for a long time. The law was soon after repealed. 
 
 1837, SEPTEMBER 4. An extra session of Congress met. 
 
 It passed bills to collect the portion of the deposits yet in the suspended banks, 
 to delay the collection of custom bonds, and to issue treasury notes. The fourth 
 instalment, consisting of nine millions of the deposits, were still in the banks, and 
 its payment was deferred to January 1, 1839. 
 
 1837, SEPTEMBER 15. Congress instituted a standing commit- 
 tee on patents. 
 
 1837, OCTOBER. A caveat for the " American Electro-Mag- 
 netic Telegraph " was entered by Samuel F. B. Morse, of New 
 Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 1837. PARTIAL or complete reports of geological surveys 
 were made this year of Maine, by Dr. C. T. Jackson ; of Connec- 
 ticut, by Professor C. V. Shepard; of Delaware, by Professor J. 
 C. Booth ; of Ohio, by Dr. Hildreth, Professors Locke and Briggs, 
 and J. W. Foster; of Indiana, by Dr. D. D. Owen.
 
 582 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1837-8. 
 
 1837, SEPTEMBER 22. Mr. Jaudon was sent to England as the 
 agent of the Bank. 
 
 The Bank was advancing largely upon shipments by private parties of cotton to 
 England. 
 
 1837, OCTOBER 23. Osceola, the Seminole chief, was captured 
 near St. Augustine. 
 
 He had come, under a flag of truce, to hold a conference with General Jessup, 
 and by the general's orders was detained. He was sent as a prisoner to Fort 
 Moultrie, in Charleston harbor, where he was kept until he died, January 31, 
 1838. His capture ended the Seminole war. 
 
 1838, JANUARY 5. A proclamation was issued by the Presi- 
 dent, enjoining obedience to the laws, and threatening punish- 
 ment to all violation of the neutrality with neighboring nations. 
 
 Aid had been given the insurgents in Lower Canada by Americans, and a 
 steam-vessel, which it was supposed had carried them supplies, was seized on the 
 American shore at Schlosser, by an armed party from Canada, set on fire, and 
 allowed to drift over the Falls of Niagara. 
 
 1838. THE first zinc made in the United States was from the 
 red oxide of New Jersey at the arsenal at Washington, District of 
 Columbia, under the direction of Mr. Hassler, by Mr. John Hitz. 
 
 It was to be used for the standard weights and measures ordered by Congress. 
 The expense was so great that for a long time any further attempts to use this ore 
 were abandoned. 
 
 1838, APRIL 20. The Congressional committee on agricul- 
 ture reported upon the culture of silk. 
 
 Pennsylvania had also given a bounty on silk raised in that state. 
 
 1838, APRIL 23. The first regular passages by steam across 
 the Atlantic were completed by the Great Western and Sirius. 
 
 The Sirius in seventeen days from London to New York ; the Great Western 
 in fifteen days from Bristol to New York. They arrived within a few hours of 
 each other. 
 
 1838. M. B. Lamar was elected president of the republic of 
 Texas, and held the office until 1841. 
 
 1838, MAY 10. The banks in New England and New York 
 resumed. 
 
 1838, MAY 31. A resolution was passed by Congress repeal- 
 ing virtually the " specie circular" of July, 1836. 
 
 It read : " That it shall not be lawful for the secretary of the treasury to make, 
 or to continue in force, any general order which shall create any difference be- 
 tween the different branches of revenue, as to the money or medium of payment 
 in which the debts or dues, accruing to the United States, may be paid." When 
 the circular of 1836 was issued, there were no treasury notes in existence. Under 
 this act they were to be received. Payments to the government could be made 
 under it, in specie, treasury notes, or bills of specie-paying banks. A further cir-
 
 1838.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 583 
 
 cular was issued by the treasury department, the day after the passage of the 
 above resolution, to the receivers of public moneys, forbidding, under acts of 
 1836, the reception of any bank-notes less than twenty dollars, or those of any 
 bank issuing notes of a smaller denomination than five dollars. 
 
 1838, AUGUST 13. The Philadelphia banks resumed. 
 
 1838. THE common- school system was adopted in Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 The state contributes aid to those counties which raise a school-tax. 
 
 1838. THE Sunday Morning Atlas appeared in New York 
 city. 
 
 It was published by Anson Herrick and Jesse A. Fell. 
 
 1838. The Mormons settled at Nauvoo, Illinois. 
 
 Joseph Smith was driven from New York, and went to Far West, Missouri ; 
 and being driven from there, the settlement removed to Illinois. 
 
 1838, AUGUST. The United States exploring expedition to 
 the Southern and Pacific oceans sailed. 
 
 It returned in 1842. It was under the command of Commodore Wilkes, with 
 a corps of scientific specialists. 
 
 1838, AUGUST. The legacy left the United States by James 
 Smithson, of England, was brought over from London, by Kich- 
 ard Rush. 
 
 He had been sent in 1836 to England as an agent for this purpose. The legacy 
 left by Smithson was in the court of chancery. It amounted to over five hundred 
 thousand dollars. The money was left by Smithson for the advancement of 
 knowledge, and was used for the establishment of the Smithsonian Institution 
 at Washington. 
 
 1838. THE Hudson Observatory was organized. 
 
 1838, SEPTEMBER. A convention was made between the 
 United States and Mexico. 
 
 By it an arrangement was made to submit the questions in dispute to a board 
 of commissioners, two to be appointed by each party; and in case of a non- 
 agreement, the matter to be referred to the King of Prussia, or an arbiter 
 appointed by him. Ratifications of the convention were to be exchanged before 
 February 10, 1839. 
 
 1838, NOVEMBER 27. A French fleet and army captured the 
 fort of St. Jean D'Ulloa. 
 
 France had declared war against Mexico, after demanding, in vain, redress for 
 alleged injuries. 
 
 1838, DECEMBER 11. A convention of silk-growers, held at 
 Baltimore, organized a national silk society, and issued a journal 
 devoted to the industry. 
 
 1838, DECEMBER 16. Congress passed resolutions that peti- 
 tions for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, or
 
 584 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1839. 
 
 against the slave-trade between the states, should on presenta- 
 tion be laid upon the table without being debated, printed, or 
 referred. 
 
 The resolutions were presented by Mr. Atherton, of New Hampshire. 
 
 1839. A NATIONAL woman's anti-slavery convention met at 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sarah and Angelina Grimke, of Charleston, South Carolina, who had emanci- 
 pated their slaves, spoke at it. 
 
 1839, FEBRUARY. A patent for vulcanized india rubber was 
 granted to Charles Goodyear, of New York. 
 
 1839. THE " American Art Union " in New York was founded. 
 
 This was an association for the purchase of pictures, engravings, &c., to be 
 distributed by lot once a year to subscribers paying an annual sum. It continued 
 until 1851, when the laws preventing lottery were enforced, and it was closed. 
 
 1839. A GEOLOGICAL survey of Rhode Island was ordered. 
 
 It was intrusted to Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Massachusetts. 
 
 1839, MARCH 4. The express business was inaugurated be- 
 tween Boston and New York. 
 
 W. F. Harnden made the first trip between the cities. He had advertised that 
 he would do so, and deliver parcels. He carried some books for the booksellers, 
 and packages of southern and western bank-notes for the brokers. 
 
 1839, MARCH 29. Mr. Biddle resigned his position as presi- 
 dent of the Bank. 
 
 1839, APRIL 10. Peace between France and Mexico was 
 declared, and the ratifications exchanged at Paris. 
 
 1839. No less than sixty gold mines, or diggings, were 
 worked in Virginia. 
 
 Twenty-six of them were in Spottsylvania, and fifteen in Orange County. 
 
 1839. THE New York legislature passed a free banking law. 
 
 Any persons desirous of so doing could establish a bank and issue notes for 
 circulation, but were compelled to deposit with the comptroller of the state a 
 sufficient amount of securities to secure the redemption of their bills in circu- 
 lation. 
 
 1839, JULY 3. A normal school was opened at Framingham, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was the first in the country. The idea of such a school had been presented 
 as early as 1816 by Professor Denison Olmstead in an address delivered at New 
 Haven " on the state of education in Connecticut," and frequently since. 
 
 1839. THE first white settlement on the site of Sacramento 
 was made. 
 
 J. A. Suiter had obtained a grant of it. In 1841 he built a fort there ; in 1848 
 named it Sacramento, and offered -lots for sale. In 1849 the first frame house was 
 built ; and in 1854 it was chosen as the capital of the state.
 
 1839-40.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 585 
 
 1839. ACCORDING to a treasury report made January 8, 1840, 
 during 1839 there were eight hundred and fifty banks, and one 
 hundred and nine branches. Of these, during the year, three 
 hundred and forty-three had entirely suspended, sixty-two par- 
 tially ; fifty-six had failed utterly, and forty-eight had resumed. 
 
 1839. THE Whig appeared at Elizabethton, Tennessee. 
 
 It was edited by William G. Brownlow. It was moved first to Jonesboro', and 
 then to Knoxville. Parson Brownlow retired from its management in 1869, and 
 in 1871 it was absorbed by the Knoxville Press and Herald. 
 
 1839, JULY 6. An act was passed by Congress to prevent the 
 new Bank from reissuing the notes of the old Bank. 
 
 1839, OCTOBER 9. The Philadelphia banks suspended specie 
 payment. 
 
 1839, OCTOBER 10. The news was received in New York of 
 the protest of the bills drawn by the Bank upon its correspond- 
 ent in France. 
 
 The bills were for two millions of francs. The Bank was to ship specie to 
 meet them, but it had not arrived. The bills were protected by the Rothschilds. 
 
 1840, JUNE 30 . Congress established the independent 
 treasury. 
 
 The arrangement is known as the sub-treasury. The suggestion of this 
 arrangement had been made by President Jackson in 1837, and a bill introduced, 
 but not passed. The subject had been brought up again in Congress, but again 
 without success. The method proposed was to separate the government entirely 
 from any dependence upon the banks in its fiscal operations, the collection, safe- 
 keeping, transfer, and disbursements of the public money being performed by 
 agents of the government alone, and only specie being used in all the money 
 transactions of the government. The title of the act was, " An act to provide 
 for the collection, safe-keeping, tranfer, and disbursement of the public revenue." 
 It provided that all government dues, after the 30th of June, 1840, should be 
 paid one fourth in specie, and an additional fourth each year until the whole was 
 so paid. 
 
 1840. CONGRESS appropriated seventy-five thousand dollars 
 for the survey of that part of the northeastern boundary which 
 separates Maine and New Hampshire from the British provinces. 
 
 1840. CONGRESS authorized the issue of treasury notes. 
 
 Not over five millions were to be at any one time kept in circulation. 
 
 1840. THE Mormons established themselves at Nauvoo, Il- 
 linois. 
 
 1840, JULY 23. Upper and Lower Canada were reunited. 
 
 1840. NEW HAMPSHIRE ordered a geological survey of the 
 state. 
 
 It was intrusted to C. T. Jackson, whose report was published in 1844.
 
 586 ANNALS OF NOKTII AMERICA. [1840-41. 
 
 1840. THE free banking law of New York was revised. 
 
 The banks were given the right to deposit with the comptroller, as security for 
 their bills in circulation, either United States bonds, or those of the state of New 
 York, or bonds and mortgages upon real estate in New York state. The deposit 
 of bonds and mortgages was subsequently forbidden. 
 
 1837-41. EIGHTH administration. 
 
 President, Martin Van Buren, of New York. 
 
 Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. 
 
 Secretary of State, John Forsyth, of Georgia, continued in office. 
 
 Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury, of N. H., continued in office. 
 Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinsett, of South Carolina, March, 7, 1837. 
 
 rMahlon Dickerson, of N. J., continued in office. 
 Secretaries of Navy, ( James K . p au lding, of New York, June 20, 1838. 
 
 f Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, continued in office. 
 Postmasters-General, | J()hn M Niles> of Connecticut) May 18> 18 4 . 
 
 r Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, continued in office. 
 Attorneys-General, | Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, July 7, 1838. 
 
 I Henry D. Gilpin, of Pennsylvania, January 10, 1840. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 James K. Polk, of Tennessee, Twenty-Sixth Congress, 1837. 
 R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, Twenty-Seventh Congress, 1839. 
 
 1841, JANUARY 15. The Pennsylvania legislature having fixed 
 this day as the limit for the suspension of the banks, a run com- 
 menced upon them. In twenty days the United States Bank 
 paid out six millions, and the others over five. 
 
 1841, FEBRUARY 4. The banks of Philadelphia again sus- 
 pended specie payments. 
 
 1841. THE Princeton, a ship-of-war, was built as a propeller. 
 
 Her constructor was John Ericsson. She was the first ship whose propelling 
 machinery was under water and safe from shot. 
 
 1841, MARCH. A patent was granted to Samuel Pennock for 
 a grain-drill. 
 
 1841, MARCH 17. The President issued a proclamation con- 
 vening Congress May 31. 
 
 1841, APRIL 3. A committee of the stockholders of the 
 United States Bank reported, giving a history of the manage- 
 ment of the bank for six years. 
 
 It appeared that the funds had been squandered in various ways. The foreign 
 debt was fifteen millions. Mr. Jaudon, the foreign agent, had borrowed over 
 thirty millions at most usurious rates, and at home certain parties had borrowed 
 freely on worthless securities. This was practically the end of the Bank. 
 
 1841, APRIL 4. President Harrison died, and Vice-President 
 John Tyler assumed the office. 
 
 1841, APRIL 6. The foundations of the Mormon temple were 
 laid at Nauvoo, Illinois.
 
 1841-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 587 
 
 1841, APRIL 10. The New York Tribune appeared in New 
 York city. 
 
 It was published by Horace Greeley, and was issued for a cent. On July 31 
 Thomas McElrath became its publisher. It is now published by an association. 
 Horace Greeley died November 29, 1872. 
 
 1841, JULY 21. Congress authorized a loan of twelve millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 1841, AUGUST. The act establishing the sub-treasury was 
 repealed. 
 
 1841, AUGUST. The President vetoed a bill for the establish- 
 ment of The Fiscal Bank of the United States." 
 
 The secretary of the treasury had suggested such a bank ; and being called on 
 to furnish a plan, had done so, and a bill in accordance with it had been prepared. 
 Another bill was prepared, with the title, " An act to provide for the better col- 
 lection, safe-keeping, and disbursement of the public revenue by means of a 
 corporation to be styled the Fiscal Corporation of the United States," and passed 
 in September. This bill the President also vetoed. In consequence, September 
 11, all the cabinet officers, except Daniel Webster, the secretary of state, resigned. 
 
 1841, AUGUST 19. A bankruptcy act was passed. 
 
 It was to take effect February 2, 1842. It was repealed March 3, 1843. 
 
 1841, AUGUST. Congress passed an act to distribute among 
 the states the proceeds of the sales of the public lands. 
 
 The distribution was to be made upon the condition that the duties laid by the 
 tariff of 1833 were not to be raised. The distribution was to be made semi-annu- 
 ally after January 1, 1842. 
 
 1842, JANUARY. The Ledger appeared in Mobile, Alabama. 
 
 It was published by John Forsyth, on the cash system, and for a penny. 
 
 1842. THE pound sterling was ordered by Congress to be 
 rated for customs at four dollars and eighty-four cents. 
 
 1842. A COMPANY calling themselves a " True Inspiration 
 Congregation " ( Wahre Inspirations Gemeinde) came from Ger- 
 many and settled near Buifalo. 
 
 In 1855 they moved to Iowa, settling about seventy-four miles west of Davenport. 
 They call their place Amana, and have seven villages. They are a religious 
 community, and number nearly fifteen hundred persons. Their present inspira- 
 tional leader is a woman. 
 
 1842, FEBRUARY 21. A patent for a sewing-machine was 
 granted John J. Greenough, of Washington, District of Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 The needle was pointed at both ends, with the eye in the middle, and was 
 pulled through by pincers. They were never introduced to public use. 
 
 1842. DURING the summer of this year Colonel Fremont's 
 first expedition to the Rocky Mountains was made. 
 His report was ordered printed by the Senate.
 
 588 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1842. 
 
 1842, MARCH. The House passed a resolution of censure 
 upon Joshua Giddings, a member from Ohio. 
 
 The Creole, in October, 1841, while carrying a load of slaves from Richmond 
 to New Orleans, was captured by the slaves, who rose and forced those of the 
 crew who were spared to carry the vessel to Nassau, in the British island of New 
 Providence. Here nineteen of the negroes were imprisoned for mutiny and 
 murder, others being set free. The secretary of state having opened a corre- 
 spondence concerning the case with the British government, Mr. Joshua R. Gid- 
 dings submitted a series of resolutions, maintaining that, slavery being created by 
 municipal law, the slaves in regaining their liberty had violated no law of the 
 United States, and that any attempt to re-enslave them was unauthorized by 
 the Constitution and incompatible with national honor. Upon the motion of Mr. 
 Botts, of Virginia, it was voted that Mr. Giddings " deserved the severe condemna- 
 tion of the people of this country, and of this body in particular." In the debate, 
 Mr. Giddings was denied speaking in his defence. Having resigned after the vote, 
 Mr. Giddings was returned again to the House by his constituents. 
 
 1842. CONGRESS passed a tariff law raising the average rate 
 to thirty-three per cent. 
 
 The duties were to be paid in cash on a valuation at the port of entry. The 
 President had vetoed two tariff bills previously passed. A separate act was then 
 passed to permit the distribution of the revenue from the sale of public lands, 
 notwithstanding the increase of duties. This act the President retained, thus 
 preventing it from going into force. 
 
 1842, MARCH 19. The Philadelphia banks resumed. 
 
 During the year, Pennsylvania and Maryland failed to pay the interest on their 
 debt. 
 
 1842, AUGUST. Congress passed an act giving the right to 
 patent designs. 
 
 1842. A PATENT was granted J. Read, of Illinois, for a mow- 
 ing arid reaping machine. 
 
 1842. AN act. was passed "by Congress for the settlement of 
 Florida. 
 
 Every head of a family who should make an actual settlement, and clear, 
 enclose, and cultivate five acres, building a house upon them, was entitled to a 
 quarter section. The purpose of the act was to occupy the soil, and by a cessa- 
 tion of hostilities influence the small remainder of the Seminoles to emigrate. 
 Tliis ended the Seminole war, and by successive cessions the land passed entirely 
 into the jurisdiction of the United States. The act was to remain in force one 
 year, and in that time the land was all occupied. The Seminole war had cost 
 about twenty millions of dollars. 
 
 1842. THE Croton aqueduct, of New York, was finished. 
 
 John B. Jervis was the chief engineer, and the cost of the work was twelve 
 million five hundred thousand dollars. The length of the aqueduct, from the 
 Croton River to the distributing reservoir, is forty and a half miles, and the flow 
 of water is some thirty million gallons daily at the lowest average. The con- 
 struction had taken five years.
 
 1842-3.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 589 
 
 1842, AUGUST 9. A treaty was made with Great Britain, by 
 which the north-western boundary, between the United States 
 and the British provinces, was completed. 
 
 Lord Ashburton, appointed by the English government as minister plenipo- 
 tentiary for the settlement of this matter, arrived April 3. Commissioners 
 appointed by the states of Maine and Massachusetts, and by New Brunswick, 
 were present at the negotiation. Maine surrendered a tract lying north of the 
 St. John's, the free navigation of that river being granted by Great Britain. The 
 portion of the Madawaska settlement lying south of the St. John's was relin- 
 quished by Great Britain, together with the Aroostook and Rouse's Point. For 
 the suppression of the slave-trade, each country agreed to maintain an adequate 
 squadron on the coast of Africa. Persons charged with murder, murderous 
 assault, piracy, robbery, or forgery, were to be mutually delivered up. The 
 treaty was ratified by Great Britain October 13, and proclaimed by the President 
 on November 10. 
 
 1842. A TREATY was made with Mexico. 
 
 She had failed to meet the conditions of the convention of 1838. Ratifications 
 of this new treaty were to be exchanged within three months at Washington. The 
 American claims, as stated by the President in his message of this year, amounted 
 to $2,026,079. The first payment was to be made April 30, 1843, and the whole 
 amount to be settled in quarterly payments extending over five years, in gold and 
 silver, in the city of Mexico. 
 
 1842, NOVEMBER 21. Rhode Island, by an election, ratified 
 the constitution which had been prepared for her. 
 
 The charter had up to this time remained as the basis of her organic law. 
 The constitution had been prepared by a convention called in 1841. The chief 
 discontent with the charter was the limit it placed upon the right of suffrage, it 
 being limited to land-owners and their eldest sons. At the election, Thomas W. 
 Dorr was elected governor. Samuel W. King, the governor under the charter, 
 claimed the position, ordered out the militia, declared martial law, and obtained 
 aid from the United States to suppress the rebellion. The armed resistance 
 lasted about two weeks. Dorr fled the state, but returned to answer a charge of 
 treason, on which he was found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment for life. 
 In 1847 he was pardoned, and in 1853 restored his civil rights by the legislature, 
 and the record of his sentence ordered to be blotted out. 
 
 1843, JANUARY 1. The public debt amounted to thirty-two 
 million seven hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1843, FEBRUARY 25. The bankruptcy act was repealed. 
 
 1843, MARCH 3. Congress appropriated thirty thousand dol- 
 lars for the construction of an experimental telegraph line be- 
 tween Washington and Baltimore. 
 
 1843, MARCH 4. A patent for a sewing-machine was granted 
 to Benjamin W. Bean, of New York. 
 
 It made a lasting stitch. 
 
 1843. A BLAST furnace was started in the Adirondack region. 
 In 1849 a larger furnace was constructed, and the old one abandoned.
 
 590 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1843-4. 
 
 1843. A SOCIETY for the study of natural history was organ- 
 ized at Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 1843, JUNE 16. A new constitution for Mexico was issued by 
 a junta convoked by Santa Anna. 
 
 1843, NOVEMBER. A treaty was made between Metico and 
 the United States. 
 
 It provided for the appointment of a joint commission for the examination and 
 settlement of claims for three millions of dollars, which had been left undecided 
 by the previous commission. 
 
 1843. COLONEL FREMONT made his second expedition of ex- 
 ploration. 
 
 He passed through the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, then an unknown 
 wilderness. The Great Salt Lake, the Sierra Nevada, and the valleys of Cali- 
 fornia, were brought to public notice. 
 
 1844, JANUARY 2. Santa Anna was inaugurated president 
 of Mexico under the new constitution. 
 
 The public debt of Mexico amounted to nearly one hundred millions of dollars, 
 of which sixty millions were due English creditors. The income was derived 
 from taxation, and produced about twenty millions, the expenses of the govern- 
 ment being rather more than this amount. 
 
 1844, APRIL 12. A treaty was concluded with Texas, at 
 Washington, for annexing her to the Union. 
 
 It had been made by John C. Calhoun, secretary of state, and Isaac Van 
 Zandt and J. P. Henderson representing Texas. On the 22d it was communicated 
 to the Senate, and ordered to be printed privately for their use. 
 
 1844, JUNE 8. The Senate voted against the ratification cf 
 the treaty with Texas. 
 The vote was 16 to 25. 
 
 1844. THE first hydropathic establishment in the United 
 States was opened at No. 63 Barclay Street, New York. Camp- 
 bell, publisher of the Water Cure Journal, was proprietor, and 
 Joel Shew, physician. 
 
 1844, JUNE. The experimental telegraph line, built by an 
 appropriation from Congress, was erected between Washington 
 and Baltimore. 
 
 1844. PROFESSOR JOHNSTON published his Lectures on the 
 Application of Chemistry and Geology to Agriculture. 
 
 1844. ABOUT this time guano began to be imported into the 
 United States. 
 
 Previous to 1850 the importations were less than thirty thousand tons. 
 
 1844. IN Rensslaer and Delaware counties, New York, an 
 armed resistance began by the anti-renters.
 
 1844-5.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 591 
 
 
 
 They refused to pay rents any longer to the Patroons. The resistance con- 
 tinued through 1846 and 1847. 
 
 1844. THE first successful mining operations for copper in 
 the region of Lake Superior were commenced. 
 
 Copper had heen known to exist there for nearly two hundred years, but the 
 district had been until within a few years only accessible to the hunter and 
 trapper. 
 
 1844. THE interest upon loans by the various states which 
 was unpaid amounted to over seven millions. 
 
 1844. A NORMAL school was established in Albany, New 
 York. 
 
 1844, JUNE. Smith was arrested at Nauvoo and confined in 
 the jail at Carthage, Illinois. 
 
 He had the year before declared the revelation establishing polygamy among 
 the Mormons. On the 27th of June a mob broke into the jail, captured Smith 
 and his brother, and murdered them. 
 
 1844. A COMPANY, under Dr. Keil, settled at Bethel, Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 They were a religious community. 
 
 1844, SEPTEMBER 30. Lucia di Lammermoor was presented 
 in Palmo's New York Opera House. 
 
 This was the introduction of opera in the United States. The Opera House 
 was built by Palmo in Chambers Street. The introduction of the opera ruined 
 him. The house was subsequently Burton's Theatre. 
 
 1844, DECEMBER 7. Don Joaquin de Herrera was appointed 
 president of Mexico ad interim. 
 
 An insurrection had deposed Santa Anna, and captured him. He was banished 
 in January, 1845. 
 
 1841-45. NINTH administration. 
 
 President, William H. Harrison, of Ohio. Died April 4, 1841. 
 
 Vice-President, John Tyler, of Virginia. 
 
 ' Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1841. 
 
 Resigned May 8, 1843. 
 Hugh S. Legare, of South Carolina, May 9, 1843. 
 
 Secretaries of State, 
 
 Secretaries of Treasury, 
 
 Died June 20, 1843. 
 Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, July 24, 1843. Killed 
 
 February 28, 1844. 
 
 John Nelson, of Maryland, February 29, 1844. 
 John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, March 6, 1844. 
 Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, March 5, 1841. Resigned 
 
 September 11, 1841. 
 Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, September 13, 
 
 1841. Resigned March 1, 1843. 
 John C. Spencer, of New York, March 3, 1843. 
 .George M. Bibb, of Kentucky, June 15, 1844.
 
 592 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1845. 
 
 Secretaries of War, 
 
 Secretaries of Navy, 
 
 Postmasters-General, 
 
 John Bell, of Tennessee, March 5, 1841. Resigned 
 September 11, 1841. 
 
 John C. Spencer, of New York, October 12, 1841. 
 
 James M. Porter, of Pennsylvania, March 8, 1843. 
 .William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, Feb. 15, 1844. 
 
 George E. Badger, of North Carolina, March 5, 1841. 
 Resigned September 11, 1841. 
 
 Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, September 13, 1841. 
 
 David Henshaw, of Massachusetts, July 24, 1843. 
 
 Thomas W. Gilmer, of Virginia, February 15, 1844. 
 Died February 28, 1844. 
 
 John Y. Mason, of Virginia, March 14, 1844. 
 
 Francis Granger, of New York, March 6, 1841. Re- 
 signed September 12, 1841. 
 
 Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, Sept. 13, 1841. 
 
 ( Hugh S. Legare, of South Carolina, Sept. 13, 1841. 
 Attorneys-General, J _ , B _ . -.. , . , . . 
 
 \John Nelson, of Maryland, July 1, 1843. 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 John White, of Kentucky, Twenty-eighth Congress, 1841. 
 John W. Jones, of Virginia, Twenty-ninth Congress, 1843. 
 
 1845, JANUARY 22. Santa Anna was banished again from 
 Mexico, and the sentence was declared to be perpetual. 
 
 From 1839, after the close of the war with France, until 1845, revolutions had suc- 
 ceeded each other, and Santa Bravo and Canalize had successively been presidents. 
 
 1845, FEBRUARY. Pennsylvania resumed payment. 
 
 1845, MARCH 1. The President approved a bill for the an- 
 nexation of. Texas. 
 
 The debate upon this subject had been long and violent. President Tyler's 
 term ended on the 3d of March. The resolutions, as finally adopted, read : " That 
 Congress doth consent that the territory properly included within, and rightfully 
 belonging to the republic of Texas, may be erected into a new state, to be called 
 the state of Texas, with a republican form of government, to be adopted by the 
 people of said republic, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent 
 of the existing government, in order that the same may be admitted as one of the 
 states of this Union." " That if the President of the United States shall, in his 
 judgment and discretion, deem it most advisable, instead of proceeding to submit 
 the foregoing resolutions to the republic of Texas as an overture on the part of 
 the United States for admission, to negotiate with that republic ; then, Be it re- 
 solved, that a state, to be formed out of the present republic of Texas, with suit- 
 able extent and boundaries, and with two representatives in Congress until the 
 next apportionment of representation, shall be admitted into the Union, by virtue 
 of this act, on an equal footing with the existing states, as soon as the terms and 
 conditions of such admission, and the cession of the remaining Texan territory 
 to the United States, shall be agreed upon by the governments of Texas and the 
 United States. 
 
 " That the sum of one hundred thousand dollars be appropriated to defray the 
 expenses of missions and negotiations to agree upon the terms of said admission 
 and cession, either by treaty to be submitted to the senate, or by articles to be 
 submitted to the two houses of Congress, as the President may direct."
 
 1845.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 593 
 
 1845. CONGRESS passed acts admitting Florida and Iowa to 
 the Union. 
 
 They had each formed constitutions, which were presented to Congress. 
 
 1845. CONGRESS passed an act fixing the Tuesday next after 
 the first Monday of November as the day for choosing presiden- 
 tial electors in all the states. 
 
 1845. CONGRESS reduced the rate of postage. 
 
 It was made five cents on single letters not exceeding three hundred miles, 
 and ten cents over that distance. 
 
 1845, MARCH 6. The Mexican minister, Almonte, protested 
 to the secretary of state against the annexation of Texas, and 
 asked his passports. 
 
 Under instructions from his government, he spoke of it as dismembering an 
 integral part of Mexican territory, and declared the purpose of Mexico to recover 
 the territory she was thus despoiled of. 
 
 1845, MAT 1. The Washington Union appeared at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 It was published by Thomas Ritchie and John P. Heiss, and was made the 
 organ of the government, and continued so during the administration of James 
 K. Polk. On the 13th of September, 1847, two resolutions were introduced in 
 the Senate, the first to exclude the editor of the Union from the privilege of the 
 floor, for a Jibcl upon the Senate, and the second to exclude the reporters of the 
 Union from the reporters' gallery. They were debated two days, when, the 
 second resolution having been withdrawn, the first was passed by a vote of 
 twenty-seven to twenty-one. In 1849, with the inauguration of President Tay- 
 lor, the Union ceased to be the organ of the government; but at the inaugu- 
 ration of Franklin Pierce, in 1853, it was restored to its position, and continued 
 it when Buchanan was inaugurated in 1857, with John Appleton as editor, and 
 ceased with the opening of the civil war. 
 
 1845, JUNE 3. The True American appeared in Lexington, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 It was edited by Cassius M. Clay, and advocated the abolition of slavery. 
 The press was seized by a mob, but the paper was continued, being printed in 
 Cincinnati, and published in Lexington, and then in Louisville. 
 
 1845. THE Mormons were driven from Nauvoo, and ordered 
 to leave Illinois. 
 
 1845, JUNE 16. The Texan congress accepted the terms of 
 annexation to the United States. 
 
 At the same session, n, peaceful settlement of the question offered by Mexico, 
 by acknowledging the independence of Texas on certain conditions, was rejected. 
 
 1845, JULY 4. The annexation of Texas was made complete. 
 
 Information had been received of the action of the Texas senate. 
 
 1845, DECEMBER. The President in his message to Congress, 
 38
 
 594 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1845-6. 
 
 stated that he had " deemed it proper, as a precautionary meas- 
 ure, to order a strong squadron to the coast of Mexico, and to 
 concentrate a sufficient military force on the western frontier of 
 Texas." 
 
 1845, DECEMBER 30. Herrera, who had succeeded . Canalize 
 as president, was displaced, and General Paredes appointed. 
 
 1845. PETROLEUM was obtained in boring for salt near Ta- 
 rentum, on the Alleghany, thirty-five miles above Pittsburg. 
 
 Two small springs continued to yield for years. Before this, the Seneca In- 
 dians gathered supplies of it, and it was known as Seneca oil, or Genesee oil, 
 from its being found also near the head of the Genesee River. 
 
 1845. MARGARET FULLER'S Woman in the Nineteenth Century 
 was published. 
 
 It demanded that every avenue, educational and industrial, should be open to 
 women, and especially that she should be socially free. 
 
 1845. THE naval school at Annapolis was established. 
 
 1845. THE new constitution of Louisiana was framed and 
 adopted. 
 
 1846, JANUARY. The army was ordered to take up a position 
 on the left bank of the Rio Grande. 
 
 It had been at Corpus Christi since the previous August. No hostile act had 
 been committed by the Mexicans. On the 28th of March, the army of occupa- 
 tion camped opposite Matamoras. 
 
 1846, JANUARY 3. General Paredes was appointed to the 
 presidency of Mexico. 
 
 He had headed an insurrection against Herrera, who resigned the office. 
 
 1846, MAY. Colonel Fremont, on his third exploring expedi- 
 tion, arrived in the valley of the Sacramento, and took part in 
 the movement for the independence of California. 
 
 It was accomplished before the arrival of Commodore Sloat at Monterey. 
 With the arrival of the American forces, the Independents united with them. 
 
 1846, MAY 11. The President sent a message to Congress, 
 stating that Mexico had begun hostilities, and calling upon Con- 
 gress to recognize the existence of war, and make provision for 
 its vigorous prosecution. 
 
 On the 13th, both houses having passed the bills necessary for raising the 
 requisite men and money, they were signed by the President, who issued a 
 proclamation of war. The bill for the supplies contained in its preamble that 
 war existed by the act of the republic of Mexico. To this statement objection 
 was made. 
 
 1846. A COMMUNITY, under the direction of J. H. Noyes, was 
 formed at Putney, Vermont.
 
 1846.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 595 
 
 Being mobbed and driven away in 1848, they settled at Oneida, New York. 
 They call themselves "The Perfectionists," and have a branch settlement at 
 Wallingford, Connecticut. 
 
 1846. A COMPANY from Sweden, under the leadership of 
 Olaf Olson, settled at Bishop Hill, in Illinois. 
 
 They were a religious community. In 1853 they were incorporated as an 
 association by the legislature, and in 1860 divided their property, and in 1862 
 ceased to exist. 
 
 1846, JUNE 15. A treaty between Great Britain and the 
 United States settled the Oregon question. 
 
 The country was greatly excited concerning the question. Congress, after a 
 long and violent discussion, had passed a resolution, which was approved by the 
 President on the 27th of April, to give notice to Great Britain for the abrogation 
 of the joint occupancy of Oregon as settled by the convention of August 6, 1827. 
 The notice had been sent, and the suspense, as to its reception by Great Britain 
 was fortunately ended by the news of the treaty. The dividing line, by the 
 treaty, was the forty-ninth degree of latitude, from the Stony Mountains west to 
 the middle of the channel separating Vancouver's Island from the main land ; 
 thence southerly through the middle of the channel and of Fuca's Straits to the 
 Pacific. The channel and straits to be free, as also the great northern branch of 
 the Columbia River. The treaty was ratified and proclaimed by the President, 
 August 5, 1846. 
 
 1846, JULY 3. Congress passed a tariff act to take effect 
 December 1. It was intended for revenue. 
 
 Alj. articles not free were charged ad valorem duties. The duties were cash ; 
 and the bonded warehouse system was inaugurated. The collections were in 
 coin, and the independent treasury system for the transaction of the government's 
 business in cash was inaugurated. The tariff averaged twenty-four and a half 
 per cent. 
 
 1846. THE first volume of the American SJiort-horn Herd- 
 Book was published. 
 
 1846, JULY 7. The Pacific squadron took possession of Mon- 
 terey, Mexico. 
 
 Commodore Sloat was in command of the squadron. 
 
 1846, JULY 9. Commodore Montgomery captured Francisco. 
 
 1846, JULY 15. Commodore Stockton took possession of Los 
 Angeles, the capital. 
 
 He took possession in the name of the Presidentof the United States. Colonel 
 Fremont, with a party of Americans, had previously established an independent 
 government at Francisco. 
 
 1846, JULY 22. Congress authorized the issue of treasury 
 notes, " not exceeding the sum of ten millions of dollars of this 
 emission outstanding at any one time." 
 
 They were to be issued " as the exigencies of the government may require." 
 Or the president might borrow, giving stock for the sum he borrowed, provided
 
 596 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1846-7. 
 
 that " the sum so borrowed, together with the treasury notes," did not exceed ten 
 millions. The treasury notes and the stock were to bear six per cent, interest, 
 and no part was to be disposed of "at less than par." 
 
 1846. CONGRESS passed a warehouse bill. 
 
 It authorized the storage in public stores of imported articles, the duty to be 
 paid when they were withdrawn for consumption. 
 
 1846, AUGUST 6. The independent treasury was re-estab- 
 lished, and the receipts and disbursements of the government 
 were ordered to be in gold. 
 
 An issue of treasury notes, and a loan or loans to the amount of twenty-eight 
 million dollars were authorized. 
 
 1846. THE Smithsonian Institute was founded. 
 
 1 846, SEPTEMBER 10. A patent for a sewing-machine was 
 granted to Elias Howe, Jr., of Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 It had the eye of the needle near the point, and, by the use of a shuttle, made 
 a lock stitch. In 1350, the Singer machine was patented; in 1851, the Wheeler 
 and Wilson; in 1852, the Grover and Baker; in 1857, the Wilcox and Gibbs, 
 besides various others, modifications and improvements upon the original idea. 
 
 1846. A PATENT for a carpet power-loom, for making two and 
 three ply ingrain, was granted to Erastus B. Bigelow, of Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 1846, SEPTEMBER 20. The American army, under General 
 Taylor, stormed Monterey, in Mexico. 
 
 The contest lasted three days, when the garrison capitulated. 
 
 1846, SEPTEMBER 24. Monterey surrendered to the forces 
 under General Taylor. 
 
 1846, OCTOBER 16. The first public application of ether, to 
 deaden pain in surgical operations, was made at the Massachu- 
 setts General Hospital. 
 
 It had been used before in dental operations. There are three claimants to 
 the credit of first suggesting it. Dr. Morton and Dr. Jackson, of Boston, and 
 Dr. Wells, of Hartford, Connecticut. 
 
 1846, DECEMBER 23. Santa Anna was elected provisional 
 president of Mexico, and Gomez Farias vice-president. 
 
 Santa Anna had returned, and the constitution of 1824 had been re-established. 
 
 1847, JANUARY 9. A decree was passed by the congress of 
 Mexico authorizing the government to raise fifteen millions of 
 dollars, to carry on the war with the United States, by the sale 
 or mortgage of the real estate then in possession of the Church. 
 
 The decree was approved by the president, and protested against by the 
 archbishop.
 
 1847.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMEEICA. 597 
 
 1847, FEBRUARY 22. The battle of Buena Vista was fought. 
 
 It lasted two days. The Mexicans, under Santa Anna, were defeated by the 
 Americans under General Taylor. 
 
 1847, MARCH 9. General Scott with his army landed at 
 Vera Cruz, and with the fleet, under Commodore Connor, in- 
 vested the town. 
 
 On the 29th the fort and town surrendered. It had been bombarded nine days. 
 
 1847, MARCH 29. Yera Cruz was captured by the Americans 
 under General Scott. 
 
 1847, APRIL 18. The battle of Cerro Gordo was fought. 
 
 It occurred in a pass on the road from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, to- 
 wards which General Scott was advancing. The Mexicans were commanded by 
 Santa Anna. The battle lasted two days, and was one of the most decisive of the 
 war, the Mexicans being defeated. 
 
 1847. THE type-revolving press was patented by Richard 
 M. Hoe. 
 
 The type set on cylinders, revolves. The ten-cylinder presses, which make 
 the printing of the modern newspaper possible, were the outgrowth of this inven- 
 tion. 
 
 1847, APRIL 19. General Scott with his army entered Jalapa. 
 
 Four days after, the castle of Perote, the strongest fortress after Vera Cruz in 
 Mexico, was in possession of the Americans. 
 
 1847, MAY 8. The battle of Palo Alto was fought 
 
 The Mexicans, under General Arista, were defeated. The next day, the battle 
 of Resaca de la Palma took place, in which again General Taylor was victorious, 
 the Mexicans retreating across the Rio Grande. 
 
 1847, AUGUST. General Scott with his army reached the 
 city of Mexico, and made an armistice with Santa Anna for the 
 purpose of negotiating a peace. 
 
 In September hostilities began again, each party accusing the other of violat- 
 ing the armistice. 
 
 1847, AUGUST 20. The battle of Churubusco was fought. 
 
 The Mexicans, under Santa Anna, retreated towards the city of Mexico, and 
 General Scott continued his advance with his army. 
 
 1847. THE National Era appeared in Washington. 
 
 It was published by Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, and was in the interest of the aboli- 
 tion party. In 1851 Uncle Tom's Cabin appeared in it as a serial. The National 
 Era was a continuation of The Philanthropist, which Dr. Bailey, with James C. 
 Birney, had printed in Cincinnati, where it was several times mobbed, but was 
 continued until Dr. Bailey moved to Washington and commenced the National 
 Era. This was also mobbed. 
 
 1847. GOLD was discovered in California.
 
 598 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1847-8. 
 
 1847-57. THE government paid only gold coin. 
 
 1847. THE Springfidd Republican appeared in Springfield, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 It was published by Samuel Bowles & Co. 
 
 1847, AUGUST 20. The battle of Contreras took place in 
 Mexico. 
 
 It was fought in the night. The Mexicans were commanded by General 
 Valencia, and were defeated by the Americans under General Scott. 
 
 1847. SALT LAKE CITY, Utah, was founded by the Mormons. 
 
 Brigham Young, with an advance party, reached Salt Lake Valley, in Utah. 
 The rest of the community did not arrive until the next autumn. 
 
 1847, AUGUST 31. Illinois accepted her present constitution. 
 
 1847. GENEVA COLLEGE admitted a woman student to the 
 medical department. 
 
 The other medical colleges had all refused. The student was Elizabeth 
 Blackwell, who, after her graduation in 1849, completed her studies in Paris. 
 
 1847. A PATENT for a power-loom to make Brussels and 
 tapestry carpets Avas granted to Erastus B. Bigelow. 
 
 1847, SEPTEMBER 8. The battle of El Molino del Rey was 
 fought. 
 
 The Americans were the attacking party, and were eventually victorious. 
 
 1847, SEPTEMBER 13. The fortress of Chapultepec was car- 
 ried by storm. 
 
 It commanded the city of Mexico. Its capture by the Americans, under 
 General Scott, practically ended the Mexican war. 
 
 1847. AN appropriation was made for the survey of the 
 government mineral lands in Michigan. 
 
 Dr. C. T. Jackson was made superintendent of the survey. 
 
 1848, JANUARY 1. Girard College was opened in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 It was founded for the education of orphan boys from a bequest of two million 
 dollars left by Stephen Girard. By his special provisions the pupils are taught 
 morality, but all dogmatic religious instruction was forbidden. No minister, 
 missionary, or ecclesiastic was ever to have anything to do with the institution, 
 or even to be admitted as a visitor. 
 
 1848, FEBRUARY 1. A convention at Madison City accepted 
 a constitution for the state of Wisconsin. 
 
 It was ratified by the people of the state March 14, and the same year the 
 state was admitted to the Union. 
 
 1848, FEBRUARY 2. A treaty of peace between Mexico and 
 the United States was made at Guadalupe Hidalgo.
 
 1848.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 599 
 
 It was negotiated by Mr. Trist, who had been authorized by the President to 
 make a treaty, and the Mexican commissioners. By it the Rio Grande was ac- 
 knowledged as the boundary between Mexico and the United States, and New 
 Mexico and California were ceded to the United States, who agreed to pay 
 Mexico fifteen millions of dollars, and assume the payment of American claims 
 for an amount not to exceed three and a quarter millions. The treaty was ratified 
 by both governments, and proclaimed by the President of the United States July 
 4, 1848. 
 
 1848. THE Illinois and Michigan Canal was finished. 
 
 The work had been begun the 4th of July, 1836. 
 
 1848. A MEETING was held at Seneca Falls, New York, to 
 inaugurate the movement for the political equality of women. 
 
 It was called by Mrs. Lucretia Mott and Mrs. E. C. Stanton. The same year 
 another meeting for the same purpose was held at Rochester, New York, and a 
 third at Salem, Ohio. This last was conducted entirely by women. 
 
 1848. THE New York State Agricultural Society had a trial 
 of reapers at their fair in Buffalo. 
 
 The machines were thought to be unequal to the common scythe. 
 
 1848. ONE thousand pounds of guano were imported. 
 
 The next year over 21,000 pounds were imported, and between 1860 and 1870, 
 887,585 tons. The first guano imported into England consisted of twenty casks 
 aent there in 1840. In 1841, 2000 tons were carried there. Attention had been 
 called to the value of guano as a fertilizer by Humboldt and Sir Humphrey 
 Davy. 
 
 1848. MARCH. The "spirit rapping" phenomenon began in 
 the house of John D. Fox, in Hydesville, New York. 
 
 It was on the 31st of the month that the two daughters, near whose bed the 
 noises occurred, first attempted to have the "spirits" answer questions. Soon 
 after, the family removed to Rochester, and there the table-tipping, &c., began, and 
 in November, 1849, a public meeting was called to investigate the subject, at 
 which the Misses Fox made their first public appearance. 
 
 1848. AFTER the treaty between the United States and 
 Mexico, Santa Anna was again banished, and Herrera was ap- 
 pointed president. 
 
 1848, JULY. A school for the instruction of idiots was opened 
 at Barre, Massachusetts. 
 
 Dr. Hervey B. Wilbur was the instructor. In 1851 permanent institutions 
 were organized by the states of Massachusetts and New York, and in 1857 Ohio 
 and Pennsylvania organized institutions. 
 
 1848, OCTOBER 25. The works for supplying Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, with water from Cochituate Lake were completed. 
 The aqueduct is twenty-three miles long. The works were begun in 1846.
 
 00 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1849. 
 
 1848. MARYLAND resumed payment. 
 
 1848. THE Republic appeared in Washington. 
 
 It was published as the organ of General Taylor's administration by Alexander 
 Babbitt and John O. Sargent, but did not long survive the death of General Tay- 
 lor, when the National Intelligencer was made the organ of President Fillmore. 
 
 1848 OCTOBER. A convention was held in New Mexico, and 
 a petition sent to Congress praying that the territory should be 
 protected against the introduction of slavery. 
 
 The provision, known as the Wilmot proviso, had been unsuccessfully intro- 
 duced into Congress several times since 1846. It substantially was the extension 
 of the ordinance of 1787 forbidding the introduction of slavery into the new terri- 
 tory acquired by the United States. The persistence with which it was voted 
 down led to the introduction of anti-slavery as the basis for a new political party 
 called the " free soil" party. 
 
 1845-1849. TENTH administration. 
 
 President, James K. Polk, of Tennessee. 
 
 Vice-President, Geo. M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Secretary of State, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, March 5, 1846. 
 
 Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, March 5, 1845. 
 
 Secretary of War, William L. Marcy, of New York, March 5, 1845. 
 
 f George Bancroft, of Massachusetts, March 10, 1845. 
 Secretaries of Navy, | John y MasoQ) of Virginia, September 9, 1846. 
 Postmaster-General, Cave Johnson, of Tennessee, March 5, 1845. 
 
 ( John Y. Mason, of Virginia, March 5, 1845. 
 Attorneys-General, J Nathan Clifford, of Maine, October 17, 1846. 
 
 (.Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, June 21, 1848. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 John W. Davis, of Indiana, Twenty-ninth Congress, 1845. 
 Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, Thirtieth Congress, 1847. 
 
 1849, JANUARY 1. The public debt amounted to sixty-three 
 millions. 
 
 1849. THE Erie Railway was completed. 
 
 1849. THE New York Associated Press Association was 
 formed. 
 
 There had been combinations of newspapers before for the purpose of obtain- 
 ing news, but this was the most extensive and permanent one. It was composed 
 of the Journal of Commerce, the Courier and Enquirer, the Tribune, Ilerdld, 
 Sun, and Express. In 1851 the Times became a member, and in 1859 the World. 
 
 1849, JANUARY 5. The Senate confirmed a convention be- 
 tween Great Britain and the United States for the " improve- 
 ment of the communication by post between the two countries." 
 
 It had been made on the 15th of December, 1848. 
 
 1849. THE "Department of the Interior," or home depart- 
 ment, was created by Congress.
 
 1849-50.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 601 
 
 Its head officer had the title Secretary of the Interior, and was a member of 
 the Cabinet. 
 
 1849, MACRH 3. Congress added the double eagle and the 
 dollar to the number of gold coins. 
 
 1849, MARCH 3. Minnesota was organized as a territory, and 
 Alexander Ramsey was appointed the first governor. 
 
 1849, MAY 10. The Astor-Place riot took place in New York 
 city. 
 
 The friends of Edwin Forrest, an actor, sought to prevent Macready, the Eng- 
 lish actor, from playing at the Opera House. 
 
 1849, AUGUST 11. The President issued a proclamation for- 
 bidding the fitting out of warlike expeditions against Cuba. 
 
 The expedition which was in preparation was given up. 
 
 1849, SEPTEMBER 1. A convention met at Monterey, and 
 formed a constitution for California. 
 
 The discovery of gold had led to an influx of emigration from all over the 
 world. The constitution forbade any legal distinctions on religious grounds ; 
 foreigners, who are dona fide citizens, were secured the same rights as natives ; 
 wives were secured in their right to hold property independent of the husband's 
 control ; the state was forbidden to lend its credit to any corporation, or become 
 a stockholder in any such. 
 
 1850, APRIL. A treaty was made between the United States 
 and Great Britain, known as the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. 
 
 By it both countries covenanted that neither would ever occupy, colonize, or 
 exercise dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito coast, or any part 
 of Central America. 
 
 1850, MAY 24. An Arctic expedition in search of Sir John 
 Franklin sailed from New York. 
 
 It consisted of the "Advance" and the "Rescue," under the command of 
 Lieutenant De Haven. The ships were fitted out by the government, the expense 
 being paid by Henry Grinnell, of New York. The expedition returned in Octo- 
 ber, 1851. 
 
 1850, JUNE 10. " Tho American Bible Union " was organ- 
 ized in New York. 
 
 1850, JULY 9. President Taylor died. 
 
 The next day, Vice-President Fillmore took the oath of office as President. 
 
 1850. THE Collins line of steamers began to run between 
 New York and Liverpool. 
 
 They were an American line. 
 
 1850, JULY 31. Utah was organized as a territory. 
 
 Salt Lake City was made the capital, and Colonel Steptoe appointed governor, 
 Brigham Young, the Mormon leader, being deposed. The Mormons refused to 
 submit to the authority of the government, and forced the federal judges to leave 
 the territory.
 
 602 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1850-51. 
 
 1850. NEW MEXICO was organized into a territory, and a bill 
 fixing the boundaries of Texas passed by Congress. 
 
 By a proviso it was agreed that the provisions of the bill should not impair the 
 joint resolution of 1845 for the annexation of Texas, either as regards the num- 
 ber of states that might be formed out of the state of Texas, or otherwise. 
 
 1850, AUGUST. The fugitive slave bill was passed by Con- 
 gress. 
 
 It imposed a fine of one thousand dollars, and six months imprisonment, on 
 any person harboring fugitive slaves, or aiding them to escape. 
 
 1850, SEPTEMBER 9. California was admitted into the Union. 
 
 The act was passed by Congress after a long and violent debate. 
 
 1850, SEPTEMBER. The slave trade was abolished in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, by act of Congress. 
 
 1850, OCTOBER 19. The first national convention of the wo- 
 man suffrage party was held at Worcester, Massachusetts. 
 
 It was called by Mrs. Paulina Wright Davis, who presided over it. The con- 
 vention was in session two days, the 19th and 20th. 
 
 1850. A COMPANY under Etienne Cabet settled at Nauvoo, 
 Illinois. 
 
 They bought the houses deserted by the Mormons. They were a community. 
 Eventually this settlement was abandoned, and a portion settled at Corning, Iowa, 
 where they formed the Icarian community. 
 
 1850. THE act providing for the census this year fixed the 
 number of members the House of Representatives should con- 
 tain, so that the ratio of the representation of the different states 
 had to be calculated to suit this limit. 
 
 This simple measure put an end to the disputes which had constantly arisen 
 from the formation of the government concerning the ratios of representation. 
 
 1850. THE use of the whip on shipboard, both in the navy 
 and the merchant service, was abolished by an act of Congress. 
 
 1850. THE manufacture of zinc was begun by the New Jer- 
 sey Zinc Company. 
 
 1851, MARCH 3. Congress added the three-cent piece to the 
 number of silver coins. 
 
 1851. THE public debt of the United States amounted to 
 sixty-three million three hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1851. THE legislature of Maine passed a law prohibiting the 
 manufacture, sale, or use of intoxicating drinks. 
 
 1851. THE Congressional Library was founded at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 1851. THE State University of Wisconsin was founded.
 
 1851-2.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 603 
 
 It was established at Madison, and endowed with three hundred and fifty thou- 
 sand dollars. 
 
 1851, SEPTEMBER 1. A mob destroyed the quarantine build- 
 ings at Castleton, Staten Island, New York. 
 
 The health officers of the town had declared the Quarantine Hospital a 
 nuisance. The island was declared in rebellion, and the governor ordered troops 
 there. A floating hospital, about twelve miles from the shore, was subsequently 
 arranged. 
 
 1851, SEPTEMBER 18. The New York Times appeared in New 
 York city. 
 
 It was published by Henry J. Raymond, George Jones, E. B. Morgan, D. B. 
 St. John, and E. R. Wesley. The firm afterwards was styled Henry J. Raymond 
 & Co. Henry J. Raymond was the editor. He died June 18, 1869. 
 
 1851. THE New York Ledger appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was published by Robert Bonner, and was founded upon the Merchants' 
 Ledger, which he had purchased. By a persistent course of advertising, it has 
 been brought to an enormous circulation, which is said to reach nearly four hun- 
 dred thousand. 
 
 1852. AT a fair of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture a 
 competition of reapers was held. 
 
 The judges reported there was no striking superiority in any of the machines 
 shown. The New York State Agricultural Society had a competition of mowers 
 and reapers at their fair at Geneva, in which nine reapers and seven mowers com- 
 peted. The judges decided that, in comparison with the hand-cradle, they showed 
 a saving of eighty-eight and three-fourth cents an acre. 
 
 1852. THE third national woman's rights convention was 
 held at Syracuse, New York. 
 
 Susan B. Anthony first appeared publicly in this convention. 
 
 1852. ANTIOCH COLLEGE, at Yellow Springs, Ohio, was incor- 
 porated. 
 
 It was the first institution for the co-education of the sexes in the same course 
 of study. Horace Mann, of Massachusetts was chosen its president, and con- 
 tinued there until his death. 
 
 1852. THE Public City Library, at Boston, Massachusetts, 
 was founded. 
 
 1852. A MINT was established in San Francisco, California. 
 
 Previously, gold dust, or coins made by private parties, had served as a 
 currency. 
 
 1852. THE Smithsonian Institute organized a system of vol- 
 unteer reports of meteorological observations, extending all 
 over the country. 
 
 In 1874 they were given in charge of the Signal Service Bureau.
 
 G04 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1853. 
 
 1849-1853. ELEVENTH administration. 
 
 President, Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, died July 9, 1850. 
 
 Vice-President, Millard Fillraore, of New York, succeeded to office. 
 
 r J. M. Clayton, of Delaware, March 7, 1849. 
 Secretaries of State, J. Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, July 20, 1850. 
 
 I Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, December 9, 1852. 
 
 ,. _ f W. M. Meredith, of Pennsylvania, March 7, 1849. 
 
 Secretaries of Treasury, { Thomftg ^^.^ Qf Ohio? Ju]y ^ ^ 
 
 {G. W. Crawford, of Georgia, March 7, 1849. 
 W. A. Graham, of North Carolina, July 20, 1850. 
 John P. Kennedy, of Maryland, July 22, 1852. 
 . C William Preston, of Virginia, March 7, 1849. 
 
 aVy ' I William Graham, of North Carolina, July 20, 1850. 
 
 /-Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, March 7, 1849. 
 
 Secretaries of Interior, I Jameg A p earce> o f Maryland, July 20, 1850. 
 (a new office,) L Alexander H. H. Stuart, of Virginia, Sept. 12, 1850. 
 
 r Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, March 9, 1849. 
 Postmasters-General, -I N. K. Hall, of New York, July 20, 1850. 
 
 L Samuel D. Hubbard, of Connecticut, August 31, 1852. 
 pi ( Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, March 7, 1849. 
 
 i John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, July 20, 1850. 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Thirty-first Congress, 1849. 
 Linn Boyd, of Kentucky, Thirty-second Congress, 1851. 
 
 1853, JANUARY 1. Una appeared in Providence, Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 It was the first woman's rights paper, and was edited by Mrs. Paulina Wright 
 Davis, who had lectured before women upon physiology as early as 1844. 
 
 1853. THE first woman's medical college was opened in 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 The same jear, Antoinette Brown was ordained as a minister of a church in 
 New York state. 
 
 1853, JANUARY 1. The Illustrated News appeared in New 
 York city. 
 
 It lived only a year. 
 
 1853, FEBRUARY 21. Congress added the three-dollar gold 
 piece to the number of coins. 
 
 Silver being rated so low that it was exported, the weight of silver in the coin- 
 age was lessened, and the mint made a charge for coining it for individuals. 
 The silver coins issued under this were made " legal tenders in payment of debts 
 for all sums not exceeding five dollars." 
 
 1853, MARCH 3. Congress passed an act instituting a survey 
 of a railway route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. 
 
 Supplementary acts were passed in May and August, 1854. The report of the 
 surveys was published in 1855-61, in thirteen volumes.
 
 1853.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 605 
 
 1853. WASHINGTON TERRITORY was formed from the northern 
 half of Oregon. 
 
 1853. CONGRESS voted the payment of seven millions for the 
 Gadsden purchase from Mexico. 
 
 It added twenty-seven thousand five hundred square miles to the territory of 
 the United States. 
 
 1853, MARCH 4. Franklin Pierce, in his inaugural address as 
 President, expressed the conviction that the question of slavery 
 was settled. 
 
 He said : " I believe that involuntary servitude, as it exists in different states in 
 this confederacy, is recognized by the Constitution. I believe that it stands like 
 any other admitted right, and that the states where it exists are entitled to efficient 
 remedies to enforce the constitutional provisions. I hold that the laws of 1850, 
 commonly called the ' compromise measures,' are strictly constitutional, and to be 
 unhesitatingly carried into effect. I fervently hope that the question is at rest, 
 and that no sectional, or ambitious, or fanatical excitement may again threaten 
 the durability of our institutions, or obscure the light of our prosperity." 
 
 1853, MARCH 17. Santa Anna, who had been recalled from 
 exile, was for the fifth time placed at the head of the Mexican 
 government, with the title of President. 
 
 In reality he was clothed with unlimited power. 
 
 1853, MAY 10. The British Parliament abolished in Canada 
 the " clergy reserves." 
 
 1853, JULY 14. The Crystal Palace, New York, was opened 
 for a universal industrial exhibition. 
 
 1853, JULY. .Martin Koszta, an Hungarian by birth, but a 
 naturalized citizen, was liberated, as such, by the Austrian au- 
 thorities. 
 
 The demand was made by Captain Ingraham, in command of the sloop-of-war 
 St. Louis. The occurrence took place at Smyrna, where Koszta had been seized 
 by the Austrian consul-general. For this vindication of the rights of naturalized 
 citizens, Congress voted Captain Ingraham a medal. 
 
 1853. A SECOND Arctic expedition in search of Sir John 
 Franklin sailed from New York in the spring. 
 
 It was commanded by Dr. Kane. The expense was borne by Messrs. Grinnell 
 of New York, and Peabody of London. It returned in the fall of 1855. 
 
 1853. THE first volume of the American Nautical Almanack 
 was published. 
 
 It was supervised by Captain C. H. Davis, who was assisted by Professors 
 Peirce and Winlock, of Harvard University. 
 
 1853. THE first successful steam fire-engine was used in 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 It was built by A. B. Latta. In 1841, one had been built for the insurance 
 companies in New York, but its excessive weight rendered it practically useless.
 
 606 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1853-4. 
 
 1853. THE New York Clipper appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was published by Frank Queen, and was the first theatrical journal. 
 
 1853. THE New York Clearing House was established. 
 
 It was organized by fifty-two banks in the city, and enables them to settle bal- 
 ances of millions by the payment of the slight difference of accounts. In the 
 spring of 1856, the Boston Clearing House went into operation. 
 
 1854, JANUARY 9. The Astor Library, in New York city, 
 was opened to the public. 
 
 John Jacob Astor left the endowment for it at his death in 1848. 
 
 1854. THE artesian well in the Belcher Sugar Refinery at 
 St. Louis was completed. 
 
 It was begun in 1849, and is said to be the deepest in the world, being 2199 
 feet deep. 
 
 1854. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper appeared in New 
 York city. 
 
 1854, MAY 30. An act was passed "to organize the terri- 
 tories of Kansas and Nebraska." 
 
 The bill was introduced by Stephen A. Douglas, the chairman of the Senate 
 committee on territories. One of its provisions was as follows : " That the consti- 
 tution and all the laws of the United States which are not locally inapplicable, 
 shall have the same force and effect within the said territory as elsewhere within 
 the United States, except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admis- 
 sion of Missouri into the Union, approved March 6, 1820, which being inconsist- 
 ent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the states 
 and territories, as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the 
 Compromise Measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void : it being the 
 true intent and meaning of this act, not to legislate slavery into any territory or 
 state, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to 
 form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the 
 constitution of the United States : Provided, that nothing herein contained shall 
 be construed to revive or put in force any law or regulation which may have 
 existed prior to the act of 6th of March, 1820, either protecting, establishing, 
 prohibiting, or abolishing slavery." On the passage of this act societies were 
 instituted in both the northern and southern states to aid emigration to Kansas, 
 those in the northern to keep slavery from Kansas, and those in the southern 
 to introduce it. 
 
 1854. A TREATY was made with Japan. 
 
 It was made by Commodore Perry, and opened that country to commericial 
 intercourse with the United States. 
 
 1854. A RECIPROCITY treaty was made between Great Britain 
 and the United States. 
 
 It opened the colonial ports to commerce. 
 
 1854. A FACTORY for preparing kerosene oil was started at 
 Newtown, Long Island.
 
 1854-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 607 
 
 1854, MAY 31. The President issued a proclamation denoun- 
 cing a contemplated expedition against Cuba. 
 
 1854, JULY 13. A United States frigate bombarded and 
 burned Greytown, Nicaragua. 
 
 She had been sent to demand reparation for property stolen from American 
 citizens, and when it was refused, fired upon the town. 
 
 1854, AUGUST. The Ostend manifesto was issued. 
 
 It was issued by our representatives at London, Madrid, and Paris, Buchan- 
 an, Soule, and Mason, respectively, who met at Ostend, and published the 
 result of their conference concerning Cuba. In it they urged that Cuba, from its 
 geographical position, should belong to the United States, and that should Spain 
 free the slaves there, the United States should endeavor by force to possess the 
 island. 
 
 1854, AUGUST 2. The reciprocity treaty between England 
 and the United States regulating the relation between the latter 
 and Canada in regard to trade, fisheries, <fec., was ratified. 
 
 This treaty was negotiated by Lord Elgin. In 1864 the United States proposed 
 its abrogation. 
 
 1854. AN act was passed by Congress relieving the children 
 born abroad, of American fathers, from alienage. 
 
 1854, OCTOBEE. A. H. Reeder, appointed governor of Kansas, 
 arrived in the territory. 
 
 He appointed an election for the 29th of November to choose a delegate to 
 Congress. John W. Whitfield was declared elected. Claims were made of fraud 
 in the election, and a committee appointed by the House to investigate, sus- 
 tained the claims, reporting that in nine of the seventeen election districts more 
 than two thirds of the voters were non-residents who had come into the territory 
 only for the purpose of voting. 
 
 1854. THE observatory at Ann Harbor, Michigan, was built. 
 
 1855, JANUAEY 2. Juan Alvarez began a revolt against 
 Santa Anna. 
 
 Santa Anna abdicated, and Carrera was elected president in August, Santa 
 Anna again going into exile. 
 
 1855 THE railway suspension bridge at Niagara was com- 
 pleted. 
 
 It was built by Mr. Roebling. In 1848 a suspension bridge had been built 
 here by C. Ellet, who the same year built one at Wheeling over the Ohio. The 
 first was removed to give place to this one, and that at Wheeling blew down 
 in 1854. As early as 1796 a small suspension bridge of chain cables had been 
 built by Mr. Finley. 
 
 1855, MARCH 30. An election was held in Kansas for mem- 
 bers to the assembly. 
 
 A census had been taken. Companies of men from Missouri again presented 
 themselves and demanded to vote, in one district forcibly dispersing the judges.
 
 608 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1855. 
 
 The governor set aside the election from evidence to invalidate it, and ordered a 
 new election in the six contested districts in May. 
 
 1855, JULY 2. The legislature of Kansas met at Paunee City, 
 the place appointed by the governor. 
 
 Seats were refused to the members elected at the May election, and were 
 given to those chosen at the March election. A bill was passed removing the 
 seat of government to Shawnee Mission, near the border of Missouri. This the 
 governor vetoed, and the legislature passed again by a two-thirds vote. The 
 legislature passed laws copied from those of Missouri. The slave laws were very 
 rigorous. Any one printing or circulating anything " calculated to promote a 
 disorderly or dangerous disaffection among the slaves, or to induce them to 
 escape from the service of their masters, or to resist their authority," or any one 
 aiding in such printing or circulation, was "guilty of a felony and to be imprisoned 
 at hard labor not less than five years." Any free person denying the right to 
 hold slaves in the territory, and publishing or circulating any book, paper, or cir- 
 cular maintaining such denial, to be imprisoned at hard labor for two years. 
 Candidates were obliged to take an oath to support the fugitive slave law, as were 
 judges of election and voters, if challenged, and attorneys admitted to practice in 
 the courts. Jurors were chosen by the sheriff, and "no person who was con- 
 scientiously opposed to the holding of slaves, or who did not admit the right to 
 hold slaves in the territory, should be a juror in any cause " affecting the right to 
 hold slaves, or relating to slave property. 
 
 1855, JULY 31. A. H. Reeder, the governor of Kansas Ter- 
 ritory, was removed from office. 
 
 The position reverted to Daniel Woodson, the secretary of the territory. 
 
 1855. THE charter was granted the Elmira Female College, 
 and this institution was organized at Elmira, New York. 
 
 This was the first charter granted by the state for a female college designed to 
 raise the standard of education for women to an equality with that for men. 
 
 1855. A COMPANY under the direction of Dr. Keil settled at 
 Shoalwater Bay, in Washington Territory. 
 
 They were a religious community. In 1856 they moved to Aurora, in Oregon. 
 They came from Bethel, Missouri. 
 
 1855, SEPTEMBER 1. Wilson Shannon, appointed as governor 
 of Kansas, to succeed Governor Reeder, entered upon the office. 
 He was removed August 21, 1856, and Woodson again assumed the office. 
 
 1855, SEPTEMBER 19. A convention of delegates met at To- 
 peka, Kansas, " to consider and determine upon all subjects of 
 public interest, and particularly upon that having reference to 
 the speedy formation of a state constitution, with an intention of 
 an immediate application to be admitted as a state into the 
 Union." 
 
 A general meeting at Lawrence, August 15, had proposed such a convention, 
 and various other meetings in the state had seconded the movement. The con- 
 vention arranged for an election for delegates to a constitutional convention in 
 October.
 
 1855-6.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 609 
 
 1856, OCTOBER 23. The constitutional convention met at To- 
 peka, Kansas, and formed a constitution. 
 
 It was accepted by the people December 15, by a vote of 1731 against 46. 
 
 1856, JANUARY 15. An election was held in Kansas to choose 
 members of the legislature and officers of the state. 
 Charles Robinson was elected governor. 
 
 1856. THE copyright law was extended to secure to the 
 authors of plays the exclusive right of representation on the 
 stage. 
 
 1856, JANUARY 24. The President sent a message to Con- 
 gress concerning the difficulties in Kansas. 
 
 He suggested that when the-population should be sufficient to constitute a state, 
 a constitution should be framed, as a preparation for admission to the Union. He 
 considered that acts of a revolutionary character had been performed in the state, 
 and promised to use the force of the government should it be necessary. The 
 message was referred to the committee on territories, who reported in March 
 commending it. 
 
 1856, FEBRUARY 22. A convention of delegates from the 
 free states was held at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It was the origin of the Republican party, and arranged to hold a nominating 
 convention in Philadelphia on the 17th of June. 
 
 1856. CONGRESS reduced the duties, and passed an act to aid 
 in laying tho telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 1856, MARCH 1. The legislature of Kansas met. 
 
 A committee was appointed to frame laws, and a memorial prepared to Con- 
 gress. The legislature adjourned to meet on the 4th of July, 1856, and shortly 
 after the adjournment Governor Robinson and others were arrested on a charge 
 of high treason, and imprisoned. Eventually, the district attorney entered a nolle 
 prosequi in their case, and they were discharged. 
 
 1856, MAY 22. Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachu- 
 setts, was assaulted in the Senate chamber by Preston S. Brooks, 
 of South Carolina. 
 
 Mr. Sumner had made a speech entitled, "The Crime against Kansas," at 
 which Mr. Brooks took umbrage. 
 
 1856, MAY. The Free State Hotel, in Lawrence, Kansas, and 
 the Herald of Freedom and the Kansas Free State were destroyed 
 by direction of Sheriff Jones, acting under writs issued from the 
 first district court of the United States. 
 
 Judge Lccompte had charged the grand jury that combinations for resisting 
 the territorial laws were guilty of constructive treason, and the grand jury had 
 presented the hotel and the newspapers as nuisances to be abated. 
 
 1856. CONGRESS passed an act to increase its compensation. 
 The members were to be allowed, instead of eight dollars a day, three thousand 
 
 39
 
 610 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1856. 
 
 dollars a year. The mileage of eight dollars for every twenty miles of travel re- 
 mained unchanged. Each day's absence, except for sickness of a member him- 
 self or one of his family, caused a deduction. 
 
 1856. CONGRESS made grants of the public lands for the aid 
 of railroads. 
 
 The grants of land were made to Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 Michigan, and Wisconsin, to aid in constructing railroads in those states. Each 
 alternate section, six sections wide, on each of the roads, were granted, and 
 the remaining sections belonging to the United States were not to be sold for less 
 than double the usual price, and before they are sold to individuals should be 
 offered for sale at public auction at the enhanced price. 
 
 1856. GENERAL COMONFORT was elected president of Mexico. 
 
 He took active measures against the clergy, confiscating church property, and 
 forbidding the clergy to hold real estate. He also promulgated a new constitu- 
 tion which the army disapproved of, and the two bodies the army and the 
 clergy united against Mm and forced him to resign after about a two-years' 
 rule. 
 
 1856, JULY 1. A committee appointed by the House to in- 
 quire into the Kansas troubles, reported. 
 
 The committee consisted of John Sherman of Ohio, William A. Howard of 
 Michigan, and Mordecai Oliver of Missouri. Their report, with the testimony, 
 makes a volume of twelve hundred pages. In their opinion the elections held by 
 those desirous to prevent the introduction of slavery were not illegal, but were 
 attended with violence on the part of those desirous to introduce slavery. That 
 the elections under the alleged territorial law were carried by organized invasions 
 from Missouri; that the alleged territorial legislature was illegal, and could pass 
 no valid laws; that the laws they passed were intended for unlawful ends ; that 
 neither of the delegates to Congress were entitled to a seat ; that no election could 
 be held in the territory without a new census, a stringent election law, impartial 
 judges of election, and the presence of United States troops at everj' polling 
 place ; that the constitution formed by the convention embodied the will of the 
 majority of the people. Oliver made a minority report asserting the contrary. 
 
 1856, JULY 2. Congress passed an act authorizing the legis- 
 lature of Kansas to provide for a convention to form a constitu- 
 tion, if a census showed that the state had sufficient population. 
 
 The bill had been debated from the 17th of March. The ratio of representa- 
 tion showed that the state should have 93,420 inhabitants. 
 
 1856, JULY 4. The legislature of Kansas met at Topeka, and 
 were dispersed by the military without organizing. 
 
 The marshal read a proclamation from the President, issued the February 
 before, declaring that the Shawnee Mission legislature would be supported by the 
 whole force of the government. Acting Governor Woodson issued a proclama- 
 tion to the same effect, and about two hundred soldiers, under command of 
 Colonel Sumner, appearing before the Hall, ordered the legislature to disperse, 
 which it did. 
 
 1856, JULY. John W. Geary was appointed governor of 
 Kansas.
 
 1856.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 611 
 
 He arrived there September 9, and resigned his office in March, 1857, and was 
 replaced by Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi ; Frederick P. Stanton, of Tennes- 
 see, being appointed secretary. Mr. Walker resigned the position December 17, 
 1857, and Stanton was removed a few days before, J. W. Denver being appointed 
 in his place. 
 
 1856, NOVEMBER 12. The Grand Trunk Railroad from Quebec 
 to Toronto, a distance of eight hundred and fifty miles, was 
 opened. 
 
 1856. GOLD was discovered in New Columbia. 
 
 1856. THE Dudley Observatory was built at Albany, New 
 York. 
 
 It was erected at the expense of the widow of Charles E. Dudley. She con- 
 tributed seventy thousand dollars for this purpose. It was intended as a monu- 
 ment in memory of her husband, who had been greatly interested in astronomy, 
 and desirous of doing something to further its study in the country. 
 
 1856. A PATENT was issued for a process of " condensing 
 milk." 
 
 It was issued to Gail Borden, Jr. 
 
 1856. A WIRE suspension-bridge across the Mississippi was 
 built at Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 It was the first bridge over the Mississippi. 
 
 1856. THE first experiments with the Bessemer process for 
 the production of steel was made at the Philipsburg furnace, in 
 Warren County, New Jersey. 
 
 The iron used was obtained from a mine at Andover, in Sussex County, which 
 was opened before the Revolution, and during it was taken possession of by the 
 government, the company being principally Tories. After the war, the mine was 
 abandoned, and in 1817 was bought by Mr. Hewitt, who, with Peter Cooper, of 
 New York, has worked it since. 
 
 1853-57. TWELFTH administration. 
 
 President, Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. 
 
 f William R. King, of Alabama. Died April 18, 1853. 
 Vice-President, j David R. Atchison, of Missouri. 
 
 [ Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana. 
 
 Secretary of State, William L. Marcy, of New York, March. 5, 1853. 
 
 Secretary of Treasury, James Guthrie, of Kentucky, March 5, 1853. 
 Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, March 5, 1853. 
 
 Secretary of Navy, James C. Dobbin, of North Carolina, March 5, 1853. 
 
 Secretary of Interior, Robert McClelland, of Michigan, March 5, 1853. 
 Postmaster-General, James Campbell, of Pennsylvania, March 5, 1853. 
 Attorney-General, Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1853. 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives, 
 
 Linn Boyd, of Kentucky. 
 
 N. P. Banks, of Massachusetts.
 
 612 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1857. 
 
 1857, JANUARY 1. The public debt of the United States 
 amounted to twenty-eight million, six hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1857, JANUARY. The laws of Rhode Island were revised. 
 
 Land was made subject to attachment for debt, which it had not been before, 
 except in cases where the owner was absent from the jurisdiction of the state. 
 
 1857, JANUARY 3. Harper's Weekly, a Journal of Civilization, 
 appeared in New York city. 
 
 Its first editor was Theodore Sedgewick. 
 
 1857. A CONSTITUTIONAL convention was held in Oregon, and 
 prepared a constitution, which was submitted to the people, and 
 accepted by them. 
 
 It prohibited slavery. 
 
 1857, JANUARY 6. The free state legislature met at Topeka, 
 Kansas. 
 
 There was not a quorum present, and they adjourned. Seven of the members 
 were arrested by the marshal, under a writ issued by Judge Cato, and were bound 
 over under their own bonds. 
 
 1857, JANUARY 12. The territorial legislature of Kansas met 
 at Lecompton, and provided for a convention to frame a consti- 
 tution on the 1st of September. 
 
 No one was to vote who had not been in the territory on or before the 15th of 
 March. 
 
 1857, FEBRUARY 26. Congress authorized the people of 
 Minnesota to form a state government. 
 
 1857. THE United States Agricultural Society held a com- 
 petition of reapers and mowers at Syracuse. 
 
 More than forty reapers competed. Only three could start in fine grass with- 
 out backing to get up speed. 
 
 1857, MARCH 6. The Dred Scott decision was given by the 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 Scott was a slave who was taken by his master from Missouri to Illinois, 
 where he remained about two years, and then taken back again to Missouri, sued 
 for his freedom, since Illinois by its constitution prohibited slavery. Chief Jus- 
 tice Taney gave the decision of the majority of the Supreme Court, where the case 
 had been brought on appeal. The decision said: "Every person, and every 
 class and description of persons, who were at the time of the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution recognized as citizens of the several states, became also citizens of this 
 new political body ; but none other ; it was formed by them, and for them and 
 their posterity ; but for no one else. . . . The legislation and histories of the 
 times, and the language used in the Declaration of Independence, show that 
 neither the class of persons who had been imported as slaves, nor their descend- 
 ants, whether they had become free or not, were then acknowledged as a part of 
 the people, nor intended to be included in the general words used in that mem- 
 orable instrument. They had for more than a century been regarded as beings
 
 1857.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either 
 in moral or political relations ; and so far inferior, that they had no rights which 
 the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully 
 be reduced to slavery for his benefit." Justices Curtis and McLean dissented 
 from this decision, maintaining " that by taking the plaintiff into the state of 
 Illinois, where slavery is prohibited by a constitutional law of the state, he be- 
 came free ; and if he became free in the state, he continued free in the territory, 
 since no law in force there operated to remand him to his original condition." 
 
 1857, MAY 11. A noUe prosequi was entered on the indict- 
 ments for treason against Governor Robinson and the members 
 of the Topeka legislature of Kansas. 
 
 Robinson was afterwards tried before Judge Cato on a charge of usurping the 
 office, and was acquitted. 
 
 1857, MAY 13. The agricultural college of Michigan was 
 opened to students. 
 
 1857, JUNE 9. The Topeka legislature, in Kansas, assembled. 
 
 They provided for taking a census, and appointed an election for state officers 
 in August. A convention met and made nominations on July 15. 
 
 1857, JUNE 15. An election took place in Kansas to elect 
 delegates to the constitutional convention. 
 
 A partial census had been taken, and the free-state men refused to vote. 
 Only about two thousand votes were cast. 
 
 1857, AUGUST 24. A commercial panic, commencing in New 
 York, spread through the country, leading to a general suspen- 
 sion of specie payments. 
 
 It began with the suspension in New York city of the Ohio Life and Mutual 
 Trust Company. The failures of commercial houses were five thousand one 
 hundred and twenty-three. 
 
 1857. CONGRESS added the nickel cent to the coinage. 
 
 It was to replace the copper cents, which were no more to be coined. The 
 new coin is composed of eighty-eight per cent, of copper and twelve of nickel. 
 
 1857, AUGUST 28. Telegraph despatches were received in 
 New York from London by the Atlantic telegraph. 
 
 On the 1st of September public rejoicings were had in New York, but the first 
 messages were the only intelligible ones received. 
 
 1857, SEPTEMBER 12. The banks of Philadelphia suspended. 
 
 1857, SEPTEMBER 13. The banks of the South and West, with 
 the exception of those in New Orleans, suspended. This day 
 and the next the New York banks, except one, suspended, and 
 the New England banks did the same. 
 
 As the constitution of New. York forbade the legislature from passing a law 
 allowing a bank suspension, the judges of the Supreme Court agreed to not grant 
 any injunction against the banks, unless there should be evidence of fraud. The 
 banks of New York and New England resumed in December. The legislature of
 
 614 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1857-8. 
 
 Pennsylvania permitted the banks of that state to remain suspended until May. 
 Four of the nine banks in New Orleans suspended for a few days. The failures 
 tills year were estimated at five thousand one hundred and twenty-three in this 
 country and Canada, with liabilities amounting to two hundred and ninety- nine 
 million eight hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1857. IT was officially asserted by the United States attor- 
 ney-general that a citizen of the United States could renounce 
 his citizenship. 
 
 1857, SEPTEMBER. The constitutional convention at Lecomp- 
 ton prepared a constitution. 
 
 It affirmed the right of slaveholders to hold their slaves ; prohibited laws for 
 the emancipation of slaves without the consent of the owners, or their compensa- 
 tion. It also forbade the passage of laws preventing emigrants from bringing 
 slaves with them. The slavery sections were to be submitted to the people 
 separately in December. The ballots were to be indorsed "Constitution with 
 slavery," or " Constitution with no slavery." The vote stood respectively G 143 
 and 569. The constitution prohibited amendments before 18G4. 
 
 1857. THE making of watches by machinery was perfected 
 about this time. 
 
 A beginning was made in 1850, but it was years before a perfect success was 
 reached. 
 
 1857. THE legislature of New York passed an act for the 
 establishment of a metropolitan police, which should possess 
 constabulary powers in the various counties. 
 
 The organization of a day police is of comparatively recent date in this country, 
 and in the beginning the police force was entirely municipal. After opposition, 
 the change was found to be so advantageous that the other large cities have fol- 
 lowed the example of New York. The change was at first resisted, but the 
 matter being brought before the court, it decided in favor of the new police. 
 
 1857. THE legislature authorized the removal of the quaran- 
 tine from Castleton, Staten Island, to S'equine's Point, still further 
 on the island. 
 
 A few days after the transfer, a mob burned all the buildings. New ones were 
 put up, again burned, and the site was abandoned. 
 
 1857, DECEMBER 8. An expedition under General William 
 Walker, at G-reytown, Nicaragua, surrendered to a force sent by 
 Commodore Paulding of the home squadron. 
 
 Commodore Paulding acted upon his own authority ; his action put an end to 
 Walker's intended invasion of Nicaragua. 
 
 1857, DECEMBER 23. An act of Congress was approved for 
 the issue of treasury notes. 
 
 The amount was not to exceed twenty millions of dollars, and the rate of in- 
 terest six per cent., and the denomination not less than one hundred dollars. 
 
 1858, JANUARY 4. An election was held in Kansas under the 
 Lecompton constitution. 
 
 The officers reported an election, which was denied by the president of the
 
 1858.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 615 
 
 convention, and charges of gross fraud were made, which were sustained by the 
 ex-governor Stanton in an address "to the people of the United States," on Jan- 
 uary 29, 1858. 
 
 1858, JANUARY 11. General Zuloaga was elected president 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Comonfort had retired from the position. Benito Juarez asserted his claims to 
 the position, but was defeated by Zuloaga, and, retiring to Vera Cruz, organized 
 a provisional government there. 
 
 1858, JANUARY. The Boston Public Library was opened. 
 
 1858. THE Mormons submitted to the Federal authority, and 
 allowed Federal troops to be quartered in Utah valley. 
 
 The President pardoned all who had taken part in the resistance to Federal 
 authority. 
 
 1858, FEBRUARY 2. The President submitted to Congress the 
 constitution adopted by the convention for Kansas. 
 
 In his accompanying message he says : "Kansas is, therefore, at this moment, 
 as much a slave state as Georgia or South Carolina." As slavery could only be 
 prohibited by a constitutional provision, he advised that she should be "promptly 
 admitted to the Union. To reject the state because slavery remains in the con- 
 stitution will renew the agitation in a more alarming form ; whereas, her speedy 
 admission will restore peace and quiet to the whole country." The House re- 
 ferred the constitution on the 8th to a select committee of fifteen ; the Senate to 
 the committee on territories. 
 
 1858, MARCH 25. A convention to form a constitution for 
 Kansas met at Mineola, and adjourned to Leavenworth. 
 
 It had been called by the territorial legislature in February. The election for 
 the delegates was held March 9. Governor Denver did not recognize the conven- 
 tion. The constitution provided for its submission to the people on the 3d of 
 May, and also that if Kansas was admitted to the Union under the Lecompton 
 constitution, this constitution, as soon as it was ratified by the people, should go 
 into force. 
 
 1858, APRIL 30. Congress passed an act to conditionally 
 admit Kansas to the Union. 
 
 Portions of the public lands were to be granted her for public schools, for a 
 university, for erecting public buildings, and building her roads, should the people 
 vote to accept these propositions at an election at which the ballots should be in- 
 dorsed, "For proposition of Congress and admission," or " Against proposition 
 of Congress and admission." If accepted, the President to proclaim the admis- 
 sion; if rejected, a state government not to be formed until the census showed 
 the population was equal to the required ratio of population. 
 
 1858, MAY 11. Minnesota was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1858, JUNE 14. An act of Congress was approved, author- 
 izing a loan of twenty millions of dollars. 
 
 It was to bear five per cent, interest, and not to be issued "at less than its par 
 value," nor in certificates of less than a thousand dollars each.
 
 616 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1858-9. 
 
 1858, JUNE 18. A commercial treaty between China and the 
 United States was concluded. 
 
 By the treaty China allowed foreigners to travel in China, recognized foreign 
 ministers, opened four new ports, tolerated Christianity, and protected missionaries. 
 
 1858, AUGUST 2. At the election in Kansas, the Lecompton 
 constitution was rejected. 
 
 The vote stood for accepting the proposition, 1788; for rejecting it, 11,088. 
 
 1858, DECEMBER. Governor Denver, of Kansas, resigned the 
 position, and Samuel Medary, of Ohio, was appointed to it. 
 
 1858. GOLD was discovered at Pike's Peak, Colorado. 
 
 In 1860 one hundred and seventy-five quartz-mills are said to have been in 
 operation in the territory, and the yield of gold was estimated at four millions. 
 
 1859, JANUARY 6. General Miramon was nominated presi- 
 dent of Mexico by the junta. 
 
 On the 10th of April he entered the City of Mexico, and assumed the office. 
 Juarez and Zuloaga had been contending for the position during the year past, 
 and on Miramon's nomination Zuloaga resigned his claim. 
 
 1859, FEBRUARY 14. Oregon was admitted to the Union. 
 1859, JULY 13. Juarez confiscated the property of the chuch. 
 
 He was at the head of the liberal party of Mexico. 
 
 1859, AUGUST 26. Petroleum oil was obtained at Titusville, 
 on Oil Creek. Pennsylvania. 
 
 It was obtained by Bowditch and Drake, at the depth of seventy-one feet, by 
 boring. 
 
 1859, AUGUST. Thomas Gibson commenced at Mountain City, 
 in the Rocky Mountains, the Rocky Mountain Gold Reporter. 
 
 1859, OCTOBER 16. The village of Harper's Ferry was cap- 
 tured by a party of men under the leadership of John Brown, 
 of Ossawatomie, Kansas. 
 
 The object of the capture was to hold the place as a refuge for fugitive slaves. 
 Brown had been a leader in the free-state movement in Kansas. The next day he 
 and such of his party as remained took refuge, with his prisoners, in an engine- 
 house, where they were captured by Colonel Lee with a band of marines. Brown 
 was tried for treason, and executed December 2, 1859. 
 
 1859. AT a fair of the Illinois State Agricultural Society at 
 Freeport, a steam-plough was recommended for the first prize by 
 the committee. 
 
 It was a plough which had been patented by Joseph W. Fawkes, of Lancaster, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 1859, NOVEMBER 24. A commercial treaty between the 
 United States and Japan was concluded.
 
 1859-60.] ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 617 
 
 1859, DECEMBER 21. The liberal party in Mexico, under 
 General Colima, were defeated by Miramon. 
 
 1857-1861. THIRTEENTH administration. 
 
 President, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Vice-President, John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky. 
 
 f Lewis Cass, of Michigan, March 6, 1857. 
 Secretaries of State, ( Jcremiah s . Black , of Pennsylvania, Dec. 15, 1860. 
 
 r Howcll Cobb, of Georgia, March 6, 1857. 
 Secretaries of Treasury, \ Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland, December 11, 1860. 
 
 I John A. Dix, of New York, January 11, 1861. 
 
 f John B. Floyd, of Virginia, March 6, 1857. 
 Secretaries of War, | Jogcph Holtj of Kcntucky> December 30, I860. 
 
 Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, March 6, 1857. 
 
 Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson, of Mississippi, March 6, 1857 ; re- 
 signed January 8, 1861. 
 
 r Aaron V. Brown, of Tennessee, March 6, 1857. 
 Postmasters-General, \ Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, July, 1859. 
 
 I Horatio King, of Maine, February 12, 1861. 
 
 r Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, March 6, 1857. 
 Attorneys-General, | Edw}n M> Stanton> of Ohio> December , 1860. 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representatives. 
 James L. Orr, of South Carolina. 
 William Pennington, of New Jersey. 
 
 1860, MARCH 5. Miramon besieged Yera Cruz. 
 
 He raised the siege on the 21st. 
 
 1860, MAY 10. The Morrill tariff passed the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 It passed the Senate after the withdrawal of the southern senators, and was 
 approved March 2, 1801. It was protective, the duties being high and specific. 
 
 1860, JUNE 22. An act of Congress was approved, authoriz- 
 ing a loan of twenty-one millions of dollars for the redemption 
 of outstanding treasury notes. 
 
 The stock issued was to bear six per cent, interest ; the certificates to be for 
 not less than one thousand dollars each, and not to be disposed of for less than 
 par value. 
 
 1860, JUNE. The New York World appeared in New York city. 
 
 It was edited by Alexander Cummings and James R. Spaulding, and intended 
 as a religious daily paper. Its want of success obliged its proprietors to sell it, 
 and finally it passed entirely into the possession of Manton Marble. 
 
 1860, JULY. The Prince of Wales visited the United States ; 
 and during the year an embassy from Japan. 
 
 1860, AUGUST 10. The liberal party in Mexico under Degol- 
 lado defeated Miramon. 
 
 Degollado assumed the government, but was soon forced to abandon it. His 
 rule was so arbitrary that the popular discontent forced him to this course.
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1860-1. 
 
 1860, DECEMBER 17. Ten millions in treasury notes were 
 autliprized by Congress. 
 
 They were in denomination not less than fifty dollars, and to draw six per cent, 
 interest, and be receivable for all dues to the United States. 
 
 One half of them were taken at eighty-eight; the latter part of the issue 
 brought ninety. 
 
 I860. BEFORE the end of this year the borings for petroleum 
 were estimated at about two thousand. 
 
 Wells were sunk five or six hundred feet, and a single one has yielded three 
 thousand barrels a day. 
 
 1860, DECEMBER 20. The convention of South Carolina passed 
 the secession ordinance. 
 
 The convention met on the 17th. It had been called by the state legislature. 
 The ordinance, as follows, was passed unanimously : "An ordinance to dissolve 
 the union between the state of South Carolina and other states united with her 
 under the compact entitled ' the Constitution of the United States of America.' 
 We, the people of the state of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do de- 
 clare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained : 
 
 " That the ordinance adopted by us, in convention, on the twenty-third day of 
 May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, 
 whereby the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified, and also 
 all acts and parts of acts of the general assembly of this state, ratifying amend- 
 ments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, and that the union now sub- 
 sisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of ' The United 
 States of America,' is hereby dissolved." On the 24th, the convention issued a 
 Declaration of Independence of South Carolina. 
 
 The southern states passed secession ordinances in the following order : Mis- 
 sissippi, January 9, 1861; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11; Georgia, 
 January 19; Louisiana, January 26; North Carolina, January 30; Texas, Feb- 
 ruary 1 ; Virginia, April 17 ; Arkansas, May 6. North Carolina voted to submit 
 the question to the people ; but, reassembling May 20, accepted it, and refused to 
 submit it to the people. Texas voted to submit the question to the people, and 
 on March 4 was declared by proclamation to be out of the Union. Virginia re- 
 fused, April 4, to submit the question to the people ; but at its acceptance voted 
 to do so, and such a vote was cast June 25. Arkansas, April 14, voted to submit 
 the question to the people on August 3 ; but, .reassembling, passed it May 6. 
 May 20, Governor Magoffin proclaimed Kentucky neutral. Missouri assumed 
 also a similar position. On June 12, Governor Jackson issued a proclamation 
 calling for fifty thousand militia, " to repel invasion," and fled to the south. The 
 Tennessee legislature passed a declaration of independence, to be submitted to 
 the people, and on June 24 Governor Harris proclaimed her out of the Union. 
 On the 21st of June, 1861, however, a Union convention was held at Greenville, 
 East Tennessee, which issued a declaration of grievances. 
 
 1860. THE eighth census of the United States was taken. 
 
 The population was found to be 31,443,332. The immigration to the United 
 States from foreign countries, as stated by the Bureau of Statistics, amounted to 
 about 5,312,414.
 
 1860-1.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 619 
 
 1860. DURING this year, work upon the Central Park at New 
 York was sufficiently advanced for it to be opened to the public. 
 
 The idea of a public park was first suggested by the mayor of New York, in 
 1851 ; the bill for the purchase of the ground was passed by the legislature in 
 1853, and a commission appointed, who reported in 1855 ; and in 1856 the plan 
 was adopted, and work commenced. To the admirable manner in which the work 
 has been carried through to completion may be ascribed the movement, now so 
 general throughout all the cities of the country, for providing themselves with 
 similar appliances for the healthy recreation of the people. 
 
 1861, JANUARY 1. The public debt amounted to ninety mil- 
 lion five hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The uncertainty of affairs, and the evident need that the government would 
 have of large sums of money, affected its credit. 
 
 1861, JANUARY 9. The " Star of the West," sent to reinforce 
 General Anderson and his command at Fort Sumter, South 
 Carolina, was fired upon from Morris Island, and obliged to 
 return to New York. 
 
 1861, JANUARY 19. Juarez was elected again president of 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 1861, JANUARY 30. Kansas was admitted to the Union. 
 
 1861. A BILL prohibiting slavery in the territory was passed 
 by the legislature of Nebraska over the governor's veto. 
 
 1861, FEBRUARY 4. The Confederate congress met at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, and elected Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. 
 Stephens president and vice-president of the Confederate States. 
 
 They were inaugurated February 18. On the 24th of May the congress ad- 
 journed to meet July 20, at Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 1861. THE failures during this year were five thousand nine 
 hundred and thirty-five, with liabilities of one hundred and sev- 
 enty-eight million six hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1861, FEBRUARY 8. An act of Congress was approved for a 
 loan by the United States of twenty-five millions of dollars. 
 
 It was to bear six per cent, interest ; no certificate to be for less than a thou- 
 sand dollars, and furnished with coupons for semi-yearly interest, and transferable 
 on delivery, without being transferred on the books of the treasury. 
 
 1861, MARCH 2. , Colorado and Dakota were organized as ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 1861, MARCH 2. Nevada was organized into a territory, with 
 Carson City as the capital. 
 
 1861, MARCH. The Confederate congress adopted for the flag 
 of the Confederacy the " stars and bars." 
 
 It was composed of three horizontal bars of equal width, the middle one white, 
 and the others red ; the union was blue, with a circle of nine white stars. It was
 
 620 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. [1861. 
 
 changed, from its resemblance to the American flag, in September, 18C1, when a 
 battle-flag was adopted, consisting of a red ground, with a blue saltier, with a 
 narrow border of white and thirteen white stars. In 1863, the " stars and bars " 
 were supplanted by a white field, with the battle-flag as a union. On February 4, 
 1865, the outer half of the field beyond the union was covered with a vertical 
 red bar. 
 
 1861. GOLD was discovered in Nova Scotia. 
 
 1861, MARCH 2. An act of Congress was approved, author- 
 izing a loan for ten millions of dollars, for the redemption of out- 
 standing treasury notes. 
 
 It was to bear six per cent, interest ; the certificates to be of not less than a 
 thousand dollars each, and not to be sold for less than par value. 
 
 1861, MARCH 12. The President declined to receive the 
 commissioners from the Confederate States. 
 
 1861, APRIL 12. An attack was made on Fort Sumter in 
 Charleston harbor. 
 
 Batteries had been erected bearing on it. It was surrendered after the barracks 
 had been set on fire. Unsuccessful attempts had been made to reinforce the gar- 
 rison, which General Anderson in command had transferred December 26, 1860, 
 to Fort Sumter from Fort Moultrie, when this last had been commanded by bat- 
 teries erected by the Confederates. The fort had been bombarded two days. The 
 expedition for his reinforcement reached the offing during the bombardment, but 
 were unable to get nearer. General Anderson and his garrison embarked for 
 New York on the day of the surrender. 
 
 1861, APRIL 15. The President called for seventy-five thou- 
 sand men to volunteer in re-establisWing the Federal authority 
 over the rebellious states. 
 
 1861, APRIL 17. Jefferson Davis announced his intention to 
 issue letters of marque. 
 
 1861, APRIL 18. Harper's Ferry was burned and evacuated. 
 
 The civil war was inaugurated. A Confederate force threatened it, and Lieu- 
 tenant Jones, in command, felt unable to hold it. The arsenal, work-shops, naval 
 stores, and nine ships were burned. The Confederates took possession of it on 
 the 21st. 
 
 1861, APRIL 19. The President issued a proclamation that 
 Confederate privateers should be treated as pirates. 
 This proclamation was not carried out. 
 
 1861, APRIL 19. The President declared the Southern ports 
 blockaded. 
 
 The navy at the time consisted of ninety vessels, of which forty-two were in 
 commission. During the war, many vessels were successful in running the 
 blockade. The blockading fleet captured eleven hundred and forty-three vessels, 
 valued at twenty-four million five hundred thousand dollars, and destroyed three 
 hundred and fifty-five, valued at seven million dollars.
 
 1861.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 621 
 
 1861, APRIL 19. The Sixth Regiment, of Massachusetts, were 
 mobbed in Baltimore on their passage towards Washington. 
 
 1861, APRIL 20. Gosport navy-yard was burned. 
 
 It was burned to prevent its falling into the hands of the Confederates. 
 
 1861, MAY. General Butler, in command at Fortress Monroe, 
 detained three slaves belonging to the commander of the Vir- 
 ginia troops, on the ground that they were contraband of war. 
 
 They had been demanded, by a flag of truce, under the fugitive slave law. The 
 government sustained General Butler's position. 
 
 1861, MAY 3. The President called for forty-two thousand 
 men. 
 
 They were to enlist for three years or the war. 
 
 1861, MAY 13. The Queen of England issued a proclamation 
 of neutrality between the contending parties in the United 
 States. 
 
 It recognized the Confederates as belligerents. 
 
 1861, MAY 13. A convention held at Wheeling, West Vir- 
 ginia, declared for the Union. 
 
 On the 20th of June the people elected a governor, who was acknowledged 
 June 26. 
 
 1861, MAY 20. By order from the government at Washing- 
 ton, the telegraphic despatches were seized throughout the offices 
 in the Northern states. 
 
 1861, JUNE 1. Postal communication with the Confederacy 
 was closed. 
 
 The counties of West Virginia were still open. Letters mailed were sent to 
 the dead-letter office. 
 
 1861, JUNE 4. The erection of the buildings for Vassar Col- 
 lege was commenced at Poughkeepsie, New York. 
 
 It was built and endowed by Matthew Vassar as a college for women. A 
 charter for it had been granted by the legislature in February. 
 
 1861, JUNE 10. The battle of Big Bethel, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Union forces were repulsed. 
 
 1861, JUNE 17. The battle of Booneville, Missouri, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates were driven back. 
 
 1861, JUNE 25. A patent was granted A. K. Eaton for a 
 process of converting iron into steel, and hardening steel. 
 
 1861, JUNE 30. The Mexican congress made Juarez dictator 
 of Mexico.
 
 622 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1861. 
 
 1861, JULY 6. The battle of Carthage, Missouri, took place. 
 
 The Union forces were driven back. 
 
 1861, JULY 11. The battle of Rich Mountain, West Virginia, 
 was fought. 
 
 It was renewed on the 13th. The Confederates were driven back. 
 
 1861, JULY 17. Congress, at an extra session, passed an act 
 authorizing a national loan for $250,000,000. 
 
 For the loan, coupon or registered bonds, or treasury notes, were to be issued. 
 The bonds to bear seven per cent, interest, and the treasury notes, of not less 
 than fifty dollars each, interest at the rate of seven and three-tenths per cent. ; or 
 the treasury might issue notes of a less denomination than fifty dollars, bearing 
 no interest, or notes bearing interest at three and sixty-five hundredths per cent. 
 Provided that no such note should be for less than ten dollars, and that the 
 amount so issued should not exceed fifty millions of dollars. 
 
 There were about sixteen hundred banks in the country. Their circulation, 
 January 1, was estimated by the secretary of the treasury at $202,000,767; " of 
 this circulation $150,000,000 in round numbers was in the loyal states; 50,000- 
 000 in the rebellious states." 
 
 1861, JULY 17. The Mexican congress resolved to suspend 
 for two years payment to foreign nations. 
 
 England and France, in consequence of this action, broke off all diplomatic 
 relations with Mexico. 
 
 1861, JULY 18. The battle of Centreville, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated. 
 
 1861, JULY 21. The first battle at Manassas Junction, Vir- 
 ginia, was fought. 
 
 The Federal troops were defeated. 
 
 1861, JULY 21. The battle of Bull Run, Virginia, was fought. 
 
 The Federal troops were defeated. During this month General George B. 
 McClellan was put in command of the army of the Potomac, and commenced to 
 organize and discipline it. 
 
 1861, JULY 22. General McClellan succeeded General 
 McDowell in command of the army of the Potomac. 
 
 1861, JULY 26. General Fremont entered on command of 
 Western Missouri. 
 
 1861, JULY. Steel rifled cannon were made by Norman 
 Wiard. 
 
 They were made at the Trenton "Wiard Ordnance Works, and were the first 
 steel cannon made in the United States. Three batteries were delivered July 4. 
 
 1861, AUGUST 5. The battle of Athens, Missouri, took place. 
 
 The Federals were successful.
 
 1861.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 623 
 
 1861, AUGUST 5. An act of Congress was approved supple- 
 mentary to the act authorizing a national loan. 
 
 By this act the treasury notes issued might be of a denomination not less than 
 five dollars ; and such notes, payable on demand, without interest, not exceeding 
 fifty millions of dollars, " shall be receivable in payment of public dues." 
 
 1861, AUGUST 6. An act of Congress was approved, " to con- 
 fiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes." 
 
 It was denned in a circular from the secretary of state, which said : " No prop- 
 erty is confiscated or subject to forfeiture except such as is in transit, or provided 
 for transit, to or from insurrectionary states, or used for the promotion of the 
 insurrection." 
 
 1861, AUGUST 10. The battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Federals were defeated. General Lyon was killed. 
 
 1861, AUGUST 16. The passport system was introduced into 
 the Northern States. 
 
 1861, AUGUST 29. Fort Hatteras, North Carolina, was cap- 
 tured. 
 
 The land forces of the expedition were under the command of General Butler, 
 and the naval force under Commodore Stringham. 
 
 1861, AUGUST 31. General Fremont proclaimed martial law 
 in Missouri. 
 
 He also declared freedom for the slaves of those in arms against the govern- 
 ment. It was modified by the President in accordance with the act of August 6. 
 Fremont was removed November 2. 
 
 1861, SEPTEMBER 10. The battle of Carnifex Ferry, West 
 Virginia, took place. 
 
 The Confederates retreated. 
 
 1861, SEPTEMBER 21. Lexington, Missouri, was captured by 
 the Confederates. 
 
 1861, OCTOBER 8. Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island, Florida, 
 was attacked by the Confederates. 
 
 They were finally repulsed. 
 
 1861, OCTOBER 21. The battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals were routed. 
 
 1861, NOVEMBER 1. General George B. McClellan was made 
 commander-in-chief. 
 
 General Scott retired from the position. 
 
 1861, NOVEMBER 7. The battle of Belmont, Mississippi, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals were forced to retreat.
 
 624 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. [1861-2. 
 
 1861, NOVEMBER 7. An expedition captured Fort Walker on 
 Hilton Head, South Carolina, aud Fort Beauregard on the Broad 
 River. 
 
 The land forces were in command of General Thomas W. Sherman, and the 
 naval forces under Commodore Dupont. Hilton Head was made a base of oper- 
 ations. 
 
 1861, NOVEMBER 19. The English mail-packet Trent was 
 boarded by Captain Wilkes, of the San Jacinto, and the Confed- 
 erate commissioners, Mason and Slidell, captured. 
 
 They were carried to Boston. December 3, Congress passed a vote of thanks 
 to Captain Wilkes, and the foreign envoys at Washington protested against the 
 capture. 
 
 1861, DECEMBER 17. A Spanish army landed at Vera Cruz, 
 and captured the city. 
 
 England, France, and Spain had made an agreement, October 31, to combine 
 together to force Mexico to pay the interest due upon her bonds held by them. 
 The Spanish general issued a proclamation that, as soon as compensation was 
 given, with guaranties for the future, the place would be surrendered. 
 
 1861, DECEMBER 21. Charleston harbor was blocked up by 
 sinking hulks filled with stones. 
 
 1861, DECEMBER 28. The state banks and the sub-treasury 
 suspended specie payments. 
 
 The government had borrowed $100,000,000 in gold from the banks, and 
 $50,000,000 in its own notes. 
 
 1862, JANUARY 1. The gold and silver coinage of the United 
 States was stated to be $862,183,546. 
 
 1862, JANUARY 1. Messrs. Mason and Slidell were surren- 
 dered on a demand of the British government. 
 They sailed for Europe. 
 
 1862, JANUARY 7. A British naval force landed at Vera Cruz, 
 and on the 8th a French military expedition arrived. 
 
 The Mexicans invested Vera Cruz. 
 
 1862, JANUARY 10. The battle of Middle Creek, Kentucky, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated. 
 
 1862, JANUARY 13. Simon Cameron, secretary of war, re- 
 signed, and Edwin M. Stanton was appointed to the position. 
 
 1862, JANUARY 19. The battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated, their leader, General Zollicoffer, being killed. 
 The Federals were commanded by General Thomas.
 
 1862.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMESICA. 625 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY 6. Fort Henry, Tennessee, surrendered to 
 'the Union forces. 
 
 Fort Donelson surrendered on the 16th of February. In these engagements 
 General Grant came first into public notice. The gunboats which assisted were 
 under the command of Commodore Foote. 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY 8. The battle of Roanoke Island was fought. 
 
 The Confederate force on the island surrendered to the Federals under Gen- 
 eral Burnside. 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY 12. An act passed by Congress was approved 
 for the additional issue of United States notes. 
 
 By it ten millions of dollars in notes for a less denomination than five dollars 
 were authorized to be issued, in addition to the fifty millions previously. These 
 issues being receivable for all dues, customs included, remained at par during all 
 the subsequent premium on gold ; and, as they were used to pay duties with, the 
 government during the year bought gold to pay interest with. 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY 14. The battle of Newbern, North Carolina, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates retreated to Goldsborough. 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY 23. The United States army occupied Nash- 
 ville, Tennessee, from which the Confederates had retreated the 
 month previous. 
 
 President Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson military governor of the state, 
 and measures were taken by the Unionists to restore the constitutional relations 
 between the state and the government. 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY 25. The President approved the Legal Ten- 
 der Act passed by Congress. 
 
 Its title was, "An act to authorize the issue of United States notes, and for 
 the redemption or funding thereof, and for funding the floating debt of the 
 United States." It authorized the issue. " on the credit of the United States," 
 of one hundred and fifty millions of dollars of " United States notes, not bearing 
 interest," and of denominations not less than five dollars. Fifty millions of them 
 were " in lieu of the demand Treasury notes," issued under the act of July 17, 
 1861, which were to be taken up as soon as practicable. The first notes issued 
 were dated March 10, and had printed on the back, "This note is a legal tender 
 for all debts, public and private, except duties on imports and interest on the 
 public debt, and is exchangeable for United States six per cent, bonds, redeemable 
 at the pleasure of the United States, after five years." 
 
 The bill had passed the House, and was sent to the Senate on the 6th of 
 February. As it was sent there, it provided that " the notes herein authorized 
 shall be receivable in payment of all taxes, duties, imposts, excise, debts and 
 demands owing by the United States to individuals, corporations, and associations 
 within the United States, and shall also be lawful money and a legal tender, in 
 payment of alf debts, public and private, within the United States." The follow- 
 ing words were also ordered printed upon the backs of the notes : " The within 
 is a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, and is exchangeable 
 for bonds of the United States bearing six per centum interest at tAventy years, 
 
 40
 
 626 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1862. 
 
 or in seven per cent, bonds at five years." The bill also authorized the issue of , 
 bonds "not exceeding five hundred million dollars," for the redemption of the 
 notes. From the Senate the bill was returned with the following amendments : 
 "That the legal tender notes should be receivable for all claims and demands 
 against the United States, of every kind whatsoever, except for interest on bonds 
 and notes, which shall be paid in coin." Also, " that all duties on imported goods, 
 and proceeds of the sale of public lands, should be set apart to pay the coin 
 interest on the debt of the United States." A conference committee was ap- 
 pointed by the House to meet a similar committee from the Senate, and the bill 
 was agreed on, passed, and approved by the President the same day. The act, 
 as passed, exempted " all stocks, bonds, and other securities of the United States " 
 from taxation under " state authority." By a section of the bill, the Secretary 
 of the Treasury was authorized to receive deposits, for not less than thirty days, 
 nor less than one hundred dollars, and give certificates for the same bearing in- 
 terest at five per cent. The amount to be so received was limited to twenty-five 
 million dollars. On March 17, 1862, this limit was extended to fifty million dol- 
 lars; and July 11, to one hundred million dollars. On January 30, 18G4, the 
 limit was placed at one hundred and fifty million dollars, and six per cent, interest 
 allowed. These deposits had reached the sum of over one hundred and twenty 
 millions. By an act passed March 1, 18G2, certificates of indebtedness were also 
 authorized to be issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, "in satisfaction of au- 
 dited and settled demands against the United States," in sums of not less than one 
 thousand dollars, payable in one year, and drawing six per cent, interest. On the 
 17th of March, this power was enlarged so as to embrace checks drawn in favor 
 of creditors by " disbursing ofBcers upon sums placed to their credit on the books 
 of the Treasurer." These certificates were used as a currency, and on the 1st of 
 November, 1864, their amount was two hundred and thirty-eight million five hun- 
 dred and ninety-three thousand dollars. 
 
 1862, FEBRUARY. At a conference between the Mexican 
 authorities and the invaders, the project of establishing a Mex- 
 ican monarchy for the Archduke Maximilian was discussed. 
 
 The British and Spanish representatives disapproved of the project. At a 
 further conference in April, the English and Spanish plenipotentiaries declared 
 in favor of peace, but the French were for renewed war against Juarez. In May 
 the English and Spanish forces retired from Mexico, and reinforcements were sent 
 to the French under General Lorencz. 
 
 1862, MARCH 7 and 8. The battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Federals were finally successful. 
 
 1862, MARCH 8. The Confederate ram, the Merrimac, ap- 
 peared at Hampton Roads. 
 
 She had been sunk when the Norfolk Navy Yard was abandoned, and had been 
 raised by the Confederates and converted into an iron-clad ram. She sank the 
 Cumberland, captured the Congress, and forced the Minnesota aground, and then 
 returned to Norfolk. She had been rechristened the Virginia, and was in com- 
 mand of Franklin Buchanan. 
 
 1862, MARCH 9. The Merrimac reappeared. 
 
 During the night, the Monitor : Lieutenant Worden, had arrived, and, engaging
 
 Ig62.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 627 
 
 the ram, forced her back to Norfolk. On May 11, the Confederates evacuated 
 Norfolk, and blew up the Merrimac. 
 
 1862, MARCH 10. Manassas Junction, Virginia, was evacuated 
 by the Confederates. 
 
 1862, MARCH 11. General McClellan assumed the command 
 of the army of the Potomac. 
 
 He resigned the position of general-in-chief. The mountain department was 
 put in command of General Fremont, and the Mississippi department of General 
 Halleck. 
 
 1862, MARCH 13. An act was passed forbidding the officers 
 of the army and navy to employ the forces under their command 
 in restoring fugitive slaves. 
 
 1862, MARCH 14. Newbern, North Carolina, was captured. 
 
 General Burnside was in command of the expedition. 
 
 1862, MARCH 23. The battle at Winchester, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates, under General Jackson, were defeated by the Federals 
 under General Shields. 
 
 1862, MARCH 23. The Peninsular campaign in Virginia 
 began. 
 
 It ended July 2 with the retreat of the Federals to Harrison's Landing, whence 
 they were withdrawn August 16. 
 
 1862, APRIL 5. Yorktown, Virginia, was besieged by the 
 Federal forces. 
 
 General McClellan was in command. The place had been strongly fortified. 
 
 1862, APRIL 6 and 7. The battle of Pittsburg Landing, Ten- 
 nessee, was fought. 
 
 On the 7th, Grant was reinforced by Buell, and the Confederates were defeated, 
 retreating to Corinth. 
 
 1862, APRIL 7. Island No. 10, in the Mississippi, surren- 
 dered. 
 
 1862, APRIL 9. The battle of Shiloh was fought. 
 
 1862, APRIL 11. Fort Pulaski, near Savannah, surrendered. 
 
 1862, APRIL 12. Gold was first quoted at a premium. 
 
 It reached its highest point in July, 1864 2.85. 
 
 1862, APRIL 16. Slavery was abolished in the District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 The act for its abolition provided for a commission to remunerate loyal owners. 
 Not over three hundred dollars a slave were to be paid, and one million dollars 
 were appropriated for the purpose. One hundred thousand dollars were also ap- 
 propriated for their colonization. An act was also passed abolishing slavery in 
 the "territories of the United States now existing, or which may at anytime 
 hereafter be formed or acquired by the United States."
 
 628 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1862. 
 
 1862, MAY 1. The army captured New Orleans. 
 
 The then secretary of the navy, Gideon Welles, says that New Orleans was 
 captured by the navy under Admiral Farragut on the 25th of April, and that he 
 held it until the army took possession of it. General B. F. Butler was put in 
 command of the city, and kept it until he was replaced in December by Gen- 
 eral Banks. 
 
 1862, MAY 3. The battle of Chancellorsville was fought. 
 
 1862, MAY 5. The battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated. 
 
 1862, MAY 5. The French army was repulsed at Puebla. 
 
 1862, MAY 11. Norfolk, Virginia, was reoccupied by the 
 Federals. 
 
 1862, MAY 15. Congress established the Department of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 1862, MAY 19. The President revoked General Hunter's 
 emancipation order, as unauthorized. 
 
 General Hunter had issued it on the 9th, being in command of the southern 
 department. His order was to the effect that Georgia, Florida, and South Caro- 
 lina, being under martial law, " and slavery and martial law being incompatible, 
 the persons in these three states heretofore held as slaves, are therefore declared 
 forever free." 
 
 1862, MAY 25. A battle was fought at Winchester, Virginia. 
 The Federals, under General Banks, were repulsed. 
 
 1862, MAY 27. The battle of Hanover Court House, Virginia, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated. 
 
 1862, MAY 27. The assault on Port Hudson was made. 
 1862, MAY 30. The Confederates retreated from Corinth. 
 The Federals, under General Halleck, marched in pursuit of them. 
 
 1862, MAY 31. The battle of Seven Pines, Virginia, took 
 place. 
 
 The next day, the battle of Fair Oaks was fought. In both, the Confederates 
 were repulsed. 
 
 1862, JUNE 3. The command of the Confederate forces in 
 Virginia was given to General Robert E. Lee. 
 
 1862, JUNE 6. Memphis surrendered to the Union forces. 
 
 1862, JUNE 8. The battle of Cross Keys, Virginia, was fought. 
 
 The Federals were repulsed. On the 9th they were again repulsed at Fort 
 Republic, Virginia.
 
 1862.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 629 
 
 1862, JUNE 13 and 14. The Confederate cavalry, under Gen- 
 eral Stuart, destroyed the provision depot at White House, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 They rode round McClellan's army. 
 
 1862, JUNE 13 and 14. The French defeated the Mexicans at 
 Cerro de Borgo. 
 
 1862, JUNE 16. The Federals were repulsed in an attack 
 upon the works at Secessionville, James Island, in Charleston 
 harbor. 
 
 1862, JUNE 18. Cumberland Gap was occupied by the Fed- 
 eral forces under General Morgan. 
 
 1862, JUNE 25. The seven days' battles around Richmond 
 began. 
 
 1862, JUNE 26. The battle of Mechanicsville, Virginia, took 
 place. 
 
 The Confederates made the attack, and were repulsed. 
 
 1862, JUNE 26. General Pope was given the command of the 
 army in Virginia. 
 
 1862, JUNE 27. General Fremont was relieved from his com- 
 mand. 
 
 He requested it, on the appointment of General Pope. 
 
 1862, JUNE 27. The battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia, took 
 place. 
 
 The Federals were repulsed. 
 
 1862, JUNE 28. Commodore Farragut, who had run the 
 blockade at Vicksburg, began to bombard the city. 
 
 1862, JUNE. John Morgan, with a Confederate force, raided 
 through Ohio. 
 
 1862, JUNE 29. The battle of Savage's Station, Virginia, 
 was fought. 
 It was indecisive. 
 
 1862, JUNE 30. The battle of Frazier's Farm took place. 
 
 General Lee failed in an attempt to break the Federal line. 
 
 1862, JULY 1. Congress passed an act to collect an internal 
 revenue. 
 
 It taxed domestic manufactures, trades, occupations, provided for a system of 
 stamps, and license, income, and other duties. 
 
 1862, JULY 1. The battle of Malvern Hill, Virginia, took 
 place. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated.
 
 630 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1862. 
 
 1862, JULY 1. The Union Pacific Railroad Bill was signed 
 by the President. 
 
 1862, JULY 1. The President issued a call for three hundred 
 thousand men. 
 
 He had been requested to do so by the governors of eighteen states. 
 
 1862, JULY 2. The army of the Potomac retired to Harri- 
 son's Landing. 
 
 The peninsular campaign ended. 
 
 1862, JULY 11. The President approved a bill for the further 
 issue of United States notes. 
 
 The issue was of one hundred and fifty million dollars, of which thirty-five 
 million dollars were of denominations less than five dollars. 
 
 1862, JULY - 11. General Halleck was appointed commander- 
 in- chief. 
 
 1862, JULY 14. Congress passed an act increasing the duties 
 on imports. 
 
 By successive amendments, a duty was levied upon the importation of fifteen 
 hundred articles. 
 
 1862, JULY 15. The Confederate ram Arkansas took refuge 
 under the guns of Vicksburg. 
 
 She had escaped the expedition sent up the Yazoo River to capture her, and 
 on the 22d she repulsed the Queen of the West and the Essex, sent against her. 
 On the 6th of August she was attacked by the Essex, and abandoned by her 
 crew, after they had set her on fire. 
 
 1862, JULY 17. The President approved "an act to authorize 
 payment in stamps, and to prohibit circulation of notes of less 
 denomination than one dollar." 
 
 It authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to furnish postage and other 
 stamps to the depositaries of the United States, to be exchanged for notes, and 
 forbade the issue by any one of tokens, or checks for less than a dollar, to circu- 
 late as money. 
 
 1862, JULY 17. The President approved a bill confiscating 
 the property and emancipating the slaves of all rebels in arms 
 after sixty days, if they did not submit. 
 
 The act made death the penalty for conviction of treason ; or the court might 
 make it imprisonment and fine. The slaves of the convicted to be free. Persons 
 engaged in rebellion to be fined and imprisoned ; their slaves to be free. Those 
 guilty as above to be incapable of holding office. The act not to apply to cases 
 previous to its issue. Slaves of persons engaged in rebellion, if seized, not to be 
 returned, but held as prisoners of war. No fugitive slave to be given up unless 
 the claimant takes an oath he has not been engaged in rebellion. Persons of 
 African descent may be employed to put down the rebellion. The President 
 authorized to arrange for the colonization of freed slaves. The President may 
 grant amnesty. A joint resolution declares the act not to apply to offences com- 
 mitted before its passage, nor make forfeiture of real estate beyond the life of the 
 offender.
 
 1862.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 631 
 
 1862. A MASSACKE of the settlers in Minnesota, by the Sioux 
 Indians, took place. 
 
 One thousand settlers are said to have been slaughtered. The Indians were 
 driven away by forces under the command of General H. H. Sibley. 
 
 1862, JULY. Congress passed an act granting the unimproved 
 public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural 
 colleges. 
 
 1862. CONGRESS passed the Homestead Bill. 
 
 It gave one hundred and sixty acres of land to every actual settler. 
 
 1862, JULY 22. The President issued a general order author- 
 izing the military and naval commanders in the insurgent states 
 to seize and use necessary supplies. 
 
 Persons of African descent could be employed as laborers at reasonable wages, 
 an account being kept "as a basis upon which compensation can be made in 
 proper cases." 
 
 1862, JULY 25. The President issued a proclamation warning 
 those in rebellion of the passage of the Confiscation Act. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 1. The Confederate government declared Gen- 
 eral Pope and his officers not entitled to mercy. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 4. General Butler, in New Orleans, assessed 
 the rich secessionists to support the poor. 
 
 By his careful attention to sanitary regulations, he made the city more healthy 
 than it had been for years. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 4. The secretary of war ordered a draft of 
 three hundred thousand men. 
 
 They were to be drafted from the militia, to serve nine months. If by the 15th 
 of August any state had not furnished its quota of the three hundred thousand 
 volunteers called for by the President, the deficiency to be made up by a special 
 draft from the militia. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 5. The battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, was 
 fought. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 5. The battle at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, 
 took place. 
 
 The Federals were defeated. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 8. The writ of habeas corpus was suspended. 
 
 Orders were given to arrest those who discouraged enlistments. No more 
 passports were to be issued, and newspaper correspondents forbidden with the 
 armies. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 13. Drafting was ordered to begin on the 1st 
 of September. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 17. General Pope began his retreat.
 
 632 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1862. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 23. A general battle with General Pope's 
 forces took place. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 28. General Forey, with a French army, arrived 
 in Mexico. 
 
 He assumed the civil and military power on the 8th of September. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 29. The battle of Groveton, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates had the advantage. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 30. A battle at Manassas, Virginia, was fought. 
 
 The Federals were defeated. 
 
 1862, AUGUST 30. A battle was fought at Richmond, Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 The Federals were worsted. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 1. A battle at Ox Hill, Virginia, was fought. 
 
 The Federals were defeated. General Pope was removed, and McClellan 
 put in command. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 1. A battle was fought at Chantilly, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Generals Kearney and Stevens were killed. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 1. Lexington, Kentucky, was evacuated by 
 the Federals. 
 
 Cincinnati was greatly excited by the expectation of an attack. Martial law 
 was proclaimed, and the citizens ordered to enroll themselves for defence. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 14. The battle of South Mountain, Mary- 
 land, was fought. 
 
 The Confederates had crossed into Maryland on the 4th, 5th, and Cth. On the 
 7th they occupied Frederick ; and General Lee issued a proclamation to the people 
 of Maryland, inviting them to join the confederacy. He said, " It is for you to 
 decide your destiny freely and without restraint. This army will respect your 
 choice, whatever it may be ; and, while the southern people will rejoice to welcome 
 you to your natural position among them, they will only welcome you when you 
 come of your own free will." To this proclamation there was no response. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 15. Harper's Ferry was captured by the 
 Confederates. 
 
 The force holding it consisted of eleven thousand men. General Jackson was 
 in command of the Confederates. Colonel Miles, in command, was mortally 
 wounded. The Confederates held it only a day. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 17. The battle of Antietam, Maryland, was 
 fought. 
 
 It was one of the severest of the war. The Confederates were driven back 
 over the Potomac. They had been in Maryland a fortnight.
 
 1862.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 633 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 17. The garrison at Munfordsville, Ken- 
 tucky, surrendered to the Confederates. 
 
 A provisional government was organized by the Confederate forces, at Frank- 
 fort, for Kentucky. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 17. Cumberland Gap was vacated by the 
 Federals. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 19. The Confederate forces were defeated 
 at luka, Mississippi. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 22. President Lincoln issued a proclama- 
 tion abolishing slavery in the Southern States, unless they re- 
 turned to the Union before the 1st of January, 1863. 
 
 The President, after stating that the war would still be conducted for restoring 
 the Union, and that he should again urge Congress to pecuniarily indemnify the 
 loyal slave states, should they abolish slavery either gradually or immediately, 
 and that efforts would still continue for the voluntary colonization of "persons of 
 African descent," proclaims, "That, on the first day of January, in the year of 
 our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves 
 within any state, or any designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then 
 be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and for- 
 ever, free ; and the executive government of the United States, including the 
 military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of 
 such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, 
 in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom." The proclamation ends 
 thus : " And the executive will in due time recommend that all citizens of the 
 United States who shall have remained loyal thereto throughout the rebellion, 
 shall (upon the restoration of the constitutional relation between the United States 
 and their respective states and people, if the relation shall have been suspended 
 or disturbed) be compensated for all losses by acts of the United States, including 
 the loss of slaves." 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 24. President Lincoln by a proclamation 
 suspended the habeas corpus li in respect to persons held by mil- 
 itary authority." 
 
 It was done to prevent the release of military and state prisoners. 
 
 1862, SEPTEMBER 25. A convention of governors from the 
 loyal states was held at Altoona, Pennsylvania, and adopted an 
 address to the President, pledging him their support. 
 
 They suggested an army of reserve, and indorsed the emancipation proc- 
 lamation. 
 
 1862, OCTOBER 3. The battle of Corinth, Mississippi, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates, under Van Dorn, were defeated by the Federals under 
 Rosecrans. 
 
 1862, OCTOBER 8. The battle of Perry ville, Kentucky, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals, under General Buell, defeated the Confederates under General 
 Bragg.
 
 (534 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1862i 
 
 1862. OCTOBER 10. A raid on Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 
 was made by a Confederate force under General Stuart. 
 
 1862, OCTOBER 18. Morgan made a raid in Kentucky. 
 
 He occupied Lexington, Kentucky. 
 
 1862, OCTOBER 24. The command of the army of Kentucky 
 was given to General Rosecrans. 
 
 General Buell was relieved of it. 
 
 1862, OCTOBER 27. The Mexican congress assembled and 
 protested against the Spanish invasion. 
 
 1862, NOVEMBER 7. General Burnside was appointed to the 
 command of the army of the Potomac. 
 He relieved General McClellan. 
 
 1862, NOVEMBER 9. General Butler issued his sequestration 
 order. 
 
 1862. THE French government proposed to Russia and Eng- 
 land to mediate in the United States. 
 
 The proposition was made by Drouyn d' L'Huys. Russia declined it Novem- 
 ber 8, and Great Britain on the 13th. 
 
 1862, NOVEMBER 22. A general order for the release of all 
 state prisoners was issued. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 7. The Confederates were defeated at Prai- 
 rie Grove, Arkansas. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 11. Fredericksburg, Virginia, was bom- 
 barded by the Federal army. 
 
 They were under command of General Burnside, and had crossed the Rappa- 
 hannock. On the 13th, their attack on the Confederate works was repulsed, and 
 on the 15th and 16th they recrossed the Rappahannock, having lost heavily. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 16. General Banks assumed command of the 
 Department of the Gulf. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 18. Lexington, Kentucky, was taken by 
 the Confederates. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 20. Holly Springs, Mississippi, was cap- 
 tured by the Confederates. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 27. The Federals, under General Sherman, 
 were repulsed at Chickasaw Bayou, Mississippi. 
 
 They had set out from Memphis December 20. After the repulse, the army 
 withdrew from the Yazoo. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 28. Van Buren, Arkansas, was captured by 
 the Federals. 
 
 General Blunt was in command. A large quantity of supplies, and four 
 steamers laden, were captured.
 
 1862-3.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 635 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 29. The battle of Stone River, Tennessee, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates, under General Bragg, were defeated by the Federals under 
 General Rosecrans. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER, 30. The siege of Yicksburg was abandoned 
 by General Sherman. 
 
 He had driven the Confederates into the town on the 27th, and been driven 
 from his position on the 29th. On the 31st, General McClernand succeeded Gen- 
 eral Sherman in command, and the army retired to Milliken's Bend. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 31. The second battle of Stone River, Ten- 
 nessee, was fought. 
 
 It lasted three days. The Confederates were driven back, and on January 3 
 the Federals occupied Murfreesborough. 
 
 1862, DECEMBER 31. An act passed by Congress for the ad- 
 mission of West Virginia to the Union was approved. 
 
 It provided that "whenever the people of West Virginia shall, through their 
 said convention, and by a vote to be taken at an election to be held within the 
 limits of the said state, at such time as the convention may provide, make and 
 ratify the change aforesaid, and properly certify the same under the hand of the 
 president of the convention, it shall be lawful for the President of the United 
 States to issue his proclamation, stating the fact; and thereupon this act shall 
 take effect, and be in force from and after sixty days from the date of said proc- 
 lamation." The change referred to was to be introduced in the constitution, 
 making all children born after the 4th of July, 1863, free, and all children under 
 ten at that date, free when twenty-one; all over ten and under twenty-one, free 
 at twenty-five. 
 
 1863, JANUARY 1. The emancipation proclamation was issued. 
 
 It specified Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (certain parishes excepted), Missis- 
 sippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia 
 (West Virginia and other portions excepted), as the rebellious states to which tho 
 proclamation applied. The excepted parts " are, for the present, left precisely 
 as if this proclamation were not issued." " And by virtue of the power and for 
 the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves 
 within said states and parts of states, are and henceforth shall be free, and that 
 the executive government of the United States, including tho military and naval 
 authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. 
 
 "And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free, to abstain from 
 all violence, unless in necessary self-defence ; and I recommend to them that in 
 all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages. 
 
 " And I further declare and make known that such persons, of suitable condi- 
 tion, will be received into the armed service of the United States, to garrison 
 forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said 
 service. 
 
 " And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice warranted by the 
 Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of man- 
 kind and gracious favor of Almighty God." 
 
 1863, JANUARY 1. Galveston, Texas, was captured by the 
 Confederates.
 
 636 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1863. 
 
 1863, JANUARY 8. The battle of Springfield, Missouri, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates retreated. 
 
 1863, JANUARY 11. Arkansas Post, Arkansas, was captured 
 by the Federals. 
 
 It was evacuated on the 23d, after the destruction of the fort. 
 
 1863, JANUARY 21. Young's Point, on the Mississippi, waa 
 occupied by the Federals. 
 
 It is nine miles above Vicksburg, on the other side of the river. It was aban- 
 doned on the 8th of March. 
 
 1863, JANUARY 26. General Hooker was appointed to the 
 command of the army of the Potomac. 
 He relieved General Burnside. 
 
 1863, JANUARY 29. General Banks at New Orleans promul- 
 gated the emancipation proclamation. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 6. -Congress declined the French govern- 
 ment's offer of mediation. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 7. The Confederate secretary of state de- 
 clared Galveston and Sabine Pass open to commerce. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 8. The Chicago Times was ordered sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 The order was rescinded on the 17th. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 24. Arizona was organized as a territory. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 24. The French army under General Forey 
 commenced their march towards the city of Mexico. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 25. Congress passed a conscription act. 
 
 It made military service necessary for men between eighteen and forty-five. 
 
 1863, FEBRUARY 26. The Cherokee national council repealed 
 the ordinance of secession. 
 
 They also abolished slavery, and disqualified disloyalists. 
 
 1863, MARCH 3. The President approved an act of Congress 
 for a loan of $900,000,000. 
 
 The first section of the act authorized a loan of $300.000,000 for the current 
 year, and $600,000,000 for the next year, for which bonds should be issued, from 
 ten to forty years, bearing not over six per cent, interest in coin. The second 
 section authorized the Secretary, instead of bonds, to issue treasury notes for 
 400,000,000, bearing six per cent, interest payable "in lawful money." By the 
 third section, $150,000,000 in United States notes might be issued. This section 
 also provided that " the holders of United States notes issued under former acts, 
 shall present the same for the purpose of exchanging them for bonds as therein 
 provided, on or before the 1st of July, 1863, and thereafter the right to exchange 
 the same shall cease and determine." A tax of one per cent, each half year, on 
 a graduated scale of the circulation of the state banks according to their capital
 
 1863.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 637 
 
 stock, was imposed. The bill also provided for the issue of fractional currency 
 to any amount not exceeding $50,000,000. 
 
 1863, MAECH 3. Idaho was organized as a territory. 
 
 1863, MARCH 4. The National Academy of Sciences was 
 established at Washington, D. C. 
 
 1863, MARCH 6. General Hunter, in the Department of the 
 South, ordered the drafting of negroes. 
 
 1863, MARCH 10. -Jacksonville, Florida, was captured by the 
 Federals. 
 
 The 1st South Carolina regiment, of negroes, made the attack. 
 
 1863, MARCH 21. The battle at Cottage Grove, Tennessee, 
 was fought. 
 
 1863, MARCH 25. The President approved the National Cur- 
 rency Bank Bill, passed by Congress February 25. 
 
 This was the act creating the national banks. The first issue of national bank 
 currency was made in January, 1864 ; and on April 22, 1865, the amount in circu- 
 lation was 146,927,975. By the act, banking associations can be formed by any 
 number of persons " not less than five." A controller of the currency, ap- 
 pointed by the President, and under the control of the Secretary, shall certify that 
 the banks have complied with the law before they may commence business. Not 
 less than one third of the capital of the banks paid in to be transferred to the 
 United States in interest-paying bonds of the United States, "for which circulat- 
 ing notes to the value of ninety per cent, of the current value of such bonds shall 
 be returned to the bank, such notes never to exceed the amount of capital paid 
 in. The notes issued under this act shall not exceed $300,000,000 ; half this sum 
 to be apportioned to the states and territories, according to representative pop- 
 ulation ; the other, by the secretary of the treasury, among associations to be 
 formed, but without regard to the distribution of existing banking capital." The 
 banks formed to "have succession by its designated name for not more than 
 twenty years from the passage of this act." The circulating notes issued by 
 banks under this act are to be received at par for all dues to the United States, 
 except duties on imports and interest on public debt; and shall be taken for 
 all dues by the United States to persons within the country save interest. "If 
 the bank's security do not redeem its circulation, the United States pays the 
 difference. In lieu of taxes on circulation or bonds deposited, the bank shall pay 
 semi-annually one per cent, on amount of circulating notes received (in default 
 of deficiency to be deducted from interest on bonds), to pay expenses of making 
 notes." 
 
 1863, MARCH 30. A battle near Somerville, Kentucky, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated. 
 
 1863, APRIL. The siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg in 
 Charleston harbor was begun. 
 
 General Gillmore had command of the land forces, and Admirals Dahlgren and 
 Dupont of the naval forces.
 
 638 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1863. 
 
 1863, APRIL. Congress justified the suspension of the habeas 
 corpus by the President. 
 
 In September it was again suspended, in order to retain recruits who were re- 
 claimed by their parents falsely. 
 
 1863, MAY 2. The battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi, was 
 fought. 
 
 A landing had been made at Bruinsburg, below Vicksburg, on the 30th of 
 April. This was the beginning of Grant's advance to Vicksburg. The Confed- 
 erates were driven back. 
 
 1863, MAY 2. The battle of Chancellors ville, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 It lasted three days. The Federals under General Hooker were forced to re- 
 cross the Rappahannock. General Hooker had crossed the Rappahannock on the 
 28th of April, and recrossed it after the fighting, May 6. In this battle the Con- 
 federate General Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded. 
 
 1863, MAY 3. Grand Gulf, Mississippi, was evacuated by 
 the Confederates. 
 
 1863, MAY 6. Alexandria, Louisiana, on the Red River, was 
 captured by the Federals. 
 
 The fleet was under command of Commodore Porter. 
 
 1863, MAY 12. The battle of Raymond, Mississippi, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals under General McPherson were successful. 
 
 1863, MAY 14. Jackson, Mississippi, was captured by the 
 Federals. 
 
 General Sherman was in command. 
 
 1863, MAY 16. The battle of Champion's Hill, Mississippi, 
 was fought. 
 
 General Grant was in command of the Federals, who were successful. 
 
 1863, MAY 17. The battle of Big Black River, Mississippi, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates were driven into Vicksburg. 
 
 1863, MAY 18. Vicksburg was invested. 
 
 The fleet under Commodore Porter opened communication with the army under 
 General Grant. 
 
 1863, MAY 18. The Mexicans surrendered Puebla. 
 
 On the 31st the republican administration of Mexico removed to San Luis de 
 Potosi. 
 
 1863, MAY 19. The first assault on Vicksburg was repulsed. 
 
 Another, on May 22, was also unsuccessful.
 
 1863.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 639 
 
 1863, MAY 27. An unsuccessful attack was made on Port 
 Hudson, Louisiana. 
 
 The Federals were commanded by General Banks. On the 14th of June a 
 second unsuccessful attack was made. 
 
 1863, JUNE 3. A "peace meeting" was held in New York 
 city. 
 
 It was called by the leading Democrats, and published an address and a series 
 of resolutions. The last of these was as follows : " Resolved, That, thus believ- 
 ing, there can be no reliable security to persons or property pending this war, and 
 that by its continuance the government itself will be utterly and irrevocably sub- 
 verted, and that the South as well as the North must alike crumble into general ruin 
 and devastation, we recommend, in the name of the people, that there be a sus- 
 pension of hostilities between the contending armies of the divided sections of our 
 country, and that a convention of the states composing the Confederate States/ 
 and a separate convention of the states still adhering to the Union, be held to 
 finally settle and determine in what manner and by what mode the contending 
 sections shall be reconciled." 
 
 1863, JUNE 4. The President revoked an order suppressing 
 the circulation of the New York World and the Chicago Times 
 in the Department of the Ohio. 
 
 The order had been given by General Burnside June 2. 
 
 1863, JUNE 10. The French army under General Bazaine en- 
 tered the city of Mexico. 
 
 The assembly of notables offered the crown to the Archduke Maximilian, 
 and until his reply, established a regency. The monarchy was a limited heredi- 
 tary one. 
 
 1863, JUNE 12. General Gilman relieved General Hunter in 
 the Department of the South. 
 
 1863, JUNE 15. The Federals were defeated at Winchester, 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Confederates under General Lee were advancing northward. 
 
 1863, JUNE 15. The President called for one hundred thousand 
 men to repel invasion. 
 
 There was great excitement in Pennsylvania from the advance of the Confed- 
 erates. 
 
 1863, JUNE 24. Morgan started upon another raid through 
 Kentucky and Ohio. 
 He was captured July 26. 
 
 1863, JUNE 24 and 25. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, was 
 occupied by the Confederates. 
 
 General Lee had crossed the Potomac. 
 
 1863, JUNE 28. General Hooker was superseded by General 
 G. G. Meade.
 
 (J40 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1863. 
 
 1863, JUNE 30. A battle was fought at Hanover Junction, 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Federals were successful. 
 
 1863, JULY 1. The battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was 
 fought. 
 
 It lasted three days. The Federals under General Meade checked Lee's ad- 
 vance, and forced the retreat of the Confederates^ 
 
 1863, JULY 1. The constitutional convention of Missouri 
 passed an ordinance for the abolition of slavery in the state. 
 
 Slaves over 40 in 1870, to remain so ; those under 12, to be free at 23 ; those 
 over 12, to be free on July 4, 1876. 
 
 1863, JULY 4. Vicksburg surrendered. 
 
 General Grant was in command of the Federals. It had been closely invested 
 for seven weeks. From May, 1862, to July, 1863, a series of attacks had been 
 made upon Vicksburg. 
 
 1863, JULY 9. Port Hudson surrendered. 
 
 General Banks was in command of the Federals. 
 
 1863, JULY 10. An assault on Fort Wagner was repulsed. 
 
 The Federals made another attack on the 18th, and were again repulsed. 
 
 1863, JULY 13. The draft riots took place in New York. 
 
 They lasted until the 16th, and were put down by the military and the police. 
 About a thousand were killed. On the 16th of August the draft was resumed, 
 and finished in ten days. The common council of New York voted $3,000,000 
 to pay the commutation of those drafted. The mayor vetoed it, and it was re- 
 passed over the veto. $2,000,000 was also voted to pay the commutation of the 
 police, fire department, and militia. .Claims for damages from the riot, amounting 
 to a million and a half, were presented. 
 
 1863, JULY 16. Jackson, Mississippi, was evacuated by the 
 Confederates. 
 
 1863, AUGUST 20. Lawrence, Kansas, was burned and sacked. 
 
 Quantrell was in command of guerrillas who did it. 
 
 1863, AUGUST 23. Charleston, South Carolina, was fired upon 
 from a battery built in the swamp. 
 
 The greater part of the city was rendered uninhabitable. The shot were 
 thrown over four miles. 
 
 1863, SEPTEMBER 3. Knoxville, Tennessee, was occupied by 
 the Federals. 
 
 General Burnside was in command. 
 
 1863, SEPTEMBER 7. The Federals occupied Morris Island in 
 Charleston harbor. 
 
 The Confederates evacuated Forts Wagner and Gregg.
 
 1863.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 641 
 
 1863, SEPTEMBER 15. The writ of habeas corpus was sus- 
 pended by order of the President. 
 
 1863, SEPTEMBER 19. The battle of Chickamauga Creek, 
 Tennessee, was fought. 
 
 It lasted two days. The Federals were forced finally .to retreat, and on the 
 21st fell back to Chattanooga. 
 
 1863, SEPTEMBER. The Confederate government was driven 
 from Tennessee by General Rosecrans. 
 
 1863, OCTOBER 3. Maximilian accepted the position offered 
 him as ruler of Mexico. 
 
 Marshal Forey, on the 1st, resigned his position, and returned to France, leav- 
 ing Bazaine in command. 
 
 1863, OCTOBER 16. A call was issued by the President for 
 300,000 volunteers. 
 
 The troops raised under this call to be deducted from the quotas set for the 
 next draft. The deficiencies to be made good by the states by a new draft, to be 
 made on January 5, 1864. 
 
 1863, OCTOBER 18. General Grant assumed command of the 
 military division of the Mississippi. 
 
 He announced it in an order at Louisville, stating his head-quarters would be 
 in the field. 
 
 1863, OCTOBER 20. General Rosecrans was relieved, and 
 General Thomas given the command of the Army of the Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 1863, OCTOBER 31. The British consuls were dismissed from 
 the Confederate States. 
 
 1863, NOVEMBER 2. The Federals took possession of Brazos 
 Santiago, at the mouth of the Rio Grande, Texas. 
 
 Nearly all the coast of Texas was taken possession of during this month. 
 
 1863, NOVEMBER 15. The battle of Campbell's Station was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals under General Burnside drove back the Confederates under Gen- 
 eral Longstreet, who were advancing against Knoxville. 
 
 1863, NOVEMBER 24 and 25. The battles of Lookout Moun- 
 tain and Missionary Ridge were fought at Chattanooga, Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 The Federals were victorious. 
 
 1863, NOVEMBER 28 and 29. The Confederates made two in- 
 effectual assaults upon Knoxville, Tennessee. 
 
 In the spring they abandoned East Tennessee. 
 
 41
 
 (J42 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1863-4. 
 
 1863, DECEMBER 8. The President accompanied his message 
 to Congress with a proclamation of amnesty to the Confederates. 
 
 The amnesty proclamation excepted " all who are, or shall have been, civil or 
 diplomatic officers or agents of the so-called Confederate government ; all who 
 have left judicial stations under the United States to aid the rebellion ; all who 
 are, or shall have been, military or naval officers of said so-called Confederate 
 government, above the rank of colonel in the army, or of lieutenant in the navy ; 
 all who left seats in the United States Congress to aid the rebellion ; all who re- 
 signed commissions in the array or navy of the United States, and afterwards 
 aided the rebellion ; Jind all who have engaged in any way in treating colored 
 persons, or white persons in charge of such, otherwise than lawfully as prisoners 
 of war, and which persons may have been found in the United States service as 
 soldiers, seamen, or in any other capacity." It ended, 
 
 " This proclamation is intended to present the people of the states wherein 
 the national authority has been suspended, and loyal state governments have 
 been subverted, a mode in and by which the national authority and loyal state 
 governments may be reinstated within said states, or in any of them ; and, while 
 the mode presented is the best the Executive can suggest, with his present im- 
 pressions, it must not be understood that no other possible mode would be ac- 
 ceptable." 
 
 1863, DECEMBER 18. Juarez with his army retired from San 
 Luis de Potosi. 
 
 On the 24th the French army entered it. 
 
 1864, FEBRUARY 1. The President ordered a draft of five 
 hundred thousand men to begin March 10. 
 
 They were to serve for three years or for the war, " crediting and deducting so 
 many as may have been enlisted or drafted into the service prior to the 1st of 
 March, and not therefore credited." 
 
 1864, FEBRUARY 6. General Sherman with his army set out 
 from Vicksburg, moving south. 
 
 He returned on the 27th, having destroyed vast quantities of Confederate stores, 
 and liberated many slaves. 
 
 1864, FEBRUARY 20. A battle was fought at Olustee, Florida. 
 
 The Federal expedition was defeated. 
 
 1864, MARCH 1. An act by Congress "to revive the grade 
 of lieutenant-general " was approved by the President. 
 
 President Lincoln appointed General Grant to the position, and on the 9th gave 
 him, in person, his commission. On the 12th an order was issued from the War 
 Department, stating that General Halleck, at his own request, was relieved the 
 position of commander-in-chief, and the position given to Lieutenant-General 
 Grant. 
 
 The same year the President approved a bill passed by Congress creating the 
 rank of vice-admiral, of equal grade with that of lieutenant-general in the army, 
 and nominated Admiral Farragut for the position, and the Senate confirmed the 
 nomination.
 
 1864.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMEEICA. 643 
 
 1864, MARCH 1. A bill was passed by Congress establishing 
 a Bureau of Freedmen's Affairs. 
 
 It was to determine all questions relating to persons of African descent, and 
 make regulations for their employment and proper treatment on abandoned plan- 
 tations. 
 
 1864, MARCH 1. The territory of Montana was organized. 
 
 1864, MARCH 3. The President approved an act supple- 
 mentary to the Loan Act passed by Congress. 
 
 It authorized the Secretary to issue bonds not exceeding two hundred million 
 dollars, dated March 1, 1864, or subsequently, payable in five, or forty years, in 
 coin, and bearing interest not exceeding six per cent, payable in coin. 
 
 1864, MARCH 4. Colonel Kilpatrick returned to the Union 
 lines. 
 
 He had started, February 28, from Culpepper, with a cavalry force of five 
 thousand men, and penetrated to the outer fortifications of Richmond, injuring 
 the railroads and destroying stores. During this expedition Colonel Dahlgren 
 was killed. 
 
 1864, MARCH 14. Fort De Russy, on the Red River, Louisi- 
 ana, was captured by the Federals. 
 
 The expedition for its capture had left Vicksburg on the 10th, under the com- 
 mand of General A. J. Smith. Its capture opened the Red River as far as Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 1864, MARCH 15. The President called for two hundred 
 thousand men. 
 
 1864, APRIL 6. A state constitutional convention for Louisi- 
 ana met at New Orleans. 
 
 It abolished slavery in the state May 26. 
 
 1864, APRIL 3. Juarez made Monterey the seat of the repub- 
 lican government of Mexico. 
 
 1864, APRIL 8. A battle was fought at Sabine Cross Roads, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 The Federal expedition up the Red River by General Banks was defeated, and 
 retreated to Pleasant Grove, and reached Alexandria on the 22d. 
 
 1864, APRIL 8. The Senate adopted an amendment to the 
 Constitution, abolishing slavery in the United States, and submit- 
 ting it to the states. 
 
 The vote was 38 to 6. 
 
 1864, APRIL 10. Maximilian accepted the offer of the crown 
 of Mexico from the deputies. 
 
 It was proffered him at Miramar. On the 29th of May, with the Empress 
 Carlotta, he landed at Vera Cruz, and on the 12th of June entered the city of 
 Mexico.
 
 644 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1864. 
 
 1864, APRIL 12. Fort Pillow, Tennessee, was captured by 
 the Confederates. 
 
 The garrison was massacred. General Forrest was in command of the Con- 
 federates. Fort Pillow was in command of Major Booth, who was killed in the 
 action. 
 
 1864, APRIL. The Indians in Colorado committed hostilities. 
 
 Various skirmishes took place with them. 
 
 1864, APRIL 27. ^dersonville prison, in Georgia, was 
 opened for Federal prisoners. 
 
 It was an open enclosure ; 44,882 Federal prisoners were confined here this 
 year, 12,644 of whom died. 
 
 1864, MAY 4. The army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan, 
 and encamped in the " Wilderness." 
 
 Grant began his Virginia campaign. 
 
 1864, MAY 4. Yorktown was evacuated by the Confederates. 
 
 1864, MAY 5, 6. The battles of the Wilderness, Virginia, 
 took place. 
 
 They were indecisive, but bloody. 
 
 1864, MAY 6. City Point, on the James River, Virginia, was 
 occupied by the Federals. 
 General Butler was in command. 
 
 1864, MAY 6. General Sherman began his Atlanta campaign. 
 
 1864, MAY 9. The battle of Spottsylvania, Virginia, took 
 place. 
 
 It was indecisive. 
 
 1864, MAY 14. The battle of Resaca, Georgia, was fought. 
 
 The Federals under General Sherman defeated the Confederates under Gen- 
 eral Johnston. On the 20th, Johnston crossed the Etowah River. 
 
 1864, MAY 17. Rome, Georgia, was captured by the Fed- 
 erals. 
 
 1864, MAY 18. The Journal of Commerce and the World 
 newspapers, in New York city, were suppressed by order of the 
 President, and their editors ordered arrested. 
 
 A forged proclamation, prepared by Joseph Howard and F. A. Mallison, was 
 distributed to the papers the night before. By accident it appeared only in these 
 two. The Herald printed a portion of its edition with it, but suppressed it on 
 finding it was a forgery. The proclamation was one calling for a half million 
 more troops. Howard and Mallison were also both arrested. The arrest of the 
 editors was vacated by the President's order. The governor of the state of New 
 York called attention to the violation of the freedom of the press, and the officers 
 who carried out the order were held subject to indictment. But the case was not 
 pressed by the sufferers.
 
 1864.1 ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 645 
 
 ' J \ 
 
 1864, MAT 25. The battle of New Hope Church Station, 
 Georgia, took place. 
 
 It was indecisive. Sherman had crossed the Etowah in pursuit of Johnston. 
 
 1864, MAY 26. The Confederates were repulsed in an attack 
 on City Point, Virginia. 
 
 1864, MAY 28. The Confederates were defeated at Dallas. 
 
 Longstreet had attacked Sherman, and was driven towards Marietta. 
 
 1864, MAY. The President ordered the discharge of all pris- 
 oners held under the suspension of the habeas corpus act. 
 The order was issued through the secretary of war. 
 
 1864, JUNE 1. The battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 It was indecisive. 
 
 1864, JUNE 3. A battle was fought near Cold Harbor, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 The Federals were repulsed. 
 
 1864, JUNE 3. An act amending the National Bank Act was 
 approved. 
 
 The act was entitled "An act to provide a national currency secured by a 
 pledge of the United States bonds, and to provide for the circulation and redemp- 
 tion thereof." 
 
 1864, JUNE 6. Ackworth, Georgia, was occupied by the 
 Federals under General Sherman. 
 
 1864, JUNE 7. Morgan again raided in Kentucky, and cap- 
 tured Lexington. 
 
 On the 12th his force was defeated, and a thousand horses they had captured 
 retaken. 
 
 1864. THE postal money-order system was established by 
 
 Congress. 
 
 It was similar to the system which had been in use for some years in Great 
 Britain. By it, orders for small sums of money, payable at any other office, 
 can be obtained, at a slight charge. On November 1st the system went into oper- 
 ation in about one hundred and forty offices. It has since been extended so as to 
 embrace several of the countries of Europe, thus affording a cheap and reliable 
 method of exchange, while at the same time the charge has been lessened. On 
 the 1st of October, 1875, the number of 'offices in operation was 3696. Up to 
 June 30 of the same year, for the year, the number of orders issued was 5,006,323, 
 the amount of money they represented being over $75,000,000. 
 
 1864, JUNE 16. The Federals were defeated in an attack 
 upon Petersburg, Virginia.
 
 646 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1864. 
 
 1864, JUNE 17. Congress passed an act forbidding selling 
 gold on time. 
 
 It was intended to stop the gold gambling, but failed to effect it. The premium 
 was enhanced, and the act was repealed July 2, 1864. 
 
 1864, JUNE 19. The investment of Petersburg, Virginia, was 
 begun. 
 
 1864, JUNE 19. The Alabama was sunk off Cherbourg, 
 France, by the Kearsarge. 
 
 The Alabama had been built at Liverpool, England, and sailed July 29, 1862. 
 She had committed numerous depredations on American commerce. During the 
 war the Confederates sent out about thirty privateers. Of these the chief were : 
 the Savannah, which escaped from Charleston June 2, 1861, and was captured 
 June 4; the Sumter, which escaped from New Orleans in July, 1861, and was 
 sold in April, 1862; the Jeff Davis, which escaped from Charleston July, 1861, 
 and was wrecked in August ; the Nashville, which escaped from Charleston Octo- 
 ber, 1861, and was destroyed by the Montawk, March 1, 1863 ; the Florida, built 
 at Birkenhead, England, captured by the Wachusett in October, 1864. 
 
 1864, JUNE 21, 22. The Federals were repulsed in attacks 
 upon the Weldon railroad, Virginia. 
 
 1864, JUNE 22. The House of Representatives resolved to 
 abolish slavery. 
 
 1864, JUNE 24. The Maryland constitutional convention 
 agreed to abolish slavery. 
 
 1864, JUNE 27. A battle was fought at Kenesaw Mountain. 
 
 The Federals made an unsuccessful attack. The Confederates abandoned 
 their position July 2. 
 
 1864, JUNE 28. The Confederates moved up the Shenandoah 
 Valley, Virginia. 
 
 General Early was in command. Until July 4, Washington was threatened. 
 
 1864, JUNE 28. An act of Congress repealing the fugitive 
 slave law was approved. 
 
 It repealed the act of February 12, 1793, and the amendment of Septem- 
 ber, 1850. 
 
 1864, JUNE 30. An act to provide ways and means for the 
 support of the government and for other purposes was approved. 
 
 It authorized the secretary of the treasury to borrow on the credit of the 
 United States four hundred millions of dollars, issuing coupon or registered bonds 
 for the amount, payable in not less than five nor more than forty years, of denom- 
 ination not less than fifty dollars, and drawing six per cent, interest, " payable 
 semiannually in coin." In lieu of an equal amount of bonds, he might issue two 
 hundred millions of dollars in treasury notes, in denomination not less than ten 
 dollars, payable within three years, and bearing interest at the rate of seven and 
 three tenths per centum, payable "in lawful money," and "a legal tender to the 
 same extent as United States notes for their face value, excluding interest." Pro-
 
 1864.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 647 
 
 vided : "That the total amount of bonds and treasury notes, authorized by the 
 first and second sections of this act, shall not exceed four hundred millions of 
 dollars, in addition to the amounts heretofore issued ; nor shall the total amount 
 of United States notes, issued or to be issued, ever exceed four hundred millions 
 of dollars, and such additional sum, not exceeding fifty millions of dollars, as may 
 be temporarily required for the redemption of temporary loan ; nor shall any 
 treasury note bearing interest, issued under this act, be a legal tender in payment 
 or redemption of any notes issued by any bank, banking association, or banker, 
 calculated or intended to circulate as money." Section 4 of the act authorized 
 the secretary of the treasury to receive, through the depositories designated for 
 the purpose, other than national banking associations, temporary loans of United 
 States notes, or national bank-notes, for not less than thirty days, and give certifi- 
 cates bearing interest not exceeding six per centum a year. Such deposits should 
 not exceed one hundred and fifty millions ; and as a reserve for their payment, 
 fifty millions of United States notes were to be issued and kept. The act also 
 provided for the issue of fifty millions of fractional currency. 
 
 The act contained also the provision that "all bonds, Treasury notes, and 
 other obligations of the United States, shall be free from taxation, by or under 
 state or municipal authority." Its last section declares "the words obligation or 
 other security of the United States" to mean "all bonds, coupons, national cur- 
 rency, United States notes, fractional notes, checks for money of authenticated 
 officers of the United States, certificates of indebtedness, certificates of deposits, 
 stamps, and other representatives of value of whatever denomination, which have 
 been or may be issued under any act of Congress." 
 
 1864, JUNE 30. Mr. Chase resigned the position of Secretary 
 of the Treasury. 
 
 July 5, William P. Fessenden was appointed to the office. 
 
 1864, JULY 4. The enrolment bill was approved. 
 
 The House passed it on the 12th February, and the Senate on the 19th. It 
 gave the President authority to call for as many men as the necessity required ; 
 drafts to be ordered if the quotas were not filled. Substitutes might be furnished 
 by those enrolled ; all persons under forty-five to be enrolled ; drafted persons 
 could furnish substitutes ; commuters exempted only from the special draft ; all 
 male persons of African descent, between twenty and forty-five, whether citizens 
 or not, to be enrolled ; loyal masters of drafted slaves to be given a certificate, 
 and the bounty to be paid the person to whom the slave owes service ; a commis- 
 sion to be appointed to award not over three hundred dollars to loyal persons to 
 whom colored volunteers owe service ; colored troops not to be " assigned as state 
 troops, but shall be mustered into regiments or companies as United States colored 
 volunteers." 
 
 1864, JULY 8. The President issued a proclamation in refer- 
 ence to a bill for reconstruction. 
 
 The bill had been presented to him too late for him to consider it. It guaran- 
 teed a republican form of government to the states whose governments had been 
 overthrown, and authorized the President to appoint provisional governors until 
 regular state governments were organized. The proclamation stated that, while 
 the President was not prepared to commit himself to any single plan of reconstruc- 
 tion, yet he was satisfied this provided by the bill was a proper one, and that, when 
 armed resistance ceased in any state, military governors would be appointed, with 
 directions to proceed according to the provisions of the bill.
 
 648 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1864. 
 
 1864, JULY 9. The battle of Monocacy River, Maryland, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals were defeated. Lee had crossed the Potomac, and threatened 
 Baltimore and Washington. On the 13th of July he retired from Maryland. 
 
 1864, JULY 18. The President issued a call for five hundred 
 thousand men. 
 
 They were to enlist for one, two, or three years, as they should elect. If a 
 sufficient number did not present themselves, a draft was to be made on Septem- 
 ber 5 for men to serve one year. 
 
 1864, JULY 20. The battle of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates were under General Hood, who had replaced Johnston. The 
 Federals under Sherman held their own. 
 
 1864, JULY 22. The Louisiana state convention adopted a 
 constitution abolishing slavery. 
 
 1864, JULY 22. The battle of Decatur, Georgia, was fought. 
 
 The Confederates were finally repulsed. 
 
 1864, JULY 30. Another unsuccessful assault was made by 
 the Federals upon Petersburg, Virginia. 
 
 1864, AUGUST 6. Fort Gaines, in Mobile Bay, surrendered to 
 Admiral Farragut. 
 
 Fort Powell was blown up on the 5th, and the Confederate ram Tennessee 
 captured. 
 
 1864, AUGUST 21. The Weldon railroad was captured. 
 The contest lasted three days. 
 
 1864, AUGUST 23. Fort Morgan, in Mobile Bay, was captured 
 by Admiral Farragut. 
 
 The Federals had possession of the bay. 
 
 1864, AUGUST 31. The battle of Jonesborough was fought. 
 
 The Confederates were repulsed. The next day Sherman captured the town. 
 
 1864, SEPTEMBER 2. The Federals entered Atlanta. 
 
 The Confederates had evacuated it. A truce of ten days, beginning on the 
 14th, was given the inhabitants to leave the place, which was made a depot of 
 supplies. 
 
 1864, SEPTEMBER 4. Morgan was defeated at Greenville, 
 Tennessee, by the Federals under General Gillem. 
 Morgan was killed and his staff captured. 
 
 1864, SEPTEMBER 19. The battle of Winchester, Virginia, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Federals were successful.
 
 ADMIRAL FARRAGUT AT THE BATTLE OF MOBILE BAY, AUGUST 23, 1864.
 
 1864.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 649 
 
 1864, SEPTEMBER 22. The battle at Fisher's Creek, Virginia, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Federals under General Sheridan were successful. 
 
 1864, SEPTEMBER 28. Fort Harrison, Virginia, was captured 
 by the Federals. 
 
 1864, SEPTEMBER 30. The battle at Peebles Farm, Virginia, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Federals were repulsed. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 2. A battle was fought at Holston River, 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Confederates were commanded by General Breckenridge, and the Federals 
 by General Burbridge. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 6. The battle of Allatoona Pass, Georgia, was 
 fought. 
 
 General Sherman had made it a station for supplies. The Confederates under 
 General Hood were repulsed. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 7. The Confederate steamer Florida was cap- 
 tured at Bahia, while under the protection of Brazil, by the 
 Wachusett. 
 
 The Brazilian government remonstrated, and the Secretary of State apologized. 
 On the 26th of December the Florida sank. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 10. Delegates from the British North Ameri- 
 can colonies met at Quebec to deliberate concerning the forma- 
 tion of a confederation. 
 
 The bases of the organization were decided upon on the 20th. The plan of 
 government proposed a central legislative body, consisting of two houses. The 
 first of these to be composed of officers selected by the government from the 
 members of the existing upper houses in the provinces. The lower house to be 
 elected by the people. The acceptance of the plan to be left to the decision of 
 the existing provincial parliaments, and not to the people. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 13. The new constitution of Maryland was 
 adopted at a popular election. 
 
 It prohibited slavery in the state, and declared all slaves free. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 18. A raid was made on the town of St. Al- 
 bans, Vermont, by a party of Confederates from Canada. 
 
 They stole horses, robbed the banks, and returned to Canada the next day. 
 On the 21st, thirteen of them were arrested. On the 14th of December they were 
 discharged by Judge Coursol, of Canada. The raid made much excitement. 
 Volunteers were called out to defend the frontier, and Governor Dix, of New 
 York, proclaimed reprisals. His proclamation was rescinded by President Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 19. The battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 The Federals were defeated, when General Sheridan, riding up from Winches- 
 ter, rallied them and gained a victory.
 
 650 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1864. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 27. The Federals were repulsed at Hatcher's 
 Run, Virginia. 
 
 1864, OCTOBER 31. Nevada was admitted into the Union. 
 
 1864, NOVEMBER 5. General Butler was placed in command 
 of the troops in New York, arriving and to arrive, to meet exist- 
 ing emergencies. 
 
 The presidential election was to take place on the 8th. 
 
 1864, NOVEMBER 8. General McClellan resigned his commis- 
 sion in the army. 
 
 He had been the unsuccessful candidate in the presidential election. 
 
 1864, NOVEMBER 16. General Sherman began his march to 
 the sea. 
 
 Having destroyed Atlanta, and the railroad as far as Dalton, he set out east- 
 ward, threatening both Macon and Augusta, and marching down the peninsula 
 between the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers. 
 
 1864, NOVEMBER 25. Several attempts were made to fire the 
 city of New York. 
 
 The fires were kindled in the large hotels. The actual damage was tut slight. 
 A great excitement was caused by the belief that the attempts were made by the 
 Confederates ; and an order was issued that all persons residing in the city should 
 register themselves or be treated as spies. It was found that the families of sev- 
 eral distinguished Confederate leaders were residing in the city. On the 25th of 
 March, 1865, Robert C. Kennedy was hanged as a spy. He confessed having set 
 fire to several hotels. 
 
 1864, NOVEMBER 29. The Cheyenne Indians, in camp at Fort 
 Lyon, were massacred. 
 
 They had come to treat for peace, and were encamped with their women and 
 children. Colonel Chivington, of Colorado, against the protest of Major Anthony, 
 in command of the fort, ordered the attack. 
 
 1864, DECEMBER 13. Fort McAllister was captured by the 
 Federals. 
 
 Sherman had reached Savannah, which he invested, and by the capture of Fort 
 McAllister opened communication with Commodore Dahlgren's fleet. 
 
 1864, DECEMBER 15. The battle of Nashville, Tennessee, took 
 place. 
 
 The Confederates under General Hood had invaded Tennessee, and were de- 
 feated by the Federals under General Thomas. The battle lasted two days, and 
 the Confederates retreated to the south. 
 
 1864, DECEMBER 20. The President called for three hundred 
 thousand volunteers, for one, two, or three years. 
 
 A draft was ordered on February 15, in case there was a deficiency.
 
 1864-5.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 651 
 
 1864, DECEMBER 21. The Federals occupied Savannah, 
 Georgia. 
 
 The Confederates had vacated it the day before. 
 
 1864, DECEMBER 25. The Federals were repulsed in an attack 
 upon Fort Fisher, North Carolina. 
 General Butler was in command. 
 
 1864, DECEMBER 28. A meeting of the citizens of Savannah, 
 Georgia, called by the mayor, adopted peace resolutions. 
 
 They agreed "to accept peace, submitting to the national authority under the 
 Constitution, laying aside all differences, and burying bygones in the grave of the 
 past." 
 
 1864, DECEMBER. The President in his message referred to 
 the abolition of slavery. 
 
 He stated that in Arkansas and Louisiana free constitutions had been accepted 
 and loyal state governments organized ; and that movements to the same end had 
 been made in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The message concluded : 
 " While I remain in my present position, I shall not attempt to retract or modify 
 the Emancipation Proclamation ; nor shall I return to slavery any person who is 
 free by the terms of that proclamation, or by any of the acts of Congress. If the 
 people should, by whatever acts or means, make it an executive duty to re-enslave 
 such persons, another, and not I, must be their instrument to do it. In stating a 
 single condition of peace, I mean simply to say that the war will cease on the part 
 of the government whenever it shall have ceased on the part of those who 
 began it." 
 
 1865, JANUARY 11. The state convention of Missouri, in ses- 
 sion at St. Louis, passed an ordinance for the abolition of slavery. 
 
 It was passed by a vote of sixty to four, as follows : "Be it ordained by the 
 people of the state of Missouri in convention assembled, that hereafter in this 
 state there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punish- 
 ment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." 
 
 1865, JANUARY 15. Fort Fisher, North Carolina, was cap- 
 tured by the Federals. 
 
 General Terry was in command. 
 
 1865, JANUARY 18. General Sherman commenced his march 
 through the Carolinas. 
 
 He left Savannah, Georgia, in command of General Foster. 
 
 1865, JANUARY 19. The last Canadian parliament met. 
 
 1865, JANUARY 25. The library of the Smithsonian Institute 
 was burned. 
 
 1865, JANUARY 28. Congress passed an act authorizing the 
 further issue of treasury notes. 
 
 They were the same in character as those issued the year before, and were to 
 be issued in lieu of the bonds authorized by the act of June 30, 1864, "provided
 
 652 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1865. 
 
 the whole amount of bonds authorized as aforesaid, and treasury notes issued and 
 to be issued in lieu thereof, shall not exceed the sum of four hundred millions of 
 dollars." 
 
 1865, JANUARY 31. The House of Representatives accepted 
 the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United 
 States. 
 
 The vote stood, for the amendment, 103 ; against it, 16 ; not voting, 8. 
 
 The joint resolution read as follows: "He it resolved, by the Senate and 
 House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assem- 
 bled, two thirds of both houses concurring, That the following articles be proposed 
 to the legislatures of the several states, as an amendment to the Constitution of 
 the United States ; when ratified by three fourths of said legislatures, shall be 
 valid to all intents and purposes as a part of the said Constitution, namely : 
 
 " Article 13. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall 
 exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 " Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
 legislation." The Senate had passed the resolution April 8, 1864, by a vote of 
 38 to 6, six members not voting. 1864, May 31, the House had rejected the res- 
 olution by a vote of 95 for to 66 against. 
 
 1865, FEBRUARY 3. A conference for peace was held at For- 
 tress Monroe between President Lincoln and Secretary Seward 
 and Secretary Stephens, with two Confederate commissioners. 
 
 It led to no result. 
 
 1865. A SOCIETY for the prevention of cruelty to animals was 
 organized in New York city. 
 Henry Bergh was its first president. 
 
 1865, FEBRUARY 5. The Federals were repulsed at Hatcher's 
 Run, Virginia. 
 
 1865, FEBRUARY 17. Columbia, South Carolina, was captured 
 by General Sherman. 
 
 The city was almost destroyed in the conflagration caused by the cotton which 
 had been set on fire. 
 
 1865, FEBRUARY 18. Charleston, South Carolina, was surren- 
 dered by the mayor to the Federal forces. 
 
 General Hardee, in command of the Confederates, began the evacuation Feb- 
 ruary 15. Sherman having captured the railroads connecting it with the interior, 
 its surrender became imperative. The Confederates, before leaving, burned all 
 the places containing cotton stored ; the fire spread, and did great damage before 
 the Federal troops could extinguish it. A quantity of rice, left behind, was dis- 
 tributed to the poor by the order of the captors, under the supervision of a com- 
 mittee of the citizens. The city had been besieged 585 days, from the lodgment 
 made on Morris Island July 10, 1863, and under fire for 542 days. 
 
 1865, MARCH 3. An act passed by Congress, authorizing the
 
 1865.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 653 
 
 secretary of the treasury to borrow on the credit of the United 
 States six hundred millions of dollars, was approved. 
 
 Bonds or treasury notes were to be issued for the loan; "the principal, or 
 interest, or both, may be made payable in coin, or in other lawful money. Pro- 
 vided : That the rate of interest on any such bonds or treasury notes, when pay- 
 able in coin, shall not exceed six per centum per annum ; and when not payable 
 in coin shall not exceed seven and three tenths per centum per annum ; and the 
 rate and character of the interest shall be expressed on all such bonds or treasury 
 notes." 
 
 1865, MAECH 3. Congress passed an act laying a tax of ten 
 per cent, upon the notes of state banks issued as a circulation. 
 
 1865, MAECH 3. The act establishing the Free dmen's Sav- 
 ing and Trust Company was approved 
 
 1865, MAECH 7. The Confederate congress decreed the arm- 
 ing of the slaves. 
 
 The troops so raised were to receive the same rations, clothing, and compensa- 
 tion as others in the same branch of the service. " Nothing in this act shall be 
 construed to alter the existing relations between master and slaves." 
 
 1865, MAECH 7. Nova Scotia rejected the plan for a con- 
 federation. 
 
 It proposed that New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, and Nova Scotia 
 should form a separate union for themselves. 
 
 1865, MAECH 11. General Sherman entered Fayetteville, 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Communication with Wilmington, by way of Cape Fear River, was immediately 
 opened. The march to the sea was completed. 
 
 1865, MAECH 16. The battle of Averysborough, North Caro- 
 lina, was fought. 
 
 The Confederates under General Johnston were defeated by the Federals un- 
 der General Sherman. 
 
 1865, MAECH 18. The battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, 
 was fought. 
 
 The Confederates under General Johnston were defeated by the Federals un- 
 der General Sherman. 
 
 1865, MAECH 25. Fort Steadman, near Petersburg, was cap- 
 tured by the Confederates, and recaptured by the Federals. 
 
 1865, MAECH 31. The battle of Five Forks, Virginia, was 
 fought. 
 
 1865, APEIL 2. Selma, Alabama, was captured. 
 
 An expedition under General Wilson, from Thomas's department, started on 
 March 22 from Chickasaw, Alabama. At Selma he captured many prisoners and 
 much material. On the 12th, Montgomery surrendered peaceably. On the 16th, 
 Columbus, Georgia, was captured, after a severe contest. At Macon, on the 21st, 
 he was met by a flag of truce, giving him information of the truce between Sher- 
 man and Johnston.
 
 654 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1865. 
 
 1865, APRIL 2. Richmond was evacuated by the Confed- 
 erates. 
 
 The army of the Potomac had broken through the defences of Petersburg. 
 April 3, Grant moved into Petersburg before daylight, and soon after "Weitzel en- 
 tered Richmond. April 4, President Lincoln entered Richmond, and was welcomed 
 by the people with enthusiasm. 
 
 1865, APRIL 6. The battle of Farmville, Virginia, was fought. 
 
 General Sheridan with the advance had overtaken the retreating army of Gen- 
 eral Lee, and defeated them. 
 
 1865, APRIL. The Secretary of State, Mr. Seward, abandons 
 the claim for the extradition of the St. Albans raiders. 
 
 The^ had been a second time arrested, and, on the 30th of March, discharged. 
 
 1865, APRIL 8. Spanish Fort, one of the defences of Mobile, 
 Alabama, was evacuated by the Confederates. 
 
 The Federals took possession of it. The siege of Mobile had begun on the 
 27th of March. 
 
 1865, APRIL 9. Fort Blakely, at Mobile, Alabama, was cap- 
 tured by the Federals. 
 
 1865, APRIL 9. General Lee with his army surrendered to 
 General Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 
 
 The following were the terms of surrender. At the meeting on the 9th, between 
 Generals Grant and Lee, the terms were agreed upon in the following correspond- 
 ence. General Grant wrote : "In accordance with the substance of my letter 
 to you of the 8th instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia on the following terms ; to wit : 
 
 " Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given 
 to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officers as you 
 may designate. 
 
 " The officers to give their individual paroles not to take arms against the 
 United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental com- 
 mander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. 
 
 "The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned 
 over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the 
 side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. 
 
 " This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not 
 to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their parole 
 and the laws in force where they may reside." 
 
 Lee replied to this : " I have received your letter of this date, containing the 
 terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As 
 they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th in- 
 stant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry 
 the stipulations into effect." 
 
 1865, APRIL 13. Mobile surrendered to a combined army 
 and naval attack. 
 
 The attack commenced on the 2d.
 
 1865.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 655 
 
 1865, APRIL 14. The flag General Anderson had lowered at 
 Fort Sumter was restored to its position. 
 
 1865, APEIL 14. President Lincoln was assassinated at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 He was shot in the back of the head at Ford's Theatre by Wilkes Booth, and 
 died the next morning. Booth was killed in the attempt to capture him. The 
 same evening an unsuccessful attempt was made to assassinate the secretary of 
 state, William H. Seward, who was lying sick in his bed at home. May 2d 
 President Johnson offered rewards for Jefferson Davis, Jacob Thompson, Clement 
 C. Clay, Beverly Tucker, George N. Saunders, A. C. Cleary, and others, it ap- 
 pearing, "from evidence in the Bureau of Military Justice," that they had "in- 
 cited, concerted, and procured " the murder of President Lincoln, and the 
 attempted assassination of Secretary Seward. The murdered President was 
 carried home to be buried in Springfield, Illinois. His body left Washington 
 April 21, and reached Springfield May 4. The entire journey was a continuous 
 funeral procession, in which the people, by every means in their power, testified 
 their grief at his loss. 
 
 The conspirators were tried, and on the 7th of July, David E. Herrold, G. A. 
 Atzeroth, Lewis Payne, and Mary E. Surratt were hanged. Others were sen- 
 tenced to imprisonment for life. Payne, Herrold, and Atzeroth acknowledged 
 themselves guilty, in whole or in part. Mrs. Surratt protested her innocence. 
 
 1865, APRIL 15. Andrew Johnson, the Yice-President, took 
 the oath of office as President. 
 
 1865, APRIL 26. General Johnston surrendered to General 
 Sherman in North Carolina. 
 
 Negotiations for surrender had been pending since the surrender of Lee, but 
 the terms allowed by General Sherman had been disapproved by the government. 
 
 The following was the "basis of agreement" entered upon at first between 
 Generals Sherman and Johnston, the Confederate secretary of war, Mr. Breck- 
 enridge, being present. " First. The contending armies now in the field to main- 
 tain their statu quo until notice is given by the commanding general of either one 
 to its opponent, and reasonable time, say forty-eight hours, allowed. 
 
 "Second. The Confederate armies now in existence to be disbanded and con- 
 ducted to the several state capitals, there to deposit their arms and public property 
 in the state arsenals, and each officer and man to execute and file an agreement 
 to cease from acts of war, and abide the action of both state and Federal author- 
 ities. The number of arms and munitions of war to be reported to the chief of 
 ordnance at Washington city, subject to future action of the Congress of the 
 United States, and in the mean time to be used solely to maintain peace and order 
 within the borders of the states respectively. 
 
 " Third. The recognition by the executive of the United States of the several 
 state governments, on their officers and legislatures taking the oath prescribed by 
 the Constitution of the United States ; and where conflicting state governments 
 have resulted from the war, the legitimacy of all shall be submitted to the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States. 
 
 " Fourth. The re-establishment of all Federal courts in the several states, with 
 powers as defined by the Constitution and laws of Congress. 
 
 "Fifth. The people and inhabitants of all states to be guaranteed, so far as 
 the executive can, their political rights and franchise, as well as their rights of
 
 C56 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1865. 
 
 person and property, as defined by the Constitution of the United States and of 
 the states respectively. 
 
 " Sixth. The executive authority of the government of the United States not 
 to disturb any of the people by reason of the late war, so long as they live in 
 peace and quiet, abstain from acts of armed hostility, and obey laws in existence 
 at any place of their residence. 
 
 " Seventh. In general terras, war to cease, a general amnesty, so far as the 
 executive power of the United States can command, upon condition of disband- 
 mcnt of the Confederate armies, and the distribution of arms and resumption of 
 peaceful pursuits by officers and men as heretofore composing the said armies. 
 Not being officially empowered by our respective principals to fulfil these terms, 
 we individually and officially pledge ourselves to promptly obtain necessary 
 authority, and to carry out the above programme." 
 
 The government having disallowed these terms, for the reasons that General 
 Sherman had no authority to make such ; that they were a practical acknowledg- 
 ment of the rebel government, and re-established the rebel state authority, pro- 
 vided them with arms, and ignored the loyal state governments, and did not rec- 
 ognize the abolition of slavery or the confiscation act, and formed no true basis 
 for a lasting peace, Sherman was ordered to give notice of the immediate cessation 
 of the truce. Johnston thereupon surrendered upon substantially the same terms 
 as were given to Lee, the men being allowed to keep their horses, wagons, and 
 five per cent, of their small arms, to protect themselves on their return to their 
 homes. 
 
 1865, APRIL 28. General Schofield, in North Carolina, issued 
 an order defining the condition of the slaves under the procla- 
 mation of January 1, 1863. 
 
 It proclaimed them free, and advised their masters to employ them at reasona- 
 ble wages, and advised the slaves to labor faithfully, since they would "not be 
 supported in idleness." 
 
 1865, APRIL 29. The President issued a proclamation remov- 
 ing the blockade from all southern ports east of the Mississippi, 
 within the lines of national military occupation. 
 
 Articles contraband of war were excepted. 
 
 1865, APRIL. The secretary of state, Mr. Seward, wrote to 
 the French representative at Washington concerning the position 
 of affairs in Mexico. 
 
 He said : " This government has long recognized, and still does continue to 
 recognize, the constitutional government of the United States of Mexico as the 
 sovereign authority in that country, and Benito Juarez as its chief. This govern- 
 ment, at the same time, equally recognizes the condition of war existing in Mexico 
 between that country and France. We maintain absolute neutrality between the 
 belligerents." 
 
 1865, MAY 4. All " the forces, munitions of war, &c., in the 
 department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana," were 
 surrendered by General Richard Taylor to General Canby. 
 
 The negotiations for the surrender had taken place at Citronelle, Alabama, on 
 the 4th of May. The terms were substantially the same as those given to John- 
 ston and Lee.
 
 1865.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 657 
 
 1865, MAT 5. Galveston, Texas, surrendered to the Federals. 
 
 It was the last port held by the Confederacy. 
 
 1865, MAY 10. Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia. 
 
 Davis had left Richmond, on the 2d of April, with a company consisting of mem- 
 bers of the Confederate cabinet and a cavalry force, taking with him such specie as 
 could be gathered from the banks. On the 5th he issued a proclamation from Dan- 
 ville, promising to return soon. On the 25th he made a speech at Charlotte, South 
 Carolina, promising soon to return at the head of a large army. This he repeated 
 at Yorkville on the 28th, and at Powlton, Georgia, on the 5th of May. Here the 
 party scattered, having distributed the specie among the military. Davis with 
 his family and a few others proceeded towards the coast. On the 9th, Colonel 
 Harden, who was in pursuit, met Colonel Pritchard, who was also following the 
 fugitives, and pushed on to Irwinville. Here he learned that the party was en- 
 camped within two miles. In attempting to surround the camp by night, he met 
 Pritchard's pickets, and in the darkness the two parties mistook each other, and 
 fired. The fire was returned before the mistake was discovered, and two men 
 were killed and five wounded. Davis and his party, consisting of his wife, niece, 
 and children, with the Confederate postmaster-general Reagan, and a few others 
 were captured, taken to Macon, Georgia, thence to Hilton Head, and sent to Eor- 
 tress Monroe. 
 
 1865, MAY 13. A skirmish took place near Brazos, in eastern 
 Texas. 
 
 This appears to have been the last contest of the war. An attack was made 
 by Colonel Slaughter, the Confederate commander of the district, upon a party 
 under Colonel Barret, who had seized a rebel camp. 
 
 1865, MAY 22. The President issued a proclamation declaring 
 the southern ports open. 
 
 1865, MAY 26. The Confederates in Texas, under General 
 Kirby Smith, surrendered. 
 
 The terms were the same as those accorded to General Taylor. 
 
 1865, MAY 29. President Johnson granted an amnesty to 
 the states recently in rebellion. 
 
 There were certain exceptions made. The proclamation, after referring to 
 those issued by President Lincoln, December 8, 1863, and March 26, 1864, pro- 
 ceeds : "To the end, therefore, that the authority of the government of the 
 United States may be restored, and that peace, order, and freedom may be re- 
 established, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do proclaim and 
 declare that I hereby grant to all persons who have directly or indirectly partici- 
 pated in the existing rebellion, except as hereinafter excepted, amnesty and par- 
 don, with restoration of all rights of property except as to slaves, and except in 
 cases where legal proceedings under the laws of the United States providing for 
 the confiscation of property of persons engaged in rebellion have been instituted ; 
 but on the condition, nevertheless, that every such person shall take and subscribe 
 the following oath or affirmation, and thenceforward keep and maintain said oath 
 inviolate, and which oath shall be registered for permanent preservation, and shall 
 be of the tenor and effect following, to wit : 
 
 42
 
 658 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1865. 
 
 " I, , do solemnly swear or affirm, in presence of Almighty God, 
 
 that I will henceforth faithfully support and defend the Constitution of the United 
 States and the union of the states thereunder, and that I will, in like manner, 
 abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which have been made 
 during the existing rebellion with reference to the emancipation of slaves. So 
 help me God." 
 
 Then, after the specification of the excepted persons, the proclamation con- 
 tinues : 
 
 " Provided, that special application may be made to the President for pardon 
 by any person belonging to the excepted classes, and such clemency will be lib- 
 erally extended as may be consistent with the facts of the case and the peace and 
 dignity of the United States." 
 
 1865, MAY 29. The President issued a proclamation in rela- 
 tion to the reconstruction of North Carolina. 
 
 It states that the Constitution of the United States guarantees a republican 
 form of government to every state; that the people of North Carolina having 
 been, by the rebellion, deprived of all civil government, William W. Holden is 
 appointed provisional governor, with the duty of enrolling the loyal citizens of 
 the state, as early as possible, to elect delegates to a convention for the purpose 
 of forming a constitution. This convention, or the legislature to be thereafter 
 assembled, to prescribe the qualifications of electors and the eligibility of persons 
 to hold office, "a power the people of the several states composing the Federal 
 Union have rightfully exercised from the origin of the government to the present 
 time." 
 
 In Kentucky and Missouri the loyal governments were sustained. In Virginia, 
 a loyal government also remained. In Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas, loyal 
 governments were in authority. The governors of these were respectively, 
 for Kentucky. Thomas C. Bramlette ; for Missouri, Thomas C. Fletcher ; for Vir- 
 ginia, Francis H. Pierpont; for Tennessee, W. G. Brownlow; for Louisiana, 
 James M. Wells ; for Arkansas, John Murphy. 
 
 Governors were appointed for the other states as follows : Mississippi, William 
 L. Sharkey, June 13; Georgia, James Johnson, June 17; Texas, Andrew J. 
 Hamilton, June 17; Alabama, Lewis E. Parsons, June 21; South Carolina, Ben- 
 jamin E. Perry, July 1 ; Florida, William Marvin, July 16. 
 
 1865, MAY. The armies of the East and West were dis- 
 banded and returned home, after a review at Washington, which 
 occupied two days. 
 
 1865, JUNE 2. The British government revoked its recogni- 
 tion of the Confederacy as belligerents. 
 
 The French government revoked its recognition on the 6th. 
 
 1865, JUNE 6. An order was issued for the release of all 
 prisoners of war in the depots of the North. 
 
 Officers of the army above the grade of captain, and of the navy above that 
 of lieutenant, those who had graduated at the military or naval academy, and 
 those who at the breaking out of the rebellion held commissions in the army or 
 navy of the United States, excepted. Transportation to be afforded the prisoners 
 to the point nearest their homes, by steamboat or rail.
 
 1865.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 659 
 
 1865, JUNE 23. All the ports of the United States were pro- 
 claimed open to foreign commerce after July 1. 
 
 On the 24th, all restrictions on internal and coastwise commerce, between the 
 states lying east and west of the Mississippi, were removed. The order requiring 
 passports was also rescinded. 
 
 1865, JUNE 23. General Terry, in command of the depart- 
 ment of Virginia, issued an order concerning the status of freed- 
 men in that state. 
 
 It stated that, the slave code having been abrogated, "people of color will 
 henceforth enjoy the same personal liberty that other inhabitants and citizens 
 enjoy; they will be subject to the same restraints and to the same punishments 
 for crime that are imposed upon whites, and to no others ; " and "until the civil 
 tribunals are re-established, the administration of civil justice must of necessity be 
 by military courts ; and before such courts the evidence of colored persons will 
 be received in all cases." 
 
 1865, JULY 4. The corner-stone of a monument was laid at 
 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in memory of the soldiers who fell 
 there. 
 
 1865, JULY 29. All southern prisoners were released on 
 parole, on taking the oath of allegiance. 
 
 1865, AUGUST. The Mississippi convention accepted a con- 
 stitutional amendment abolishing slavery. 
 
 It was adopted by a vote of 86 to 11, and read : " Neither slavery nor involun- 
 tary servitude, otherwise than for the punishment of crime whereof the party 
 shall have been convicted, shall hereafter exist in the state." 
 
 1865, SEPTEMBER 12. The convention of Alabama met. 
 
 During its session it recognized the abolition of slavery, and forbade its re- 
 establishment. 
 
 1865, SEPTEMBER 17. An agreement was made with Great 
 Britain that the claims for damage by the Alabama should be 
 submitted to a commission. 
 
 1865, SEPTEMBER 19. The convention of South Carolina passed 
 an ordinance abolishing slavery. 
 
 It read as follows : " The slaves in South Carolina having been emancipated 
 by the action of the United States authorities, neither slavery nor involuntary 
 servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been 
 duly convicted, shall ever be re-established in this state." 
 
 1865, SEPTEMBER 30. The statement of the public debt was 
 $2,744,947,726. 
 
 In comparison with the statement of August 31, the debt bearing interest in 
 gold had increased $8,368,000 ; that bearing interest in currency had decreased 
 $14,469,000 ; that free of interest had decreased $6,640,000. The interest payable 
 in gold had increased about $500,000 ; that payable in currency had decreased 
 about $503,000.
 
 (J60 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1865. 
 
 1865, SEPTEMBER. The Fenian Society published an address. 
 
 The society had been organized ostensibly for the purpose of revolutionizing 
 Ireland, and establishing a republic there. The address stated that officers were 
 about starting for Ireland to organize an army. Many of those who went over 
 were arrested and tried. In October a convention was held in Philadelphia, and 
 a subscription started to raise funds. In December a plan was proposed for the 
 invasion of Canada. 
 
 1865, OCTOBER 2. A vote in Connecticut rejected a proposed 
 amendment to the constitution giving the right to vote to 
 negroes. 
 
 A similar vote was given in Colorado in September ; in Wisconsin, November 
 7 ; and in Minnesota, November 7. 
 
 1865, OCTOBER 2. The North Carolina state convention as- 
 sembled at Raleigh. 
 
 It repealed the ordinance of secession, abolished slavery, and passed an ordi- 
 nance prohibiting the payment of the debt incurred for the rebellion. The first 
 two actions were submitted to the people ; the third was absolute, and not referred 
 to the people. 
 
 1865, OCTOBER 25. The Georgia state convention assembled 
 at Milledgeville. 
 
 It repealed the secession ordinance, prohibited slavery in the constitution, and 
 prohibited the payment of the rebel debt. 
 
 1865, OCTOBER 25. The state convention of Florida met. 
 
 It annulled the secession ordinance, repudiated the debt for the rebellion, pro- 
 hibited slavery, and regulated the admission of negro testimony in cases concern- 
 ing negroes, and limited the juries to white men, the juries to be judges of the 
 credibility of negro testimony. 
 
 1865, OCTOBER 30. The reconstruction of Arkansas was of- 
 ficially recognized by the President. 
 
 1865, OCTOBER 31. The total debt of the United States was 
 $2,804,549,437.50. 
 
 The circulation was $704,000,000, as follows: greenbacks, $428,160,569; na- 
 tional-bank notes, $185,000,000 ; state-bank notes, $65,000.000 ; fractional cur- 
 rency, $26,057,469.20. 
 
 1865, DECEMBER 1. The writ of habeas corpus was declared 
 again in force in the northern states. 
 
 1865, DECEMBER 18. An official announcement of the aboli- 
 tion of slavery in the United States was made. 
 
 The adoption of the constitutional amendment was announced by the Secretary 
 of State. The Secretary reported that the department had on file the ratifications 
 of the amendment from the following states : Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, 
 Maryland, New York, West Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylva- 
 nia, Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
 
 1866.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMEKICA. 661 
 
 Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina, 
 Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia 27 states, making two thirds of the 36 
 states in the Union. The amendment had been rejected by Delaware, February 3 ; 
 by Kentucky, February 23 ; and by New Jersey, March 1. In New Jersey, the 
 speaker gave the casting vote. 
 
 1866. AT the beginning of this year the right of suffrage 
 existed, without any restriction except that of sex, in only five 
 of the United States. 
 
 These states were Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and 
 Rhode Island. Maine, under the constitution of 1819, excepted only paupers, 
 persons under guardianship, and untaxed Indians. Vermont, by the constitution 
 of 1793, gave the ballot to every man of age who had resided a year in the state, 
 and took an oath to vote "so as in your conscience you will judge will most con- 
 duce to the best good of the state." New Hampshire, by the constitution of 1792, 
 gave the ballot to every "male inhabitant" of age, excepting only paupers and 
 those excused by their own request from paying taxes. Massachusetts gave the 
 ballot to every " male citizen " of age, paupers and those under guardianship ex- 
 cepted. Voters must be able to read the constitution in English, and write their 
 names ; this requirement not applying to those physically incompetent, or who 
 were sixty years old in 1780, at the adoption of this amendment. Rhode Island, 
 by the constitution of 1842, gave the ballot to every " male citizen" of age, own- 
 ing real estate worth one hundred and thirty-four dollars, or rent of seven dollars 
 a year, and to every native male citizen who was registered and paid one dollar 
 tax. Connecticut, by the constitution of 1818, gave the ballot to all males, white 
 or black, who were freemen. This was subsequently limited to every "white 
 male citizen," of age, owner of a freehold of seven dollars a year, or who had 
 paid a state tax, performed military duty, "and sustained a good moral charac- 
 ter." In 1845 the property and tax-paying qualification was removed, and only a 
 residence required. No negroes, except those freemen before 1818, voted. In- 
 diana gave the ballot to "every white male citizen of the United States " of 
 age. "No negro or mulatto shall have the right of suffrage." Illinois gave the 
 ballot to " every white male citizen." Missouri, by the constitution of 1865, ex- 
 cluded negroes from voting. Michigan, by the constitution of 1850, gave the 
 ballot to " every white male citizen, and every civilized male Indian inhabitant 
 not a member of any tribe." Iowa gave the ballot to every "white male citizen." 
 New York " every male citizen," but no man of color, unless he was for three 
 years a citizen of the state, and owned a freehold worth two hundred and fifty 
 dollars, on which he had paid a tax. New Jersey, by its constitution of 1844. gave 
 the ballot to " every white male citizen" of the United States. Up to the adop- 
 tion of this constitution women had voted in New Jersey. Pennsylvania gave the 
 ballot to " every white freeman." Ohio gave the ballot to " every white male 
 citizen," by the constitution of 1851. The courts, however, held that a half negro 
 was a "white male citizen," the burden of proof that he is less than half white 
 being with the challenger. Wisconsin gave the ballot to every "male person" 
 being a white citizen of the United States, Indians declared citizens by Congress, 
 civilized persons of Indian descent, not members of any tribe. California gave 
 the ballot to every white male citizen of the United States, and the legislature 
 had power to extend the right to Indians. Minnesota gave the ballot to every 
 male person who was a white citizen of the United States, civilized persons of 
 mixed white and Indian blood, and civilized Indians certified by the court to be
 
 62 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1866. 
 
 fit for it. Oregon gave the ballot to every white male citizen. "Xo negro, 
 Chinaman, or mulatto " could vote. Kansas gave the ballot to every "white 
 male;" West Virginia, every "white male" citizen; Nevada, every "white 
 male " citizen ; Colorado, " every white male " citizen. Delaware, by her re- 
 vised constitution of 1831, gave the ballot to every free white male citizen aged 
 twenty-two, and the legislature was authorized to impose the forfeiture of suffrage 
 as a punishment for crime. Maryland, by her constitution of 1851, gave the 
 ballot to " every free white male person" of age. Virginia, by her constitution 
 of 1851, gave the ballot to every " free white male citizen " of age. North Caro- 
 lina, by her amended constitution of 1835, gave all freemen, twenty-one, holding 
 a freehold of fifty acres, the ballot. " No free negro, free mulatto, or free person 
 of mixed blood, descended from negro ancestors, to the fourth generation inclusive 
 (though one ancestor of each generation may have been a white person), shall 
 vote for members of the senate or house of commons." South Carolina, by her 
 constitution of 18C5, gave the ballot to free white men twenty-one years old, not 
 paupers, non-commissioned officers or privates of the army, or seamen or ma- 
 rines of the navy of the United States. Georgia, in her constitution of 1865, 
 declared the electors to be "free white males " of age. Kentucky, in her consti- 
 tution of 1850, gave the ballot to " every white male citizen " of age. Tennessee, 
 in her constitution of 1834, gave the ballot to "every free white man" of age, 
 who was a citizen, "provided, that all persons of color, who are competent wit- 
 nesses in a court of justice against a white man, may also vote." Louisiana, by 
 her constitution of 1852, gave the ballot to every free white male of age. Mis- 
 sissippi gave the ballot to every " free white male person " of age. Alabama 
 gave the ballot to every free white male of age. Florida gave the ballot to " every 
 free white male person " of age, duly enrolled in the militia and registered. Ar- 
 kansas gave the ballot to every free white male citizen of the United States of age. 
 Texas gave the ballot to every "free male person" of age (Indians not taxed, 
 Africans, and the descendants of Africans, excepted). 
 
 1866, APRIL 2. The President issued a proclamation of peace. 
 
 It was the anniversary of the capture of Richmond. The proclamation reca- 
 pitulated the previous ones stating the existence of the rebellion ; and, as now 
 there no longer existed an " organized armed resistance of misguided citizens, or 
 others, to the authority of the United States," " Therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, 
 President of the United States, do hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrec- 
 tion which heretofore existed in the states of Georgia, South Carolina, North 
 Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and 
 Florida, is at an end, and henceforth to be so regarded." These states had con- 
 formed to the amendment abolishing slavery. The state convention of Texas 
 was in session at the time, and adopted a constitution to be submitted to the peo- 
 ple, and is therefore not mentioned. On August 20, another proclamation was 
 issued, declaring the insurrection in Texas to have ceased, and proclaimed peace 
 throughout the whole United States. 
 
 1866, APRIL. The state convention of Texas adopted a con- 
 stitution abolishing slavery. 
 
 It provided that "Africans and their descendants shall be protected in their 
 rights of person and property by appropriate legislation ; they shall have the 
 right to contract and be contracted with ; to sue and be sued ; to acquire, hold, 
 and transmit property ; and all criminal prosecutions against them shall be con-
 
 1866.] ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 663 
 
 ducted in the same manner as prosecutions for like offences against the white 
 race, and they shall be subject to like penalties." 
 
 After the amendment to the Constitution, the state constitution was amended to 
 read : " African slavery, as it heretofore existed, having been terminated within this 
 state by the government of the United States by force of arms, and its re -estab- 
 lishment being prohibited by the amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States, therefore slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
 crime, shall not exist in the state, and Africans and their descendants shall be 
 protected in their rights of person and property, and shall be liable to the same 
 punishment for crimes as whites ; and moreover, they shall not be prohibited, on 
 account of color or race, from testifying in all cases in which any of them are 
 involved, and the legislature may authorize them to testify in other cases." 
 
 1866, APRIL 9. Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill. 
 
 The provisions of the bill are contained in nine sections. The first reads : 
 " Section 1. That all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any 
 foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of 
 the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color, without regard to 
 any previous condition of slavery or involuntary service, except as a punishment 
 for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same 
 right in every state and territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, to be 
 sued, be parties and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and 
 convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws and 
 proceedings for the security of person and property as are enjoyed by white citi- 
 zens ; and shall be subject to like punishment, pains and penalties, and to none 
 other; any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to the contrary notwith- 
 standing." The other sections are devoted to the mode of carrying out the pro- 
 visions of this first section. President Johnson's objections were that the act 
 was inexpedient, and that the " subjects embraced in the enumeration of rights 
 contained in this bill, have been considered as belonging exclusively to the states." 
 
 1866, APRIL 12. An act of Congress authorizing the secre- 
 tary of the treasury to exchange bonds for notes, was approved. 
 
 This was the commencement by Secretary McCulloch of the system of 
 contraction. The act read : "That of United States notes not more than 
 $10,000,000 should be retired and cancelled within six months from the passage 
 of the act, and thereafter not more than $4,000,000 should be retired in any one 
 month." 
 
 1866, MAY 16. Congress authorized the coinage of five-cent 
 pieces. 
 
 1866, JUNE 6. The President issued a proclamation de- 
 nouncing the Fenian expedition against Canada as a high mis- 
 demeanor. 
 
 On the 1st of June a large body had crossed the border at Buffalo, and had 
 slight skirmishes with the Canadian troops. A few days later, an equally unsuc- 
 cessful crossing was made near St. Albans. 
 
 1866, JUNE. Congress adopted the fourteenth amendment to 
 the Constitution. 
 
 It passed the Senate on the 8th of June, and the House on the 13th. On the
 
 664 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [18CG. 
 
 24th the President sent a message to Congress setting forth his objections to the 
 proposed amendment. 
 
 1866, JUNE 21. Congress extended the provisions of the 
 Homestead Bill to the public lands in Alabama, Mississippi, 
 Louisiana, Arkansas, and Florida. 
 
 The act provided that the public lands in these states should be disposed of ac- 
 cording to laws previously existing, without regard to race or color of persons 
 applying for them. Mineral lands were reserved from occupation. 
 
 1866, JULY 1. The national debt reached its maximum, being 
 $2,773,236,173. 
 
 1866, JULY 4. A great fire in Portland, Maine, destroyed 
 about a third of the city. 
 
 The loss was estimated at $10,000,000. 
 
 1866, JULY. The New York State Agricultural Society held 
 a competition of mowers and reapers at Auburn, New York. 
 
 Forty-four mowers and thirty reapers entered. The committee reported : "At 
 previous trials, very few machines could stop in the grass and start without back- 
 ing for a fresh start. At the present trial, every machine stopped in the grass and 
 started again without backing, without any difficulty, and without leaving any per- 
 ceptible ridge to mark the spot where it occurred." 
 
 1866, JULY 16. An act to continue the operation of the 
 Freedmen's Bureau was passed by Congress. 
 
 It was passed over the veto of the President. The President had returned it 
 with his veto on the 19th of February. The veto message was long and elaborate. 
 It says that the bill "contains provisions not warranted by the Constitution, and 
 not well calculated to accomplish the end in view." 
 
 1866, JULY 23. A joint resolution was passed by Congress 
 restoring Tennessee to the Union. 
 
 The resolution, after reciting in the preamble the secession of Tennessee, con- 
 tinues, that the people had, in February, 18G5, ratified a constitution abolishing 
 slavery, and nullifying the laws passed during secession, and that a state govern- 
 ment has been organized under this constitution which has ratified the amendment, 
 and " done other acts proclaiming and denoting loyalty." Therefore, resolved: 
 " That the state of Tennessee is hereby restored to her former practical relations 
 to the Union, and is again entitled to be represented by senators and representa- 
 tives in Congress." The President, though he signed the resolution, objected to 
 some of the statements of the preamble, and said the " resolution is merely a 
 matter of opinion, and comprises no legislation, and confers no power which is 
 binding upon the respective Houses, the Executive, or the states." The members 
 elected took their seats. 
 
 1866, JULY 23. Congress passed an act regulating the con- 
 stitution of the Supreme Court. 
 
 It provided that " no vacancy in the office of associate justice of the Supreme 
 Court shall be filled by appointment until the number of associates shall be re-
 
 1866-7.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 665 
 
 duccd to six ; and thereafter the said Supreme Court shall consist of a chief jus- 
 tice of the United States and six associate justices, any four of whom shall con- 
 stitute a quorum ; and the said court shall hold one term annually at the seat of 
 government, and such adjourned or special terms as it may find necessary for 
 the dispatch of business.". 
 
 1866, JULY 25. Congress passed an act reviving the grade of 
 general in the army, and creating the grades of admiral and vice- 
 admiral in the navy. 
 
 The title of general was bestowed upon Grant, and lieutenant-general upon 
 Sherman, while those of admiral and vice-admiral were conferred upon Farragut 
 and D. D. Porter. 
 
 1866, JULY 27. The Atlantic telegraph was successfully com- 
 pleted. 
 
 In 1865 an unsuccessful attempt had been made, the insulation having failed 
 after paying out seven hundred miles of the cable. 
 
 1866, JULY 28. Congress passed a civil expenses appropria- 
 tion act. 
 
 It granted additional bounties to the soldiers, and raised the pay of members 
 of Congress to five thousand dollars a year, the Speaker to have eight. 
 
 1866, JULY 28. Congress regulated the peace establishment 
 of the army. 
 
 It was to consist of five regiments of artillery, ten of cavalry, forty-five of 
 infantry, and the professors and cadets of West Point. 
 
 1866, JULY 28. Congress authorized the use of the metric 
 system of weights and measures. 
 
 The secretary of the treasury was authorized to furnish to each state a set of 
 standards for the weights and measures. The American Metric Bureau, formed 
 in Boston, Massachusetts, was incorporated in 1876. Its object is "to dissemi- 
 nate information concerning the metric system, to urge its early adoption, and to 
 bring about actual introductions wherever practicable." It publishes a Monthly 
 Bulletin, supported by the " voluntary contributions of teachers and others who 
 appreciate the vast advantages that are to accrue to the people and the schools by 
 the adoption of the metric weights and measures." Though John Quincy Adams, 
 in his report to Congress in 1821, reported unfavorably to this system, yet in his 
 report he said, that " considered merely as a labor-saving machine, it is a new 
 power offered to man incomparably greater than that which he has acquired by 
 the new agency which he has given to steam. It is in design the greatest inven- 
 tion of human ingenuity since that of printing." 
 
 1866, AUGUST 16. The President issued a proclamation 
 declaring the blockade of Matamoras and other Mexican ports, 
 decreed by Maximilian, void. 
 
 Maximilian had declared the ports blockaded on the 9th of July. 
 
 1867, JANUARY. Congress passed a bill regulating the right 
 of suffrage in the District of Columbia. 
 
 The bill was passed by the Senate December 13, 1866, and by the House,
 
 666 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1867. 
 
 December 14, 1866. The President having returned it with his veto, the Senate 
 repassed it January 7, and the House January 8, by two thirds vote. The bill 
 conferred the right of suffrage on all male citizens of the District, without dis- 
 tinction of race or color. 
 
 1867, JANUARY. Congress passed an act repealing the au- 
 thority given the President to proclaim amnesty and pardon, by 
 an act approved July 17, 1862, entitled "an act to 1 suppress in- 
 surrection," &c. 
 
 This act was presented to the President on the 9th, and, as he had not returned 
 it within ten days, it became a law January 19. 
 
 1867, JANUARY 14. Congress passed a joint resolution sus- 
 pending the section of the act of March 3, 1863, providing for 
 the payment of moneys as compensation to those claiming the 
 services of colored volunteers or drafted men. 
 
 The payment of three hundred dollars to loyal owners of enlisted slaves was 
 no longer to be made. 
 
 1867, JANUARY 24. Congress passed an act regulating the 
 elective franchise in the territories. 
 
 The act provided that after its passage there should be no denial of the elective 
 franchise in any of the territories of the United States, now or hereafter to be 
 organized, to any citizen thereof, on account of race, color, or previous condition 
 of servitude; and all acts or parts of acts, either of Congress or the legislative 
 assemblies of said territories, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, are de- 
 clared null and void." The act having been sent to the President on January 14, 
 and not returned, became a law at the expiration of ten days. 
 
 1867, FEBRUARY. The Tennessee legislature passed a bill 
 striking out the word " white " from the franchise law. 
 
 The lower House passed it on the 6th, and the Senate on the 18th. On March 
 21, the Supreme Court sustained the constitutionality of it, and in August the 
 negroes voted for the first time, at the election for governor. 
 
 1867, MARCH 1. Nebraska was admitted to the Union. 
 
 The bill for its admission was passed over the President's veto, February 9. 
 The bill contained a section providing that " it shall not take effect except on the 
 condition that there be within the state of Nebraska no denial of the elective 
 franchise, or of any other right to any person, by reason of race or color, except- 
 ing Indians not taxed, and upon the further condition that the legislature of said 
 state shall, by a solemn public act, declare the assent of the state to the said 
 condition ; upon receipt of an authentic copy whereof the President shall issue 
 a proclamation announcing the fact, whereupon the said condition shall be 
 held as part of the organic law of the state, and thereupon, without further pro- 
 ceedings of Congress, the admission of said state shall be considered complete." 
 The conditions having been filled, the President issued a proclamation to that 
 effect March 1. 
 
 1867, MARCH 2. Congress passed an act to provide efficient 
 governments for the insurrectionary states. 
 
 It stated, Whereas, no legal state governments, or adequate protection for life
 
 1867.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 667 
 
 and property, now exist in the rebel states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
 lina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas, 
 Therefore these states should be " divided into military districts and made subject to 
 the military authority of the United States, the officers in command to be appointed 
 by the President. That when the states shall form a constitution, framed by a 
 convention of delegates, and ratified by a majority, and approved by Congress, 
 and when the legislatures shall have adopted the fourteenth amendment, the 
 states shall be declared entitled to representatives in Congress. Until then, their 
 civil governments " shall be deemed provisional only, and shall be in all respects 
 subject to the paramount authority of the United States." This bill was passed 
 over the President's veto. 
 
 1867, MARCH 2. Congress created a National Bureau of Edu- 
 cation. 
 
 By the terms of the act, the bureau is established " for the purpose of collect- 
 ing such statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of education 
 iri'the several states and territories, and of diffusing such information respecting 
 the organization and management of school systems and methods of teaching as 
 shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance 
 of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education." 
 
 1867, MARCH 2. Congress passed a bill regulating the tenure 
 of civil offices. 
 
 It provided that persons holding civil offices, or appointed to them by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, shall be entitled to hold them until a suc- 
 cessor shall have been in like manner appointed and duly qualified. That the 
 secretaries of state, treasury, war, navy, interior, post-office, and attorney-gen- 
 eral, shall hold their offices during the term of the President appointing them, 
 and a month after, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate. During the recess of the Senate, the President may suspend civil 
 officers, and designate some one to temporarily perform the duties, but must 
 report such suspension to the Senate within twenty days after their meeting ; and 
 if the Senate concurs, the suspended officer can be removed and a successor 
 appointed. This bill was passed over the President's veto. 
 
 1867, MARCH 2. Congress passed an act abolishing peonage 
 in New Mexico, or any other territory or state in the Union. 
 
 It was defined as the holding of any person to service or labor under the sys- 
 tem of service or labor known as peonage. 
 
 1867. THE suspension bridge over the Ohio, at Cincinnati, 
 was completed. 
 
 It was begun in 1865, is 2252 feet long; the floor is 100 feet above low-water 
 mark, and the cost of its erection was $1,750,000. 
 
 1867, MARCH 2. Congress passed an act for the payment of 
 compound-interest notes. 
 
 For this purpose the secretary of the treasury was "directed to issue tempo- 
 rary loan certificates, in the manner prescribed by section four of the act entitled 
 ' An act to authorize the issue of United States notes, and for the redemption and 
 funding thereof, approved February 25, 1862, bearing interest at a rate not exceed-
 
 (JG8 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1867. 
 
 ing three per centum per annum, principal and interest payable in lawful money 
 on demand.'" The national banks were allowed to use such certificates as three 
 fifths of their reserve. Though the title of this act read, " An act to provide 
 ways and means for the payment of compound-interest notes," yet, under its pro- 
 visions, the three per cent, certificates were issued for United States notes (green- 
 backs), and also for other values. The act provided that the amount of such 
 certificates " at any time outstanding shall not exceed fifty millions of dollars." 
 
 1867, MARCH 2. Congress passed an act to establish a uni- 
 form system of bankruptcy throughout the United States. 
 
 1867, MARCH 4. The liberal army of Mexico, under Juarez, 
 began the siege of Queratano. 
 
 After several attempts to break through the siege, Queratano was surrendered, 
 May 15. Maximilian, with Mejia and Castello, surrendered unconditionally. 
 
 1867, MARCH 23. Congress passed a supplementary recon- 
 struction act. 
 
 It was passed March 19, vetoed by the President March 23, and repassed by 
 Congress the same day, by a vote in the House of 114 to 25, and in the Senate by 
 a vote of 40 to 7. The act provided for the registration of the electors. 
 
 1867, MARCH 30. Congress appropriated one million of dol- 
 lars for the relief of the destitute of the South. 
 
 It was distributed in supplies of food principally. 
 
 1867, MARCH 30. The purchase of Alaska from Russia was 
 completed. 
 
 The price paid was seven millions of dollars. 
 
 1867, APRIL 6. The legislature of Ohio passed a joint reso- 
 lution, proposing an amendment to the constitution of the state, 
 by striking out the word " white " iu the franchise law. 
 
 It was rejected at a popular vote in October. A vote upon a similar proposed 
 amendment to the state constitutions of Minnesota and Kansas was rejected in 
 both states. Kansas at the same time rejected a proposed amendment granting 
 the right of suffrage to women. 
 
 1867, APRIL 12. The last of the French troops embarked 
 from Mexico, at Vera Cruz. 
 
 They had evacuated the city of Mexico on the 6th. Maximilian remained, and 
 placed himself at the head of an army raised by Generals Mejia, Miramon, and 
 Marquez, at Queratano. 
 
 1867, APRIL 13. A council was held by General Hancock 
 with the Cheyenne Indians at Fort Lamed. 
 
 The Indians had begun hostilities in the latter part of 1866, and General Sher- 
 man had sent two columns, under the commands of Generals Hancock and Sully, 
 against them. The Indians at the council expressed a desire for peace, but, two 
 days after, fled west, where a large body of Indians had gathered east of the Rocky 
 Mountains, on the plains between the Nebraska and Arkansas rivers.
 
 1867.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 669 
 
 1867, MAY 14. Jefferson Davis was released on bail. 
 
 He had been brought before the United States Court at Richmond, Virginia, 
 for trial on a charge of treason. The counsel for the government not being ready, 
 he asked to be released on bail, which was granted, the bail being fixed at one 
 hundred thousand dollars. Twenty persons signed the bond for five thousand 
 dollars each. Horace Greeley headed the list. 
 
 1867, JUNE 19. Maximilian, with Miramon and Mejia, were 
 tried by a court-martial, condemned, and shot. 
 
 The decision of the court was given on the 14th. On the 20th the city of Mex- 
 ico surrendered to the liberal army, and Vera Cruz on the 27th. 
 
 1867. THE New York Board of Fire Underwriters was in- 
 corporated by a special statute, and authorized to assess the 
 expense of maintaining the " Salvage Corps " upon all fire in- 
 surance companies transacting business in the city in proportion 
 to their amount of business. 
 
 The Patrol has three stations in New York city, and publishes each year an 
 account of all the fires that have occurred. The system thus inaugurated haa 
 been followed by Philadelphia, Chicago, Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Baltimore, St. 
 Louis, and San Francisco. 
 
 1867. GEOEGE PEABODY, of London, gave about two millions 
 of dollars for the purpose of aiding the education of the southern 
 states. 
 
 George Peabody was a native of Danvers, Massachusetts. The fund is distrib- 
 uted by a board. 
 
 1867, JULY 1. The confederation of the North American 
 colonies, under the title of the Dominion of Canada, was in- 
 augurated. 
 
 The Queen of England, on the 23d of May, issued a proclamation declaring 
 that the union of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, 
 under the title of the Dominion of Canada, was completed. According to the 
 bill passed by Parliament, the members of the Upper House of the Canadian 
 Legislature were appointed by the Queen. 
 
 1867, JULY 19. Congress passed a supplementary recon- 
 struction act. 
 
 It was passed July 13, vetoed by the President July 19, and repassed by Con- 
 gress on the same day, by a vote in the Senate of 30 to 6, and in the House of 
 100 to 22. The act declared the governments existing at the passage of the act 
 of March 23, in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, 
 Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Ark.insas, were not legal state govern- 
 ments, and that thereafter said governments, if continued, were to be continued 
 subject in all respects to the military commanders of the respective districts, and 
 to the paramount authority of Congress. That the commanders in the districts 
 had the power of suspension or removal, and that the general of the army of the 
 United States had the same. 
 
 1867, JULY 20. An act of Congress creating a commission 
 to make peace with the Indians, was approved.
 
 670 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1867-8. 
 
 1867, AUGUST 5. The President requested the resignation 
 of Mr. Stanton as secretary of war. 
 
 Mr. Stanton refused to resign before the meeting of Congress. On the 12th, 
 the President requested General Grant to take the position of acting secretary. 
 General Grant having informed Mr. Stanton of his acceptance, Mr. Stanton 
 retired. 
 
 1867, AUGUST 17. The President, through General Grant, 
 removed General Sheridan from his command in the fifth district 
 of Louisiana, and assigned General Hancock to it. 
 
 An order was also issued by the President removing General Sickles from the 
 Carolina district, and substituting General Canby in his place. General Sheridan 
 was transferred to General Hancock's position, in command of the district of 
 Missouri. 
 
 1867, SEPTEMBER 8. The President issued an amnesty proc- 
 lamation. 
 
 It extended " the full and beneficent pardon," granted by the proclamation of 
 May 29, 1865. to " a larger number of persons, who by its exceptions had been 
 hitherto excluded from executive clemency." 
 
 1867, NOVEMBER 1. At this date the fourteenth amendment 
 had been ratified by twenty-two loyal states, rejected by three, 
 and not acted on by two. Ten insurrectionary states had re- 
 jected it. 
 
 The states which had rejected it were Kentucky, January 8, 1867 ; Delaware, 
 February 6 ; Maryland, March 23. Iowa and California had not acted upon it. 
 The insurrectionary states had rejected it as follows : Texas, October 13, 1866 ; 
 Georgia, November 9 ; Florida, December 1 ; Alabama, December 7 ; North 
 Carolina, December 13; Arkansas, December 17; South Carolina, December 20; 
 Virginia, January 9, 1867 ; Mississippi, January 25 ; Louisiana, February 6. 
 
 1867, DECEMBER 28. Orders were issued transferring Gen- 
 eral Ord from the Fourth District to the Department of Califor- 
 nia, and General McDowell from the Department of California to 
 the Fourth District. 
 
 General Pope was also removed from the Third District, and General Meade 
 transferred to it from the Department of the East. 
 
 1868, JANUARY 8. The military committee of the Senate, to 
 whom a communication from the President concerning the dis- 
 missal of Secretary Stanton had been referred, reported. 
 
 The President had sent the communication on the 12th of December, 1867. 
 In it he detailed the circumstances through which " that unity of opinion which, 
 upon great questions of public policy or administration, is so essential to the 
 executive," had been destroyed. The report declared that Mr. Stanton, in refus- 
 ing to resign, " consulted both his own duty and the best interests of the country," 
 and concludes with the following resolution : " That, having considered the evi- 
 dence and reasons given by the President, in his report ofthe 12th of December, 
 18C7, for the suspension from the office of secretary of war of Edwin M. Stanton,
 
 1868.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 671 
 
 the Senate do not concur in such suspension." The minority of the committee 
 reported, advising the resolution that, "The Senate advise and consent to the 
 removal of Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war." On the 13th of January the 
 resolution of the majority was passed in the Senate, by a vote of 35 to 6 ; and 
 Mr. Stanton resumed the position of secretary of war. 
 
 1868, JANUARY. Congress passed an act declaring " that 
 from and after its passage, the authority of the secretary of the 
 treasury to make any reduction of the currency by retiring or 
 cancelling United States notes shall be and is hereby suspended." 
 
 The circulation of United States notes (greenbacks) had been reduced to about 
 $356,000,000, and $36,000,000 of fractional currency. This act became a law on 
 February 4, the President having received it January 23, 1868, and having retained 
 it in his possession beyond the time prescribed by the Constitution. 
 
 1868, FEBRUARY 21. The President removed Mr. Stanton 
 from the position of Secretary of War, and appointed L. Thomas, 
 Adjutant General, to fill the position ad interim. 
 
 A notice of this action being sent to the Senate, they passed a resolution that, 
 under the Constitution and laws, the President had no power "to remove the secre- 
 tary of war and designate any other officer to perform the duties of that office 
 ad interim. Mr. Stanton retained possession of the office. 
 
 1868, FEBRUARY 24. The House of Representatives resolved 
 to impeach the President. 
 
 The resolution read, that Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, be 
 impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors in office, and was adopted by a vote 
 of 128 to 47. On March 2, the articles of impeachment having been prepared 
 by a committee appointed for the purpose, were presented to the Senate. The 
 trial began on the 30th of March. The articles of impeachment consisted of 
 eleven counts, chiefly devoted to charges concerning his action with regard to the 
 office of the secretaryship of war. 
 
 1868, APRIL 23. The President nominated John M. Schofield 
 as secretary of war. 
 
 Mr. Stanton was still holding the position. 
 
 1868, MAY 8. Congress passed an act to admit Arkansas to 
 representation in Congress. 
 
 It provided that, as Arkansas had adopted a republican constitution, and ratified 
 the fourteenth amendment, it should be entitled to representation upon the follow- 
 ing fundamental condition: "That the constitution of Arkansas shall never be 
 so amended or changed as to deprive any citizen or class of citizens of the United 
 States of the right to vote, who are entitled to vote by the constitution herein 
 recognized, except as a punishment for such crimes as are now felonies at common 
 law, whereof they shall have been duly convicted, under laws equally applicable 
 to all the inhabitants of said state." This act was vetoed June 20, and repassed. 
 In giving the bill his veto, the President said : "If Arkansas is not a state in the 
 Union, this bill does not admit it as a state in the Union. If, on the other hand, 
 Arkansas is a state in the Union, no legislation is necessary to declare it entitled
 
 672 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1868. 
 
 to representation in Congress as one of the states of the Union." On the 22d the 
 senators from Arkansas appeared, were sworn in, and took their seats. The rep- 
 resentatives having appeared in the House, their claims were submitted to the 
 committee on elections, who, reporting next day in their favor, they were sworn 
 in. The Democratic members of the House, forty-five in number, entered a pro- 
 test against " the recognized presence of three persons on the floor of the House 
 from the state of Arkansas, sent here by military force acting under a brigadier- 
 general of the army, but nevertheless claiming to be members of this Congress, 
 and to share with us, the representatives of the free states, in the imposition of 
 taxes, and customs, and other laws upon our people ; counselling and advising 
 all friends of popular government to submit to this force and violence upon our 
 Constitution and our people only until, at the ballot-box, operating through the 
 elections, this great wrong can be put right. There is no government but consti- 
 tutional government ; and hence all bayonet-made, all Congress-imposed consti- 
 tutions are of no weight, authority, or sanction, save that enforced by arms. We 
 protest against the now proposed copartnership of military dictators and negroes 
 in the administration of this government." 
 
 1868, MAY 14. Congress passed an act to admit North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida to 
 representation in Congress. 
 
 This act was substantially the same as that admitting Arkansas. The Presi- 
 dent vetoed it on the 24th of June, when it was repassed, in the House by a vote 
 of 105 to 30, and in the Senate by a vote of 25 to 8. 
 
 1868, MAY 26. The Senate voted " not guilty " on the second 
 and third articles of impeachment brought against the President, 
 Andrew Johnson, by the House of Representatives. A similar 
 vote had been given on the 16th on the eleventh article. 
 
 The trial commenced on the 30th of March, and the final vote stood : Guilty, 
 85 ; not guilty, 19 : which was not a majority. 
 
 1868, MAY 26. Mr. Stanton retired from the secretaryship 
 of war. 
 
 He notified the President of it. 
 
 1868, JUNE 25. An act passed by Congress, making eight 
 hours constitute a day's work, was approved. 
 
 May 19, 1869, President Grant, by proclamation, directed that "no deduction 
 shall be made in the wages paid by the government by the day to such laborers, 
 workmen, and mechanics on account of such reduction in the hours of labor." 
 
 1868, JULY 16. Congress passed an act to continue the ex- 
 istence of the Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees. 
 
 It provided that it should continue in existence a year from July 1C, 1868. It 
 gave the power to the secretary of war to re-establish the bureau where it had 
 been discontinued, if he thought it necessary. When discontinued, the educa- 
 tional branch shall not be affected until the state had made suitable provision for 
 the education of the children of the freedmen. A subsequent act, which was ve- 
 toed and repassed, discontinued the bureau on the 1st of January, 18G9.
 
 1868.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMEEICA. 673 
 
 1868, JULY 20. The secretary of state certified the adop- 
 tion of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution. 
 
 It had been ratified by two thirds of the thirty-seven states in the Union. On 
 the 21st, Congress, by a joint resolution, declared the amendment a part of the 
 Constitution. 
 
 1868, JULY 25. The territory of Wyoming was organized. 
 
 1868, JULY 25. The provisions for the conversion of treas- 
 ury notes was extended to the national banks by Congress. 
 
 The banks were allowed to deposit three fifths of their reserves. 
 
 1868, JULY 25. The President approved an act passed by 
 Congress for a further issue of temporary loan certificates. 
 
 The act authorized a further issue of twenty-five million dollars of temporary 
 loan certificates on the same conditions as the act of March 2, 1867, and for which 
 the same use was made of greenbacks. 
 
 1868, JULY. Congress extended the laws of the United 
 States to Alaska, and formed the whole territory into one collec- 
 tion district. 
 
 The President was given power to regulate the importation of arms, ammuni- 
 tion, and spirits into the territory, and the secretary of the treasury authorized to 
 regulate the fur and seal hunting there. 
 
 1868, JULY. Congress passed an act concerning the rights 
 of American citizens in foreign states. 
 
 It disavowed the claim of allegiance made by foreign governments upon emi- 
 grants, and declared that all naturalized citizens, in foreign states, should receive 
 the same protection afforded to those native born. 
 
 1868, OCTOBER 7. Governor Holden, of North Carolina, wrote 
 to Colonel Miles, commanding in that district, requesting that the 
 military might be so posted as to aid the civil authorities, should 
 the occasion arise. 
 
 Colonel Miles replied he would lay the matter before General Meade, who 
 issued an order that the United States forces should aid the civil authorities in 
 preserving the peace. 
 
 1868, OCTOBER 26. Governor Warmouth, of Louisiana, tele- 
 graphed to the secretary of war, that the civil authorities were 
 unable to preserve the peace in the parishes of Orleans, Jeffer- 
 son, and St. Bernard. 
 
 General Rousseau, in command, was ordered to take such action as should be 
 necessary to preserve the peace. 
 
 1868, OCTOBER. Cornell University, at Ithaca, New York, 
 was opened to students. 
 
 It was founded by Ezra Cornell as an industrial college. 
 
 1868, NOVEMBER 6. A bequest for a public library was left 
 to Chicago, by Walter L. Newberry. 
 43
 
 674 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1868. 
 
 By the terms of his will, it was contingent upon the death of his two daughters, 
 unmarried. By the death of the second, on April 4, 1876, the bequest amounts 
 to two millions of dollars ; and, being largely in real estate, it is estimated that in 
 ten years it will be worth ten millions. This is the largest endowment of any 
 library in the United States. 
 
 1868, NOVEMBER 27. The Indians were defeated by General 
 Custer. 
 
 Their chief, Black Kettle, was killed, and their entire camp captured. Black 
 Kettle, it was said in opposition, had always been a friend to the whites, and on 
 tliis occasion was riot on the war-path, but on an expedition to receive his annuity. 
 
 1868, DECEMBER 9. The President, in his message to Con- 
 gress, referred to the political and financial condition of the 
 country. 
 
 He spoke of the " disorganized condition of the country under the various laws 
 which have been passed upon the subject of reconstruction, which after a fair 
 trial have substantially failed and proved pernicious in their results, and there 
 seems no good reason why they should longer remain upon the statute-book. . . . 
 The attempt to place the white population under the domination of persons of 
 color in the south has impaired, if not destroyed, the kindly relations which had 
 previously existed between them ; and mutual distrust has engendered a feeling 
 of animosity which, leading in some instances to collision and bloodshed, has pre- 
 vented that co-operation between the two races so essential to the success of in- 
 dustrial enterprises in the southern states." Of the financial condition he said : 
 " Our national credit should be sacredly observed ; but in making provision for 
 our creditors, we should not forget what is due to the masses of the people. It may 
 be assumed that the holders of our securities have already received upon their 
 bonds a larger amount than their original investment, measured by a gold stand- 
 ard. Upon this statement of facts it would seem but just and equitable that the 
 6 per cent, interest now paid by the government should be applied to the reduction 
 of the principal in semiannual instalments, which in sixteen years and eight 
 months would liquidate the entire national debt. Six per cent, in gold would at 
 present be equal to nine per cent, in currency, and equivalent to the payment of 
 the debt one and a half times in a fraction less than seventeen years. This, in 
 connection with the other advantages derived from their investment, would afford 
 to the public creditors a fair and liberal compensation for the use of their capital ; 
 and with this they should be satisfied. The lessons of the past admonish the lender 
 that it is not well to be over-anxious in exacting from the borrower rigid compli- 
 ance with the letter of the bond." In the Senate the reading of this document 
 was interrupted by an adjournment, but resumed the next day. The Senate 
 passed the following resolution, by 42 to 6 : " Resolved, That the Senate, properly 
 cherishing and upholding the good faith and honor of the nation, do hereby utterly 
 disprove of and condemn the sentiment and proposition contained in as much of 
 the late annual message of the President of the United States." The House re- 
 solved, by 154 to 6, " That all forms and degrees of repudiation of the national 
 indebtedness are odious to the American people, and that under no circumstances 
 will their representatives consent to offer the public creditor, as full compensation, 
 a less amount of money than that which the government contracted to pay." 
 
 1868, DECEMBER 25. The President proclaimed a complete am- 
 nesty to all engaged in the late rebellion.
 
 1869.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 675 
 
 The proclamation embraced Jefferson Davis, whose trial had commenced De- 
 cember 3 at Richmond, but was stayed upon a motion to quash the indictment on 
 the ground that the fourteenth amendment punished him by disfranchisement, and 
 that he could not be punished twice for the same, offence. 
 
 1869, FEBRUARY 10. Both houses of Congress met in the 
 hall of representatives to count the electoral vote. 
 
 The vote of Louisiana being called, objection was made, and, the Senate with- 
 drawing for consultation, the House decided to count the vote, and the Senate 
 decided in the same way. With Georgia objection being made, it was finally 
 decided to count the vote, and announce it, as had been previously decided, by a 
 joint resolution. 
 
 1861-1869. FOURTEENTH administration. 
 
 President, . Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, died April 15, 1865. 
 
 f Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, March 4, 1861. 
 lts ' i Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, March 4, 1865. 
 
 Secretary of State, William H. Seward, of New York, March, 1861. 
 
 iS. P. Chase, of Ohio, March, 1861. 
 W. P. Fessenden, of Maine, September, 1864. 
 H. McCulloch, of Indiana, March, 1865. 
 ' Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, March, 1861. 
 Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, January, 1862. 
 
 Secretaries of War, 
 
 U. S. Grant (ad interim'), August 12, 1867. 
 
 John M. Schofield, of Illinois, 18G8. 
 Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles, of Connecticut, March, 1861. 
 
 Caleb R. Smith, of Indiana, March, 1861. 
 
 John P. Usher, of Indiana, January, 1863. 
 Secretaries of Interior, <( Jameg Harlanj of Iowa> May> 1865 _ 
 
 ^ 0. H. Browning, of Illinois, July, 1866. 
 Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, March, 1861. 
 
 Postmasters-General, 
 
 W. Dennison, of Ohio, October, 1864. 
 
 .A. B. Randall, of Wisconsin, July, 1866. 
 f Edward Bates, of Missouri, March, 1861. 
 
 Attorneys-General, \ James Speed, of Kentucky, December, 1864. 
 I H. F. Stanbery, of Kentucky, July, 1866. 
 
 f Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, 1861. 
 Speakers of the House, { Schuyler Colfax> of Indiana) 1863< 
 
 1869, MARCH 18. The President approved " An act to 
 strengthen the public credit of the United States." 
 
 It provided: "That in order to remove any doubt as to the purpose of the 
 government to discharge all its obligations to the public creditors, and to settle 
 conflicting questions and interpretations of the law, by virtue of which such obli- 
 gations have been contracted, it is hereby provided and declared that the faith of 
 the United States is solemnly pledged to the payment in coin, or its equivalent, 
 of all the obligations of the United States not bearing interest, known as United 
 States notes, and of all the interest-bearing obligations, except in cases where the 
 law authorizing the issue of any such obligations has expressly provided that the 
 Bame may be paid in lawful money, or in other currency than gold and silver ; but 
 none of the said interest-bearing obligations, not already due, shall be redeemed 
 or paid before maturity, unless at such times as United States notes shall be con-
 
 676 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1869. 
 
 yertiblc into coin at the option of the holder, or unless at such time bonds of the 
 United States, bearing a lower rate of interest than the bonds to be redeemed, can 
 be sold at par in coin. And the United States also solemnly pledges its faith to 
 make provision at the earliest praeticable period for the redemption of the United 
 States notes in coin." 
 
 1869, MARCH. Congress passed a joint resolution accepting 
 the fifteenth amendment, and submitting it to the states. 
 
 1869, APRIL. A bill regulating the tenure of office, passed by 
 Congress, was approved. 
 
 The House had voted to repeal the Tenure-of-Office Bill, but the Senate 
 amended it, and a compromise was effected. It provided that during a recess of 
 the Senate the President may suspend an officer, and appoint some one to fill his 
 place. * The President, on the meeting of the Senate, must present a nomination 
 for the office. 
 
 1869, APRIL 10. A bill by Congress for the submission of 
 southern constitutions was approved. 
 
 It provided that the President may submit the constitution of Virginia to regis- 
 tered electors, or, at his discretion, submit any part of it. That at the election, 
 members of the general assembly and members of Congress should be voted for. 
 The same provisions also for Texas no election to be held there until the Pres- 
 ident should direct. The same provisions also for Mississippi. Fixed the time 
 for the meeting of their legislatures. It also provided : " Before the statQS of Vir- 
 ginia, Mississippi, and Texas shall be admitted to representation in Congress, 
 their several legislatures, which may be hereafter lawfully organized, shall ratify 
 the fifteenth article, which has been proposed by Congress to the several states as 
 an amendment to the Constitution of the United States." On the 14th of May, a 
 proclamation designated the 6th of July for the election in Virginia, and submitted 
 portions of the Constitution to separate votes. 
 
 1869, APRIL. A bill to amend the judicial system of the 
 United States, passed by Congress, was approved. 
 
 It provided that the Supreme Court of the United States should thereafter con- 
 sist of the chief justice and eight associate justices, any six of whom should con- 
 stitute a quorum. For each of the nine existing judicial circuits there shall be 
 appointed a circuit judge, who shall preside, and have the same power and juris- 
 diction as the justice of the supreme court for the circuit. 
 
 1869, MAY 10. The Union Pacific Railroad was completed. 
 
 In July, 1862, Congress passed an act granting aid to the construction of a line 
 of railroad from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. The Union Pacific 
 Railroad Company was formed to build the line from a point in Nebraska to the 
 western boundary of Nevada, and then connect with the Central Pacific Railroad 
 Company, which had been chartered by California. The whole line, from the 
 Missouri to the Bay of Sacramento, was to be completed not later than July 1, 
 1876. The company to have the right of way of 400 feet, and receive a grant of 
 ten alternate sections to the mile on each side of the track, and the right to use 
 material on government land. It was also to have $16,000 a mile, in six per cent, 
 gold bonds of the government, for the whole road ; and for about 150 miles, 
 $ 48,000 a mile. For the California section, $32,000 a mile was granted. The
 
 1869.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 677 
 
 bonds to be issued when the government commissioners certified that sections of 
 twenty miles were built and equipped. The first actual work was begun in 
 August, 1864. The work went slowly until 1868, when an average of four miles 
 a day was kept up for weeks. The point of junction of the two roads was at the 
 head of the Great Salt Lake. The final tie was of polished laurel-wood, bound 
 with silver bands. California had sent a golden spike, Nevada a silver one, and 
 Arizona one of gold, silver, and iron. On the morning of the 12th, a despatch 
 sent from San Francisco was printed in the New York papers, stating that, as the 
 last spike was driven, a cargo of tea had been shipped, "inaugurating the over- 
 land trade with China and Japan." An arrangement had been made by which 
 the hammer-strokes connected with the telegraph wires, so that the driving of the 
 last spike was known at the same instant at both ends of the line. Apart from 
 the grants of land and material, the bonds of the government, amounting to 
 $52,000,000, had been furnished the roads, $26,000,000 to the Union Pacific, and 
 $20,000,000 to the Central Pacific, leaving $6,000,000 still due. 
 
 The Congress of 1869-70 had presented to it projected railway schemes ask- 
 ing grants of the public lands amounting to over two hundred millions of acres. 
 
 1869, MAY 20. A convention was held in New York city of 
 the two branches of the Presbyterian church, the " New School " 
 and the Old School." 
 
 On the 27th a plan for their union was adopted, to be submitted to the various 
 presbyteries. November 12, the union was consummated at Pittsburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 1869, JUNE 21. The leaders of a proposed expedition to Cuba 
 were arrested in New York by order of the government. 
 
 On the 16th of July, a portion of the expedition, which had rendezvoused on 
 Garderner's Island, were arrested. 
 
 1869, JULY 6. Virginia, at an election, adopted a new con- 
 stitution. 
 
 It recognized the equal civil rights of all persons, irrespective of race, color, 
 or former condition. Fifteen colored candidates for the House of Delegates were 
 also elected. 
 
 1869, AUGUST 27. The international university boat-race 
 took place on the Thames, England. 
 
 The contest was between Harvard and Oxford. The match had been arranged 
 the year before. The Harvard crew lost the race. 
 
 1869, SEPTEMBER 24. A financial panic in New York city 
 culminated in what has been called Black Friday. 
 
 The financial policy of the government, requiring the payment of duties in 
 gold, offered the opportunity to speculators to monopolize this commodity. A 
 plot for this purpose was entered into by speculators in New York, the chief lead- 
 ers of which were James Fisk and Jay Gould. The banks of New York had 
 only about fifteen millions of specie, and the government had in the treasury 
 about one hundred more. That in the banks could easily be controlled, and the 
 question was to prevent the government from offering its gold for sale, as had 
 been done from time to time. Though the facts in the case have never been
 
 678 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1869. 
 
 reliably investigated, there is no doubt that the conspirators had succeeded in 
 assuring themselves that, by underhanded influences, they could confidently rely 
 on the assistance of those in authority to aid their scheme. The gold in the banks 
 they commenced on the 13th to purchase, and on the 22d had raised the price to 
 140. On the next day it was raised to 144. On the 24th the price was advanced 
 to 160, and the speculators felt sure of carrying it to 200. The price, however, 
 was broken by the information sent by telegraph that the secretary of the treasury 
 would sell gold ; and in a few hours the price fell to 132. During the period 
 of excitement, it has been estimated that contracts were made for the sale of at 
 least five hundred millions of gold. The crisis had ruined thousands, disarranged 
 the business of the entire country, and showed that a financial system which 
 places the legitimate exchanges of industry at the mercy of a few unscrupulous 
 gamblers, is as incompetent for the needs of a well-organized society, as the con- 
 tests of antagonistic feudal barons would be in a well-settled political common- 
 wealth. 
 
 1869. THE legislature of Massachusetts created a Board of 
 Railroad Commissioners. 
 
 Their reports are most valuable aids in educating the public to an intelligent 
 comprehension of the whole railroad question. Their report for 1875, speaking 
 of the railroad extension and their method of keeping accounts, says : " The 
 necessities of development should be provided for, as the original construction 
 was provided for, by the investment of fresh capital. Upon the capital required 
 for it, that development should pay a fair profit ; if it could not do so, it should 
 not be ventured upon; but the community ought not to be called upon, as it now 
 is, to pay in that capital itself umler the disguise of surplus earnings. These 
 surplus earnings should be left in the pockets of the people. Instead of paying 
 interest on an increased railroad system built by private capital, the community 
 is itself furnishing the capital to develop roads which are the property of the private 
 corporations." In their last report they say: " For several years past the com- 
 missioners have, in each of their reports, freely criticised the methods of book- 
 keeping in use by the various railroad corporations of the state, and the character 
 of the returns made from them. The railroad returns are, and must continue to 
 be, essentially unreliable, if not even deceptive, until a radical reform in the 
 methods of railroad bookkeeping is effected. The cause of the difficulty is ob- 
 vious. It dates from the very origin of the railroad system, when it was not at 
 all appreciated what that system, as a whole, or the several members of it indi- 
 vidually, were destined to become. Railroads were then regarded as purely 
 private enterprises managed by corporate bodies, in the doings and business 
 affairs of which the holders of the company's stock alone were interested. They 
 were supposed to be more analogous to turnpike corporations than to anything 
 else, and enjoyed much the same exemption from public supervision, nominal 
 returns only being made by them. Gradually, however, the public character of 
 the functions they exercised became better understood, until, as long ago as the 
 year 1846, only eleven years after the first three roads were opened in Massachu- 
 setts, the corporations were called upon by a general law for the annual statement 
 of their doings and condition, which since then have been published as part of the 
 records of the state. In some other states of the Union, however, no such re- 
 turns have ever been required, and nothing is known of the railroad companies 
 except what their officials see fit to make public. Neither has provision ever 
 been made, in Massachusetts or elsewhere, to secure any uniformity in the books 
 and the methods of keeping them, which lie behind the returns. A system might,
 
 1869.] 
 
 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 679 
 
 indeed, be prescribed by law, and in some cases has been ; but the carrying out 
 of the system is left practically in the discretion of the several corporations. 
 Until 1873, the Massachusetts returns seem to hare been accepted as they were 
 sent in, and accepted for what they were worth, without scrutiny or comment. It 
 is consequently almost needless to say that they were worth Very little." 
 
 1869, DECEMBER 1. The following was the statement of the 
 public debt of the United States : 
 
 DEBT BEARING INTEREST IN COIN. 
 
 Authorizing Acts. 
 
 Character of Issue. 
 
 Bate. 
 
 Am. Outst'ng. 
 
 When Redeemable or Payable. 
 
 Accrued Int'st. 
 
 June 14, 1858. 
 
 Bonds. . . . 
 
 5 per ct. 
 
 $20,000,000 
 
 Payable 15 years from Jan. 1, 
 
 $416,666.67 
 
 June 22, 1860. 
 
 Bonds. . . . 
 
 5 per ct. 
 
 7,022,000 
 
 Payable 10 years from Jan. 1, 
 
 146,291.67 
 
 Feb. 8, 1861. 
 
 Bonds, 1861. . 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 18,415,000 
 
 Payable after December 31, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 460,375.00 
 
 March 2, 1861. 
 
 Bonds (Ore- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gon) 1881. . 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 945,000 
 
 Redeemable 20 years from 
 July 1 1S61 
 
 23,625.00 
 
 July 17, and 
 Aug. 5, 1861. 
 
 Bonds, 1861. . 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 189,317,600 
 
 Payable at option of Gov't after 
 20 years from June 30, 1861. 
 
 4,732,940.00 
 
 Feb. 25, 1862. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 514,771,600 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 20 years from May 1, 1862. . 
 
 2,573,858.00 
 
 March 3, 1863. 
 
 Bonds, 1881. . 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 75,000,000 
 
 Payable after June 30, 1881. . 
 
 1,875,000.00 
 
 March 3, 1864. 
 
 Bonds, HMO's. 
 
 5 per ct. 
 
 194,567,300 
 
 Redeemable after 10 and paya- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ble 40 yrs. from Mar. 1, 1864. 
 
 2,432,091.25 
 
 March 3, 1864. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 3,882,500 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 years from Nov. 1, 1864. 
 
 19,412.50 
 
 June 30, 1864. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 125,561,300 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 years from Nov. 1, 1864. 
 
 627,806.50 
 
 March 3, 1865. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 203,327,250 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 years from Nov. 1, 1865. 
 
 1,016,636.25 
 
 March 3, 1865. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 332,998,950 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 years from July 1, 1865. 
 
 8,324,973.75 
 
 March 3, 1865. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 379,590,150 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 years from July 1, 1867. 
 
 9,489,753.75 
 
 March 3, 1865. 
 
 Bonds, 5-20's. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 42,539,350 
 
 Redeemable after 5 and payable 
 
 1 003,483.75 
 
 Aggregate of Debt bearing Coin Int., $2,107,938,000. 
 
 20 years irom July 1, 1668. 
 
 
 
 
 33,202,914.09 
 
 
 8,067,572.00 
 
 Total, $41,270,486.09 
 
 DEBT BEARING INTEREST IN LAWFUL MONEY. 
 
 Authorizing Acts. 
 
 Character of Issue. 
 
 Bate. 
 
 Am. Outst'ng. 
 
 When Redeemable or Payable. 
 
 Accrued Int'st. 
 
 March 2, 1807, 
 and July 2, 1868 
 July 23, 1868. 
 
 Certificates. 
 Navy Pension 
 Fund. . . . 
 
 3 per ct. 
 3 per ct. 
 
 $47,195,000 
 14,000,000 
 
 On demand (infest estimated). 
 ! Interest only applicable to 
 payment of pensions. . . 
 
 $943,900.00 
 175,000.00 
 
 Aggregate of debt bearing currency int., $61,195,000. Accrued interest $1,118,900.00 
 
 DEBT BEARING NO INTEREST. 
 
 Authorizing Acts. 
 
 Character of Issue. 
 
 
 Ain't Outstanding. 
 
 July 17, 1861, Feb. 12, 1862. 
 Feb. 25, 1862, July 11, ) 
 1862, March 3, 1863. . \ 
 
 July 17, 1862, March 3, ) 
 1863, June 30, 1864. . \ 
 
 March 3, 1863 
 
 Demand Notes. 
 U. S. Legal Ten- 
 der Notes. . . 
 
 Frac'al Currency. 
 
 Certif.Gold depos. 
 iringr no interest. . 
 
 
 
 $113,258.50 
 | 356,000,000.00 
 
 I 38,885,564.68 
 36,862,940.00 
 
 No in- 1 New issue, 
 terest. 1 Series 1869 
 
 $350,900,000.00 
 5,040,00000 
 . . 4,534,938.62 
 
 I Second Series, . 
 1 Third Series, . . 
 I. Fourth Series, . . 
 
 . . 3,428,199.31 
 . 18,275,213.75 
 . 12,647,213,00 
 
 Aggregate of debt be; 
 
 
 
 $431,861,763.18
 
 680 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1869-70. 
 
 1869. THE right of suffrage was granted to women by the 
 legislatures of the territories of Wyoming and Utah. 
 
 The same year women were ordained as deacons in the First Presbyterian 
 church of Philadelphia. 
 
 A bill passed by the legislature of Wyoming in 1871, repealing woman's suf- 
 frage, was vetoed by the governor, and the veto sustained by the council. 
 
 1869. WOMEN were admitted to practise law in Kansas by an 
 act of the legislature. 
 
 1869. A STATE Board of Health was organized in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 1869. THE legislature of Massachusetts created a Bureau of 
 Statistics of Labor. 
 
 It has issued yearly reports, which have been most valuable contributions to 
 the practical literature on the organization of labor. 
 
 1870, JANUARY. The joint committee of the House and the 
 Senate for the District of Columbia granted a hearing to the 
 advocates of woman's suffrage. 
 
 Mrs. E. C. Stanton made the argument for enfranchising the women of the 
 District. 
 
 1870, JANUARY. The American Press Association was formed. 
 
 It was organized by papers which were deprived of the advantages of the 
 Associated Press. 
 
 1870. THERE were five thousand eight hundred and seventy- 
 one periodical publications issued in the United States. 
 
 They were divided thus : Daily, 574 ; three times a week, 107 ; semi-weekly, 
 115; weekly, 4295; semi-monthly, 96; monthly, 622; bi-monthly, 13; quarterly, 
 49. They were classified thus : Advertising, 79 ; agricultural and horticultural, 
 93; benevolent and secret societies, 81; commercial and financial, 142; illus- 
 trated, literary and miscellaneous, 503 ; nationality, devoted to, 20 ; political, 
 4333 ; religious, 407 ; sporting, 6 ; technical and professional, 207. 
 
 1870. JANUARY 20. The Lennox public library was incorpo- 
 rated by the state of New York. 
 
 The library is not yet opened to the public. It was endowed by James Len- 
 nox with his private library, which in early American history, and other depart- 
 ments, is understood to be unrivalled by any collection in the world. 
 
 1870, JANUARY 24. An act of Congress admitting Virginia 
 to representation in Congress was approved. 
 
 The following were the conditions : That the constitution shall never be so 
 altered as to deprive any citizen or class of citizens of the United States of the 
 right to vote, who are entitled to vote by the constitution herein recognized, 
 except as a punishment for such crimes as are now felonies at common law, 
 whereof they shall have been duly convicted under laws equally applicable to all 
 the inhabitants of said state. That it shall never be lawful for the said state to
 
 1870.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 681 
 
 deprive any citizen of the United States, on account of his race, color, or previous 
 condition of servitude, of the right to hold office under the constitution and laws 
 of said state, or upon any such ground to require of him other qualifications for 
 office than such as are required of all other citizens. That the constitution of 
 Virginia shall never be so amended or changed as to deprive any citizen or class 
 of citizens of the United States of the school rights and privileges secured by the 
 constitution of said state. 
 
 1870, FEBRUARY 23. A bill by Congress admitting Mississippi 
 to representation was approved. 
 
 One of the senators sent from Mississippi, to take the seat formerly occupied 
 by Jefferson Davis, was H. R. Revels, a colored man. 
 
 1870, MARCH 30. A bill by Congress admitting Texas to rep- 
 resentation was approved. 
 
 1870, MARCH 30. The secretary of state issued a proclama- 
 tion announcing the ratification of the fifteenth amendment. 
 
 It had been ratified by twenty-nine states. 
 
 1870, MAY 24. The President issued a proclamation warning 
 those engaged in illegal military enterprises against Canada, of 
 the consequences of such acts. 
 
 The Fenians made an attempt on the 25th, 26th, and 27th of May to invade 
 Canada. General O'Neill, who led a force over the border near St. Albans, was 
 arrested by a United States marshal, as were several others. 
 
 1870, MAY 26. Congress passed a bill chartering the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad. 
 
 1870, JUNE. Congress passed an act to reduce internal tax- 
 ation. 
 
 The income tax was to cease at the end of 1871. 
 
 1870, JUNE 24. A bill by Congress admitting Georgia to 
 representation was approved. 
 
 The representatives from Georgia took their seats in January, 1871. One of 
 them was colored. 
 
 1870, JUNE 30. An industrial school for girls was formally 
 opened at Middletown, Connecticut. 
 
 It was for the industrial education of such girls as, by the beginning of a ca- 
 reer of crime, had made themselves amenable to the control of the state. 
 
 1870, JULY 2. Illinois adopted a new constitution. 
 
 It provided for a minority representation in the legislature ; prohibited special 
 legislation in cases where a general law would produce the result ; forbade the 
 lending of the public credit to corporations, or making of public subscriptions to 
 their stock ; and regulated railroads. 
 
 1870, JULY 8. An act of Congress, transferring the registry 
 of copyrights to the office of the librarian of Congress, was ap- 
 proved.
 
 (}82 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1870. 
 
 The registry of the copyright and the deposit of two copies in the library of 
 Congress are required to complete the copyright. 
 
 1870, JULY 12. An act to provide for the redemption of the 
 three per cent, temporary loan certificates, and for an increase 
 of national bank-notes, which was passed by Congress, was 
 approved. 
 
 It authorized an increase of fifty-four millions of dollars of national bank- 
 notes, in addition to the three hundred millions already authorized, to be fur- 
 nished banking associations organized, or to be organized, in those states and 
 territories having less th?.n their proportion under the apportionment of the act 
 of March 3, 18G5. No banking association organized after the passage of the act 
 to have a circulation of more than five hundred thousand dollars. The secretary 
 of the treasury was authorized each month to call in and cancel an amount of the 
 three per cent, certificates equal to the notes distributed to the banks ; and in 
 order to call them in, to give notice to their holders that interest upon them would 
 cease after a certain day to be designated, and that from that time they would not 
 be counted in the reserves of the banks. 
 
 1870, JULY 14. An act by Congress to authorize the refund- 
 ing of the national debt was approved. 
 
 The secretary of the treasury was authorized to issue two hundred millions of 
 dollars of coupon or registered bonds, bearing five per cent, interest, payable 
 after ten years, the principal and interest in coin ; and also three hundred millions 
 of dollars in bonds, bearing four and a half per cent, interest, payable after fifteen 
 years ; and also one thousand millions of dollars of bonds, bearing interest at four 
 per cent., and payable at thirty years, the principal and interest in coin. "Noth- 
 ing in this act, or in any other law now in force, shall be construed to authorize any 
 increase whatever of the bonded debt of the United States." By a section of this 
 act, the secretary of the treasury was authorized to receive on deposit, at any 
 time within two years, and for not less than thirty days, gold coin on deposit, in 
 6ums not less than one hundred dollars, and give certificates of deposit drawing 
 interest at two and a half per cent., the excess over twenty-five per cent, of the 
 gold thus deposited being used at the discretion of the secretary in redeeming the 
 five-twenty bonds of the United States. 
 
 In the spring of 1873, an association of domestic and foreign bankers, calling 
 themselves a syndicate, was formed, chiefly by the agency of the Hon. A. G. 
 Cattell, who went to Europe for the purpose, to obtain the control of the disposi- 
 tion of the bonds to be issued in the refunding of the debt. The parties to this 
 arrangement were Jay Cooke & Co. (representing Rothschild & Sons), Jay Cooke, 
 McCulloch & Co., and themselves, for one half the amount; and L. P.Morton and 
 J. P. Morton (representing Baring Brothers & Co.), J. S. Morgan & Co., Morton, 
 Rose & Co., Drexel, Morgan & Co., and Morton, Bliss & Co., for the other half. 
 
 1870. THE ninth census of the United States was taken. 
 
 The population was 38,555,983. The number of emigrants who had arrived in 
 the country from the commencement of the government to December 31, 1870, 
 was, by the Bureau of Statistics, 7,863,865. They had come from seventy-two 
 specified different countries of the world. 
 
 1870, DECEMBER. A memorial to Congress, asking the right
 
 1870-1.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 683 
 
 of suffrage for women, was presented by Victoria C. Woodhull, 
 and referred to the committee on the judiciary. 
 
 A majority of the committee reported against it ; a minority in its favor. 
 
 1870. STATE boards of health were organized in Louisiana 
 and in California. 
 
 1870, DECEMBER. The Supreme Court decided that the ten- 
 der of United States notes on debts contracted previous to the 
 passage of the Legal Tender Act of February 25, 1862, was a 
 valid tender in payment of such debts. 
 
 The decision was made by a full bench five to four. It was made in the 
 cases Knox v. Lee, and Barker v. Davis, and overruled the previous decision of 
 the court in the case Hepburn v. Griswold. 
 
 1870. THE legislature of the state of Illinois created a Rail- 
 road and Warehouse Commission. 
 
 1871. THE Progressive Community was organized at Cedar 
 Vale, Kansas. 
 
 1871, JANUARY 20. An act passed by Congress to amend the 
 act for the refunding of the national debt was approved. 
 
 It provided that the five per cent, bonds authorized by the amended act should 
 be increased to five hundred millions of dollars. 
 
 1871, FEBRUARY 21. A bill passed by Congress to provide a 
 territorial government for the District of Columbia was ap- 
 proved. 
 
 1871, MARCH 3. Congress passed the Appropriation Bill. 
 
 A clause in it authorized the President to prescribe such rules and regulations 
 for the admission of persons into the civil service of the United States as will best 
 promote the efficiency thereof, and ascertain the fitness of each candidate in 
 respect to age, health, character, knowledge, and ability for the service into which 
 he seeks to enter. The President appointed G. W. Curtis, Joseph Medill, A. G. 
 Cattell, D. A. Walker, E. B. Elliott, and J. H. Blackfan, to prepare such rules 
 and regulations. 
 
 1871, MARCH 3. A joint resolution by Congress to enable 
 owners of lost or destroyed registered bonds to obtain others 
 was approved. 
 
 1871, MARCH 3. An act passed by Congress to provide for 
 celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Inde- 
 pendence was approved. 
 
 It provided for holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and 
 products of the soil and mines in the city of Philadelphia. A memorial had 
 been sent to Congress on February 24, 1870, from the select and common coun- 
 cils of Philadelphia, committees of the Franklin Institute and of the legislature 
 of Pennsylvania, calling attention to Philadelphia as the fit place for holding the 
 celebration of the nation's centennial anniversary. The act of Congress created 
 the Centennial Commission, to consist of one delegate from each state and terri-
 
 684 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1871. 
 
 tory, to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for holding the exhibition. 
 The delegates to be appointed within a year by the President, on the nomination 
 by their respective governors, together with a substitute for such as could not 
 attend. Their meetings to be held in Philadelphia. The commissioners to serve 
 without compensation from the treasury of the United States, and "the United 
 States shall not be liable for any expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason 
 of the same." 
 
 1871, MARCH 30. Congress passed an act regulating inter- 
 course with the Indians. 
 
 The Senate renounced its right to make treaties with the Indian tribes as inde- 
 pendent powers, and it was declared that " hereafter no Indian nation or tribe 
 within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as 
 an independent nation, tribe, or power, with whom the United States may con- 
 tract by treaty." 
 
 1871, APRIL 20. A bill passed by Congress " more fully to 
 enforce the provisions of the fourteenth amendment to the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, and for other purposes," was 
 approved. 
 
 It gave the President power to suspend the habeas corpus act, declare martial 
 law, and assess damages in such portions of the states as the civil authorities 
 found it impossible to keep the peace in. 
 
 1871, MAY 17. The Senate ratified the Washington Treaty. 
 
 It had been framed by a commission appointed by the British and United 
 States governments. It provided for the settlement of the Alabama claims by a 
 tribunal of arbitration of five, one appointed by the President of the United 
 States, one by the Queen of England, one by the King of Italy, one by the Presi- 
 dent of the Swiss Confederation, and one by the Emperor of Brazil. It was to 
 meet at Geneva, Switzerland, and decide by a majority all questions laid before it 
 by the two governments. The treaty also provided for a commission to settle 
 other claims than the Alabama ones ; another to settle the fishery question ; opened 
 the navigation of the St. Lawrence and other rivers ; and submitted the question 
 of the northern boundary to the arbitration of the Emperor of Germany. The 
 President proclaimed the treaty on July 4. 
 
 1871, MAY 24. A congress of state commissioners and su- 
 perintendents of insurance met at New York. 
 
 It had been called by the New York state superintendent. Eighteen states 
 were represented. The purpose the of congress was to investigate the whole matter 
 of insurance as a subject for governmental supervision. It adjourned to meet in 
 October. 
 
 1871, OCTOBER 9. The great fire in Chicago, Illinois, destroyed 
 a large part of the city. 
 
 The fire was the most destructive one in the history of the country. The 
 burned district was four and a half miles long by a little over a mile broad, cov- 
 ering, by the marshal's report, two thousand acres, including the main business 
 portion of the city, and destroying property valued at $190,526,500. The total 
 insurance was $90,000,000. About twenty-five thousand buildings were destroyed, 
 and over one hundred thousand persons rendered homeless and destitute. Only
 
 1871.] ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 685 
 
 a single house on the north side of the river was left standing, and it was esti- 
 mated "that seventy-five thousand people spent the morning and most of Monday 
 crouching in Lincoln Park, or half immersed in the waters of the lake, to save 
 themselves from the heat and showers of burning cinders driven upon them by 
 the tempest." The loss of life was very large, but no accurate estimate can be 
 made of it ; it was certainly some hundreds. Within ten days after the fire, mil- 
 lions of dollars were contributed to aid the sufferers. Contributions were sent 
 from all over the country, and also from Europe, of money, provisions, clothes, 
 and other articles. Hardly had the fire ceased before a beginning was made to 
 rebuild the city, and at this date (1876) the work has been about completed; the 
 new city being better than the old ; the disaster having given an opportunity for 
 improvement. 
 
 1871. THE gold product of the United States for this year 
 was $66,000,000. 
 
 1871, OCTOBER 12. The President issued a proclamation call- 
 ing upon the bands in South Carolina, organized to prevent the 
 freedom of the ballot, to disperse within five days. 
 
 They were also required to deliver to the marshal or military officers of the 
 United States all arms, ammunition, uniforms, disguises, and other means and 
 implements used by them for carrying out their unlawful purposes. A special 
 investigation had been made concerning these organizations, and information 
 obtained that in nine counties of South Carolina there were existing active com- 
 binations, strong enough to " control the local authority." On the 17th another 
 proclamation was issued by the President, suspending the writ of habeas corpus 
 in the nine counties of South Carolina, and for the arrest by the military of the 
 United States of the members of these unlawful combinations. One hundred and 
 sixty-eight persons were so arrested, some of whom were released, and many 
 of them confessed. The others were held for trial. 
 
 1871, OCTOBER. This month was memorable for the exten- 
 sive fires which raged in northern Wisconsin, Michigan, and 
 Minnesota. 
 
 The dry weather was unfavorable, and everything, even the soil, was burned. 
 The loss of life was terrible, over fifteen hundred people, men, women, and chil- 
 dren, having been burned, it is said, in Wisconsin alone. Seven counties in that 
 state were in great part desolated. The little town of Peshtigo, in Wisconsin, 
 was utterly destroyed, between six and seven hundred persons, unable to escape, 
 having perished in the flames ; and this was one instance of many. 
 
 1871, OCTOBER. Juarez was elected president of Mexico by 
 the congress. 
 
 He received all the votes cast; at the popular election in June there was no 
 election, so that it was thrown into congress. 
 
 1871, OCTOBER 27. William M. Tweed was arrested in New 
 York city. 
 
 The corrupt ring which had had control of the city was broken. His bail- 
 bonds were fixed at $2.000,000.
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1871-2. 
 
 1871, NOVEMBER 10. The report of the civil-service reform 
 commission was banded to the President's cabinet. 
 
 The President in his annual message said that it was believed the plan would 
 be a " great relief to the executive, the heads of the departments, and members 
 of Congress," and "redound to the true interests of the public service. At all 
 events the experiment should have a fair trial." 
 
 1871. A RAILWAY of three feet gauge was opened in Colo- 
 rado, between Denver and Colorado Springs. 
 
 It was the first narrow-gauge railroad, and the commencement of a line to 
 extend south to the Rio Grande and Mexican boundary. 
 
 1872, JANUARY 30. Congress passed an act setting aside a 
 portion of the Yellowstone valley as a nationyl park. 
 
 1872, JANUARY 30. Congress passed a bill providing for a 
 new apportionment. 
 
 The ratio of 137,800 was fixed, which gave the House a membership of 283. 
 The electoral college to consist of 357. The bill to take effect March 3, 1873. 
 The number of the House was subsequently raised to 292, giving an extra con- 
 gressman (at large) to several states with large fractions. 
 
 1872, FEBRUARY 19. A select committee of Congress to in- 
 quire into the condition of affairs at the South, reported. 
 
 The majority reported that organizations known as Ku-Klux Klans, Knights of 
 the White Camelia, and Democratic clubs of various names, existed in all the late 
 insurrectionary states, and in Kentucky. They advised that the President's au- 
 thority to suspend the habeas corpus be extended. The minority reported that 
 five of the southern states, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, 
 were free from any suspicion of lawlessness. They did not deny that lawless acts 
 had been performed by bodies of disguised persons, but denied that these bodies 
 have any general organization or political significance, or that their conduct is 
 indorsed by any respectable number of white people in any state. 
 
 1872, MAY 1. Congress passed a bill repealing the duty on 
 tea and coffee. 
 
 The act was to go into effect July 1, 1872, and all goods in bond, duty paid, to 
 be subject to a rebate. 
 
 1872, JUNE 1. An act by Congress relating to the centennial 
 exhibition at Philadelphia was approved. 
 
 It created the Centennial Board of Finance as a body corporate, with authority 
 to secure subscriptions to a capital stock not exceeding ten millions of dollars, the 
 proceeds to be used in the construction of suitable buildings, and in carrying out 
 the objects of the act of March 3, 1871. "Nothing in this act shall be so con- 
 strued as to create any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any 
 debt or obligation incurred, nor for any claim by the Centennial International 
 Exhibition, or the corporation hereby created, for aid or pecuniary assistance from 
 Congress or the treasury of the United States, in support or liquidation of any 
 debts or obligations created by the corporation hereby authorized." The depressed 
 condition of the industry of the country made the task of raising the money 
 needed for the expenses of the exhibition one of great difficulty. By strenuous
 
 1872.] ANNALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 687 
 
 efforts, however, the beard obtained subscriptions amounting to $2,400,000 from 
 individuals and corporations other than municipal. The city of Philadelphia and 
 the state of Pennsylvania contributed generously. New Jersey subscribed one 
 hundred thousand dollars, and many of the other states contributed the sums 
 necessary for the structures erected on the grounds for the use of their citizens, 
 and adding to the attractions of the occasion. In connection with the centennial 
 commission, contracts were made for the erection of the buildings. These com- 
 prised the following : 
 
 Acres. Begun. Finished. Cost. 
 
 The main building, 21 K May 8, 1875. Jan. 1, 1876. $1,600.000 
 
 The Art Gallery, 1 K July 4, 1874. Jan. 1, 1876. 1,500,000 
 
 Machinery Hall, 14 April 7, 1875. Oct. 1, 1875. 800,000 
 
 Agricultural Hall, 10 K Oct. 15, 1875. March 25, 1876. 300,000 
 
 Horticultural Hall, 1 & April 1, 1875. Jan. 1, 1876. 300,000 
 
 48 X $4,500,000 
 
 Besides the expense of construction, the cost of fitting, the preparation of the 
 grounds, and the operating expenses, were estimated at $4,000,000, making the 
 whole cost 08,500,000. On February 16, 1876, Congress appropriated $1,500,000 
 for the purposes of the exhibition. The exhibition opened May 10, 1876, and 
 closed November 10, 1876. Though the full account has not yet been made, yet 
 this much is known : Of the buildings, Memorial Hall was intended as a perma- 
 nent structure, and will so remain. Horticultural Hall and Machinery Hall are 
 the property of the city of Philadelphia ; the former was intended to be perma- 
 nent, but both will be preserved for annual and permanent exhibition places, 
 under the auspices of a corporation. The main building will also be preserved 
 for the same purposes and under the same control. Mr. Goshorn, the director- 
 general, reports a surplus of 2,000,000 on hand over operating expenses ; so that 
 the financial result is, that, unless the $1,500,000 appropriated by Congress is 
 finally held to be a prior lien to that of the stockholders, a point over which 
 there is a difference of opinion, it will be possible, not to pay a dividend on the 
 investment, but to return about 80 per cent, of the $2,400,000 stock subscription 
 made by individuals and corporations not municipal. 
 
 1872, JUNE 4. Congress passed a bill reducing the duties on 
 imports, and lessening the internal taxes. 
 
 Its provisions were to go into effect on the 1st of August, 1872. 
 
 1872, JULY 1. Up to this time the quantity of South Caro- 
 lina phosphate shipped from Charleston was 242,415 tons, in the 
 crude state, and 90,000 tons of manufactured. 
 
 The first shipment was made in 1867. 
 
 1872, JULY 18. The president of Mexico, Juarez, died of 
 apoplexy. 
 
 Lerdo de Tejada acted as president until congress ordered a new election. 
 
 1872. THE epidemic among horses reached the United States 
 this year. 
 
 It had been terribly severe in Canada, and early in October was reported from 
 Boston, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. In some of the large cities it almost 
 put an entire stop to traffic, and in some cases the horse-railroads ceased entirely 
 for a time.
 
 (588 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1872-3. 
 
 1872, NOVEMBER 9. A great fire in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 destroyed the business portion of that city. 
 
 It raged twenty-four hours. The loss was estimated by commissioners at 
 seventy millions. Sixty acres, comprising the business portion of the city, were 
 burned. Thirteen persons were reported killed. As with the city of Chicago, 
 the opportunity afforded by the disaster was taken advantage of to rebuild the 
 burned district in a better manner, both in the arrangement of the streets and the 
 character of the constructions. 
 
 1872. LERDO DE TEJADA was elected president of Mexico. 
 
 The commencement of his administration was celebrated with the opening of 
 the railway from the city of Mexico to Vera Cruz. 
 
 1872. THE patents issued this year for improvements in 
 agricultural machinery were over a thousand in number. 
 
 36 were for rakes, 160 for hay and grain harvesters, 177 for seed planters and 
 drills, 30 for hay and straw cutters, 90 for cultivators, 73 for beehives, 90 for 
 churns, 160 for ploughs. 
 
 1872. THE Big Bonanza was discovered in the consolidated 
 Virginia silver mine in Nevada. 
 
 1872. A STATE board of health was organized in Virginia. 
 
 1873, JANUARY 24. An act passed by Congress abolishing 
 the grades of admiral and vice-admiral in the navy was ap- 
 proved. 
 
 1873, FEBRUARY 12. The electoral vote was counted in the 
 House, the Senate being present. 
 
 The votes of Georgia, Arkansas, and Louisiana were excluded from the count. 
 
 1873. THE Pennsylvania legislature established a bureau 
 of labor statistics. 
 
 Its limitations rendered it practically worthless. 
 
 1873. THE New Jersey legislature passed a general railroad 
 bill. 
 
 It also passed an act making railroads subject to local taxation, from which, 
 they had up to this time been exempt. 
 
 1873, FEBRUARY 12. Congress revised and amended the mint 
 laws. 
 
 The silver trade dollar was created, to contain four hundred and twenty grains. 
 The act provided that "the silver coins of the United States shall be a legal 
 tender at their nominal value for any amount not exceeding five dollars in any 
 one payment." 
 
 The act contains sixty-seven sections. It specifies the gold coins as the 
 dollar, two and a half, three, five, ten, and twenty. The dollar to be the standard, 
 and to weigh twenty-five and eight-tenths grains, and that when by use they have 
 lost more than a half of one per cent., they shall be recoined, and be a legal
 
 1873.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 689 
 
 tender for their proportional weight. The silver coins are the trade dollar, half 
 dollar, quarter dollar, dime, and are a legal tender for five dollars. The minor 
 coins are five-cent piece, three-cent, and one cent, and are legal tender for twenty- 
 five cents. 
 
 The act established the mint as a bureau of the treasury, and provided for being 
 known as the coinage act of 1873. It created a trade dollar, for use in the China 
 trade, demonetized silver, and was passed by the House without being read. 
 
 1873, FEBRUARY 18. The Poland credit mobilier committee 
 reported to the House. 
 
 They advised the expulsion of Messrs. Ames and Brooks. 
 
 1873, MARCH 2. Congress repealed the Bankruptcy Act. 
 
 1873, MARCH 3. Congress passed an act raising the compen- 
 sation of the officers of the government. 
 
 It is commonly known as the " salary grab." It gave the president fifty thou- 
 sand dollars a year, the vice-president ten thousand; the chief justice of the 
 supreme court, ten thousand five hundred; the justices of the supreme court, 
 ten thousand ; the secretaries of the cabinet, ten thousand ; the assistant secreta- 
 ries, six thousand; the speaker of the house, ten thousand; the senators, repre- 
 sentatives, and delegates in Congress, seven thousand five hundred. The salaries 
 of the clerks were also increased, together with various other employes of Con- 
 gress. It was also provided by the act that the increase of pay " shall begin with 
 the present Congress," which carried it back to March 4, 1871. 
 
 1873, MARCH 4. The M'Enery militia took possession of the 
 seventh precinct station-house in New Orleans. 
 
 The contest began the next day between the two factions. On the 6th, the 
 Kellogg authorities took possession of the hall occupied by the M'Enery legisla- 
 ture, and arrested the speaker and many of the members. 
 
 1873, MARCH. Congress authorized the establishment of 
 signal-service stations at the light-houses and life-saving stations 
 on the coast. 
 
 Thirty thousand dollars were appropriated for connecting them by telegraph. 
 From fragmentary legislation of this character the signal-service bureau has been 
 able, by persistent endeavor, to reach its present efficiency. 
 
 1873. CONGRESS abolished the franking privilege. 
 
 The act to take effect on and after July 1, 1873. 
 
 1873, APRIL 11. The peace commissioners, Major-General 
 Canby, and Rev. E. Thomas, were massacred by the Modoc In- 
 dians, at the lava beds, in Oregon. 
 
 The peace commission had been organized March 16. On the 12th of April 
 General Sherman issued an order to General Gillem to punish the Modocs. " You 
 will be fully justified in their utter extermination." " All Indians must be made 
 to know that when the government commands they must obey ; and until that state 
 of mind is reached, through persuasion or fear, we cannot hope for peace." Cap- 
 
 44
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1873. 
 
 tain Jack, the Modoc chief, was captured with others June 1. They were tried 
 by a court-martial August 23, and four of them executed October 3. 
 
 1873, APRIL 13. A collision took place at Colfax Court House, 
 in Grant Parish, Louisiana. 
 
 Sheriff Shaw had called for a body of colored men to defend the court-house, 
 which was threatened by the supporters of the M'Enery government. The col- 
 ored men were defeated and massacred. The United States marshal, S. B. 
 Packard, states they were shot after their surrender. The court-house was 
 burned. 
 
 1873, APRIL. A storm in Nebraska was very destructive. 
 
 It was so intensely cold that persons were frozen to death a few rods from their 
 houses, while engaged in tending their stock. Numerous houses were blown 
 down, and great numbers of cattle perished. On this occasion, as well as with 
 the other disasters to the people of the West, contributions to aid the sufferers 
 were quite general all over the country. 
 
 1873. CONGRESS passed an act for the encouragement of 
 timber-growing on the western prairies. 
 
 It provides that any one planting, and preserving for ten years, forty acres of tim- 
 ber on the public lands, the trees not more than twelve feet apart, shall be entitled 
 to a patent for the land. And that land may be entered for such planting, by pay- 
 ing a fee for the register of ten dollars. That settlers under the homestead act, 
 who, at the end of three years, shall have had for every sixteen acres one simi- 
 larly planted, shall receive a patent for the homestead. 
 
 1873. STATE boards of health were organized in Minnesota 
 and Michigan. 
 
 1873. THE suspension bridge connecting the cities of New 
 York and Brooklyn was begun. 
 
 In 1876 the two towers were united by an endless wire rope, for the use of the 
 workmen in finishing the structure. 
 
 1873. During the spring of this year there were various 
 strikes for the practical introduction of the eight-hour law. 
 
 March 19, the legislature of Illinois passed a bill attaching severe penalties to 
 intimidation used by strikers. On the 5th of April, the workmen of the New 
 York gas company struck for eight hours. They claimed that the excessive hours 
 shortened their lives. They were dismissed. At Knightsville, Indiana, the oper- 
 atives of the Western Iron Company struck, and their places being filled with 
 negro laborers from Virginia, a collision took place, which was put down forcibly 
 by police and militia from Indianapolis. A committee of the Massachusetts leg- 
 islature, appointed to investigate, reported there was no need for legislative inter- 
 ference in the hours of labor, or the employment of women and children. 
 
 1873, MAY 22. The President issued a proclamation ordering 
 the disorderly and turbulent in Louisiana to disperse within 
 twenty days.
 
 1873.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 691 
 
 1873, SEPTEMBER. A commercial panic, beginning in the 
 Stock Exchange of New York, spread throughout the whole 
 country. 
 
 Jay Cooke & Co. failed on the 18th ; on the 19th, scores of firms identified with 
 various stocks failed, and on the 20th the stock exchange was closed, and not re- 
 opened until the 30th. During the panic such was the necessity for some legal 
 tender with which to settle indebtedness, that greenbacks were hoarded and sold 
 at a premium. 
 
 1873, JULY 3. The President issued a proclamation announc- 
 ing the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Prod- 
 ucts of the Soil and Mine, and commending it to the people of the 
 United States, and to all nations. 
 
 On the 5th of July, the secretary of state addressed a circular note to all the 
 foreign ministers, containing a copy of the President's proclamation, for the in- 
 formation of their governments. The plan of the exhibition decided upon by the 
 Centennial Commission provided that it should open May 10, 1876, and close No- 
 vember 10, 1876. The plan for the buildings comprised five chief buildings cov- 
 ering forty-eight and three-quarters acres. Besides these, the various annexes 
 covered twenty-six and a quarter acres, and consisted of the United States Exhibi- 
 tion Building, in which were exhibited collections illustrating the functions of the 
 government in times of peace, and its power in times of war. Here the Smith- 
 sonian Institute occupied an important place. Besides these, the United States 
 exhibited a model army hospital and a model laboratory. Twenty-one of the 
 states had also their own buildings for the accommodation of their respective cit- 
 izens. The visitors to these buildings found in them files of the papers of the 
 state. Eleven foreign nations had also each their own building. Ten restaurants 
 also occupied separate buildings in the grounds, together with those in the chief 
 buildings. Besides these, twelve other structures, designed for various exhibitions, 
 were in the grounds. The grounds themselves, consisting of two hundred and 
 thirty- six acres fenced in from a portion of West Fairmount Park, were beautifully 
 laid out and admirably decorated, forty acres being devoted for the display of 
 tropical plants and every kind of garden decoration. An original system of 
 awards was also adopted. Two hundred judges, one half citizens of the United 
 States, and one half foreigners, were to assign the awards, based on merit. The 
 awards to consist of a diploma and bronze medal, accompanied by a special report. 
 The exhibition was open one hundred and fifty-nine days, and was visited by 
 9,910,966 persons. The receipts for admission reached the sum of $3,813,750, 
 almost double the highest receipts of any one of the six former international 
 exhibitions held in London, Paris, and Vienna. One account gives the number 
 of visitors at the Paris exposition of 1867 as 8,805,969, and another at 10,000,000. 
 This was the largest number that had visited any international exposition before 
 this ; and even the largest figures given for that would have been outnumbered by 
 this had this remained open two hundred and ten days, as that did. The largest 
 number of visitors any one day at the former exposition, was one Sunday, when 
 173,923 persons attended the Paris exposition ; but at the Philadelphia exposition, 
 on the Pennsylvania day, 257,286 persons were admitted. This was the largest 
 single day's admissions. The visitors on the closing day numbered 216,924. 
 
 1873, SEPTEMBER 7. The payment was made by Great Britain
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1873-4. 
 
 of the award for the Alabama claims made by the commission at 
 Geneva, Switzerland. 
 
 The English government had notified that of the United States that the amount 
 ($15,500,000) could not be paid in coin without too seriously deranging the busi- 
 ness interests of the empire. In consequence, the payment was arranged by the 
 return to the United States by England of a special bond for the amount, made 
 for the purpose by the treasury department, for the purchase of which the British 
 government had opened a credit for the United States at the Bank of England. 
 
 1873, SEPTEMBER 10. At a public sale, at New York Mills, New 
 York, of short-horn cattle, one hundred and nine head sold for 
 about three hundred and eighty-two thousand dollars. 
 
 This was an average of over $3500 a head. The highest price was 4GOO 
 for a cow, and $2700 for a calf five months old. 
 
 1873. THE number of normal schools in the United States 
 was this year reported to be 114. Of these 51 were state and 
 16 city institutions. 
 
 Of these, Massachusetts had 7; Illinois, 10; Ohio, 9 ; New York, 11 ; Pennsyl- 
 vania, 8 ; Wisconsin and West Virginia, each 5 ; Tennessee and Iowa, each 4 ; 
 Vermont, Indiana, Kentucky, and Minnesota, each 3 : California, Louisiana, Mis- 
 sissippi, Florida, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, Oregon, Virginia, and North 
 Carolina, each 2 ; Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Nebraska, 
 New Hampshire, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Michigan, District of Columbia, 
 and Utah, each 1 ; Texas and Nevada, none. From the census of 1870 the Com- 
 missioner of Education reports that there were in the United States 1,554,931 male 
 adults unable to either read or write. In California alone there was no distinc- 
 tion made between women and men teachers in their salaries. 
 
 1873, SEPTEMBER 25. The congress of Mexico passed a law 
 requiring all deputies to take an oath to support the constitution, 
 and the laws of reform. 
 
 The laws of reform consist in the separation of church and state ; making 
 marriage a civil contract; disenabling congress to establish or prohibit any re- 
 ligion ; forbidding religious institutions to possess any property ; substituting a 
 promise to speak the truth in place of the religious oath ; prohibiting contracts 
 which interfere with liberty of labor, education, or religious vows. It also or- 
 dered the Jesuits to leave the country. 
 
 1873, NOVEMBER 19. In New York, William M. Tweed was 
 found guilty. 
 
 November 22, he was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment in the peniten- 
 tiary. He escaped December 4, 1875, and was arrested in Spain, and brought 
 back November 24, 1876. 
 
 1874, JANUARY 14. The order of the Sovereigns of Industry 
 was organized at Springfield, Massachusetts. 
 
 It is a secret order to unite the various mechanical trades in co-operating for 
 their mutual benefit.
 
 1874.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 693 
 
 1874, JANUARY 20. An act passed by Congress, repealing the 
 increase of salaries, was approved. 
 
 The act repealed the increase, excepting that given to the President and the 
 justices of the Supreme Court. It also provided that such increase of compensa- 
 tion for members of Congress, as had not been already drawn, or which had been 
 returned, should be covered into the treasury of the United States. 
 
 1874, JANUARY 23. The President appointed a Board for 
 perfecting a collective exhibition to illustrate the functions and 
 administrative faculties of the government in time of peace and 
 its resources as a war power, for the International Centennial 
 Exhibition. 
 
 It was composed of a representative from the war, treasury, navy, interior, 
 post-office, and agricultural departments, and from the Smithsonian Institute. On 
 June 5, Congress requested the President to extend an invitation to other gov- 
 ernments to take part in the Centennial Exposition, and on the 16th of June 
 passed an act ordering the medals commemorative of the centennial to be struck 
 at the Philadelphia mint. On the 18th of June, an act admitting articles intended 
 for the Exposition free of duty was approved. 
 
 1874, FEBRUARY 4. The National Grange met in annual ses- 
 sion at St. Louis. 
 
 It remained in session nine days. This was the seventh session of the National 
 Grange, but the first of a purely national character, the representatives present 
 coming from the state granges in thirty-two states and two territories, having 
 under their jurisdiction nearly twelve thousand subordinate granges, representing 
 a membership of probably over a million of persons actively engaged in agri- 
 culture. 
 
 1874, MARCH 14. Congress amended the act " to encourage 
 the growth of timber on the western prairies." 
 The provisions were made somewhat easier, and the fees less. 
 
 1874, APRIL 15. The legislature of New York passed a 
 compulsory educational law. 
 
 The New Jersey legislature also passed a compulsory education bill, giving 
 authority to the local school officers to enforce attendance. 
 
 By the constitution of Nevada, adopted in 1864, it is provided that the legisla- 
 ture " may pass such laws as will tend to secure a general attendance of the chil- 
 dren in each school district." Virginia, by her constitution, as amended in 1870, 
 provides : " The general assembly shall have power, after a full introduction of 
 the public free-school system, to make such laws as shall not permit parents and 
 guardians to allow their children to grow up in ignorance and vagrancy." North 
 Carolina, by her amended constitution of 1868, provides : " The general assembly 
 is hereby empowered to enact that every child of sufficient mental and physical 
 ability shall attend the public schools during the period between the ages of six 
 and sixteen years, for a term not less than sixteen months, unless educated by 
 other means." Arkansas, by her amended constitution of 1868, provided that 
 " the general assembly shall require by law that every child of -sufficient mental and 
 physical ability shall attend the public schools during the period between five and 
 eighteen years, for a term equivalent to three years, unless educated by other
 
 694 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1874. 
 
 means." Missouri, by her amended constitution of 1865, provides that " the gen- 
 eral assembly shall have power to require by law that every child of sufficient 
 mental and physical ability shall attend the public schools during the period be- 
 tween five and eighteen years, for a term equivalent to sixteen months, unless 
 educated by other means." Texas, by her constitution amended in 1869, pro- 
 vides : " The legislature, at its first session, or as soon thereafter as may be possible, 
 shall pass such laws as shall require the attendance on the public free schools of 
 the state of all the scholastic population thereof for the period of at least four 
 months of each and every year: Provided, That when any of the scholastic inhab- 
 itants may be shown to have received regular instruction for said period of time 
 in each and every year from any private teacher having a proper certificate of 
 competency, this shall exempt them from the operation of the laws contemplated 
 by this action." South Carolina, by her amended constitution of 1868, provides : 
 " It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide for the compulsory at- 
 tendance, at either public or private schools, of all children between the ages of 
 six and sixteen years, not physically or mentally disabled, for a term equivalent 
 to twenty-four months at least : Provided, That no law to that effect shall be 
 passed until a system of public schools has been thoroughly and completely or- 
 ganized, and facilities afforded to all the inhabitants of the state for the free edu- 
 cation of their children." 
 
 1874, APRIL 24. Congress ordered the report of the select 
 committee on transportation routes to the seaboard to be 
 printed. 
 
 The committee had been appointed on December 16, 1872. In their report 
 the committee says: "Perhaps the most extraordinary feature of our govern- 
 mental policy, touching the vast internal trade of the nation, is ths apparent 
 indifference and neglect with which it has been treated. While detailed informa- 
 tion has been obtained by the government, under customs and revenue laws, in 
 relation to commerce with foreign countries, no means have been provided for 
 collecting accurate statistics concerning the vastly more important interests of 
 internal commerce. No officer of the government has ever been charged with 
 the duty of collecting information on this subject ; and the legislator who desires 
 to inform himself concerning the nature, extent, value, or necessities of our 
 immense internal trade, or of its relations to foreign commerce, must patiently 
 grope his way through the statistics furnished by boards of trade, chambers of 
 commerce, and transportation companies. Even the census reports, which pur- 
 port to contain an inventory of the property and business pursuits of the people, 
 and which in some matters descend to the minutest details, are silent with regard 
 to the billions of dollars represented by railways and other instruments of internal 
 transportation, and to the much greater values of commodities annually moved by 
 them. 
 
 "We have no means of measuring accurately the magnitude of this trade; 
 but its colossal proportions may be inferred from two or three known facts. The 
 value of commodities moved by the railroads in 1872 is estimated at over 
 $10,000,000,000, and their gross receipts reached the enormous sum of 473,241,- 
 055. The commerce of the cities of the Ohio River alone has been carefully esti- 
 mated at over 1,600,000,000 per annum. Some conception of the immense trade 
 carried on upon the northern lakes may be formed from the fact that, during the 
 entire season of navigation in 1872, an average of one vessel every nine minutes, 
 day and night, passed Fort Gratiot Lighthouse, near Port Huron. The value of
 
 1874.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 our internal commerce is many times greater than our trade with all foreign 
 nations, and the amount annually paid for transportation is more than double the 
 entire revenues of the government." 
 
 The last number of Poor's Railroad Manual, as good authority as we have, gives 
 the tonnage of all the railroads in the United States for 1875 as 200,000,000 tons, 
 having increased forty- fold in the past twenty-five years. At $50 per ton the value 
 would be $10,000,000,000. The canals of the country transported not less than 
 10,000,000 tons, worth $500,000,000, of which the Erie took one half. The ton- 
 nage of vessels employed in the domestic trade of the United States is 4,000,000 
 tons. Estimating four voyages a year, and allowing for light freights, the tonnage 
 moved this way may be placed at 15,000,000 tons per annum, worth $750,000,000. 
 This gives a grand total of $11,250,000,000 per annum as the volume of the inter- 
 nal commerce of the United States, which is ten times as great as our exports 
 and imports combined. 
 
 1874, MAY 19. The conflict in Arkansas between the rival 
 candidates was ended by the occupation of the state house by 
 Governor Baxter. 
 
 The conflict had existed a month, and resulted in much bloodshed. 
 
 1874. THE locusts in Minnesota destroyed the crops. 
 
 On the 8th of July, the governor wrote the secretary of war : "A terrible ca- 
 lamity has befallen the people of the several counties in the northwest part of this 
 state. The locusts have devoured every kind of crop, and left the country for 
 miles perfectly bare. They did the same thing last year in the same area. Many 
 thousands are now suffering for food, and I am using every public and private 
 source that I can lawfully command to send immediate supplies of food." 
 
 1874. JUNE 18. Congress passed a bill repealing the provis- 
 ion by which moieties were paid informers. 
 
 1874, JUNE 20. An act of Congress established an assorting 
 bureau in the treasury department, for the redemption of 
 national bank currency. 
 
 The banks pay the expense. Worn and defaced notes are replaced by new- 
 ones. 
 
 1874, JUNE 20. The President approved an act passed by 
 Congress " fixing the amount of United States notes, providing 
 for a redistribution of the national bank currency." 
 
 It removed the obligation to keep a reserve for the redemption of the circula- 
 tion, and made the reserve depend upon the deposits. It required the banks to 
 keep deposited in the treasury, in greenbacks, five per cent, of their circulation, 
 for its redemption. The act provided that "the amount of United States notes 
 outstanding, and to be used as a part of the circulating medium, shall not exceed 
 the sum of three hundred and eighty-two million dollars, which said sum shall 
 appear in each monthly statement of the public debt, and no part thereof shall 
 be held or used as a reserve." The act also provided for a redistribution of the 
 circulation, fifty-five millions more being provided for such states and territories 
 as had not their due proportion.
 
 696 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1874. 
 
 1874. THE legislature of Connecticut created a Bureau of 
 Labor Statistics. 
 
 1874, JULY 4. The bridge over the Mississippi, at St. Louis, 
 was formally opened. 
 
 1874, JULY 22. The court of commissioners of Alabama 
 claims met and organized. 
 
 1874, SEPTEMBER 14. The opposition in Louisiana to the Kel- 
 logg government culminated in violence. 
 
 An armed force under D. B. Penn, who was elected rice-governor with 
 M'Enery, took possession of the state house. Governor Kellogg appealed to the 
 President for help. A proclamation was issued ordering the armed force to dis- 
 perse, and a body of the national troops was sent to New Orleans to enforce the 
 proclamation. At the assembling of the legislature in December, the disturbance 
 was renewed, and the troops were again called on to quiet it. 
 
 1874, SEPTEMBER 16. The President issued a proclamation 
 calling upon the disturbers of the peace in New Orleans to dis- 
 perse within five days. 
 
 On the 14th, a mass meeting of citizens of New Orleans had appointed a com- 
 mittee to call upon Governor Kellogg and ask him to resign. This he refused. The 
 militia of the state having been called upon by D. B. Penn to assemble, a collis- 
 ion occurred. Barricades were erected, the police were defeated, and Governor 
 Kellogg forced to take refuge in the custom-house. On the 18th, without any 
 conflict between the citizens and United States troops, the government was sur- 
 rendered to Governor Kellogg under protest. 
 
 1874, OCTOBER 15. A court of arbitration, in connection 
 with the New York Chamber of Commerce, was opened. 
 Enoch L. Fancher was appointed the judge. 
 
 1874. A STATE board of health was organized in Mary- 
 land. 
 
 1874. THE Social Freedom Community was organized in 
 Chesterfield County, Virginia. 
 
 1874, DECEMBER. The President in his annual message al- 
 luded to civil- service reform. 
 
 He said that if Congress adjourned without positive legislation on the subject, 
 he would regard their non-action as a disapproval of the system, and would aban- 
 don it. 
 
 1874, DECEMBER 21. The President issued a proclamation 
 commanding the disturbers of the peace at Vicksburg, Missis- 
 sippi, to disperse in five days. 
 
 1874, DECEMBER. A society was organized in New York for 
 the prevention of cruelty to children. 
 
 Its object was to seek out and rescue children suffering from abuse.
 
 1875.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 697 
 
 1875, JANUARY 4. The legislature of Louisiana met to or- 
 ganize, when, there being some disturbance, Governor Kellogg 
 called upon the military to eject certain members. This being 
 done, the democratic members retired in a body, and General 
 Sherman assumed the command of the Department of the Gulf. 
 
 On the 19th of December the house had authorized the sending of a select 
 committee to Louisiana to investigate. They were present on January 4th, and on 
 the 15th reported to the house. On the 13th, the President sent a message to Con- 
 gress concerning the interference of the military with the Louisiana legislature. 
 
 1875, JANUARY 14. The President approved an act of Con- 
 gress " to provide for the resumption of specie payments." 
 
 It required the coinage of silver coins to replace the fractional currency; 
 provided for the formation of other national banks, and for every hundred dol- 
 lars they issued as a circulation, eighty dollars of greenbacks to be withdrawn, 
 until the greenbacks in circulation shall not exceed $300,000,000. Also that on 
 and after January 1, 1879, the greenbacks be redeemed in coin, and to prepare for 
 so doing by selling the bonds of the United States. 
 
 1875, FEBRUARY 8. The President sent a message to Con- 
 gress relating to the condition of affairs in Arkansas. 
 
 It took the ground that the election in 1872 of Mr. Brooks as governor was 
 lawful, and that the constitution of 1874, and the government established under 
 it, were illegal. It also asked Congress " to relieve the executive from acting 
 upon questions which should be decided by the legislative branch of the govern- 
 ment." 
 
 1875, FEBRUARY 9. The first train passed through the Hoosac 
 Tunnel, Massachusetts. 
 
 The tunnel is four and three quarter miles long, twenty-five feet high, and 
 twenty-seven feet wide. 
 
 1875, MARCH 1. An act passed by Congress, "to protect all 
 citizens in their civil and legal rights," was approved. 
 
 - It provided that' " all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall 
 be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, 
 facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theatres, 
 and other places of public amusement, subject only to the conditions and limita- 
 tions established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, 
 regardless of any previous condition of servitude." 
 
 1875, MARCH 3. Congress authorized Captain James B. Eads 
 to open the South Pass of the Mississippi at an expense of five 
 million two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The work is said to be progressing well. Captain Eads is an engineer of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 1875, MARCH 3. Congress authorized the people of Colorado 
 to form a constitution and state government. 
 
 The act provided for the admission of the state into the Union as soon as the
 
 698 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1875. 
 
 constitution -was framed and adopted. August 1, 1876 the proclamation admitting 
 the state was issued. 
 
 1874. THE fifth report of the commissioner of education, for 
 this year, was published. 
 
 It was the completest report up to this time. It gave the school population of 
 the fifty states and territories, including the Cherokee and Choctaw nations, as 
 13,875,050. Those enrolled in the public schools, at 8,099,981 ; and the average 
 daily attendance at 4,521,564. The number of teachers was 241,300. The ex- 
 penditure for education was $74,974,338. The number of normal schools was 
 124, of teachers 966, and of students 24,405. The number of commercial and 
 business colleges was 126 ; of instructors, 577 ; of students, 25,892. The number 
 of Kindergarten, 55; of instructors, 125; of pupils, 1,636. The number of institu- 
 tions for secondary instruction was 1,031; of instructors, 5,466; of students, 98,179. 
 The number of preparatory schools was 91 ; of instructors, 697 ; of students, 11,414. 
 The number of institutions for the superior education of women was 209 ; of instruc- 
 tors, 2,285 ; of students, 23,445. The number of universities and colleges was 343 ; 
 of instructors, 3,783; of students, 56,692. The number of schools of science was 
 72 ; of instructors, 609 ; of students, 7,244. The number of schools of theology, 113 ; 
 instructors, 579 ; students, 4,356. The number of schools of law, 38 ; of instruc- 
 tors, 181 ; of students, 2,585. The number of schools of medicine, 99 ; of in- 
 structors, 1,121; of students, 9,095. Number of institutions for the instruction 
 of the deaf and dumb, 40 ; of instructors, 275 ; of pupils, 4,900. Number of 
 schools for the blind, 29 ; instructors, 525 ; of pupils. 1,942. The number of 
 reform schools, 56; of instructors, 693; number committed during the year, 
 9,846. Number of infant asylums, 11; number of teachers, 19; number of in- 
 mates, 546. Number of industrial schools, 26 ; of teachers, 259 ; of inmates, 
 6,096. Number of schools for the feeble-minded, 9; of instructors, 312; of in- 
 mates, 1,265. 
 
 1875. CONGRESS authorized the coinage of twenty-cent 
 pieces of silver. 
 
 1875, MARCH 22. The legislature of New York passed a 
 bill " to establish specie payments on all contracts or obligations 
 payable in this state after January 1, 1879." 
 
 It provided that after that date all taxes shall be collected in gold, United 
 States gold certificates, or national bank notes, which are redeemable in gold on 
 demand. That every contract made after that date, and payable in dollars, with- 
 out any specification of the kind of dollars, shall be payable in United States coin. 
 
 1875, MARCH 23. Congress passed a resolution approving 
 the action of the President in Louisiana. 
 
 The House passed it March 1, and the Senate March 23. 
 
 1875. STATE boards of health were organized in Georgia 
 and Alabama. 
 
 1875, AUGUST 26. The Bank of California failed. 
 
 1875, SEPTEMBER 7. Governor Ames, of Mississippi, tele- 
 graphed the President that he was compelled to appeal to the gen- 
 eral government for assistance.
 
 1875.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 699 
 
 He asked if the proclamation of the previous December was in force. The 
 matter being referred to the Attorney-General, he decided that it was not, and so 
 telegraphed Governor Ames. On the 9th, the Democratic State Executive Com- 
 mittee telegraphed the Attorney-General that there was no disturbance in the 
 state. On the 14th, the Attorney-General wrote to Governor Ames, promising 
 him aid if necessary, but reminding him of the necessity of confining himself 
 strictly within the constitution and the laws. 
 
 1875, SEPTEMBER. Wellesley College was opened for students 
 at Wellesley, Massachusetts. 
 
 The college is intended to give a collegiate education to young women. 
 
 1875, SEPTEMBER 15. The "Direct United States Cable 
 Company " completed their line, and opened it to the public. 
 
 1875, SEPTEMBER 16. The system of fast trains for the deliv- 
 ery of the mails went into operation. 
 
 The speed of these trains was such that the mail from New York was delivered 
 in St. Louis in less than thirty-four hours. From a dispute with the railroads 
 concerning their compensation, the system has been abandoned. 
 
 1875, NOVEMBER 22. Vice-President Henry Wilson died. 
 
 1875. THIS year the first volume of the geological survey 
 of New Hampshire, by Professor Hitchcock, was published. 
 
 The survey of Pennsylvania, under Professor Leslie, had been in operation a 
 year. The reports of the Missouri survey, and that of the first survey of Texas 
 by Professor Buckley, were also published. The report of Professor Cook was 
 presented to the Board of Directors of the Geological Survey of New Jersey. A 
 report by Dr. Hayden of his geological explorations in 1873, in the government 
 expedition to the West, was printed by the government. 
 
 1875, DECEMBER 7. President Grant's annual message was 
 presented to Congress. 
 
 It recommended a constitutional amendment making it the duty of the states 
 to establish and forever maintain adequate free public schools for the education 
 of all children irrespective of sex, color, birthplace or religion. It also called 
 attention to the increasing amount of untaxed church property, which had risen 
 from $83,000,000 in 1850 to $1,000,000,000 in 1875. 
 
 1875. THE work of excavation at Hallett's Point Reef, at 
 Hell Gate, New York, was completed. 
 
 The first appropriation for the work was made by Congress in 1869. The 
 work had been done under the direction of General Newton. The design was to 
 undermine the reef by a series of channels opening from a central shaft, some- 
 what in the fashion of the sticks of an ordinary fan. The length of the headings, 
 or straight channels, was 4857 feet, and of the circular galleries or cross-cuts con- 
 necting them, 2568 feet, making a total of 7425 feet. In making these channels, 
 47,461 cubic yards of rock were removed. From the character of the rock, it- 
 being intersected by numerous quartz veins, the excavations had to be performed 
 with great care, so as to avoid shattering the roof. For the want of an appropri- 
 ation, the explosion was delayed until September 24, 1876, when the galleries,
 
 7fii) ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1875-6. 
 
 being charged with cartridges of nitro-glycerin, connected by wires with a bat- 
 tery, were simultaneously fired. Gen. Newton's little daughter, a child of four 
 or five years old, laid h<?r small hand on the key completing the circuit, and fired 
 the largest blasting charge ever exploded. There had been great fear of the 
 possible effects upon the neighborhood of so large a blast, but nothing was injured 
 except the dangerous reef. That, it appears, was so effectually shattered, that 
 the experiment can be called a perfect success. 
 
 1875, DECEMBER. The annual report of the production of the 
 precious metals for 1875 in the states and territories west of the 
 Missouri River, showed an aggregate of $80,889,037. 
 
 1875, DECEMBER. This year it was reported that there were 
 sixteen clearing-houses, established in as many various cities, 
 and that three hundred and thirty-four banks are associated in 
 their support for the purpose of effecting their exchanges. 
 
 These clearing-houses are situated in the following cities : 
 
 New York, New York, established in 1855, and supported by 59 banks. 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts, " 1856, ' 49 " 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, " 1858, " 27 " 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland, " 1858, " 19 " 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, " 1858, " 9 " 
 
 Worcester, Massachusetts, " 1861, " 9 " 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, " 1865, " 24 " 
 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, " 1865, " 17 " 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, " 1866, " 21 " 
 
 New Haven, Connecticut, " 1867, " 10 " 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri, " 1868, " 37 " 
 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, " 1868, " 10 " 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana, " 1871, " 12 " 
 
 New Orleans, Louisiana, " 1872, " 15 
 
 Kansas City, Kansas, " 1873, " 8 " 
 
 St. Paul, Minnesota, " 1874, " 8 " 
 
 San Francisco and Louisville had also taken steps to form their clearing-houses. 
 
 1875, DECEMBER. The report of the commercial failures for 
 the year amounted to seven thousand seven hundred and forty, 
 with gross liabilities of $201,060,353. 
 
 The following classification for the years 1875 and 1874 was given : 
 
 1875. 18*4 
 
 Number. Amount Number. ' Amount. 
 
 New England, 1,335 $40,015,164 790 $15,845,000 
 
 Middle, 2,395 82,522,346 2,035 82.091,000 
 
 Western, 2,336 36.473,864 1,744 33,073,000 
 
 Southern, 1,333 36,277,777 1,126 20,690,000 
 
 1876, JANUARY 1. A general celebration of the opening of 
 the centennial year of our national existence was held all over 
 the country. 
 
 The various cities of the country, from Maine to Louisiana, took part in the 
 :bration. Philadelphia, as the city in which independence was declared, eel-
 
 1876.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 701 
 
 ebrated that event at midnight, at Independence Hall, by appropriate ceremonies, 
 in which an immense throng took part. 
 
 1876, MARCH 2. The Secretary of War, William W. Belknap, 
 sent his resignation to the President, which was accepted. 
 
 He was charged by the Committee of the House on Expenditures in the War 
 Department with embezzlement, and confessed the truth of the charge. The 
 House Committee on the Judiciary prepared articles of impeachment against him ; 
 and on April 5, the Senate, sitting as a Court of Impeachment, organized and no- 
 tified the House. On the 17th the trial began, and on August 1st, the vote being 
 taken on the charges, on the first charge thirty-five senators voted guilty, and 
 twenty-five not guilty ; on the second, third, and fourth charges, thirty-six sen- 
 ators voted guilty, and twenty-five not guilty; on the fifth charge, thirty-seven 
 senators voted guilty, and twenty-five not guilty : which, being not two-thirds of 
 the Senate, a judgment of acquittal was entered, in accordance with the twenty- 
 second rule for the government of impeachment trials. In explaining their votes, 
 twenty of the senators stated that they had voted not guilty because they believed 
 that the Senate had no jurisdiction in the case, as the defendant's resignation as 
 Secretary had been accepted before the charges were brought. 
 
 1876, MARCH 27. The Supreme Court gave a decision which 
 affected the construction of the Enforcement Act of 1871. 
 
 Chief Justice Waite gave the decision. The case was No. 339. The United 
 States, plaintiffs in error, vs. William J. Cruikshank and Others. The defendants 
 were indicted under the act of 1871, for "banding and conspiring" to intimidate 
 certain colored men, with the intent to hinder them in the free exercise of their 
 rights under the Constitution and laws of the United States. The Chief Justice 
 stated that it was the duty of the State to protect its citizens in the enjoyment of 
 their rights. It is not the duty of the United States to do this, their obligation 
 being to see that the States do not deny their rights. The United States have no 
 voters of their own ; they are the creations of the States. The fifteenth amend- 
 ment gave a constitutional right against discrimination. 
 
 1876, MARCH 29. The governor of Mississippi, Adelbert 
 Ames, resigned his office. 
 
 Colonel J. M. Stone, president pro tempore of the State senate, was in- 
 stalled as governor, and the same day the house of representatives instructed 
 the managers of the impeachment case against him to discontinue proceedings 
 and withdraw the articles. 
 
 1876, MARCH 30. The dam of the Lynde Brook reservoir, 
 which supplied the city of Worcester, Massachusetts, with water, 
 commenced to break away. 
 
 The reservoir contained seven hundred and sixty million gallons of water, the 
 pressure of which finally carried away the dam bodily, and the water poured out 
 in a mass twenty feet high, sweeping everything before it, and destroying prop- 
 erty estimated at five hundred thousand dollars. As the alarm was given in time, 
 the loss of life was small, only three persons, it was said, being destroyed. 
 
 1876, APRIL 17. An act passed by Congress for the payment 
 of the fractional currency was approved. 
 
 It directs the Secretary of the Treasury to give silver coins of the United
 
 702 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1876. 
 
 States, of ten, twenty, twenty-five, and fifty cents standard value, in redemption 
 of an equal amount of fractional currency, whether the same be now in the 
 treasury awaiting redemption, or whenever it may be presented for payment ; and 
 the Secretary may provide for such redemption and issue by substitution at the 
 regular sub-treasuries and public depositories until the whole amount of frac- 
 tional currency outstanding shall be redeemed. And the fractional currency 
 redeemed under this act shall be held as part of the sinking fund provided for by 
 existing law, the interest to be computed thereon as in the case of the bonds 
 redeemed under the act relating to the sinking fund. 
 
 1876, APRIL 18. The President vetoed the bill, passed by 
 Congress, entitled " An Act fixing the salary of the President of 
 the United States." 
 
 He said he was " constrained to this course from a sense of duty to my suc- 
 cessors in office, to myself, and to what is due to the dignity of the position of 
 chief magistrate of a nation of more than forty millions of people." The veto 
 ended : " Having no personal interest in this matter, I have felt myself free to 
 return this bill to the House in which it originated, with my objections, believing 
 that in so doing I meet the wishes and judgment of the great majority of those 
 who indirectly pay all the salaries and other expenses of the government." 
 
 1876. MAY 10. The Centennial Exhibition in Fairmount Park, 
 Philadelphia, opened. 
 
 1876, JUNE 25. An expedition against the Sioux, under the 
 command of General George A. Custer, was slaughtered by the 
 Indians on the Big Horn River, in the Black Hills country. 
 
 1876, JULY 22. A joint resolution of Congress for the issue 
 of silver coin was approved. 
 
 It authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to issue at any time the silver coin 
 in the treasury, to an amount not exceeding ten million dollars, in exchange for 
 an equal amount of legal-tender notes, such notes to be kept in reserve, and re- 
 issued only when an equal amount of fractional currency had been retired and 
 destroyed. The Secretary was also authorized to limit the coinage of the trade 
 dollar, which was thenceforth not to be counted as a legal tender. The coinage 
 of silver coin was also authorized, to an amount not exceeding fifty millions of 
 dollars. The resolution provided also for the purchase of silver bullion from 
 time to time, at market rates. 
 
 1876, AUGUST 5. The House passed a bill to repeal as much 
 of the specie resumption act of 1875 as makes it go into opera- 
 tion on the 1st of January, 1879. 
 
 ^1876, AUGUST 24. The Secretary of the Treasury contracted 
 with another " syndicate " for the sale of forty million dollars of 
 four and one-half per cent, bonds authorized by the acts of 
 July 14, 1870, and January 20, 1871. 
 
 The syndicate was composed of August Belmont & Co., on behalf of MM. 
 Rothschild & Sons, and J. & W. Seligman & Co. ; and Drexcl, Morgan & Co., on 
 behalf of J. S. Morgan & Co. ; and Morton, Bliss & Co. The contract gave 
 them the exclusive right of subscribing for the remainder of the bonds author-
 
 1876.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 703 
 
 ized, or any part of them, on or before June 30, 1877, the secretary reserving the 
 right to terminate the contract any time before March 4, 1877, by giving due 
 notice. The terms of the contract were that the syndicate were to have one half 
 of one per cent., and pay the expenses. 
 
 1876, OCTOBER 1. A form for keeping their accounts, with a 
 set of rules for their guidance, which had been prepared for the 
 railroads of Massachusetts by the Board of Railroad Commission- 
 ers, went into operation. 
 
 The legislature of Massachusetts had passed an act entitled " An Act to secure 
 greater publicity and uniformity in the accounts of railroad corporations," by 
 which the necessary power was conferred upon the Board to enable them to grad- 
 ually reduce the railroad returns of the State to an intelligible system. In 
 accordance with the provisions of the act, an examiner of railroad accounts was 
 appointed, and the representatives of all the roads in the State were invited to 
 meet the Board and co-operate in the work of preparing the best method of rail- 
 road accounts, and agreeing upon a code of rules under which they should in 
 future be kept as nearly as possible in a uniform manner. The meeting was very 
 generally attended, and the result was the preparation of the form and the rules 
 spoken of above. The rules being prepared, a conference was arranged by the 
 Board, of the Railroad Commissioners, or those having control of the railroad 
 returns in the New England States and New York, which was held in Boston 
 September 6th. At this conference, the whole subject of inter-state railroad 
 accounts and returns was discussed, and it was finally agreed to unite in recom- 
 mending for general adoption in the States represented, except Rhode Island, a 
 similar form and rules. A memorial to this effect was prepared for the legisla- 
 tures of the various States, asking for legislation by which the system should be 
 introduced, and sent with a copy of the form and rules, and signed by the com- 
 missioners for Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 and the State engineers of New York. 
 
 1876, OCTOBER 4. The librarians of the country met in Phil- 
 adelphia to consult upon bibliographical science, and formed an 
 association to be known as the American Library Association. 
 
 Justin Winsor, of Boston, was elected president, and Melvil Dewey, of Am- 
 herst, Massachusetts, secretary. 
 
 1876, OCTOBER 17. The President issued a proclamation 
 warning the " rifle clubs " in South Carolina to disperse within 
 three days. 
 
 On the same day, the Secretary of War issued an order to General Sherman 
 to order " all the available force in the military division of the Atlantic to report 
 to General Ruger, commanding at Columbia, South Carolina, and instruct that 
 officer to station his troops in such localities that they may be most speedily and 
 effectually used in case of resistance to the authority of the United States." 
 
 1876, OCTOBER 25. The Continental Life Insurance Company 
 of New York suspended. 
 
 In the investigation of its condition, the facts were brought to light that it had 
 instituted a new system by which its policy-holders were swindled, agents being 
 sent through the country by its president to spread the report of its insolvency,
 
 704 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 [1876. 
 
 and by appeals to the fears of the policy-holders, induce them to part with their 
 policies. 
 
 1876 OCTOBER. A convention of American bankers was held 
 in Philadelphia, and an association organized for their mutual 
 benefit. 
 
 Mr. Charles B. Hall, of Boston, was elected president, and J. D. Hays sec- 
 retary, with a list of vice-presidents from the various States, and an executive 
 council. 
 
 1876, OCTOBER. The American Fish Culturists' Association 
 held a convention in Philadelphia. 
 
 1876, NOVEMBER 1. The report of the comptroller of the 
 currency for 1876 gave the following figures of the currency: 
 
 Demand 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Fractional 
 Currency. 
 
 National Bank 
 
 Notes and Gold 
 
 Hanks. 
 
 Legal Tenders. Notes. Currency. Total. Banks. Total. 
 
 $367,535,716 $65,692 $28,555,478 $396,156,886 $322,841,308 $718,990,194 
 
 The same source gives the following statement of the national banks : 
 
 Banks in operation, 2,089. Minions. 
 
 Loans, $931.3 
 
 Bonds for circulation, .... 337.2 
 
 Other United States bonds, . 47.8 
 
 Stocks, &c., 34.4 
 
 Due from other banks, . . . 146.9 
 
 Real estate, 43. 1 
 
 Specie, 21.4 
 
 Legal-tender notes, 84.2 
 
 National bank notes, .... 15.9 
 
 Clearing-house exchanges, . 100.0 
 
 U. S. certificates of deposit, . 29.2 
 
 Due from U. S. treasury, . . 16.7 
 
 Other resources, 19.1 
 
 Total, $1,827.2 
 
 Millions. 
 
 Capital stock, $499.8 
 
 Surplus, 
 
 Profits (undivided), . . . 
 
 Circulation, 
 
 Deposits, 
 
 Due other banks, 
 
 Other liabilities, 
 
 132.2 
 
 46.4 
 
 292.2 
 
 666.2 
 
 179.8 
 
 10.6 
 
 Total, $1,827.2 
 
 The national banks seeking to influence Congress to lessen their taxation, it 
 was testified before the Committee of Ways and Means by Mr. J. D. Hays, of 
 Detroit, that forty-nine national banks, with a capital of over ten millions, had 
 failed during the year ; that two hundred and one, with a capital of nearly twenty- 
 eight millions, had gone into voluntary liquidation ; and that the propositions at 
 that time being considered in New York alone for the reduction of their capital 
 by other national banks, amounted to twelve and one half millions, or about 
 twelve per cent, of their capital. Before the same committee, Mr. Coe, the pres- 
 ident of a New York bank, testified : " As for the dividends of the banks in the 
 city of New York, one half of them have not for the last two years earned their 
 dividends, and for the last year not one third of them." And again : " I say that 
 our institutions did not earn the dividends which they have declared, but they 
 have paid them out of their reserves, because they could not help responding to 
 the agonies of their stockholders and the necessities of the case. I tell you that 
 on every hand the fabric is falling into decay. The whole thing is going to de- 
 struction." The contraction of the currency having ruined the customers of the 
 banks, the banks themselves, despite their valuable monopoly, and aids from 
 national legislation, must suffer in common with them.
 
 187G.] AXNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 705 
 
 1876, NOVEMBER 4. The President issued an order stationing 
 troops at Petersburg, Virginia. 
 
 1876, NOVEMBER 16. A decisive battle in Mexico, on the line 
 of the Yera Cruz and Mexico Railway, was fought between the 
 supporters of the government and the revolutionists. 
 
 President Lerdo was defeated, and fled. The revolutionists were commanded 
 by Generals Diaz and Gonzalez. 
 
 1876, NOVEMBER 26. The President issued an order to the 
 Secretary of War to sustain Governor Chamberlain in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 The order was dated at the Executive Mansion, and read as follows : 
 " Hon. J. D. Cameron, Secretary of War. Sir : D. H. Chamberlain is now 
 governor of the State of South Carolina beyond any controversy, and remains so 
 until a new governor shall be duly and legally inaugurated. Under the Constitu- 
 tion, the government has been called upon to aid with the military and naval 
 forces of the United States to maintain a republican government in the State 
 against resistance too formidable to be overcome by State authorities. You are 
 directed, therefore, to sustain Governor Chamberlain in his authority against 
 domestic violence until otherwise directed. U. S. Grant, President" 
 
 There was a dispute in South Carolina concerning the result of the election of 
 governor. The supreme court of the State had committed the State Board of 
 canvassers to jail for contempt, and they had been released by Judge Bond, a 
 United States judge, on a writ of habeas corpus. 
 
 1876, NOVEMBER 28. The State House in Columbia, South 
 Carolina, was occupied by Federal troops. 
 
 The Democratic members of the legislature, being refused admittance, with- 
 drew, making a protest, which was read in the presence of the military and cit- 
 izens, on the steps. Their protest was as follows : " We, a majority of the mem- 
 bers of the house of representatives of South Carolina elect, protest against the 
 refusal to admit us to the hall of representatives. We protest against the military 
 power of the United States barring the passage into the State House of members 
 elect of the legislature. We protest against the legality of the proceeding, and 
 especially against the army of the United States being placed, for the purpose of 
 this exclusion, under the command of one John H. Dennis, a partisan of Gov- 
 ernor Chamberlain. We protest against the said Dennis's instructions to the 
 guard to admit no one to the State House except upon his own pass, or the pass of 
 A. O. Jones, former clerk of the House, who may thus exclude all except his 
 own partisans, and who, by this Republican programme, is to organize said House. 
 We have presented ourselves with the judgment of the highest court of South 
 Carolina, certified to by its clerk, with the great seal of the court attached, as to 
 our right to participate in the organization of said House. We are refused, by 
 the orders of said Dennis, admission to said hall, except upon his pass, the pass 
 of said Jones, or the certificate of H. E. Hayne, Secretary of State, who is now 
 under condemnation of said court for refusal to issue certificates in accordance 
 with its judgment and mandate. Protesting against this barefaced usurpation, 
 this trampling on the laws and constitution of this State, this defiance of the 
 highest tribunal of the State, it is our purpose to offer no resistance to this armed 
 intervention, but to make our solemn appeal to the American people, without dis~ 
 
 45
 
 706 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1876. 
 
 tinction of party ; our veneration for law, our respect for the supreme court, and 
 the usages of all legislative assemblages, forbid our participation in such unpre- 
 cedented and revolutionary proceedings." 
 
 (Signed by all the sixty-four Democratic members.) 
 
 The assemblage then dispersed. The Republicans then organized the House, 
 fifty-nine members being present. The sixty-four Democrats and two Repub- 
 licans then met in Carolina Hall and organized. The Democrats of the senate 
 also protested against the action of the Republican house for " having organized 
 without a constitutional quorum, there being but fifty-eight members present, as 
 shown by its own journal, whereas a majority of the entire representation is 
 requisite to a quorum, to wit, sixty-three members." The troops were withdrawn 
 from the State House December 5. Governor Chamberlain was inaugurated, De- 
 cember 7, by the Republicans, and Governor Wade Hampton on the 14th of 
 December. 
 
 1876, NOVEMBER 30. The following was the statement of the 
 public debt : 
 
 Debt bearing interest in coin, { Bonds at 6 per cent., 984,999,65000 
 
 ( Bonds at 5 per cent., .... 712,320,450 00 
 Debt bearing interest in lawful money, navy pension fund 3 
 
 per cents., 14,000,000 00 
 
 Debt on which interest has ceased, 2,291,700 26 
 
 f Demand notes and legal tenders, . 366,976,60750 
 
 Debt bearing no interest, J Certificates of de P s % 40,725,000 00 
 
 I Fractional currency, 27,408,508 98 
 
 t Coin certificates, 37,413,600 00 
 
 Total principal $2,186,135,516 74 
 
 Interest accrued and unpaid, 35,550,269 15 
 
 Total debt, $2,221,685,78589 
 
 n . . . C Coin, $79,881,471 24 
 
 Cash m treasury, < ~ 
 
 r ' Currency, 11,743,215 23 
 
 Special deposit for redemption of certificates 
 of deposit, 40,725,000 00 
 
 $132,349,686 47 
 
 1876, DECEMBER 5. The President submitted his annual 
 address to Congress. 
 
 It ended by suggesting that " the attention of Congress cannot be too earnestly 
 called to the necessity of throwing some greater safeguard over the method of 
 choosing and declaring the election of a President. Under the present system 
 there seems to be no remedy provided for contesting the election in any one State. 
 The remedy is partially, no doubt, in the enlightenment of electors. The com- 
 pulsory support of the free schools, and the disfranchisement of all who cannot 
 read and write the English language after a fixed probation, would meet my 
 hearty approval. I would not make this apply, however, to those already voters, 
 but I would to all becoming so after the expiration of the probation fixed upon." 
 
 1876, DECEMBER 5. The Brooklyn Theatre, in Brooklyn, 
 New York, was burned during the performance.
 
 1876.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The theatre was crowded. Two hundred and eighty-fire bodies were taken 
 from the ruins, and it is supposed that many others were consumed so entirely 
 that no remains of them could be found. 
 
 1876, DECEMBER 6. The body of Baron de Palm was cre- 
 mated at Washington, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A furnace had been built for the purpose, the deceased having left his body 
 thus to be disposed of. 
 
 1876. THE report of the commercial failures for this year 
 gave the number of failures in the United States as 9,092, with 
 liabilities amounting to $191,117,786 ; and in Canada at 1,728, 
 with liabilities amounting to $25,517,991. 
 
 They were thus classified : 
 
 No. in No. of Percentage Amount of 
 business. failures, of failures, liabilities. 
 
 New England States, 77,559 1,314 1 in 59 $37,657,062 
 
 Middle States, . . 165,184 2,909 1 in 57 72,244,681 
 
 Western States, . 225,309 3,139 1 in 72 62,870,541 
 
 Southern States, . 87,140 1,361 1 in 64 23,083,266 
 
 Pacific States, . . 22,313 369 1 in 60 6,262,236 
 
 Canada, .... 54,000 1,728 1 in 32 25,517,991 
 
 1876. DURING this year American railways were foreclosed 
 under mortgages reaching a total of $900,000,000. 
 
 This estimate is made by the Railway Age, and includes the stock, bonds, and 
 other evidences of railway indebtedness. 
 
 1876. THE Bureau of Education published a special report 
 upon the public libraries of the United States. 
 
 The report was in two parts, the first of over twelve hundred pages ; and the 
 second, consisting of eighty-nine pages, consisted of rules for a printed dictionary 
 catalogue. In this report, for the first time, we have the information collected 
 of the public libraries of the country, and learn that in 1875 the public libraries 
 of the United States numbered 3,682, with collections aggregating 12,276,964 vol- 
 umes. These libraries are classified under the heads of Academy and School, Col- 
 lege, Society, Law, Medical, Theological, Scientific, Historical, Public, Mercantile, 
 Social, Young Men's Christian Association, State and Territory, Garrison, Asylum, 
 Reformatory, and Miscellaneous, no collection containing less than three hundred 
 volumes appearing in the list. From the facts it has been able to gather, the 
 bureau gives the following as the private benefactions to libraries in the United 
 States : California, $1,022,000; Connecticut, $773,607; Delaware, $17,600; Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, $25,000; Georgia, $63,500; Illinois, $2,644,059; Indiana, 
 $150,000; Iowa, $13,850; Kansas, $500; Louisiana, $15,000; Maine, $135,000; 
 Maryland, $1,426,500; Massachusetts, $2,903,406; Minnesota, $15,300; Mis- 
 souri, $194,637; Nebraska, $1,100; New Hampshire, $58,379; New Jersey, 
 $416,750; New York, $2,942,272; Ohio, $197,500; Oregon, $250; Pennsylvania, 
 $1,448,473; Rhode Island, $294,781; South Carolina, $35,000; Tennessee, $450; 
 Texas, $18,000; Vermont, $78,308; Virginia, $26,000; Wisconsin, $6,500. 
 This makes a total of $14,920,657, of which the report says : " It is not unsafe to 
 estimate that the sum above reported does not represent more than about one 
 half the amount received by the public libraries of the United States from private
 
 708 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1877. 
 
 benefactions of individuals, and that the, real amount is nearer $30,000,000 than 
 $15,000,000; and this does not include the books contributed from time to time, 
 the number of which, in the present state of library statistics, it is simply useless 
 to attempt to ascertain or estimate." 
 
 1877, JANUARY 1. A Republican and a Democratic legislature 
 met at New Orleans, Louisiana. 
 
 The Republican legislature met at the State House, and consisted of eight sen- 
 ators holding over, and eleven returned by the board; the house consisted of sixty- 
 eight members returned by the board, of whom, the Democrats claimed, twenty- 
 two were not elected. The Democratic legislature consisted of nine senators 
 holding over, and eight returned by the board, and four counted out by the board 
 but claiming they were elected. The house consisted of forty members returned 
 by the board, and twenty-two counted out but claiming they were elected. The 
 Democrats had been refused admission to the State House. 
 
 1877, JANUARY 4. Cornelius Vanderbilt died at New York. 
 
 Within a year, William B. Astor, A. T. Stewart, and Cornelius Vandcrbilt, 
 said to be the three richest men in the country, each of them possessing upwards 
 of a hundred millions of dollars, and all belonging to New York, died. They 
 represented the three chief means by which the increasing wealth of the commu- 
 nity is diverted to individual possession. Astor's arising from the increased value 
 of real estate, Stewart's from the trade made possible by the increased production 
 of modern times, and Vanderbilt's from his manipulation of railroads. 
 
 1877, JANUARY 8. At the State House in New Orleans, Louis- 
 iana, Stephen B. Packard was inaugurated as governor, and at 
 St. Patrick's Hall, opposite Lafayette Square and the City Hall, 
 Frank T. Nicholls was also inaugurated governor. 
 
 The first-named was the Republican, and the second the Democratic candidate. 
 
 1877, JANUARY 14. The President telegraphed to General 
 Augur, in command at New Orleans, concerning the course to 
 be pursued by the government in the dispute between the rival 
 governors. 
 
 He said: "It has been the policy of the administration to take no part in the 
 settlement of the question of the rightful government in the State of Louisiana, 
 at least not until the Congressional committees now there have made their report. 
 But it is not proper to sit quietly by and see the state government gradually taken 
 possession of by one of the claimants for gubernatorial honors by illegal means. 
 The supreme court set up by Mr. Nicholls can receive no more recognition than 
 any other equal number of lawyers convened on the call of any other citizen of 
 the State. A returning board existing in accordance with law, and having judicial 
 as well as ministerial powers over the count of the votes, and in declaring the 
 result of the late election, have given certificates of election to the legislature of 
 the State, a legal quorum of which house, holding such certificates, met and de- 
 clared Mr. Packard governor. Should there be a necessity for the recognition 
 of either, it must be Mr. Packard. You may furnish a copy of this to Mr. Pack- 
 ard and to Mr. Nicholls. U. S. GRANT, President." 
 
 1877, JANUARY 22. The President returned an answer to
 
 1877.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 709 
 
 the House in reply to a resolution asking information concerning 
 the use of the troops in the Southern States. 
 
 It stated that the evidence afforded him had " left no doubt whatever in any 
 mind that intimidation had been used, and actual violence to an extent requiring 
 the aid of the United States, where it was practicable to furnish such aid, in South 
 Carolina and Florida, and in Louisiana, as well as in Mississippi, Alabama, and 
 Georgia. The troops of the United States have been but sparingly used, and in 
 no case so as to interfere with the full exercise of the rights of suffrage. Very 
 few troops were available for the purpose of preventing or suppressing the violence 
 and intimidation in the States above named. In no case except that of South 
 Carolina has the number of soldiers in any State increased in anticipation of the 
 election, saving that twenty-four men and an officer were sent from Fort Foote to 
 Petersburg, Virginia, where disturbances were threatened prior to the election. 
 No troops were stationed at the voting-places. In Florida and Louisiana, respec- 
 tively, the small number of soldiers in the said States were stationed at such points 
 in each State as were most threatened with violence, where they might be avail- 
 able as a posse for the officer whose duty it was to preserve the peace and prevent 
 intimidation or violence. Such a disposition of the troops seemed to me reason- 
 able and justified by law and precedent, while its omission would have been incon- 
 sistent with the constitutional duty of the President of the United States, "to take 
 care that the laws be faithfully executed." 
 
 1877, JANUARY 29. The act of Congress providing for a 
 commission to decide all questions arising from the counting of 
 the Presidential vote was approved. 
 
 It was entitled, " An Act to provide for and regulate the counting of votes for 
 President and Vice-President, and the decision of questions arising thereon, for 
 the term commencing March fourth, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and seventy- 
 seven;" and provided that the Senate and House should meet together in the hall 
 of the House, at one p. M., on the first Thursday of February, 1877, the president 
 of the Senate presiding, who should open the returns in alphabetical order, and 
 hand them to the previously appointed tellers to count. Objections to the counting 
 the returns to be made in writing ; and when such objections were made, the two 
 houses to separate, consider them, and reuniting, to decide. Where two returns 
 were received from any State, they should be opened as before, and submitted to 
 the decision of a commission to be appointed as follows : Five members, elected 
 viva voce, from each house, and four members of the Supreme Court, who should 
 elect another justice of the Supreme Court ; making together fifteen members, 
 who should decide in writing concerning the questions before them. The act also 
 provided that nothing in it should affect or impair the right existing under the 
 Constitution and laws to question by proceedings in the courts "the right or title 
 of the person who shall be declared elected, or who shall claim to be President or 
 Vice-President of the United States, if any such right exists." The act was 
 passed by the Senate January 25, and by the House January 26. The Commis- 
 sion as organized consisted of the following members : 
 
 Of the Supreme Court : Nathan Clifford, of the First Circuit, William Strong, 
 of the Third Circuit, Samuel F. Miller, of the Eighth Circuit, Stephen J. Field, 
 of the Ninth Circuit, who elected Joseph P. Bradley, of the Fifth Circuit. 
 Senators : George F. Edmunds, Oliver P. Morton, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, 
 Allen G. Thurman, Thomas F. Bayard. Representatives : Henry B. Payne, Eppa 
 Hunton, Josiah G. Abbot, James A. Garfield, George F. Hoar.
 
 710 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1877. 
 
 The Commission organized and adopted its rules on January 31, and February 1 the 
 two houses met and proceeded to count the returns. The votes of Alabama. Arkan- 
 sas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Delaware were received without objec- 
 tion. From Florida three certificates of returns were received, and eacli objected 
 to. The Commission decided that it was "not competent under the Constitution and 
 the law," as it existed at the date of the passage of the act, " to go into evidence 
 dliunde on the papers opened in the presence of the two houses, to prove that other 
 persons than those regularly certified to by the governor of the State of Florida," 
 and therefore decided and reported in favor of the first returns, those in favor of 
 the electors of the Republican party. On February 10 the decision was reported 
 to the two houses meeting together, when, objection being made to it by six sen- 
 ators and twelve representatives, the two houses separated, and the Senate agreed 
 to the decision as its judgment ; the House, on the 12th, disagreed to it by a vote 
 of 168 to 103, 19 not voting. The same day the two houses met again, and the 
 decision was entered under the terms of the act, which provided that when the 
 decision of the Commission was made, ''the two houses shall again meet, and 
 such decision shall be read and entered in the journal of each house, and the 
 counting of the votes shall proceed in conformity therewith unless, upon objection 
 being made thereto in writing, by at least five senators and five members of the 
 House of Representatives, the two houses shall separately concur in ordering other- 
 wise, in which case such concurrent order shall govern." The counting being pro- 
 ceeded with, the votes of Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Kentucky 
 were counted. From Louisiana two certificates were presented, objections to each 
 of which were offered, and, the papers being presented to the Commission, the argu- 
 ment upon them began the 13th, and lasted until the 16th, the Commission refusing, 
 as before, by a vote of 8 to 7, to receive testimony as to the fraudulent character of 
 the certificates, and deciding in favor of the returns for the Republican electors, on 
 the same grounds as before. On the 19th the two houses met again together, and, 
 the decision being presented, separate objections were made to it by 18 senators 
 and 148 representatives ; by 7 senators and 6 representatives, and by 5 senators 
 and 7 representatives, and the two houses separated. The Senate, by a vote of 
 41 to 28, accepted the decision of the Commission. On the 20th, the two houses 
 met again together, and the count was resumed. The votes of Maine, Maryland, 
 and Massachusetts were counted, and that of Michigan was objected to by 4 sen- 
 ators and 9 representatives. The houses having separated, the objections made 
 to the eligibility of the electors were not sustained in either the Senate or the 
 House, and the same day, both houses reuniting, the vote of Michigan was counted. 
 The votes of Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, and Nebraska were then counted, 
 and on that of Nevada being reached, objection was made to its reception by 3 
 senators and 7 representatives, on the ground that one of the electors was 
 ineligible, as being a United States oflicer. The two houses then separated, 
 and on the 20th the Senate voted to count the vote, and the House did the 
 same on the 21st; which was done on the same day, when the houses reunited 
 and proceeded to count the votes of New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, 
 North Carolina, and Ohio. On the presentation of the vote of Oregon, objection 
 was made to the reception of either of the certificates, by both senators and rep- 
 resentatives, and the matter was referred to the Commission. On the 22d and 
 23d the case was argued, and decided by the Commission by the same vote of 
 8 to 7. On the 24th both houses again met, and on presentation of the decision, 
 objections against it were made by 6 senators and 8 representatives; and on 
 the same day the Senate accepted the decision, and the House, by a vote of lol to
 
 1877.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 711 
 
 106 (33 members not voting), voted that the vote given by J. W. Watts, one of 
 the electors of Oregon, should not be counted. On the meeting of the two 
 houses, the vote of Oregon was counted in accordance with the decision. The 
 vote of Pennsylvania, on being offered, was objected to by 3 senators and 10 
 representatives, on the ground of the ineligibility of one of the electors; and the 
 two houses separated, the Senate voting to receive the vote, and the House to not 
 receive it. On the meeting of the two houses, the vote of Pennsylvania was 
 received and counted for the Republican candidates. On presentation of the vote 
 of Rhode Island, objection was made by 2 senators and 15 representatives, on 
 the ground of the illegal constitution of the electors. The two houses separated, 
 and the Senate voted to receive the votes, as did the House also ; and on reassem- 
 bling, the vote of Rhode Island was counted for the Republicans. 
 
 When the vote of South Carolina was presented, objection was made to the 
 reception of either of the two certificates presented, by both senators and repre- 
 sentatives, and the documents were referred to the Commission. On the 27th the 
 Commission decided, by a vote of 8 to 7, that the Republican electors were the 
 lawfully appointed electors, on the grounds that the failure of the legislature to 
 provide a system of registration did not render all elections nugatory held under 
 the laws, though "it may be the duty of the legislature to enact such a law; " 
 that the Commission must take notice that there is a government in South Caro- 
 lina, republican in form, since its constitution provides for such a government ; 
 that, as far as the Commission can take notice of the presence of United States 
 soldiers in the State during the election, it appears that they were placed there by 
 the President of the United States ; that the Commission had no power, as none 
 existed in the two houses of Congress, "to inquire into circumstances under 
 which the primary vote for electors was given." On the 28th the decision was pre- 
 sented to the two houses in joint meeting, and objected to by both senators and 
 representatives, upon eight specified grounds. The houses having separated, the 
 Senate agreed that the decision stand as its judgment, and the House voted that 
 the objections be sustained and the decision be not concurred in. The two houses 
 then reuniting, the vote of South Carolina was counted in accordance with the 
 decision for the Republicans, and the counting continued. The votes of Tennessee 
 and Texas were then counted, and the certificate from Vermont was presented. 
 The question being then asked whether any other certificate had been received, 
 the presiding officer replied that none had been. The member from New York, 
 then, upon permission, produced a package which had been sent to him, purport- 
 ing to be the returns from the State. Objections being made to its reception, the 
 houses separated, and the Senate voted that the certificate from Vermont be 
 counted, the objections to the contrary notwithstanding. March 1, the House, 
 voted that the package purporting to be the certificate of the State of Vermont 
 be opened by the president of the Senate, and that the proceedings thereafter be 
 held according to law, and that the vote of the elector claiming to be such be not 
 counted. The two houses again meeting, the vote of Vermont was counted for 
 the Republicans ; and the votes of Virginia and West Virginia were then counted. 
 
 On the presentation of the certificate of the vote of Wisconsin, objection was 
 made to its reception by senators and representatives, on the ground of the 
 ineligibility of one of the electors, he being an officer of the United States. 
 The houses separating, the Senate voted to count the vote, and the House that 
 the vote be not counted. On the reassembling of the two houses, the vote of 
 Wisconsin was counted for the Republicans ; and on March 2, at 4 A. M., the 
 result of the election was declared.
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1877. 
 
 1877, FEBRUARY 7. By unanimous consent of the House of 
 Representatives, petitions in favor of woman suffrage were pre- 
 sented in the House by twenty-five representatives, from twenty- 
 two different States. 
 
 1877, FEBRUARY 8. By direction of President Grant, the 
 prosecution in the case of the United States vs. General Belknap, 
 in the District of Columbia, was dismissed. 
 
 1877 FEBRUARY 12. The first public exhibition of the tele- 
 phone was given in a lecture at Salem, Massachusetts, by Profes- 
 sor Bell, who first suggested it. 
 
 Messages were sent to the hall from Boston, eighteen miles distant, and were 
 distinctly heard. The results of the experiments were telephoned to the Boston 
 Globe. The instrument is simple and inexpensive. It consists in attaching to the 
 terminals of the ordinary telegraph wires powerful compound magnets, with coils 
 of wire connected. In front of the poles, surrounded by these coils of wires, is 
 placed a diaphragm of iron. A mouthpiece to converge the sound on this dia- 
 phragm completes the arrangement. When the voice causes the diaphragm to 
 vibrate, closing and breaking the circuit, electrical undulations are induced in the 
 coils similar to those produced in the air by the voice. These induced undulations 
 travel through the wire, and passing through the coils of an instrument of pre- 
 cisely similar construction, at the other end of the wire, are again transmuted 
 into air undulations by the diaphragm of the second instrument. 
 
 1877, MARCH 1. The Supreme Court rendered decisions in 
 several railroad cases in which the questions at issue were con- 
 cerning the authority of the state legislature to fix the maximum 
 rate of fare and freight. The decisions affirmed the right of the 
 States to control the railroads. 
 
 The first case was that of Ira T. Munn and George L. Scott, plaintiffs in 
 error, vs. The People of Illinois, and was, whether the legislature could fix the 
 maximum of charges for the storage of grain. The second case was Peck et al. 
 rs. Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company et al., appealed from the court 
 in Wisconsin. The decision was that it is competent for the State to regulate the 
 fares. The third case was that of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad 
 Company vs. Attorney-General and State Treasurer of Iowa. The decision was, 
 that railroads are subject to legislative control as to their rates of fare and freight, 
 unless protected by their charters. The fourth case was the Chicago, Milwaukee, 
 and St. Paul Railroad Company vs. Ackley et al., appealed from Wisconsin. The 
 decision was that the maximum freight fixed by the statute of the State is the limit 
 for the recovery for transportation actually performed. The fifth case was Stowe 
 rs. The State of Wisconsin. The decision was that the acceptance of the charter 
 after the organization of the State made it a contract with the State. The sixth 
 case was Winona and St. Peter Railroad Company vs. Blake et al., appealed from 
 Minnesota. The decision was the same. Chief Justice Waite read the de- 
 cisions. 
 
 1877, MARCH 2. A Congressional commission, appointed to 
 consider the advisability of preserving the double standard of 
 gold and silver in our metallic coinage and circulation, reported.
 
 1877.] ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 713 
 
 The majority of the commission recommended "the restoration and the unre- 
 stricted coinage of both metals of the double standard, but are unable to agree 
 upon the best legal relation of the two metals." " Finally, the commission be- 
 lieve that the fact that Germany and the Scandinavian states have adopted the 
 single gold standard, and that some other European nations may possibly adopt it, 
 instead of being reasons for perseverance in the attempt to establish it in the 
 United States, are precisely the facts which make such an attempt entirely im- 
 practicable, and which would make the success of such an attempt more over- 
 whelmingly ruinous." 
 
 1869-1877. FIFTEENTH administration. 
 
 President, Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, 1869. 
 
 ( Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, 1869. 
 Vice-Presidents \ Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, 1873. 
 
 [Thomas W. Ferry, of Mich. (Pres. of Senate), 1875. 
 Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish, of New York, 1869. 
 
 r George S. Boutwell, of Massachusetts, 18G9. 
 
 William A. Richardson, of Massachusetts, 1873. 
 Secretaries of Treasury, Benjamin H Bristow> of Kentucky> 1874> 
 
 I Lot M. Morrill, of Maine, 1876. 
 
 r William W. Belknap, of Iowa, 1869. 
 Secretaries of War, j Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, 1876. 
 
 I J. Donald Cameron, of Pennsylvania, 1876. 
 Secretary of Navy, George M. Robeson, of New Jersey, 1869. 
 
 (-Jacob D. Cox, of Ohio, 1869. 
 Secretaries of Interior, \ Columbus Delano, of Ohio, 1870. 
 
 I Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, 1875. 
 E. Rockwell Hoar, of Massachusetts, 1869. 
 Amos T. Akerman, of Georgia, 1870. 
 
 Attorneys-General , 
 
 George H. Williams, of Oregon, 1871. 
 
 Edwards Pierrepont, of New York, 1875. 
 
 . Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, 1876. 
 
 ( John A. J. Creswell, of Maryland, 1869. 
 Postmasters-General, J Marshall Jewell, of Connecticut, 1874. 
 
 [ William A. Tyner, of Indiana, 1876. 
 
 f James G. Elaine, of Maine, 1869. 
 Speakers of the House, J Michael C. Kerr, of Indiana, 1875. 
 
 [ Samuel J. Randall, of Pennsylvania, 1876. 
 
 1877, MARCH 5. Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, was inaugu- 
 rated President, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, Vice- 
 President, of the United States. 
 
 The 4th being Sunday, the public ceremonies were postponed until this day. 
 He had previously taken the oath privately. In his inaugural he spoke thus of 
 the difficulties in the Southern States : 
 
 "The evils which afflict the Southern States can only be removed or remedied 
 by the united and harmonious efforts of both races actuated by motives of mutual 
 sympathy and regard ; and, while in duty bound, and fully determined to protect 
 the rights of all by every constitutional means at disposal of my administration, 
 I am sincerely anxious to use every legitimate influence in favor of honest and 
 efficient local self-government as the true resource of those States for the promo-
 
 714 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. [1877. 
 
 tion of the contentment and prosperity of their citizens. . . . But at the basis of 
 all prosperity, for that as well as for every other part of the country, lies the im- 
 provement of the intellectual and moral condition of the people. Universal suf- 
 frage should rest upon universal education. To this end liberal and permanent 
 provision should be made for the support of free schools by the State govern- 
 ments, and, if need be, supplemented by legitimate aid from national authority. 
 Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States that it is my earnest desire 
 to regard and promote their truest interests the interests of the white and of the 
 colored people both and equally, and to put forth my best efforts in behalf of a 
 civil policy which will forever wipe out, in our political affairs, the color line and 
 the distinction between north and south, to the end that we may have not merely 
 a united north or a united south, but a united country." 
 
 Concerning civil-service reform, he said : " I ask the attention of the public to 
 the paramount necessity of reform in our civil service, a reform not merely as to 
 certain abuses and practices of so-called official patronage which have come to 
 have the sanction of usage in the several departments of our government, but a 
 change in the system of appointment itself; a reform that shall be thorough, rad- 
 ical, and complete ; a return to the principles and practices of the founders of the 
 government. They neither expected nor desired from public officers any partisan 
 services. They meant that public officers should owe their whole service to the 
 government and to the people. They meant that the officer should be secure in 
 his tenure as long as his personal character remained untarnished and the per- 
 formance of his duties satisfactory. They held that appointments to office were 
 not to be made nor expected merely as rewards for partisan services, nor merely 
 in the nomination of members of Congress as being entitled in any respect to^the 
 control of such appointments." 
 
 Concerning the settlement of national disputes by arbitration, he alluded to that 
 of the Alabama claims, and promised to attempt the same should the occasion 
 arrive. 
 
 1877. SIXTEENTH administration. 
 
 President, Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. 
 Vice-PresJdent, William A. Wheeler, of New York. 
 Secretary of State, William M. Evarts, of New York. 
 Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman, of Ohio. 
 Secretary of War, George W. McCrary, of Iowa. 
 Secretary of Navy, Richard M. Thompson, of Indiana. 
 Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz, of Missouri. 
 Postmaster-General, David M. Key, of Tennessee. 
 Attorney-General, Charles Devens, of Massachusetts.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 JULY 4iH, 1776. 
 
 A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 IN [general] CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.* 
 
 WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
 one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
 them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
 the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
 nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
 kind, requires that they should declare the causes which impel them 
 to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created 
 equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with [inherent and~] certain 
 unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pur- 
 suit of happiness ; that to secure these rights, governments are in- 
 stituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of 
 the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes 
 destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or 
 abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its founda- 
 tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, 
 as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
 ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long estab- 
 lished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and 
 accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more dis- 
 posed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves, 
 by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when 
 a long train of abuses and usurpations [begun at a distinguished 
 period and ] pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design 
 to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is 
 their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
 guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suffer- 
 ance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con- 
 
 *This is a copy of the original draft of Jefferson, as reported to congress. The parts 
 struck out by congress are printed in italics, and inclosed in brackets ; and the parts added 
 are placed in the margin, or in a concurrent column. 
 
 715
 
 716 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 alter strains them to [expunge] their former systems of government. 
 The history of the present king of Great Britain, is a history of 
 repeated [unremitting] injuries and usurpations, {among which appears 
 no solitary fact to contradict the uniform tenor of the rest, but all 
 all having have] in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny 
 over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a 
 candid world, [for the truth of which we pledge a faith yet un- 
 sullied by falsehood.] 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome, and 
 necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unles.8 suspended in their operation, till his 
 assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly 
 neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
 large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
 right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to 
 them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
 comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
 records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
 with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly [and con- 
 tinually'] for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the 
 rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
 cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, in- 
 capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for 
 their exercise, the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to 
 all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; 
 for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreign- 
 ers, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, 
 and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 obstructed He has [suffered] the administration of justice, [totally to cease 
 by in some of these states,] refusing his assent to laws for establish- 
 
 ing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made [our] judges dependent on his will alone for the 
 tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
 salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, [by a self-assumed 
 power] and sent hither swarms of new officers, to harass our peo- 
 ple, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies [and 
 ships of war] without the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and supe- 
 rior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction for- 
 eign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving 
 his assent to their acts of pretended legislation, for quartering 
 large bodies of armed troops among us ; for protecting them by a 
 mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 commit on the inhabitants of these states ; for cutting off our 
 trade with all parts of the world ; for imposing taxes on us without 
 our consent ; for depriving us [ ] of the benefits of trial by jury ; in many cases 
 for transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses ; 
 for abolishing the free system of English laws, in a neighboring 
 province ; establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
 ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit in- 
 strument for introducing the same absolute rule into these [states ;] colonies 
 for taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
 and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments ; for sus- 
 pending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested by declaring 
 with power to legislate for us, in all cases whatsoever. us out of his 
 
 He has abdicated government here, [withdrawing his governors, protection, and 
 and declaring us out of his allegiance and protection.] waging war 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, against us 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign merce- 
 naries, to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
 already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, [ ] un- scarcely par- 
 worthy the head of a civilized nation. alleled in the 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high most barbar- 
 seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the execu- ous ages, and 
 tioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their totally 
 hands. 
 
 He has [ ] endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- excited domes- 
 tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, tic insurrcc- 
 is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions tions among 
 {of existence.] us, and has 
 
 \_IIe has incited treasonable insurrections of our fellow-citizens, 
 with the allurements of forfeiture, and confiscation of our property. 
 
 He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating 
 its most sacred rights of life and liberty, in the persons of a dis- 
 tant people, who never offended him, captivating and carrying 
 them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable 
 death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the 
 opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian king 
 of Great Britain. Determined to keep open a market, where men 
 should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for sup- 
 pressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this exe- 
 crable commerce. And that this assemblage of horrors might want 
 no fact of distinguished die, he is now exciting those very people 
 to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he 
 has deprived them, by murdering the people on whom he also 
 obtruded them : thus paying off former crimes committed against 
 the liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to com- 
 mit against the lives of another. ] 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for re- 
 dress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been 
 answered only by repeated injuries. 
 
 A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which 
 may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a [ ] people, [who free 
 
 mean to be free. Future ages will scarcely believe, that the hardi-
 
 718 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 an unwarrant- 
 able 
 
 us 
 
 have 
 
 and we have 
 conjured 
 them by 
 
 would inevi- 
 tably 
 
 We must 
 therefore 
 
 and hold them 
 as we hold the 
 rest of man- 
 kind, enemies 
 in war, in 
 peace friends. 
 
 ness of one man adventured, within the short compass of twelve 
 years only, to lay a foundation so broad and so undisguised for 
 tyranny, over a people fostered and fixed in principles of free- 
 dom.] 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. 
 We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their 
 legislature, to extend [a] jurisdiction over [these our states.'] 
 We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
 settlement here, [no one of which could warrant so strange a pre- 
 tension : that these were effected at the expense of our own blood and 
 treasure, unassisted by the wealth or the strength of Great Britain : 
 that in constituting indeed our several forms of government, we 
 had adopted one common Icing, thereby laying a foundation for 
 perpetual league and amity with them, but that submission to their 
 parliament, was no part of our constitution, nor ever in idea, if 
 history may be credited, and] we [ ] appealed to their native 
 justice and magnanimity, [as well as to] the ties of our com- 
 mon kindred to disavow these usurpations which [were likely 
 to] interrupt our connection and correspondence. They too have 
 been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity, [and when 
 occasions have been given them, by the regular course of their 
 laws, of removing from their councils the disturbers of our har- 
 mony, they have by their free election reestablished them in 
 power. At this very time, too, they are permitting their chief 
 magistrate to send over not only soldiers of our common blood, 
 but Scotch and foreign mercenaries, to invade and destroy us. 
 These facts have given the last stab to agonizing affection, and 
 manly spirit bids us to renounce forever these unfeeling brethren. 
 We must endeavor to forget our former love for them, and hold 
 them as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace 
 friends. We might have been a free and a great people to- 
 gether; but a communication of grandeur and of freedom, it 
 seems, is below their dignity. Be it so, since they will have it. 
 The road to happiness and to glory is open to us too. We will 
 tread it apart from them, and] acquiesce in the necessity which 
 denounces our [eternal] separation [ ] ! 
 
 We therefore, the representatives of 
 the United States of America, in gen- 
 eral congress assembled, appealing to 
 the Supreme Judge of the world for the 
 rectitude of our intentions, do in the 
 name, and by the authority of the good 
 people of these colonies, solemnly pub- 
 lish and declare, that these united colo- 
 nies are, and of right ought to be, free 
 and independent states; that they are 
 absolved from all allegiance to the 
 British crown, and that all political 
 connection between them and the state 
 
 We therefore, the representatives of 
 the United States of America, in gen- 
 eral congress assembled, do in the 
 name, and by the authority of the good 
 people of these [states reject and re- 
 nounce all allegiance and subjection to 
 the kings of Great Britain, and all 
 others, who may hereafter claim by, 
 through, or under them; we utterly 
 dissolve all political connection which 
 may heretofore have subsisted between 
 us and the people or parliament of Great 
 Britain ; and finally we do assert and
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 719 
 
 of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
 totally dissolved ; and that, as free and 
 independent states, they have full power 
 to levy war, conclude peace, contract 
 alliances, establish commerce, and to 
 do all other acts and things, which in- 
 dependent states may of right do. 
 
 And for the support of this declara- 
 tion, with a firm reliance on the protec- 
 tion of Divine Providence, we mutually 
 pledge to each other our lives, our for- 
 tunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 declare these colonies to be free and inde- 
 pendent states'] and that, as free and inde- 
 pendent states, they have full power to 
 levy war, conclude peace, contract alli- 
 ances, establish commerce, and to do all 
 other acts and things which independent 
 states may of right do. And for the 
 support of this declaration, we mutually 
 pledge to each other our lives, our for- 
 tunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of congress, engrossed and signed by 
 the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Mat- 
 thew Thornton. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
 Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert 
 Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 William Floyd, Philip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra- 
 ham Clark. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja- 
 min Franklin, John Morton, George 
 Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, George Ross. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Caasar Rodney, George Read, Thomas 
 M'Kean. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas 
 Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harri- 
 son, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis 
 Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John 
 Penn. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, 
 Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur 
 Middleton. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George 
 Walton.
 
 720 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 
 
 TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, WE, THE UNDERSIGNED, 
 
 DELEGATES OF THE STATES AFFIXED TO OUR NAMES, SEND GREETING. 
 
 WHEREAS, the delegates of the United States of America in congress assembled 
 did, on the fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 seven hundred and seventy-seven, and in the second year of the independence 
 of America, agree to certain articles of confederation and perpetual union be- 
 tween the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Prov- 
 idence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, in the 
 words following, viz. : 
 
 Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of New 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts Say, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 
 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 ARTICLE 1. The style of this confederacy shall be, " the United States of 
 America." 
 
 ART. 2. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and 
 every powor, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by tliis confederation expressly 
 delegated to the United States in congress assembled. 
 
 ART. 3. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship 
 with each other for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their 
 mutual and general welfare ; binding themselves to assist each other against all 
 force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of reli- 
 gion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. 
 
 ART. 4. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship, and intercourse 
 among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each 
 of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice, excepted, shall 
 be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states ; 
 and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any 
 other state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, sub- 
 ject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof 
 respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent 
 the removal of property imported into any state to any other state, of which the 
 owner is an inhabitant ; provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction, 
 shall be laid by any state on the property of the United States or either of them. 
 
 If any person guilty of or charged with treason, felony, or other high misde- 
 meanor, in any state, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the United 
 States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive power of the state 
 from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction 
 of his offense.
 
 AKTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 721 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the records, acts, 
 and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other state. 
 
 ART. 5. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the 
 United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legis- 
 lature of each state shall direct to meet in congress on the first Monday in 
 November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state to recall its del- 
 egates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their 
 etead for the remainder of the year. 
 
 No state shall be represented in congress by less than two, nor by more than 
 seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than 
 three years in any term of six years ; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be 
 capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another 
 for his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emoluments of any kind. 
 
 Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the states, and while 
 they act as members of the comnu'ttee of the states. 
 
 In determining questions in the United States in congress assembled, each state 
 shall have one vote. 
 
 Freedom of speech and debate in congress shall not be impeached or questioned 
 in any court or place out of congress ; and the members of congress shall be pro- 
 tected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time of their 
 going to and from and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or 
 breach of the peace. 
 
 ART. 6. No state without the consent of the United States in congress assem- 
 bled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any 
 conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty, with any king, prince, or state ; nor 
 shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or 
 any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind what- 
 ever, from any king, prince, or foreign state ; nor shall the United States in con- 
 gress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 
 
 No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance 
 whatever, between them, without the consent of the United States in congress 
 assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered 
 into and how long it shall continue. 
 
 No state shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any stipula- 
 tions in treaties entered into by the United States in congress assembled, with any 
 king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress 
 to the courts of France and Spain. 
 
 No vessel-of-war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, except such 
 number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in congress as- 
 sembled for the defense of such state or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be 
 kept up by any state in time of peace, except such number only as in the judg- 
 ment of the United States in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to 
 garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such state ; but every state shall 
 always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and 
 accoutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in public stores, a 
 due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition; 
 and camp equipage. 
 
 No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States in 
 congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies or shall 
 have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of In- 
 dians to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of tn 
 delay till the United States in congress assembled can be consulted ; nor shall any- 
 state grant commissions to any ships or vessels-of-war, not letters of marque or 
 
 46
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in confess 
 assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the subjects thereof, 
 against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be 
 established by the United States in congress assembled, unless such state be in- 
 fested by pirates, in which case vessels-of-war may be fitted out for that occasion, 
 and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in con- 
 gress assembled shall determine otherwise. 
 
 ART. 7. When land forces are raised by any state for the common defense, all 
 officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of 
 each state respectively, by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner 
 as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state wliich 
 first made the appointment. 
 
 ART. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for 
 the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in con- 
 gress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be 
 supplied by the several states in proportion to the value of all land within each 
 state granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and 
 improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the United 
 States in congress assembled shall from time to time direct and appoint. 
 
 The taxes for paying that proportibn shall be laid and levied by the authority 
 and direction of the legislatures of the several states, within the time agreed upon 
 by the United States in congress assembled. 
 
 ART. 9. The United States in congress assembled shall have the sole and ex- 
 clusive right and power of determining on peace or war, except in the cases 
 mentioned in the sixth article of sending and receiving ambassadors entering 
 into treaties and alliances ; provided, that no treaty of commerce shall be made 
 whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from 
 imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected 
 to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or 
 commodities whatsoever of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what 
 captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land 
 or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropri- 
 ated of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace appointing 
 conrta for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and estab- 
 lishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of cap- 
 tures : provided, that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of 
 the said courts. 
 
 The United States in congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal 
 in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between 
 two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause what- 
 ever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following: when- 
 ever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any state in contro- 
 versy with .another shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in 
 question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of 
 congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, 
 and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties, by their lawful agents, who 
 shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent commissioners or judges to 
 constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question ; but if they 
 cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, 
 and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one. the 
 petitioners beginning until the number shall be reduced to thirteen ; and from 
 that number not less than seven nor more than nine names, as congress shall 
 direct, shall, in the presence of congress, be drawn out by lot ; and the persong
 
 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 723 
 
 whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or 
 judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part 
 of the judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination : and if 
 either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons 
 which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the 
 congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each state, and the sec- 
 retary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and the 
 judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed in the manner before pre- 
 scribed, shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties shall refuse to 
 submit to the authority of such court, or to appear, or defend the claim or cause, 
 the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which 
 shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other 
 proceedings, being in either case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the 
 acts of congress for the security of the parties concerned : provided, that every 
 commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered 
 by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state, where the 
 cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, 
 according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of 
 reward : " provided also, that no state shall be deprived of territory for the ben- 
 efit of the United States. 
 
 All controversies concerning the private right of soil, claimed under different 
 grants of two or more states, whose jurisdiction as they may respect such lands 
 and the states which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of 
 them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settle- 
 ment of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the congress of the 
 United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as 
 is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction be- 
 tween different states. 
 
 The United States in congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive 
 right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own 
 authority, or by that of the respective states fixing the standard of weights and 
 measures throughout the United States regulating the trade and managing all 
 affairs with the Indians not members of any of the states ; provided that the 
 legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated 
 establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to another throughout all the 
 United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same, 
 as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office appointing all 
 officers of the land forces in the service of the TJnited States excepting regi- 
 mental officers appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commission- 
 ing all officers whatever in the service of the United States making rules for 
 the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing 
 their operations. 
 
 The United States in congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a com-- 
 mittee to sit in the recess of congress, to be denominated " a committee of the 
 states," and to consist of one delegate from each state ; and to appoint such other 
 committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs 
 of the United States, under their direction to appoint one of their number to 
 preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more 
 than one year in any term of three years to ascertain the necessary sums of 
 money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and 
 apply the same for defraying the public expenses to borrow money or emit bills 
 on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the respective 
 states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted to build and
 
 724 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 equip a navy to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisi- 
 tions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabi- 
 tants in such states ; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legis- 
 lature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, 
 arm, and equip them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United 
 States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to 
 the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in con- 
 gress assembled : but if the United States in congress assembled, shall, on con- 
 sideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men or 
 should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise 
 a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be 
 raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped, in the same manner as the quota 
 of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra 
 number can not safely be spared out of the same ; in which case they shall raise, 
 officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can 
 be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, 
 shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United 
 States in congress assembled. 
 
 The United States in congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alli- 
 ances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and 
 expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the United States or any of 
 them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor ap- 
 propriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels-of-war to be built or 
 purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same ; nor 
 shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be 
 determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in congress 
 assembled. 
 
 The congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time 
 within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of 
 adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months ; and shall 
 publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof re- 
 lating to treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgment require 
 secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each state on any question 
 shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate ; and the dele- 
 gates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a 
 transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay 
 before the legislatures of the several states. 
 
 ART. 10. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be author- 
 ized to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the 
 United States in congress assembled, by the consent of nine states, shall from 
 time to time, think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be dele- 
 gated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confeder- 
 ation, the voice of nine states in the congress of the United States assembled is 
 requisite. 
 
 ART. 11. Canada, acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures 
 of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advantages of 
 this Union ; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same unless such ad- 
 mission be agreed to by nine states. 
 
 ART. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts contracted, 
 by or under the authority of congress, before the assembling of the United States, 
 in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a
 
 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 
 
 725 
 
 charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said 
 United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. 
 
 ART. 13. Every state shall abide by the decision of the United States in con- 
 gress assembled, on all questions which, by this confederation, are submitted to 
 them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by 
 every state, and the union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any 
 time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a 
 congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislature of 
 every state. 
 
 And whereas it has pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the 
 hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in congress, to approve of and 
 to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union : 
 know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority 
 to us given for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of 
 our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every 
 of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the 
 matters and things therein contained ; and we do further solemnly plight and en- 
 gage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the deter- 
 minations of the United States in congress assembled, on all questions which, by 
 the said confederation, are submitted to them ; and that the articles thereof shall 
 be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent ; and that the union 
 be perpetual. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, in congress. Done at 
 Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, the ninth day of July, in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight, and in the third 
 year of the independence of America. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 Josiah Bartlett, John Wentworth, Jr. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
 John Hancock, Samuel Adams, El- 
 bridge Gerry, Francis Dana, James 
 Lovell, Samuel Holten. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 William Ellery, Henry Marchant, John 
 Collins. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, 
 Oliver Wolcott, Titus Hosnier, An- 
 drew Adams. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 James Duane, Francis Lewis, William 
 Duer, Gouverneur Morris. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 John Witherspoon, Nath. Scudder. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Robert Morris, Daniel Roberdeau, Jon- 
 athan Bayard Smith, William Clin- 
 gan, Joseph Reed. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Thomas M'Kean, John Dickinson, 
 Nicholas Van Dyke. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 John Hanson, Daniel Carroll. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee, John Banister, 
 Thomas Adams, John Harvie, Fran- 
 cis Lightfoot Lee. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 John Penn, Constable Harnett, John 
 Williams. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Henry Laurens, William Henry Dray- 
 ton, John Matthews, Richard Hudson, 
 Thomas Heyward, Jr. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 John Walton, Edward Telfair, Edward 
 Langworthy.
 
 706 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
 AMERICA. 
 
 WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
 establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 
 promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
 our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
 America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress 
 of the United States, wliich shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. 
 
 SEC. 2. The house of representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
 every second year by the people of the several states ; and the electors in each 
 state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
 branch of the state legislature. 
 
 No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of 
 twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states 
 which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, 
 which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, in- 
 cluding those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
 within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, 
 and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
 law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
 thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; and until such 
 enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
 choose three ; Massachusetts eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one ; 
 Connecticut five ; New York six ; New Jersey four ; Pennsylvania eight ; Dela- 
 ware one; Maryland six; Virginia ten; North Carolina five; South Carolina 
 five ; and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive 
 authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and 
 shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 SEC. 3. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators 
 from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator 
 shall have one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, 
 they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
 senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, 
 of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at 
 the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 727 
 
 year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of 
 the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
 ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such va- 
 cancies. 
 
 No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, 
 and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the senate, but 
 shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 
 
 The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore in 
 the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 The senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting 
 for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. "When the president of the 
 United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside ; and no person shall be con- 
 victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
 from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit 
 under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and 
 subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SEC. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and 
 representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but 
 the congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
 the place of choosing senators. 
 
 The congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; and such meeting 
 shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif- 
 ferent day. 
 
 SEC. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifica- 
 tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do 
 business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be author- 
 ized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such 
 penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for 
 disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time pub- 
 lish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and 
 the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question, shall, at the 
 desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the 
 other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any Other place than that in which 
 the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SEC. 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for 
 their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United 
 States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, 
 be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
 houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or de- 
 bate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be 
 appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall 
 have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during 
 such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a 
 member of either house during his continuance in office.
 
 728 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 SEC. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of represen- 
 tatives ; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate, 
 shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
 if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to 
 that house in which it shall have originated ; who shall enter the objections at 
 large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsidera- 
 tion, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together 
 with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; 
 and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all cases, 
 the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
 the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each 
 house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten 
 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
 be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress, by their ad- 
 journment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the senate and 
 house of representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjourn- 
 ment,) shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the 
 same shall take effect, shall be approved by him ; or being disapproved by him, 
 shall be repassed by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, accord- 
 ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 SEC. 8. The congress shall have power : 
 
 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts, and 
 provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all 
 duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 
 
 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and 
 with the Indian tribes. 
 
 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject 
 of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
 standard, of weights and measures. 
 
 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
 coin of the United States. 
 
 To establish post-offices and post-roads. 
 
 To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited 
 times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings 
 and discoveries. 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court; to define and punish 
 piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of 
 nations. 
 
 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concern- 
 ing captures on land and water. 
 
 To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall 
 be for a longer term than two years. 
 
 To provide and maintain a navy. 
 
 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, sup- 
 press insurrections, and repel invasion. 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for govern- 
 ing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States ;
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 729 
 
 reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers and the author- 
 ity of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress. 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not 
 exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the 
 acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States ; 
 and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the 
 legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, mag- 
 azines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execu- 
 tion the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this constitution in the 
 government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 SEC. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states 
 now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress 
 prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be 
 imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, 
 in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. 
 
 No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the cen- 
 sus or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty shall be laid on any articles exported from any state. No pref- 
 erence shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of 
 one state over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be 
 obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropria- 
 tions made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
 expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person hold- 
 ing any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the con- 
 gress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, 
 from any king, prince, or foreign State. 
 
 SEC. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything 
 but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, 
 ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title 
 of nobility. 
 
 No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties 
 on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
 inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state 
 on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; 
 and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No 
 state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
 troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
 another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
 or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 SEC. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years ; and, 
 together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 
 
 Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, 
 a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives
 
 r-^o ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I U\J 
 
 to which the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no senator or representa- 
 tive, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall 
 be appointed an elector. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two 
 persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with 
 themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the 
 number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
 sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president 
 of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate 
 and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
 counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
 there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of 
 votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one 
 of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five high- 
 est on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But in 
 choosing the president, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from 
 each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
 or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be 
 necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of a president, the person 
 having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. 
 But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the senate shall 
 choose from them, by ballot, the vice-president. 
 
 The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on 
 which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the 
 United States. 
 
 No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at 
 the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of pres- 
 ident; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
 attained to the age of thirty- five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
 the United States. 
 
 In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, 
 or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall 
 devolve on the vice-president ; and the congress may, by law, provide for the 
 case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the president and vice- 
 president, declaring what officer shall then act as president; and such officer 
 shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a president shall be 
 elected. 
 
 The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, 
 which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
 shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive within that period any other 
 emolument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath 
 or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of pres- 
 ident of the United States ; and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect 
 and defend the constitution of the United States." 
 
 SEC. 2. The president shall be commander -in-chief of the army and navy of the 
 United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual 
 service of the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, of the 
 principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating 
 to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 731 
 
 and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
 ment. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make 
 treaties" provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nom- 
 inate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambas- 
 sadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all 
 other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
 provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by 
 law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the 
 president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during 
 the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end 
 of their next session. 
 
 SEC. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of the 
 state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he 
 shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
 vene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, 
 with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
 shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. 
 He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all 
 the officers of the United States. 
 
 SEC. 4. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United 
 States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of trea- 
 son, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 SEC. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme 
 court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain 
 and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
 their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
 services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance 
 in office. 
 
 SEC. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising 
 under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
 shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; 
 to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies 
 between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state, be- 
 tween citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state claiming 
 lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there- 
 of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and 
 those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original ju- 
 risdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have 
 appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under 
 such regulations as the congress shall make. 
 
 The trial of ail crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and 
 such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been com- 
 mitted ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place 
 or places as the congress may by law have directed. 
 
 SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist, only in levying war 
 against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No
 
 732 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
 the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason ; but no 
 attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
 the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 SEC. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, 
 records, and judicial proceedings of every other state ; and the congress may, by 
 general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings 
 shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 SEC. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and im- 
 munities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall 
 flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive 
 authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
 state having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof, escap- 
 ing into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
 charged from such service or labor ; but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
 party to whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 SEC. 3. New states may be admitted by the congress into this Union ; but no 
 new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, 
 nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states or parts of states, 
 without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the 
 congress. 
 
 The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and 
 regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United 
 States ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
 claim of the United States, or of any particular state. 
 
 SEC. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a 
 republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; 
 and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature 
 cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, 
 shall propose amendments to this constitution; or, on the application of the 
 legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for pro- 
 posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and pur- 
 poses as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three- 
 fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the 
 one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress ; provided 
 that no amendmefat which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the 
 ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be 
 deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this 
 constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as 
 under the confedcrj^tion. 
 
 This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 733 
 
 pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
 authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 
 judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws 
 of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the 
 several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
 United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to 
 support this constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- 
 cation to any office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the 
 establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same. 
 
 Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seven- 
 teenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred 
 and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America, 
 the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 President, and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 John Langdon, Nicholas Oilman. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sher- 
 man. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 William Livingston, David Brearley, 
 William Paterson, Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, 
 Robert Morris, George Clymer, 
 Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, 
 James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 George Reed, Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
 John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, 
 Jacob Broom. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Tho. 
 Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 John Blair, James Madison, Jr. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
 Hugh Williamson. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, 
 Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Attest : 
 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.
 
 734 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 [The following amendments were proposed at the first session of the first con- 
 gress of the United States, which was begun and held at the city of New York, 
 on the 4th of March, 1789, and were adopted by the requisite number of states. 
 Laws of the U. S., vol. i. page 82.] 
 
 [The following preamble and resolution preceded the original proposition of the 
 amendments, and as they have been supposed by a high equity judge (8th Wen- 
 dell's Reports, p. 100) to have an important bearing on the construction of those 
 amendments, they are here inserted. They will be found in the journals of the 
 first session of the first congress. 
 
 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Begun and held at the city of New York, on Wednesday, the 4th day of 
 
 March, 1789. 
 
 The conventions of a number of the states having, at the time of their adopting 
 the constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse 
 of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added, 
 and as extending the ground of public confidence in the government will best in- 
 sure the beneficent ends of its institution : 
 
 Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 America, in congress assembled, two-thirds of both houses concurring, that the 
 following articles be proposed to the legislatures of the several states, as amend- 
 ments to the constitution of the United States ; all or any of which articles, when 
 ratified by three-fourths of the said legislatures, to be valid to all intents and pur- 
 poses, as part of the said constitution, namely :] 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohib- 
 iting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the 
 press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the gov- 
 ernment for a redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the 
 right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the con- 
 sent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and 
 effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no 
 warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
 and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to 
 be seized.
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 735 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, 
 unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
 the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war 
 or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be 
 twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal 
 case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
 without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
 without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
 public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall 
 have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by 
 law ; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
 fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
 witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
 dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury 
 shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according 
 to the rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and 
 unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to 
 deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohib- 
 ited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 
 
 [The following amendment was proposed at the second session of the third con- 
 gress. It is printed in the Laws of the United States, vol. i. p. 73, as article 11, 
 and was adopted in 1798.] 
 
 ARTICLE XL 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any 
 suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States 
 by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 
 
 [The three following sections were proposed as amendments at the first session 
 of the eighth congress. They are printed in the Laws of the United States as 
 article 12, and were adopted in 180-t.] 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for presi- 
 dent and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
 same state with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted 
 for as president, and in distinct ballots, the person voted for as vice-president; 
 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all
 
 73G ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each ; which 
 lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
 of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the 
 senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open 
 all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the 
 greatest number of votes for president shall be the president, if such number be a 
 majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such 
 majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
 on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall 
 choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But, in choosing the president, the 
 votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
 a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds 
 of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And 
 if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right 
 of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
 then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other 
 constitutional disability of the president. 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president shall be the 
 vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have a majorny, then from the two highest numbers 
 on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president. A quorum for the purpose 
 shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be 
 eligible to that of vice-president of the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 [Adopted in 1865.] 
 
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, 
 whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
 States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 [Adopted in 1868.] 
 
 SEC. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to 
 the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein 
 they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
 privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any state de- 
 prive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor 
 deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states ac- 
 cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in 
 each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- 
 tion for the choice of electors for president and vice-president of the United 
 States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, 
 or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants 
 of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, 
 or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the 
 basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the 
 number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
 twenty-one years of age in such state.
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 737 
 
 SEC. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector 
 of president and vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
 United States, or under any state, who having previously taken an oath as a mem- 
 ber of congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state 
 legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the con- 
 stitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
 against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but congress 
 may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 
 
 SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by 
 law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in 
 suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the 
 United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
 aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the 
 loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims 
 shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 SEC. 5. The congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
 the provisions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 [Adopted in 1870.] 
 
 SEC. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied 
 or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or 
 previous condition of servitude. 
 
 SEC. 2. The congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
 legislation. 
 
 47
 
 738 
 
 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN THE UNITED 
 STATES, BRITISH POSSESSIONS, AND MEXICO OF 
 OVER EIGHT THOUSAND POPULATION. 
 
 [From the Census of 1870. Capitals in Italics.] 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Augusta, 7,808 
 
 Portland, 31,413 
 
 Barigor, 18,289 
 
 Lewiston, 13,600 
 
 Biddeford, 10,282 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Concord, 12,241 
 
 Manchester, 23,530 
 
 Nashua, 10,543 
 
 Dover, 9,294 
 
 Portsmouth, 9,211 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Montpelier, 3,023 
 
 Burlington, 14,387 
 
 Rutland, 9,834 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Boston, 250,526 
 
 "Worcester, 41,105 
 
 Lowell, 40,928 
 
 Cambridge, 39,634 
 
 Lawrence, 28,921 
 
 Charlestown, 28,323 
 
 Lynn, '..... 28,233 
 
 Fall River, 26,766 
 
 Springfield, 26,703 
 
 Salem, 24,117 
 
 New Bedford, 21,320 
 
 Taunton 18,629 
 
 Chelsea, 18,547 
 
 Gloucester, 15,389 
 
 Somerville, 14,685 
 
 Haverhill, 13,092 
 
 Newton, 12,825 
 
 Newburyport, 12,595 
 
 Mams, 12,090 
 
 Fitchburg, 11,260 
 
 Pittsfield, 11,112 
 
 Holyoke, 10^733 
 
 Northampton, 10,160 
 
 Milford, 9)890 
 
 CUeopee, 9 )60 7 
 
 Abiugton 9 )308 
 
 WaUhani, 9) 065 
 
 Wey mouth, 9.0 JQ 
 
 WestRoxbury, 8,683 
 
 Wob , urn ' 8,560 
 
 Martborough, 8,474 
 
 North Bridgewater, 8^007 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Providence, 68,904 
 
 Newport, 12,521 
 
 North Providence, 20,495 
 
 Woonsocket, 11,527 
 
 Warwick, 10,453 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Hartford, 37,180 
 
 New Haven, 50,840 
 
 Bridgeport, 18,969 
 
 Norwich, 16,653 
 
 Norwalk, 12,119 
 
 Middletown, 11,126 
 
 Waterbury, 10,826 
 
 Meriden, 10,495 
 
 Stamford, 9,714 
 
 New London, 9,576 
 
 New Britain, 9,480 
 
 Danbury, 8,753 
 
 Derby, 8,020 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Albany, 76.216 
 
 New York, 942,292 
 
 Brooklyn, . 396,099 
 
 Buffalo, 117,715 
 
 Rochester, 62,385 
 
 Troy, 46.465 
 
 Syracuse, 43,051 
 
 Utica, 28,804 
 
 Watervliet, 22,609 
 
 Oswego, 20,910 
 
 Newtown, 20,274 
 
 Poughkeepsie, 20,080 
 
 Morrisania, 19,610 
 
 Auburn, 17,225 
 
 Newburg, 17,014 
 
 Elmira, 15,863 
 
 Colioes 15,357 
 
 Flushing, 14,650 
 
 Hempstead, 13,999 
 
 Yonkers, 12,733 
 
 Binghampton, 12,692 
 
 Lockport, 12,426 
 
 Johnstown, . 12,273 
 
 Fishkill, 11,752 
 
 Cortland, 11,694 
 
 Schenectady, 11,026 
 
 Rome, 11,000 
 
 Greenburg, 10,790 
 
 Huntington, 10,704 
 
 West Troy, 10,693
 
 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES. 
 
 739 
 
 
 . 10,595 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 Annapolis, ... 
 
 5,744 
 267,354 
 8,526 
 8,056 
 
 109,199 
 11,384 
 
 51,038 
 19,229 
 18,950 
 13,570 
 10,492 
 10,306 
 8,071 
 
 3,162 
 19,280 
 
 7,790 
 13,446 
 
 9,298 
 48,956 
 
 21,789 
 28,235 
 15,389 
 10,810 
 
 2,023 
 
 10,588 
 32,034 
 
 4,234 
 12,443 
 9,057 
 
 191,418 
 
 4,428 
 13,818 
 12,256 
 9,716 
 9,382 
 
 12,380 
 
 
 . 10,455 
 
 
 . 10,159 
 
 Baltimore, ... . . . 
 
 
 . 10,114 
 
 Frederick, 
 
 
 . 10,107 
 
 Cumberland, . . . 
 
 Ogdensburg, ....... 
 
 . 10,076 
 
 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 
 
 
 9,816 
 
 
 . 9,800 
 
 Castleton, 
 
 . 9,504 
 
 
 Wallkill, 
 
 9,477 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 Norfolk, 
 
 Oswe^o, ......... 
 
 9 442 
 
 Deer Park, 
 West Farms, 
 Watcrtown, 
 
 . 9,387 
 . 9,372 
 . 9,336 
 
 Seneca, 
 Hudson, 
 Saratoga Springs, 
 
 . 9,188 
 . 8,615 
 . 8,537 
 
 8111 
 
 Alexandria, 
 Dan River, 
 
 
 83S7 
 
 Beverly Manor, 
 
 
 8,151 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 Chorleston-) ......... 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 Trenton^ .... 
 
 . 22,874 
 
 Wheeling, 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 
 . 105,059 
 
 Jersey City, 
 
 . 82,546 
 
 
 . 33,679 
 
 
 Elizabeth, 
 
 . 20,832 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 
 . 20,297 
 
 Camden, 
 
 . 20,045 
 
 New Brunswick, 
 
 . 15,058 
 
 
 Orange, 
 
 9,348 
 8,038 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 Ailnntn, .......... 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 OQ M)A 
 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 
 R7A. fOO 
 
 
 Pittsburg, ........ 
 
 . 86,076 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Alleghany, ........ 
 
 . 53,180 
 
 
 QK nqo 
 
 
 . 33,930 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 Lancaster, ........ 
 
 . 20,233 
 
 Erie City, 
 
 . 19,646 
 i<? rvin 
 
 
 
 . 13,884 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. . 
 Jackson, 
 
 Pottsville, 
 York, 
 
 . 12,384 
 . 11,003 
 
 Easton, 
 Norristown, 
 
 . 10,987 
 . 10,753 
 . 10,610 
 
 Natchez, 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 
 . 10,174 
 
 East Birmingham, 
 
 9,488 
 9,485 
 
 TEXAS. 
 Galveston, . . 
 
 Mahanoy, 
 Titusville, 
 
 9,400 
 8,G39 
 
 8fiQ 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 8,436 
 1,906 
 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 Little Rock, 
 
 
 30,841
 
 740 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Nashville, 25,865 
 
 Memphis, 40,226 
 
 Knoxville, 8,682 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Frankfort, 5,396 
 
 Louisville, 100,753 
 
 Covington, 24,505 
 
 Newport, 15,087 
 
 Lexington, 14,801 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Columbus, ......... 31,274 
 
 Cincinnati, . 216,239 
 
 Cleveland, . . .".'. ... . . 92,829 
 
 Toledo 31,584 
 
 Dayton 30,473 
 
 Sandusky, 13,000 
 
 Springfield, 12,652 
 
 Hamilton, 11,081 
 
 Portsmouth, . 10,592 
 
 Zanesville, 10,011 
 
 Akron, 10,006 
 
 Chillicothe, 8,920 
 
 Canton, 8,660 
 
 Steubenville, . 8,107 
 
 Youngstown, 8,075 
 
 Mansfield, 8,029 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Lansing, 5,241 
 
 Detroit, 79,577 
 
 Grand Rapids, . 16,507 
 
 Jackson, . . . . 11,447 
 
 EastSaginaw, ...... . 11,350 
 
 Kalamazoo, 9,181 
 
 Adrian 8,438 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Indianapolis, 48,244 
 
 Evansville, 21,830 
 
 Fort Wayne, . 17,718 
 
 Terre Haute, 16,103 
 
 New Albany, 15,396 
 
 Lafayette, 13.506 
 
 Logansport, 12,191 
 
 Madison, 10,709 
 
 Richmond, 9,445 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Springfield, 17,364 
 
 Chicago, 298,977 
 
 Quincy, 24,052 
 
 Peoria, 22,849 
 
 Bloomington, 14,590 
 
 "?!, .......... 11,162 
 
 Rockford, 11,049 
 
 Galesburg, 10,158 
 
 Jacksonville, 9,203 
 
 ^V?"' : 8,665 
 
 Belleville, 8>146 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Madison, .......... 9,176 
 
 Milwaukee, ........ 71,440 
 
 Fond du Lac, ........ 12,764 
 
 Oshkosh, .......... 12,663 
 
 Racine, .......... 9,880 
 
 Janesville .......... 8,789 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Des Moines, ........ 12,035 
 
 Davenport, ......... 20,038 
 
 Dubuque, ..... .... 18,434 
 
 Burlington, ......... 14,930 
 
 Keokuk, .......... 12,766 
 
 Council Bluffs, ....... 10,020 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Jefferson City, ....... 4,420 
 
 St. Louis, ......... 310,804 
 
 Kansas City, ........ 32,260 
 
 St. Joseph, ......... 19,565 
 
 Hannibal, ......... 10,125 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Topeka, .......... 5,790 
 
 Leavenworth, ........ 17,873 
 
 Lawrence, ......... 8,320 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 St. Paul ........... 20,030 
 
 Minneapolis, ........ 13,066 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Sacramento, ........ 16,283 
 
 San Francisco, . ...... 149,473 
 
 Oakland, .......... 10,500 
 
 Stockton, ......... 10,066 
 
 San Jose, ......... 9,089 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Salem, ........... 1,139 
 
 Portland, .......... 8,293 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Carson City ......... 3,042 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Lincoln, .......... 2,441 
 
 Omaha, .......... 16,083 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 Tucson, . . ........ 3,224 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Denver, .... ...... 4,759 
 
 Yankton, 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 737 
 
 IDAHO. 
 Boisee City, ........ 995
 
 FARM LAND IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 741 
 
 MONTANA. 
 Virginia City, .... 
 
 867 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 Santa Fe, 4,765 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Salt Lake City, 12,854 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 Olympia, 1,203 
 
 WYOMING. 
 Cheyenne, 1,450 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 Montreal, Quebec, 102,000 
 
 Quebec, Quebec, 62,000 
 
 Toronto, Ontario, 45,000 
 
 St. Johns, New Brunswick, . 37,000 
 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia, .... 28,000 
 
 Hamilton, Ontario, 20,000 
 
 Ottawa, Ontario, 15,000 
 
 Kingston, Ontario, ...'.. 14,000 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 Mexico, 205,000 
 
 Puebla, 75,000 
 
 Guadalaxara, 70,000 
 
 Guanaxuato, 63,000 
 
 Queretaro, 48,000 
 
 Matamoras, 41,000 
 
 San Luis Potosi, 34,000 
 
 Colima, 31,000 
 
 Morelia, 25,000 
 
 Merida, 24,000 
 
 FARM LAND IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 [From the Census of 1870.] 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Acres im- 
 proved. 
 
 Acres un- 
 improved. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Acres im- 
 proved. 
 
 Acres un- 
 improved. 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 5,062,204 
 14,585 
 1,859,821 
 6,218,133 
 95,51)4 
 1,640,752 
 42,645 
 698,115 
 8,266 
 736,172 
 6,831,856 
 20,603 
 19,329,952 
 10,104,279 
 9,396,467 
 1,971,003 
 8,103,850 
 2,045,640 
 2,917,793 
 2,914,007 
 1,736,221 
 5,096,939 
 2,322,102 
 4,209,146 
 9,130,615 
 
 9,898,974 
 7,222 
 5,737,475 
 5,208,972 
 224,752 
 717,604 
 259,731 
 354,207 
 3,411 
 1,637,369 
 16,816,085 
 50,536 
 6,552,909 
 8,015,369 
 6,145,326 
 3,685,876 
 10,556,256 
 4,980,177 
 2,920,265 
 1,598,572 
 994,062 
 4,922,203 
 4,161,726 
 8,911,967 
 12,576,605 
 
 MONTANA. .... 
 
 84,674 
 647,031 
 92,644 
 2,334.487 
 1,976,474 
 143,007 
 15,627,206 
 5,258,742 
 14,469,133 
 1,116,290 
 11,515,965 
 289,030 
 3,010,539 
 6,843,278 
 2,964,836 
 118,755 
 3,073,257 
 8,165,040 
 192,016 
 2,580,254 
 5,899,343 
 338 
 
 54,863 
 1,426,750 
 115,866 
 1,271,507 
 1,013,037 
 690,542 
 6,563,604 
 14,576,668 
 7,243,287 
 1,272,962 
 6,478,235 
 213,278 
 9,094,741 
 12,737,936 
 15,431,687 
 29,606 
 1,455,547 
 9,980,871 
 457,123 
 5,948,140 
 5,815,978 
 4,003 
 
 AlilZONA ..... 
 
 NEBRASKA. . . . 
 NEVADA. ..... 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 CALIFORNIA 
 COLORADO 
 CONNECTICUT. . . . 
 
 D \KOTA ...... 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 NEW JERSEY. . . 
 NEW MEXICO. . . 
 NEW YORK. . . . 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 OHIO 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 DIST. OF COLUMBIA. 
 FLORIDA 
 
 ORKGON 
 
 GEORGIA ..... 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. . 
 RHODE ISLAND. . 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 TENNESSEE. . . . 
 TEXAS 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 
 INDIANA. ..... 
 
 IOWA 
 
 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 LOUISIANA. .... 
 MAINE 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 WASHINGTON. . . 
 WEST VIRGINIA. . 
 WISCONSIN. . . . 
 WYOMING. .... 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. . 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 MISSISSIPPI 
 
 188,921,099 
 
 218,813,942 
 

 
 742 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 STATES AND 
 
 TERRITORIES IN THE UNITED 
 STATES, 1877. 
 
 . STATES. 
 
 Capitol*. 
 
 Square 
 Miles. 
 
 Population, 
 1870. 
 
 Inhabitants 
 to square 
 mile. 
 
 
 Montgomery . . . 
 
 50,722 
 
 996,992 
 
 W> 
 
 
 Little Rock .... 
 
 52,198 
 
 484,471 
 
 9 
 
 
 Sacramento .... 
 
 158,933 
 140 043 
 
 560,247 
 39 ^64 
 
 3^ 
 
 6. Connecticut 
 
 Hartford 
 
 4,674 
 2,120 
 
 537,45 i 
 125,015 
 
 115 
 59 
 
 7. Florida 
 
 Tallahassee .... 
 
 59,268 
 
 187,748 
 
 3 
 
 9O^ 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Springfield .... 
 
 55,405 
 
 2,539,891 
 
 4'i 
 
 
 Indianapolis . . . 
 
 33,809 
 
 1,680,637 
 
 50 
 
 11. Iowa 
 
 DCS Moines .... 
 
 55,045 
 81,318 
 
 1,191,792 
 364,399 
 
 sax 
 
 4, L i 
 
 13. Kentucky 
 14. Louisiana 
 
 Frankfort 
 New Orleans . . . 
 
 37,680 
 46,431 
 30,000 
 
 1,321,011 
 726,915 
 626,915 
 
 35 
 
 15> 
 21 
 
 
 Annapolis .... 
 
 9,356 
 
 780,894 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 7,800 
 
 1,457,351 
 
 187 
 
 
 
 56,243 
 
 1,184,059 
 
 21 
 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 83,531 
 
 439,706 
 
 5# 
 
 
 
 47,150 
 
 827,922 
 
 i?S 
 
 21. Missouri 
 
 Jeflerson City . . . 
 
 67,380 
 75,995 
 
 1,721,295 
 122,993 
 
 25>i 
 1% 
 
 
 Carson City . . . 
 
 112,090 
 
 42,491 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 9,280 
 
 318,300 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 8,320 
 
 906,096 
 
 109 
 
 26 New York ........ 
 
 
 47,156 
 
 4,382,759 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 45,000 
 
 1,071,301 
 
 24 
 
 
 Columbus .... 
 
 39,964 
 
 2,005,200 
 
 66K 
 
 29. Oregon 
 
 
 95,248 
 
 90,923 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Harrisburg .... 
 
 46,000 
 
 3,521,791 
 
 76> 
 
 
 I Providence and 
 
 1,306 
 
 217,353 
 
 106 
 
 
 { Newport . . . 
 
 24,500 
 
 705,606 
 
 29 
 
 33 Tennessee ....... 
 
 
 45,000 
 
 1,258,520 
 
 27' 
 
 
 
 237,321 
 
 818,579 
 
 3> 
 
 
 Montpelier .... 
 
 9,056 
 
 330,551 
 
 36>i 
 
 30. Virginia 
 37 West Virginia ....... 
 
 Richmond .... 
 Charleston .... 
 
 41,352 
 20,000 
 
 1,225,163 
 442,014 
 
 29>i 
 22 
 
 38. Wisconsin ....... 
 
 
 53,924 
 
 1,054,670 
 
 lf# 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 1. Arizona ........ 
 
 
 113,916 
 
 9,658 
 
 YW 
 
 2. Dakota 
 3. District of Columbia . . 
 4 Idaho 
 
 Yauktou 
 Washington . . . 
 
 142,713 
 60 
 90,932 
 
 14,181 
 131,700 
 14,999 
 
 Mo 
 2,195 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 143,775 
 
 20,595 
 
 
 
 
 122 000 
 
 91,874 
 
 X 
 
 7. Utah 
 8. Washin r ton ...... 
 
 Salt Lake City . . 
 
 88,057 
 6 r ) 994 
 
 86,786 
 23,1)55 
 
 >i 
 
 '.'. Wyoming 
 10. Indian ......... 
 
 Cheyenne 
 
 97,884 
 68 901 
 
 9,118 
 17,000 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 Sitka 
 
 5(>7,000 
 
 54,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,555,146 
 
 38,555,983 

 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 743 
 
 POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES IN THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 (CENSUS OF 1870.) 
 
 EASTERN STATES. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 1. Androseoggin . . 
 2. Aroostook . . . . 
 3. Cumberland . . . 
 
 35,866 
 29,609 
 82,021 
 18,807 
 36,459 
 53,203 
 30,823 
 25,597 
 33.488 
 75,150 
 14,403 
 18,803 
 34,611 
 
 10 Sullivan .... 
 
 . 18,058 
 
 8. Hampshire .... 
 9. Middlesex . . . . 
 10. Nantucket . . . . 
 11 Norfolk 
 
 44,388 
 274,353 
 4,123 
 89,443 
 65,305 
 270,802 
 192,716 
 
 Total .... 
 
 
 . 318,300 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 
 12. Plymouth . . . . 
 13. Suffolk 
 
 0. Keunebec . . . . 
 
 2. Bennington . . 
 3. Caledonia . . . 
 4. Chittenden . . . 
 
 . 23,484 
 . 21,325 
 . 22,247 
 . 36,480 
 
 14. Worcester . . . . 
 
 Total 1, 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 1. Bristol 
 
 457,351 
 
 9,421 
 
 18,595 
 20,050 
 149,190 
 20,097 
 
 
 9. Oxford 
 
 10. Penobscot . . . . 
 11. Piscataquis . . . . 
 12. Sagadahocj. . . . 
 
 
 . 30,291 
 
 7. Grand Isle . . . 
 
 . 4,082 
 . 12,448 
 23 090 
 
 2. Kent 
 
 14. Waldo 
 15. Washington . . . 
 16. York . '. 
 
 34,522 
 43,343 
 00,174 
 
 11. Rutland .... 
 
 . 21,035 
 . 40,051 
 26 508 
 
 4. Providence .... 
 5. Washington . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 626,915 
 
 E. 
 
 17,681 
 17,332 
 27,265 
 14,932 
 39,103 
 64,238 
 42,151 
 47,297 
 30,243 
 
 M. 
 
 133,052 
 40,814 
 44,103 
 43,909 
 59,550 
 59,327 
 35,281 
 40,56 i 
 47,947 
 47,044 
 25,173 
 42,972 
 74,041 
 173,m>9 
 29,042 
 30,271 
 27,064 
 31,606 
 31,832 
 2,960 
 39,927 
 65,415 
 419,921 
 28,099 
 38,309 
 43,522 
 117,868 
 34,457 
 
 13. Windham . . . 
 
 . 26,036 
 
 Total 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 1. Fairfield 
 
 217,353 
 
 95,276 
 109,007 
 48,727 
 36,0i)9 
 121,257 
 60,570 
 22,000 
 38,518 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIR 
 
 Total .... 
 
 
 . 33n.f>51 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1. Barnstable .... 32.774 
 2. Berkshire .... 64,827 
 3 Bristol - if.88fi 
 
 
 2 Carroll 
 
 3. Litchfield .... 
 4. Middlesex .... 
 5. New Haven . . . 
 6. New London . . . 
 7. Tolland 
 
 3 Cheshire 
 
 4. Coos 
 5 Grafton 
 
 6. Hillsborough . . 
 7. Merrimac . . . . 
 8. Rockingham . . . 
 
 
 3,787 
 
 
 . 200 843 
 
 
 
 39 QS 
 
 
 
 7. Hampden .... 78,409 
 
 IDDLE STA.TE 
 
 29. New York .... 942,292 
 30. Niagara 50,437 
 31 Oneida nnnna 
 
 Total 
 
 s. 
 
 59. Wyoming . . . . 
 60. Yates 
 
 537,454 
 
 29,1C4 
 
 19,595 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 
 2. Alleghany . . . . 
 
 32. Onondaga . . . 
 33 Ontario .... 
 
 . 104,183 
 . 45 108 
 
 Total 4 
 
 ,382,759 
 
 14,033 
 30,122 
 53,039 
 46,193 
 8,349 
 34,665 
 143,Kt9 
 21,562 
 129,007 
 36,903 
 46,386 
 45,029 
 40,195 
 43,137 
 13,6J8 
 46,416 
 23,940 
 23,510 
 23.168 
 41,859 
 34,336 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 1. Atlantic 
 
 4. Cattaraugus . . . 
 
 34. Orange 
 35 Orleans .... 
 
 . 80,902 
 . 27,689 
 
 6. Chautauqua . . . 
 7. Chemung . . . . 
 8. Cheiiango . . . . 
 
 36. Oswego .... 
 37. Otse^o 
 
 . 77,941 
 . 48,967 
 
 2. Bergen ...... 
 
 38. Putnam .... 
 
 . 15,420 
 . 73 803 
 
 3. Burlington . . . . 
 
 10. Columbia 
 
 40. Kensselaer . . . 
 41. Kichmond . . . 
 42. Rockland .... 
 43. St. Lawrence . . 
 44. Saratoga .... 
 45. Schenectady . . 
 4(). Schoharie . . . 
 47. Schuyler .... 
 48. Seneca 
 40. Steuben .... 
 50. Suffolk 
 51. Sullivan .... 
 52. Tioga ..... 
 53. Tompkins . . . 
 54. Ulster ..... 
 
 . ),549 
 . 33,029 
 . 25,213 
 . 84,826 
 . 51,529 
 . 21,347 
 . 33,340 
 . 18,989 
 . 27,823 
 . 67,717 
 . 46,924 
 . 34,550 
 . 30,572 
 . 33,178 
 . 84,826 
 
 5. Cape May . . . . 
 6. Cumberland . . . 
 7. Essex 
 8. Gloucester . . . . 
 9. Hudson 
 10. Hunterdon . . . . 
 
 11. Cortland . . . . . 
 
 12. Delaware 
 13. Dutchess ..'... 
 
 14. Erie 
 15. Essex 
 
 17 Fulton 
 
 12. Middlesex . . . . 
 13. M onmouth . . . . 
 14. Morris 
 
 
 19. Greene 
 20. Hamilton . . . . 
 21. Herkimer . . . . 
 22. Jefferson 
 
 
 17 Salem ...... 
 
 23. Kings ...... 
 
 18. Somerset. . . . . 
 
 24. Lewis ...... 
 25. Livingston . . . . 
 26. Madison 
 
 
 
 . 22,592 
 
 20. Union 
 
 56. Washington . . 
 
 . 49,508 
 47 710 
 
 
 28. Montgomery . . . 
 
 58. Westchester . 
 
 . 131,348 
 
 Total . 
 
 900,090
 
 744 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1. Adams 30,315 
 2. Alleghany .... 262,204 
 3. Armstrong .... 43,382 
 4. Beaver 30,148 
 6. Bedford 29035 
 6. Berks 108,701 
 7. Blair ....... 38,051 
 8. Bradford 53,204 
 U. Bucks 64,336 
 10. Butler 36,510 
 11 Cambria aii -aw 
 
 25. Erie 
 
 . 65.973 
 
 51. Pik 
 52. Potter . . . . . 
 
 . 8,436 
 . 11 "05 
 
 27. Forest 
 28. Franklin . . . . 
 2V. Fultou 
 30. Greene 
 31. Hunlington . . 
 3'.'. Indiana .... 
 33. Jefferson .... 
 
 . 4,010 
 . 45,365 
 
 . 9,:;00 
 
 ! 31,251 
 . 26,138 
 . 21,656 
 . 17,390 
 
 03. Schuylkill . . . 
 54. Snyder 
 55. Somerset . . . . 
 50. Sullivan . . . . 
 57. SuHquehanna . . 
 58. Tioga 
 59. Union 
 60. Venango . . . . 
 
 . 110,428 
 . 15,0 
 . 28,226 
 . 0,191 
 . 37,523 
 . 35,097 
 . 15,565 
 . 47 9 '5 
 
 35. Lancaster ... 
 36. Lawrence . . . 
 
 . 121,310 
 . 27,298 
 . 34,096 
 
 61. Warren . . . . 
 <>.'. Washington . . 
 63. Wayne 
 64. Westmoreland . 
 65. Wyoming . . . 
 66. York 
 
 . 23,807 
 . 48,483 
 . 33,188 
 . 58,720 
 . 14,5>5 
 . 76,134 
 
 1-j. Cameron .... 
 
 . 4,273 
 . 28 144 
 
 38. Lehigh 
 
 . 56,7'.>6 
 . 160,755 
 
 
 . 34 418 
 
 40. Lycoming . . . 
 41 McKean .... 
 
 . 47,020 
 . 8,825 
 
 15. Chester .... 
 16. Clarion 
 17. Clearrteld . . . 
 
 . 77,805 
 . 26,537 
 . 25,741 
 . 23,211 
 
 Xotal 
 
 3,521,791 
 
 . 20804 
 
 42. Mercer 
 4't Mifflin 
 
 . 49,977 
 . 17508 
 
 DELAWARE 
 1. Kent 
 
 44. Monroe .... 
 45. Montgomery . . 
 
 . 18,362 
 . 81,612 
 . 15,344 
 
 
 . 28,766 
 
 
 63 832 
 
 21. Cumberland . . 
 22. Dauphinj .... 
 23. Delaware .... 
 24 Elk ... 
 
 . 43,912 
 . 60,740 
 . 39,403 
 
 . 8,488 
 
 47. Northampton . 
 48. Northumberland 
 
 . 61,4:52 
 . 41,444 
 25 447 
 
 2. Newcastle . . . 
 3. Sussex 
 
 Total .... 
 
 . 83,515 
 . 31,696 
 
 50. Philadelphia . . 
 
 7THER3ST S 
 
 24. Culpepper . . . 
 25. Cumberland . . 
 26. Dinwiddie . . . 
 2:. Elizabeth City . 
 28. Essex 
 
 . 674,022 
 
 5T.A.T 
 
 . 12,227 
 . 8,142 
 . 30,702 
 . 8,303 
 . 9,927 
 
 . 125,015 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 1. Alleghany . . . 
 2. Auuc Arundel . 
 3. Baltimore . . . 
 4. Calvert 
 
 SOI 
 
 . 38,536 
 . 24,457 
 
 '. 9',865 
 
 "FT* Q 
 
 75. Princess Anne . 
 76. Prince William . 
 77. Pulaski 
 78. Rappahannock . 
 79. Richmond ... 
 
 . 8,273 
 . 7,504 
 . 6,538 
 . 8,261 
 . 6,503 
 
 6. Caroline .... 
 7. Cecil 
 
 . 12,101 
 . 28,619 
 . 25,874 
 
 30. Fnuquier .... 
 31. Floyd 
 
 . 19,690 
 . 9,824 
 
 81. Roekbridge. . . 
 82. Rockingham . . 
 
 . 10,058 
 . 23,608 
 
 9. Dorchester . . . 
 10. Frederick . . . 
 
 . 19,458 
 . 47,572 
 
 33. Franklin .... 
 34. Frederick . . . 
 35. Giles 
 30. Gloucester . . . 
 37. Goochland . . . 
 
 . 18,264 
 . 16,596 
 . 5,875 
 . 10,211 
 . 10,313 
 
 84. Scott 
 85. Shenandoah . . 
 80. Smyth 
 
 . 13,036 
 . 14,93-5 
 . 8,898 
 
 
 . 14,150 
 
 87. Southampton . . 
 88. Spottgylvauia . 
 
 . 12,2^-5 
 
 . 11,728 
 
 13. Kent 
 
 . 17,102 
 
 14. Montgomery . . 
 15. Prince George . 
 10. Queen Anne . . 
 17. St. Mary's . . . 
 
 . 20,503 
 . 21,138 
 
 . 10,171 
 
 ! 18^190 
 
 
 . 4,634 
 
 90. Surrey 
 
 . 5,585 
 
 40. Greenville . . . 
 41 Halifax . . . . 
 
 . 6.362 
 
 . 27,828 
 
 
 . 7 85 
 
 92 Tazewell .... 
 
 . 10,791 
 
 
 . 10,455 
 66 179 
 
 93. Warren .... 
 94 Warwick . 
 
 . 5,716 
 1 672 
 
 19. Talbot 
 20. Washington . . 
 21. Wicomico . . . 
 22. Worcester . . . 
 
 . 16,137 
 . 34,712 
 . 15,802 
 . 10,419 
 
 45. Highland .... 
 
 , 12,303 
 . 4,151 
 
 95. Washington . . 
 96. Westmoreland . 
 97. Wise 
 
 . 16,816 
 . 7,862 
 . 4,785 
 
 46. Isle of Wight . 
 4". James City . . . 
 48. King and Queen 
 49. King George . . 
 50. King William . 
 51. Lancaster . . . 
 
 . e,320 
 . 4,425 
 . 9,709 
 . 5.742 
 . 7,515 
 . 5,355 
 . 13,268 
 
 98. Wythe 
 
 . 11,011 
 
 Total .... 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 1. Accomack . . . 
 2. Albcmarle . . . 
 3. Alexandria . . . 
 4. Alleghauy . . . 
 5. Amelia ..... 
 
 . 780.S94 
 
 . 20,409 
 . 27,514 
 . 16,755 
 . 3,074 
 
 . 9 f 78 
 
 Total 
 
 1,225,163 
 
 IA. 
 . 10 312 
 
 WEST VIRGIN 
 
 
 . 20929 
 
 
 . 16 33 -> 
 
 55. Lunenberg ... 
 50. Madison .... 
 57. Matthews . . . 
 58. Mecklenburg . . 
 59. Middlesex . . . 
 60. Montgomery . . 
 61. Nansemoud . . 
 
 . 10,403 
 . 8.070 
 . 6,200 
 . 21,318 
 . 4,981 
 . 12,556 
 . 11.576 
 11 898 
 
 2 Berkeley . . . . 
 
 . 14,900 
 
 3 Boone 
 
 . 4 553 
 
 
 
 
 . 6,480 
 
 7. Appomattox . . 
 8. Augusta .... 
 
 . 28*763 
 
 5 Brooke 
 
 . 5,464 
 
 6. Cabell 
 
 . 6,429 
 . 2 939 
 
 9. Bath 
 
 
 10. Bedford .... 
 
 
 g Clay 
 
 . 2 196 
 
 11. Bland 
 
 
 9. Doddridge . . . 
 10 Fayette .... 
 
 . 7,076 
 . 6647 
 
 12. Botetourt .... 
 
 
 63. New Kent ... 
 64. Norfolk 
 05. Northampton . 
 60. Northumberland 
 67. Nottoway . . . 
 68. Orange 
 69. Page 
 70. Patrick 
 71. Pittsylvauia . . 
 72. Pownatan . . . 
 73. Prince Edward . 
 74. Prince George . 
 
 . 4,381 
 . 40,702 
 . 8,046 
 . 6,803 
 . 9,291 
 . 10,396 
 . 8,402 
 . 10.101 
 . 31.343 
 . 7,007 
 . 12,004 
 . 7,820 
 
 13. Brunswick . . . 
 14. Buchanan . . . 
 15. Buckingham . . 
 16. Campbell .... 
 
 . 13,4-7 
 . 3,777 
 . 13,371 
 . 28384 
 
 11. Gilmer 
 12. Grant 
 
 . 4,338 
 . 4,407 
 
 13. Greenbrier . . . 
 14. Hampshire . . 
 
 . 11,417 
 . 7,643 
 . 4 363 
 
 17. Caroline .... 
 18. Carroll 
 
 . 15,128 
 
 16. Hardy 
 17. Harrison . . . . 
 
 . 5,518 
 . 16,714 
 10 300 
 
 19. Chnrlcs City . . 
 20. Charlotte .... 
 
 . 4,975 
 
 21. Chesterfield . . 
 22. Clarke 
 
 . 18,470 
 
 19. Jefferson . . . 
 
 . 13,219 
 
 23. Craig 
 
 . 2,42 
 
 21. Lewis 
 
 . 10,175
 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 745 
 
 22. Lincoln . . . 
 
 . . 5,053 
 . . 5 124 
 
 45. Iredell . . . . 
 
 . . 16,931 
 6 68'} 
 
 31. York 
 Total 
 
 24.286 
 
 
 
 
 
 705,006 
 
 5,086 
 6,843 
 10,618 
 4,973 
 lli,5( 
 4,518 
 21,255 
 8,342 
 5,252 
 5,610 
 17,679 
 6,941 
 5,503 
 4,615 
 9,176 
 11,782 
 4,409 
 1,897 
 41,279 
 6,059 
 6,902 
 10,399 
 12,941 
 5,493 
 5,477 
 3,945 
 13,814 
 3,192 
 1,054 
 13,529 
 15,875 
 7,557 
 3,033 
 4,369 
 15,183 
 10,014 
 9,790 
 11/17 
 0,998 
 1,978 
 4,214 
 9,249 
 0,134 
 5,429 
 8,221 
 17,230 
 7,983 
 7,893 
 33,446 
 0,044 
 2,736 
 5,376 
 9,208 
 12,454 
 12,431 
 6,322 
 9,007 
 11,317 
 4,004 
 13,284 
 6,783 
 7,866 
 10,102 
 20,406 
 1,837 
 11,181 
 10,439 
 12,190 
 2,1)64 
 9,436 
 7,834 
 9,507 
 7,688 
 5,413 
 8,321 
 
 25. Marshall . . . 
 
 . . 14 941 
 
 48. Jones 
 
 . . 5,002 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 20. Mason .... 
 27. McDowell . . 
 28 Mercer .... 
 
 . . 15,'J78 
 . . 1,952 
 . . 7 OC4 
 
 49. Lenoir . . . . 
 50. Lincoln . . . . 
 
 . . 10,4:34 
 . . 9,573 
 
 
 . . 6 615 
 
 29. Mineral . . . 
 30. Monongahela . 
 31. Monroe ... 
 
 . . 6.332 
 . . 13,547 
 . . 11,124 
 
 52. Madison . . . 
 53. McDowell . . 
 
 . . 8,192 
 . . 7,592 
 . . 9 647 
 
 2. Baker 
 3. Baldwin 
 
 
 32. Morgan ... 
 
 . . 4 315 
 
 55. Mecklenburg . 
 56. Mitchell . . . 
 
 . . 24,299 
 . . 4 705 
 
 
 33 Nicholas ... 
 
 . . 4,458 
 
 6 Berrien . . . . . 
 
 34 Ohio 
 
 . . 28 831 
 
 57. Montgomery . 
 58. Moore . . . . 
 
 . . 7,487 
 . . 12 040 
 
 7 Bibb . 
 
 35. Peudleton . . 
 30. Pleasants . . 
 37. Pocahontaa . . 
 
 . . 6,455 
 . . 3,012 
 . . 4,069 
 . . 14555 
 
 8. Brooks 
 
 59 Nash . . . . 
 
 
 9. Bryan ...... 
 
 60. New Hanover 
 61. Northampton 
 62. Onslow . . . 
 
 . . 27,978 
 . . 14,749 
 . . 7,569 
 
 10. Bullock 
 
 11. Burke 
 12. Butts .... . . 
 
 
 
 
 . . 3,073 
 
 63. Orange . . . . 
 
 . . 17,507 
 
 13. Calhoun 
 
 41. Randolph . . 
 
 . . 5,563 
 
 64. Pasquotank . 
 65. Perquimans . 
 
 . . 8,131 
 . . 7,945 
 
 14. Camden ..... 
 
 15. Campbell 
 
 43. Koane .... 
 
 . . 7,232 
 . . 9,367 
 
 16. Carroll 
 
 67. Pitt 
 68. Polk 
 
 . . 17,276 
 . . 4,319 
 
 
 
 . . 1,907 
 
 18. Charlton 
 
 46. Tyler 
 
 . . 7,832 
 
 69. Randolph . . . 
 
 . . 17 551 
 
 19. Chatham .... 
 20. Chattahoochee . . 
 21. Chattooga .... 
 22. Cherokee 
 
 
 . . 8 023 
 
 70. Richmond . . 
 71. Robeson . . . 
 72. Rockingham . 
 73. Rowan . . . 
 74. Rutherford . . 
 75. Sampson . . . 
 76. Stanley .... 
 
 . . 12,882 
 . . 16,202 
 . . 15,708 
 . . 16,810 
 . . 13,121 
 . . 16,436 
 . . 8 315 
 
 48. Wayne .... 
 
 . . 7,852 
 . . 1,730 
 
 50. Wetzel .... 
 
 . . 8,595 
 
 23. Clark 
 
 24 Clay 
 
 52 Wood .... 
 
 . . 19 000 
 
 25. Clayton 
 20 Clinch ... 
 
 
 . . . 3,171 
 
 Total .... 
 
 
 77 Stokes . . 
 
 . . 11 208 
 
 27 Cobb 
 
 . 442.014 
 
 78. Surry .... 
 
 . . 11,252 
 
 28 Coffee . . . 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 I. Alaraance .... 11,874 
 2. Alexander .... 0,808 
 3. Alleghany .... 3,091 
 4 Alison 1'2.4','S 
 
 79. Transylvania . 
 80. Tyrrell . . . 
 81. Union .... 
 
 . . 3,536 
 . . 4,173 
 . . 12 217 
 
 29. Colquitt 
 
 30. Columbia 
 
 82. Wake .... 
 
 . . 35,617 
 
 32. Crawford 
 
 83. Warren ... 
 84. Washington . 
 
 . . 17,708 
 . . 6.516 
 
 33. Dade 
 34. Dawson 
 
 
 . . 9,573 
 
 86. Wayne* .... 
 
 . . 18,144 
 
 36. DeKalb 
 
 6 Beaufort ... 
 
 . . 13,011 
 
 87. Wilkes .... 
 
 . . 15539 
 
 37. Dooly 
 
 7. Bertie .... 
 
 . . 12,950 
 
 88. Wilson .... 
 89. Yadkin .... 
 
 . . 12,258 
 . . 10,697 
 
 38. Dougherty .... 
 39. Early 
 
 8 Bladen .... 
 
 . . 12 831 
 
 9. Brunswick . . 
 10. Buncombe . . 
 11 Burke .... 
 
 . . 7,754 
 . . 15,412 
 
 . . 9,777 
 
 90. Yancey .... 
 
 . . 5,909 
 
 40. Echols 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 SOUT& CARO 
 
 1. Abbeville . . 
 2. Anderson . . 
 3. Bardwell . . . 
 
 
 41. Effingham .... 
 42. Elbert 
 
 . 1,071,361 
 
 LIXA. 
 
 . . 31,129 
 
 . . 24,049 
 . . 35,724 
 . . 34 359 
 
 
 . . 11,954 
 
 
 13 Caldwell . . . 
 
 . . 8 470 
 
 
 14. Caraden . . . 
 
 . . 5,301 
 
 
 46. Floyd 
 47 Forsyth ..... 
 
 
 
 
 . . 10,984 
 
 48. Franklin 
 49 Fulton 
 
 18 Chatham ... 
 
 . . 19 7 -> 3 
 
 J9 Cherokee ... 
 
 . . 8 080 
 
 5. Charleston . . 
 6. Chester ... 
 
 . . 88,863 
 . . 18 805 
 
 
 
 
 51. Glasscock .... 
 52 Glynn 
 
 21 Clay ..... 
 
 . . 2 461 
 
 7. Chesterfield . 
 8. Clarendon . . 
 9. Colleton ... 
 
 . . 10,584 
 . . 14,038 
 . . 25,410 
 
 22. Cleveland . . 
 23. Columbus . . 
 24 Craven .... 
 
 . . 12,696 
 . . 8,474 
 . . 26,510 
 
 
 54. Greene 
 
 10. Darlington . . 
 11. Edgefield . . . 
 
 . . 26,243 
 . . 42,486 
 
 
 25. Cumberland . 
 
 . . 17,035 
 . . 5,131 
 
 56. Habersham .... 
 57. Hall 
 
 27. Dare 
 
 . . 2,778 
 . . 17 414 
 
 13. Georgetown . 
 14. Greenville . . 
 15 Horry . . 
 
 . . 16,161 
 . . 22,262 
 . . 10 7^1 
 
 
 59. 11 anil sun .... 
 
 29 Davie ..... 
 
 . . 9,020 
 
 30 Duplin .... 
 
 . . 15.542 
 
 16. Kershaw . . . 
 
 . . 11,754 
 . . 12,087 
 
 61. Hart 
 62. Heard 
 
 31. Edgecombe . . 
 32. Forsyth . . . 
 
 . . 22,970 
 . . 13,050 
 
 
 . . 22 536 
 
 
 19. Lexington . . 
 20 Marion . . 
 
 . . 12,988 
 22 160 
 
 64. Houston 
 
 34 Gaston .... 
 
 . . 12 602 
 
 65 Irwin 
 
 
 
 21. Marlborough . 
 22. Newberry . . 
 23 Oconee .... 
 
 . . 11,814 
 . . 20,775 
 . 10 536 
 
 66. Jackson ..... 
 
 
 . . 24 831 
 
 
 
 
 68. Jefferson 
 
 38 Guilford ... 
 
 . . 21 736 
 
 24. Orangeburg . 
 25 Pickens ... 
 
 . . 16,865 
 . i 10 269 
 
 
 39 Halifax . . . 
 
 . . 20,408 
 
 70. Jones 
 71. Laurens ..... 
 
 
 
 26 Richland . . . 
 
 . . 23 025 
 
 41. Haywood . 
 42. Henderson . . 
 43. Hertford . . . 
 
 . . 7,921 
 . . 7,706 
 . . 9,273 
 
 27. Spartanburg . 
 28. Sumter .... 
 
 . . 25,784 
 . . 25 208 
 
 72. Lee 
 
 
 29. Union .... 
 
 . . 19,248 
 
 
 44. Hvde . . 
 
 . 6,445 
 
 30. Williamsbur-r 
 
 . 15.489 

 
 746 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 70. Lumpkin . . . 
 
 . 5,1151 
 . 11.45S 
 . 5,227 
 . 8,000 
 . 4,491 
 . 13,750 
 3 091 
 
 20. Leon 
 21. Levy ...... 
 L'2. Liberty 
 23. Madison .... 
 
 . 15,230 
 . 2,018 
 . 1,050 
 . 11,121 
 . 1,931 
 
 57. Shelby 
 58. Sumter 
 5'J. Talludega .... 
 60. Tallapoosa . . . 
 
 . 12,713 
 . 24,io9 
 
 . 1>,I;-J) 
 . 10,!HiO 
 
 78. Madicon . . . 
 r.i. Marion . . . . 
 M). Mclntosh . . . 
 81. Moriwether . . 
 
 25. Marion 
 
 . 10,804 
 . 5,057 
 
 02. Walker 
 ii3. Washington . . 
 04. Wilcox 
 
 . 6,iV40 
 . 3,910 
 
 . 2f,:;<-7 
 
 st. Milton . . . . 
 
 . 4,284 
 ft 1133 
 
 27. Nassau 
 
 . 4,247 
 . 2,195 
 
 85. Monroe .... 
 8fl. Montgomery . 
 87. Morgan .... 
 
 . 17,213 
 . 3,5*5 
 . 10,696 
 6 500 
 
 29. Polk 
 
 . 3,169 
 . 3,821 
 
 Total 
 
 
 . 990 'J9> 
 
 31. Sant;i Rosa . . . 
 
 . 3,312 
 : 2,618 
 
 MISSISSIPPI 
 1. Adams ..... 
 
 . 10084 
 
 89. Musoogee . . . 
 '.'. Newton .... 
 91. Oglethorpe . . 
 icj. PuiiMing . . . 
 93. Pickeus .... 
 14 Pierce 
 
 . 10,6*53 
 . 14,C.I5 
 . 11,782 
 
 . 7,039 
 
 . 5,317 
 
 . 2,778 
 
 33. Sumter 
 34. Suwanee .... 
 35. Taylor 
 36. Volusia .... 
 
 . 2,952 
 . 3,556 
 . 1,453 
 . 1,723 
 . 2,506 
 
 2. Alcorn 
 3. Atnite 
 
 . 10,431 
 
 . If' "73 
 
 4. Attala 
 
 . 14 776 
 
 38. Walton 
 39. Washington . . 
 
 . 3,041 
 . 2,302 
 
 5. Bolivar 
 6. Calhoun ..... 
 7. Carroll 
 
 . 9.732 
 . 10,561 
 . 21,047 
 
 85. Pike 
 96 Polk 
 
 . 10,905 
 
 . 7,822 
 
 97. Pulnxki .... 
 
 . 11,940 
 . 10 461 
 
 Total .... 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 1. Autauga . . . . 
 2 Baker 
 
 . 187,748 
 
 . 11,623 
 . 6 194 
 
 8. Chickasaw . . . 
 9. Choctaw .... 
 
 . I'.t.V.M 
 . ID 'IV) 
 
 '.f.i. Quit man . . . 
 
 . 4,150 
 . 3 256 
 
 10. Claiborne .... 
 
 . 13,38fi 
 
 11. Clark 
 
 . 7,505 
 
 101. Randolph . . . 
 1"2. Kichmond . . 
 103. Schley 
 
 . 10,561 
 . 25,724 
 . 5,129 
 9 175 
 
 
 . 7 144 
 
 13. Copiah 
 
 . 20,608 
 
 3. Baldwin .... 
 
 . 6,004 
 . 29 309 
 
 14. Covington . . . 
 15. De Soto .... 
 
 . 4.753 
 
 . 3'' fr>l 
 
 103. Spaulding . . . 
 1<)6. Stewart .... 
 107 Sumter .... 
 
 . 1(1,205 
 . 14,204 
 . l(i 559 
 
 5 Bibb 
 
 . 7,469 
 
 16. Franklin .... 
 
 T 4' IS 
 
 6. Blount 
 7 Bullock . . . . 
 
 . 9,945 
 . 24 474 
 
 
 " ii ;s 
 
 18. Grenada .... 
 19. Hancock .... 
 
 . 10,571 
 . 4 239 
 
 1'S Talbot 
 
 . 11 913 
 
 8 Butler 
 
 . 14,981 
 
 low. Taliaferro . . . 
 110 Tatnall .... 
 
 . 4,790 
 . 4,860 
 
 9. Calhoun .... 
 
 . 13,980 
 
 20. Harrison .... 
 21. Hinds 
 
 . 5,795 
 . 30,488 
 
 10. Chambers . . . 
 1 1 . Cherokee .... 
 12 Choctaw .... 
 
 . 17,562 
 . 11,132 
 . 12 676 
 
 111. Tiiylor . . . . 
 
 11 4) Ti'lfair . . . . 
 
 . 7,143 
 . 3 245 
 
 22. Holmes .... 
 23. Issnquena . . . 
 24. Itawamba . . . 
 
 . 19,370 
 
 . 6,887 
 
 . r.M2 
 
 113 Terrell . . . . 
 
 . 9,053 
 
 13 Clarke 
 
 . 14,663 
 
 
 . 14,523 
 
 14 Clay 
 
 . 9,560 
 
 
 . 2 780 
 
 15 Clebern .... 
 
 8 017 
 
 26. Janper 
 
 . 10,884 
 
 110. Tronp 
 117 fvii r " r s .... 
 
 . 17,032 
 . 8,545 
 
 16. Coffee 
 17 Colbert .... 
 
 . 6,171 
 12 537 
 
 27. Jefferson .... 
 
 . 13,848 
 
 28 Jones 
 
 . 3,313 
 
 
 . 5,207 
 
 18. Conecuh .... 
 19. Coosa 
 20. Covington . . . 
 21. Crenshaw . . . 
 f> Dale . . 
 
 . 9,574 
 . 11,945 
 . 4,868 
 . 11,156 
 11 3''5 
 
 29. Kemper .... 
 30 Lafayette .... 
 
 . 12,'X'O 
 
 1> M/* 
 
 II 1 ) I'pson ..... 
 
 . 9 430 
 
 I'M. Walker .... 
 121. Walton .... 
 
 . 9,925 
 . 11,038 
 
 31. Lauderdale ... 
 32. Lawrence .... 
 33 Leake ..... 
 
 . 13,402 
 . 6,720 
 . 8 496 
 
 !'*' Ware 
 
 . 2 286 
 
 123. Warren .... 
 1.4. Washington . . 
 125. Wayne .... 
 126. Webster .... 
 1"7. White 
 
 . 10,545 
 . 15,842 
 . 2,177 
 . 4,077 
 . 4,)>06 
 
 23. Dallas 
 24. De Kalb , . . . 
 
 . 40,705 
 
 . 7 120 
 
 34. Lee 
 
 . 15,955 
 
 25. Elmore 
 26. Escambia. . . . 
 27. Etowah .... 
 28. Fayette 
 
 . 14,477 
 . 4,041 
 . 10,109 
 
 . 7 136 
 
 36. Lowiides . . . 
 37. Madison .... 
 38 Marion .... 
 
 . 30.502 
 
 . 2H.H4S 
 4''11 
 
 12*. \Vliitefield . . . 
 129. Wilcox .... 
 130. Wilkes .... 
 131. Wilkinson. . . 
 132. Worth .... 
 
 Total 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 1. Alachua . . . . 
 2. linker 
 3. Uradford . . . . 
 4. Brevard . . . . 
 
 . 10,117 
 . 2,439 
 . Il,79i5 
 . 9,383 
 . 3,778 
 
 1,184,109 
 
 . 17,328 
 . 1,325 
 
 . :;,<i7i 
 
 . 1 9 16 
 
 
 . 29,410 
 
 29. Franklin . . . . 
 30. Geneva 
 31. Green 
 
 . 8,006 
 . 2,959 
 . 18,399 
 
 40. Monroe . . . . 
 
 . '>',031 
 
 41. Neshoba . . . . 
 
 . 7,4:59 
 
 
 . 10,067 
 
 32. Hale 
 33. Henry 
 
 . 21,792 
 . 14 191 
 
 43 Noxubee .... 
 
 . 20,905 
 
 44. Oktibbeha . . . 
 
 . 14.V.H 
 . 20 754 
 
 34. Jackson . . . . 
 
 . 19,410 
 . 12 345 
 
 4"i. Perry 
 
 . 2 t>ti4 
 
 3'>. Laudordale . . . 
 37. Lawrence . . . 
 38. Lee 
 39. Limestone . . . 
 40. Lnwndes .... 
 41. Macou 
 42. Madison . . . . 
 
 . 15,091 
 . 10,658 
 . 21,750 
 . 15,017 
 . 25,719 
 . 17,727 
 . 31,207 
 26 151 
 
 47 Pike 
 
 . 11 303 
 
 
 . 12,525 
 
 49. Prentiss .... 
 50 Rnnkin 
 
 . 9,:;48 
 . 1'' 977 
 
 51. Scott 
 52. Simpson .... 
 53. Smith 
 54. Sunflower . . . 
 55. Tallahatcliie . . 
 
 . 7,847 
 . 5,718 
 . 7,126 
 . 5,015 
 . 7,852 
 20 727 
 
 
 
 0. Clay 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 055 
 
 8. Dade 
 
 
 45 Marshall 
 
 9 871 
 
 9. Duval ...... 
 
 . 11,921 
 
 4(1. Mobile 
 
 . 49,311 
 14 ''14 
 
 57. Tisbemingo . . 
 
 . 7,:.50 
 . 5 358 
 
 11. Franklin . . . . 
 
 
 48. Montgomery . . 
 4'.). Morgan . . . . 
 50. Perry 
 51. Pickens . . . . 
 5-j. Pike 
 
 . 43,704 
 . 12,187 
 . 24,975 
 . 17,090 
 . 17 4''3 
 
 59. Warren 
 60. Washington . . 
 
 . 26.709 
 . 14,569 
 . 4,2(i6 
 
 1'-'. (iadsden . . . . 
 
 9 802 
 
 13. Hamilton . . . 
 14. Hcrnmido . . . 
 15. Hillsborough . 
 
 . 5,749 
 . 2,938 
 . 3.216 
 
 62. Wilkinson . . . 
 
 . 12,:fo 
 . 8,984 
 
 55. Randolph . . . 
 54. Russell 
 55. St. Clair . . . . 
 
 . 12,006 
 . 21,636 
 . 9,300 
 
 . 8,893 
 
 64. Yalabusha . . . 
 Co. Yazoo 
 
 Total . 
 
 . 13,254 
 . 17.27J 
 
 17. Jackson .... 
 18. Jefferson .... 
 19. Lafayette .... 
 
 . 9,528 
 . l:i,::98 
 . 1,783 
 
 827,1-22
 
 poruLATioisr OF COUNTIES. 
 
 747 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 1. Ascension . . . 
 2. Assumption . . 
 3. Avoyelles . . . 
 4. Baton Rouge E. 
 5. Baton Rouge W. 
 6. Bieuville .... 
 
 11,577 
 
 12*926 
 17,816 
 5,114 
 . 10,636 
 . 12,675 
 
 15. Bowie 
 16. Brazoria 
 
 4,684 
 7,527 
 9,205 
 544 
 8,072 
 3,688 
 6,572 
 3,443 
 * 
 10,999 
 1,503 
 11,079 
 * 
 
 347 
 14,013 
 8,326 
 5,283 
 1,001 
 * 
 
 5,315 
 4,124 
 13,314 
 8,875 
 109 
 7,251 
 6,443 
 1,083 
 88 
 * 
 
 7,514 
 3,071 
 427 
 1,801 
 9,851 
 13,207 
 16,863 
 7,114 
 8,139 
 309 
 15,290 
 3,506 
 3,628 
 8,951 
 14,387 
 13,218 
 7,282 
 733 
 * 
 
 1,460 
 17,375 
 13,241 
 
 4,088 
 6,786 
 2,387 
 7,453 
 2,5*5 
 12,051 
 8,147 
 10,2'Jl 
 094 
 2,278 
 4,218 
 1,906 
 4,923 
 
 1,705 
 6,895 
 1.530 
 1,042 
 72 
 1,204 
 
 88. Lamar 
 89. Lampasas .... 
 90 La Salle 
 
 18. Brown ...... 
 19. Burleson 
 20. Burnet 
 
 91. Lavaca 
 92. Leon 
 93. Liberty 
 
 21. Caldwell 
 23. Callahan 
 
 94. Limestone . . . 
 95. Live Oak .... 
 96. Llano 
 
 10. Caldwell .... 
 
 . 6,733 
 . 4,820 
 
 25. Chambers .... 
 26. Cherokee 
 27. Clay 
 
 97. McCulloch . . . 
 98. McLennan . . . 
 99. McMullen .... 
 100. Madison ; . . . . 
 
 
 , 1,591 
 
 13. Catahoula . . . 
 
 . 8,475 
 
 29. Collin 
 
 102. Mason 
 
 15. Concordia . . . 
 16 De Soto .... 
 
 . 9,977 
 . 14 962 
 
 30. Colorado 
 31. Comal 
 
 103. Matagorda . . . 
 104. Maverick .... 
 
 17. Feliciana E. . . 
 18. Feliciana W. . . 
 19. Franklin .... 
 20. Grant ..... 
 
 . 13,499 
 . 10,499 
 . 5,078 
 . 4,517 
 
 32. Comanche .... 
 
 106 Menard 
 
 34. Cook; 
 35. Coryell 
 36. Dallas 
 
 107. Menora 
 108. Milam 
 109. Montague .... 
 
 22. Ibcrville .... 
 23. Jackson .... 
 
 . 12,347 
 . 7,646 
 
 37. Davis 
 38. Dcmmit 
 39. Denton 
 40. DeWitt 
 
 110. Montgomery . . 
 111. Nacogdocb.es . . 
 112. Navarro 
 113. Newton 
 
 24. Jefferson .... 
 
 . 17,767 
 
 26. Lafourche . . . 
 27. Livingston . . . 
 28. Madison .... 
 
 . 14,719 
 . 4,026 
 . 8,600 
 
 41. Duval 
 42 Eastland 
 
 
 43. Edwards 
 
 116. Panota 
 
 29. Morehouse . . . 
 30. Natchitoches . . 
 31. Orleans .... 
 
 . 9,387 
 . 18,265 
 . 191,418 
 
 45 El Paso 
 
 118. Polk 
 
 47. Erath 
 
 119. Presidio 
 120. Red River . . . 
 
 32. Ouachita .... 
 33. Plaquemines . . 
 34. Point Coupee . . 
 35, Rapides .... 
 
 . 11,582 
 . 10,552 
 . 12,981 
 . 18,015 
 
 48. Falls 
 
 121. Refugio 
 122. Robertson .... 
 123. Runuells .... 
 124 Rusk 
 
 50. Fayette 
 51 Fort Bend ... 
 
 37. Sabine 
 38. St. Bernard. . . 
 39. St. Charles . . . 
 40. St. Helena . . . 
 41. St. James ... 
 42. St. John Baptist 
 43. St. Landry . . . 
 44. St. Martin . . 
 45 St. Mary .... 
 
 . 5,110 
 . 6,456 
 . 3,353 
 . 4,867 
 . 5,423 
 . 10,152 
 . 6,762 
 . 25,553 
 . 9,370 
 . 13.860 
 
 52. Freestone .... 
 
 126. San Augustine . 
 127. San Patricio . . . 
 128. San Saba .... 
 129. Shackleford . . . 
 130 Shelby 
 
 54. Galveston .... 
 
 56 Goliad 
 
 
 58. Gray son 
 59 Grimes 
 60. Guadalupe .... 
 61. Hamilton .... 
 62. Hardcman .... 
 63. Hardiu 
 
 131. Smith 
 
 132. Starr ...... 
 133. Stephens .... 
 134. Tarrant 
 135. Taylor 
 136. Throckmorton . 
 137. Titus ...... 
 138. Travis 
 
 46. St. Tammany . . 
 47. Tangipahoa , . . 
 
 . 5,586 
 . 7,928 
 
 49. Terre Bonne . . 
 
 . 12,451 
 11 685 
 
 64. Harris 
 
 51. Vermilion . . . 
 52. Washington . . 
 53. Winn 
 
 . 4,528 
 . 3,330 
 . 4,954 
 
 66. Haskell 
 67 Hays 
 
 139. Trinity 
 140 Tyler 
 
 68. Henderson .... 
 
 141. Upshur 
 14 Uvalde 
 
 Total 
 
 . 720,915 
 
 70. Hill 
 
 143. Van Zandt ... 
 
 TEXAS. 
 1. Anderson V . . 
 
 . 9,229 
 
 
 145 W r alkcr 
 
 
 146. Washington . . . 
 147 Webb 
 
 74. Hunt. 
 
 148. Wharton .... 
 14') Wichita 
 
 3. Archer 
 4. Atascosa . . . . 
 5 Austin . . . . . 
 
 # 
 ! 2,'J15 
 . 15,087 
 649 
 
 76. Jackson 
 7". Jasper 
 78. Jefferson ..... 
 
 150. AVilburger . . . . 
 151. Williamson . . . 
 152 Wilson 
 
 
 . !*> 290 
 
 80. Jones 
 
 153. Wise 
 
 8 Baylor 
 
 * 
 
 9. Bee 
 
 10. Boll ... . . . 
 
 . 1,082 
 . 9,771 
 . 10,043 
 
 82. Kaufman 
 83. Kendall 
 84 Kerr 
 
 155. Young ...... 
 156. Young Territory . 
 157 Zapata 
 
 12. Bexar District . 
 13 Blanco . . . . . 
 
 . 1,077 
 . 1 187 
 
 85. Kimble 
 
 
 Total. , 
 
 
 . 4.U81 
 
 
 * No population.
 
 748 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 WESTERN" STATES, 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 . . 20,750 
 
 78. Trumbull . . . 
 7'J. Tuscarawas . . 
 80. Union 
 81. Van Wert . . . 
 
 . 38,(i59 
 . 33,840 
 . 18,730 
 . I5.S23 
 . 15,027 
 
 
 . 10,184 
 
 64. Massac 
 65. Menard .... 
 
 . 9,581 
 . 11 ~.'!5 
 
 '2. Allen 
 
 . . 23,023 
 21 933 
 
 
 . 18,709 
 
 4. Ashtabula . . 
 5. Athens .... 
 
 . . 32,517 
 . . 23,708 
 20 041 
 
 <>;. Monroe .... 
 68. Montgomery . . 
 
 . 1'-','.)>'J 
 . 25,314 
 . 28,463 
 
 b3. Warren .... 
 84. Washington . . 
 
 . 26,089 
 . 40,609 
 
 
 . 39 714 
 
 
 . 10,::85 
 
 
 . . 30.802 
 
 86. Williams .... 
 
 . 20,991 
 
 71. Ogle 
 
 . 27,4112 
 . 47 540 
 
 
 39 912 
 
 )0. Carroll .... 
 
 . . 14,491 
 
 88. Wyandot .... 
 Total 
 
 . 18,553 
 
 73. Perry ..... 
 
 . 13,723 
 
 11. Champaign . . 
 j. ciirk . . 
 
 . . 24,188 
 . . 3,070 
 
 2,605,260 
 . 56,362 
 
 75. Pike 
 
 . 30,768 
 . 11,437 
 
 
 34 268 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 14 Clinton . . 
 
 . . 21 914 
 
 77. Pulaski 
 
 . 8,752 
 
 15. Columbinna . 
 10. Coshoctou . . 
 17. Crawford . . 
 18. Cuyahoga . . 
 l'( Darke .... 
 
 . . 38,299 
 . . 23,600 
 . . 25,556 
 . . 132,010 
 . . 32 278 
 
 
 . 6,280 
 
 79. Randolph . . . 
 
 . 20,859 
 
 2. Alexander . . . 
 3. Bond 
 4. Boone 
 
 . 10,504 
 . 13.152 
 . 12,M2 
 
 81. Hock Island . . 
 82. St. Clair .... 
 83. Sabine 
 
 . 29,783 
 . 51,068 
 . 12,714 
 
 
 . . 15 719 
 
 
 25 175 
 
 
 . 32,415 
 
 84. Sangamon . . . 
 
 . 46,352 
 . 17,419 
 
 22 Erie 
 
 . . 28,188 
 
 7. Calhoun .... 
 8. Carroll 
 9. Case 
 10. Champaign . . . 
 
 . 6,562 
 . 16,705 
 . 11,580 
 . 32,737 
 . 20,363 
 
 23 Fairfield . . . 
 
 . . 31,138 
 
 86. Scott 
 87. Shelby 
 
 . 10,530 
 . 25 476 
 
 24. Faycttc .... 
 
 . . 17,170 
 . . 63,019 
 
 88. Stark 
 89. Stephenson ... 
 yO. Tazewell .... 
 
 . 10,751 
 . 30,608 
 . 27,903 
 
 26 Fulton .... 
 
 . . 17,789 
 
 27 Gallia . . . 
 
 . . 25,5-15 
 
 
 
 
 . . 14 190 
 
 13. Clay 
 14. Clinton 
 
 . 15,875 
 . 16,2*5 
 
 91. Union 
 
 . 16,518 
 . 30 388 
 
 29. Greene .... 
 30. Guernsey . . . 
 
 . . 28,038 
 . . 23,838 
 . . 260 370 
 
 93. Wabash .... 
 
 . 8,841 
 
 
 
 94. Warren .... 
 
 . 25,174 
 
 32. Hancock . . . 
 33 Hardin .... 
 
 . . 23,847 
 . . 18,714 
 
 17 Crawford .... 
 
 . 13 889 
 
 95. Washington . . 
 yd. Wayne 
 
 . 17,599 
 . 19,758 
 
 18. Cumberland . . 
 19 De Kalli .... 
 
 . 12,223 
 . 23 -:> 65 
 
 
 . 18 682 
 
 97 White 
 
 . 16 846 
 
 35. Henry .... 
 
 ;i Highland . . . 
 
 . . 14,028 
 . . 29 133 
 
 20. De Witt .... 
 
 . 14 768 
 
 98. Whitesides . . . 
 99. Will 
 
 . 27,503 
 . 43,013 
 
 
 
 37 Hockin<* . . . 
 
 . 17 925 
 
 22 Du Pa^e .... 
 
 . 16,085 
 
 1(0. Williamson . . 
 101. Winnebago . . 
 102. Woodford . . . 
 
 Total .... 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 1. Adair 
 2 Allen 
 
 . 17,329 
 . 29,301 
 . 18,956 
 
 38. Holmes'. ... 
 39. Huron .... 
 
 . . 18,177 
 . . 28,532 
 21 759 
 
 23 Ed^ar 
 
 . 21,450 
 
 24. Edwards .... 
 25. Effingham . . . 
 26 Fayette ..... 
 
 . 7,565 
 . 15,053 
 . 19,638 
 
 41 Jefferson ... 
 
 . . 29 188 
 
 2,539,891 
 
 . 11,065 
 . 10 296 
 
 42. Knox .... 
 43. Lake 
 
 . . 26,333 
 . . 15 935 
 
 27. Ford 
 28 Franklin .... 
 
 . 9,103 
 . 12 052 
 
 44. Lawrence . . 
 45. Licking ... 
 4fi. Lo^an .... 
 
 . . 31,380 
 . . 35,756 
 . . 23,028 
 
 
 
 30. Gallatin . . . . 
 
 . 11,134 
 . 20 277 
 
 
 . . 30 308 
 
 
 14 938 
 
 3. Anderson . . . 
 4 Ballard 
 
 . 5,449 
 . 12,576 
 
 48. Lucas .... 
 49. Madison . . . 
 
 . . 46,722 
 . . 15 633 
 
 33. Hamilton . . . 
 
 . 13,014 
 . 36 935 
 
 
 . 17 780 
 
 SO. Mahoning . . 
 
 . . 31,001 
 
 35. Hardin 
 36. Henderson . . . 
 37. Henry 
 38. Iroquois . . . . 
 
 . 5,113 
 . 12,582 
 . 35,506 
 . 27,782 
 . 19 634 
 
 6. Bath 
 
 . 10,145 
 10 096 
 
 52. Medina . . . . 
 63. Meigs .... 
 
 . . 20,092 
 . . 31 465 
 
 8. Bourbon . . . . 
 9. Boyd 
 10 Boyle . . 
 
 . 14,863 
 . 8,573 
 . 9,515 
 
 
 . . 17,254 
 
 65. Miami . . . . 
 
 . . 32,740 
 
 
 . 11 "34 
 
 
 . 11 409 
 
 60. Monroe . . . 
 67. Montgomery . 
 
 . . 25,779 
 . . 64,000 
 . . 20,363 
 
 41. Jefferson . . . . 
 42. Jersey 
 43. Jo Daviess . . . 
 
 . 17,864 
 .. 15,054 
 . 27,!-'JO 
 . 11 248 
 
 12 Brcathitt . . . . 
 
 . 5 072 
 
 13. Breckenridge . . 
 14 Bullitt 
 
 . 13,440 
 
 . 7 781 
 
 
 
 15 Butler 
 
 . 9,404 
 
 CO. Muskingum . 
 61. Noble . . . . 
 
 . . 44,886 
 
 
 
 16 Caldwell . . . . 
 
 . 10,826 
 
 46. Kankakeo . . . 
 47. Kendall . . . . 
 48. Knox 
 49. Lake 
 60. La Salle . . . . 
 
 . 24,352 
 . 12,399 
 . 39,522 
 . 21,014 
 . 60 702 
 
 
 9 410 
 
 62. Ottawa .... 
 63. Paulding . . . 
 64. Perry . . . . 
 65. Pickaway . . 
 66. Pike 
 
 . . 13,364 
 . . 8,544 
 . . 18,453 
 . . 24,875 
 
 18 Campbell .... 
 
 . 27,406 
 
 19. Carroll 
 
 . 6,189 
 . 7,509 
 
 
 . 8,884 
 
 51. Lawrence . . . 
 52. Lee 
 53. Livingston . . . 
 
 . 12,533 
 . 27,171 
 . 31,471 
 
 22. Christian . . . . 
 23. Clark 
 4 Clay . 
 
 . 23,227 
 . 10,882 
 . 8 297 
 
 
 
 68. Prcblc .... 
 
 
 69. Putnam . . . 
 
 
 25. Clinton 
 26. Crittenden . . . 
 27. Cumberland . . 
 28. Daviess 
 29. Edmonson . . . 
 30. Elliott 
 31. Estill 
 
 . 6,497 
 . 9,381 
 . 7,600 
 . 20,714 
 . 4,459 
 . 4,433 
 . 9,198 
 . 2r..r>nfi 
 
 70. Kichlaud . . . 
 71. Ross 
 
 . . 32,516 
 
 55. MeDonough . . 
 
 . 26,509 
 
 72. Sandusky . . 
 73. Scioto .... 
 
 . . 25,503 
 
 57. McLean . . . . 
 
 . 53,988 
 26 481 
 
 
 
 59. Macoupin . . . 
 60. Madison . . . . 
 61. Marion . . 
 
 . 32,726 
 . 44,131 
 
 . 9O fi-w 
 
 75. Shelby . . 
 76. Stark. . 
 
 . . 20,781
 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 749 
 
 .34 Floyd f . . . 
 
 . . 7,877 
 
 115 Woodford . . . 
 
 . 8,240 
 
 
 . 14 884 
 
 
 15 300 
 
 
 
 
 7 605 
 
 36 Fulton . 
 
 . . 161 
 
 Total 
 
 1,321,011 
 
 
 . 2 725 
 
 37. Gallatin . . 
 
 . . 5,074 
 
 
 
 79. Warren 
 
 . 12,714 
 
 38. Garrard . . . 
 
 . . 10,376 
 
 
 
 80. Washington . . 
 
 . 16,317 
 
 39. Grant * ... 
 
 . . 9,529 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 
 81. Wayne 
 
 . 10,209 
 
 
 . . 19 398 
 
 
 . 8 704 
 
 82 Wcaklcy .... 
 
 . 20,755 
 
 
 . . 11,580 
 
 2. Bedford .... 
 
 . 24,333 
 
 83. White 
 
 . 9,375 
 
 
 . . 9,379 
 
 3 Benton 
 
 . 8 234 
 
 84. Williamson . . 
 
 . 25,328 
 
 
 . . 11,403 
 
 
 . 4,870 
 
 80. Wilson ..... 
 
 . 25,881 
 
 
 6 591 
 
 
 14 237 
 
 
 
 45. llardin . . . 
 
 . . 15,705 
 
 6. Bradley .... 
 
 . 11,652 
 
 Total 
 
 1,258,520 
 
 46. Harlan . . . 
 47. Harrison . 
 48. Hart .... 
 
 . . 4,415 
 . . 12,993 
 . . 13,687 
 
 7. Campbell .... 
 8. Cannon .... 
 
 . 7,445 
 . 10,502 
 . 19,447 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 
 
 . . 18,457 
 
 10. Carter 
 
 7 909 
 
 1. Alcona ..... 
 
 . 696 
 
 
 . . 11,066 
 
 11. Cheatham ... 
 
 . 0,678 
 
 2. Alcg'an 
 
 . 32,105 
 
 
 . . 8,453 
 
 12. Claiborne .... 
 
 . 9,321 
 
 3 Alpena 
 
 . 2 756 
 
 
 . . 13,827 
 
 13. Cocke 
 
 . 12,458 
 
 4. Antrim 
 
 1,985 
 
 
 . . 4,547 
 
 14 Coffee 
 
 . 10 237 
 
 5. Barry 
 
 . 22 199 
 
 
 . . 118,953 
 
 
 3 461 
 
 0. Bay 
 
 . 15 900 
 
 
 . . 8 638 
 
 
 . 62 897 
 
 
 . 2 184 
 
 56. John Bell . . 
 
 . . 3,731 
 . . 7 494 
 
 17. Decatur .... 
 18 De Kail) .... 
 
 . 7,772 
 . 11 425 
 
 8. Barrien 
 
 . 35,104 
 . 26 226 
 
 
 . . 36096 
 
 
 . 9 340 
 
 10. Calhoun .... 
 
 . 36,569 
 
 59. Knox .... 
 
 . . 8294 
 
 20 Dyer 
 
 . 13,706 
 
 11. Cass 
 
 . 21,094 
 
 60. La Rue . . . 
 
 . . 8,235 
 . . 6 016 
 
 21. Fayctte .... 
 
 . 26,145 
 
 12. Charlevoix ... 
 13 Cheboyan ... 
 
 . 1,724 
 . 2,196 
 
 62. Lawrence . . 
 63 Lee 
 
 . . 8,497 
 . . 3 055 
 
 23. Franklin .... 
 24 Gibson 
 
 . 14,970 
 . 25,666 
 
 14. Chippewa . . . 
 15. Clare 
 
 . 1,689 
 366 
 
 64 Letcher ... 
 
 . . 4,608 
 
 25. Giles 
 
 . 32,41.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 Grainger . . . . 
 
 . 12,421 
 
 17. Delta 
 
 . 2,542 
 
 
 . . 10,947 
 
 27. Greene 
 
 . 21,668 
 
 
 
 
 . . 8 9 00 
 
 28 Grundy .... 
 
 . 3 250 
 
 
 1 211 
 
 68 Lofan .... 
 
 . . 20,4'*9 
 
 29 Hamilton .... 
 
 . 17,241 
 
 20. Genesee .... 
 
 . 33 900 
 
 
 . . 6 233 
 
 30. Hancock .... 
 
 7,148 
 
 21. Grand Traverse 
 
 . 4,443 
 
 
 . . 19 543 
 
 
 . 18 074 
 
 22 Gratiot 
 
 . 11 810 
 
 71 Ma^offin ... 
 
 . . 4'684 
 
 3''. Hardin 
 
 . 11,7(58 
 
 23. Hillsdale .... 
 
 . .31, (184 
 
 72. Marion ... 
 73 Marshall . . 
 
 . . 12,838 
 . . 9 455 
 
 33. Hawkins . . . . 
 
 . 15,837 
 . 25 094 
 
 24. Houghton . . . 
 25 Huron . . . . . 
 
 . 13,879 
 . 9 049 
 
 
 . . 18,126 
 
 35. Henderson . . . 
 
 . 14,217 
 
 26. Ingham .... 
 
 . 25,2(i8 
 
 75 McCracken . 
 
 . . 13 988 
 
 36 Henry . . . . . 
 
 . 20380 
 
 
 . 27 681 
 
 
 . . 7,614 
 
 
 . 9 856 
 
 28. losco ...... 
 
 . .3,163 
 
 77. Meade .... 
 
 . . 9,485 
 . . 1 986 
 
 38. Humphreys . . 
 
 . 9,326 
 . 12,583 
 
 29. Isabella . . . . 
 
 . 4,113 
 . 30 047 
 
 
 . . 13,144 
 
 40. Jefferson .... 
 
 . 19,476 
 
 
 . 32,054 
 
 80 Motcalfe . . . 
 
 . . 7,934 
 
 
 
 32. Kalkaska .... 
 
 424 
 
 
 . . 9 231 
 
 
 . 28,990 
 
 33 Kent 
 
 . 50 403 
 
 
 . . 7 557 
 
 43. Lake 
 
 . 2,428 
 
 34. Keweenaw . . . 
 
 . 4,205 
 
 83. Mor <r an . . . 
 
 . . 5,975 
 
 44. Lauderdale ... 
 
 . 10,838 
 
 
 548 
 
 84. Mumenburg . 
 
 . . 12,638 
 . . 14,804 
 
 45. Lawrence . . . 
 46. Lewis 
 
 . 7,601 
 1,986 
 
 36. Lapeer 
 37. Leelenau . . . . 
 
 . 21,345 
 . 4,576 
 
 86. Nicholas . . 
 87. Ohio . . . . 
 88 Old hum . . . 
 
 . . 9,129 
 . . 15,561 
 . . 9,027 
 
 47. Lincoln . . . . 
 48. McMinn . . . . 
 49. McNairy . . . . 
 
 . 28,050 
 . 13,969 
 . 12-726 
 
 .38. Lenawee . . . . 
 39. Livingston . . . 
 40. Mackinac . . . . 
 
 . 45,595 
 . 19,:$36 
 . 1,716 
 
 
 . . 14,30') 
 
 
 . 6,633 
 
 
 . 27,616 
 
 90. Owslcy . . . 
 
 . . 3,889 
 . . 14 030 
 
 51. Madison . . . . 
 
 . 23,480 
 6 841 
 
 42. Manitou . . . . 
 
 891 
 6 074 
 
 90 Perry . . , . 
 
 . . 4,'J74 
 
 53. Marshall . . . . 
 
 . 16,207 
 
 
 . 15 033 
 
 93 Pike 
 
 . . 9,562 
 
 54. Maury . . . . . 
 
 . 36,289 
 
 
 . 3,263 
 
 94 Powell . . . 
 
 . . 2,599 
 
 
 . 4 511 
 
 
 5 642 
 
 95. Pulaski . . . 
 96. Robertson . . 
 
 . . 17,670 
 . . 5,399 
 
 56. Monroe . . . . 
 57. Montgomery . . 
 
 . 12,589 
 . 24,747 
 
 47. Menomonee . . 
 48. Midland . . . . 
 
 . 1,791 
 . 3,285 
 
 97. Rock Castle . 
 
 . . 7,145 
 
 f;8. Morgan . . . . 
 59. Obion 
 
 . 2,969 
 . 15,584 
 
 49. Missaukee . . . 
 
 130 
 . 27,483 
 
 
 . . 5,809 
 
 
 . 11, 'W 
 
 
 . 13 629 
 
 100 Scott . . . . 
 
 . . 11 607 
 
 
 6 925 
 
 
 jk 
 
 101. Shelby . . . 
 102. Simpson . . 
 103. Spencer . . . 
 104. Taylor . . . 
 
 . . 15,733 
 . . 9,573 
 . . 5,95 ; i 
 
 . . 8,221) 
 
 62. Polk 
 63. Putnam . . . . 
 64. Rhca 
 
 . 7,369 
 . 8,098 
 . 5,538 
 . 15 022 
 
 53. Muskegon . . . 
 54. Newaygo . . . . 
 55. Oakland . . . . 
 
 . 14,894 
 . 7,294 
 . 40,807 
 . 7,222 
 
 105 Todd . . . . 
 
 . . 12,012 
 
 
 . 16 166 
 
 
 12 
 
 IOC. Trigg 
 107. Trimble . . . 
 
 . . 13,686 
 
 . . 5,5r? 
 
 67. Rutherford . . . 
 68 Scott 
 
 . 33,289 
 . 4 054 
 
 8. Ontonagon . . . 
 
 . 2,845 
 2 093 
 
 
 . . 13,640 
 
 
 . 2 3:{5 
 
 00 Oscoda 
 
 70 
 
 109. Warren . . . 
 
 . . 21,742 
 
 70 Serrier 
 
 11 028 
 
 
 * 
 
 110. Washington . 
 
 . . 12,464 
 
 71. Shelby 
 72 Smith . . 
 
 . 76,378 
 15 994 
 
 62. Ottawa 
 
 . 26,651 
 355 
 
 112. Webster . . . 
 113. Whitley . . . 
 
 . . 10,937 
 
 . . 8,278 
 
 73. Stewart . . . . 
 74. Sullivan . 
 
 . 12,029 
 . 13,136 
 
 64. Roscommou . . 
 
 ! 39,097 
 
 ' No population.
 
 750 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 
 V IV. 1 
 
 
 . 21,514 
 
 51. Johnson . . . 
 52. Knox 
 
 . 24,043 
 . lo,y;4 
 
 67. Sanilae 
 
 . 14,502 
 
 C8. Randolph . . . 
 69. llipley 
 70 Rush 
 
 . 22,802 
 . 20,977 
 . 17,020 
 . 25,322 
 . 7,873 
 . 21 892 
 
 68. Sclioolcraft . . . 
 69. Shiawassce . . . 
 70. St. Josephs . . . 
 
 ! 20,858 
 . 26,275 
 . 13.714 
 
 54. Lafayette . . . 
 55. Lawrence . . . 
 50. Lewis 
 
 . 9,380 
 . 22,023 
 . 13,007 
 . 15,114 
 
 . If) ')00 
 
 71. St. Joseph . . . 
 72. Scott 
 73 Shelby 
 
 72. Van Burcn . . . 
 73. Waahtenaw . . 
 74. Wayne ..... 
 
 . 28,829 
 . 41,4:14 
 . 119,038 
 050 
 
 
 . 17,998 
 
 58 Linn 
 
 . 15 <KX) 
 
 75. Stark 
 76. Steuben .... 
 77 Sullivan .... 
 
 . 3,888 
 . 12,854 
 . 18 453 
 
 59. Livingston . . 
 60. McDonald . . . 
 01. Macon 
 
 . 10,730 
 . 5,220 
 . 23,230 
 
 
 1,184,059 
 11 38 
 
 78. Switzerland . . 
 
 . 12,1:54 
 . 33,515 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 63 Maries .... 
 
 . 5 916 
 
 80. Tipton 
 
 . 11,953 
 
 04. Marion .... 
 
 . 23,780 
 . 11 557 
 
 82. Vanderburg . . 
 83. Vermilion . . . 
 84. Vigo 
 
 . 33,145 
 . 10,840 
 . 33,549 
 . 21,305 
 
 00. Miller 
 
 
 2 Allen ..... 
 
 . 43,494 
 
 07. Mississippi . . 
 68. Moniteau . . . 
 
 . 4,982 
 . 11,375 
 . 17,149 
 
 3. Bartholomew . 
 
 . 21,133 
 5 615 
 
 5. Blackford . . . 
 
 . 6,272 
 22 593 
 
 86. Warren .... 
 
 . 10,204 
 . 17,053 
 
 70. Montgomery . 
 71. Morgan .... 
 72. New Madrid . 
 73. Newton .... 
 
 . 10,405 
 . 8,434 
 . 6,357 
 . 12,821 
 
 
 . 8,681 
 
 88. Washington . . 
 89. Wayne 
 90. Wells 
 
 . 18,495 
 . 34,048 
 . 13,585 
 
 8. Carroll 
 9 Cass ..... 
 
 . 16,152 
 . 24 193 
 
 74. Noddaway . . 
 
 . 14,751 
 
 . 3,287 
 
 10 Clark . 
 
 . 24 7/0 
 
 91 White 
 
 . 10 554 
 
 11 Clay 
 
 . 19084 
 
 92 Whitby .... 
 
 . 14 399 
 
 76. Osage 
 77 Ozark ..... 
 
 . 10,793 
 . 3,363 
 
 
 . 17 330 
 
 Total. . . . 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 
 
 . 9,851 
 
 1,680,637 
 . 11,448 
 
 78. Pemiscot . . . 
 79 Perry ..... 
 
 . 2,059 
 
 . 9,877 
 
 
 . 16,747 
 
 
 . 24 116 
 
 80 Pettis 
 
 . 18 706 
 
 
 . 19,053 
 
 81 Phelps . . . . 
 
 . 10,506 
 
 17 De KaH) .... 
 
 . 17,107 
 
 
 
 
 . 19,030 
 
 2. Andrew . . . . 
 
 . 15,137 
 8 440 
 
 83 Platte . . . . 
 
 . 17 352 
 
 19 Dubois 
 
 . 12,597 
 
 S4 Polk 
 
 . 12,445 
 
 20 Elkhart . . . . 
 
 . 26 06 
 
 
 1 307 
 
 85 Pulaski . . . . 
 
 . 4,714 
 
 21. Fayette 
 22. Floyd 
 23. Fountain . . . . 
 24 Franklin . . . . 
 
 . 10,476 
 . 23,300 
 . 16,3S9 
 
 5. Barry 
 6. Barton 
 7. Bates 
 
 . 10,373 
 . 5,087 
 . 15,960 
 . 11 3'''> 
 
 86. Putnam . . . 
 87. Rails 
 88. Randolph . . 
 89 Ray 
 
 . 11,217 
 . 10,510 
 . 15,908 
 . 18,700 
 
 25. Fulton 
 26. Gibson 
 
 . 12,726 
 . 17,371 
 . 18 487 
 
 9. Bellinger ... 
 10. Boone 
 11. Buchanan . . . 
 1 Butler 
 
 . 8,102 
 . 20,705 
 . 35,109 
 4,'*98 
 
 90. Reynolds . . . 
 91. Ripley . . . . 
 92. St. Charles . . 
 93. St. Clair . . . 
 94. St. Francois . 
 95. St. Genevieve 
 96. St. Louis . . . 
 97 Saline . . . . 
 
 . 3,756 
 . 3,175 
 . 21,304 
 . 6,742 
 . 9,741 
 . 8,384 
 .351,189 
 . 21 672 
 
 
 . 19,514 
 
 29. Hamilton . . . 
 
 . 20,882 
 
 10 Caldwell . . . . 
 
 . 11 390 
 
 
 . 19 ''02 
 
 31. Harrison .... 
 32. Hendricks . . . 
 33. Henry 
 
 . 19,913 
 . 20,277 
 . >> 986 
 
 15. Camden . . . . 
 16. Cape Girardeau . 
 17. Carroll 
 18. Carter 
 19. Cass 
 20 Cedar . . . . . 
 
 . 6,108 
 . 17,558 
 . 17,440 
 . 1,455 
 . 19,296 
 <> 474 
 
 98. Schuylcr . . . 
 99. Scotland . . . 
 100 Scott 
 
 . 8,820 
 . 10,670 
 . 7,317 
 
 34 Howard .... 
 
 . 15 847 
 
 35. Huntington . . 
 
 . 19,036 
 . 18,974 
 
 101. Shannon . . . 
 102. Shelby . . . . 
 103. Stoddard . . . 
 
 . 2,339 
 
 . 10,119 
 . 8,535 
 . 3,253 
 
 37. Jasper 
 38 Jay 
 
 . 6,354 
 
 . 15,000 
 
 21. Chariton . . . . 
 22. Christian . . . . 
 23 Clark 
 
 . 19,136 
 
 . 6,707 
 . 13 007 
 
 39. Jefferson .... 
 
 . 29,741 
 
 40. Jennings .... 
 
 . 16 218 
 
 24. Clay 
 25. Clinton 
 26 Cole 
 
 . 15 : 564 
 . 14,f,<53 
 . 10 92 
 
 105. Sullivan .... 
 106. Taney 
 107 Texas 
 
 . 11,907 
 . 4,407 
 . 9,618 
 
 
 . 18366 
 
 42. Knox 
 
 . 21,562 
 
 43. Kosciusko . . . 
 44. La Grange . . . 
 45. Lake 
 
 . 23,531 
 . 14,148 
 
 27. Cooper 
 
 . f)9^ 
 
 
 . 11,247 
 
 28. Crawford . . . . 
 29. Dade 
 30. Dallas 
 
 . 7,982 
 . 8,083 
 8 383 
 
 109 Warren . . . . 
 
 9,673 
 
 110. Washington . . 
 
 . 11,719 
 . 6,068 
 
 46. Laporte . . . . 
 47. Lawrence . . . 
 48. Madison . . . . 
 49. Marion 
 50. Marshall . . . . 
 
 . 27,062 
 . 14,628 
 . 22,770 
 . 71,939 
 
 31. Davicss . . . . 
 32. De Kalb . . . . 
 33. Dent 
 34 Douglas 
 
 . 14,410 
 . 9,858 
 . 6,357 
 3 915 
 
 112 Webster . . . . 
 
 . 10,434 
 
 113. Worth . . . . 
 114 Wright . . . . 
 
 . 5,004 
 . 5,684 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 1. Arkansas . . . . 
 
 
 
 . 11,103 
 
 
 
 1,721,295 
 
 . 8,208 
 . 8,042 
 
 52. Miami 
 53. Monroe . . . . 
 54. Montgomery . . 
 65. Morgan . . . . 
 
 . 21,052 
 . 14,168 
 . 23,765 
 . 17,528 
 . 5,829 
 
 30. Franklin . . . . 
 37. Gasconade . . . 
 38. Gentry . . . . . 
 
 . 30,098 
 . 10,093 
 . 11 607 
 
 39. Green 
 
 . 21,519 
 . 10,567 
 
 57. Noble .... 
 68. Ohio 
 
 . 20,389 
 
 41. Harrison .... 
 
 . 14,035 
 . 17,401 
 
 3. Benton 
 
 . 13,831 
 . 7,032 
 
 6l! Parke .' .' .' 
 
 . 13,497 
 . 16,137 
 
 43. Hickory . . . . 
 44. Holt 
 45. Howard . . . . 
 40. Howcll 
 47. Iron 
 48. Jackson . . . . 
 49. Jasper 
 59. Jefferson . 
 
 . 6,452 
 . 11,052 
 . 17,233 
 . 4,218 
 . 6,278 
 . 55,041 
 . 14,928 
 . IS :!,<-n 
 
 5. Bradley . . . . 
 6. Calhoun . . . . 
 7. Carroll 
 8. Chicot 
 9. Clark 
 10. Columbia . . . . 
 11. Conway . . . . 
 
 . S,C46 
 . 3,853 
 . 5,780 
 . 7,214 
 . 11,953 
 . 11.397 
 . 8,112 
 4.A77 
 
 62. Perry . 
 
 
 63. Pike^. . . 
 64. Porter 
 65. Posey . . 
 
 . 13.779 
 . 13,942 
 
 66. Pulaskl . . 
 
 7.801 
 
 * No population.
 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 751 
 
 14. Crittenden .... 
 15. Cross 
 10. Dallas 
 17 Desha 
 
 3,831 
 3,915 
 5,707 
 0,125 
 9 900 
 9,027 
 4,*4:5 
 3 l >43 
 
 29. La Crosse . . 
 30 La Fayette . . 
 
 . . 20,297 
 . . 22,i>59 
 
 47. Ida 
 
 226 
 16,644 
 22.019 
 22,110 
 17,839 
 24,898 
 19,731 
 19,434 
 3,351 
 37,210 
 28,852 
 12,877 
 10,388 
 221 
 13,884 
 22,508 
 24,436 
 17,576 
 8,718 
 9,582 
 3,654 
 12,724 
 5,934 
 21,688 
 715 
 * 
 
 9,975 
 1-336 
 2,190 
 1,446 
 27,857 
 16,893 
 15,581 
 5,091 
 1,411 
 38,599 
 2,540 
 576 
 11,651 
 16,131 
 6,989 
 5,986 
 17,672 
 22,346 
 17,980 
 18,952 
 11,287 
 10,484 
 1,562 
 23,570 
 6,172 
 2,892 
 2,392 
 
 31. M an i to woe. . 
 32. Marathon . . 
 3.'!. Marquette . . 
 34. Milwaukee . . 
 
 . . :!3,:!04 
 . . 5,885 
 . . 8,050 
 . . 89,930 
 . . 10,550 
 
 49. Jackson 
 
 18. Drew 
 19. Franklin 
 20. Fulton 
 <jl Grant 
 
 51. Jefferson 
 52. Johnson 
 
 3ii. Oconto .... 
 37. Outagamie . . 
 
 . . 8,321 
 . . 18,430 
 . . 15,564 
 
 54. Keokuk 
 55. Kossuth 
 56. Lee 
 
 22. Greene 
 23. Hcmpstead .... 
 24. Hot Springs . . . 
 25. Independence . . 
 20. Izard 
 27. Jackson 
 
 7.5;3 
 13,:8 
 
 5.S77 
 14,500 
 0,800 
 7,2(58 
 15 733 
 
 39. Pepiu .... 
 40. Piorcc .... 
 41. Polk 
 42. Portage . . . 
 43 Racine .... 
 
 . . 4,<>59 
 . . 9,958 
 . . 3,422 
 . . 10,0:54 
 . . 26,740 
 
 57. Linn 
 
 * 58. Louisa 
 
 59. Lucas ...... 
 
 60. Lyon 
 
 29. Johnson ..... 
 30. Lafayette 
 
 9,132 
 ,139 
 5,981 
 3,230 
 8,231 
 3,979 
 3,033 
 8,330 
 2,9S4 
 4,374 
 12,975 
 2,685 
 15,372 
 3,788 
 1,720 
 3,376 
 8,380 
 5,004 
 32,000 
 7,400 
 6,714 
 3,911 
 7,483 
 5,014 
 12,'.HW 
 4,49> 
 5,400 
 10.571 
 5,107 
 17,200 
 10,347 
 6,891 
 8,048 
 
 14. Kiohluud . . . 
 45. Rock 
 40. St. Croix . . . 
 47. Sauk 
 48. Shawanoo . . 
 49. Sheboygan . . 
 50. Trempeleau . 
 
 . . 15,731 
 . . 39,030 
 . . 11,035 
 . . 23,860 
 . . 2,106 
 . . 31,749 
 . . 10,732 
 . . 18,645 
 
 62. Mahaska 
 
 63. Marion 
 64. Marshall 
 65. Mills 
 
 31. Lawrence .... 
 32. Little River . . . 
 33. Madison 
 34. Marion 
 35. Mississippi .... 
 
 66. Mitchell 
 
 67. Monoua 
 68. Monroe 
 69. Montgomery . . . 
 70. Muscatine .... 
 71. O'Brien 
 
 37. Montgomery . . . 
 38. Newton 
 .39. Ouachita 
 
 52. Walworth . . 
 53. Washington . 
 54. Waukesna . . 
 55. Waupaeca . . 
 50. Waushara . . 
 57. Winncbago . 
 58. Wood .... 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 IOWA. 
 1. Adair .... 
 
 . . 25,972 
 . . 23,919 
 . . 28,274 
 . . 15,539 
 . . 11,279 
 . . 37,279 
 . . 3,912 
 
 . 1,054,070 
 
 . . 3,982 
 4 014 
 
 73. Page 
 74. Palo Alto .... 
 75. Plymouth. .... 
 76. Poeahontas ... 
 77 Polk 
 
 41 Phillips 
 
 42. Pike 
 43 Poinsett 
 
 44 Polk 
 
 
 78. Pottawatomie . . 
 79. Powesliick .... 
 
 
 47. Pulaski 
 
 48. Randolph .... 
 49. St. Francis .... 
 
 81. Sac 
 
 82. Scott 
 83 Shelby 
 
 51. Scott 
 
 3. Allamnkee * * 
 4. Appauoose . . 
 
 . . 17,868 
 . . 16,456 
 . . 1 21'' 
 
 84 Sioux ...... 
 
 85 Story 
 
 
 86. Tama 
 87 Taylor 
 
 
 
 . . 22 454 
 
 
 7. Black Hawk . 
 8. Boone .... 
 9. Bronier . . . 
 10. Buchanan . . 
 11. Biiena, Vista . 
 12. Butler . . . . 
 
 . . 21,700 
 . . 14,584 
 . . 12,5 .'8 
 . . 17,034 
 . . 1,5^5 
 . . 9,951 
 . 1 W 
 
 88. Union . .... 
 89. Van Buren .... 
 90. Wapello 
 91. Warren 
 
 50. Union 
 57. Van Buren .... 
 58. Washington . . . 
 59 White 
 
 92. Washington . . . 
 93. Wayne 
 94 Ulster ...... 
 
 60. Woodruff . . . . 
 61 Yell 
 
 
 14. Carroll .... 
 15. Cam 
 16. Cedar .... 
 
 . . 2,151 
 . . 5,464 
 . . 19,731 
 
 95. Winnebago .... 
 90. Wiunosluck . . . 
 97. Woodbury .... 
 98. Worth 
 99. Wright 
 
 Total 
 
 484,471 
 
 6,601 
 221 
 538 
 344 
 25,106 
 11,123 
 706 
 12,335 
 8,311 
 3,450 
 28,802 
 13,075 
 53,090 
 47,0135 
 4,919 
 1,122 
 0,488 
 10,709 
 46,273 
 37,979 
 23,611 
 13,195 
 24,544 
 7,087 
 34,040 
 12,372 
 13.147 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 17. Cerro Gordo . 
 18. Cherokee . . . 
 19. Chickasaw . . 
 20 Clarke . . . 
 
 . . 4,722 
 . . 1,907 
 . . 10,180 
 . . 8 735 
 
 2. Ashland . . . . . 
 
 Total 1, 
 
 191,792 
 
 24,237 
 685 
 9,582 
 11,403 
 8,895 
 6,105 
 8,461 
 2,022 
 10,309 
 6,336 
 6,140 
 1,956 
 2,925 
 1,686 
 2,969 
 1,327 
 15,309 
 6,903 
 4,572 
 7,545 
 2.S07 
 430 
 
 
 21. Clay 
 
 . . 1 523 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 4. Bayficld 
 
 
 . . 27,771 
 
 
 23. Clinton . . . . 
 24. Crawford . . 
 25. Dallas . . . . 
 26. Davis . . . . 
 
 . . 35,357 
 . . 2,530 
 . . 12,019 
 . . 15,505 
 . 12 018 
 
 6. Buffalo 
 7. Burnett 
 8. Calumet 
 9. Chippewa . . . . 
 10. Clark 
 
 
 
 4 Beetle 
 
 28. Delaware . . . 
 29. DCS Moines . 
 30. Dickinson . . 
 31. Dubuque . . . 
 
 . . 17,432 
 . . 27,25rt 
 . . 1,389 
 . . 38,96J 
 1 392 
 
 5. Caluveras .... 
 
 11 Columbia 
 
 12. Crawford 
 
 7. Contra Costa . . . 
 8. Del Monte .... 
 9. El Dorado .... 
 10. Fresno 
 11. Humboldt . . . . 
 12. lugo 
 13. Kern 
 
 14. Dod^e 
 
 15 Door 
 
 33. Fayette . . . 
 34 Floyd . . . . 
 
 . . 10,973 
 . . 10 768 
 
 
 17. Dunn 
 18. Eau Claire . . . . 
 19. Foud du Lac . . . 
 20. Grant 
 21. Green 
 22. Green Lake . . . 
 
 35. Franklin . . . 
 30. Fremont . . . 
 37. Greene . . . . 
 38. Grundy . . . 
 39. Guthrie . . . 
 40. Hamilton . . 
 41. Hancock . . . 
 42. Hardin .... 
 43. Harrison . . . 
 44. Henry . . . . 
 45. Howard . 
 
 . . 4,738 
 . . 11,174 
 . . 4,627 
 . . 6,399 
 . . 7,001 
 . . 6,055 
 . . 999 
 . . 13,C>84 
 . . 8,931 
 . . 21,465 
 . 6,282 
 
 15. Lake 
 10. Lassen 
 17. Los Angelos . . . 
 18. Marain ...... 
 19. Mariposa 
 20. Mendocino .... 
 21. Merced ..'.... 
 
 
 25. Jefferson 
 26. Juneau 
 
 * Xo population.
 
 752 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 23. Monterey . . . 
 24. Nap* 
 25. Nevada 
 
 . 9,876 
 
 . 7. !<>:; 
 . 10,1 :!4 
 , 11,:!67 
 
 4 !>'. 
 
 48. Pino 
 49. Polk 
 50. Pope 
 51. Ramsey .... 
 >>. Redwvod .... 
 53. Kenville .... 
 54. Kice 
 55. Kock 
 50. Saint Louis . . . 
 57. Scott 
 58. Slierburnc . . . 
 59. Sibley 
 60. Stearns 
 61. Steele 
 62. Stevens .... 
 63. Todd 
 04. Traverse .... 
 05. Wabashaw . . . 
 
 648 
 
 
 '. 2.IV.H 
 . 23,085 
 . 1,829 
 . 3,219 
 . 16,083 
 138 
 . 4,501 
 . 11,042 
 . 2,050 
 . 0,7~'5 
 . 14,206 
 . 8,271 
 174 
 . 2,030 
 13 
 . 15,859 
 
 
 24. "Ho ward .... 
 25. Jackson .... 
 2.6. Jefferson .... 
 27. Jewell 
 28. Johnson .... 
 
 . 2,794 
 . 0,05:5 
 . 12,0-^6 
 207 
 . 13.0,^4 
 
 28. Sacramento . 
 L".i. S:m l5<-rnurdino 
 30. San Diego . . . 
 31. San Francisco . 
 :!_. San Jonquin . . 
 33. San Luis Obispo 
 34. San Mateo . . . 
 36. Santa Barbara . 
 36. Santa Clara . . 
 37. Santa Cruz . . . 
 
 . 2<i,.s30 
 . 3,988 
 . 4 ,'.';"> 1 
 . 149,473 
 . 21,1160 
 . 4,772 
 . 6,635 
 . 7,7f*4 
 . 26,246 
 . 8,743 
 . 4,173 
 
 2<J. J.abeth 
 30. Leavemvorth . . 
 :;l. Lincoln .... 
 
 . 9,973 
 . 32,444 
 510 
 . 12,174 
 . 8,014 
 738 
 7(58 
 
 33. Lyon 
 34. McPherson . . . 
 35. Marion ..... 
 
 36. Marshall .... 
 37. Miami 
 38. Mitchell .... 
 39. Montgomery . . 
 40. Morris 
 
 . 6,901 
 . 11,725 
 
 1K5 
 . 7,5<>4 
 . 2,225 
 . 7,339 
 
 39. Sierra 
 
 . 5,019 
 
 6,848 
 
 
 16 871 
 
 
 . 10,206 
 
 *' * 
 
 19 819 
 
 
 . 7,854 
 
 
 
 43. Stanislaus . . . 
 
 . 6,499 
 . 5 030 
 
 68. Washington . . 
 69. Watonwau . . . 
 70 Wilkin 
 
 . 11,, sl 
 . 2,426 
 295 
 
 44 Opa^e 
 
 7 048 
 
 
 :53 
 
 
 3587 
 
 
 . 2,1','7 
 
 40. Trinity 
 
 . 3,213 
 4 533 
 
 71. Wiuona .... 
 
 . 22,319 
 . 9,457 
 
 
 179 
 
 48. Pottawatomie . 
 
 . 7,848 
 1 ''SI 
 
 48. Tuolumne - . . . 
 
 . 8,150 
 . 9,899 
 
 Total. . . . 
 
 OREGON. 
 1 Baker ..... 
 
 
 . 439,700 
 . 2,804 
 
 50. Rice 
 61. Riley 
 
 5 
 
 . 5,105 
 
 60 Yuba 
 
 . 10,851 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 1 Aitkon .... 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 .560,247 
 . 178 
 
 53 Saline 
 
 . 4,246 
 
 
 1 0<J5 
 
 
 . 4,584 
 
 
 . 13,121 
 
 3. Clackamas . . . 
 
 . 5,993 
 . 1,255 
 
 56 Smith 
 
 <>6 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 . 3 1 )40 
 
 
 
 58 Treo-o 
 
 106 
 
 
 . SOS 
 
 
 . 1,044 
 
 59. Wabaunsee . . . 
 60 Wallace .... 
 
 . 3,362 
 . 538 
 
 4 Boltrami .... 
 
 . 80 
 
 
 509 
 
 
 . 1,558 
 
 
 
 61. Washington . . 
 62 Wilson ... 
 
 . 4,081 
 
 . 6 i 1 ' 1 . 4 
 
 6. Big Stone . . . 
 7. Blue Earth . . . 
 
 24 
 . 17,302 
 
 9 Grant ..... 
 
 . 2,231 
 
 
 . 4,778 
 
 
 . 3 827 
 
 11. Josephine . . . 
 
 . 1,204 
 . 6426 
 
 64. Wyandotte . . . 
 Total. . . . 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 . 10,015 
 
 
 286 
 
 10. Carver 
 11 Cass ...... 
 
 . 11,586 
 . 380 
 
 13. Linn 
 
 . 8,717 
 9,905 
 
 364,399 
 . 19 
 
 12. Clrippewa . . . 
 
 . 1,467 
 . 4 358 
 
 15. Multonomah . . 
 16 Polk 
 
 . 11,510 
 . 4,701 
 
 14 Clay 
 
 92 
 
 17. Tillamook . . . 
 18 Umatilla . . . . 
 
 408 
 . 2 916 
 
 15. Cottonwood . . 
 10. Crow Wing . . 
 17. Dakota 
 18. Dod^e ..... 
 
 534 
 200 
 . 16,312 
 
 . 8,598 
 
 2. Black Bird . . . 
 3 Buffalo .... 
 
 31 
 193 
 
 19 Union 
 
 . 2,552 
 
 20. Wasco 
 
 2,509 
 
 4 Burt ...... 
 
 . 2 847 
 
 21. Washington . . 
 22. Yam Hifl . . . . 
 
 . 4,261 
 . 5,012 
 
 5 Butler 
 
 1,290 
 
 
 
 
 . 8,151 
 
 20 Faribault 
 
 9 :' H > 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 KANSAS. 
 1 Allen 
 
 
 
 1 032 
 
 21. Fillmore .... 
 
 . 24 887 
 
 . 90,923 
 . 7022 
 
 8. Cheyenne . . . 
 9 Clay 
 
 190 
 . 54 
 
 
 
 23. Goodhue .... 
 
 
 10 Colfnx 
 
 . 1,424 
 
 
 
 
 . 2 %4 
 
 25. Henuepin . . . 
 
 . 31,566 
 
 12 Dakota 
 
 2,040 
 
 2. Anderson . . . 
 3. Atchison . . . . 
 
 . 5,220 
 . 15,507 
 . 2 
 
 
 103 
 
 27. Isanti 
 
 . 2 035 
 
 14. Dixon 
 15 Dod^e 
 
 . 1,345 
 . 4,212 
 
 28. Itaska 
 
 
 29. Jackson . . . . 
 30. Kandiyohi . . . 
 31. Kanabec . . . . 
 32. Lake 
 
 . 1,825 
 . 1,760 
 93 
 
 5. Bourbon . . . . 
 6. Brown 
 7. Butler 
 8. Chase 
 
 . 15,076 
 . 6,823 
 . 3,035 
 . 1,975 
 . 11 038 
 
 16. Douglas . . . . 
 17. Fillmore . . . . 
 18 Franklin . . . . 
 
 . 19,982 
 298 
 26 
 
 19. Gage 
 20 Grant . . . . . 
 
 . 3,359 
 
 . 484 
 
 33. Lac qui Parle . 
 34. Lc Sueur . . . 
 
 145 
 . 11,607 
 
 10. Clay 
 11 Cloud 
 
 . 2,942 
 . 2 323 
 
 21. Hall 
 22. Hamilton . . . 
 23. Harrison . . . . 
 
 . 1,057 
 130 
 631 
 . 9 
 
 36. Martin 
 37. Meeker 
 38. MilleLac. . . . 
 
 . 3,867 
 . 6,090 
 . 1,109 
 
 12. Coffey 
 13. Cowley . . . . . 
 
 . 6,201 
 . 1 175 
 
 
 . 8 160 
 
 
 . 2440 
 
 39. Monongalia . . 
 
 . 3,161 
 
 15. Davis 
 
 6 5^6 
 
 
 . 3 429 
 
 16. Dickinson . . . 
 17. Doniphan . . . 
 18 Douglas . 
 
 . 3,043 
 . 13,909 
 
 27. Kearney . . . . 
 28. Lancaster . . . 
 29. L'Eau qui Court 
 
 58 
 . 7,074 
 261 
 17 
 
 
 
 42. Murray 
 
 
 43. Nicollet . . . . 
 
 . 8,362 
 
 19. Ellis' 
 20. Ellsworth . . . 
 21. Ford 
 22. Frnnklin . . . . 
 23. Greenwood . . 
 
 . 1,336 
 . 1,185 
 427 
 
 . 10,385 
 
 a i ^ i 
 
 
 
 31. Lyon 
 
 78 
 1 133 
 
 46. Otter Tail . . . 
 
 . 1,968 
 64 
 
 33. Mcrrick . . . . 
 
 557 
 235 
 
 ' No population.
 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 753 
 
 35. Nemahc 7 593 
 
 Territory unorgan- 
 ized lying west of 
 Madisou County . 
 
 Total 
 
 183 
 
 COLORADO. 
 1. Arapahoe 
 2. Bent 
 
 6,829 
 592 
 1,939 
 1,596 
 
 1.'779 
 1,S8S 
 987 
 1,061 
 5,490 
 510 
 2,250 
 
 '522 
 838 
 4,27(3 
 447 
 2,205 
 - 304 
 258 
 
 36. Nucholls 8 
 
 37. Otoe 12,345 
 
 38. Pawnee 4,171 
 39. Pierce 152 
 
 122,9'J3 
 
 196 
 1,215 
 3,447 
 1.553 
 1,916 
 2,815 
 2,1)85 
 1,837 
 1,087 
 3,6(58 
 133 
 11,359 
 3,091 
 7,189 
 
 3. Boulder 
 4. Clear Creek . . . 
 
 40. Pliitte 1,899 
 
 NKVADA. 
 1. Churchill 
 
 41. Polk 1315 
 
 
 42. Richardson .... 9,780 
 43. Saline 3,100 
 
 
 
 44. Sarpy 2,913 
 45. Saunders 4,547 
 46. Seward 2,953 
 
 2. Douglas 
 3. Elko 
 4. Esmeralda .... 
 5. Humboldt .... 
 
 
 10. Gilpin 
 
 11. Greenwood . . . . 
 12. Huerfano 
 
 47. Stanton 036 
 48. Taylor 97 
 
 
 49. Washington . . . 4,452 
 50. Wayne 182 
 51. Webster 16 
 
 
 14 Lake 
 
 8. Lyon 
 9 Nye ... 
 
 
 10. Las Animas . . . 
 
 52. York 604 
 
 
 53. Pawnee Indian R. 44 
 54. Winnebago .... 31 
 Territory not or- 
 ganized into coun- 
 ties in northwest 
 of the State ... 52 
 
 t 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 1. Georgetown .... 11,384 
 2. Washington .... 109,199 
 Remainder of Dist. 11,117 
 
 11. Roop 
 
 
 12. Storey 
 13. Washoe 
 
 19. Saguache 
 
 14. White Pine .... 
 
 21. Weld 
 
 Total 
 
 42,491 
 
 IES 
 
 722 
 
 39,804 
 
 150 
 18,337 
 0,786 
 19 
 2,512 
 2,177 
 12,203 
 1.244 
 3,004 
 7,858 
 
 ~ri "TT 1 ~o ~o T nn r~\ ~r? 
 -L L< JrC JrC J. JL Vj JrC 
 
 9. Shoshone 
 
 12. Rio Virgin . . . . 
 13. Salt Lake . . . . 
 14. San Pete 
 
 Total 
 
 14,999 
 
 722 
 38 
 517 
 177 
 4,367 
 1,578 
 1,531 
 5,040 
 2,684 
 1,387 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 1. Beaver Head . . . 
 2. Big Horn .... 
 
 15. Sevier 
 
 
 17 Toocle 
 
 
 18. Utah 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 1. Mohave 179 
 
 19. Wasatch 
 
 4. Dawson 
 
 20. Washington . . . 
 
 5. Deer Lodge . . . 
 6. Gallatin 
 
 Total 
 
 86,786 
 
 401 
 
 408 
 3,081 
 730 
 620 
 1.208 
 2,120 
 8(50 
 32!) 
 888 
 289 
 
 1,40!) 
 133 
 599 
 734 
 2,240 
 270 
 5,300 
 534 
 432 
 554 
 
 2. Pima 5,716 
 3 Tavapai 2,142 
 
 7. Jefferson 
 8. Lewis and Clarke . 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 1. Chehalis 
 
 4. Yuma 1,021 
 
 
 10. Meagher 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 1. Bon nomme . . . 608 
 2. Broo kings .... 103 
 3 Buffalo 246 
 
 Total 
 
 20,595 
 
 7,591 
 1,992 
 5,804 
 1,143 
 1,803 
 8,056 
 9,294 
 16,058 
 2,599 
 9,099 
 0,003 
 12,079 
 9,093 
 
 2. Clallam 
 3. Clarke 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 1. Bernalillo .... 
 2 Colfax 
 
 4. Cowlitz 
 
 
 7. King 
 
 4. Charles Mix . . . 152 
 5 Clay 2,021 
 
 3. Donna Anna ... 
 4 Grant ... . 
 
 9 Klikitat 
 
 
 Duel 37 
 
 
 
 7. Hutchiuson ... 37 
 
 6. Mora 
 
 12 Pacific 
 
 13. Pierce 
 
 9 Lincoln 712 
 
 8. San Miguel .... 
 9. Santa Anna . . . 
 10 Santa 6 
 
 14. Skamania . . . . 
 15. Suohomish . . . . 
 
 10. Minnehaha .... 355 
 11 Pembina 1,213 
 
 12. Todd 337 
 
 
 
 13. Union 3,507 
 14. Yankton 2,0i)7 
 
 12. Taos 
 
 18. Wahkiakam . . . 
 19. Walla Walla . . . 
 20. Whatcom . . . . 
 
 Unorganized por- 
 tion 2.001 
 
 Total 
 
 91,874 
 
 2,007 
 4,855 
 8,229 
 4,459 
 2,277 
 2,034 
 1,513 
 2,753 
 1,972 
 82 
 1,955 
 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 22. The Dis. Islands . 
 Total 
 
 Total 14 181 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 1. Ada 2 675 
 2. Altinas 68i) 
 3. Boisee 3 834 
 
 23,955 
 
 2021 
 
 1,308 
 2,957 
 1,910 
 856 
 
 9,118 
 
 2. Box Elder .... 
 3 Cache ...... 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 1. Albany ...... 
 2. Carbon 
 3. Laramie 
 4. Sweet water . . . . 
 
 4. Davis 
 5. Iron 
 6. Juab 
 7. Kane 
 8. Millard 
 
 
 5. Lemhi 988 
 
 6. Nez Perces .... 1,607 
 
 10 Piute . 
 
 Total 
 
 8. Onyhee . . 1,713 
 
 11. Rich . 
 
 48
 
 754 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 COLONIAL, STATE, AND TERRITORIAL 
 GOVERNORS, 
 
 FBOM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENT OF THE NOW UNITED STATES 
 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 1867, Henry H. Haight. 
 
 1871, Marshall Jewell. 
 
 1817, William W. Bibb, (ap- 
 iw>inted.) 
 
 1871, Newton Booth. 
 1875, William Irwin. 
 
 1873, Charles R. Ingersoll. 
 187(5, Richard D. Hubbard. 
 
 1819, Wm.W. Bibb, (elected.) 
 
 
 
 Isai, Israel Pickens. 
 
 
 
 1S25, John Murphy. 
 
 
 
 18W, Gabriel Moore. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 
 
 1831, John Gayle. 
 l-:fi, Clement C. Clav. 
 1837, Arthur P. Bagly. 
 1*41, Benjiimiu Fitzpatrick. 
 >!.i, .Joshua L. Martin. 
 1^47, Keuben Chapman. 
 1M'.', Henrv \V . Collier. 
 
 1861, William Gilpin. 
 1862, John Evans. 
 1H55, William Gilpin. 
 1806, Alexander Cumming. 
 18C7. A. Cameron Hunt. 
 1871, Edward M. McCook. 
 1873, Samuel H. Elbert. 
 
 ( Presidents of.) 
 
 1774, Peyton Randolph. 
 1775, John Hancock. 
 1777, Henry Laurens 
 1778, John Jay. 
 1779, Samuel Huutington. 
 1781, Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 1853, John A. Winston. 
 
 1874, Edward M. McCook. 
 
 1781, John Hanson. 
 
 1857, Andrew B. Moore. 
 
 1876, John L. Routt. 
 
 1782, Elias Bowditch. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 
 
 1783, Tliomas Mifflin. 
 
 1805, R. M.Patton. 
 
 
 1784 R. H. Lee. 
 
 1808, William H. Smith. 
 1870, Robert B. Lindsay. 
 l-*72, David P. Lewis. 
 1S74, George S. Houston. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 1655, Thomas Wells. 
 
 1780, Nathaniel Gorhatn. 
 1787, Arthur St. Clair. 
 1788, Cyrus Griffin. 
 
 
 1050, John Webster. 
 
 
 
 1057, John Winthrop. 
 
 
 
 1658, Thomas Wells. 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 1819, Jnmes Miller. 
 1825, George Izard. 
 1829. John Pope. 
 1835, William S. Fulton. 
 1836, James S. Conway. 
 1840, Archibald Yell. 
 1*43, Sam'l Adams, (acting.) 
 1845, Thomas S. Drew. 
 1K4'J, John S. Roane. 
 1852, Elias N. Conway. 
 i860, Henry M. Rector. 
 (Confederate.) 
 1805, Isaac Murphy. 
 168, Powell Clayton. 
 1871, O. A. Hadley, (acting.) 
 1872, Elisha Baxter. 
 1874, Augustus H. Garland. 
 1870, William R. Miller. 
 
 165'J, John Winthrop. 
 1676, William Leek. 
 1680, Robert Treat. 
 1687, Sir Edmund Andros. 
 1689, Robert Treat. 
 101X5, Fitz-John Winthrop. 
 1707, Gordon Saltonstall. 
 1724, Joseph Talcot. 
 1741, Jonathan Law. 
 1751, Roger Wolcott. 
 1754, Thomas Fitch. 
 1700, William Pitkin. 
 1769, Jonathan Trumbull. 
 17*4, Matthew Griswold. 
 17*5, Samuel Huntington. 
 1796, Oliver Wolcott, Sen. 
 1798, Jonathan Trumbull. 
 1809, John Trcadwell. 
 1811, Roijcr Griswold. 
 1813, John Cotton Smith. 
 
 1801, William Jayne. 
 18ft), Newton Edwards. 
 1866, A. J. Faulk. 
 1871, J. A. Burbank. 
 1873, John L. Pcanington. 
 
 DELAWARE 
 (provincial some as those of 
 Pennsylvanin); Presidents. 
 
 1777, John McKinley. 
 1777, George Read. 
 1778, Caesar Hodney. 
 1781, John Dickinson. 
 1783, John Cook, (acting.) 
 1783, Nicholas Van Dyke. 
 1786, Thomas Collins. 
 1787, John Davis, (acting.) 
 
 
 1817, Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 1789, Joshua Clayton. 
 
 
 1827, Gideon Tomlinson. 
 
 1793, Joshua Clayton. 
 
 
 1831, John S. Peters. 
 
 1790, Gunning Bedford. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 1832, Henry W. Edwards. 
 
 17'.8, Richard Bassett. 
 
 1803, John N. Goodwin. 
 1*60, R. C. McCormick. 
 1^71, A. P. K. Safford. 
 
 1&S4, Samuel A. Foot. 
 1835, Henry W. Edwards. 
 1838, W. W. Eelsworth. 
 
 ISO*. David Hall. 
 1805, Nathaniel Mitchell. 
 1808, George Truett. 
 
 la7G, Charles E. G. French. 
 
 1842, C. F. Cleveland. 
 1844, Koger S. Baldwin. 
 
 1811, Joseph Haslett. 
 1814, Daniel Rodney. 
 
 
 1846, Isaac Toncey. 
 
 1817, John Clarke. 
 
 
 1847, Clark Bissofl. 
 
 1820, Jacob Stout, (acting.) 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1S49, Bonnet Rlley. 
 
 1849, Joseph Trumbull. 
 1850, Thomas H. Seymour. 
 1*53, Charles H. Pond. 
 
 1821, John Collins. 
 1822, Caleb Rodney, (acting.) 
 1823, Joseph Haslett. 
 
 IN 1 *, Peter H. Burnett. 
 1*51, John Bigler. 
 
 1864, Henry Dutton. 
 1*55, William T. Miner. 
 
 1824, Samuel Paynter. 
 lv.7, Charles Polk. 
 
 i. Ntt'ly Johnson. 
 
 1857, Alexander H. Holley. 
 
 18:!0, David Hazzard. 
 
 1857, John B. Weller. 
 
 1S58, Win. A. Buckingham. 
 
 18:, Caleb P. Bennett. 
 
 Milton S. Latham. 
 J8CO, John (J. Downey. 
 1801, Le4and Stanford. 
 
 1806, Joseph R. Hawley. 
 1807, James E. English. 
 159, Marshall Jewell. 
 
 1836, Charles Rolk, (acting.) 
 1838, C. P. Comegys. 
 1*41, William B. Cooper. 
 
 1863, Fj-ederiek F. Low. 
 
 1870, James E. English. 
 
 1845, Thomas Stockton.
 
 GOVERNORS. 
 
 755 
 
 1846, Wm. Temple, (acting.) 
 
 1801, Josiah Tatnall.' 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 1&47, William Thorp. ' 
 lt-50, William H. Ross. 
 
 1802, John Milledge. 
 1806, Jared Irwin. 
 
 1870, Cyrus Harris. 
 
 1854, Peter F. Causey. 
 
 1809, David B. Mitchell. 
 
 
 1858, William Burton. 
 
 1813, Peter Early. 
 
 
 1802, William Cannon. 
 
 1815, David B. Mitchell 
 
 
 1805, Gove Saulsbury. 
 
 1817, William Rabun. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 1870, James Ponder. 
 
 1819, John Clarke. 
 
 1838, Robert Lucas. 
 
 1874, John P. Coehran. 
 
 1823, George M. Troupe. 
 
 1844, John Chambers. 
 
 
 1827, John Forsyth, 
 
 1847, Ansel Briggs. 
 
 
 1829, George It. Gilmer. 
 
 1850, Stephen Hempstead. 
 
 
 1831, Wilson Lumpkin. 
 
 1854, James W. Grimes. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 1837, George 11. Gilmer. 
 1840, Charles J. McDonald. 
 
 1857, Ralph P. Lowe. 
 1859, Samuel J. Kirkwood. 
 
 1871, Henry D. Cooke. 
 
 1842, George W. Crawford. 
 
 1863, William M. Stone. 
 
 1873, Alexander R.Shepherd. 
 
 1847, George W. B. Towns. 
 
 1867, Samuel Merrill. 
 
 
 1849, HowellCobb. 
 
 1871, Cyrus C. Carpenter. 
 
 
 1852, Herschel V. Johnson. 
 
 1875, Samuel J. Kirkwood. 
 
 
 1857, Joseph E. Brown. 
 
 1876, Joshua G. Newbold. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 
 
 1566-1655, The Mendez' 
 
 1865, Charles J. Jenkins. 
 1868, Rufus B. Bullock. 
 
 
 1655-l()7o, Diego de Re- " 
 bcllo 
 
 1871, James Milton Smith. 
 1870, Alfred H. Colquitt. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 1675-1096, Juan Marquez ST 
 Cabrera and others, f : 
 1696, DC Torres. 
 1703, Cuuija. a 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 1854, Andrew H. Reeder. 
 1855, Wilson Shannon. 
 1856, John W. Geary. 
 1857, James W. Denver, (act- 
 
 1740, Manuel Monteano. 
 1759, Palazir. 
 1703-70, East and West Flor- 
 ida under Spanish and 
 English rule. 
 1771, Moultrie. 
 1774, Tonyu. 
 
 1863, William H. Wallace. 
 1865, Caleb Lyon. 
 1806, David W. Ballard. 
 1870, Alexander H. Connor. 
 1871, Thomas W. Bennett. 
 1876, Mason Brayman. 
 
 1858, Samuel Medary. 
 1861, Thomas Carney. 
 1864, Samuel J. Crawford. 
 1808, James M. Harvey. 
 1872, Thomas A. O shorn. 
 1876, George T. Anthony. 
 
 1783, Ceded to Spain. 
 
 
 
 1784, Zispedez. 
 
 
 
 1795, Quesada. 
 
 
 
 1814, Maurequez. [ed.) 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 1821, W. P. Duval, (appoint- 
 
 iNil, Ceded to United States. 
 
 1809, Winiau Edwards. 
 1818, Shadraek Bond. 
 
 1792, Isaac Shelby. 
 1796, James Garrard. 
 
 1834, John H. Eaton. 
 1837, Richard It. Call. 
 1845, William D. Mosely. 
 1647, Thomas S. Brown. 
 1852, James E. Broomc. 
 1857, Marshall S. Perry. 
 1800, John Milton. 
 (Confederate.) 
 1865, David S. Walker. 
 1808, Harrison Reed. 
 1872, Ossian B. Hart. 
 1874, Mareellus L. Stearns. 
 1670, George F. Drew. 
 
 1822, Edward Coles. 
 1820, Wiuian Edwards. 
 1831, John Reynolds. 
 1835, Joseph Duncan. 
 1839, Thomas Carlin. 
 1843, Thomas Ford. 
 1846, Augustus C. French. 
 1852, Joel A. Matteson. 
 1856, William H. Bissell. 
 1860, Richard Yates. 
 1864, Richard J. Oglesby. 
 1868, John M. Palmer. 
 1872, Richard J. Oglesby. 
 
 1804, Christopher Greenup. 
 1808, Charles Scott. 
 1812, Isaac Shelby. 
 1816, George Madison. 
 1816, Gabriel Slaughter, (act- 
 ing.) 
 1820, John Adair. 
 1824, Joseph Desha. 
 1828, Thomas Metcalfe. 
 1832, John Breathitt. 
 ia34, J. F. Morehead, (act'g.) 
 1836, James Clark. 
 1841, Robert P. Letcher. 
 
 
 1873, John L. Beveridge. 
 
 1844, William Owsley. 
 
 
 1870, Shelby M. Cullom. 
 
 1847, John J. Crittenden. 
 
 
 
 1850, J. L. Helm, (acting.) 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 
 1851, Lazarus W. Powell. 
 
 1754, John Reynolds. 
 1757, Henry Ellis. 
 1700, James Wright. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 1855, Charles S. Morehead. 
 1859, Beriah McGoffin. 
 1862, James F. Robinson. 
 
 1770, Arch. Bullock, (acting.) 
 
 1800, William H. Harrison. 
 
 1863, Thomas E. Bramlette. 
 
 1777, Button Gwinnet,(act'g.) 
 
 1816, Jonathan Jennings. 
 
 1807, John W. Stevenson. 
 
 1777, John A. Trueitlcn. 
 
 1822, William Hcndricks. 
 
 1871, P.H.Leslie. 
 
 1778, John Houston. 
 
 1825, James B. Ray. 
 
 1875, James B. McCreary. 
 
 1779-81, Royal government 
 
 1831, Noah Noble. 
 
 
 re-established under 
 
 1838, David Wallace. 
 
 
 Sir James Wright. 
 
 1841, Samuel Bigger. 
 
 
 1782, John Martin. 
 
 1844, James Whitcomb. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 1783, Lyman Hall. 
 
 1849, Joseph A. Wright. 
 
 
 1784, John Houston. 
 
 1856, Ashbel P. Willard. 
 
 1804, C. C. Claiborne. 
 
 1785, Samuel Elbert. 
 
 1860, Henry S. Lane. 
 
 1812, C. C. Claiborne. 
 
 1780, Edward Telfair. 
 
 1861, Oliver P. Morton. 
 
 1810, James Villers. 
 
 1787, George Matthews. 
 
 1867, Conrad Baker. 
 
 1820, T. B. Robertson. 
 
 1788, George Handley. 
 
 1872, Thomas A. Hendricks. 
 
 1828, Peter Deibiginy. 
 
 1789, George Walton. 
 
 1876, James D. Williams. 
 
 1829, A. Bauvais, (acting.) 
 
 1700, Edward Telfair. 
 
 
 1830, Jacques Dupre. 
 
 1793, George Matthews. 
 
 
 1831, A. B. Roman. 
 
 1796, Jared Irwin. 
 
 
 1835, E. D. White. 
 
 1798, James Jackson. 
 
 
 1839, Andre B. Roman.
 
 756 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 1S42, Alexander Mouton. 
 
 1797, 
 
 1847, Isaac Johnson. 
 
 I788i 
 
 I-!:', JoKcph Walker. 
 
 l-OI, 
 
 1852, Paul O. Hcbert. 
 
 180*. 
 
 1855, R. C. Wieklifle. 
 
 1X05, 
 
 165'J, Thomas O. Moore. 
 
 1809, 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 
 1811, 
 
 1865, J. Madison Wells. 
 
 1812, 
 
 1867, Bonj. F. Flanders. 
 
 1815, 
 
 1868, Harry C. Warmouth. 
 
 1818, 
 
 1873, William Pitt Kellogg. 
 1876, Stephen B. Packard. 
 
 IM'J, 
 MSB, 
 
 
 1826, 
 
 
 1829, 
 
 
 1830, 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 1831, 
 
 1810, William King. 
 l.'l, Albion K. Parris. 
 
 1832, 
 1836, 
 1839 
 
 1820, Enoch Lincoln. 
 
 1842 
 
 1830, Jonathan G. Hunton. 
 
 1845, 
 
 1831, Samuel E. Smith. 
 
 1848 
 
 1834, Robert P. Dunlap. 
 
 1850 
 
 1838, Edward Kent. 
 
 1852 
 
 1S31), John Fairfield. 
 
 
 1843, Edward Kavanagh. 
 
 186l' 
 
 1-t'i. Hugh J. Anderson. 
 
 i v,; i 
 
 l>4r, John W. Dane. 
 
 1CVT, 
 
 1868 
 
 1*49, John Hubbard. 
 
 1071 
 
 1854, Anson P. Morrill. 
 
 i 1 1, 
 lt-74 
 
 1855, Samuel Wells. 
 
 
 1856, Hannibal Hamlin. 
 
 lo/a, 
 
 1357, Lot M. Morrill. 
 
 
 1860, Israel Washburn, Jr. 
 
 
 1802, Abner Coburn. 
 
 
 1863, Samuel Cony. 
 
 
 1805, Joshua L. Chamberlain. 
 
 
 1871, Sidney Perham. 
 1873, Nelson Dingley, Jr. 
 1875, Selden Connor. 
 
 1630, 
 1034, 
 1635, 
 1030, 
 
 
 1037, 
 
 
 1040, 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 1641, 
 1042, 
 
 1637, Leonard Calvert. 
 
 1044, 
 
 1647, Thomas Green. 
 
 1645, 
 
 1048, William Stone. 
 
 1040, 
 
 1654-58, Civil war. 
 
 1649, 
 
 1658, Josiah Feudal. 
 
 1650, 
 
 1660, Philip Calvert. 
 
 1651, 
 
 1062, Charles Calvert, (after- 
 
 1054, 
 
 wards L'd Baltimore ) 
 1678, Thomas Notlcy. 
 
 1055, 
 1065, 
 
 1081, Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1073, 
 
 1689-92, Coodeandthe Prot- 
 
 1679, 
 
 estant Association. 
 
 1685, 
 
 1692, Lionel Copley. 
 1694, Francis Nicholson. 
 
 108(5, 
 1089, 
 
 1696, Nathaniel Blackstone. 
 
 1692, 
 
 1703, Thomas Finch (acting: ) 
 1704, John Seymour. 
 
 1094, 
 
 1709, Edward Lloyd (actinar.) 
 1714, John Hart. 
 
 1702, 
 1715, 
 
 1720, Charles Calvert. 
 
 
 1727, Benedict L. Calvert. 
 
 1716, 
 
 1732, Samuel Ogle. 
 
 1723, 
 
 17*5, Lord Baltimore. 
 
 
 1737, Samuel Ogle. 
 1742, Thomas Bladen. 
 
 1728, 
 1729, 
 
 1747, Samuel Ogle. 
 1751, Bonj. Tasker, (acting.) 
 1753, Horatio Sharpe. 
 1769, Robert Eden. 
 
 17:iO, 
 1741, 
 1749, 
 
 1777, Thomas Johnson. 
 1779, Thomas Sim Lee. 
 
 1753, 
 1757, 
 
 1782, William Paca. 
 
 1757 
 
 1785, William Smallwood 
 
 1760,' 
 
 1788, John K. Howard. 
 
 1770, ' 
 
 1792, George Plater 
 1792, Thomas 8. Lee. 
 
 1774, r 
 
 1794, John H. Stone. 
 
 1774-7. 
 
 John TTenry. 
 l!enj:imin Ogle. 
 John F. Mercer. 
 Robert Bowie. 
 Robert Wright. 
 Edward Lloyd. 
 Robert Bowie. 
 Levin Winder. 
 Charles Ridgeley. 
 C. W. Goldsborough. 
 Samuel Sprigg. 
 Samuel Stevens. 
 Joseph Kent. 
 Daniel Martin. 
 T. K. enroll. 
 G. Hayward. 
 James Thomas. 
 Thomas W. Veazey. 
 William Grayson. 
 Francis Thomas. 
 Thomas G. Pratt. 
 Philip F. Thomas. 
 Enoch L. Lowe. 
 T. Watkins Ligon. 
 Thomas H. Hicks. 
 Augustus W. Bradford. 
 Thomas Swanu. 
 Oden Bowie. 
 Win. Pinckuey WTiyte. 
 James B. Groome. 
 John Lee Carroll. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 John Winthrop. 
 Thomas Dudley. 
 John Haynes. 
 Henry Vane. 
 John Wiuthrop. 
 Thomas Dudley. 
 Richard Bellingham. 
 John Winthrop. 
 John Endicott. 
 Thomas Dudley. 
 John Winthrop. 
 John Endicott. 
 Thomas Dudley. 
 John Endicott. 
 Richard Uellingham. 
 John Endicott. 
 Richard liellingham. 
 John Leverett. 
 Simon Bradstreet. 
 Joseph Dudley (pres.) 
 Sir Edmund Andros. 
 Simon Bradstrect. 
 Sir William Phipps. 
 Wm. Stoughton,(acting 
 
 lieutenant-governor.) 
 Joseph Dudley. 
 William Tailer, (lieut.- 
 
 governor.) 
 Samuel Shute. 
 Wm. Dummer, (lieut.- 
 
 sroyernor.) 
 William Burnet. 
 William Dummer. 
 Jonathan Belcher. 
 William Shirley. 
 Spencer Phipps, (lieut.- 
 
 trovernor.) 
 William Shirley. 
 The Council. 
 Thomas Pownall. 
 Francis Bernard. 
 Thomas Hutchinson, 
 
 (lieut.-gov. and gov.) 
 Thomas Gage. 
 '5, Committee of Safety. 
 
 ir/.V^. The Council. 
 
 1780, John Hancock. 
 
 1783, James Bowdoin. 
 
 1787, John Hancock. 
 
 1714, Samuel Adams. 
 
 17'.>7, Increase Sumuer. 
 
 1800, Caleb Strong. 
 
 1B07, James Sullivan. 
 
 1807, Levi Lincoln, (acting.) 
 
 1809, Christopher Gore. 
 
 1810, Elbridge Gerry. 
 is 12, Caleb Strong. 
 1810, John Brooks. 
 1823, William Eustis. 
 1825, Levi Lincoln. 
 
 1834, John Davis. 
 
 1835, S. T. Armstrong, (act- 
 
 ing.) 
 
 1830, Edward Everett. 
 
 1841, Marcus Morton. 
 
 1842, John Davis. 
 
 1843, Marcus Morton. 
 
 1844, George N. Briggs. 
 1851, George S. Boutwoll. 
 1852-3, John H. Clifford. 
 185:;, Emory Washburn. 
 1854, Henry J. Gardner. 
 1857, Nathaniel P. Banks. 
 I860, John A. Andrew. 
 18fi5, Alexander H. Bullock. 
 
 1808, William Claflin. 
 
 1871, William B. Washburn. 
 
 1874, William Gaston. 
 
 1875, Alexander H. Rice. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 1805, William Hull. 
 
 1814, Lewis Case. 
 
 1832, George P. Pater. 
 
 1833, S. J. Mason, (acting.) 
 1840, William Woodbridge. 
 1843, John S. Barry. 
 
 1848, Epaphroditus Ransom. 
 
 1849, John S. Barry. 
 1851, Robert McClelland. 
 
 1853, Andrew Parsons. 
 
 1854, Kinsley S. Binghara. 
 1858, Moses Wisner. 
 1860, Austin Blair. 
 
 1864, Henry C. Crapo. 
 
 1808, Henry P. Baldwin. 
 
 1872, John J. Bagley. 
 
 1876, Charles M. Croswell. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 1849, Alexander Ramsay, 
 
 l;sH, Willis A. Gorman. 
 
 1807, Henry H. Siblcy. 
 
 1859, Alexander Ramsay. 
 
 1863, Stephen Millor. 
 
 1865, William R. Marshall. 
 
 1869, Horace Austin. 
 
 1873, Cushman K. Davis. 
 
 1875, John S. Pillsbury. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 1798, Winthrop Sargent. 
 
 1802, William C.C.Claiborne. 
 
 1805, Robert Williams. 
 
 1809, David Holmes. 
 
 1817, David Holmes. 
 
 1819, George Poindexter. 
 
 1821, Walter Leake.
 
 GOVERNORS. 
 
 757 
 
 1825, David Holmes. 
 18:52, Abraham Scott. 
 1834, Hiram G. Runnels. 
 1837, Alexander McNutt. 
 1843, Albert G. Brown. 
 1847, Joseph W. Mathews. 
 ls4U, John A. Quitman. 
 1851, Henry S. Foote. 
 185.5, John J. McRea. 
 1857, William McWillie. 
 185J, John J. Pettus. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 1865, Benj. J. Humphreys. 
 1809, James L. Alcorn. 
 1871, Kidney C. Powers, 
 
 (acting.) 
 
 1873, Adelbert Ames. 
 1876, John M. Stone,(acting.) 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 1805, James Wilkinson. 
 1807, Meriwether Lewis. 
 1810, Benjamin Howard. 
 1813, William Clarke. 
 1820, Alexander M'Nair. 
 1824, Frederick Bates. 
 1828, John Miller. 
 1833, Daniel Dunklin. 
 1837, Lilburu Boggs. 
 1841 Thomas W. Reynolds. 
 18-14, John C. Edwards. 
 1847, Austin A. King. 
 18-32, Sterling Price. 
 185C, Trusten Polk. 
 1857, Robert M. Stewart. 
 
 1860, Claiborne F. Jackson. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 
 1861, Hamilton R. Gamble. 
 1864, Thomas C. Fletcher. 
 18(58, Joseph W. McClurg. 
 1870, B. Gratz Brown. 
 1872, Silas Woodson. 
 
 1874 Charles H. Hardin. 
 1876, John S. Phelps. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 1865, Sidney Edgerton. 
 
 1806, Green C. Smith. 
 
 1869, James M. Ashley. 
 
 1871, Benjamin F. Potts. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 1854, Mark W. Izard. 
 1857, Wm. A. Richardson. 
 1859, Samuel W. Black. 
 1861, Alvin Saunders. 
 1866, David Butler. 
 
 1871, Wm.II. James (acting.) 
 
 1872, Robert W. Furnass 
 1874, Silas Garber. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 1861, James W. Nye. 
 1864, Henry G. Blasdell. 
 1870, L.R.Bradley. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 1680, John Cutts, (acting.) 
 
 1682, Edward Cranfield,(heu- 
 lenant-governor.) 
 
 1685, Walter Barefoote, (lieu- 
 tenant-governor.) 
 
 1686-92, (Re-annexed to Mas- 
 sachusetts.) 
 
 1692, John Usher,ilieutenant- 
 governor.) 
 
 1697, William Partridge, lieu- 
 
 tenant-governor.) 
 
 1698, Samuel Allen, (propri- 
 
 etary and governor.) 
 1699-1741, (Same governor 
 
 with Massachusetts.) 
 1702, John Usher,(lieutenant- 
 
 governor.) 
 
 1716, George Vaughan, (lieu- 
 
 tenant-governor.) 
 
 1717, John Wentworth, (lieu- 
 
 tenant governor.) 
 
 1733, David Dunbar, (lieuten- 
 ant-governor.) 
 
 1741, Benning Wentworth. 
 
 1767, John Wentworth. 
 
 1775, Mesheck Weare. 
 
 1785, John Langdon. 
 
 1786, John Sullivan. 
 1788, John Langdon. 
 1790, Josiah Bartlett. 
 1794, John Taylor Gilman. 
 1805, John Langdon. 
 
 1809, Jeremiah Smith. 
 
 1810, John Langdon. 
 
 1812, William Plumer. 
 
 1813, John Taylor Gilman. 
 1816, William Plumer. 
 1819, Samuel Bell. 
 
 1823, Levi Woodbury. 
 
 1824, Daniel Morril. 
 
 1827, Benjamin Pierce. 
 
 1828, John Bell. 
 
 IS'^, Benjamin Pierce. 
 18:50, Matthew Harvey. 
 1831, Samuel Dinsmore. 
 1834, William Badger. 
 
 1836, Isaac Hill. 
 
 1837, John Page. 
 1842, Henry Hubbard. 
 1844, John H. Steele. 
 1846, Anthony Colby. 
 1847 Jared W. Williams. 
 1849, Samuel Dinsmore. 
 1852, Noah Martin. 
 
 1854, Nathaniel B. Baker. 
 
 1855, Ralph Metcalf. 
 1857, William Haile. 
 
 1860, Ichabod Goodwin. 
 
 1861, Nathaniel S. Berry. 
 1863, Joseph A. Gilmore. 
 1805, Frederick Smyth. 
 1867, Walter Harrimau. 
 1809, Onslow Stearns. 
 
 1871, James A. Weston. 
 
 1872, Ezckiel A. Straw. 
 
 1874, James A. Weston. 
 
 1875, Person C. Cheeney. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 1849, J. M. Washington. 
 1854, David Merri wether. 
 1858, Abraham Rencher. 
 1801, Henry Connelly. 
 1865, Robert B. Mitchell. 
 1870, William A. Pile. 
 
 1871, Marsh Giddings. 
 1876, Samuel B. Axtell. 
 
 NEW NETHERLAND. 
 (Directors.) 
 
 1624, Peter Minuets. 
 1633, Walter Van T wilier. 
 1638, William Kieft. 
 L649, Petrus Stuyvesant. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 1700-38, (Same with New 
 
 York.) 
 
 1738, Lewis Morris. 
 1746, John Hamilton, (act- 
 
 1746, John Reading, (acting.) 
 
 1747, Jonathan Belcher. 
 1758, Francis Bernard. 
 1700, Thomas Boone. 
 1761, Josiah Hardy. 
 1763, William Franklin. 
 1776, William Livingston. 
 1791, William Patterson. 
 1794, Richard Howell. 
 1801, Joseph Bloomtteld. 
 
 1812, Aaron Ogden. 
 
 1813, William S. Pennington. 
 1815, Mahlon Dickerson. 
 1817, Isaac H. Williamson. 
 1829, Peter D. Vroom, Jr. 
 1831, Ellas P. Seeley. 
 
 1833, Peter D. Vroom. 
 
 1836, Phil. Dickerson. 
 
 1837, W. S. Penuington. 
 1839, William Pennington. 
 1842, Daniel Haines. 
 1845, Charles C. Stratton. 
 1848, Daniel Haines. 
 1850, George F. Fort. 
 1853, Rodman M. Price. 
 1856, William A. Newell. 
 1859, Charles S. Olden. 
 1802, Joel Parker. 
 
 1865, Marcus L. Ward. 
 1868, Theodore F. Randolph. 
 1871, Joel Parker. 
 1874, Joseph D. Bedle. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 1664, Richard Nichols. 
 1667, Francis Lovelace. 
 1673-74, (Dutch regime re-es- 
 tablished.) 
 
 1674, Edmund Andros. 
 1681, Anthony Brockolst. 
 1683, Thomas Dongan. 
 
 1688, Francis Nicholson, 
 
 (lieutenant-governor.) 
 
 1689, Jacob Leisler, (acting.) 
 
 1691, Henry Sloughter. 
 
 1691 Richard Ingolsby, (lieu- 
 tenant-governor.) 
 
 1692, Benjamin Fletcher. 
 1698, Earl of Bellamont. 
 
 1701, John Nanfan, (lieuten- 
 
 ant-governor.) 
 
 1702, John Cornbury. 
 
 1708, Lord Lovelace. 
 
 1709, Richard Ingolsby, (lieu- 
 
 tenant-governor.)
 
 T58 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 17 !0, Robert Hnntcr. 
 
 ri-.i, IVter Schuylcr. 
 
 720, William Burnct. 
 
 7:>s, John Montgomery. 
 
 ;:;:, i;i;> Van Ham, (acting.) 
 
 732, William Cosby. 
 
 737, George ( 'lark. 
 
 7-1:!, George Clinton. 
 
 753, Diuivcrs Osborno. 
 1:5:3, James Delanccy, (lieu- 
 tenant-governor.) 
 3755, Sir Charles Hardy. 
 1757, James Delancey, (lieu- 
 tenant-govoruor.) 
 
 1700, Cadwallader Colden, 
 
 (acting.) 
 
 1701, Robert Moncton. 
 17iVj, Caihvallader Colden, 
 
 i lieutenant-governor.) 
 17<V>, Sir Henry Moore. 
 170.', Cadwallader Colden, 
 
 (lieutenant-governor.) 
 
 1770, Earl of Dunmore. 
 
 1771, William Tryon. 
 1773, Cadwallader Colden, 
 
 (lieutenant-governor.) 
 1775, William Tryon. 
 17/5-77, Provincial Congress 
 
 and Com. of Safety. 
 1777, George Clinton. 
 1788, George Clinton. 
 1795, John Jay. 
 IsOl, George Clinton. 
 IMJl, Morgan Lewis. 
 1M)7, Daniel D. Tompkins. 
 1817, De Witt Clinton. 
 1>2-', Joseph Yates. 
 lv>, Nathaniel Pitcher. 
 1S29, Martin Van Buren. 
 1829, Enos T. Throop. 
 IKil, William L. Marcey. 
 1839, William H. Seward. 
 IM.i, William C. Uouck. 
 1845, Silas Wright. 
 1847, John Young. 
 1849, Hamilton Fish. 
 1^50, Washington Hunt. 
 1852, Horatio Seymour. 
 
 1854, Myron II. Clark. 
 1800, John A. King. 
 
 1855, Edwin D. Morgan. 
 1802, Horatio Seymour. 
 1865, Kcuben E. Fenton. 
 18G8, John T. Hoffman. 
 1872, John A. Dix. 
 1874. Samuel J. Tilden. 
 lt-70, J.ucius Robinson. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 16W, William Drummond. 
 1067, Samuel Stevens. 
 Ki74, Cartwright. 
 167(5-83, Contested authority. 
 1083, Seth Sothel. 
 1688-90, Interregnum. 
 1690, Philip Ludwell. 
 1092, Thomas Harvey. 
 1091, Henderson Walker. 
 I" 1 .''.', Robert Daniel. 
 1703, Thomas Cary. 
 1708-11, Contested authority. 
 1711, Hyde. 
 1715, Charles Eden. 
 1723, Burrington. 
 1725, Sir Richard Everard. 
 731, Burrington. 
 17-'H, Gabriel Johnston. 
 1753, Michael Rowan, (act'g.) 
 
 1754, Arthur Dobbs. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Ki'xi, William Tryon. 
 177:i, Joseph Martin. 
 1775-77, Provincial Congress 
 and Com. of Safety. 
 1777, Richard Casewell. 
 I7SO, Abncr Na>h. 
 17S1, Thomas Burke. 
 1784, Alexander Martin. 
 
 1849, John P. Gaines. 
 1854, George L. Curry. 
 1859, John Whittaker. 
 1802, Addison C. Gibbs. 
 1800, George L. Woods. 
 1871, L. F. Grover. 
 1870, S. F. Chadwick. 
 
 1785, Richard Caswell. 
 
 
 1788, Samuel Johnston. 
 
 
 1790, Alexander Martin. 
 
 
 179:i, Richard D. Haight. 
 
 
 17'JC, Samuel A she. 
 
 
 1798, William It. Davis. 
 
 PLYMOUTH COLONY. 
 
 1799, Benjamin Williams. 
 1802, James Turner. 
 1805, Nathaniel Alexander. 
 1807, Benjamin Williams. 
 1808, David Stone. 
 1810, Benjamin Smith. 
 1811, William Hawkins. 
 1814, William Millar. 
 1817, John Branch. 
 1820, Jessie Franklin. 
 1821, Gabriel Holmes. 
 1824, Hutchens Burton. 
 1827, James Iredell. 
 1828, John Owen. 
 1830, Monfort Stokes. 
 1834, David L. Swain. 
 
 1620, John Carver. 
 1021, William Bradford. 
 1633, Edward Winslow. 
 1(134, Thomas Prince. 
 1035, William Bradford. 
 1030, Edward Winslow. 
 1037, William Bradford. 
 1638, Thomas Prince. 
 1639, William Bradford. 
 1044, Edward Winslow. 
 1645, William Bradford. 
 1057, Thomas Prince. 
 1073, Josiah Winslow. 
 1680, Thomas Hinckley. 
 1686, Annexed to Massachu- 
 
 18:50, Edward B. Dudley. 
 1841, John M. Morehcad. 
 1845, William A. Graham. 
 1849, Charles Manly. 
 
 setts. 
 1689, Thomas Hinckley. 
 1692, Incorporated with 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1850, David S. Reid. 
 
 
 1854, Thomas Bragg. 
 1858, John W. Ellis. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 18til, Clark. 
 
 1682, William Penn. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 
 1084, The Council. 
 
 1865, Jonathan Worth. 
 
 1086, Five Commissioners. 
 
 1808, William W. Holden. 
 
 1089, John Blaekwell. 
 
 1871, T. R. Caldwell, (acting.) 
 
 1090, Thomas Lloyd. 
 
 1874, Curtis Brogdeu. 
 
 109.'i, Benjamin Fletcher. 
 
 1876, Zebulon B. Vance. 
 
 1095, William Markham. 
 
 
 1G99, AVilliam Penn. 
 
 
 1701, Andrew Hamilton. 
 
 
 1703, Edward Shippeu, (act- 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 ing.) 
 
 1803, E:lward Tiffin. 
 1808, Samuel Hunting. 
 1810, Return J. Meigs. 
 1814, Thomas Worthington. 
 1818, Ethan Allen Brown. 
 1822, Allen Trimble, (acting.) 
 
 1704, John Evans. 
 1709, Charles Gookin. 
 1717, Sir William Keith. 
 1730, James Logan, (acting.) 
 1738, George Thomas. 
 1747, Anthony Palmer, (act- 
 
 1823, Jeremiah Morrow. 
 1820, Allen Trimble. 
 1831, Duncan McArtlmr. 
 1834, Robert Lucas. 
 1830, Joseph Vance. 
 1839, Wilson Shannon. 
 1841, Thomas Corwin. 
 
 ing-) 
 1748, James Hamilton. 
 1754, Robert 11. Morris. 
 1756, William Denny. 
 1759, James Hamilton. 
 1763, John Penn. 
 1771, James Hamilton, (act- 
 
 1841, Wilson Shannon. 
 1844, Mordecrii Bartley. 
 1847, William Bebb. 
 1849, Seabury Ford. 
 1S50, Reuben Wood. 
 1853, William Medill. 
 1K>5, Salmon P. Chase. 
 1859, William Deunison, Jr. 
 1801, David Todd. 
 1803, John Brough. 
 1805, Jacob D. Cox. 
 1807, Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 1871, Edward F. Noyes. 
 1873, William Allen. 
 1875, Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 1876, Thomas L. Young. 
 
 ing-) 
 1771, Richard Penn. 
 1773, John Penn. 
 1777, Thomas Wharton. 
 177s, George Bryan, (vice- 
 president.) 
 1778, Joseph Reed. 
 1781, William Moore. 
 1782, John Dickinson. 
 1785, Benjamin Franklin. 
 1788, Thomas Miffliu. 
 1790, Thomas Mifllin. 
 1799, Thomas McKean. 
 1808, Simon Snyder. 
 1817, William Findlay. 
 1820, Joseph Heister. 
 1823, Andrew Shulze. 
 
 
 1829, George Wolf. 
 
 
 1835, Joseph Rituer.
 
 GOVERNORS. 
 
 759 
 
 1830, David R. Porter. 
 
 1843, James Fenner. 
 
 1810, 
 
 ll*15, Francis K. Shunk. 
 
 1845, Charles Jackson. 
 
 1812, 
 
 1847, William F. Johnston, 
 
 1840, Byron Diman. 
 
 1814, 
 
 (acting.) 
 
 1847, Elisha Harris. 
 
 1816, 
 
 1851, William Bigler. 
 
 1840, Henry B. Anthony. 
 
 1818, 
 
 1854, James Pollock. 
 
 1851, Philip Allen. 
 
 1820, 
 
 1857, William F. Packer. 
 
 1853, Francis At. Dimond. 
 
 1822, 
 
 18(K), Andrew G. Curtin. 
 
 1854, William W. Hoppin. 
 
 1824, 
 
 1806, John W. Geary. 
 
 1857, Elisha Dyer. 
 
 1820, 
 
 1872, Joliu F. Hartranft. 
 
 185!), Thomas G. Turner. 
 
 1828, 
 
 
 1800, William Spragne. 
 
 18.30, 
 
 
 1803. James Y. Smith. 
 
 1833, 
 
 
 1800, Ambrose E. Burnside. 
 
 1830, 
 
 
 1809, Set-h Padelford. 
 
 1839, 
 
 
 1873, Henry Howard. 
 
 1840, 
 
 
 1875, Henry Lippitt. 
 
 1841, 
 
 PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS, 
 
 
 1844, 
 
 (Presidents of.) 
 
 
 1846, 
 
 1047, John Coggeshall. 
 
 
 1849, 
 
 1048, Jeremiah Clarke. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1850, 
 
 1 oe.> 
 
 1049, John Smith. 
 1050, Nicholas Easton. 
 Interregnum. 
 1055, Roger Williams. 
 1057, Benedict Arnold, 
 1000, William Brenton. 
 1002, Benedict Arnold.' 
 
 lf.70, William Sayle. 
 1071, Joseph West. 
 1071, John Yeamans. 
 1074, Joseph West. 
 1083, Joseph Moreton. 
 1084, Joseph West. 
 1084, Kichard Kyrle. 
 
 JcOi, 
 
 1854, 
 1856, 
 1858, 
 1860, 
 
 1865, 
 1868, 
 
 
 1084, Joseph West. 
 
 1872, 
 
 RHODK ISLAND AND PROVI- 
 DENCE PLANTATIONS. 
 
 1084, Robert Quarry. 
 1085, Joseph Moreton. 
 NM5, James Colleton. 
 
 1874, 
 
 1003, Benedict Arnold. 
 
 1000, Both Sothel. 
 
 
 10(50, William Brenton. 
 
 1092, Philip Ludwell. 
 
 
 KM)'.), Benedict Arnold. 
 
 10i)3, Thomas Smith. 
 
 
 1072, Nicholas Easton. 
 
 1095, John Archdale, 
 
 
 1075, William Coddington. 
 
 1090, Joseph Blake. 
 
 1/90, 
 
 1""CUt 
 
 10?;>, Walter Clarke. 
 
 700, James Moose. 
 
 /iM>, 
 
 1077, Benedict Arnold. 
 
 703, Nathaniel Johnson. 
 
 1801, 
 
 1 CAft 
 
 1070, John Cranston. 
 
 700, Edward Tynte. 
 
 loUlf, 
 
 1O1K 
 
 1080, Peleg Sandford. 
 
 710, George Gibbs (acting.) 
 
 ioio, 
 
 1S-.M 
 
 1083, William Coddington. 
 
 712, Charles Craven. 
 
 lQ*l) 
 
 1085, Henry Bull. 
 
 1710, Robert Daniel (acting.) 
 
 1827, 
 18'-*9 
 
 l!<86, Walter Clarke. 
 
 1717, Robert Johnson. 
 
 1QQ7 
 
 1080-88, Sir Kdrnuud Andros. 
 
 1710, James Moore (acting.) 
 
 JO-J/, 
 
 I W til 
 
 108'.), Henry Bull. 
 
 1721, Sir Francis Nicholson. 
 
 J.O1U, 
 
 10J.1 
 
 10UO, John Eastou. 
 
 1725, Arthur Middleton (act- 
 
 loil , 
 1C -IK 
 
 1095, Caleb Carr. 
 
 ing.) 
 
 loiO, 
 
 l: 1)0, Walter Clarke. 
 
 1730, Robert Johnson. 
 
 1847, 
 
 1 C.1Q 
 
 1098, Samuel Cranston. 
 
 17:35, Thomas Broughton 
 
 JOi", 
 
 1727, Joseph Jenckes. 
 1732, William Wanton. 
 
 (lieut. gov.) 
 1737, William Bull (acting.) 
 
 1851, 
 
 1853, 
 
 1R'*i7 
 
 1734, John Wanton. 
 
 1743, James Glen. 
 
 iOu< , 
 
 1741, Richard Ward. 
 
 1750, William H. Littleton. 
 
 icrte 
 
 1743, William Greene. 
 
 1700, William Bull (lieut. 
 
 1OUO, 
 
 ICfttt 
 
 1715, Gideon Wanton. 
 
 gov.) 
 
 JOUOj 
 
 1740, William Greene. 
 
 1702, Thomas Boone. 
 
 18/1, 
 
 1S"M 
 
 1747, Gideon Wanton, 
 
 1703, William Bull (lieut. 
 
 io^-i, 
 
 1748, William Greene. 
 
 gov.) 
 
 
 1755, Stephen Hopkins. 
 
 1700, Lord Chas. Montague. 
 
 
 17,7, William Greene. 
 
 1709, William Bull (lieut. 
 
 
 1758, Stephen Hopkins. 
 
 gov.) 
 
 
 17>>2, Samuel Ward. 
 
 1775, Lord Wm. Campbell. 
 
 
 1703, Stephen Hopkins. 
 
 1775, John Rutledge (pres.) 
 
 1687, 
 
 1705, Samuel Ward. 
 
 1778, Rawlins Lowndes. 
 
 
 1707, Stephen Hopkins. 
 
 1779, John Rutledge. 
 
 1689, 
 
 1708, Josiah Lyndon. 
 
 1782, John Mathews. 
 
 
 17;">9i Joseph Wanton. 
 
 1783, Benjamin Guerard. 
 
 1691, 
 
 1775, Nicholas Cooke. 
 
 1785, William Moultrie. 
 
 
 1778, William Greene. 
 
 1787, Thomas Pinckney. 
 
 1693, 
 
 1780, John Collins. 
 
 1780, Charles Pinckney. 
 
 
 1789, Arthur Fenner. 
 
 1790, Charles Pinckney. 
 
 1714, 
 
 1807, James Fenner. 
 
 1792, William Moultrie. 
 
 
 1811, William Jones. 
 
 1704, Arnoldus Vanderhorst. 
 
 1715. 
 
 187. Neheinmh R. Knight. 
 
 1700, Charles Pinckney. 
 
 
 1821, W. C. Gibbs. 
 
 170S, Edward Rutledge. 
 
 
 1S24, .lames Fenner. 
 
 1800, John Dayton. 
 
 1735, 
 
 18 ;0, Samuel H. Arnold. 
 
 1802, James B. Richardson. 
 
 
 1831, John 15. Francis. 
 
 1804, Paul Hamilton. 
 
 1803-' 
 
 ls:x, William Sprague. 
 
 1SOO, Charles Pinckney. 
 
 1820, 
 
 1831), Sam'l W. King, (act'g.) 
 
 180S, John Dayton. 
 
 
 Henry Middleton. 
 Joseph Alston. 
 David R. Williams. 
 Andrew Pickens. 
 John Geddes. 
 Thomas Benuet. 
 John L. Wilson. 
 Richard Manning. 
 John Taylor. 
 Stephen D. Miller. 
 James Hamilton, Jr. 
 Robert Y. Hayne. 
 Pierce M. Butler. 
 Patrick Noble. 
 John P. Richardson. 
 James M. Hammond. 
 William Aikeu. 
 David Johnson. 
 W. B. Seabrook. 
 John H. Means. 
 J. L. Manning. 
 James H. Adams. 
 Robert F. W. A listen. 
 William H. Gist. 
 Francis W. Pickens. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 James L. Orr. 
 Robert K. Scott. 
 Franklin J. Moses, Jr. 
 Daniel H. Chamberlain. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 William Blount. 
 John Sevier. 
 Archibald Roane. 
 William Blount. 
 Joseph McMinn. 
 William Carroll. 
 Samuel Houston. 
 William Carroll. 
 Newton Cannon. 
 James K. Polk. 
 James B. Jones. 
 Aaron V. Brown. 
 Neil S. Brown. 
 William Trousdale. 
 William B. Campbell. 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 Isham G. Harris. 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 William G. Brownlow. 
 DeWitt C. Senter. 
 John C. Brown. 
 James D. Porter, Jr. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 De La Salle built Fort 
 St. Louis. 
 
 French driven out by 
 Spaniards. 
 
 Spanish governor ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 Spanish driven out by 
 Indians. 
 
 French settlements 
 founded. 
 
 Spanish rule: Marquis 
 de Aguado governor- 
 general. 
 
 French settlement on 
 
 Red River. 
 20, Disputed boundaries, 
 
 Granted to Moses Aus- 
 tin.
 
 7GO 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 1835, Henry Smith, (gov.) 
 1836, Samuel Houston, (pres- 
 
 1874, Asahcl Peck. 
 1870, Horace Fairbanks. 
 
 1805, William H. Cabell. 
 1808, Jolm Tyler. 
 
 ident of republic.) 
 
 > -. M. 11. Ijunar, (pres.) 
 
 
 1811, James Monroe. 
 1811, George W. Smith. 
 
 1841, Samuel Houston, (pres- 
 
 - 
 
 1812, James Barbour. 
 1814, Wilson C. Nicholas. 
 
 1814, A. Jones, (president.) 
 1845, Annexed to United 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 1816, James P. Preston. 
 1819, Thomas M. Randolph. 
 
 States. 
 
 1611, Lord de War. 
 
 1S22, James Peasants. 
 
 IH:,, 1>. K. Miller. 
 
 1611, Sir Thomas Dale (dep. 
 
 18'.'5, John Tyler. 
 
 1817, George T. Wood. 
 1M9, Peter H. Bell. 
 
 governor.) 
 1611, Sir Thomas Gates (dep. 
 
 1826, W. B. Giles. 
 1829, John Floyd. 
 
 1853, Eil ward M. Pease. 
 
 governor.) 
 
 1834, L. W. Tazewell. 
 
 I8ft7, i La-din K. Runnells. 
 
 1614, Sir Thomas Dale (dep. 
 
 18.36, W. Robertson (acting.) 
 
 1859, Samuel Houston. 
 
 governor.) 
 
 1838, David Campbell. 
 
 1861, F. It. Lubbock. 
 
 1616, George Yeardley (dep. 
 
 1840, Thomas W. Gilmer. 
 
 (Confederate). 
 1865, A. J. Hamilton. 
 
 governor.) 
 1617, Sam'l Argall (dep. gov.) 
 
 1841, J. Rutherford (actiug.) 
 1842, J. M. Gregory (acting.) 
 
 1800, J. W. Throckmorton. 
 
 1619, Sir George Yeardley. 
 
 1843, James McDowell. 
 
 B. M. Pease. 
 
 1621, Sir Francis Wyatt. 
 
 1840, William Smith. 
 
 isi'.'.), Edmund J. Davis. 
 
 1626, Sir George Yeardley. 
 
 1849, John B. Floyd. 
 
 1873, Richard Coke. 
 
 1627, Francis West (acting.) 
 
 18)2, Joseph Johnson. 
 
 1876, Richard Uubbard. 
 
 1629, John Potts (acting.) 
 
 1856, Henry A. Wise. 
 
 
 1629, John Harvey. 
 
 1859, John Letcher. 
 
 
 1035, John West (acting). 
 
 (Confederate.) 
 
 
 1636, John West. 
 
 1861, Francis H. Pierpont. 
 
 
 1639, Sir Francis Wyatt. 
 
 18ii8, Henry H. Wells. 
 
 
 1041, Sir William Berkeley. 
 
 1869, Gilbert C. Walker. 
 
 
 1652, Richard Bennet. 
 
 1873, Jauics L. Kemper. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 1055, Edward Diggs. 
 
 
 
 165(i, Samuel Mathews. 
 
 
 1849, Brigham Young. 
 18-74, Edwin J. Steptoe. 
 1857, Alfred Cummings. 
 
 1660, Sir William Berkeley. 
 1662, Francis Moryson (act- 
 iu 01 .) 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 1861, John W. Dawson. 
 1862, Stephen S. Harding. 
 183, James G. Doty. 
 1805, Charles Durkee. 
 18i>y, J. W. Shaffer. 
 1870, V. H. Vaughan. 
 1871, George L. Woods. 
 1874, S. B. Axtell. 
 
 1663, Sir William Berkeley. 
 1677, Herbert Jeffreys (lieut.- 
 goveruor.) 
 1678, Sir Henry Chicheley 
 (deputy-governor.) 
 16SO, Lord Culpepper. 
 1684, Lord Howard of Effing- 
 
 1854, Isaac J. Stevens. 
 1857, Fayette McMellen. 
 1861, William 11. Wallace. 
 1862, William Pickering. 
 1868, Marshal F. Moore. 
 1870, Edward S. Salomon. 
 1872, Elisha P. Ferry. 
 
 1875, George W. Emery. 
 
 1688, Nathaniel Bacon (act- 
 
 
 
 ing.) 
 
 
 
 1690, Francis Nicholson(lieu- 
 
 \VEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 
 tenant-governor.) 
 
 
 
 1692, Sir Edmund Audros. 
 
 1863, Arthur J. Bowman. 
 
 
 1698, Francis Nicholson. 
 
 1868, William E. Stevenson. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 1705, Edward Nott (lieut.- 
 
 1871, John J. Jacob. 
 
 1790, Thomas Chittenden. 
 
 governor.) 
 
 1876, Henry M. Matthews. 
 
 171)7, Isaac Tichenor. 
 
 1706, Edmund Jennings (act- 
 
 
 1807, Israel Smith. 
 
 ing.) 
 
 
 1808, Isaac Tichenor. 
 
 1710, Alexander Spotswood 
 
 
 1809, Jonas Galusha. 
 1813, -Martin Chittenden. 
 
 (lieut. -governor.) 
 1722, Hugh Drysdale (lieut.- 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 1815, Jonas Galusha. 
 18--0, Richard Skinner. 
 
 governor.) 
 1727, William Gouch (lieut.- 
 
 1836, Henry Dodge. 
 1848, Nelson Dewey. 
 
 1823, C. P. Van Ness. 
 
 governor.) 
 
 1851, Leonard J. Farwell. 
 
 1826, Ezra Butler. 
 
 1749, Thomas Lee (acting.) 
 
 1853, William A. Barstow. 
 
 1828, Samuel C. Crafts. 
 
 1750, Lewis Burwell (actiug.) 
 
 1855, Coles Bashford. 
 
 1831, William A. Palmer. 
 1,-.'50, Sam'l Jenison (ai-.tiug.) 
 
 1752, Rob't Dinwiddie (.lieut.- 
 governor.) 
 
 1857, Alexander W. Randall. 
 1861, Leonard P. Harvey. 
 
 1841, Charles Paine. 
 
 1758, Francis Fauquier(lieut.- 
 
 18(i2, Edward Salomon. 
 
 1843, John Mattocks. 
 
 governor.) 
 
 1803, James T. Lewis. 
 
 1841, Willium Slude. 
 
 1768, Lord Boutetourt. 
 
 1865, Lucius Fairchild. 
 
 1840, Horace Eaton. 
 
 1770, Wm. Nelson (acting.) 
 
 1871, Cadwallader C. Wash- 
 
 1849, Carlos Coolidge. 
 
 1772, Lord Dunmore. 
 
 burn. 
 
 1850, Charles K. Williams. 
 
 1775-76, Provincial Conven- 
 
 1873, William R. Taylor. 
 
 1852, Erastus Fairbanks. 
 
 tion. 
 
 1875, Harisou Ludiugtou. 
 
 1853, John S. Robinson. 
 
 1776, Patrick Henry. 
 
 
 1854, Stephen Royec. 
 
 1779, Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 
 1856, Ryland Fletcher. 
 
 1781, Thomas Nelson. 
 
 
 185S, Ililand Hall. 
 
 1781, Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 
 I860, KratttuH Fairbanks. 
 isiii, Frederick Holbrook. 
 
 1784, Patrick Henry. 
 1786, Edmund Randolph. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 1803, James Gregory Smith. 
 1805, Paul Dilliugham. 
 1867, Jolm B. Page. 
 
 1788, Beverly Randolph. 
 1791, Henry Lee. 
 1794, Robert Brooke. 
 
 1870, James A. Campbell. 
 1875, John M. Thayer. 
 
 1809, Peter T. Washbura. 
 
 1796, James Wood. 
 
 
 ;*r!, John W. Stewart. 
 
 1799, James Monroe. 
 
 
 1872, J ulius Converse. 
 
 1802, John Page. 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 -A.. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abolition society formed at Philadelphia, 433 
 Abolition of slavery, petition for .... 493 
 Abolition of slavery, petition from Dis- 
 trict of Columbia 500 
 
 Abolition, President refers to 651 
 
 Abolition of slavery officially announced OCO 
 Abolitionists, riot against, in New York . 572 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences in Connec- 
 ticut 486 
 
 Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel- 
 phia 517 
 
 Acadie, colony to 21 
 
 Acadie, name given 21 
 
 Acadie, aided by MaHsachusetts 78 
 
 Acarlie, restored to the French 121 
 
 Acadie, expedition against, from Massa- 
 chusetts 178 
 
 Acadie, French in, carried away 246 
 
 Ackworth, Georgia, occupied <H5 
 
 Act concerning fugitives from service . . 45(5 
 Act prohibiting importation of British 
 
 goods suspended, 501 
 
 Actors, English, in Williamsburg .... 253 
 Actors classed as vagrants in South Caro- 
 lina 434 
 
 Acts of Trade, refused in Massachusetts . 105 
 
 Acts of parliament, motion to revise . . . 357 
 
 Adams, John, sent to Holland 402 
 
 Adams, John, presides over the Senate . . 441 
 
 Adams, John, inaugurated 468 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, reports concerning 
 
 weights and measures 538 
 
 Address to people of Quebec 313 
 
 Address to the people of Great Britain . . 313 
 
 Adirondack Iron and Steel Company . . . 508 
 
 Adirondack region, blast-furnace in ... 589 
 
 Admiral, grade of, created 665 
 
 Admiral, grade of, abolished ...... 6S8 
 
 Ad valorem duties by Khode Island . . . 411 
 Adventurers, London, sell out to asso- 
 ciates 37 
 
 Advertiser, Weekly, published in Phila- 
 delphia 225 
 
 Advertiser, Independent, published at 
 
 Boston 232 
 
 Advertiser, Boston Weekly, published . 200 
 
 Advertiser, New York Daily 310 
 
 Advertiser, American Daily, published in 
 
 Philadelphia 413 
 
 Advertiser, New York Daily, published . 418 
 
 Advertiser, General,published 445 
 
 Advertiser published^ in Mobile 570 
 
 Affirm, Quakers allowed to, in North Caro- 
 lina 185 
 
 Affirm, Quakers not allowed to, in Penn- 
 sylvania . . .^ 185 
 
 Africa, trade to, thrown open 167 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Agamcuticus grant to Gorges 35 
 
 Agreement, articles of, in Providence, 
 
 "llhode Island 68 
 
 Agreement of non-importation 270 
 
 Agricultural society in Massachusetts . . 452 
 Agricultural societies, appropriation for, 
 
 in New York 539 
 
 Agricultural College of Michigan opened, 613 
 
 Agricultural Colleges, act for 031 
 
 Agricultural machinery, patents for ... 688 
 Agriculture, society for promotion of . . 417 
 Agriculture and manufactures, appropria- 
 tion for, in New Hampshire 543 
 
 Agriculture, committee on, iu Congress . 549 
 Agriculture, application of chemistry to, 
 
 by Professor Johnston 590 
 
 Agriculture, Department of, established . 628 
 Aid furnished Massachusetts by Connec- 
 ticut 195 
 
 Aid voted Virginia by New York and 
 
 Maryland 244 
 
 Aillon, Vasquczde, visits America . ... 14 
 
 Alabama Kivcr, settlement on 184 
 
 Alabama territory formed . . : 533 
 
 Alabama admitted to the Union 547 
 
 Alabama protests against the tariff . . . 5 il 
 
 Alabama sunk 046 
 
 Alabama abolishes slavery 659 
 
 Alabama claims to be settled by commis- 
 sion 659 
 
 Alabama admitted to representation . . . 072 
 
 Alabama claims paid C91 
 
 Alabama claims, commission for 61)5 
 
 Alabama, State Board of Health in ... 097 
 
 Alamo, massacre at, by Santa Anna . . . 576 
 
 Alaska, Kussiaii traders iu . ;i53 
 
 Alaska, purchase of 008 
 
 Alaska, United States laws extended to . 673 
 
 Albany, fort at 26 
 
 Albany, New York, settled 33 
 
 Albany, name of 33 
 
 Albany, New York, settled 44 
 
 Albany, New York, given a charter . . . 145 
 
 Albany, asks aid from Connecticut . ... 150 
 
 Albany, congress with Indians held at . 193 
 
 Albany, bricks in 202 
 
 Albany, congress at, with Indians .... 232 
 Albany, convention of delegates from the 
 
 colonies 243 
 
 Albany Register published 485 
 
 Albany Argus published 518 
 
 Albany regency, organ of 518 
 
 Albany Republican published 518 
 
 Albany, Plough-Boy published in .... 551 
 
 Albany Evening Journal published . . . 603 
 
 Albany Cultivator published 571 
 
 Albany, Dudley Observatory at 611 
 
 Alden, John, one of the associates . ... 37 
 
 761
 
 7G2 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Ale first ma<1e 
 
 Alexander VI., Pope, grants lands dis- 
 covered 
 
 Alexander, Sir W., grant to 
 
 Alexander, Sir W., expedition by .... 
 
 Alexandria surrendered '. . . 
 
 Alexandria, Louisiana, captured 
 
 Algiers declares war 
 
 Algiers, tribute paid to 
 
 Alienage, children born abroad relieved 
 from 
 
 Aliens allowed to hold real estate .... 
 
 Alhitoona Pass, Georgia, battle at .... 
 
 Allcrton, Isaac, one of the associates . . . 
 
 Almanac, Poor Richard's, published . . . 
 
 Alniaiite, Mexican minister, protests 
 against annexation of Texas .... 
 
 Amana, Iowa, community at 
 
 Amboy, New Jersey, first sloop in .... 
 
 Ambrister, executed by General Jack- 
 son 
 
 Amelia Island, settlement at, suppressed, 
 
 Amendment, fourteenth, adopted .... 
 
 America, discovery of, by Northmen . . . 
 
 America, original settlers of 
 
 America, diwcovery of, by Columbus . . 
 
 America, name of 
 
 America, independent, proposed in Par- 
 liament 
 
 American Philosophical Society at Phil- 
 adelphia 
 
 American Citizen in New York city ... 
 
 American Botanical Society formed . . . 
 
 American Patriot published 
 
 American Antiquarian Society at Wor- 
 cester 
 
 American vessels captured, number of. . 
 
 American Colonization Society at Wash- 
 ington 
 
 American Farmer published at Baltimore, 
 
 American Journal of Science and Arts . . 
 
 American Traveller published in Boston . 
 
 American Institute in New York 
 
 American Institutcof Instruction founded, 
 
 American Bible Union in New York . . . 
 
 American and Foreign Bible Society in 
 New York 
 
 American Art Union in New York .... 
 
 American Short-horn Herd-Book pub- 
 lished 
 
 American Bible Union in New York . . . 
 
 American Nautical Almanac published . . 
 
 American Press Association 
 
 Americans repulsed at La Cole River, 
 Canada 
 
 Americans, rights in foreign states . . . 
 
 Amherst College, Massachusetts, founded, 
 
 Amnesty proclamation 
 
 Amnesty grunted 
 
 Amnesty, President's right to proclaim, 
 repealed 
 
 Amnesty, proclamation of 
 
 Amnesty, complete, proclaimed 
 
 Andersonville prison opened 
 
 Anclros, Sir Edmund, head-quarters at 
 New York 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund, a new commission 
 
 given to , 
 adros 
 
 Andros, summoned to surrender the gov- 
 ernment 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund, imprisoned .... 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund, sent as prisoner to 
 England 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund, governor of Vir- 
 ginia 
 
 Animals, Prevention of Cruelty to, So- 
 ciety for 
 
 Annapolis made the capital of the state 
 of Maryland 
 
 Annapolis, Maryland, a port of entry . . 
 
 Annapolis, Maryland, printing-press in . 
 
 Annapolis, Maryland, flag of truce at . . 
 
 310 
 
 10 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 527 
 638 
 421 
 
 4M 
 
 607 
 442 
 649 
 37 
 211 
 
 593 
 687 
 172 
 
 543 
 
 540 
 
 663 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 373 
 
 220 
 485 
 499 
 505 
 
 517 
 533 
 
 537 
 541 
 543 
 555 
 561 
 564 
 580 
 
 580 
 584 
 
 595 
 601 
 605 
 680 
 
 525 
 673 
 537 
 642 
 657 
 
 666 
 670 
 674 
 644 
 
 147 
 
 147 
 
 149 
 150 
 
 151 
 156 
 652 
 
 161 
 162 
 222 
 523 
 
 Annapolis, naval school at 
 
 Ann Arbor, Michigan, observatory at . 
 
 Anthracite coal used in a hot blast .... 
 
 Anthracite coal used as fuel for locomo- 
 tives 
 
 Antictam, Maryland, battle at 
 
 Antinomian controversy 
 
 Antioch College at Yellow Springs, Ohio, 
 founded 
 
 Anti- Masonic convention at LcRoy, New 
 York 
 
 Anti-lottery society in Philadelphia . . . 
 
 Anti-slavery society in New York .... 
 
 Anti -slavery documents destroyed in the 
 mail 
 
 Anti-slavery National Woman's Conven- 
 tion held at Philadelphia 
 
 Anti-renters in New York 
 
 Appeals to the king refused 
 
 Appomattox Court House, Lee surrenders 
 at 
 
 Apportionment, new, provided for .... 
 
 Appraisement at custom-house begun . . 
 
 Apprentices, death penalty against, in 
 Maryland 
 
 Apprentices' Library in Philadelphia . . 
 
 Appropriation for increase of navy . . . . 
 
 Arbitration suggested by Massachusetts 
 Peace Society 
 
 Arbitration made compulsory in Pennsyl- 
 vania 
 
 Arbitration, Court of, in New York . . . 
 
 Arbutlmot executed by General Jackson 
 
 Arctic expedition from New York .... 
 
 Arctic expedition in search of Sir John 
 Franklin 
 
 Argall, Captain, captures Pocahontas . . 
 
 Argall, Captain, destroys French settle- 
 ments 
 
 Argus, the, captures vessels in the British 
 channel 
 
 Argus, the, captured by the Pelican . . . 
 
 Arizona made a territory 
 
 Arkansas made a territory 
 
 Arkansas Gazette published at Little 
 Rock 
 
 Arkansas admitted to the Union 
 
 Arkansas, Confederate ram 
 
 Arkansas Post captured 
 
 Arkansas admitted to representation . . . 
 
 Arkansas, vote not counted 
 
 Arkansas, conflict in 
 
 Arkansas, message on affairs of 
 
 Armistice, plan for, modified 
 
 Armistice proposed 
 
 Armistice between England and France . 
 
 Arms made in Massachusetts 
 
 Armstrong, John, resigns 
 
 Army of observation in Rhode Island . . 
 
 Army hospital organized 
 
 Army reorganized 
 
 Army withdraws to Ticonderoga .... 
 
 Army, another, enlisted 
 
 Army withdrew from Newport 
 
 Army, condition of 
 
 Army, depreciation of pay made good . . 
 
 Army, report on condition of 
 
 Army, condition of south 
 
 Army, plan of organization 
 
 Army, condition of 
 
 Army, meeting in 
 
 Army, condition of 
 
 Army, provisional 
 
 Army reduced 
 
 Army, addition to 
 
 Army increased 
 
 Army, whipping in, abolished 
 
 Army, new levies consolidated with . . . 
 
 Army, liquor prohibited in 
 
 Army ordered to left bank of Rio Grande, 
 
 Army of the Potomac, McClellan in com- 
 mand 
 
 594 
 607 
 570 
 
 577 
 632 
 
 58 
 
 603 
 
 559 
 
 568 
 569 
 
 573 
 
 584 
 590 
 169 
 
 654 
 686 
 542 
 
 72 
 547 
 535 
 
 533 
 
 577 
 696 
 543 
 601 
 
 605 
 
 25 
 
 522 
 5^2 
 638 
 547 
 
 571 
 577 
 630 
 636 
 671 
 688 
 695 
 697 
 515 
 516 
 232 
 232 
 528 
 321 
 328 
 333 
 351 
 359 
 376 
 381 
 389 
 390 
 392 
 394 
 395 
 396 
 405 
 472 
 486 
 503 
 512 
 513 
 514 
 541 
 594 
 
 622
 
 INDEX. 
 
 763 
 
 Army of the Potomac, McClellan in com- 
 mand 
 
 Army not to restore fugitive slaves . . . 
 
 Army of Virginia, Pope in command . . 
 
 Army of Cumberland, Thomas given com- 
 mand 
 
 Army, peace establishment of 
 
 Army, grade of general revived 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, at West Point 
 
 Arnold's treachery 
 
 Artesian well in St. Louis completed . . 
 
 Artillery stores made in Providence . . . 
 
 Ashburton treaty, terms of 
 
 Assembly in Virginia orders mulberry- 
 trees planted 
 
 Assembly in Maryland 
 
 Assembly of Maryland divided 
 
 Assembly in New Jersey ........ 
 
 Assembly in South Carolina 
 
 Assembly of notables in Canada 
 
 Assembly in New York 
 
 Assembly called in New York 
 
 Assembly in New York 
 
 Assembly of Pennsylvania, right to ori- 
 ginate laws . 
 
 Associated Press in New York 
 
 Associates buy out London adventurers . 
 
 Associates, Hundred, purchase Quebec . . 
 
 Association in North Carolina 
 
 Assorting Bureau created 
 
 Assumption of state debts objected to . . 
 
 Astor Library opened in New York ... 
 
 Astor- Place riot in New York 
 
 Asylum, Deaf and Dumb, at Hartford . . 
 
 Athenaeum Library at Providence, Khode 
 Island 
 
 Athenaeum Library formed in Boston . . 
 
 Athenian Society in Baltimore 
 
 Athens, Missouri, battle at 
 
 Atlanta entered 
 
 Atlantic coast blockaded 
 
 Atlantic, first steam passage over .... 
 
 Atlantic telegraph laid 
 
 Attorney-general decides a citizen can re- 
 nounce his citizenship 
 
 Aubert, Thomas, explores St. Lawrence . 
 
 Auburn, New York, competition of mow- 
 ers at 
 
 Audience, Royal, given government of 
 Mexico 
 
 Augusta, Georgia, settled 
 
 Augusta deserted 
 
 Augusta captured 
 
 Austin, Foster H., settles Austin in 
 Texas 
 
 Austria frees Martin Koszta as an Ameri- 
 can citizen 
 
 Auto-da-fe in Mexico 
 
 Avcry sborough, North Carolina, battle of 
 
 Azores made starting-point of boundary, 
 
 33 
 55 
 75 
 122 
 
 128 
 133 
 139 
 150 
 Ia5 
 
 162 
 
 000 
 37 
 
 37 
 327 
 095 
 448 
 (KX5 
 001 
 5:JO 
 
 242 
 
 495 
 5()li 
 022 
 048 
 518 
 582 
 0(J.j 
 
 614 
 12 
 
 0(34 
 
 15 
 219 
 373 
 400 
 
 18 
 
 653 
 10 
 
 Bacon, insurrection in Virginia 129 
 
 Biiinbridge, William, commands the Con- 
 stitution 518 
 
 Bakers regulated in New York city . . . 146 
 Baldwin, J. O., "Ancient America "... 9 
 Ballou, Hosea, publishes Uuiversalist 
 
 Magazine 546 
 
 Balls' Bluff, battle of 623 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland, settled 203 
 
 Baltimore incorporated 228 
 
 Baltimore, lottery in 241 
 
 Baltimore, brick buildings in 244 
 
 Baltimore, mills in 257, 292 
 
 Baltimore, pottery at 263 
 
 Baltimore, Niles' Register published in . 511 
 
 Baltimore, riot in 511 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland, commercial associa- 
 tion formed in 539 
 
 Baltimore, first savings bank in 
 
 Baltimore, national convention of silk- 
 growers at 
 
 Baltimore, Sixth Massachusetts mobbed 
 in 
 
 Bancroft, H. H., " Native Races of Pa- 
 cific States " 
 
 Bank in Boston, Massachusetts 
 
 Bank of bills of credit in South Carolina . 
 
 Bank of bills of credit in Massachusetts . 
 
 Bank of bills of credit created in Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Bank of bills of credit in Massachusetts . 
 
 Bank of bills of credit in New Hampshire, 
 
 Bank of bills of credit created by Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Bank of bills of credit created in Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Bank of bills of credit created by Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Bank of bills of credit created by Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Bank of bills of credit created by Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Bank of Pennsylvania 
 
 Bank of North America incorporated . . 
 
 Bank of North America chartered .... 
 
 Bank of bills of credit in Rhode Island . 
 
 Bank, National, created 
 
 Bank-bills, issue of, limited in Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 Bank, National, chartered 
 
 Bank of Savings formed at New York . . 
 
 Bank, report on the affairs of 
 
 Bank, losses reported 
 
 Bank, Suffolk, system introduced .... 
 
 Bank, committee report in favor of re- 
 chartering 
 
 Bank, based on the resources of the coun- 
 try, suggested by President 
 
 Bank, petitions for a renewal of charter . 
 
 Bank, charter of, vetoed 
 
 Bank claims damages from United States, 
 
 Bank, report concerning its affairs .... 
 
 Bank, government directors report they 
 were excluded from knowing its con- 
 dition 
 
 Bank, House resolves not to re-charter . . 
 
 Bank, committee to investigate, appointed 
 by Senate 
 
 Bank, committee reports on, to the House, 
 
 Bank wound up 
 
 Bank-notes, denominations of, allowed in 
 the states 
 
 Bank chartered by Pennsylvania ..... 
 
 Bank continues with title " United States 
 Bank of Pennsylvania " 
 
 Bank pays off shares owned by govern- 
 ment 
 
 Bank sends agent to England 
 
 Bank-notes less than twenty dollars not 
 received by government 
 
 Bank, president of, resigns 
 
 Bank, the new, forbidden issuing notes of 
 old 
 
 Bank, bills of, on France, protested . . . 
 
 Bank, report on its management 
 
 Bank of California failed 
 
 Banking schemes in Massachusetts forbid- 
 den 
 
 Banking system of New York reported 
 
 Tt 
 
 Banking law, free, in New York 
 
 Bankrupt law passed in Rhode Island, 132, 
 
 Bankrupt law passed 
 
 Bankrupt act repealed 
 
 Bankruptcy law in Rhorle Island .... 
 Bankruptcy law in Rhode Island repealed, 
 
 Bankruptcy law passed 
 
 Bankruptcy act repealed 
 
 Bankruptcy law 
 
 Bankruptcy act repealed 
 
 541 
 583 
 621 
 
 9 
 146 
 
 182 
 184 
 
 185 
 187 
 187 
 
 192 
 208 
 213 
 220 
 
 227 
 390 
 404 
 409 
 423 
 450 
 
 503 
 535 
 536 
 544 
 550 
 554 
 
 562 
 
 562 
 566 
 566 
 563 
 5(58 
 
 570 
 571 
 
 571 
 
 572 
 572 
 
 573 
 575 
 
 576 
 
 580 
 682 
 
 582 
 584 
 
 585 
 585 
 586 
 697 
 
 223 
 
 541 
 
 584 
 248 
 480 
 4!>4 
 283 
 290 
 587 
 589 
 668
 
 704 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Banks in New York and Massachusetts . 416 
 
 Hanks in United States 451 
 
 B.uiks in Dotted States oL4 
 
 Bunks, specie-paying, chartered by Penn- 
 sylvania 6! 
 
 Hanks, specie-paying, fail ........ 6. 
 
 Banks of New Orleans suspended . ... 525 
 
 Bunks suspend specie payment ...... 527 
 
 Jjjinks in District of Columbia suspend. . 627 
 
 Banks chartered in Kentucky 640 
 
 Bunks, general failure of 657 
 
 Bunk* suspend payment 6! 
 
 Banks resumed payment 682 
 
 Banks of Philadelphia resumed 683 
 
 Banks, small notes of, not received by 
 
 government 583 
 
 Banks in the United States 686 
 
 Banks in Philadelphia suspend specie pay- 
 ments 685 
 
 Banks in Philadelphia run on 686 
 
 Bunks in Philadelphia suspend specie pay- 
 ments 686 
 
 Banks in Philadelphia resumed 688 
 
 Banks of Philadelphia suspend payments, 013 
 
 Banks in the country suspend 613 
 
 Banks, circulation of 622 
 
 Banks, General, at New Orleans 636 
 
 Banks, state, circulation taxed 653 
 
 Baptist Church in Providence 60 
 
 Baptist church in Boston 116 
 
 Baptist church in Boston 132 
 
 Baptists, Seventh-day 124 
 
 Baptists forbidden to meet in Boston . . 135 
 Baptists in Massachusetts allowed to pay 
 
 taxes for their own ministers .... 202 
 
 Barataria Bay, settlement at, dispersed . 529 
 
 Barre, Isaac, speech against Stamp Act . 264 
 
 Baton Rouge captured 384 
 
 Buton Rouge, battle of 631 
 
 Battle of Otumba, in Mexico 13 
 
 Battle of Lexington 320 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill 326 
 
 Battle of Great Bridge 334 
 
 Battle of Brooklyn fought ........ 353 
 
 Battle on Lake Champlain 355 
 
 Buttle of White Plains 356 
 
 Battle at Trenton 360 
 
 Battle at Princeton 360 
 
 Battle of Bcnnington 365 
 
 Battle of Brandy wine 366 
 
 Battle of Bemus' Heights fought .... 367 
 
 Buttle at Gcrmantown - 367 
 
 Battle of Monmouth Court House .... 375 
 
 Buttle of Kettle Creek, Georgia 379 
 
 Battle at Hanging Rock 391 
 
 Battle at Sanders Creek 391 
 
 Battle at Fish-Dam Ford 395 
 
 Battle of Cowpens 397 
 
 Battle of Guilford Court House 399 
 
 Battle of Camden 399 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Springs 402 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe 612 
 
 Battle at Brownstown, Michigan .... 615 
 
 Battle of Queenstown Heights 516 
 
 Buttle of Tallasehatche fought 522 
 
 Battle of the Thames, Upper Canada ... 522 
 
 Battle of Lake Erie 522 
 
 Battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, fought, 523 
 
 Battle of Luudy's Lane fought 526 
 
 Battle of Chippeway fought 626 
 
 Battle of Bridgewater fought 526 
 
 Battle of Bladensburg 527 
 
 Battle of Plattsburg fought 528 
 
 Battle of New Orleans 530 
 
 Battle of San Jncinto 677 
 
 Battle of Churubusco fought 597 
 
 Battle of Rcsaca de la Palraa fought ... 597 
 
 Battle of Palo Alto fought ........ 597 
 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo fought . . .597 
 
 Battle of Buena Vista fought ... .597 
 
 Buttle of El Molino del Rey fought . . 598 
 
 Battle of Contreras fought . . / 598 
 
 Battle of Big Bethel 621 
 
 Battle at Booneville, Missouri 621 
 
 Battle at Centreville, Virginia 622 
 
 Battle of Manassas Junction 622 
 
 Battle of Bull Run G22 
 
 Battle at Athens, Missouri 622 
 
 Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia .... 622 
 
 Battle at Carthage, Missouri C22 
 
 Battle of Bclmont, Mississippi 623 
 
 Battle of Carnifex Ferry 623 
 
 Battle of Ball's Bluff fv^3 
 
 Battle of Wilson's Creek 023 
 
 Battle at Mill Spring, Kentucky 624 
 
 Battle at Middle Creek, Kentucky .... 624 
 
 Battle at Newbern, North Carolina . . . 625 
 
 Battle at Roanoke Island 625 
 
 Battle at Pea Ridge, Arkansas 626 
 
 Battle at Winchester, Virginia 027 
 
 Battle at Pittsburg Landing 627 
 
 Battle at Shiloh 627 
 
 Battle at Chancellorsville 628 
 
 Battle at Hanover Court House 628 
 
 Battle of Seven Pines 628 
 
 Battle at Williamsburg, Virginia .... 628 
 
 Battle at Winchester, Virginia 628 
 
 Battle at Cross Keys, Virginia 628 
 
 Battle of Frazier's Farm 629 
 
 Battle at Cold Harbor 629 
 
 Battle at Mechanicsville, Virginia .... 629 
 
 Battle at Cerro de Borgo 629 
 
 Battle of Savage's Station, Virginia ... 629 
 
 Battle of Malvern Hill 629 
 
 Battle, Seven Days', at Richmond .... 629 
 
 Battle at Secessionville 629 
 
 Battle of Cedar Mountain 631 
 
 Battle of Baton Rouge 631 
 
 Battle at Manassas 632 
 
 Battle at South Mountain, Maryland . . 632 
 
 Battle at Groyeton, Virginia 632 
 
 Battle at Antietam, Maryland 632 
 
 Battle at Chantilly, Virginia 632 
 
 Battle at Ox Hill, Virginia 632 
 
 Battle at Richmond, Kentucky 632 
 
 Battle of Corinth, Mississippi 633 
 
 Battle at luka, Mississippi 633 
 
 Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky 633 
 
 Battle at Prairie Grove, Arkansas .... 634 
 
 Battle at Chickasaw Bayou 634 
 
 Battle of Stone River, Tennessee .... 035 
 
 Battle (second) of Stone River 635 
 
 Battle of Cottage Grove, Tennessee . . . 637 
 
 Battle at Somerville, Kentucky 637 
 
 Battle of Raymond. Mississippi 638 
 
 Battle of Champion's Hill, Mississippi . 638 
 
 Battle of Chancellorsville 638 
 
 Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi . . 633 
 
 Battle of Port Gibson 638 
 
 Battle at Winchester, Virginia 639 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania . . . 640 
 
 Battle of Hanover Junction, Virginia . . 640 
 
 Battle of Lookout Mountain 641 
 
 Battle of Missionary Ridge 641 
 
 Battle of Chickamauga Creek 641 
 
 Battle of Campbell's Station 641 
 
 Battle at Olustee, Florida 642 
 
 Battle at Sabine Cross Roads 643 
 
 Battle of Spottsylvania, Virginia . . . . 6f4 
 
 Battle of Resaca, Georgia 644 
 
 Battle of New Hope Church Station, 
 
 Georgia 645 
 
 Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia 645 
 
 Battle of Dallas, Georgia 645 
 
 Battle at Kent-saw Mountain 646 
 
 Battle of Jonesborough 648 
 
 Battle of Decatur, Georgia 648 
 
 Battle of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia . . 648 
 
 Battle at Winchester 648 
 
 Battle of Monocacy River, Maryland . . 648 
 
 Battle at Cedar Creek, Virginia 649 
 
 Battle at Allatoona Pass, Georgia .... 649 
 
 Battle at Holston River, Virginia .... 649 
 
 Battle at Fisher's Creek, Virginia .... 649
 
 INDEX. 
 
 765 
 
 Battle at Peebles Farm 649 
 
 Battle at Nashville, Tennessee 050 
 
 Battle at Hatcher's Run, Virginia .... 650 
 
 Battle at Hatcher's Run 652 
 
 Battle of Averysborough, North Carolina 653 
 Battle of Bcntonville, North Carolina . . 653 
 
 Battle of Five Forks, Virginia 653 
 
 Battle of Farmville, Virginia 054 
 
 Battles of the Wilderness 644 
 
 Bears, bounty on, in Rhode Island .... 216 
 Beaumarchais advances to colonies . . . 343 
 Beaumont, William, publishes experi- 
 ments on digestion 569 
 
 Beaver Dam, Americans captured at ... 521 
 Beaverwyck, Dutch name of Albany ... 33 
 Bedford, Duke of, head of colonial affairs, 233 
 
 Bee published 474 
 
 Beer brewed in Pennsylvania 109 
 
 Beer, price of, in New England 120 
 
 Beer, price fixed in Pennsylvania .... 138 
 
 Beer, price of, in Maryland 167 
 
 Beer in Georgia 222 
 
 Beer in Maryland 228 
 
 Behring's second voyage of discovery . . 224 
 Belcher, governor oif New Jersey .... 230 
 Belfast, on Penobscot Bay, captured . . . 528 
 
 Bell cast in Philadelphia 239 
 
 Bells lirst manufactured 218 
 
 Bellamout, Earl of, governor of New Eng- 
 land 164 
 
 Bellarnont, Earl of, in New York city . . Ifi5 
 
 Belmont, Mississippi, battle of 623 
 
 Bentonville, North Carolina, battle of . . 653 
 Berkeley, Sir W., governor of Virginia . 105 
 Berkeley, Sir VV., condition of Virginia . 124 
 Berkeley sold part of New Jersey .... 128 
 
 Berlin decree issued 41)9 
 
 Berlin and Milan decrees revoked .... 509 
 Berlin and Milan decrees repealed .... 513 
 Bernard, Francis, governor of New Jersey 250 
 Berwick, Maine, attacked by Indians ... 151 
 Bethel, Missouri, a community at .... 591 
 Betterment law in Massachusetts .... 503 
 Bibb, W. W., first governor of Alabama 
 
 territory 538 
 
 Bible, Indian version of. 106 
 
 Bible printed in Indian 114 
 
 Bible in German, at Germantown, Penn- 
 sylvania .. 226 
 
 Bible, English, printed in Boston .... 239 
 
 Bible printed in Philadelphia 400 
 
 Biddle, president of Bank, resigns .... 584 
 
 Big Bethel, battle of 621 
 
 Big Black River, Mississippi, battle of . . 638 
 Bill to regulate the government of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay 301 
 
 Bill of Rights in Virginia 347 
 
 Bill to collect the revenue 568 
 
 Bill drawn by United States on France 
 
 protested 568 
 
 Bill to secure civil rights 663 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Massachusetts . 152 
 
 Bills of credit in Carolina 172 
 
 Bills of credit, redemption postponed . . 174 
 
 Bills of credit in Carolina 177 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Rhode Island . . 178 
 Bills of credit issued by New Hampshire, 178 
 Bills of credit issued by New York, New 
 
 Jersey, and Connecticut 179 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Massachusetts 
 
 and New York 181 
 
 Bills of credit issued by New York . . . 184 
 Bills of credit redeemed by Rhode Island, 184 
 Bills of credit issued by New York . . 185 
 Bills of credit issued by South Carolina 185 
 Bills of credit issued by New York . . . 188 
 Bills of credit forbidden in the colonies 191 
 Bills of credit issued by New Jersey . . 192 
 Bills of credit issued by Pennsylvania . 194 
 Bills of credit forbidden in South Caro- 
 lina 194 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Pennsylvania . . 195 
 
 Bills of credit vetoed by council in South 
 Carolina 
 
 Bills of credit, bank of, in Rhode Island . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Massachusetts . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by North Carolina . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Pennsylvania . . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by South Carolina . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Maryland .... 
 
 Bills of credit in Louisiana 
 
 Bills of credit issued by North Carolina . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by New York . . . 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit forbidden the colonies . . 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Massachusetts . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Massachusetts . 
 
 Bills of credit burned in Rhode Island . . 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit forbidden in New England, 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit regulated 
 
 Bills of credit by the colonies 
 
 Bills of credit in Georgia 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Maryland .... 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Rhode Island . . 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Pennsylvania . . 
 
 Bills of credit forbidden 
 
 Bills of credit, Franklin's evidence on . . 
 
 Bills of credit in Massachusetts 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit by New Hampshire .... 
 
 Bills of credit by Congress 
 
 Bills of credit by Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit by New York 
 
 Bills of credit by New Jersey 
 
 Bills of credit issued 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Congress .... 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit 
 
 Bills of credit by Congress 
 
 Bills of credit 
 
 Bills of credit issued . 
 
 Bills of credit issued 
 
 Bills of credit counterfeited 
 
 Bills of credit, limit placed on 
 
 Bills of credit counterfeited 
 
 Bills of credit, repeal of legal tender ad- 
 vised 
 
 Bills of credit, depreciation of, fixed . . . 
 
 Bills of credit, change in 
 
 Bills of credit issued by Pennsylvania . . 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit, preparation for new ispue, 
 
 Bills of credit, depreciation of 
 
 Bills of credit in Pennsylvania 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Bills of credit in Rhode Island 
 
 Binghampton, New York, settled .... 
 
 Birney, James G., publishes The Philan- 
 thropist 
 
 Bishop, Episcopal, consecrated 
 
 Bishops ordained . . . 
 
 Black Friday 
 
 Black Hawk captured 
 
 Black Republican, origin of term . . . . 
 
 Black Rock, British batteries captured at, 
 
 Blackvvell, John, petitions for a bank . . 
 
 Bladen, Thomas, governor of Maryland . 
 
 Blanchard, Thomas, invents tack-making 
 machine 
 
 Blank books made in Boston 
 
 Blind, Perkins Institute for, in Boston . 
 
 Block, Adrien, builds a vessel 
 
 Block Island named 
 
 Blockade removed 
 
 Blount, trial of 
 
 Blue laws of New Haven 
 
 Blue Ridge crossed 
 
 Blue Ridge crossed 
 
 Board of nine men in New York 
 
 Board of Trade and Plantations organ- 
 ized 
 
 199 
 201 
 202 
 203 
 204 
 208 
 214 
 218 
 218 
 219 
 220 
 222 
 222 
 224 
 228 
 234 
 236 
 238 
 238 
 238 
 245 
 245 
 248 
 248 
 249 
 258 
 284 
 320 
 321 
 323 
 327 
 327 
 330 
 331 
 334 
 335 
 338 
 339 
 343 
 308 
 372 
 378 
 379 
 
 385 
 
 388 
 388 
 388 
 389 
 391 
 392 
 395 
 399 
 407 
 423 
 431 
 
 571 
 
 416 
 428 
 678 
 567 
 518 
 518 
 14S 
 226 
 
 517 
 210 
 566 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 656 
 476 
 
 63 
 120 
 180 
 
 92 
 
 163
 
 766 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Board of Trade made a committee .... 
 
 Board of War created by Congress .... 
 
 Board of War organized 
 
 Board of War, change in 
 
 Board of Health in California 
 
 Board of Health in Louisiana 
 
 Board of Health in Maryland 
 
 Boards, price of, fixed in Rhode Island . . 
 
 Boan Is, price of, in Virginia 
 
 Boards, price of, in Massachusetts .... 
 
 Boards, price of, in New England .... 
 
 Boards, price of, in Maine 
 
 Boards, export forbidden by New Jersey 
 
 Boats seized on the Muskingum ..... 
 
 Body of Liberties adopted in Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 Bolting cloth in Delaware 
 
 Bonanza, Big, discovered 
 
 Bonds to be exchanged for notes .... 
 
 Bonds, lost, to be replaced 
 
 Bonded warehouse system inaugurated . 
 
 Book of Mormon published 
 
 Booksellers, first convention of 
 
 Booncville, Missouri, battle at 
 
 Boston n niiod 
 
 Boston made capital of Massachusetts . 
 
 Boston, houses in 
 
 Boston, description of 
 
 Boston, Baptist church in . . 
 
 Boston, bank in 
 
 Boston News-Letter 
 
 Boston Gazette published 
 
 Boston, wind-mill in 
 
 Boston, men impressed for British navy . 
 
 Boston, Bible printed in 
 
 Boston, military council at 
 
 Boston, demonstration in 
 
 Boston, troops from Halifax arrived . . . 
 
 Boston massacre 
 
 Boston, tea destroyed in 
 
 Boston port bill proposed 
 
 Boston port bill passed . 
 
 Boston port bill sent to assemblies ... 
 
 Boston port bill in operation 
 
 Boston, condition of 
 
 Boston evacuated 
 
 Boston, position of affairs in 
 
 Boston Daily Advertiser published ... 
 
 Boston Manufacturing Co., works erected 
 
 Boston, 1'rovident Institution for Sav- 
 ings, at 
 
 Boston Apprentices' Library 
 
 Boston, Mercantile Library in 
 
 Boston Courier published 
 
 Boston Transcript published 
 
 Boston Atlas published 
 
 Boston Daily Journal published 
 
 Boston Cochituate Water Works built . . 
 
 Boston Public Library formed 
 
 Boston Public Library opened 
 
 Boston, fire at 
 
 Botanical Society 
 
 Boundaries settled 
 
 Boundaries of Connecticut and Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Boundaries assigned to Pennsylvania . . 
 
 Boundaries of Maryland 
 
 Boundaries of New Hampshire and Massa- 
 chusetts settled 
 
 Boundaries of Carolina and Florida dis- 
 puted 
 
 Boundaries of Rhode Island and Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Boundaries of Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island settled 
 
 Boundaries of Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island confirmed 
 
 Boundaries of Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island confirmed . 
 
 Boundaries of New York and Massachu- 
 setts settled 
 
 Boundaries of states . . 
 
 347 
 
 308 
 
 373 
 0--' 
 ox> 
 
 ftHj 
 
 00 
 
 94 
 
 101 
 131 
 137 
 101 
 499 
 
 73 
 
 40C> 
 &*< 
 
 003 
 
 <X! 
 
 509 
 
 503 
 1% 
 02 1 
 43 
 
 47 
 
 til 
 102 
 132 
 140 
 174 
 1S9 
 2-2-2 
 231 
 239 
 219 
 207 
 2>0 
 2*0 
 
 2i.<7 
 
 300 
 300 
 303 
 
 536 
 
 549 
 549 
 553 
 502 
 500 
 509 
 51)9 
 603 
 015 
 08 
 502 
 93 
 
 124 
 144 
 210 
 
 219 
 221 
 222 
 224 
 227 
 22.S 
 
 298 
 093 
 
 Boundaries, disputed, in Massachusetts . 423 
 
 Boundaries, disputed, in New York . . . 423 
 Boundaries, question of, left to king of 
 
 the Netherlands 559 
 
 Boundary, northern, of Massachusetts . . 57 
 Boundary between Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut 173 
 
 Boundary of Massachusetts and Rhode 
 
 Island settled 189 
 
 Boundary between Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut proclaimed 199 
 
 Boundary between Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut settled 199 
 
 Boundary between New York and New 
 
 Jersey settled 283 
 
 Boundary, marked, of Virginia and North 
 
 Carolina 382 
 
 Boundary of Virginia and Pennsylvania 
 
 agreed on 387 
 
 Boundary of Florida 464 
 
 Boundary, eastern, settled 476 
 
 Boundary between the United States and 
 
 Spanish territory 499 
 
 Boundary between the United States and 
 
 British America 545 
 
 Boundary between Massachusetts and 
 
 Connecticut settled 558 
 
 Boundary, north-eastern, survey of ... 585 
 
 Boundary, north-western, completed . . 58'J 
 Boundary of Mexico and United States 
 
 settled 599 
 
 Bounty on indigo 232 
 
 Bounty in the states 387 
 
 Bowdoin College chartered 461 
 
 Braddock, General, takes command of ex- 
 pedition 246 
 
 Braddock's expedition defeated 247 
 
 Bradford, William, governor of Plym- 
 outh 31 
 
 Bradford, William, one of the associates . 37 
 
 Bradford, William, printer . 14ii 
 
 Bradford, William, imprisoned 157 
 
 Bradford, William, press in New York . . 159 
 Bradford, Andrew Soules, printer in 
 
 Philadelphia 18i 
 
 Branches of United States Bank 536 
 
 Brandy made in New York 69 
 
 Brazos, Santiago, taken 041 
 
 Brazos, Texas, skirmish at 657 
 
 Bread riot in New York 575 
 
 Bremen, discriminating duties against, re- 
 pealed 542 
 
 Brewery in Massachusetts 71 
 
 Brewster, elder, grace by 32 
 
 Brewster, William, one of the associates 37 
 
 Brick-house built at Wicaco 167 
 
 Brick-house hi Haddonneld, New Jersey 183 
 
 Brick-kiln in Salem 41 
 
 Brick-making machine 482 
 
 Bricks sent to Boston 41 
 
 Bricks, price of, in New York 59 
 
 Bricks, price of, in New Amsterdam . . . 107 
 
 Bricks made in Massachusetts 120 
 
 Bricks made in Maine 128 
 
 Bficks, duty on, in New York 147 
 
 Bricks in Albany, 202 
 
 Bricks, price of, in Charleston ...... 462 
 
 Bricks made by machinery in New York . 561 
 Bridge from Charlestown to Boston . . . 419 
 Bridge, railway suspension, at Niagara . 607 
 Bridge, wire suspension over the Missis- 
 sippi 611 
 
 Bridge, suspension, over the Ohio .... 667 
 
 Bridge, suspension, at New York .... 090 
 
 Bridge over the Mississippi 695 
 
 Bridgeport, Connecticut, settled C5 
 
 Bristol cannonaded 331 
 
 British troops quartered in the colonies . 250 
 
 British troops in Boston, condition of . . 331 
 
 British vessels declared prizes 340 
 
 British fleet enters Boston harbor .... 343 
 
 British land in New York 349
 
 INDEX. 
 
 767 
 
 British enter Jersey 357 
 
 British cross the Schuylkill 367 
 
 British at Saratoga 368 
 
 British at Saratoga surrender 308 
 
 British provinces, post-office in 412 
 
 British goods, importation prohibited . . 498 
 British ships-of-war ordered from Ameri- 
 can waters 502 
 
 British minister asks his passport .... 507 
 
 British vessels captured on Lake Erie . . 516 
 
 British batteries captured at Black Hock . 518 
 
 British bombarded Lewiston 520 
 
 British posts on the Niagara evacuated . 521 
 
 Britisli ships in the Chesapeake 521 
 
 British repulsed in an attack on Craney 
 
 Island 521 
 
 British troops land at Benedict 527 
 
 British troops withdrawn from Georgia . 532 
 
 British vessels captured, number of ... 633 
 
 British at Vera Cruz 624 
 
 Britisli consuls dismissed Confederacy . 641 
 
 British government revokes recognition 658 
 
 Brooklyn, name of 35 
 
 Brooms manufactured 473 
 
 Brown University, in Rhode Island . . . 2(50 
 
 Brown University, first class graduated . 282 
 
 Brown, Antoinette, ordained a minister . 604 
 
 Brown, John, captures Harper's Ferry . 616 
 
 Brown, John, executed 616 
 
 Browiistown, Michigan, battle at .... 515 
 Brownsville, on the Mouongahela, Fort 
 
 at 241 
 
 Bruce, D. & J., stereotype founders . . . 520 
 
 Brunswick destroyed 194 
 
 Buchanan, James, negotiates treaty with 
 
 Russia 566 
 
 Buckuer, John, forbidden to print in Vir- 
 ginia 137 
 
 Buena Vista, battle fought 597 
 
 Buffalo settled 486 
 
 Buffalo, trial of reapers at 599 
 
 Building in New Amsterdam 88 
 
 Buildings, laws for, in Massachusetts . . 157 
 Bull, William, governor of South Caro- 
 lina 219 
 
 Bull Run, battle of 622 
 
 Bunker Hill monument, corner-stone laid 550 
 
 Bureau of Freedmen's Affairs 643 
 
 Bureau, National, of Education 667 
 
 Bureau, Freedmeu's, act to continue . . . 672 
 
 Bureau of Labor in Massachusetts ... 680 
 
 Burgesses, house of, in Virginia 27 
 
 Burlington, New Jersey, settled 130 
 
 Burlington, Vermont, settled 409 
 
 Burlington, Iowa, settled 671 
 
 Burlington University founded 571 
 
 Burnet, governor of Massachusetts . . . 200 
 
 Burnside, General, given army of Potomac 634 
 
 Burr, Aaron, arrested 500 
 
 Burr, Aaron, acquitted 502 
 
 Bustameute, president of Mexico .... 581 
 
 Butler, General, in New Orleans 631 
 
 Butler, General, sequestration order . . 634 
 
 Butler, General, in command at New York 650 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabinet officers removed 481 
 
 Cabinet appointed 484 
 
 Cable, direct United States, opened . . . 698 
 
 Cabot, John, voyage of 10 
 
 Calef, Robert, on witchcraft 168 
 
 Calendar, change in 238 
 
 Calhoun prohibits use of liquor in the 
 
 army 541 
 
 Calico printing aided by Pennsylvania . . 43i) 
 
 Calico printing 449 
 
 California discovered 16 
 
 California, movement for independence of 59-1 
 
 California, gold found in 597 
 
 California ceded to the United States . . . 599 
 
 California accepts constitution 601 
 
 California admitted to Union 602 
 
 California, Board of Health in 683 
 
 California, Bank of, failed 697 
 
 Call for men to enlist 6'J1 
 
 Call for men by the President 630 
 
 Call for men G39 
 
 Call for volunteers 641 
 
 Call for men 64;} 
 
 Call lor men 648 
 
 Callender, J. C., guilty of sedition .... 481 
 
 Callieus, governor of Canada 1(17 
 
 Calves not to be killed in Connecticut . . 74 
 
 Calvert, Philip, governor of Maryland . . 105 
 
 Cambridge, Indian college at 100 
 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, glass com- 
 pany at 543 
 
 Campbell, John, sends news-letters . . . 173 
 
 Campbell, John, issues first newspaper . 174 
 
 Campbell's Station, battle of 641 
 
 Camp-meeting in Virginia 276 
 
 Canada asks aid from New England ... 95 
 Canada transferred to West India Com- 
 pany lig 
 
 Canada reverted to the French crown . . 129 
 
 Canada, expedition against 152 
 
 Canada, expedition against . 179 
 
 Canada, expedition against 181 
 
 Canada, condition of 202 
 
 Canada, population of 202 
 
 Canada, troops raised for an attack on . . 229 
 
 Canada passes to the English 257 
 
 Canada asked to join colonies 340 
 
 Canada, army retreats from 349 
 
 Canada divided . 449 
 
 Canada made a bishopric 450 
 
 Canada divided into Upper and Lower . . 514 
 Canada, Papineau's rebellion in, sup- 
 pressed 581 
 
 Canada, Upper and Lower, united .... 55 
 
 Canada, clergy reserves abolished in ... CI05 
 
 Canada, Grand Trunk railway opened . . 611 
 
 Canada, last parliament of 651 
 
 Canada, Fenian expedition against .... 081 
 
 Canada, Dominion of, inaugurated ... C<19 
 
 Canal in Massachusetts 47 
 
 Canal in Massachusetts 67 
 
 Canal, Erie, Champlain, and Hudson, in 
 
 New York 539 
 
 Canal, Chesapeake and Ohio, chartered 
 
 by Virginia 553 
 
 Canal, Delaware and Chesapeake, opened 5(H 
 
 Canal, Illinois and Michigan, finished . . 599 
 
 Canals in Massachusetts 452 
 
 Canandaigua land-office opened 438 
 
 Cannon seized in Rhode Island 314 
 
 Cannon, expedition to capture 318 
 
 Cannon secured 330 
 
 Canso, fort, captured by French 228 
 
 Cantonment, Leavenworth, built 546 
 
 Capital of banks 512 
 
 Cape Breton discovered by fishermen . . 11 
 
 Cape Ann, settlement at 35 
 
 Cape Breton made separate government . 413 
 
 Cape Cod, settlements on, pay ransom . . 628 
 
 Cape Breton annexed to Nova Scotia . . 549 
 
 Capital on the Potomac 446 
 
 Cards, machine for making 415 
 
 Cards made in Massachusetts 439 
 
 Caribbee Islands captured 25(5 
 
 Carnifex Ferry, battle of 623 
 
 Carolina granted to a company Ill 
 
 Carolina charter of 118 
 
 Carolina divided into counties 137 
 
 Carolina assembly rejects the Grand 
 
 Model 145 
 
 Carolina, assembly of, refractory 147 
 
 Carolina, martial law in 148 
 
 Carolina abandons the Grand Model . . . 159 
 
 Carolina coined halfpence 161 
 
 Carolina, French Protestant settlers nat- 
 uralized 163
 
 768 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Carolina, bills of credit in 
 
 Carolina, churches in .......... 
 
 Carolina, expedition from,against St. Au- 
 "nstinc 
 
 Carolina, Church of England sustained . 
 
 Carolina divided into parishes 
 
 Carolina, expedition from, against * lori- 
 ila 
 
 Carolina issues bills of credit 
 
 Carolina, charter vacated 
 
 Carolina, proprietors relinquish 
 
 Carolina, first royal governor in 
 
 Carpets hi New York 
 
 Carpets, ingrain, machine for, patented . 
 
 Carpets, Brussels, machine for, patented . 
 
 Carrera, president of Mexico 
 
 Carri.iges manufactured in New York . . 
 
 Carthage, Missouri, battle at 
 
 Cartier, Jaques, visits Newfoundland . . 
 
 Cartier, Jaques, second voyage to New- 
 foundland 
 
 Cartier visits Canada 
 
 Castine, on Penobscot Bay, captured . . . 
 
 Castleton, Staten Island, quarantine de- 
 stroyed by a mob 
 
 Catechism, Indian, printed 
 
 Caterpillar in Georgia 
 
 Cathay, America supposed to be 
 
 Catholic church in Philadelphia 
 
 Cattle in Virginia 
 
 Cattle introduced into Plymouth .... 
 
 Cattle to New Netherlands 
 
 Cattle to Massachusetts 
 
 Cattle to New Hampshire 
 
 Cattle in Virginia 
 
 Cattle, fine, to Kentucky 
 
 Cattle, fine, imported by Ohio Company . 
 
 Cattle, sale of short-horn 
 
 Cattle-plague in Maryland 
 
 Caucus of Republican members nominate . 
 
 Cedar Mountain, battle of 
 
 Cedar Creek, Virginia, battle at 
 
 Censor published in Boston 
 
 Censorship of the press in Massachusetts 
 
 Census in Rhode Island 
 
 Census of New York 
 
 Census in Rhode Island 
 
 Census taken 
 
 Census taken 
 
 Census 
 
 Centennial to be celebrated 
 
 Centennial Exposition, act creating board 
 of finance 
 
 Centennial Exhibition, proclamation con- 
 cerning 
 
 Centennial Exhibition, United States' ex- 
 hibit 
 
 Ccntinel, Mas8achusett8,pubUshed in Bos- 
 ton 
 
 Centinel of the North-west Territory pub- 
 lished 
 
 Central America explored by Cortez . . . 
 
 Central Park in New York ....... 
 
 Centreville, Virginia, battle at 
 
 Cerro Gordo, battle fought 
 
 Cerro de Borgo, battle at 
 
 Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, raid on . . 
 
 Charabersburg, Pennsylvania, captured . 
 
 Champion's Hill, Mississippi, battle of . 
 
 Champlain, Lake, name of... 
 
 Chancellorsville, battle at 
 
 Chancellorsville, battle of 
 
 Chancery, court of, in New York city . . 
 
 Channel, British, vessels captured in, by 
 the Argus 
 
 Chantilly, Virginia, battle at 
 
 Chapultepec, fortress of, captured .... 
 
 Charles 1 1. appoints governors for colonies 
 
 Charles II. proclaimed at Boston . . . . 
 
 Charles 1 1 . forbade Quaker persecution . . 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, Dutch settle- 
 ment in 
 
 172 
 172 
 
 in 
 
 178 
 
 176 
 177 
 191 
 203 
 
 253 
 
 .V.i 1 
 598 
 607 
 276 
 622 
 15 
 
 15 
 17 
 
 528 
 
 603 
 
 98 
 
 455 
 
 10 
 
 215 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 235 
 
 460 
 
 571 
 
 692 
 
 102 
 
 553 
 
 631 
 
 649 
 
 288 
 
 193 
 
 205 
 
 209 
 
 302 
 
 452 
 
 503 
 
 602 
 
 683 
 
 686 
 691 
 693 
 413 
 
 458 
 15 
 619 
 622 
 597 
 629 
 634 
 639 
 638 
 23 
 628 
 638 
 165 
 
 522 
 632 
 598 
 94 
 106 
 106 
 
 125 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, named . . . 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, royal custom- 
 house established in 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, attacked by 
 French and Spaniards 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, Gazette pub- 
 lished in 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, great fire in 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, Society Li- 
 brary in 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, Gazette pub- 
 lished in 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, invested . . 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, siege of, 
 raised 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, surrendered 
 
 Charleston evacuated 
 
 Charleston Mercury published 
 
 Charleston harbor blocked up 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, bombarded . 
 
 Charleston surrendered 
 
 Charlestown, navy-yard at 
 
 Charlotte, mint at 
 
 Charter of Massachusetts Company trans- 
 ferred 
 
 Charter of privileges and exceptions in 
 New York 
 
 Charter of Providence Plantations .... 
 
 Charter of Carolina 
 
 Charter of Pennsylvania granted to Penn 
 
 Charter of privileges for Pennsylvania . . 
 
 Charter vacated in Carolina 
 
 Charter sent to Massachusetts 
 
 Charter issued for Georgia 
 
 Charters of the colonies threatened . . . 
 
 Chase, Judge, acquitted 
 
 Chase, secretary of treasury, resigns . . 
 
 Chatte, M. de, made governor of Canada 
 
 Chauvin, M. de, takes colony to Canada . 
 
 Chelsea, Massachusetts, incorporated . . 
 
 Cherokee nation repeal secession .... 
 
 Cherokees move west of the Mississippi 
 
 Chesapeake Bay, British land at 
 
 Chesapeake, the, fired upon 
 
 Chesapeake, British agent to settle . . . 
 
 Chesapeake, reparation for, accepted . . . 
 
 Chesapeake, seamen returned to her . . . 
 
 Chesapeake Bay, lights on, extinguished 
 
 Chesapeake, the, captured by the Shannon 
 
 Chesapeake, British fleet in 
 
 Chicago settled 
 
 Chicago, first steamboat at . 
 
 Chicago Times suppressed 
 
 Chicago Times suppressed 
 
 Chicago, bequest for a library left to ... 
 
 Chicago, fire at 
 
 Chickamauga Creek, Tennessee, battle at 
 
 Chiekasaw Bayou, battle at 
 
 Children, training of, in Massachusetts . 
 
 Children working in factories to go to 
 school in Massachusetts 
 
 Chillicothe, first religious newspaper pub- 
 lished at 
 
 Chilpanzingo, congress at, declares Mexi- 
 co independent 
 
 China, trade opened with 
 
 Chippeway, battle of, fought 
 
 Chloroform made by S. Guthrie 
 
 Christian Register published in Boston . 
 
 Christian Intelligencer published iu New 
 York 
 
 Chronicle, Boston, published 
 
 Chronicle, Pennsylvania, and Universal 
 Advertiser, published in Philadelphia 
 
 Chronicle, The United States, published 
 in Providence, Rhode Island 
 
 Chronicle, New York, published .... 
 
 Chronicle, Jersey 
 
 Chrysler's Field, battle of, fought .... 
 
 Churubusco, battle of, fought 
 
 Church in Albany 
 
 Church of stone in New York city .... 
 
 134 
 144 
 177 
 
 203 
 223 
 
 233 
 
 271 
 380 
 
 382 
 3s<J 
 40$ 
 553 
 624 
 640 
 652 
 473 
 572 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 81 
 118 
 138 
 169 
 191 
 '.. 
 210 
 167 
 498 
 647 
 20 
 20 
 220 
 636 
 546 
 366 
 501 
 502 
 512 
 515 
 520 
 521 
 527 
 526 
 5C6 
 636 
 639 
 673 
 684 
 641 
 634 
 74 
 
 578 
 531 
 
 523 
 411 
 526 
 564 
 550 
 
 562 
 274 
 
 276 
 
 279 
 
 2*0 
 
 463 
 
 523 
 
 5'J7 
 
 74 
 
 75
 
 INDEX. 
 
 769 
 
 Church, Colonel, lends expedition against 
 
 Indians 155 
 
 Church of England established in South 
 
 Carolina 177 
 
 Church property, taxation of 698 
 
 Churches, support of, in Massachusetts . 61 
 
 Churches in New York 158 
 
 Churches in Massachusetts 159 
 
 Churches in New England 159 
 
 Church-members only allowed freedom in 
 
 Massachusetts 45 
 
 Cincinnati, Order of 410 
 
 Cincinnati, fort at 438 
 
 Cincinnati, General Pike launched at . . 546 
 
 Cincinnati, Prices Current in 572 
 
 Circular to the colonies by Massachusetts 265 
 Circular letter, Massachusetts refuses to 
 
 rescind it 278 
 
 Circular letter to the colonies 302 
 
 Circulation of banks 512 
 
 Circulation of banks 622 
 
 Circulation of state banks taxed 653 
 
 Citizenship, right to, renounced 614 
 
 City Point occupied 044 
 
 City Point attacked 645 
 
 City offices, bill to regulate tenure of . . 667 
 
 Civil code for Louisiana adopted 554 
 
 Civil expenses, act to pay 665 
 
 Civil service reform 683 
 
 Civil service reform, report of 686 
 
 Civil service reform, President alludes to 696 
 
 Civil Rights Bill passed 663 
 
 Civil Kights Bill 697 
 
 Claims, Alabama, to be settled by com- 
 mission 659 
 
 Clay-pipe in Virginia 148 
 
 Clay, Henry, introduces tariff bill .... 568 
 
 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 601 
 
 Clearing house established in New York, 606 
 
 Clergy reserves abolished in Canada . . . 605 
 
 Clermont, the, first steamship 502 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, settled 467 
 
 Clinch, Colonel, destroys fort on the Ap- 
 
 palachicola 536 
 
 Clinton, George, governor of New York . 227 
 
 Clinton superseded 404 
 
 Clocks, wooden, made in Connecticut . . 443 
 
 Cloth in Connecticut 67 
 
 Cloth in Massachusetts 68 
 
 Cloth, bounty on, in Massachusetts ... 69 
 
 Cloth made in Massachusetts 70 
 
 Cloth, inspectors of, in Connecticut ... 82 
 Cloth, woollen, in Massachusetts .... 83 
 Cloth, manufacture of, in Virginia .... 96 
 Cloth, manufacture of, opposed in Vir- 
 ginia 105 
 
 Cloth, manufacture of, in Rhode Island . 238 
 
 Cloth manufactured in Rhode Island . . 437 
 
 Cloth, spinning and weaving, first united 521 
 
 Clothing for the army 335 
 
 Clover introduced 329 
 
 Coal in Rhode Island 276 
 
 Coal, anthracite, used 323 
 
 Coast Pilot published 466 
 
 Coast survey ordered 500 
 
 Coast declared blockaded by British . . . 524 
 
 Coast of United States blockaded .... 525 
 
 Coasting trade prohibited 523 
 
 Coasting trade limited to Americans . . . 534 
 
 Cobbctt, William, warrant against .... 470 
 
 Cochituate water-works for Boston . . . 599 
 Cockburn, Admiral, destroys towns on 
 
 the coast 518 
 
 Cocoons, bounty on, in Georgia 257 
 
 Coddington, William, governor of Rhode 
 
 Island 95 
 
 Coddington, William, submits 100 
 
 Code, civil, adopted for Louisiana .... 554 
 
 Cod-fishery at Newfoundland 11 
 
 Coeymans, New York, settled 127 
 
 Coffee, General, defeats the Creeks in Ala- 
 bama ..... 522 
 
 49 
 
 Coffee, duty on, repealed 
 
 Cohoes Company in New York 
 
 Coin in treasury, amount of 
 
 Coin requisition on the states 
 
 Coin, gold, government paid in 
 
 Coinage in Boston 
 
 Coinage, metallic, by United States . . . 
 
 Coinage altered 
 
 Coinage of United States altered 
 
 Coinage, gold and silver , 
 
 Coining, right granted in Rhode Island . 
 
 Coins valued .- 
 
 Coins, copper, struck in Connecticut . . . 
 
 Coins, silver three-cent piece added to . . 
 
 Coins, silver, made legal tender for five 
 dollars 
 
 Coins, three-dollar gold piece added to . 
 
 Coins, nickel cent added to 
 
 Coins, five-cent, added to 
 
 Cold Harbor, battle at 
 
 Cold Harbor, battle at 
 
 Colfax Court-House, collision at 
 
 Collector of customs appointed for New 
 England 
 
 Collector at Boston returned to England . 
 
 Collega, Don F. M., viceroy of Mexico . . 
 
 College chartered in Virginia 
 
 College, Dickenson, incorporated .... 
 
 Collins' line of steamers 
 
 Colonies, supplies for, free of duty .... 
 
 Colonies, affairs of, regulated by Parlia- 
 ment 
 
 Colonies, union of, suggested 
 
 Colonies ordered to aid New York .... 
 
 Colonies, population of 
 
 Colonies, plan for the government of ... 
 
 Colonies, plan for the government of . . .. 
 
 Colonies complained of by Board of 
 Trade 
 
 Colonies, union of, suggested 
 
 Colonies, population of 
 
 Colonies, plan for the government of . . 
 
 Colonies, convention of, suggested .... 
 
 Colonies, report on condition of 
 
 Colonies, governors of, instructed from 
 England 
 
 Colonies forbidden bills of credit 
 
 Colonies called on for quotas 
 
 Colonies ordered to raise troops against 
 Canada 
 
 Colonies, iron-mills forbidden in .... 
 
 Colonies, plan for dividing 
 
 Colonies, plan for a union of 
 
 Colonies, plan of union of, by Franklin . 
 
 Colonies granted their expenses by Par- 
 liament 
 
 Colonies called on for twenty thousand 
 troops 
 
 Colonies raise quota 
 
 Colonies, jealousy of 
 
 Colonies paid war expenses by Parlia- 
 ment 
 
 Colonies paid war expenses by Parlia- 
 ment 
 
 Colonies, expenses paid by Parliament . 
 
 Colonies, paper money forbidden in ... 
 
 Colonies, union of, suggested 
 
 Colonies remonstrate against Stamp Act . 
 
 Colonies, correspondence of 
 
 Colonies, circular letter to, by Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 Colonies ordered to treat circular letter 
 with contempt 
 
 Colonies, paper mills in 
 
 Colonies, independence of 
 
 Colonies, first act of resistance 
 
 Colonies, shipping in 
 
 Colonies, independence of 
 
 Colonies, feeling for Boston in 
 
 Colonies, population of 
 
 Colonies, petition of, presented 
 
 Colonies, ports opened to commerce . . . 
 
 6S6 
 557 
 380 
 3D7 
 503 
 96 
 431 
 572 
 579 
 624 
 428 
 174 
 220 
 602 
 
 604 
 604 
 613 
 663 
 629 
 645 
 690 
 
 134 
 136 
 520 
 154 
 410 
 601 
 79 
 
 80 
 154 
 156 
 107 
 170 
 170 
 
 170 
 184 
 18G 
 194 
 l'J5 
 205 
 
 212 
 222 
 223 
 
 228 
 236 
 240 
 241 
 243 
 
 248 
 
 250 
 251 
 252 
 
 253 
 
 256 
 258 
 260 
 2(il 
 263 
 273 
 
 275 
 
 277 
 285 
 290 
 290 
 292 
 293 
 300 
 314 
 315 
 341
 
 770 
 
 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 Colony for Carolina 
 
 Colony for Pennsylvania set sail 
 
 Colorado made a territory 
 
 Colori'lo. Indians hostile In 
 
 Colorado admitted to Union 
 
 Colored volunteers, payment to owners 
 of, suspended 
 
 Colt's revolver patented 
 
 Columbia College founded in New York . 
 
 Columbia, Lancaster, and Philadelphia 
 Ituilroad incorporated 
 
 Columbia captured 
 
 Columbian Agricultural Society formed . 
 
 Columbian Institute at Washington, Dis- 
 trict of Columbia 
 
 Columbus discovered land 
 
 Columbus, second voyage of 
 
 Columbus, third voyage of 
 
 Columbus, fourth voyage of 
 
 Combs, horn, made in Massachusetts . . 
 
 Commerce restricted in the colonies . . . 
 
 Commerce defended by Massachusetts . . 
 
 Commerce, Congress to regulate 
 
 Commercial convention with Great Britain 
 
 Commercial convention, laws Inconsist- 
 ent with, repealed 
 
 Commercial Register published in Cincin- 
 nati 
 
 Commercial failures for the year .... 
 
 Commercial failures 
 
 Commissary certificates received for 
 taxes 
 
 Commission, English, disbanded .... 
 
 Commission, centennial, created 
 
 Commissioners to the colonies 
 
 Commissioners to Virginia 
 
 Commissioners of colonies, meeting of, 
 called 
 
 Commissioners to France 
 
 Commissioners to foreign courts 
 
 Commissioners publish a manifesto . . . 
 
 Commissioners to Europe 
 
 Commissioners appointed 
 
 Commissioners for peace appointed ... 
 
 Commissioners, Confederate, President 
 refuses to see 
 
 Committee of Correspondence In New 
 York 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Committee of Correspondence In Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in New 
 York 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in North 
 Carolina 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Virginia 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Rhode 
 Island 
 
 Committee of Correspondence, sentence 
 from 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Connec- 
 ticut 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in New 
 Hampshire 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Georgia 
 
 Committee of Correspondence m Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in South 
 Carolina 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Mary- 
 land t 
 
 Committee of Correspondence of Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Committee of Correspondence In' De'la- 
 ware 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in 'North 
 Carolina 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in New 
 York . . . 
 
 133 
 136 
 010 
 
 I'rti 
 
 607 
 
 000 
 574 
 235 
 
 557 
 652 
 
 507 
 
 537 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 253 
 
 107 
 
 126 
 
 422 
 
 533 
 
 534 
 
 557 
 614 
 619 
 
 390 
 479 
 683 
 90 
 131 
 
 100 
 356 
 362 
 377 
 384 
 405 
 523 
 
 620 
 253 
 262 
 262 
 262 
 263 
 
 291 
 23 
 
 294 
 294 
 294 
 
 294 
 295 
 
 295 
 295 
 296 
 296 
 296 
 297 
 299 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in New 
 
 Jersey 299 
 
 Committee of Correspondence in Georgia 307 
 Committee of Safety in Massachusetts . . 311 
 Committee of Safety in Massachusetts . . 313 
 Committee of Safety in Philadelphia . . . 321 
 Committee of Safety in Maryland .... 3^9 
 Committee of Foreign Correspondence . . :535 
 Committee in absence of Congress . . . 414 
 Committee of Ways and Means first or- 
 ganized 409 
 
 Committees of Correspondence, confer- 
 ence of... 302 
 
 Common Sense published 338 
 
 Common-school system in Illinois .... 555 
 Common-school system adopted in Penn- 
 sylvania 583 
 
 Commonwealth, or Pittsburg Gazette . . 423 
 Community settled at Bethel, Missouri . 591 
 Community settled at Bishop Hill, Illi- 
 nois 595 
 
 Community settled at Oneida, New York 595 
 
 Community at Nauvoo, Illinois 602 
 
 Community settled at Aurora, Oregon . . fX>8 
 
 Community, Progressive, in Kansas . . . 683 
 
 Commutation in New Jersey 362 
 
 Comoufort confiscates church property 
 
 in Mexico 610 
 
 Company of the West granted Louisiana 188 
 Compensation of government officers 
 
 raised 689 
 
 Competition of reapers and mowers at 
 
 Syracuse 612 
 
 Compulsory education law Oi>3 
 
 Conciliation, plan of 318 
 
 Conciliation, plan of, in Pennsylvania . . 321 
 
 Conciliation, plan of, in New Jersey . . . 323 
 
 Conciliation, plan of, in Virginia 326 
 
 Conciliation, plan of, rejected by Con- 
 gress 328 
 
 Conciliation, plan of 372 
 
 Conciliation, plan of 373 
 
 Concord, Massachusetts, settled 54 
 
 Concord, New Hampshire, settled .... 199 
 Confederate congress meets at Montgom- 
 ery 619 
 
 Confederate commissioners, President re- 
 fuses to see 620 
 
 Confederate privateers to be treated as 
 
 pirates 620 
 
 Confederates held as belligerents by Eng- 
 land 621 
 
 Confederation, form of, in Congress ... 347 
 
 Confederation, copies of plan to states . . 368 
 
 Confederation ratified 375 
 
 Confederation agreed to by Maryland . . 397 
 
 Confederation organized 3'J3 
 
 Confederation, articles of, amended ... 410 
 
 Confederacy, flag of 619 
 
 Confederacy, postal communication closed 
 
 with 621 
 
 Confederacy, British recognition of, re- 
 voked 658 
 
 Conference with the Five Nations .... 141 
 
 Conference for peace 652 
 
 Confiscate, bill to, property ....*.. 6^3 
 
 Confiscation of Tory property 369 
 
 Confiscation act approved 630 
 
 Congregational ministers in Massachu- 
 setts, taxes paid for their support . . 511 
 Congressional Library at Washington . . 602 
 Congress of the colonies, first call for . . 151 
 
 Congress of the colonies met 152 
 
 Congress of governors at New London . . 179 
 
 Congress of governors at New London . . 181 
 
 Congress with Indians held 193 
 
 Congress to treat with Indians held at 
 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania 227 
 
 Congress at Albany with Indians .... 232 
 
 Congress with the Indians 238 
 
 Congress of delegates advised by Massa- 
 chusetts 265
 
 INDEX. 
 
 771 
 
 Congress met at New York 268 
 
 Congress, general, proposed 295 
 
 Congress, Boston Gazette on 296 
 
 Congress, general, proposed 300 
 
 Congress voted in Providence, Rhode Is- 
 land 302 
 
 Congress, Philadelphia for 303 
 
 Congress, New York for 303 
 
 Congress, Virginia for 303, 304 
 
 Congress, Connecticut for 305 
 
 Congress, New York for 305 
 
 Congress, Rhode Island for ....... 305 
 
 Congress, delegates to, from Rhode Is- 
 land 305 
 
 Congress, Massachusetts for 305 
 
 Congress convenes at Philadelphia . . . 309 
 
 Congress, resolutions of, to Boston . . . 311 
 
 Congress approved in Maryland 314 
 
 Congress approved in Massachusetts . . 314 
 
 Congress approved in Delaware 314 
 
 Congress approved in New Jersey .... 314 
 
 Congress approved by Pennsylvania . . . 315 
 
 Congress approved by South Carolina . . 315 
 
 Congress approved in Rhode Island . . . 315 
 
 Congress approved in Pennsylvania . . . 316 
 
 Congress approved in New Jersey .... 316 
 
 Congress approved in New Hampshire . . 316 
 
 Congress approved in Georgia 316 
 
 Congress, petition of, refused 317 
 
 Congress approved by Delaware 318 
 
 Congress approved by Virginia 319 
 
 Congress approved in North Carolina . . 319 
 
 Congress, delegates from New York . . . 320 
 
 Congress, letter to, from Massachusetts . 321 
 
 Congress met at Philadelphia 322 
 
 Congress, provincial, in New York . . . 323 
 
 Congress elects officers 323 
 
 Congress commissions officers 323 
 
 Congress, provincial, in New Jersey ... 324 
 
 Congress adopts rules for the army . . . 324 
 
 Congress resolves on defence 324 
 
 Congress, provincial, in South Carolina . 325 
 
 Congress, representatives for, elected . . 327 
 
 Congress adjourned 329 
 
 Congress, petition from 330 
 
 Congress refuses to admit Transylvania . 332 
 
 Congress advises New Hampshire .... 332 
 
 Congress receives news of its petition . . 332 
 
 Congress pledges secrecy 334 
 
 Congress on state petitions 335 
 
 Congress threatens to retaliate 336 
 
 Congress organizes a fleet 336 
 
 Congress appoints a marine committee . . 337 
 Congress advises the colonies to form 
 
 governments 344 
 
 Congress, resolutions for independence . 345 
 
 Congress considered independence .... 350 
 
 Congress votes on independence 350 
 
 Congress, plan of confederation reported 
 
 to 352 
 
 Congress orders Declaration engrossed . 352 
 
 Congress provides for soldiers 354 
 
 Congress proposed a convention 357 
 
 Congress gives extraordinary power to 
 
 Washington 358 
 
 Congress at Baltimore 359 
 
 Congress proposed conventions 361 
 
 Congress, places of its meeting 362 
 
 Congress orders an inquiry 365 
 
 Congress, action of 369 
 
 Congress refuses to treat 374 
 
 Congress declined to treat with commis- 
 sion 376 
 
 Congress reorganizes the treasury .... 376 
 
 Congress calls upon the states 381 
 
 Congress approves scale of prices .... 386 
 Congress calls for supplies from the 
 
 states 388 
 
 Congress calls for taxes 394 
 
 Congress asks the rijjht to lay duties . . 397 
 
 Congress reorganized 401 
 
 Congress calls on the states . 403 
 
 Congress reorganized 403 
 
 Congress calls on the states 406 
 
 Congress accepts lauds from New York . 406 
 
 Congress met 407 
 
 Congress commuted officers' half-pay . . 408 
 
 Congress, address to the states 410 
 
 Congress resolves on places to hold its 
 
 sessions in 411 
 
 Congress adjourns to Princeton 411 
 
 Congress ratines treaty 412 
 
 Congress accepted land ceded by Virginia, 413 
 Congress apportioned quotas to the 
 
 states 414 
 
 Congress asked power to regulate foreign 
 
 trade 414 
 
 Congress at Trenton 415 
 
 Congress makes a requisition 421 
 
 Congress convenes . 421 
 
 Congress to regulate commerce 422 
 
 Congress calls on the states 424 
 
 Congress accepts lands ceded by Connecti- 
 cut 425 
 
 Congress sends circular to states .... 430 
 
 Congress sends resolutions to the states . 436 
 
 Congress in New York city 440 
 
 Congress accepts territory from North 
 
 Carolina 444 
 
 Congress, debates of 449 
 
 Congress, letters from members, pre- 
 sented by grand jury 469 
 
 Congress, first personal encounter in . . 472 
 Congress votes a sword to J. D. Elliot . 516 
 Congress increases pay of members . . . 535 
 Congress of nations for arbitration sug- 
 gested 538 
 
 Congress fixes pay of members 540 
 
 Congress, right of, to vote money for in- 
 ternal improvements 541 
 
 Congress, first committee on agriculture . 549 
 Congress of representatives from South 
 
 American republics and Mexico . . . 557 
 Congress informed by the President of 
 
 South Carolina's action 567 
 
 Congress resolved it had no authority to 
 
 interfere with slavery 575 
 
 Congress, extra session of 581 
 
 Congress convened by proclamation . . . 586 
 
 Congress increases pay of its members . 609 
 
 Congress forbids sale of gold on time . . 646 
 
 Congress, pay of members raised .... 665 
 
 Connecticut, population of 56 
 
 Connecticut, code of laws in 94 
 
 Connecticut, saw-mill for 100 
 
 Connecticut charter 110 
 
 Connecticut petitions the king 145 
 
 Connecticut, charter of, hid at Hartford . 147 
 
 Connecticut resumes the charter H9 
 
 Connecticut aids Albany 150 
 
 Connecticut, charter of, not revoked . . . 152 
 
 Connecticut, assembly divided 166 
 
 Connecticut, Yale College founded .... 168 
 
 Connecticut issues bills of credit 179 
 
 Connecticut, sects allowed to support 
 
 their own clergy 203 
 
 Connecticut, jaw of inheritance confirmed, 204 
 
 Connecticut, iron-works in 215 
 
 Connecticut, salt in 229 
 
 Connecticut, towns asking to be received 
 
 by 231 
 
 Connecticut, tinware made in 285 
 
 Connecticut, Committee of Correspond- 
 ence in 294 
 
 Connecticut accepts independence .... 348 
 
 Connecticut refuses to treat separately . . 373 
 
 Connecticut ravaged 382 
 
 Connecticut regiments threaten to leave . 389 
 
 Connectjcut cedes territory . 394 
 
 Connecticut ravaged 402 
 
 Connecticut, judges to give written opin- 
 ions 414 
 
 Connecticut, slavery abolished in .... 415 
 
 Connecticut, mint in 419
 
 772 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Connecticut, Bilk mnnu failure in 
 
 Connect! t'lit ratified constitution 
 
 < oniu'pticut, wooden clocks in 
 
 Connecticut relinquishes western land 
 claims ........ 
 
 Connecticut Elver, vessels In, burned by 
 I'.ritish 
 
 Connecticut ratifies a constitution .... 
 
 Connecticut, geological report of 
 
 Connecticut, labor oureau in 
 
 Conscription act 
 
 Consideration paid Indians for their lands, 
 
 n.iiMd. -ration paid Indians for their lauds, 
 
 Consideration paid Indians for their lands, 
 
 ('ousiiler.-itiou paid Indians for territory . 
 
 Constitution, written, for Connecticut . . 
 
 Constitution of New Hampshire 
 
 Constitution, states, accepted 
 
 Constitution to be submitted to conven- 
 tions 
 
 Constitution sent to state legislatures . . 
 
 Constitution accepted by Maryland . . . 
 
 Constitution accepted by South Carolina . 
 
 Constitution accepted by New Hampshire, 
 
 Constitution accepted by Virginia .... 
 
 Constitution put in force . . 
 
 Constitution, acceptance celebrated . . . 
 
 Constitution accepted by New York . . . 
 
 Constitution accepted by North Carolina . 
 
 Constitution accepted by North Carolina . 
 
 Constitution accepted by Rhode Island . 
 
 Constitution accepted by Pennsylvania . 
 
 Constitution accepted by Vermont .... 
 
 Constitution accepted by Cortez for Spain, 
 
 Constitution captures Guerriere 
 
 Constitution destroys the Java ..... 
 
 Constitution ratified by Connecticut . . . 
 
 Constitution for Mexico framed 
 
 Constitution for Kansas .submitted to 
 Congress 
 
 Consul to Paris 
 
 Consuls, American, duties of 
 
 Continental bills made legal tender ... 
 
 Contraband of war, slaves held to be . . 
 
 Contraction, system of, begun 
 
 Contraction of currency suspended ... 
 
 Contreras, battle of, fought 
 
 Convention of booksellers . 
 
 Convention of the colonies suggested . . 
 
 Convention at Albany of delegates of the 
 colonies 
 
 Conventions, town, censured by House of 
 Lords 
 
 Convention in Virginia assumes author- 
 ity 7 
 
 Convention in Pennsylvania assumes the 
 power 
 
 Convention on currency in Providence . 
 
 Convention at Yorktown 
 
 Convention in New Haven 
 
 Convention at Hartford 
 
 Convention to revise confederation . . . 
 
 Convention called by Virginia 
 
 Convention to revise confederation . . . 
 
 Convention at Philadelphia to form a con- 
 stitution 
 
 Convention of New England states at 
 Hartford 
 
 Convention in South Carolina passes nul- 
 lifying resolves 
 
 Convention made between Mexico and 
 United States 
 
 Convention in Kansas to form constitu- 
 tion authorized 
 
 Convention of governors 
 
 Convention, constitutional, at New Or- 
 leans 
 
 Convention, constitutional, in Louisiana . 
 
 Couway resigns 
 
 Cooper, Thomas, guilty of libel 
 
 Copper-works in Massachusetts . . . . , 
 
 Copper mine opened 
 
 4V, 
 
 at 
 
 413 
 
 460 
 
 5->r, 
 
 M4 
 SHI 
 
 o<).-> 
 036 
 
 513 
 f>41 
 511 
 
 01 r 
 08 
 
 :i:w 
 
 431 
 
 433 
 433 
 430 
 4:!(1 
 430 
 437 
 437 
 437 
 438 
 438 
 44 -> 
 44.5 
 447 
 4.V) 
 513 
 515 
 518 
 044 
 553 
 
 015 
 403 
 453 
 .'!3U 
 021 
 GC>3 
 670 
 6'J8 
 1% 
 
 Copper added to list of enumerated articles 194 
 
 Copper mines in Connecticut 2US 
 
 Copper mines at Lake Superior 691 
 
 Copyright law passed by Rhode Island . 412 
 
 Copyright law in South Carolina .... 415 
 
 Copyright law by Congress 445 
 
 Copyright law 487 
 
 Copyright law amended 671 
 
 Copyright law extended to plays .... 609 
 Copyright transferred to library of Con- 
 gress 681 
 
 Cordage made in Boston 71 
 
 Cordova, Hernandez de 12 
 
 Corinth, retreat from 628 
 
 Corinth, Mississippi, battle of 633 
 
 Corn made a legal tender in Massachu- 
 setts 45 
 
 Corn, its culture in Maryland 69 
 
 Corn exportation forbidden in New Am- 
 sterdam 98 
 
 Cornbury removed from office 178 
 
 Cornell University opened to students . . 673 
 
 Corning, Iowa, Icarian community at . . 602 
 
 Cormvnllis surrenders 403 
 
 Cortereal, Gaspar, voyage of 11 
 
 Cortez, Hernando, sails on expedition . . 12 
 
 Cortez sets out to capture Mexico .... 13 
 
 Cortez lands at Vera Cruz 13 
 
 Cortez marches to city of Mexico .... 13 
 
 Cortez made governor of New Spain ... 14 
 
 Cortez transports his fleet 14 
 
 Cortez lauds in Mexico 15 
 
 Cortez made captain-general 15 
 
 Cortez returns to Spain 16 
 
 Cortez at Cadiz, Spain 508 
 
 Cortez at Cadiz, Spain, accepts a consti- 
 tution ..... 513 
 
 Cosby, William, governor of New York . 210 
 
 Cost of transportation 416 
 
 Cost of Croton aqueduct 588 
 
 Cost of Seminole war 588 
 
 Cottage Grove, Tennessee, battle of ... 637 
 
 Cotton in Connecticut GS 
 
 Cotton, share of towns in Connecticut . . 75 
 
 Cotton in South Carolina 138 
 
 Cotton gin in Louisiana 225 
 
 Cotton shipped from colonies ...... 286 
 
 Cotton woven in Massachusetts 387 
 
 Cotton shipped to England seized .... 415 
 
 Cotton sent to England 420 
 
 Cotton, Madison's prophecy concerning . 424 
 
 Cotton, Sea-Island, in Georgia 424 
 
 Cotton manufacture in Massachusetts . . 432 
 
 Cotton manufacture 449 
 
 Cotton gin invented 454 
 
 Cotton sewing-thread 460 
 
 Cotton worm in South Carolina 482 
 
 Cotton gin purchased by South Carolina . 486 
 
 Cotton gin purchased by North Carolina . 489 
 
 Cotton gin, sale of 491 
 
 Cotton gin purchased by Tennessee . . . 492 
 
 Cotton seed, patent for, food from .... 547 
 
 Council of the Indies constituted 13 
 
 Council elected in Massachusetts .... 328 
 Council with Indians held at Dayton . . . 524 
 Courant, New England, published iu Bos- 
 ton 192 
 
 Courant, Wilmington, published in Dela- 
 ware 255 
 
 Conrant, Connecticut, published 261 
 
 Courant, Constitutional, in New York . . 268 
 
 Courier, Charleston, published 483 
 
 Court of Chancery in New York city . . . 165 
 
 Court of inquiry 393 
 
 Court. Federal, decides jurisdiction of 
 
 Wyoming 407 
 
 Courts of vice-admiralty in the colonies . 164 
 
 Courts created in Massachusetts 405 
 
 Courts prevented sitting in Massachu- 
 setts 425 
 
 Cows, value of, in Massachusetts .... 45 
 
 Cows, treatment of, in New England . . 571
 
 INDEX. 
 
 773 
 
 Crnney Island attacked by the British . . 521 
 
 Credit sales of public lands abolished . . 551 
 
 Credit, public, act to strengthen 675 
 
 Credit Mobilier, report on C89 
 
 Creeks defeated by General Coffee .... 522 
 
 Creek war ended by Jackson 524 
 
 Creeks defeated by General Jackson at 
 
 Talladega 623 
 
 Creeks surrender territory 527 
 
 Crime, penalties for 447 
 
 Croghau, Lieutenant, defends Fort Steven- 
 son 522 
 
 Cromwell makes grant of Nova Scotia . . 101 
 Cromwell, Richard, accession acknowl- 
 edged by Virginia 101 
 
 Crops, failure of 391 
 
 Cross Keys, Virginia, battle at 628 
 
 Croton water, company to supply New 
 
 York with, chartered 572 
 
 Croton aqueduct finished 588 
 
 Crown Point settled by French 209 
 
 Crozat, Anthony, monopoly of trade with 
 
 Louisiana 182 
 
 Crozat relinquishes Louisiana 187 
 
 Cruisers against friendly powers forbid- 
 den 535 
 
 Crystal Palace in New York 605 
 
 Cuba, Moro Castle captured 256 
 
 Cuba, expedition against, forbidden ... 601 
 Cuba, expedition against, forbidden . . . 607 
 Cuba, leaders of expedition against, ar- 
 rested 677 
 
 Culpeper deprived of office 137 
 
 Cumberland Mountains crossed 231 
 
 Cumberland turnpike 509 
 
 Cumberland turnpike to Wheeling, ap- 
 propriation for 545 
 
 Cumberland Gap occupied 629 
 
 Cumberland Gap vacated 633 
 
 Currency, fractional, issued by Massa- 
 chusetts 193 
 
 Currency, convention on, in Providence, 3(30 
 
 Currency, convention on, in Philadelphia, 387 
 
 Currency, contraction of 545 
 
 Currency, contraction of, suspended ... 671 
 
 Currier's oil made in New Jersey .... 387 
 
 Custer, General, defeats Indians 674 
 
 Custom-house appraisement begun . . . 542 
 
 Customs advised in Massachusetts . . . 405 
 
 Cutlery, table, first made 571 
 
 Dahlonega, mint at 572 
 
 Daily Advertiser published in Rochester, 557 
 
 Daily Courier published at Portland . . . 561 
 Daily Evening Advertiser published in 
 
 Portland 564 
 
 Daily Morning Post published in Boston, 565 
 
 Dakota organized as a territory 619 
 
 Dalhousie College, in Halifax, founded . 549 
 
 Dallas, Georgia, battle at 645 
 
 Danbury, stores destroyed at 363 
 
 Dark day 389 
 
 Dartmouth College founded in Hanover, 
 
 New Hampshire 283 
 
 Dartmouth College endowed 289 
 
 Dartmouth College, name changed to 
 
 University 535 
 
 Daughters of Liberty in Providence ... 272 
 
 Davenport, Iowa, settled 575 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, captured 657 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, released on bail .... 669 
 
 Day's work, eight hours made a 672 
 
 Dayton, council held at, with Indians . . 524 
 
 Dean, Silas, agent to France 318 
 
 Debt, public, payment provided for . . . 448 
 
 Debt, public, amount of 450 
 
 Debt, public, redemption of 462 
 
 Debt, national 404 
 
 Debt, imprisonment for, abolished .... 474 
 
 Debt of the United States 
 
 Debt, actions for, in Pennsylvania .... 
 
 Debt, public, extinguished 
 
 Debt, national 
 
 Debt, national 
 
 Debt, national, maximum 
 
 Debt, national, act to refund 
 
 Decatur, Captain, captures the Macedo- 
 nian 
 
 Decatur in command of the President . . 
 Decatur forces the Dey to sign a treaty . 
 
 Decatur, Georgia, battle of 
 
 Declaration of Rights adopted by Con- 
 
 Eress 
 iration of Independence before Con- 
 gress 
 
 Declaration of Independence accepted by 
 Congress 
 
 Declaration, news of, in New York . . . 
 
 Declaration, copies of, to each of the 
 states 
 
 Deed of Aquedneck to purchasers .... 
 
 Deer-skins, export forbidden in Pennsyl- 
 vania 
 
 Deerfield, Massachusetts, destroyed by 
 Indians 
 
 De la Jonquiere, governor of New France, 
 
 Delaware Bay, colony of Swedes on ... 
 
 Delaware, a colony of Swedes settles at . 
 
 Delaware, settlement on, destroyed ... 
 
 Delaware, trade of 
 
 Delaware, Swedish settlement at, taken 
 possession of by the Dutch 
 
 Delaware, saw mill in 
 
 Delaware, beer brewed in 
 
 Delaware exporting bread 
 
 Delaware, assembly in 
 
 Delaware, petitions for royal governor . . 
 
 Delaware, paper-mill in 
 
 Delaware, iron-works in 
 
 Delaware, printing-press in Wilmington, 
 
 Delaware, committee of correspondence 
 in 
 
 Delaware against independence 
 
 Delaware accepts independence ..... 
 
 Delaware adopted a constitution ..... 
 
 Delaware, the, obstructions in, removed . 
 
 Delaware, constitution revised 
 
 Delaware, society for promoting Ameri- 
 can manufactures formed in Wilming- 
 ton 
 
 Delaware and Raritan Canal chartered . . 
 
 Delaware breakwater begun 
 
 Delaware and Chesapeake Canal opened . 
 
 Delaware, geological report of 
 
 Dclawares removed west of Mississippi . 
 
 Delegates elected by South Carolina . . . 
 
 Delegates to Congress to be presented . . 
 
 Democracy established in Rhode Island . 
 
 Democrat published in Chicago 
 
 Democratic societies formed . 
 
 Demologas, battery built by Fulton . . . 
 
 De Montmagny, governor of Canada ... 
 
 Dennys, Jean, map of St. Lawrence . . . 
 
 Dentist, first, in United States 
 
 Department of Foreign Affairs 
 
 Department of Foreign Affairs 
 
 Department of War 
 
 Department of Treasury organized . . . 
 
 Department buildings burned 
 
 Department of the Interior created . . . 
 
 Department of Agriculture established . 
 
 Department of Gulf given General Banks 
 
 Departments, changes in government of. 
 
 Deposits, public, removed from the Bank, 
 
 Deposits, reasons given by Secretary of 
 Treasury for withdrawing ...... 
 
 Deposits, Senate censures the President 
 for removing 
 
 Depreciation of pay made good 
 
 Dermer, Thomas, explores Long Island 
 Sound 
 
 545 
 574 
 
 600 
 602 
 664 
 682 
 
 517 
 530 
 533 
 
 648 
 
 312 
 349 
 
 351 
 351 
 
 361 
 97 
 
 162 
 
 174 
 235 
 30 
 37 
 47 
 82 
 
 100 
 104 
 109 
 158 
 173 
 175 
 184 
 198 
 255 
 
 206 
 340 
 347 
 354 
 308 
 453 
 
 538 
 554 
 5G1 
 501 
 581 
 544 
 2(i(5 
 315 
 70 
 570 
 457 
 524 
 57 
 12 
 430 
 402 
 441 
 441 
 442 
 483 
 600 
 628 
 634 
 670 
 509 
 
 570 
 
 571 
 
 389 
 
 27
 
 774 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Designs made subject to patent ..... 
 Despard, Lambert, iron-furnace in Pem- 
 
 broke ....... . ........ 
 
 Detroit, Michigan, settled ........ 
 
 Detroit, population of .......... 
 
 Detroit, council held at, with Indians . . 
 D'Ibbervillc makes first settlement in 
 
 Louisiana .............. 
 
 Dickenson College incorporated ..... 
 
 Digestion, Beaumont publishes experi- 
 
 ments on .............. 
 
 Discipline in Massachusetts ....... 
 
 Discontent with Bellamout's administra- 
 
 tion ................. 
 
 Discriminations in trade abolished .... 
 
 Dispatches, telegraphic, seized ...... 
 
 Dispensary in Philadelphia ....... 
 
 Dispensary in New York ........ 
 
 Dispute between New York and Vermont. 
 Dispute settled between Georgia and 
 
 South Carolina ........... 
 
 Dissenters in South Carolina appeal to 
 
 House of Lords ........... 
 
 Distress, public, report on, in Pennsyl- 
 
 vania ................ 
 
 District of Columbia, laws of ...... 
 
 District of Columbia, slavery abolished in 
 District of Columbia, right of suffrage in, 
 District of Columbia, territorial govern- 
 
 ment for .............. 
 
 Dogs used in Connecticut in hunting In- 
 
 dians ................ 
 
 Dollar, the, adopted ........... 
 
 Dollar, gold, authorized by Congress . . 
 Dominion of Canada inaugurated .... 
 
 Dorchester, Carolina, settled ...... 
 
 Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island ..... 
 
 Double eagle added to gold coin ..... 
 
 Dover. New Hampshire, government of . 
 Draft in New England .......... 
 
 Draft ordered .............. 
 
 Draft riots in New York ......... 
 
 Draft ordered ......... ..... 
 
 Draining-tiles in New York ....... 
 
 Dray ton, W. H., charge to jury ..... 
 
 Dred Scott decision by the Supreme 
 
 Court ................ 
 
 Drinks, intoxicating, forbidden in Maine, 
 Drought at Plymouth .......... 
 
 Drowne, or Pemaquid patent ....... 
 
 Druukards, common, posted hi Rhode 
 
 Island ................ 
 
 Drusius, minister at Manhattan ..... 
 
 Dry-dock in Boston, Massachusetts ... 
 Dubuque, Iowa, settled ......... 
 
 Duck, bounty on, in Rhode Island .... 
 
 Duck manufacture ............ 
 
 Dudley imprisoned in Rhode Island ... 
 Dudley, Joseph, appointed Vice-Admiral, 
 Dudley Observatory at Albany ..... 
 
 Duel of Hamilton and Burr ....... 
 
 Du Quesne, governor of New France . . 
 Dutch Reformed Church ......... 
 
 Dutch Reformed Church in New Amster- 
 
 dam ................. 
 
 Dutch forbidden trade with Indians in 
 
 Rhode Island ............ 
 
 Dutch Reformed Church chartered in 
 
 New York .............. 
 
 Duties on exports by New Jersey .... 
 
 Duties repealed in New Jersey ...... 
 
 Duties on exports in New Jersey ..... 
 
 Duties, Congress asks right to lay .... 
 
 Duties increased ........ ... 
 
 Duties raised ......... ' 
 
 Duties on imports doubled ....... 
 
 Duties on imports increased ....... 
 
 Duties, discriminating, repealed for the 
 
 Netherlands ..... 
 
 Duties raised .... 
 
 Duties raised ........ , * ' 
 
 Duties on imports lessened ... I I ! I 
 
 688 
 
 50? 
 
 Duties to be paid in coin 668 
 
 Duties reduced 609 
 
 Duties increased 630 
 
 Duty on wine in Massachusetts 84 
 
 Duty on imports by Massachusetts ... 91 
 
 Duty on slaves imported in Virginia ... 215 
 
 Duty on iron in Maryland 387 
 
 Duty, import, laid by Rhode Island ... 419 
 
 Duty on spirits 451 
 
 Duty on spirits protested against .... 451 
 
 Duty, additional, laid 493 
 
 E. 
 
 East New Jersey, assembly of 130 
 
 East Jersey purchased by Quakers .... 137 
 
 East Jersey, patent for 140 
 
 East Jersey, custom-house in 168 
 
 East Florida created 259 
 
 East bank of Mississippi taken possession 
 
 of 509 
 
 East Florida evacuated by the Spaniards . 520 
 
 Easton, Pennsylvania, laid out 220 
 
 Eastport, Maine, taken by British .... 523 
 
 Ebenezer, Georgia, settled 216 
 
 Economical association formed in Balti- 
 more 539 
 
 Eden, governor of Maryland, his conduct, 345 
 
 Editorials introduced in newspapers . . . 520 
 
 Education, free, in Pennsylvania, .... 500 
 
 Education revival in 539 
 
 Education, American Journal of 639 
 
 Education, national bureau of 667 
 
 Education, fifth report of commissioner of 698 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan 199 
 
 Eighth administration 580 
 
 Eighth census 618 
 
 Eight hours made a day's work 672 
 
 Eight hours, strikes for li'.K) 
 
 Electors to designate candidates 493 
 
 Electors, presidential, day for choosing, 
 
 fixed 593 
 
 Eleventh administration 604 
 
 Eliot, John 114 
 
 Eliot, Jared, " Essays on Husbandry " . . 230 
 
 Elizabethtown, New Jersey, settled . . . 106 
 
 Elizabethtown, New Jersey, colony to . . 1 18 
 
 Elizabethtown, paper-mill in 201 
 
 Elkins, Jacob, explores Hudson River . . 26 
 Elliot, J. D., captures vessels on Lake 
 
 Erie 516 
 
 Elliot, J. D., voted a sword by Congress, 516 
 Ellsworth, Henry L., first commissioner 
 
 of patents 578 
 
 Elmira, New York, settled 378 
 
 Elmira Female College chartered .... 608 
 El Molino del Rey, battle of, fought ... 598 
 Emancipated slaves to be sold in Virginia, 498 
 Emancipation allowed by Virginia .... 407 
 Emancipation forbidden in North Caro- 
 lina 467 
 
 Emancipation proclamation ....... 633 
 
 Emancipation proclamation issued .... 635 
 
 Embargo laid by Congress 374 
 
 Embargo laid 460 
 
 Embargo laid 502 
 
 Embargo, act supplementary to ... 503, 504 
 
 Embargo enforced 606 
 
 Embargo repealed 506 
 
 Embargo laid by Congress . 513 
 
 Embargo, supplement to . 513 
 
 Emigration to Massachusetts 42 
 
 Emigration to Massachusetts 44 
 
 Emigration into Massachusetts 45 
 
 Emigration from Massachusetts 52 
 
 Emigration from Massachusetts to Con- 
 necticut 65 
 
 Emigration to New England 67 
 
 Emigrants to New Netherlands aided . . 93 
 
 Enforcing bill passed by Congress .... 668 
 
 England issues letters of marque 516
 
 INDEX. 
 
 775 
 
 England, Queen proclaims neutrality . . 621 
 
 English war-ship fires upon vessel .... 499 
 
 English official language iu Orleans ... 510 
 
 Enlistments for a year 334 
 
 Enlistments suspended 480 
 
 Enlistment, term of, extended 523 
 
 Enrolment bill 647 
 
 Enterprise, steamboat, ascends Missis- 
 sippi 536 
 
 Enumerated articles 126 
 
 Enumerated articles, copper added to . . 194 
 
 Enumerated articles 238 
 
 Envoy returns from England 503 
 
 Epidemic in New England 87 
 
 Episcopal church in Slaryland 173 
 
 Episcopal church, corporate character re- 
 pealed in Virginia 479 
 
 Episcopal Church glebes vacated in Vir- 
 ginia 486 
 
 Erie, fort built at 241 
 
 Erie, Lake, British vessels captured on . 516 
 
 Erie, Lake, battle of 522 
 
 Erie, Champlain, and Hudson Canal in 
 
 New York 539 
 
 Erie Canal finished 556 
 
 Erie Railroad completed 600 
 
 Eruktor Amphibolis 494 
 
 Essex, the, captures whalers 522 
 
 Essex, the, captured by the Phosbe .... 524 
 
 Estates equally divided in North Carolina 415 
 
 Ether first used 596 
 
 Evans, Oliver, asks monopoly of steam- 
 engine 434 
 
 Evans, Oliver, steam-engine built by ... 512 
 
 Evansville, Indiana, settled 538 
 
 Evening Post in New York city 485 
 
 Exchange on England below par .... 510 
 
 Excise, resolutions against 453 
 
 Excise, resistance to, put down 461 
 
 Excise repealed 486 
 
 Execution in Plymouth 42 
 
 Executive committee in Georgia 338 
 
 Exeter, New Hampshire, government of, 64 
 Expedition against the Indians .... 57, 58 
 
 Expedition against the Dutch 100 
 
 Expedition against Port Royal 180 
 
 Expedition against Canada 181 
 
 Expedition against Canada abandoned . . 181 
 
 Expedition against West Indies defeated, 224 
 
 Expedition against Cuba 224 
 
 Expedition from Havana against Georgia 
 
 and Carolina 226 
 
 Expedition against Louisburg 228 
 
 Expedition against Canada disbanded . . 230 
 Expedition by the French to Rocky 
 
 Mountains 234 
 
 Expedition against Port Du Qucsne ... 245 
 Expedition against the forts in the Bay 
 
 ofFuudy .247 
 
 Expedition against Louisburg 249 
 
 Expedition from Boston 339 
 
 Expedition against fort on the Penobscot, 382 
 
 Expedition against the Indians 383 
 
 Expedition against the Indians 448 
 
 Expedition to aid New Orleans 519 
 
 Expedition of exploration by Colonel 
 
 Fremont 594 
 
 Expedition against Cuba forbidden . . . 601 
 
 Expeditions, military, forbidden 82 
 
 Expeditions from Charleston 390 
 
 Expeditions against nations at peace with 
 
 the United States forbidden ..... 542 
 
 Expenditure for the year 394 
 
 Expenses, national 477 
 
 Exploring expedition sailed 683 
 
 Exportation by land or sea forbidden . . 523 
 
 Express, special 512 
 
 Express business begun 584 
 
 Extraordinary expenses, appropriation 
 
 for 498 
 
 Extravagance in apparel forbidden in 
 
 Massachusetts 95 
 
 Factories, children working in, to go to 
 
 school in Massachusetts 578 
 
 Failures, commercial 019 
 
 Fair in New Netherlands 72 
 
 Fairs in New Jersey 1:59 
 
 Fairs in Pennsylvania 146 
 
 Fairmount water-works built at Philadel- 
 phia 534 
 
 Famine in Plymouth 31 
 
 Faneuil Hall, Boston, built 225 
 
 Farewell address of Washington 412 
 
 Farmers' Letters published 275 
 
 Farmers' Weekly Museum published . . 454 
 
 Farmers' Exchange Bank in Rhode Island 500 
 
 Farmville, Virginia, battle of 654 
 
 Fayetteville, North Carolina, settled . . . 230 
 
 Fayetteville, North Carolina, named . . . 250 
 
 Fayetteville, North Carolina, occupied . . 653 
 
 Federal court asked for by Pennsylvania . 403 
 
 Federal courts 441 
 
 Federal Republican published in Balti- 
 more ....... 511 
 
 Federalist published 433 
 
 Fees, rate of, in Maryland 287 
 
 Felt cloth made at Norwalk, Connecticut, 57(5 
 
 Fenian Society, address by 660 
 
 Fenian expedition 663 
 
 Fenian expedition against Canada .... 681 
 
 Fifteenth amendment submitted to states 676 
 
 Fifteenth amendment ratified 681 
 
 Fifteenth administration 700 
 
 Fifth administration 554 
 
 Fifth report of commissioner of education C98 
 
 Finance, superintendent of 397 
 
 Finance, committee report against change 
 
 in 562 
 
 Finance, centennial board of, created . . . 686 
 
 Financial situation 399 
 
 Financial condition of the United States . 416 
 
 Financial condition of the United States . 418 
 
 Financial condition reported 438 
 
 Fire-engine in New Jersey 245 
 
 Fire-arms in Connecticut 325 
 
 Fire-arms, improved manufacture of . . . 421 
 
 Fire-arms manufactured 474 
 
 First book printed in America 16 
 
 First English colony 19 
 
 First English child born in America ... 19 
 
 First marriage in Virginia 23 
 
 First coinage for America 24 
 
 First bricks in Virginia 24 
 
 First vessel built 25 
 
 First sermon in America 28 
 
 First free school in America 30 
 
 First cotton raised 30 
 
 First shipment to England 31 
 
 First settlement of New Hampshire ... J 
 
 First laws of Virginia 34 
 
 First mill in Manhattan 36 
 
 First Dutch Reformed church 39 
 
 First orchard in Massachusetts ..... 43 
 First meeting of court of assistants in 
 
 Massachusetts 43 
 
 First meeting of general court in Massa- 
 chusetts 43 
 
 First fire in Boston 44 
 
 First vessel built in Massachusetts . ... 45 
 
 First mill in New England 48 
 
 First sheep in Massachusetts ' 
 
 First school in New York 50 
 
 First settlement in Connecticut 50 
 
 First representative assembly in Massa- 
 chusetts 51 
 
 First saw-mill in America 52 
 
 First Baptist church 60 
 
 First brick-house in Boston 62 
 
 First publication in United States ..... 65 
 
 First general court in Maine 67 
 
 First book composed in United States . . 69 
 
 First tavern in New York city 76
 
 770 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 First free school in Hartford 
 
 First tailing-mill iu colonies . ... . . . 
 
 First roimiieiuviiient. at Harvard College, 
 
 First mill iu Pennsylvania 
 
 First .-.isting made in colonies 
 
 Fir>t cruiser of the colonies 
 
 First rice raised 
 
 First bookseller in colonies 
 
 FirM forge in United States 
 
 First bishop of New- France 
 
 First wind-mill in Khode Island 
 
 FirM ;issrinbly in Kliode Island . . . . . 
 
 First bookbinder 
 
 First Baptist church in Boston 
 
 First assembly in North Carolina .... 
 
 First troop ofhprse in Khode Island . . . 
 
 First assembly in New Jersey 
 
 First settlement in South Carolina .... 
 
 First mill in New Jersey 
 
 First church of Seventh Day Baptists . . 
 
 First assembly in South Carolina .... 
 
 First English court in Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 First vessel'on Lake Ontario 
 
 First vessel on Lake Erie 
 
 First assembly in New Hampshire .... 
 
 First vessel iu New Jersey . 
 
 First settlement in California 
 
 First Friends' ineetiug-house in Philadel- 
 phia 
 
 First meeting of council of New England, 
 
 First British troops iu Boston, Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 First press in Philadelphia . 
 
 First Episcopal church in Boston .... 
 
 First whaling voyage from Nantucket . . 
 
 First call for a general congress of the 
 colonies 
 
 First newspaper in America suppressed . 
 
 First bills of credit issued by Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 First paper-mill in America 
 
 First rice planted in South Carolina . . . 
 
 First tannery in Newark, New Jersey . . 
 
 First ascent of the Mississippi 
 
 First settlement in Louisiana 
 
 First iron-furnace in Plymouth 
 
 First bills of credit iu Carolina 
 
 First newspaper in America 
 
 First presbytery in Philadelphia 
 
 First census of Rhode Island 
 
 First issue of bills of credit by New York, 
 New Jersey, and Connecticut 
 
 First bills of credit by North Carolina . . 
 
 First stone quarry at Trenton, New Jer- 
 sey 
 
 First convention of booksellers 
 
 First settlement in Vermont , . 
 
 First insurance office 
 
 First newspaper iu Maryland 
 
 First royal governor in Carolina 
 
 First printing-press in Virginia 
 
 First printing-press in South Carolina . . 
 
 First newspaper iu South Carolina .... 
 
 First whaling voyage . 
 
 First Freemasons' lodge 
 
 First cotton planted iu Georgia 
 
 First silk raised in Georgia 
 
 First newspaper in Virginia 
 
 First bells cast 
 
 First sugar-mill in Louisiana 
 
 First rolling-mill in Pennsylvania .... 
 
 First " Essays on Husbandry " 
 
 First silk woven in Connecticut 
 
 First muskets made iu the country .... 
 
 First theatrical performance in Boston . . 
 
 First use of granite for building 
 
 First professional actors 
 
 First assembly in Georgia 
 
 First bills of credit in Virginia 
 
 First sugar-mill in Louisiana 
 
 First medical school at Philadelphia . . . 
 
 First fire-engine 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 101 
 
 114 
 
 116 
 
 110 
 
 110 
 
 121 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 123 
 
 l-j:5 
 
 124 
 
 128 
 
 131 
 
 132 
 
 133 
 
 134 
 
 139 
 
 139 
 
 142 
 145 
 
 145 
 146 
 148 
 151 
 
 151 
 
 152 
 
 152 
 
 158 
 102 
 106 
 107 
 107 
 171 
 172 
 174 
 1?7 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 184 
 
 192 
 193 
 190 
 190 
 20'J 
 205 
 203 
 204 
 208 
 213 
 2!4 
 215 
 215 
 218 
 218 
 225 
 227 
 230 
 231 
 233 
 237 
 
 239 
 240 
 244 
 245 
 252 
 261 
 271 
 
 First Methodist society 
 
 First camp-meeting 
 
 First settlement in Tennessee 
 
 First settlement in Kentucky 
 
 First royal instructions adopted 
 
 First dally paper 
 
 First steam-engine 
 
 First ale and porter made 
 
 First naval conflict 
 
 First fleet sailed 
 
 First winno wing-machine 
 
 First glass-works 
 
 First ship to China 
 
 First law-school at Litchfield 
 
 First newspaper in Maine ........ 
 
 First American play 
 
 First metallic coinage of the United 
 States 
 
 First dentist in the United States . . . . 
 
 First President of the United States . . . 
 
 First saw-mill in Ohio 
 
 First wagon to the West 
 
 First crop of Sea-Island cotton 
 
 First American voyage round the world . 
 
 First furnace west of Alleghanies .... 
 
 First furnace in Kentucky 
 
 First census 
 
 First issue from mint 
 
 First Merino sheep 
 
 First sewing-thread of cotton 
 
 First silver coined 
 
 First copyright . . . 
 
 First gold coined 
 
 First use of screw for vessels 
 
 First national vessel on Lake Erie .... 
 
 First mutual insurance company in Mas- 
 sachusetts 
 
 First cast-iron plough 
 
 First administration 
 
 First personal encounter in Congress . . 
 
 First high-pressure steam-engine . . . . 
 
 First meeting of Congress at Washing- 
 ton . 
 
 First mowing-machine 
 
 First cargo of ice exported 
 
 First antljraeite coal shipped 
 
 First newspaper west of the Mississippi . 
 
 First newspaper in Indiana 
 
 First Western steamboat 
 
 First steam-engine builder 
 
 First naval battle of War of 1812 
 
 First rolling-mill in Pittsburg 
 
 First stereotype foundery 
 
 First successful daily paper in Boston . . 
 
 First time spinning and weaving were 
 united 
 
 First time " The Star-spangled Banner " 
 was sung 
 
 First flour exported from Rochester . . . 
 
 First religious newspaper published . . . 
 
 First newspaper in Illinois 
 
 First steam paper-mill at Pittsburg ... 
 
 First steamboat built at Cincinnati . . . 
 
 First deaf and dumb asylum at Hartford . 
 
 First savings bank in Baltimore 
 
 First steamer launched on Lake Erie . . . 
 
 First exhibition of Mechanics' Associa- 
 tion in Massachusetts 
 
 First lodge of Odd-Fellows instituted . . 
 
 First committee on agriculture in Con- 
 gress 
 
 First use of anthracite in iron- works . . . 
 
 First mill built in Lowell, Massachusetts, 
 
 First use of gas in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 272 
 276 
 279 
 282 
 280 
 288 
 2<J8 
 310 
 3^6 
 339 
 395 
 396 
 411 
 417 
 417 
 423 
 
 431 
 436 
 439 
 
 439 
 440 
 440 
 44<> 
 448 
 451 
 452 
 4.56 
 409 
 4(50 
 461 
 463 
 400 
 460 
 408 
 
 408 
 470 
 471 
 472 
 477 
 
 482 
 491 
 490 
 500 
 504 
 505 
 511 
 512 
 515 
 516 
 520 
 520 
 
 521 
 
 529 
 531 
 531 
 531 
 534 
 535 
 539 
 541 
 542 
 
 543 
 540 
 
 First American settlement in Texas ... 
 
 First native gold coined at mint 
 
 First paper sold in the streets of Boston, 
 First opera troupe in New York ..... 
 First steamboat on Lake Michigan . . . 
 
 First slate quarry opened 
 
 First specimen of the Morus multicattlis . 
 
 549 
 549 
 551 
 
 551 
 552 
 554 
 555 
 550 
 557 
 557 
 558
 
 INDEX. 
 
 777 
 
 Firnt locomotive built at West Point . . 
 
 First omnibus in New York 
 
 First telescope put up by Yale College . . 
 
 First institution tor the education of the 
 blind 
 
 First steamboat at Chicago 
 
 First newspaper sold lor a cent 
 
 First reaper patented 
 
 First successful use of anthracite coal in a 
 hot blast 
 
 First table-cutlery made in United States, 
 
 First linen-mill in Massachusetts .... 
 
 First house in San Francisco, California . 
 
 First dniining-tilcs in New York .... 
 
 First observatory built at Williams College 
 
 First felt-cloth in Connecticut 
 
 First use of screw in navigation 
 
 First use of anthracite coal in making 
 iron 
 
 First zinc made in United States 
 
 First steam passage over the Atlantic . . 
 
 First express trip 
 
 First white settlement at San Francisco . 
 
 First normal school in Massachusetts . . 
 
 First war-ship as a propeller 
 
 First exploration by Colonel Fremont . . 
 
 First hydropathic establishment in New 
 York 
 
 First telegraph line built 
 
 First copper mining at Lake Superior . . 
 
 Fir.st opera-house in New York 
 
 First use of ethor 
 
 First school for idiots 
 
 First spirit-rappings 
 
 First woman's suffrage national conven- 
 tion 
 
 First institution for the co-education of 
 the sexes ^ 
 
 First woman's medical college at Philadel- 
 phia 
 
 First woman's rights journal 
 
 First steam (ire-engine in Cincinnati . . . 
 
 First theatrical journal published .... 
 
 First woman's college 
 
 First bridge over the Mississippi .... 
 
 First experiments with Bessemer process 
 of making steel 
 
 First steel rined cannon 
 
 First premium on gold 
 
 First time negroes voted in Tennessee . . 
 
 First narrow-gauge railway 
 
 First train through the Hoosac Tunnel . 
 
 Fiscal bank of the United States, bill for, 
 vetoed 
 
 Fishing-, sea 
 
 Fitch, John, steamboat on Delaware . . . 
 
 Five Nations, treaty with colonies . . . . 
 
 Five-cent coins issued . 
 
 Five Forks, Virginia, battle of. ..... 
 
 Flags used in army 
 
 Flag of United Colonies 
 
 Flag for Massachusetts 
 
 Flag of Thirteen United States 
 
 Flag, national, fashion of, prescribed . . . 
 
 Flag of the Confederates 
 
 Flax in Virginia 
 
 Flax in New Jersey 
 
 Flax -rust appeared 
 
 Fleet, French, from Brest 
 
 Fleet advised by Rhode Island 
 
 Fleet, English, off Boston 
 
 Fleet, British, captured 
 
 Fleet, French, off Georgia 
 
 Fleet, French, at Newport 
 
 Fleet, French, at the Chesapeake .... 
 
 Fleet against the A Igerines 
 
 Florida, Ponce de Leon lands in 
 
 Florida, name of 
 
 Florida, French colony for 
 
 Florida given the Seminoles 
 
 Florida, Spanish in, attacked from Caro- 
 lina 
 
 Flori !a attacked by South Carolina . . . 
 
 Florida, boundary of 
 
 Florida, President authorized to take pos- 
 session of 
 
 Florida, part of, joined to Louisiana . . . 
 
 Florida, part of, joined to Mississippi ter- 
 ritory 
 
 Florida, invasion of, protested against . . 
 
 Florida ceded to the United States . . . 
 
 Florida, boundaries of 
 
 Florida, act for the settlement of .... 
 
 Florida admitted to the Union 
 
 Florida, the, captured 
 
 Florida abolishes slavery 
 
 Florida admitted to representation .... 
 
 Flour seized in New York city 
 
 Flour monopoly repealed 
 
 Flour, monopoly of, in New York city . . 
 
 Flour, exportation of 
 
 Flour, licenses for its transportation . . . 
 
 Flour allowed to be transported to Spain, 
 
 Flour-mills, improvements in 
 
 Flour-mills in North Carolina 
 
 Fly-shuttle in Khode Island 
 
 Foreign courts, sentiments of 
 
 Foreign Affairs, Department of 
 
 Foreign relations, report on 
 
 Forfeitures under non-importation act re- 
 mitted 
 
 Fort Amsterdam built 
 
 Fort Amsterdam, exports from 
 
 Fort in Boston harbor 
 
 Fort Amsterdam burned 
 
 Fort Casimir built 
 
 Fort Casimir taken 
 
 Fort Frontcnac built 
 
 Fort St. Louis built 
 
 Fort Rosalie attacked by Indians .... 
 
 Fort Du Qiiosne built 
 
 Fort at junction of the Alleghany and 
 Monongahc'la 
 
 Fort William Henry built 
 
 Fort William Henry surrenders to 
 French 
 
 Fort Froutenac captured 
 
 Fort Du Quesnc deserted 
 
 Fort Schuyler built 
 
 Fort Pownall built 
 
 Fort at Niagara captured 
 
 Fort Loudouu captured 
 
 Fort Pitt settled 
 
 Fort William and Mary dismantled . . . 
 
 Fort Sullivan, attack on, repulsed .... 
 
 Fort Washington captured 
 
 Fort Lee evacuated 
 
 Fort Edward abandoned 
 
 Fort Schuyler attacked 
 
 Fort George captured 
 
 Fort Jefferson attacked 
 
 Fort MichilimacJdnack captured 
 
 Fort at Detroit surrendered 
 
 Fort Dearborn attacked 
 
 Fort Harrison attacked 
 
 Fort Madison attacked 
 
 Fort Meigs attacked 
 
 Fort George evacuated by the British . . 
 
 Fort Stevenson attacked 
 
 Fort Minims captured 
 
 Fort Niagara captured by British .... 
 
 Fort at Sandy Creek captured by British, 
 
 Fort Erie captured 
 
 Fort Michilimackinack attacked 
 
 Fort Mackinaw attacked 
 
 Fort Erie assaulted 
 
 Fort McHenry bombarded 
 
 Fort Bowyer attacked 
 
 Fort Erie, siege of, raised 
 
 Fort Eric abandoned 
 
 Fort Bowyer captured by the British . . 
 
 Fort on the Appalachicola destroyed . . 
 
 Fort at St. Mark's captured by General 
 Jackson 
 
 223 
 
 404 
 
 510 
 5 13 
 
 514 
 543 
 545 
 545 
 588 
 5!)3 
 0411 
 CCO 
 072 
 155 
 1(51 
 166 
 424 
 504 
 51(5 
 370 
 461 
 439 
 337 
 402 
 437 
 
 519 
 
 30 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 98 
 
 90 
 
 120 
 
 135 
 
 203 
 
 242 
 
 2-12 
 247 
 
 250 
 3f,2 
 252 
 252 
 252 
 253 
 254 
 263 
 315 
 348 
 357 
 357 
 o(i5 
 365 
 
 3;;* 
 
 308 
 514 
 515 
 515 
 513 
 51(5 
 620 
 521 
 522 
 5-J2 
 523 
 525 
 520 
 526 
 520 
 527 
 528 
 520 
 520 
 530 
 531 
 530 
 
 542
 
 778 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Fort Barancns surrendered 
 
 Fort Snclling built 
 
 Fort I (omit-- attacked by Indians 
 
 Fort Surntor, attack on 
 
 Fort HattcTiis captured 
 
 Fort Pickens attacked 
 
 Fort Beaurogard captured 
 
 Fort Walker captured 
 
 Fort Henry surrendered 
 
 Fort Donefson surrendered 
 
 Fort Pulaski surrendered 
 
 Fort Wagner, siege begun 
 
 Fort Gregg, siege begun 
 
 Fort Wagner attacked 
 
 Fort De Russy captured 
 
 Fort Pillow captured 
 
 Fort Morgan captured 
 
 Fort < ; .-lines Hurrendered 
 
 Fort Powell blown up 
 
 Fort Harrison captured 
 
 Fort Lyon. Indians massacred at 
 
 Fort McAllister captured 
 
 Fort Fisher, attack on 
 
 Fort Fisher captured 
 
 Fort Steadman captured 
 
 Fort Blakely captured 
 
 Fort Sumter, flag restored to 
 
 Fort Larned, council with Indians at . . 
 
 Foster, Miles, granted lot 
 
 Fourth administration 
 
 Fourteenth administration 
 
 Fourteenth amendment adopted ..... 
 
 Fourtenth amendment, votes of states on 
 
 Fourteenth amendment certified 
 
 Fourteenth amendment, act to enforce . . 
 
 Fractional currency, issue of 
 
 Framingham, Mass., normal school in . . 
 
 France granted a loan 
 
 France, cost of war to 
 
 France, envoys to 
 
 France, failure of mission to 
 
 France, commerce with, suspended . . . 
 
 France, envoys to, recalled 
 
 France, merchant ships to defend them- 
 selves from 
 
 France, treaties with, void 
 
 France, ministers to 
 
 France, envoys to 
 
 France, treaty with 
 
 France, convention with, amended .... 
 
 France, treaty with 
 
 France proposes mediation 
 
 Franciscan friars in Mexico 
 
 Franciscan missionary station on IViiob- 
 scot 
 
 Francisco, California, captured 
 
 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper in 
 New York 
 
 Frankfort, Pennsylvania, mill in .... 
 
 Franking privilege abolished 
 
 Frankland, government of, organized . . 
 
 Frankland asks to come into Union . . . 
 
 Frankland, elections in 
 
 Frankland, collision in 
 
 Franklin, James, printer, iu Boston . . . 
 
 Franklin stove invented 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, testimony on bills of 
 credit 
 
 Franklin Institute incorporated in Phila- 
 delphia 
 
 Franklin, Sir John, expedition in search 
 of 
 
 Franklin, Sir John, expedition in search 
 of 
 
 Frazier's Farm, battle of 
 
 Frederioton plundered by English sailors, 
 
 Fredericksburg, Virginia, bombarded . . 
 
 Free colored inhabitants petition for re- 
 lief 
 
 Free banking law in New York . . . . ! 
 
 Free banking law in New York revised . 
 
 If reedmen, status of, in Virginia 
 
 543 
 ;.i<i 
 577 
 620 
 623 
 623 
 624 
 624 
 625 
 625 
 627 
 637 
 637 
 640 
 643 
 644 
 648 
 648 
 648 
 649 
 650 
 050 
 651 
 651 
 653 
 654 
 655 
 668 
 172 
 537 
 674 
 663 
 670 
 673 
 684 
 647 
 584 
 377 
 424 
 470 
 472 
 474 
 474 
 
 474 
 475 
 477 
 478 
 480 
 483 
 551 
 634 
 14 
 
 85 
 595 
 
 606 
 166 
 689 
 416 
 421 
 428 
 436 
 18-4 
 228 
 
 284 
 553 
 601 
 
 605 
 629 
 520 
 C34 
 
 479 
 584 
 686 
 659 
 
 Freedmen's bureau created 643 
 
 Freedmen's Bank established 653 
 
 Freedmen 'a bureau, act to continue . . . 664 
 Freedmen's bureau, act for continuance of 072 
 Freedom of the press maintained in Mas- 
 sachusetts 190 
 
 Freedoms and exceptions by West India 
 
 Company 39 
 
 Freeman's oath printed in Massachusetts 65 
 
 Freemen admitted in Massachusetts ... 44 
 
 Freemasons, first lodge of 214 
 
 Free schools in Maryland . 162 
 
 Free schools in Maryland 175 
 
 Free school in Philadelphia 233 
 
 Free negroes to be sold in Kentucky . . . 5(>i 
 
 Free trade convention at Philadelphia . . 505 
 
 Free Soil party two 
 
 Free-school society in New York .... 497 
 
 Fremont, Colonel, first expedition west . 587 
 Fremont, Colonel, second exploration of 
 
 west 590 
 
 Fremont, Colonel, third expedition of ex- 
 ploration 594 
 
 Fremont, command of western Missouri 622 
 
 Fremont, General, relieved 029 
 
 French troops to Canada 143 
 
 French, peace made with the Indians . . 171 
 
 French war with the Indians 221 
 
 French, designs of the 241 
 
 French fleet arrived 375 
 
 French fleet to Boston 376 
 
 French consuls, their exequaturs threat- 
 ened 458 
 
 French armed vessels to be captured . . 475 
 
 French vessel captured 470 
 
 French ships, exclusion of, ended .... 510 
 French ships, tonnage duties on, re- 
 pealed 552 
 
 French at Vera Cruz (524 
 
 French repulsed at Puebla, Mexico . . 028 
 
 Frenchtown plundered by English sailors 520 
 
 Friction matches, patent for 578 
 
 Friends of National Industry iu New 
 
 York 647 
 
 Frigate captured by Tripolitans 4yl 
 
 Frigate burned in Tripoli 494 
 
 Frigates ordered 337 
 
 Frigates launched at Providence, Rhode 
 
 Island 342 
 
 Frolic captured by the Wasp 517 
 
 Frolic captured by the Orpheus 525 
 
 Frontenac, governor of Canada 150 
 
 Frothingham, David, tried for libel . . . 471) 
 
 Fugitive slave law passed by Congress . 002 
 
 Fugitive slave law repealed 646 
 
 Fugitives from service, act concerning . . 456 
 Fuller, Margaret, publishes " Woman in, 
 
 the Nineteenth Century " 5'.H 
 
 Fuller's earth in Virginia and Maryland, 123 
 Fulling-mill in Watertown, Massachu- 
 setts 108 
 
 Fulling-mill at Dedham, Massachusetts . 1:55 
 Fulling-mill at New London, Connecti- 
 cut 158 
 
 Fulling-mill in Pennsylvania KM 
 
 Fulling-mill in New Jersey 173 
 
 Fulling-mill in New London 183 
 
 Fulton, Robert, patent for steamboat . . 506 
 Fulton, ferry-bouts designed by him . . . 511 
 Fulton, Robert, batteries by, ordered . . 524 
 Funding bill passed by Congress .... 446 
 Funerals, scarfs forbidden at, in Massa- 
 chusetts 197 
 
 Funerals, mourning at 260 
 
 Furloughs granted the soldiers 411 
 
 Furnace, blast, in Adirondack region . . 589 
 
 Furs shipped from Plymouth 32 
 
 GK 
 
 Gadsden purchase from Mexico 605 
 
 Gage, General, letter of 26$
 
 INDEX. 
 
 779 
 
 Gage, General, governor of Massachu- 
 setts 303 
 
 Galesburg, Illinois, Knpx College ia . . 581 
 Gallauclet, T. H., principal of first asylum 
 
 for deaf and dumb 539 
 
 Galvestou, Texas, settlement at, sup- 
 pressed 540 
 
 Galveston, Texas, captured 6:35 
 
 Galveston opened to commerce 030 
 
 Galveston, Texas, surrendered 657 
 
 Garrison of Fort Niagara massacred . . . 523 
 
 Gas made from wood 487 
 
 Gas, first use of, in Boston, 3Iassachu- 
 
 setts 551 
 
 Gaspee captured 21)0 
 
 Gaspee, inquiry in..... 290 
 
 Gates put in command 306 
 
 Gazette, London, reprinted in New York . 153 
 
 Gazette, Boston, published 189 
 
 Gazette, New York, published 197 
 
 Gazette, Maryland, published at Annap- 
 olis 200 
 
 Gazette, Pennsylvania, published in Phil- 
 adelphia 201 
 
 Gazette, South Carolina, published' . . . 208 
 Gazette, Rhode Island, published in New- 
 port 211 
 
 Gazette, Germautown, published .... 217 
 Gazette, Virginia, published at Williams- 
 burg 218 
 
 Gazette, Maryland, published at Balti- 
 more 228 
 
 Gazette, Boston, and Weekly Advertiser, 
 
 published 241 
 
 Gazette, Connecticut, published in New 
 
 Haven 244 
 
 Gazette, Boston, or Country Gentleman, 
 
 published 245 
 
 Gazette, North Carolina, published in 
 
 Newbern 246 
 
 Gazette, 'New Hampshire, published at 
 
 Portsmouth 248 
 
 Gazette, South Carolina, and American 
 
 General, published in Charleston . . 251 
 
 Gazette, New York, published 252 
 
 Gazette, Royal, published in New York 
 
 city 256 
 
 Gazette, Providence, and Country Jour- 
 nal, published 257 
 
 Gazette, Connecticut, in New London . . 258 
 Gazette, Cape Fear, and Wilmington Ad- 
 vertiser, published 259 
 
 Gazette, and Country Journal in Charles- 
 ton 271 
 
 Gazette, Virginia, published 272 
 
 Gazette, Essex, published in Salem, Mas- 
 sachusetts 279 
 
 Gazette, Albany, published 289 
 
 Gazette, Salem, iind Newbury and Marble- 
 head Advertiser, published 304 
 
 Gazette, Constitutional, published .... 329 
 
 Gazette, Newport, published 363 
 
 Gazette, New Jersey, appeared 370 
 
 Gazette, Salem, and General Advertiser, 
 
 published 396 
 
 Gazette, the Vermont, published in West- 
 minster 397 
 
 Gazette, Falmouth, published 417 
 
 Gazette, Hampshire, published 425 
 
 Gazette, Kentucky, published 433 
 
 Gazette of the United States published . . 442 
 
 Gazette, National, published 451 
 
 Gazette, State, published 452 
 
 Gazette, Knoxville, published 454 
 
 Gazette, Washington, published 405 
 
 Gazette, Sciota, published 400 
 
 Gazette, Porcupine's 469 
 
 Gazette published in Mobile 539 
 
 Gazette published in Cincinnati 558 
 
 Geary, John W., governor of Kansas . . 610 
 
 General Fundamentals at Plymouth ... 56 
 
 General Court postponed indefinitely . . 311 
 
 General Court summoned at Salem, Mas- 
 sachusetts 
 
 General law for companies to manufac- 
 ture in New York 
 
 General, grade of, revived 
 
 Genesee Farmer published in Rochester, 
 New York 
 
 Genet, Citizen, arrived , ... 
 
 Genet, his recall asked for 
 
 Geneva College admits women to medical 
 department 
 
 Geological survey of the United States . 
 
 Geological survey of Maryland 
 
 Geological survey of New York 
 
 Geological survey of Georgia 
 
 Geological survey of Kentucky 
 
 Geological survey of Pennsylvania and 
 New Jersey 
 
 Geological survey of Virginia 
 
 Geological reports of states 
 
 Geological survey of Rhode Island . . . 
 
 Geological survey of New Hampshire . . 
 
 Geological survey of Michigan 
 
 Geology, zoology, and botany of Massa- 
 chusetts, report on 
 
 George III. to Parliament 
 
 Georgetown plundered by English sailors 
 
 Georgia charter issued 
 
 Georgia, colony arrives at 
 
 Georg-ia, first silk raised exported .... 
 
 Georgia, cotton planted in 
 
 Georgia, slavery forbidden in 
 
 Georgia, conditions for settlement of . . 
 
 Georgia, Moravian settlement in .... 
 
 Georgia, discontent in 
 
 Georgia, a president appointed for .... 
 
 Georgia, slavery introduced into . . . . . 
 
 Georgia, bounty on silk 
 
 Georgia, silk-cultnre in 
 
 Georgia, population of 
 
 Georgia surrendered to the crown .... 
 
 Georgia, bills of credit in 
 
 Georgia, bills of credit in 
 
 Georgia and South Carolina dispute . . . 
 
 Georgia divided into parishes 
 
 Georgia, teaching slaves forbidden in . . 
 
 Georgia, Committee of Correspondence 
 in 
 
 Georgia for independence 
 
 Georgia formed a constitution 
 
 Georgia, expedition against 
 
 Georgia submitted 
 
 Georgia, royal rule restored 
 
 Georgia, militia law in 
 
 Georgia ratified constitution 
 
 Georgia amends constitution 
 
 Georgia, constitution amended 
 
 Georgia ceded claims to territory .... 
 
 Georgia, report on cession of land .... 
 
 Georgia, Yazoo claims in 
 
 Georgia, British troops withdrawn from . 
 
 Georgia, lands in, claimed by Indians . . 
 
 Georgia protests against tariff 
 
 Georgia annexes Indian territory to the 
 state 
 
 Georgia, missionaries to the Indians ar- 
 ited i 
 
 309 
 
 510 
 6155 
 
 562 
 456 
 458 
 
 598 
 507 
 572 
 575 
 575 
 575 
 
 578 
 678 
 581 
 584 
 585 
 
 565 
 2(5:2 
 520 
 210 
 212 
 215 
 215 
 217 
 217 
 217 
 220 
 227 
 234 
 234 
 236 
 240 
 240 
 245 
 245 
 249 
 252 
 285 
 
 295 
 341 
 301 
 378 
 378 
 379 
 380 
 435 
 441 
 475 
 487 
 489 
 525 
 532 
 555 
 560 
 
 Georgia disregards the decision of the 
 Supreme Court 
 
 Georgia, a survey of 
 
 Georgia abolishes slavery 
 
 Georgia admitted to representation . . . 
 
 Georgia admitted to representation . . . 
 
 Georgia, vote not counted 
 
 Georgia, state board of health in 
 
 German emigration to the colonies . . . 
 
 German Lutheran church in Philadelphia 
 
 (iermantovvn, Pennsylvania, settled ... 
 
 Germantown, Pennsylvania, newspaper 
 in 
 
 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, battle of ... 
 
 Gettysburg, monument at ........ 
 
 561 
 565 
 
 566 
 575 
 000 
 672 
 681 
 688 
 097 
 180 
 226 
 142 
 
 221 
 640 
 659
 
 780 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Gi<Hings, Joshua, censured by the House 588 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, patent to .... 1 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, takes possession 
 
 of Newfoundland 18 
 
 Gilbert, Bartholomew, arrives at Ameri- 
 ca 20 
 
 Oilman, General, given department of 
 
 south 839 
 
 Girant College opened in Philadelphia. . 598 
 Girls, industrial school for ....... 681 
 
 Glass made in Massachusetts 67 
 
 Glas made in Massachusetts 72 
 
 Glass-house in Pennsylvania ........ 139 
 
 Glass made in New York 211 
 
 Glass factory in New Jersey 236 
 
 Glass inuile in Massachusetts 240 
 
 Glass-works in New Hampshire 396 
 
 Glass made in New York 429 
 
 Glass made in Massachusetts 431 
 
 Glass factory in Maryland 440 
 
 Glass-works in New York 455 
 
 Glass-factory in Pennsylvania 468 
 
 Glass-window, bounty on 492 
 
 Glass company at Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts, formed 543 
 
 Glen, James, governor of South Carolina, 227 
 
 Globe published at Washington 563 
 
 Gloucester fired on 329 
 
 Godfrey, Thomas, invents the quadrant . 205 
 Gold and silver a legal tender in Rhode 
 
 Island 258 
 
 Gold coined 464 
 
 Gold from North Carolina 494 
 
 Gold, native, coined at Philadelphia mint 554 
 
 Gold, premium on 581 
 
 Gold mines in Virginia 584 
 
 Gold discovered in California 597 
 
 Gold coins, double eagle and dollar added 
 
 to 601 
 
 Gold in New Columbia 611 
 
 Gold discovered at Pike's Peak, Colorado, 616 
 
 Gold in Nova Scotia 620 
 
 Gold, sale on time forbidden 646 
 
 Gold, product of United States 685 
 
 Gorges, Robert, grant to 33 
 
 Gorges, Sir Ferdmando, grant to .... 35 
 Gosnold, Bartholomew, takes colony to 
 
 America 20 
 
 Gospel, propagation of, among Indians . 85 
 
 Gosport navy yard burned 621 
 
 Gouch, William, governor of Virginia . . 200 
 Gourges, Dominic de, avenges has coun- 
 trymen 18 
 
 Government, a new, made for Massachu- 
 setts 143 
 
 Government, scheme of, proposed by Wil- 
 liam Peun 165 
 
 Government of the colonies, plan for . 
 Government, plan of, for the colonies . 
 Government of the colonies, plan of ... 
 Governor for all New England .appointed 
 Governor's Island granted Winthrop . 
 Governors forbidden to show letters to 
 
 assemblies 280 
 
 Governors, convention of 633 
 
 Grain grown in Massachusetts 59 
 
 Grain made a legal tender in Massachu- 
 setts 70 
 
 Grain-cutter invented 491 
 
 Grain-drill, patent for 536 
 
 Granby, Connecticut, coppers struck in . 220 
 Grand model abandoned by Carolina pro- 
 prietors 159 
 
 Grand Rapids, Michigan, settled 569 
 
 Grand Gulf evacuated 638 
 
 Grange, National, session of 693 
 
 Grant by Plymouth Company 46 
 
 Gnu* in command of Mississippi division 641 
 Grants by Connecticut confirmed by Penn- 
 sylvania 429 
 
 Great Britain, payment to 488 
 
 Great Britain pays claims 491 
 
 Great Britain, war with, declared by Con- 
 gress 514 
 
 Great Britain, charges against 514 
 
 Great Horse Shoe, Indians defeated at, by 
 
 Jackson '. 5J4 
 
 Great Falls Manufacturing Company in- 
 corporated 500 
 
 Great Western crosses the Atlantic by 
 
 steam 582 
 
 Green, Samuel, printer <J1 
 
 Green, Samuel, granted land 103 
 
 Green, Samuel, prints Indian Psalms . . 104 
 
 Green, Bartholomew, printer in Boston, 153 
 
 Green Bay Intelligencer published .... 570 
 
 Greenville, Tennessee, Morgan defeated at 643 
 
 Greytown, Nicaragua, bombarded .... 007 
 Greytown, Nicaragua, General W. Walker 
 
 surrenders at 614 
 
 Grijalva, Juan de, sails for Mexico .... 12 
 
 Grist-mill, Newcastle 103 
 
 Grist-mill tolls in Connecticut 104 
 
 Grist-mill in Hadley 121 
 
 Grist-mill in Newark, New Jersey .... 122 
 
 Grist-mill in New York 4ti.J 
 
 Grove, Mary S., lectures on woman's 
 
 rights 
 
 Groveton, Virginia, battle at j2 
 
 Guadalupe, Hidalgo, treaty made at ... O'.is 
 
 Guano imported 51*0 
 
 Guano imported 5'JJ 
 
 Guerrero, president of Mexico 501 
 
 Guerriere captured by Constitution . . . 515 
 
 Gulf Stream marked on charts 285 
 
 Gunboats built 4l>4 
 
 Gunboats ordered 4'JO 
 
 Gunpowder, export forbidden 174 
 
 Gunsmith shops in Maryland 329 
 
 Gun-stocks in New York 2^3 
 
 Guthrie, Samuel, obtains chloroform . . 564 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeas corpus extended to Virginia . . 180 
 Habeas corpus suspended in Massachu- 
 setts 426 
 
 Habeas corpus suspended 631 
 
 Habeas corpus suspended 633 
 
 Habeas corpus, suspension justified . . . 633 
 
 Habeas corpus suspended 641 
 
 Habeas corpus, right restored >'*> 
 
 Haddonfield, New Jersey, brick-house in, 183 
 
 " Hail Columbia " first appeared 472 
 
 Hale, Nathan, hanged as a spy 3o4 
 
 Halfpence coined by Carolina 161 
 
 Halfpence coined by Virginia 298 
 
 Half-pay to the officers 374 
 
 Halifax settled 235 
 
 Halifax, bridewell at 533 
 
 Halifax, chamber of commerce at .... 552 
 
 Hallcck, General, in command 0:,0 
 
 Hallett's Point, explosion of mine . . . 6th) 
 Hamilton, James, governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania 233 
 
 Hamilton, Oncida Academy founded ... 455 
 Hammond, George, minister from Eng- 
 land 451 
 
 Hampton Sidney College founded .... .'550 
 
 Hampton, Virginia, plundered 522 
 
 Hampton Roads, Mcrrimac at 6,'G 
 
 Hancock, John, president of Congress . . 3'J4 
 
 Hanover, Vermont, press in 372 
 
 Hanover Court House, battle at 62$ 
 
 Hanover Junction, Virginia, battle at . . 640- 
 
 Harmonists settled in Indiana 532 
 
 Harmony Society organized 4'.'5 
 
 Harndcn, W. F., begins express busi- 
 ness >4 
 
 Harper's Ferry, armory at 472 
 
 Harper's Weekly published 612 
 
 Harper's Ferry captured by John Brown, 016 
 
 Harper's Ferry burned 6iX> 
 
 Harper's Ferry captured 632
 
 INDEX. 
 
 781 
 
 Harris, Benjamin, issues first newspaper 153 
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, settled .... 214 
 Harrison, General, in command of Fort 
 
 Meigs 520 
 
 Harrison, President, death of 580 
 
 Harrison's Landing, army retire to ... 0:50 
 
 Hartford, Connecticut, settled 51 
 
 Hartford, convention at 385 
 
 Hartford convention 529 
 
 Hartford convention met 530 
 
 Hartford Convention, Historv of, pub- 
 lished " 530 
 
 Hartford Times published 531) 
 
 Hartford Asylum for Deaf and Dumb . . 539 
 
 Harvard College founded 04 
 
 Hatcher's Run, battle at 600 
 
 Hatcher's Kun, battle at (55U 
 
 Hatfield, Connecticut, grist-mill in .... 107 
 Hats, export of, forbidden by Parliament 209 
 
 Hatters in Boston, Massachusetts .... 125 
 
 Havana, Cuba, captured 250 
 
 Haverhill destroyed by Indians 178 
 
 Havre de Grace plundered by English 
 
 sailors 520 
 
 Hayne, Isaac, hanged 401 
 
 Hayne, governor of South Carolina, re- 
 
 "plies to President's proclamation . . 507 
 
 Hebrew immigrants to Khode Island . . 245 
 
 Helena Herald published 571 
 
 Hell Gate, reef at, blown up 699 
 
 Hemp cultivated in Massachusetts .... 71 
 
 Hemp and flax in Virginia . . 127 
 
 Hemp, bounty on 174 
 
 Hemp and flax taken for taxes in Massa- 
 chusetts 198 
 
 Hemp, bounty on, in Pennsylvania . . . 204 
 
 Hemp exported 204 
 
 Hemp, bounty on, in New Jersey .... 271 
 Hempstead, Long Island, meeting of dep- 
 uties 117 
 
 Hendrickson, Captain, explores coast . . 26 
 
 Henncpin explores the Upper Mississippi, 135 
 Henry, Patrick, resolutions by, in Vifr 
 
 giuia House 265 
 
 Herald, American, published in Boston . 400 
 
 Herald, Pennsylvania, published .... 421 
 
 Herald of Freedom published 439 
 
 Hessians hired for America 331 
 
 Hidalgo y Costilla executed 511 
 
 Hides to be kept in Massachusetts .... 69 
 
 Hides, exportation forbidden 85 
 
 Hides, prices regulated in Connecticut . . 131 
 Hides, exportation forbidden in New Jer- 
 sey 131 
 
 Hides made subject to duty in Maryland . 130 
 Hides exported from Charleston, South 
 
 Carolina 244 
 
 Hides ordered preserved 355 
 
 Hides taken charge of 357 
 
 High-pressure steam-engine 485 
 
 Historical Society of Massachusetts . . . 449 
 Historical society formed in New York . 495 
 Hitchcock, Edward, issues report on geol- 
 ogy of Massachusetts 565 
 
 Hoe, R. M,, patents revolving-press ... 597 
 
 Holland declared war against England . . 3'JO 
 
 Holland recognizes United States .... 404 
 
 Holly Springs, Mississippi, captured . . 634 
 
 Holston River, battle at 649 
 
 Home Department created 000 
 
 Homestead bill 631 
 
 Homestead bill, provisions extended . . 00-1 
 
 Homoeopathic Examiner in New York . . 550 
 
 Homoeopathy introduced by Dr. Gram . . 556 
 
 Homespun Society in South Carolina . . 505 
 
 Hooker, General, given army of Potomws 030 
 
 Hoosac Tunnel completed 697 
 
 Hopkins, Commodore, suspended .... 302 
 
 Hopkins, Commodore, dismissed 371 
 
 Hops, duty on, in Pennsylvania 175 
 
 Horn combs, machine for making .... 473 
 
 Horuet captures the Penguin 532 
 
 Horse-stealing in Rhode Island 290 
 
 Horses, epidemic among 07 
 
 Hospital at Quebec 59 
 
 Hospital, General, in Massachusetts . . . 551 
 
 Hostilities, cessation proposed 374 
 
 Hostilities, suspension of, proposed . . . 515 
 
 Hostilities, suspension of, refused .... 515 
 House of Commons resolved against 
 
 manufactures in the colonies 190 
 
 House of Representatives expel reporters 
 
 from the floor 521 
 
 House of Representatives, number fixed . 602 
 
 House resolves to abolish slavery .... 646 
 
 House resolves to impeach the President 671 
 
 Houses in East New Jersey 142 
 
 Houses in New York and Connecticut . . 443 
 
 Houston, Samuel, president of Texas . . 576 
 
 How, William, weaver 102 
 
 Howe, General, succeeds Gage 329 
 
 Howe, Admiral, offers pardon 348 
 
 Howe, Dr. S. G., instructor of the blind . 500 
 
 Rowland, John, one of the Associates . . 37 
 
 Hudson, Hendrich, explores the Hudson . 23 
 
 Hudson River, name of 25 
 
 Hudson River explored 104 
 
 Hudson, the posts on, surrendered . . . . 368 
 
 Hudson, the, frozen 392 
 
 Hudson Observatory 583 
 
 Huguenot refugees in Massachusetts . . 141 
 
 Hull, William, surrenders to British ... 515 
 
 Hull court-martialled 515 
 
 Hull, Isaac, commands Constitution . . . 515 
 
 Hunter, Robert, governor of New York . 180 
 
 Hunter, General, order revoked 628 
 
 Hunter, General, drafts negroes 637 
 
 Huron, Lake, explored by Jesuits . ... 72 
 
 Hussey, Obcd, patents first reaper . . . . 569 
 
 Hutehinson, Mrs., banished 58 
 
 Hutchinsou, Governor, letters of .... 295 
 
 Hydropathic establishment in New York . 590 
 
 I. 
 
 Icarian Community at Corning, Iowa . . 602 
 
 Idaho made a territory 637 
 
 Idiots, schools for . . 599 
 
 Iguala, plan of, for government of Mexi- 
 co 550 
 
 Illustrated News published in New York, 604 
 
 Illinois made a territory 506 
 
 Illinois, first newspaper in 531 
 
 Illinois Intelligencer published 531 
 
 Illinois becomes a state 542 
 
 Illinois admitted to the Union 543 
 
 Illinois, common-school system organ- 
 ized in 555 
 
 Illinois College founded 561 
 
 Illinois accepts Constitution 598 
 
 Illinois adopts new constitution 081 
 
 Illinois, railroad commission in 083 
 
 Impeachment, Senate votes, not guilty . . 672 
 
 Importation by foreign vessels limited . 534 
 
 Imports, duties on, increased 542 
 
 Imports, duties on, reduced 687 
 
 Impost bill by Congress 409 
 
 Impost act rejected by Rhode Island . . . 414 
 Impressment one of the conditions of 
 
 peace 523 
 
 Impressment question, commissioners in- 
 structed 526 
 
 Impressments, agents to investigate . . . 465 
 Imprisonment for debt abolished in New 
 
 York 565 
 
 Incorporated companies forbidden to is- 
 sue notes 508 
 
 Independence in army 331 
 
 Independence of Mexico and South Amer- 
 ican republics recognized by Con- 
 gress 551 
 
 Indiana Territory created 480 
 
 Indiana becomes a state 536
 
 782 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Indiana, geological report of 
 
 Indianapolis settled 
 
 Indianapolis, State Library founded at . . 
 
 Iiuli;iii war 
 
 Indian college at Cambridge 
 
 Indian INiilius printed 
 
 Indian wars 
 
 Indian war in Virginia 
 
 Indian war with Canada 
 
 Indian Hiblo printed 
 
 Indian war in South Carolina 
 
 Indian war in Louisian 
 
 Indian Bureau organized 
 
 Indians, origin o! nnmo 
 
 Indians, Bliivery of 
 
 Indians, tre-ity with 
 
 Indians attack settlement in Virginia . . 
 
 Indians, Jesuit missions among 
 
 Indians, small-pox among 
 
 Indians begin war 
 
 Indians sold as slaves 
 
 Indians, treatment of 
 
 Indians forced to pay wampum 
 
 Indians, peace with, in Virginia 
 
 Indians make a treaty 
 
 Indians allowed to testify in Rhode Is- 
 land 
 
 Indians sold into slavery 
 
 Indians made slaves in Virginia 
 
 Indians, baptized, churches of 
 
 Indians sent to galleys in France .... 
 
 Indians make peace with the French . . . 
 
 Indians attack Canada 
 
 Indians attack Berwick, Maine 
 
 Indians attack Schenectady, New York . 
 
 Indians, expedition against 
 
 Indians sued for peace 
 
 Indians, peace made with the French . . . 
 
 Indians hunted with dogs in Connecti- 
 cut 
 
 Indians, war with North Carolina .... 
 
 Indians sold as slaves 
 
 Indians conquered by an expedition from 
 South Carolina 
 
 Indians sold as slaves 
 
 Indians sold as slaves 
 
 Indians defeated in Louisiana 
 
 Indians in Carolina make peace 
 
 Indians, war with the French 
 
 Indians, treaty with 
 
 Indians made slaves of 
 
 Indians attack the frontier 
 
 Indians cede laud south of the Ohio . . . 
 
 Indians, hostile, in Virginia 
 
 Indians, hostile, in Georgia 
 
 Indians begin hostilities 
 
 Indians ceded land in Tennessee 
 
 Indians desert British army 
 
 Indians attacked 
 
 Indians, Christian, massacred 
 
 Indians cede land to Georgia 
 
 Indians send a delegation 
 
 Indians, trade with, regulated 
 
 Indians, treaty with 
 
 Indians begin hostilities 
 
 Indians refuse to treat 
 
 Indians defeated 
 
 Indians, treaty with 
 
 Indians, intercourse with, regulated . . . 
 
 Indians, treaty with 
 
 Indians, intercourse with, regulated . . . 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians, encounter with 
 
 Indians taken into pay of the government 
 
 Indians represented at council 
 
 Indians cede territory 
 
 Indians attack party on the Appalachicola 
 
 581 
 547 
 555 
 S3 
 100 
 101 
 104 
 129 
 140 
 143 
 185 
 218 
 425 
 9 
 12 
 29 
 31 
 48 
 52 
 57 
 58 
 68 
 85 
 85 
 124 
 
 127 
 130 
 133 
 147 
 148 
 148 
 150 
 151 
 151 
 155 
 1C3 
 171 
 
 179 
 182 
 182 
 
 183 
 183 
 204 
 204 
 205 
 221 
 242 
 254 
 259 
 279 
 311 
 311 
 35C 
 300 
 300 
 4Q5 
 405 
 400 
 442 
 445 
 447 
 457 
 458 
 4(51 
 403 
 405 
 466 
 488 
 488 
 4'Jl 
 495 
 497 
 498 
 503 
 512 
 524 
 5:53 
 5:iO 
 540 
 
 Indians cede territory to the United 
 
 States 540 
 
 Indians cede territory 543 
 
 Indians cede territory 544 
 
 Indians cede territory ,">!i 
 
 Indians cede territory 546 
 
 Indians cede territory in Illinois 547 
 
 Indians cede territory in Georgia to 
 
 United States 555 
 
 Indians cede territory 656 
 
 Indians in Georgia appeal to United 
 
 States 502 
 
 Indians to be moved west of Mississippi . 502 
 
 Indians to come under state jurisdiction . 502 
 
 Indians cede territory 502 
 
 Indians refused injunction by Supreme 
 
 Court against Georgia 564 
 
 Indians, missionaries to, arrested in Geor- 
 gia 565 
 
 Indians driven beyond the Mississippi . . 507 
 
 Indians of Georgia agree to move west . 574 
 
 Indians hostile 644 
 
 Indians, council with, at Fort Lamed . . 60S 
 
 Indians, commission to make peace with 609 
 
 Indians, defeated by General Custer . . . 674 
 
 Indians, intercourse with, regulated . . . 084 
 India-rubber, vulcanized, - patent for, 
 
 granted 584 
 
 Indigo, wild, planted in New York ... 93 
 
 Indigo, bounty on 232 
 
 Indigo-seed distributed in South Carolina 244 
 
 Indigo exported from South Carolina . . 250 
 
 Industrial school for girls 681 
 
 Industries, most considerable 446 
 
 Industry in Virginia 36 
 
 Industry; society for promotion of, in 
 
 Boston 234 
 
 Industry, Society for Promotion of, cele- 
 brates its anniversary 241 
 
 Industry, Friends of, National, in New 
 
 York 547 
 
 Inheritance, law of, equal division, in 
 
 Connecticut 204 
 
 Inland navigation in New York 508 
 
 Inland transportation forbidden 523 
 
 Inoculation for small-pox introduced in 
 
 Boston 192 
 
 Inquisition established in Mexico .... 18 
 
 Installation of Wasliington 456 
 
 Instructions sent to the colonial gov- 
 ernors 212 
 
 Instructions, repeal of, asked by Massa- 
 chusetts 212 
 
 Instructions, protest against 288 
 
 Instructions to South Carolina 291 
 
 Instructions in Georgia '. 292 
 
 Instructions in Virginia 292 
 
 Instructions to Governor Gage 308 
 
 Insurance office, first, in colonies .... 196 
 
 Insurance convention at New York . . . 684 
 
 Insurrection in Mexico 378 
 
 Intelligencer, Impartial, published .... 452 
 Intercourse of Nova Scotia with colonies 
 
 forbidden 336 
 
 Interest paid by Plymouth Colony .... 39 
 
 Interest unpaid by states 591 
 
 Internal improvements, report on .... 504 
 
 Internal taxes repealed 540 
 
 Internal improvements, right of Congress 
 
 to vote money for 541 
 
 Internal improvements, reports on, or- 
 dered 542 
 
 Internal revenue, act for 6-*J 
 
 International university boat-race .... 077 
 
 Iowa College at Davenport founded . . . 575 
 
 Iowa admitted to the Union 693 
 
 Iron-works in Virginia 27 
 
 Iron-works in Virginia 30 
 
 Iron, export forbidden in Virginia .... 31 
 
 Iron-works in Massachusetts 41 
 
 Iron-works in Massachusetts ...... 80. 
 
 Irou-works in Massachusetts S3
 
 INDEX. 
 
 783 
 
 Iron-works in Massachusetts 88 
 
 Iron-works at New Haven 100 
 
 Iron-works in New Jersey 130 
 
 Iron furnace in Plymouth 171 
 
 Iron- works in Massachusetts 180 
 
 Iron-works in Maryland 100 
 
 Iron- works in Pennsylvania l!)l 
 
 Iron -works in Virginia 197 
 
 Iron-works in Delaware 198 
 
 Iron-works in Pennsylvania 202 
 
 Iron-works iu Connecticut 215 
 
 Iron-works in Rhode Island . 217 
 
 Iron-works in Pennsylvania 218 
 
 Iron-works in Massachusetts 221 
 
 Iron-works in New York 222 
 
 Iron-works in New Jersey 226 
 
 Iron-works, operatives not taxed in Vir- 
 ginia 233 
 
 Iron-mills forbidden in the colonies . . . 23C 
 
 Iron-works in New York 238 
 
 Iron-works in Pennsylvania 256 
 
 Iron-works in New Jersey 273 
 
 Iron-works in New Jersey 283 
 
 Iron-works in Maryland 350 
 
 Iron, duty on, in Maryland 387 
 
 Iron-works in New Jersey 415 
 
 Iron-works in Vermont 451 
 
 Iron-works in Pennsylvania 474 
 
 Iron-works at Mauch Chunk 548 
 
 Iron for railroads free of duty 566 
 
 Iron converted to steel 621 
 
 Island No. 10 surrendered 627 
 
 Israelites in Rhode Island 141 
 
 Iturbidc, president of regency in Mexico 550 
 
 Iturbide, plan of government for Mexico 550 
 
 Iturbide, regent of Mexico 551 
 
 Iturbide proclaimed emperor of Mexico . 552 
 
 Iturbide abdicated throne of Mexico , . . 553 
 
 luku, Mississippi, battle at 633 
 
 J. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, commands militia . . . 519 
 Jackson, General, defeats the Creeks at 
 
 Talladcga 523 
 
 Jackson, General, defeats Indians at Great 
 
 Horse Shoe 524 
 
 Jackson, General, in command at New 
 
 Orleans 530 
 
 Jackson, General, takes Pensaeola .... 530 
 Jackson, General, fined for contempt of 
 
 court 532 
 
 Jackson, General, given command .... 540 
 Jackson, General, captures an Indian vil- 
 lage 541 
 
 Jackson, General, executes two Indian 
 
 traders 543 
 
 Jackson, General, on the law of nations . 643 
 Jackson, President, warns South Carolina 
 
 of the results of nullification .... 567 
 
 Jackson, Mississippi, captured 638 
 
 Jackson, Mississippi, evacuated 640 
 
 Jacksonville, Florida, captured 637 
 
 Jails refused by North Carolina 449 
 
 Jails, use of, by United States, forbidden 
 
 by Massachusetts 524 
 
 Jalapa, Mexico, captured 597 
 
 Jamestown, colony at 22 
 
 Janesvilli', Wisconsin, settled 575 
 
 Japan, treaty with 606 
 
 Japan, embassy from, visits United States 617 
 
 Jay, John, special envoy to England . . 460 
 
 Jefferson, minister to France 418 
 
 Jefl'erson, Thomas, President 484 
 
 Jefierson, Thomas, President 496 
 
 Jennings, Jonathan, first state governor 
 
 of Indiana 536 
 
 Jersey City, pottery-works at 537 
 
 Jesuit missionaries on Lake Huron ... 52 
 
 Jesuit college at Quebec . . . 53 
 
 Jesuit missions attacked by Indians ... 88 
 
 Jesuit missions 100 
 
 Jesuit seminary at Quebec 100 
 
 Jesuits explore Lake Huron 72 
 
 Jesuits forbidden to enter Massachusetts 
 
 and New York 170 
 
 Jews disfranchised in New York 220 
 
 Johnson, Marmaduke, printer 106 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, takes oath as Presi- 
 dent 655 
 
 Johnson, President, suggestions in mes- 
 sage 674 
 
 Johnston, Gabriel, governor of North 
 
 Carolina 215 
 
 Johnston, William, finds salt spring by 
 
 boring 517 
 
 Johnston, Professor, " Lectures on Ap- 
 plication of Chemistry to Agricul- 
 ture" 590 
 
 Johnston, General, surrenders 655 
 
 " Join or die," motto used 268 
 
 Jonesborough, battle of 648 
 
 Journal. New Kngland Weekly, published 
 
 in Boston 200 
 
 Journal, New York Weekly, published . 213 
 Journal, Connecticut, and New Haven 
 
 Post-Boy, published 274 
 
 Journal, New York, or General Adver- 
 tiser, published 274 
 
 Journal, Maryland, and Baltimore Adver- 
 tiser, published 295 
 
 Journal, Essex, and Merrimac Packet, 
 
 published 297 
 
 Journal, Continental, published in Bos- 
 ton 345 
 
 Journal, New Jersey, published 372 
 
 Journal, American, published at Provi- 
 dence 380 
 
 Journal of Commerce published in New 
 
 York 558 
 
 Journal of Commerce suspended .... 644 
 Juarez confiscates church property ill 
 
 Mexico 616 
 
 Juarez, president of Mexico 619 
 
 Juarez, dictator of Mexico 621 
 
 Juarez died 687 
 
 Judges to give written decisions in Con- 
 necticut 414 
 
 Judges in New York agree not to issue 
 
 injunction against banks 613 
 
 Judicial system, bill to amend 676 
 
 Judiciary reorganized 484 
 
 Judiciary act repealed 486 
 
 Judiciary act passed 487 
 
 Juvenile delinquents, society to reform, 
 iu New York 554 
 
 K. 
 
 Kansas made a territory 606 
 
 Kansas, election in , . . . . C07 
 
 Kansas, A. H. Ueeder, governor of ... 607 
 
 Kansas, Wilson Shannon, governor of . . 608 
 
 Kansas, constitution for, accepted .... 609 
 
 Kansas legislature met 009 
 
 Kansas, message concerning difficulties 
 
 in 009 
 
 Kansas, committee on reports _. 6iO 
 
 Kansas, legislature of, dispersed by mili- 
 
 610 
 
 tary 
 
 Kansas, free state legislature met at To- 
 
 ' peka 612 
 
 Kansas legislature met at Lecomptou . . 612 
 
 Kansas, Topeka legislature met 613 
 
 Kansas, constitutional convention elected 613 
 Kansas, election under Lecomptou con- 
 stitution 614 
 
 Kansas, Lecompton constitution for, pre- 
 pared 614 
 
 Kansas, constitution for, framed at 
 
 Leavenworth 615 
 
 Kansas admitted conditionally to Union ._ 615
 
 784 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 010 
 in n 
 
 tea 
 
 (XI 
 (HO 
 
 . 
 
 OH 
 
 t >- 
 
 in 
 
 J.-.3 
 47- 
 .-,(4 
 
 Kansas, Lecompton constitution rejected 
 
 by 
 
 Kansas admitted to Union . ....... 
 
 Kansas admits women to practise law . . 
 Kansas, Progressive Community in ... 
 
 Kearsarge sinks Alabama 
 
 Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania 
 
 Kencsaw Mountain, battle at ...... 
 
 Kennebec, settlement at mouth of .... 
 
 Kentucky, first settlers in 
 
 Kentucky, Indian war in 
 
 Kentucky asks to form a new state .... 
 Kentucky separated from Virginia .... 
 Kentucky, petition referred to new Con- 
 gress 
 
 Kentucky separated from Virginia .... 
 
 Kentucky admitted to the Union 
 
 Kentucky, constitution of 
 
 Kentucky, constitution in 
 
 Kentucky, free negroes to be sold in ... 
 
 Kentucky, banks in, chartered 540 
 
 Kentucky, geological survey of 575 
 
 Kerosene oil, factory for, in Long Island . 606 
 Kidd, Captain, orders for his capture . . 165 
 
 Kidd, Captain, arrested 168 
 
 Kilpatrick, raid of 643 
 
 King Philip's war 128 
 
 King, speech to Parliament 314 
 
 King issues proclamation 330 
 
 King recommends pardon 332 
 
 King, address to, in Parliament 404 
 
 King's College, Nova Scotia, founded . . 441 
 Knox, General, Secretary of War ..... 418 
 Knox College at Galesburg, Illinois, 
 
 opened 481 
 
 Knoxville settled 442 
 
 Knoxville, Tennessee, occupied 640 
 
 Knoxville, Tennessee, attacked 641 
 
 Koszta, Martin, freed as an American citi- 
 zen 605 
 
 Labor, bureau of, in Massachusetts . . . 679 
 
 Labor bureau in Pennsylvania 088 
 
 Labor, bureau of, in Connecticut 696 
 
 Labrador, Cabot visits 10 
 
 Laconia granted 32 
 
 Ladies' Magazine published in Boston . . 559 
 
 Lafayette arrived 365 
 
 Lafayette lays corner-stone of Bunker 
 
 Hill Monument 556 
 
 La Galissonniere, governorof New France 231 
 
 La Jonquiere, governor of New France . 229 
 
 Lake Superior explored 120 
 
 Lake Ontario, first vessel on 132 
 
 Lake George, battle of, fought 247 
 
 Lake Erie, first steamer launched on ... 543 
 
 Lamar, M. B., president of Texas .... 58? 
 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, settled 188 
 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, congress held 
 
 at 227 
 
 Land allotted in Plymouth 35 
 
 Land divided by Mason and Gorges ... 41 
 
 Land granted by the Plymouth Company 42 
 
 Land granted by Plymouth Company . . 45 
 
 Laml conveyed by Earl of Warwick ... 46 
 
 Land deeded by Indians 61 
 
 Laud, title to 350 
 
 Laud ceded by Connecticut accepted by 
 
 Congress 425 
 
 Land cessions by states to be modified . . 420 
 
 Land, sale of, to Ohio Company 432 
 
 Land question in Massachusetts 511 
 
 L0'.U granted by Pope 10 
 
 Lands, ceded, to be made states 392 
 
 Lands oedod by Virginia accepted by Con- 
 gress 413 
 
 Lands, sale of 453 
 
 Lands, public, specie to be paid for them . 578 
 
 Lands, public, proceeds of sale to be de- 
 posited with the states 587 
 
 Lands, public, granted to railroads . . . Oil) 
 
 Lands, imblic, given for colleges o:it 
 
 Land-oUhse opened in Tennessee '.'M) 
 
 Land-offices opened 480 
 
 Landtag in New Amsterdam it) 
 
 La Salle authorized to explore the Missis- 
 sippi 131 
 
 La Salle descends the Mississippi .... 130 
 
 La Tour, grant of Nova Scotia 101 
 
 Laurcns captured 393 
 
 Lawrence, Captain, in command of the 
 
 Chesapeake .".21 
 
 Lawrence, Major, defends Fort Bowyi-r . 520 
 Lawrence, Kansas, Free State Hotel burn- 
 ed by sheriff 609 
 
 Lawrence, Kansas, sacked WO 
 
 Law school opened at Litchfleld, Connec- 
 ticut 417 
 
 Laws of Virginia revised 40 
 
 Laws of Plymouth 56 
 
 Laws of Virginia revised 80 
 
 Laws, code of, in Massachusetts 91 
 
 Laws, code of, in Connecticut 94 
 
 Laws printed in Massachusetts 99 
 
 Laws of Massachusetts printed 125 
 
 Laws of North Carolina revised 185 
 
 Laws of colonies to receive royal assent . 185 
 Lawyers in Rhode Island forbidden being 
 
 deputies 202 
 
 Lead mine in Connecticut 95 
 
 Lead mines discovered in Missouri . . . 190 
 
 Lead mines opened in Missouri 191 
 
 Lead in New York 215 
 
 Lead mines in Virginia 244 
 
 Lead mine opened 271 
 
 Lead mines worked 308 
 
 Lead mines in Iowa US 
 
 Leather, sealers of, in Massachusetts . . 62 
 Leather, manufacture regulated in Massa- 
 chusetts 73 
 
 Leather, sealers of, at New Haven .... 101 
 
 Leather, sealers of, at Connecticut .... 101 
 
 Leather examined in Virginia 155 
 
 Leather, exportation forbidden in Penn- 
 sylvania 173 
 
 Leavemvorth, Colonel, explores the west 540 
 Leaven worth, constitution for Kansas, 
 
 framed at 615 
 
 Lebanon, Illinois, McKendree College at 575 
 Lecompte, Judge, charge to grand jury 
 
 in Kansas 609 
 
 Lectures on application of chemistry to 
 
 agriculture 590 
 
 Ledger, Pennsylvania, published .... 333 
 Ledger, independent, published in Bos- 
 ton 374 
 
 Ledger published in Mobile 587 
 
 Lee, R. E., put in command 628 
 
 Lee, General, surrenders 654 
 
 Legal tender act 025 
 
 Legal tender act, Supreme Court on ... 683 
 Legislature of Kansas dispersed by the 
 
 military 610 
 
 Lehigh Coal Company formed 455 
 
 Leislcr, Jacob, assumes the government 
 
 in New York 149 
 
 Leisler arrested for high treason 154 
 
 Leislcr, Jacob, executed 154 
 
 Lennox public library 680 
 
 Leon, Juan Ponce de, lands in Florida . . 12 
 
 Letters of marque in England 361 
 
 Letters of marque issued by England . . 516 
 Letters of marque, Jefferson Davis to 
 
 issue 020 
 
 Lewis and Clarke's expedition 4i>5 
 
 Lewiston, on the Delaware, settled ... 44 
 
 Lewiston, on the Delaware, bombarded . 520 
 
 Lexington, battle of 320 
 
 Lexington, Kentucky, settled 336 
 
 Lexington, block-house at 360
 
 INDEX. 
 
 785 
 
 Lexington, Missouri, captured 62.3 
 
 Lexington, Kentucky, evacuated C32 
 
 Lexington, Kentucky, taken 634 
 
 Lexington, Kentucky, taken by Morgan . 634 
 
 Lexington, Kentucky, captured 615 
 
 Libel, law of, in New York 497 
 
 Liberator published in Boston ....... 504 
 
 Liberty of conscience permitted 147 
 
 Liberty of conscience m Pennsylvania . . 169 
 Liberty of conscience in New Jersey . . . 
 Liberty of conscience in North Carolina . 
 
 Liberty cents coined 
 
 Libraries, township, money appropriated 
 
 for, by New York and other states . . 
 Library, Congressional, at Washington . 
 Library, Boston Public City, formed . . . 
 
 Library, Boston Public, opened 615 
 
 Library, Lennox public 680 
 
 Licenses to sell liquor in Massachusetts . 58 
 
 Lieutenant-general, grade revived .... 642 
 
 Light-house at Cape Henry 288 
 
 Lightning-rod, invention of 241 
 
 Lime made in New England 88 
 
 Lime iu Rhode Island > . . . 109 
 
 Lime in Rhode Island 119 
 
 Lincoln, President, assassinated 655 
 
 Linen, premiums for, in Massachusetts . 71 
 
 Linen manufactory in New York 179 
 
 Linen manufactured in Massachusetts . . 191 
 
 Linen, bounty on, in Massachusetts . . . 193 
 
 Linen, bounty on, in Maryland 209 
 
 Linen-mill at Fall River, Massachusetts . 572 
 
 Linseed oil made in' New York 185 
 
 Linseed oil in Connecticut 189 
 
 Liquor selling to Indians 131 
 
 Liquor selling to Indians prohibited in 
 
 Canada 133 
 
 Liquor, price of, fixed by Pennsylvania . 188 
 Liquor, price and quantity, fixed in Salem 
 
 County, New Jersey 203 
 
 Liquors, tax on, laid in Pennsylvania . . 142 
 
 Liquors, use of, prohibited in army . . . 541 
 
 Litchfield, Connecticut, law school at . . 417 
 
 Little Rock, Arkansas, settled 548 
 
 Live-oak used for ships 236 
 
 Liverpool, Nova Scotia, settled 255 
 
 Livingston, Edward, prepares code for 
 
 Louisiana 554 
 
 Loan opened 355 
 
 Loan authorized 371 
 
 Loan from France 402 
 
 Loan by France . ' 408 
 
 Loan authorized 525 
 
 Loan authorized 532 
 
 Loan negotiated 532 
 
 Loan authorized by Congress 548 
 
 Loan authorized by Congress 550 
 
 Loan authorized by Congress 587 
 
 Loan authorized 615 
 
 Loan authorized 617 
 
 Loan authorized 619 
 
 Loan authorized 620 
 
 Loan, national, authorized 622 
 
 Loan authorized 636 
 
 Loan Act, supplement to 643 
 
 Loan authorized 647 
 
 Loan authorized 653 
 
 Loan, temporary, certificates for 673 
 
 Loan, temporary, certificates redeemed . 682 
 
 Loan- office in Pennsylvania 221 
 
 Loan-office, certificates authorized .... 360 
 
 Locusts iu Minnesota 695 
 
 London Company chartered 21 
 
 London Company, new charter to .... 23 
 
 London Company, new charter to .... 24 
 
 London Company, expenses of 26 
 
 London Adventurers sell to Associates . 37 
 
 Londonderry, New Hampshire, settled . 189 
 
 Long Island settled 35 
 
 Long Island evacuated 412 
 
 Lougworth, Nicholas, makes wine from 
 
 native grapes 559 
 
 50 
 
 Looking-glasses in Philadelphia ..... 
 
 Lookout Mountain, battle of 
 
 Los Angeles, California, captured .... 
 
 Lotteries forbidden 
 
 Lotteries suppressed in Rhode Island . . 
 
 Lottery in Rhode Island 
 
 Lottery in Baltimore 
 
 Lottery in Rhode Island 
 
 Lottery established 
 
 Louisburg, at Cape Breton, built 
 
 Louisburg surrendered 
 
 Louisiana named 
 
 Louisiana, first settlement in ...... 
 
 Louisiana, slavery in 
 
 Louisiana, trade with, granted to An- 
 thony Crpzat 
 
 Louisiana relinquished by Crozat .... 
 
 Louisiana granted to Company of the 
 West 
 
 Louisiana, Indians defeated in 
 
 Louisiana surrendered to French crown . 
 
 Louisiana, Indian war in 
 
 Louisiana, bills of credit in 
 
 Louisiana, sugar-mill in 
 
 Louisiana, sugar made in 
 
 Louisiana ceded to France 
 
 Louisiana purchased 
 
 Louisiana, purchase of, ratified 
 
 Louisiana made a territory 
 
 Louisiana Courier published 
 
 Louisiana, laws of, printed 
 
 Louisiana admitted to the Union .... 
 
 Louisiana, part of Florida joined to ... 
 
 Louisiana adopts civil code 
 
 Louisiana, constitution for 
 
 Louisiana, slavery abolished in 
 
 Louisiana, state convention met 
 
 Louisiana abolishes slavery 
 
 Louisiana admitted to representation . . 
 
 Louisiana asks aid from military .... 
 
 Louisiana, board of health in 
 
 Louisiana, vote not counted 
 
 Louisiana, collision in 
 
 Louisiana, turbulent in, ordered to dis- 
 perse 
 
 Louisiana, violence in . 
 
 Louisiana, military regulate legislature . 
 
 Louisiana, action of President, approved 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky, settled '. 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky, named 
 
 Louisville Journal published 
 
 Lowell, Massachusetts, settled 
 
 Lower Canada, population of 
 
 Lowndes, of South Carolina, introduced 
 tariff bill 
 
 Loyalists defeated 
 
 Loyalists paid for indemnity by England 
 
 Lygonia, or plough patent 
 
 Lynchburg, Virginia, settled 
 
 Lynn, Massachusetts, shoes made in . . 
 
 209 
 641 
 595 
 30 
 213 
 227 
 241 
 255 
 365 
 191 
 237 
 136 
 167 
 182 
 
 182 
 187 
 
 188 
 204 
 211 
 218 
 218 
 252 
 467 
 481 
 490 
 491 
 490 
 11)9 
 505 
 513 
 513 
 554 
 594 
 643 
 043 
 648 
 672 
 673 
 OS3 
 688 
 090 
 
 690 
 696 
 097 
 698 
 372 
 395 
 504 
 551 
 514 
 
 534 
 394 
 410 
 44 
 424 
 235 
 
 Mace, Samuel, visits America 20 
 
 McClellan, G. B., commander-in-chief . . 623 
 
 McClellan resigns 650 
 
 M'Enery militia iu New Orleans 689 
 
 McKeudree College at Lebanon, Illinois . 575 
 Machinery, export of, forbidden by Penn- 
 sylvania 436 
 
 Madison, James, President 506 
 
 Madison made capital of Wisconsin . . . 57<> 
 Madison, Wisconsin, State University 
 
 founded 602 
 
 Magazine, General, issued 22* 
 
 Magazine, American, issued 224 
 
 Magazine, American, published 285 
 
 Maidstone, boat of, burned 266 
 
 Mail, weekly, from Boston to Virginia . 158 
 
 Mail from New York once a week .... 246 
 
 Maine, name of 67
 
 786 
 
 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 Maine granted to Sir F. Gorges 
 
 Maii>' . "ovcrnnu'iit of 
 
 Maine under authority of Massachusetts . 
 
 Maine Hold to Massachusetts 
 
 .Main. Mki-u possessiou of by Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 Maine surrendered by Massachusetts . . 
 
 Maine, ownership orpine trees 
 
 Main.-, fir*t newspaper iu 
 
 Maine independent of Massachusetts . . . 
 
 MiiiiH- admitted to the Union 
 
 Maine, geological survey of 
 
 Maine, geological report of . 
 
 Maine, use, sale, or manufacture of spirits 
 forbidden in 
 
 Malt, duty on, in Boston 
 
 Malt, duty on, in Massachusetts 
 
 Mult-house in Perth Amboy, New Jer- 
 sey 
 
 Malt-house in Pennsylvania 
 
 Malvern Hill, battle of 
 
 Manassas Junction, battle at 
 
 Manassas Junction evacuated 
 
 Manaasas, battle at 
 
 Manchester, New Hampshire, settled . . 
 
 Manhattan, fort at 
 
 Manhattan Island purchased 
 
 Manhattan, condition of 
 
 Manhattan Company iu New York . . . 
 
 Mann, Horace, president of Antioch Col- 
 lege 
 
 Manual on silk culture in Massachusetts . 
 
 Manufactories in the colonies resolved 
 against by House of Commons . . . . 
 
 Manufacture of cloth in New York . . . . 
 
 Manufactures, woollen, in the colonies, 
 forbidden 
 
 Manufactures, report of, in the colonies, 
 
 Manufactures in the colonies 
 
 Manufactures, British, imported 
 
 Manufactures promoted by Virginia . . . 
 
 Manufactures promoted in North Caro- 
 lina 
 
 Manufactures encouraged by Pennsyl- 
 vania 
 
 Manufactures aided in Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 Manufactures, Society for the Promotion 
 of, in New England 
 
 Manufactures, Society for the Promotion 
 of, in Philadelphia 
 
 Manufacturers' and Farmers' Journal 
 published 
 
 3Ianufacturiug companies incorporated in 
 New York 
 
 Marblehead incorporated . 
 
 March to the sea ended 
 
 Mariana granted to John Mason 
 
 Marietta settled 
 
 Marine Society in Salem 
 
 Market in Boston 
 
 Marque, letters of, issued by England 
 against France 
 
 Marque, letters of, issued by England . . 
 
 Marque, letters of, found on captured 
 whalers 
 
 Marriage performed by all ministers in 
 .Rhode Island 
 
 Martha's Vineyard settled 
 
 Martial law in Massachusetts 
 
 Martial law in Nova Scotia 
 
 Martial law hi Missouri 
 
 Maryland given to Lord Baltimore . . . 
 
 Maryland named 
 
 Maryland, colony to 
 
 Maryland, assembly in 
 
 Maryland assembly refuses the proprie- 
 tary's laws 
 
 Maryland, mint in 
 
 Maryland, laws of 
 
 Maryland, government of 
 
 Maryland, records of, destroyed 
 
 Maryland, martial law in 
 
 67 
 119 
 122 
 130 
 
 130 
 140 
 187 
 417 
 426 
 549 
 577 
 581 
 
 602 
 100 
 127 
 
 142 
 144 
 629 
 622 
 627 
 632 
 205 
 26 
 3d 
 61 
 478 
 
 603 
 565 
 
 190 
 175 
 
 167 
 205 
 259 
 259 
 319 
 
 319 
 
 436 
 
 439 
 
 556 
 553 
 643 
 
 510 
 92 
 
 653 
 31 
 
 436 
 
 272 
 51 
 
 247 
 516 
 
 522 
 
 213 
 
 77 
 
 326 
 
 335 
 
 623 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 62 
 65 
 73 
 
 78 
 81 
 
 Maryland, amnesty in 
 
 Maryland, government of 
 
 Maryland, government of 
 
 Maryland, affairs of 
 
 Maryland, mint in 
 
 Maryland, tonnage duty in 
 
 Maryland, slavery in 
 
 3Iaryland, opposition to duties in .... 
 
 Maryland proclaims William and Mary . 
 
 Maryland, Church of England established 
 in 
 
 Maryland and New York 
 
 Maryland, free schools in 
 
 Maryland, cloth in 
 
 Maryland, licenses to sell liquor 
 
 Maryland, price of beer in 
 
 Maryland, Episcopal church in 
 
 Maryland, free schools iu 
 
 Maryland, duty on rum 
 
 Maryland restored to Lord Baltimore . . 
 
 Maryland, slavery in 
 
 Maryland, assembly in 
 
 Maryland, iron-works in 
 
 Maryland, schools in 
 
 Maryland forbids importations from 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Maryland, printing-press in 
 
 Maryland, poor taught gratis 
 
 Maryland, proprietor in 
 
 Maryland issues bills of credit 
 
 Maryland, grist-mills in 
 
 Maryland voted aid to Virginia 
 
 Maryland issues bills of credit 
 
 Maryland, mills in 
 
 Maryland, committee of correspondence 
 in 
 
 Maryland, convention in 
 
 Maryland supports Massachusetts .... 
 
 Maryland against independence 
 
 Maryland, governor of, flees 
 
 Maryland accepts independence 
 
 Maryland adopted a constitution .... 
 
 Maryland quit-rents abolished 
 
 Maryland agreed to confederation .... 
 
 Maryland, Washington College in .... 
 
 Maryland forbids importation of slaves . 
 
 Maryland accepts constitution 
 
 Maryland Institute at Baltimore 
 
 Maryland State Library at Annapolis . . 
 
 Maryland, geological survey of 
 
 Maryland fails to pay interest ...... 
 
 Maryland resumed payment . 
 
 Maryland abolishes slavery 
 
 Maryland, new constitution for ..... 
 
 Maryland, state board of health in .... 
 
 Marysville, Kentucky, settled 
 
 Mason and Dixon's line completed . . . 
 
 Mason and Slidell captured 
 
 Mason and Slidell surrendered 
 
 Massachusetts Hay, colony at 
 
 Massachusetts Bay, charter to company 
 of 
 
 Massachusetts authorities appealed to . . 
 
 Massachusetts, protection of, sought . . 
 
 Massachusetts divided into counties . . . 
 
 Massachusetts legislature divided .... 
 
 Massachusetts, code of laws iu 
 
 Massachusetts, general court of, on spin- 
 ning 
 
 Massachusetts, general court of, on salt- 
 making 
 
 Massachusetts general court, excuses of, 
 for executing Quakers 
 
 Massachusetts censorship of the press . . 
 
 Massachusetts declaration of rights . . . 
 
 Massachusetts charter recognized by 
 Charles II 
 
 Massachusetts censorship of the press . . 
 
 Massachusetts, shipping in 
 
 Massachusetts general court refuses to 
 send agents 
 
 Massachusetts, citizenship in ...... 
 
 87 
 96 
 100 
 103 
 107 
 100 
 112 
 14* 
 150 
 
 157 
 102 
 MB 
 16* 
 167 
 107 
 173 
 175 
 184 
 186 
 180 
 186 
 190 
 195 
 
 195 
 11)1) 
 202 
 211 
 214 
 221 
 2f4 
 248 
 253 
 
 296 
 306 
 315 
 336 
 318 
 349 
 357 
 387 
 397 
 405 
 411 
 4:36 
 557 
 553 
 572 
 5S8 
 600 
 64(5 
 649 
 6U8 
 417 
 275 
 624 
 024 
 38 
 
 40 
 72 
 76 
 77 
 82 
 91 
 
 101 
 101 
 
 106 
 103 
 108 
 
 110 
 116 
 118 
 
 119 
 110
 
 INDEX. 
 
 787 
 
 Massachusetts, shipbuilding in ..... 121 
 Massachusetts resists acts of trade .... 131 
 
 Massachusetts, charter modified 137 
 
 Massachusetts, charter anuulied 141 
 
 Massachusetts resumes the government . 149 
 
 Massachusetts, bills of credit issued by . 152 
 
 Massachusetts, charter for, issued .... 155 
 
 Massachusetts, pine-trees in 158 
 
 Massachusetts, weekly mail in 158 
 
 Massachusetts asks aid from the colonies, 164 
 Massachusetts forbids Jesuits from com- 
 ing- in 170 
 
 Massachusetts sends an expedition against 
 
 Acadie 178 
 
 Massachusetts, Indian slaves forbidden . 183 
 
 Massachusetts, Bank of, bills of credit in, 184 
 
 Massachusetts, Bank of, bills of credit in, 187 
 Massachusetts maintains the freedom of 
 
 the press 190 
 
 Massachusetts, taxes paid in produce . . 191 
 
 Massachusetts, manufacture of linen in . 191 
 
 Massachusetts, bounty on linen 193 
 
 Massachusetts issues fractional currency 193 
 Massachusetts furnished aid by Connec- 
 ticut 195 
 
 Massachusetts suggests a convention of 
 
 the colonies 196 
 
 Massachusetts receives charter 199 
 
 Massachusetts, Episcopalians allowed to 
 
 support their own clergy 200 
 
 Massachusetts, paper-mill in 201 
 
 Massachusetts issues bills of credit ... 202 
 Massachusetts, Baptists and Quakers al- 
 lowed to support their ministers ... 202 
 Massachusetts, dispute with the gover- 
 nor 204 
 
 Massachusetts, governor refuses to allow 
 
 issue of bills of credit 208 
 
 Massachusetts, petitions for recall of in- 
 structions 212 
 
 Massachusetts, petition of, refused .... 213 
 Massachusetts refuses bills of Rhode Is- 
 land 213 
 
 Massachusetts, banking schemes in, for- 
 bidden 223 
 
 Massachusetts issued bills of credit . . . 224 
 
 Massachusetts issues bills of credit . . . 228 
 Massachusetts establishes a circulation of 
 
 coin 232 
 
 Massachusetts, arms made in 232 
 
 Massachusetts, specie circulation in ... 237 
 
 Massachusetts forbids export of sheep . . 244 
 
 Massachusetts, gold made a legal tender . 257 
 Massachusetts assembly asks governor's 
 
 removal 281 
 
 Massachusetts, slavery abolished in ... 283 
 Massachusetts, Committee of Correspond- 
 ence in 291 
 
 Massachusetts, Committee of Correspond- 
 ence in 295 
 
 Massachusetts, petition dismissed .... 300 
 
 Massachusetts, slave-trade suppressed in, 300 
 
 Massachusetts assembly adjourned . . . 303 
 
 Massachusetts, feeling in 308 
 
 Massachusetts consults Congress . 322 
 
 Massachusetts for independence . . 343 
 
 Massachusetts sanctions Declaration 353 
 
 Massachusetts militia drafted in . . 366 
 
 Massachusetts accepts Constitution 386 
 
 Massachusetts, slavery abolished in 402 
 
 Massachusetts, courts in 405 
 
 Massachusetts refuses Congress ..... 406 
 
 Massachusetts, premium on wolves . . . 409 
 Massachusetts cedes land to the United 
 
 States 416 
 
 Massachusetts deeds territory to the 
 
 United States 418 
 
 Massachusetts courts prevented sitting . 425 
 
 Massachusetts, habeas corpus suspended . 426 
 
 Massachusetts establishes a mint .... 427 
 
 Massachusetts asks aid 428 
 
 Massachusetts accepts constitution . . . 436 
 
 Massachusetts, sects to support their own 
 
 ministers 511 
 
 Massachusetts, land question in 511 
 
 Massachusetts remonstrates against the 
 
 war 522 
 
 Massachusetts forbids use of jails to 
 
 United States 524 
 
 Massachusetts appoints delegates to Hart- 
 ford convention 529 
 
 Massachusetts Peace Society suggests ar- 
 bitration 538 
 
 Massachusetts, association of mechanics 
 
 in, hold an exhibition 543 
 
 Massachusetts, constitution for 548 
 
 Massachusetts, suffrage in 548 
 
 Massachusetts General Hospital 051 
 
 Massachusetts, report on geology, zool- 
 ogy, and botany of 565 
 
 Massachusetts, religious liberty in .... 570 
 Massachusetts, railroad commissioners in 678 
 Massachusetts, state board of health in . 680 
 
 Massacre at Boston 286 
 
 Massacre at Wyoming 375 
 
 Massacre at Frenchtown 519 
 
 Matampras declared blockaded 665 
 
 Maximilian accepts rule of Mexico .... 641 
 Maximilian accepts crown of Mexico . . 643 
 
 Maximilian shot 669 
 
 Mayflower brings colony 29 
 
 Meade, General, put in command .... 639 
 
 Mechanics to Virginia 22 
 
 Mechanics' association in New Hampshire, 489 
 Mechanics, association of, in Massachu- 
 setts 543 
 
 Mechanics Institute in Boston 558 
 
 Mechanics Institute in New York .... 568 
 Mechanicsville, Virginia, battle at .... 629 
 Mecklenburg County passes resolutions . 324 
 Medary, Samuel, governor of Kansas . . 616 
 
 Mediation, attempt at 321 
 
 Mediation offered by empress of Russia . 397 
 
 Mediation offered by Russia 520 
 
 Mediation proposed by France 634 
 
 Mediation by France declined 636 
 
 Medical school at Philadelphia 261 
 
 Medical Repository published ...... 471 
 
 Megapolenis, minister at Manhattan . . . 100 
 
 Memorial to colonies 313 
 
 Memphis, Tennessee, settled 549 
 
 Memphis surrendered 628 
 
 Mendoza, Don Antonio de, viceroy of 
 
 Mexico 16 
 
 Mercantile Library in New York .... 549 
 Merchandise, importation forbidden ... 95 
 Merchandise, American, permitted in 
 
 England 505 
 
 Merchants' Bank chartered 490 
 
 Merchants in Boston protest against the 
 
 tariff 561 
 
 Merchants of New York advise measures 
 
 for relief 581 
 
 Mercury, American Weekly, published in 
 
 Philadelphia 189 
 
 Mercury, New York, published 236 
 
 Mercury, New Port, published 251 
 
 Mercury, Portsmouth, and Weekly Ad- 
 vertiser, published, New Hampshire . 271 
 Mercury, Pennsylvania, published .... 333 
 Mercury, Massachusetts, published . . . 454 
 
 Merino sheep imported 459 
 
 Merino sheep imported 507 
 
 Merino sheep in Massachusetts 508 
 
 Merino, Society of, Middle States .... 512 
 Merrimac Manufacturing Company or- 
 ganized 551 
 
 Merrimac at Hampton Roads 626 
 
 Meteorological observations instituted by 
 
 Smithsonian Institute 603 
 
 Methodist society at Savannah, Georgia . 219 
 
 Methodist society in New York 272 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church organized . 417 
 Metric system authorized 665
 
 788 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Mexican United States organized .... 553 
 
 Mexican congress protest 634 
 
 ..us, records of 
 
 M.-xii-o rtrst heard of : 
 
 Mf.xii'o surrenders 
 
 Mrxico, inquisition In 
 
 Mexico divided into provinces * 
 
 ., viceroy deposed 505 
 
 Mexico, population of 609 
 
 Mexico, insurrection in . . 509 
 
 Mexico, independence of, declared .... 523 
 
 Mexico rebels against Spain 635 
 
 . viceroy deposed 550 
 
 Mexico, plan of government by Iturbide, 550 
 Mexico, independence of, recognized by 
 
 Congress . 551 
 
 Mexico, republican form of government 
 
 guaranteed 552 
 
 Mexico, Iturbide proclaimed emperor . . 552 
 
 Mexico, cortes met 652 
 
 Mexico, constitution for, framed 553 
 
 Mexico, slavery abolished in 554 
 
 Mexico, Spaniards expelled from .... 559 
 
 Mexico, Guerrero president of 561 
 
 BIcxico, Spaniards invade ........ 561 
 
 Mexico, Santa Anna president 570 
 
 Mexico, revolution in 570 
 
 Mexico, congress in 572 
 
 Mexico, message on her treatment of 
 
 United States 580 
 
 Mexico, Bustamente president of .... 581 
 
 Mexico, war against, declared by France, 583 
 
 Mexico, constitution for 590 
 
 Mexico, Santa Anna president 590 
 
 Mexico, Herrera made president 591 
 
 Mexico, squadron sent to coast of .... 593 
 
 Mexico, war with, proclaimed 594 
 
 Mexico, sale of church property ordered . 596 
 Mexico, city of, reached by General Scott, 597 
 
 Mexico, city of, captured 598 
 
 Mexico, Herrera president 699 
 
 Mexico, Gadsden purchase from 605 
 
 Mexico, Carrera president of 607 
 
 Mexico, General Comonfort president . . 610 
 Mexico, church property confiscated by 
 
 Juarez 616 
 
 Mexico, Liberal party defeated by Mira- 
 
 mon 617 
 
 Mexico, Juarez president of 619 
 
 Mexico, Juarez dictator of 621 
 
 Mexico suspends payment to foreign na- 
 tions 622 
 
 Mexico, monarchy for, suggested .... 626 
 
 Mexico, French army in 632 
 
 Mexico, French army march for 636 
 
 Mexico, French army enters 639 
 
 Mexico, Maximilian accepts rule of ... 641 
 Mexico, Monterey made seat of govern- 
 ment 643 
 
 Mexico, attitude of United States to ... 656 
 
 Mexico, blockade of ports void 665 
 
 Mexico, French embark from 668 
 
 Mexico, Juarez president of 685 
 
 Mexico, Lerdo de Tejada president ... 688 
 
 Mexico, laws of, reform in 692 
 
 Miami exporting company formed .... 491 
 
 Micanopy, Flonda, attacked by Indians . 577 
 
 Michigan surrendered to the British ... 515 
 
 Michigan evacuated by the British . . . . 522 
 
 Michigan, lands annexed to 541 
 
 Michigan, Lake, first steamboat on ... 557 
 
 Michigan admitted to the Union 579 
 
 Michigan, geological survey of 598 
 
 Michigan Agricultural College opened . . 613 
 
 Michigan, fires in 685 
 
 Michigan, state board of health in .... 690 
 
 Middle Creek, Kentucky, battle at .... 624 
 
 Middlesex Canal opened 490 
 
 Middletown, Wesleyan University at, 
 
 opened 565 
 
 Middletown, Connecticut, girls' industrial 
 
 school at 681 
 
 Milan. (See Berlin.) 513 
 
 Military departments organized 340 
 
 Military, governor to call on, in Massa- 
 chusetts ....; 429 
 
 Military, condition reported 437 
 
 Militia, volunteer, in Pennsylvania . . . 247 
 
 Militia enrolled in Virginia 317 
 
 Militia law by Congress 452 
 
 Militia called! for 4(H 
 
 Militia, quotas called from the states . . 526 
 
 Milk, patent for condensing 611 
 
 .A! ill in Albany 45 
 
 Mill in Massachusetts 49 
 
 Mill in Plymouth 49 
 
 Mill in Massachusetts 51 
 
 Mill in Massachusetts 52 
 
 Mill in Maryland 55 
 
 Mill in Plymouth* 57 
 
 Mill in Massachusetts 59 
 
 Mill in Uhode Island 02 
 
 Mill in Maryland 65 
 
 Mill on Governor's Island 67 
 
 Mill in Delaware 79 
 
 Mill at Beaverwyck 86 
 
 Mill in Maryland 88 
 
 Mill in Connecticut 94 
 
 Mill in Connecticut 99 
 
 Mill in Maine 100 
 
 Mill in Delaware 125 
 
 Mill in Maine 12(5 
 
 Mill in Massachusetts 126 
 
 Mill in Pennsylvania 132 
 
 Mill in Newbury, Massachusetts .... 133 
 
 Mill in Watertown, Massachusetts . . . 1*5 
 
 Mill in Pennsylvania 133 
 
 Mill in West Jersey 136 
 
 Mill at Plymouth, Massachusetts .... 135 
 
 Mill in Norwich, Connecticut ...... 135 
 
 Mill in Hoboken, New Jersey 138 
 
 Mill in Philadelphia 141 
 
 Mill at Perth Amboy, New Jersey .... 144 
 
 Mill in Newbury, Massachusetts .... 145 
 
 Mill in Groton, Massachusetts 145 
 
 Mill in Waterbury, Connecticut 157 
 
 Mill in York, Maine 157 
 
 Mill in Boston, Massachusetts 170 
 
 Mill in New London 182 
 
 Mill in New London 1W 
 
 Mill in Wilmington, Delaware 225 
 
 Mill in New York 439 
 
 Mill machinery in New Hampshire . . . 440 
 
 Mill in Pennsylvania 466 
 
 Mill Spring, Kentucky, battle at 624 
 
 Miller, Colonel, first governor of Ar- 
 kansas 547 
 
 Miller, E. L., supervises the first locomo- 
 tive 563 
 
 Millions for defence, &c., origin of ... 472 
 
 Mills on Manhattan 50 
 
 Mills in Massachusetts 57 
 
 Mills regulated in Massachusetts .... 61 
 
 Mills in Maine 77 
 
 Mills in New York 83 
 
 Mills in Massachusetts 84 
 
 Mills in Maine 127 
 
 Mills in Delaware 12S 
 
 Mills in Maine taxed 138 
 
 Mills in Pennsylvania IGiJ 
 
 Mills in Maryland 221 
 
 Mills in Baltimore 292 
 
 Mills in Pennsylvania 424 
 
 Mills in New Jersey 466 
 
 Mjlls in New Jersey 473 
 
 Mill-stones to New England 38 
 
 Milton, Massachusetts, paper-mill in . . 201 
 
 Minerva, The, published 458 
 
 Mines in Massachusetts granted 59 
 
 Mines, discovery of, in Connecticut ... 95 
 
 Mines on Lake Superior 299 
 
 Minister to Russia 402 
 
 Minister to Great Britain 417 
 
 Minister from Spain 421
 
 INDEX. 
 
 789 
 
 Minister to England , 
 Minister to France , 
 
 451 
 
 400 
 
 Minister to England to return 509 
 
 Minister from England 510 
 
 Ministers to Virginia 77 
 
 Ministers' law of settlement in Massachu- 
 setts 95 
 
 Ministers in Virginia 102 
 
 Ministers from abroad arrested as va- 
 grants in Connecticut 226 
 
 Ministers in Massachusetts, contributions 
 
 to support of, made voluntary .... 570 
 Minneapolis, wire suspension bridge over 
 
 the Slississippi 611 
 
 Minnesota made a territory 601 
 
 Minnesota authorized to form a state gov- 
 ernment 612 
 
 Minnesota admitted to Union 615 
 
 Minnesota, Indian massacre in 631 
 
 Minnesota, fires in 685 
 
 Minnesota, state board of health in ... 690 
 
 Minnesota, locusts in 695 
 
 Mint in Maryland 65 
 
 Mint in Maryland 108 
 
 Mint set up by Vermont 419 
 
 Mint set up by Connecticut 419 
 
 Mint established 427 
 
 Mint established by Massachusetts . . . 427 
 
 Mint established 452 
 
 Mint, steam-power introduced 570 
 
 Mint laws, a code of, enacted 580 
 
 Mint at San Francisco, California .... 603 
 
 Mint lawR revised 688 
 
 Mints in New Jersey 423 
 
 Mints at New Orleans, Charlotte, and Dah- 
 
 loncga 572 
 
 Minute-men enrolled in Massachusetts . . 317 
 
 Miramon, General, President of Mexico . 616 
 
 Miramon defeats Liberal party in Mexico 617 
 
 Miramon besieged Vera Cruz 617 
 
 Miramon defeated in Mexico by Liberal 
 
 party 617 
 
 Miscellany, Exeter Federal, published . . 443 
 Missionaries arrested in Georgia appeal to 
 
 Supreme Court 565 
 
 Missionary Ridge, battle of 641 
 
 Mississippi, the. discovered 126 
 
 Mississippi explored by Hennepin .... 1.T5 
 
 Mississippi descended by La Salle .... 130 
 
 Mississippi territory created 472 
 
 Mississippi granted an assembly 480 
 
 Mississippi closed 489 
 
 Mississippi territory, claims concerning . 490 
 Mississippi territory, part of Florida 
 
 joined to 514 
 
 Mississippi lands, money from sale of . . 525 
 
 Mississippi becomes a state 538 
 
 Mississippi abolishes slavery 659 
 
 Mississippi, constitution submitted to . . 670 
 
 Mississippi admitted to representation . . 681 
 
 Mississippi, disturbers ordered to disperse 690 
 
 Mississippi, South Pass of, to be opened . 697 
 
 Mississippi asks aid from government . . 698 
 
 Missouri, lead mines in, discovered . . . 190 
 
 Missouri lead mines opened ....... 191 
 
 Missouri Gazette 504 
 
 Missouri, name given 514 
 
 Missouri Compromise 549 
 
 Missouri admitted to the Union 549 
 
 Missouri Compromise repealed 606 
 
 Missouri, western, command of, by Fre- 
 mont 622 
 
 Missouri, martial law in 623 
 
 Missouri abolishes slavery 640 
 
 Missouri abolishes slavery 651 
 
 Mobile settled by French 171 
 
 Mobile, fort at, taken possession of ... 520 
 
 Mobile, Alabama, incorporated 547 
 
 Mobile surrendered 654 
 
 Modocs executed 090 
 
 Moieties abolished 695 
 
 Money paid into treasury by states . . . 429 
 
 Money-order postal system established . 045 
 
 Moniteur published 491 
 
 Monocacy River, Maryland, battle of . . 648 
 
 Monroe, James, minister to France . . . 400 
 
 Montana made a territory 04: j- 
 
 Monterey, Mexico, captured 595 
 
 Monterey, seat of Juarez' government . . 643 
 
 Montgomery, Alabama, settled 538 
 
 Montgomery, Alabama, Confederate con- 
 gress at 619 
 
 Montigny, bishop of New France .... 104 
 
 Montreal named 15 
 
 Montreal made a missionary station ... 74 
 
 Montreal surrendered 254 
 
 Monts, Sieur de, granted Acadie 21 
 
 Monument at Gettysburg to soldiers ... 659 
 
 Moore, Sir Henry, on manufactories . . 273 
 
 Moravian brethren, emigration of .... 234 
 
 Moreloe, Jose Maria, executed 533 
 
 Morgan, Justin, foaled 459 
 
 Morgan, William, disappears 559 
 
 Morgan, John, raid of 629 
 
 Morgan, raid in Ohio 6o9 
 
 Mormon sect founded 563 
 
 Mormons settle at Nauvoo, Illinois . 583, 585 
 
 Mormon temple at Nauvoo begun .... 586 
 
 Mormons, polygamy established among . 591 
 
 Mormons driven from Nauvoo 593 
 
 Mormons settle Salt Lake City 598 
 
 Mormons submitted to United States . . 615 
 Morning Chronicle published in New 
 
 York 487 
 
 Morning Courier published in New York, 558 
 
 Morocco leather made in Massachusetts . 285 
 
 Morrill tariff passed 617 
 
 Morris, Lewis, governor of New Jersey . 220 
 
 Morris and Essex Canal chartered .... 554 
 
 Morris Island occupied 640 
 
 Morse, S. E., edited the Recorder .... 534 
 Morse, S. F. B., takes out caveat for tele- 
 graph 581 
 
 Morton arrested 39 
 
 Morus multicaulis, first specimen of ... 558 
 
 Mount Wollaston, settlement at 35 
 
 Mountain City, Rocky Mountain Gold Re- 
 porter published 616 
 
 Mower and reaper patented 588 
 
 Mowers, competition of, at Auburn . . . 664 
 Mulberry-trees ordered planted in Vir- 
 ginia 33 
 
 Mulberry-trees in Virginia 33 
 
 Mulberry-trees, bounty on, in Massachu- 
 setts 2a3 
 
 Mumfordsville, Kentucky, surrendered . 633 
 
 Munitions of war purchased 512 
 
 Munitions of war surrendered 656 
 
 Murray, John, founder of Universalism . 299 
 
 Muscles forbidden to be used for lime . . 197 
 
 Muskets made in Providence 335 
 
 Mutiny in army 396 
 
 Mutual Fire Insurance Company .... 408 
 
 3ST. 
 
 Nail-machine in Massachusetts 427 
 
 Nail-machine 402 
 
 Nails by machinery 467 
 
 Nails, machine for making 473 
 
 Nantucket, whale fishery oegun in ... 151 
 
 Nantucket robbed of vessels 380 
 
 Nautucket to remain neutral 528 
 
 Napoleon, abdication of 520 
 
 Narragansett territory given Rhode Is- 
 land 147 
 
 Nashville settled 381 
 
 Nashville University founded 420 
 
 Nashville Union published ....... 573 
 
 Nashville, Tennessee, occupied 625 
 
 Nashville, Tennessee, battle at 650
 
 790 
 
 ANXALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Nassau, fort, settlement 
 
 Nassau occupied . ... . 
 
 Natchez, Mississippi, fort at 187 
 
 Natchez Gazette published * 
 
 >-at.-hez, expedition gathers at 619 
 
 National bank created * 
 
 National lutelligencer published 4* 
 
 National Advocate published 5: 
 
 National bank chartered ......... 5Jo 
 
 National flag, fashion of, prescribed ... 542 
 National Journal published iu Washing- 
 ton s52 
 
 National debt extinguished 674 
 
 National Era published at Washington . 597 
 
 National debt '; 612 
 
 National Academy of Sciences at Wash- 
 ington 637 
 
 National Bank Act 637 
 
 National Bank Act amended 645 
 
 National debt, maximum 664 
 
 National debt, act to refund 682 
 
 National bank notes, increase of 682 
 
 National debt, act to refund amended . . 683 
 
 Natives only to be seamen 619 
 
 Natural history, society for, in Boston . 690 
 Naturalization, Congress legislates on . . 444 
 
 Naturalization act amended 462 
 
 Naturalization laws 474 
 
 Naturalization act passed 487 
 
 Naturalization, time for, lessened .... 553 
 
 Naumkeag, colony at 40 
 
 Nautilus captured by British fleet .... 515 
 Nauvoo, Illinois, Mormons settle at . 583, 585 
 
 Nauvoo, Mormon temple at 586 
 
 Naval code by Congress 334 
 
 Naval conflict of the Chesapeake .... 399 
 Naval engagement in West Indies .... 404 
 
 Naval engagement off the coast 511 
 
 Naval engagement by the Wasp and the 
 
 Frolic 517 
 
 Naval engagement between Constitution 
 
 and Java 518 
 
 Naval engagement between Hornet and 
 
 Peacock 619 
 
 Naval engagement between the Enter- 
 prise and the Boxer 522 
 
 Naval engagement between the Essex and 
 
 Phoebe 524 
 
 Naval force of United States 624 
 
 Naval engagement between Frolic and 
 
 Orpheus 525 
 
 Naval engagement between Peacock and 
 
 Epervier 525 
 
 Naval engagement between the Wasp and 
 
 Reindeer 526 
 
 Naval engagement between the Wasp and 
 
 the Avon 528 
 
 Naval engagement between the Wasp and 
 
 theAtalanta 528 
 
 Naval engagement on Lake Champlain . 628 
 Naval engagement on Lake Borgne . . . 630 
 Naval engagement between the President 
 
 and the Endymion 630 
 
 Naval engagement between the Constitu- 
 tion and Cyaue and Levant ..... K32 
 Naval engagement between the Hornet 
 
 and the Penguin 
 
 Naval engagement between the Peacock 
 
 and British ship 
 
 Naval school at Annapolis, Maryland . . 
 
 Navigation, inland monopoly or 
 
 Navy increased 475, 
 
 Navy vessels sold 
 
 Navy increased 
 
 Navy yard at Gosport burned 
 
 Navv, grade of admiral created 
 Neafe, Thomas, post-routes in A 
 Nebraska made a territory . . 
 
 iu America 
 
 itory , 
 
 Nebraska forbids slavery 
 
 Nebraska admitted to the Union . . . 
 
 Nebraska, storm in 
 
 Negroes' vote refused by Connecticut 
 
 5:i2 
 
 638 
 
 6114 
 47:! 
 470 
 4*4 
 635 
 621 
 
 157 
 
 619 
 666 
 690 
 660 
 
 Nelson, Thomas, governor of Virginia . 401 
 Netherlands, discriminating duties 
 
 against, repealed 542 
 
 Neutral ships to be seized by England . . 5'*) 
 
 Neutrality proclaimed 455 
 
 Neutrality defined by Congrews 400 
 
 Neutrality, violations of, forbidden . . . 582 
 
 Nevada made a territory Oil) 
 
 Nevada admitted to the Union <MH 
 
 New Amstel named 102 
 
 New Amsterdam attacked by Indians . . 100 
 
 New Amsterdam attacked by Indians . . 114 
 
 New Amsterdam, convention at ..... 114 
 
 Now Amsterdam, cloth iu 121 
 
 New Bedford burned 377 
 
 New Bedford given a charter 4:;4 
 
 New Berne, J orth Carolina, settled ... 181 
 New Brunswick, New Jersey, incorpo- 
 rated 218 
 
 New Brunswick made separate govern- 
 ment 413 
 
 New Castle settled 40 
 
 New Castle chartered 125 
 
 New Columbia, gold in Oil 
 
 New England, name of 25 
 
 New England's First Fruits published . 75 
 New England, propositions of commis- 
 sion 117 
 
 New England, plot to divide the Union in 513 
 
 New England Glass Company established 643 
 
 New England Farmer published 552 
 
 New England, nursery for fruit-trees in . 555 
 
 New France named 15 
 
 New France, governor of 48 
 
 New France, company of, dissolved . . . 106 
 
 New France, La Jonquiere, governor of. 229 
 
 New Hampshire named 41 
 
 New Hampshire separatee! from Massa- 
 chusetts 134 
 
 New Hampshire petitions for Cranfleld's 
 
 removal 142 
 
 New Hampshire, representatives for . . 157 
 
 New Hampshire issues bills of credit . . 178 
 
 New Hampshire, Bank of, bills of credit in 187 
 New Hampshire, sects allowed to support 
 
 their own clergy 203 
 
 New Hampshire, suffrage in 200 
 
 New Hampshire Mercury published in . 271 
 
 New Hampshire, counties in 292 
 
 New Hampshire, committee of corre- 
 spondence in 294 
 
 New Hampshire consults Congress . . . 324 
 
 New Hampshire, governor retreats . . . 328 
 
 New Hampshire against independence . . 337 
 
 New Hampshire, constitution of 338 
 
 New Hampshire accepts independence . . 348 
 
 New Hampshire, glass-works in 396 
 
 New Hampshire, census in 407 
 
 New Hampshire adopts constitution . . . 409 
 New Hampshire, remission of tuxes de- 
 manded 426 
 
 New Hampshire accepts constitution . . 436 
 
 New Hampshire, constitution of 453 
 
 New Hampshire legislature changes trus- 
 tees of Dartmouth College 535 
 
 New Hampshire, appropriation for agri- 
 culture and manufactures 543 
 
 New Hampshire, geological survey of . . 585 
 
 New Hampshire, geological survey of . . 609 
 
 New Harmony bought by Robert Owen . 553 
 
 New Haven settled 59 
 
 New Haven government organized . . . 63 
 
 New Haven, iron-works at 100 
 
 New Haven appeals against Connecticut 
 
 charter Ill 
 
 New Haven, Yale College at 187 
 
 New Haven, bells made at 218- 
 
 New Hope Church Station, Georgia, bat- 
 tle of 645 
 
 New Jersey granted to Carteret and 
 
 Berkeley 116 
 
 New Jersey, settlement of 118
 
 INDEX. 
 
 791 
 
 New Jersey, assembly in 
 
 New Jersey, first mill la 
 
 New Jersey, part of, bought by Quakers . 
 
 New Jersey formally divided 
 
 New Jersey, iron-works in 
 
 New Jersey claimed by Duke of York . . 
 
 New Jersey given tbe proprietors .... 
 
 New Jersey/printer for 
 
 New Jersey forbids export of boards . . 
 
 New Jersey, cloth in 
 
 New Jersey, Friends' meeting-house at 
 Salem 
 
 New Jersey, Lord Cornbury governor . . 
 
 New Jersey, assembly in 
 
 New Jersey, printing in 
 
 New Jersey ceded to the crown 
 
 New Jersey, fulling-mill in 
 
 New Jersey petitioned for separate gov- 
 ernment 
 
 New Jersey issues bills of credit .... 
 
 New Jersey, duties on exports 
 
 New Jersey, duties repealed 
 
 New Jersey copper mine 
 
 New Jersey issues bills of credit .... 
 
 New Jersey, price of liquor fixed in ... 
 
 New Jersey petitions for separate gov- 
 ernor 
 
 New Jersey, governor of, appointed . . . 
 
 New Jersey, iron-works in 
 
 122 
 123 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 
 132 
 1*1 
 100 
 101 
 
 164 
 
 168 
 171 
 171 
 172 
 172 
 173 
 
 178 
 171) 
 181 
 1*7 
 190 
 192 
 203 
 
 211 
 220 
 22(i 
 227 
 
 228 
 
 231 
 23<i 
 2:i7 
 20(> 
 273 
 
 299 
 307 
 331 
 335 
 3-15 
 340 
 351 
 377 
 41.3 
 423 
 554 
 578 
 
 New Jersey, duties on exports 
 
 New Jersey, steam-engine in 
 
 New Jersey, proprietors appeal against 
 
 assembly of 
 
 New Jersey, glass factory in 
 
 New Jersey, laws of, printed 
 
 New Jersey assembly replies to circular . 
 
 New Jersey, iron-works in 
 
 New Jersey, committee of correspond- 
 ence in 
 
 New Jersey for the Congress 
 
 New Jersey against independence .... 
 New Jersey against independence .... 
 New Jersey assembly summoned .... 
 New Jersey accepts independence .... 
 New Jersey adopts a constitution .... 
 
 New Jersey, raid in 
 
 New Jersey, iron-works in 
 
 New Jersey, mints in 
 
 New Jersey charters canals 
 
 New Jersey, geological survey of .... 
 New Jersey, general railroad law in ... 
 New Lights building churches in Connec- 
 ticut 227 
 
 New London, Connecticut, settled .... 82 
 New London, Connecticut, fulling-mill at, 158 
 
 New London, printing-press at 179 
 
 New London, convention of governors at 179 
 New London, congress of governors at . 181 
 
 New London, grist-mill in 182 
 
 New London, fulling-mill in 183 
 
 New London, sail-cloth made in 197 
 
 New Mexico ceded to the United States . 599 
 New Mexico petitions for protection 
 
 against slavery 600 
 
 New Mexico made a territory 602 
 
 New Mexico, peonage abolished in ... 667 
 
 New Netherland, trade of 25 
 
 New Netherlands, cost of settlement . . 82 
 New Netherlands surrendered to the Eng- 
 lish 115 
 
 New Orleans settled 188 
 
 New Orleans, condition of 195 
 
 New Orleans, deposit in, forbidden . . . 489 
 New Orleans received from France . . . 492 
 New Orleans, banks of, suspended .... 525 
 New Orleans threatened by the British . 530 
 New Orleans, second attack upon .... 531 
 
 New Orleans, third attack upon 531 
 
 New Orleans Prices Current issued . . . 552 
 
 New Orleans Bee published 557 
 
 New Orleans, mint at 572 
 
 New Orleans Picayune published .... 579 
 
 New Orleans captured 
 
 New Orleans, state convention at .... 
 
 New Orleans, M'Enery' militia in . . . . 
 
 New Orleans, disturbers ordered to dis- 
 perse 
 
 New Testament printed in Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts 
 
 New York entered by Champlain .... 
 
 New York, privileges granted in .... 
 
 New York, price of bricks in 
 
 New York, wind-mill in 
 
 New York granted Duke of York .... 
 
 New York, religious freedom in 
 
 New York, slavery in 
 
 New York, charter of 
 
 New York surrendered to the Dutch . . 
 
 New York restored to England 
 
 New York, assembly in 
 
 New York city, monopoly of flour .... 
 
 New York city, bakers regulated .... 
 
 New York, assembly in 
 
 New York, flour seized in 
 
 New York, churches in 
 
 New York laws printed . 
 
 New York, monopoly of flour repealed . 
 
 New York, British soldiers sent to .... 
 
 New York city, progress of ....... 
 
 New York, factions in 
 
 New York forbids Jesuits from entering 
 in 
 
 New York, Lord Cornbury governor . . 
 
 New York assembly refuses appropria- 
 tions 
 
 New York, dissenting missionaries ac- 
 quitted 
 
 New York issues bills of credit 
 
 New York, linen manufactory in 
 
 New York, German settlers in 
 
 New York, insurrection of slaves .... 
 
 New York issues bills of credit 
 
 New York, linseed oil in ......... 
 
 New York bills of credit issued 
 
 New York issues bills of credit 
 
 New York forbids trading with the 
 French 
 
 New York, census in 
 
 New York, glass made in 
 
 New York city, provision for the poor . . 
 
 New York, lead in 
 
 New York, rival governors in 
 
 New York issues Dills of credit 
 
 New York, Jews disfranchised 
 
 New York, iron-works in 
 
 New York, gun-stocks in 
 
 New York, houses in 
 
 New York city, lottery in 
 
 New York, iron-works in 
 
 New York voted aid to Virginia 
 
 New York city, convention of governors 
 
 New York, town meetings in 
 
 New York, acts of assembly printed . . . 
 
 New York, Congress met at 
 
 New York, paper-mill in 
 
 New York, committee of correspondence 
 in 
 
 New York, imports to 
 
 New York, water-works for 
 
 New York consults Congress 
 
 New York against independence 
 
 New York refuses independence 
 
 New York sanctions Declaration .... 
 
 New York evacuated 
 
 New York taken by British 
 
 New York, fire in 
 
 New York formed a constitution .... 
 
 New York, slavery in 
 
 New York evacuated 
 
 New York cedes land to United States . . 
 
 New York cedes territory 
 
 New York evacuated 
 
 New York, ship from, to China 
 
 New York accepts the Constitution . . . 
 
 628 
 C43 
 
 089 
 
 107 
 23 
 24 
 107 
 109 
 115 
 118 
 118 
 119 
 127 
 128 
 139 
 141 
 146 
 155 
 155 
 158 
 160 
 161 
 161 
 163 
 170 
 
 170 
 171 
 
 173 
 
 178 
 179 
 179 
 ISO 
 182 
 184 
 185 
 185 
 188 
 
 191 
 209 
 211 
 214 
 215 
 217 
 219 
 220 
 222 
 223 
 233 
 235 
 23S 
 244 
 247 
 257 
 263 
 208 
 277 
 
 299 
 307 
 308 
 322 
 330 
 346 
 351 
 353 
 354 
 354 
 303 
 367 
 385 
 387 
 39!) 
 412 
 413 
 438
 
 792 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 New York renounces claim over Vermont, 448 
 
 i .irk, slavery abolished in 478 
 
 New York, appropriation for public 
 
 schools 517 
 
 New York legislature resolves against 
 
 terms proposed for pence 529 
 
 Now York, bank of saving at 530 
 
 New York, imprisonment for debt abol- 
 ished * 
 
 New York, slavery abolished in 638 
 
 New York, society for the encouragement 
 
 of American manufactures 539 
 
 New York, appropriation for county agri- 
 cultural societies 539 
 
 New York banking-system reported "out- 
 rag-eons" 541 
 
 New York, society for the prevention of 
 
 pauperism 541 
 
 New Y'ork observer published 548 
 
 New York, Mercantile Library in .... 549 
 
 New York Gaslight Co. incorporated . . 553 
 
 New Y'ork, slavery abolished in 558 
 
 New York abolishes imprisonment for 
 
 debt t 565 
 
 New York Globe published 567 
 
 New York, Croton water in 572 
 
 New York, riot in, against Abolitionists . 572 
 
 New York Herald published 573 
 
 New York, geological survey of 575 
 
 New Y'ork, bread riot in 575 
 
 New York Express published 677 
 
 New York, free banking law in 584 
 
 New York free banking law revised . . . 686 
 
 New Y'ork Tribune published 587 
 
 New York, Astor Place riot in 601 
 
 New York Ledger published 603 
 
 New York Times published 603 
 
 New York Clipper published 606 
 
 New York World published 617 
 
 New Y'ork Central Park 619 
 
 New York, attempt to fire 650 
 
 New York, salvage corps organized in . . 669 
 
 New York, suspension bridge at 690 
 
 New Y'ork stock exchange closed .... 691 
 
 New York, court of arbitration in .... 696 
 
 New York, bill for specie payments in . . 697 
 
 Newark, New Jersey, settled 120 
 
 Newark, New Jersey, tannery in .... 106 
 
 Newark Advertiser published 666 
 
 Newborn, houses in 468 
 
 Newborn, North Carolina, battle at ... 625 
 
 Newbern, North Carolina, captured . . . 625 
 Newbold, Charles, invents cast-iron 
 
 plough 470 
 
 Newburyport settled 53 
 
 Newfoundland, settlement in 16 
 
 Newport. Rhode Island, settled 63 
 
 Newport^ danger from Indians 65 
 
 Newport, uprising in 267 
 
 Newport, British ships leave 341 
 
 Newport taken possession of 358 
 
 Newport relieved 376 
 
 News-letters 173 
 
 News-placard printed in Boston 148 
 
 Newspapers to pay postage 250 
 
 Newspapers in mourning for Stamp Act . 270 
 
 Newspapers in the colonies 317 
 
 Newspapers in New York 358 
 
 Newspapers in foreign languages in the 
 
 United States 557 
 
 Niagara mentioned 88 
 
 Niagara mentioned by Hcnndpln 133 
 
 Niagara, fort at 147 
 
 Niagara visited 147 
 
 Niagara visited by Charlevoix 191 
 
 Niagara, attack on, deferred 247 
 
 Niagara, railway suspension bridge at . . 607 
 
 Nilt-s' Register published in Baltimore . . 511 
 
 Ninety-SiXj siege of 40! 
 
 Ninth administration 591 
 
 Ninth Census 682 
 
 Nitre factory in Virginia 359 
 
 Non-importation league formed in North 
 Carolina 
 
 Non-importation league formed in Vir- 
 giuia 
 
 Non-importation in the colonies 
 
 Non-importation in Virginia 
 
 Non-importation accepted by Congress . 
 
 Non-importation in New York 
 
 Non-iinportation in Virginia , . 
 
 Non-importation act in force 
 
 Non-importation act revised 
 
 Non-importation act repealed. 
 
 Non-intercourse in Maryland ...... 
 
 Non-intercourse in Boston 
 
 Non-intercourse in Pennsylvania .... 
 
 Non-intercourse in Virginia 
 
 Non-intercourse act , 
 
 Non-intercourse ended by proclamation . 
 
 Non-intercourse act repealed 
 
 Norfolk captured 
 
 Norfolk bombarded 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia, occupied 
 
 Normal school system in MasBachusetts . 
 
 Normal school in Massachusetts 
 
 Normal school in Albany 
 
 Normal schools, number of 
 
 Norridgewock destroyed 
 
 Norridgewock pillaged 
 
 North American Review published .... 
 
 North Carolina, assembly in 
 
 North Carolina assembly 
 
 North Carolina, German settlers in ... 
 
 North Carolina, Indian war in 
 
 North Carolina issues bills of credit . . . 
 
 North Carolina, laws of, revised 
 
 North Carolina issues bills of credit . . . 
 
 North Carolina assembly complains of 
 governor 
 
 North Carolina, quit-rents resisted . . . 
 
 North Carolina issued bills of credit . . . 
 
 North Carolina, dispute concerning quit- 
 rents 
 
 North Carolina, population of 
 
 North Carolina, dispute with governor . 
 
 North Carolina, quit-rents in 
 
 North Carolina, paper-mill in 
 
 North Carolina non-importation league, . 
 
 North Carolina, committee of correspond- 
 ence in 
 
 North Carolina for Congress 
 
 North Carolina desires independence . . 
 
 North Carolina against independence . . 
 
 North Carolina for independence .... 
 
 North Carolina proclaimed in rebellion . 
 
 North Carolina adopted a constitution . . 
 
 North Carolina adopts a constitution . . 
 
 North Carolina and Virginia boundary 
 marked 
 
 North Carolina, estates equally divided in, 
 
 North Carolina ceded territory 
 
 North Carolina, duty on slaves 
 
 North Carolina, act of oblivion 
 
 North Carolina accepts Constitution . . . 
 
 North Carolina cedes territory to the 
 United States 
 
 North Carolina refuses jails to United 
 States 
 
 North Carolina protests against the tariff, 
 
 North Carolina, silver mine in 
 
 North Carolina, reconstruction of .... 
 
 North Carolina abolishes slavery .... 
 
 North Carolina admitted to representation 
 
 North Carolina asks aid from military . . 
 
 North, Lord, resigns 
 
 Northern Pacific Railroad chartered . . . 
 
 Northmen, discovery of America .... 
 
 Northwest territory, ordinance for .... 
 
 Northwest territory organized 
 
 Norwich, Connecticut, settled 
 
 Norwich, Connecticut, paper-mill in ... 
 
 Notes forbidden companies 
 
 Notes, treasury, receivable for dues . . . 
 
 282 
 
 2S3 
 
 287 
 308 
 312 
 313 
 319 
 507 
 510 
 532 
 304 
 304 
 307 
 307 
 5(Ki 
 507 
 532 
 334 
 339 
 628 
 509 
 5&i 
 591 
 092 
 194 
 19(5 
 5:!4 
 121 
 123 
 181 
 182 
 184 
 185 
 203 
 
 210 
 217 
 218 
 
 219 
 
 221 
 230 
 233 
 
 272 
 282 
 
 297 
 308 
 330 
 336 
 341 
 342 
 355 
 359 
 
 382 
 415 
 415 
 423 
 439 
 438 
 
 443 
 
 449 
 561 
 578 
 658 
 660 
 672 
 673 
 404 
 681 
 9 
 
 432 
 442 
 104 
 280 
 494 
 623
 
 INDEX. 
 
 793 
 
 Notes to be exchanged for bonds .... 603 
 Kotos, compound interest, act for payment 
 
 of t .... 607 
 
 Nova Scotia granted 31 
 
 Nova Scotia charter confirmed 35 
 
 Nova Scotia asks aid from Massachusetts, 237 
 
 Nova Scotia, custom-house in 273 
 
 Nova Scotia, reception of circular letter, 277 
 
 Nova Scotia, troops withdrawn from . . 279 
 
 Nova Scotia, Tories settled in 410 
 
 Nova Scotia, iirst settlement in Sydney 
 
 County . 414 
 
 Nova Scotia, gold in 020 
 
 Nova Scotia rejects plan of confederation 053 
 
 Novella, General, at head of Mexico . . 550 
 
 Nullilication in South Carolina 567 
 
 Nullification, states express themselves 
 
 concerning 567 
 
 Nullification ordinance repealed by South 
 
 Carolina 568 
 
 Nursery for fruit-trees hi New England, 555 
 
 O. 
 
 Oath of allegiance taken in Massachu- 
 
 setts ................. 133 
 
 Oatli taken by royal governors ..... 270 
 
 Oath of allegiance required ....... 390 
 
 Observatory in Philadelphia ....... 259 
 
 Observatory built at Williams College . . 570 
 
 Observatory at Ann Arbor, Michigan . . 607 
 
 Observatory, Dudley, at Albany ..... Oil 
 
 Ocean crossed by the steamship Savan- 
 
 nah ................. 546 
 
 Odd-Fellows, first lodge instituted .... 546 
 
 O'Donoga, General, makes treaty with 
 
 Iturbide ............... 550 
 
 Office, tenure of, bill to regulate ..... 6:6 
 
 Officers appointed by Congress ..... 340 
 
 Officers in army ask for pay ....... 408 
 
 Officers of army, meeting called by W.ish- 
 
 Ogle, governor of Maryland ....... 231 
 
 Oglcthorpe made treaty with Indians . . 221 
 
 Oiflethorpe returns to England ..... 227 
 
 Ohio Company granted land ....... 234 
 
 Ohio explored .............. 239 
 
 Ohio Company, sale of land ....... 432 
 
 Ohio, first saw-mill in .......... 439 
 
 Ohio made a state ............ 488 
 
 Ohio organized as a state ........ 489 
 
 Ohio, geological report of ........ 581 
 
 Ohio rejects extension of suffrage .... 60S 
 
 Oil from cotton-seed ........... 477 
 
 Olustee, Florida, battle at ........ 612 
 
 Oucida, New York, community at .... 595 
 
 Ontario, Lake, territory on, claimed by 
 
 English ............... 191 
 
 Ontario, Lake, first American vessel on . 473 
 
 Oracle of Dauphin published ...... 451 
 
 Orders in council to be withdrawn .... 509 
 
 Orders in council revoked ........ 514 
 
 Ordinance for the Northwest territory . . 432 
 Ordinance of 1787, its extension west of 
 
 Mississippi proposed ........ 547 
 
 Ordinaries licensed in Virginia ..... 122 
 
 Oregon question settled by treaty .... 595 
 
 Oregon accepts a constitution ...... 612 
 
 Oregon admitted to Union ........ 616 
 
 Organ made in Massachusetts ...... 226 
 
 Organ made in Massachusetts ...... 243 
 
 Orleans territory to form state constitu- 
 
 tion ................. 510 
 
 Orleans, the first western steamboat . . . 511 
 
 Orphan house in Savannah ........ 223 
 
 Orrery made in Philadelphia ....... 276 
 
 Osceola captured ............ 582 
 
 Ostend manifesto issued ......... 607 
 
 Oswego, New York, fort at ....... 200 
 
 Oswego, forts at, surrendered ...... 248 
 
 Oswego destroyed by British ...... 525 
 
 Otis, James, argues against writs of as- 
 sistance 255 
 
 Owen, Robert, starts his community . . . 553 
 
 Ox Hill, Virginia, battle at 632 
 
 Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe invented .... 482 
 
 Packenham killed at New Orleans .... 531 
 Packet, Norwich, published in Connecti- 
 cut 296 
 
 Packet, Pennsylvania, or General Adver- 
 tiser, published 333 
 
 Packet, New York, and American Adver- 
 tiser published 338 
 
 Packets on the Ohio 461 
 
 Paine, Thomas, offered a passage to 
 
 United States 485 
 
 Paint, use of, in Massachusetts 65 
 
 Painters' colors on sale in Boston .... 184 
 
 Painting portraits 261 
 
 Palisade built at Plymouth 31 
 
 Pulisade built at New Amsterdam .... 78 
 
 Palladium published 484 
 
 Palo Alto, battle of, fought 5U7 
 
 Pamphlets against taxation 262 
 
 Panama, congress at, of representatives 
 
 from South American republics . . . 557 
 
 Panic, commercial 580 
 
 Panic, commercial, begins in New York . 613 
 
 Panic, commercial, in New York 6,"7 
 
 Panic, commercial 691 
 
 Paper-hangings 271 
 
 Paper made in Massachusetts 210 
 
 Paper-mill in Pennsylvania 158 
 
 Paper-mill in Delaware 184 
 
 Paper-mill in Elizabethtown, New Jersey 201 
 
 Paper-mill in Milton, Massachusetts . . . 201 
 
 Paper-mill in Pennsylvania 211 
 
 Paper mill in lihode Island 271 
 
 Paper-mill in North Carolina 273 
 
 Paper-mill in New York 277 
 
 Paper-mill in Connecticut 280 
 
 Paper-mill in Connecticut 357 
 
 Paper-mill in PittsnVld 583 
 
 Paper-mill in New York 456 
 
 Paper-mills in colonies :>5 
 
 Paper-mills in New England 320 
 
 Paper-mills in colonies 429 
 
 Paper-mills established by Franklin . . . 435 
 
 Paper-mills in Massachusetts 467 
 
 Paper money issued by Massachusetts . . 153 
 
 Paper, scarcity of. in colonies ..".... 233 
 
 Paper, scarcity of 400 
 
 Papineau, L. J., heads rebellion in Can- 
 ada 581 
 
 Parchment made in Philadelphia .... 292 
 
 Paredes, President of Mexico 594 
 
 Parish vestries in Virginia to elect their 
 
 rectors ' 2-33 
 
 Parker, Henry, president of Georgia . . 239 
 Parliament regulated the currency ... 178 
 Parliament pays colonies expenses . . . 230 
 Parliament grants colonies their ex- 
 penses 248 
 
 Parliament renounced right to tax colo- 
 nies 375 
 
 Passamaquoddy Bay, islands in 526 
 
 Passport system introduced 623 
 
 Patent law 455 
 
 Patent-office reorganized 578 
 
 Patent-office burned 57S 
 
 Patents granted 494 
 
 Patents, standing committee on, created, 581 
 
 Patterson founded 451 
 
 Patterson, Commodore, disperses settle- 
 ment at Batavia Bay 529 
 
 Paulus Hook captured 383 
 
 Pauperism, society for the prevention of, 
 
 at New York 541 
 
 Pay of members of Congress increased , 535
 
 794 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 540 
 408 
 
 622 
 535 
 530 
 537 
 
 540 
 
 85 
 
 183 
 
 1! 
 
 205 
 
 235 
 
 353 
 
 404 
 
 400 
 
 407 
 
 Pay of members of Congress fixed . . . 
 IVivni. 'lit by the states ...... . . . . 
 
 Payment to foreigners suspended by 
 
 Mexico ............... 
 
 Payments, specie, voted by Congress . . 
 I'uym.'iits to Inilinns .......... 
 
 Payments, specie, resumed ....... 
 
 Pazos, Vinccnte, agent from Spanish- 
 
 American republics ......... 
 
 1'i'si Ki'luv, Arkansas, battle nt ...... 
 
 Peabody, George, contributes fund for ed- 
 
 ucation ............... 
 
 Peace made with Acadie ......... 
 
 Peace of Ryswiek ............ 
 
 Peace between Kngland, and France and 
 
 Spain ................ 
 
 Peace made with the Indians ...... 
 
 Peace made with Indians in Carolina . . 
 Peace made with Indians ........ 
 
 Peace, an effort for ........... 
 
 Peace, instructions for .......... 
 
 Peace, negotiations for ....... ... 
 
 Peace preliminaries signed ........ 
 
 Peace between England, Spain, and 
 
 France ................ 408 
 
 Peace, news of, in Philadelphia ..... 409 
 
 Peace proclaimed by Congress ...... 409 
 
 Peace proclaimed ............ 411 
 
 Peace, confirmation proclaimed ..... 413 
 
 Peace with Tripoli ............ 496 
 
 Peace, proposal of, at Annapolis, Mary- 
 
 land ................. 533 
 
 Peace, commissioners for, appointed . . . 623 
 Peace with Creeks made by Jackson . . . 524 
 Peace commissioners meet at Ghent . . . 527 
 Peace, treaty of, signed ......... 530 
 
 Peace between Mexico and France .... 684 
 
 Peace meeting in New York ....... 659 
 
 Peace, conference for .......... 052 
 
 Peace, proclamation of .......... 662 
 
 Peace establishment of army ....... 665 
 
 Peace commission with Indians ..... 669 
 
 Peace commissioners massacred ..... 689 
 
 Peach-Tree Creek, Georgia, battle of . . 648 
 Peacock captured by the Hornet ..... 515) 
 
 Peacock, the, captures the Epervier . . . 525 
 Peebles Farm, battle at ......... 649 
 
 Peekskill, stores destroyed at ...... 363 
 
 Pemaquid captured by the Indians .... 103 
 
 Pembroke, resolves of .......... 291 
 
 Pence coined by South Carolina ..... 195 
 
 Pence coined by South Carolina ..... 214 
 
 Peninsula campaign begun ........ 627 
 
 Penitentiaries, use ol, granted United 
 
 States by Pennsylvania ....... 524 
 
 Penn, William, restored to authority . . 101 
 Penn, William, proposes scheme of gov- 
 
 ernment ............... 165 
 
 Penn, William, agent of Rhode Island. . 172 
 Penn, William, threatened to sell the 
 
 province . . . -. ........... 180 
 
 Pennsylvania, beer brewed in ...... 109 
 
 Pennsylvania, charter of, granted to 
 
 1'enn ................. 130 
 
 Pennsylvania, first assembly in ..... 138 
 
 Pennsylvania, a colony for ........ i:)8 
 
 Pennsylvania, fairs in .......... 146 
 
 Pennsylvania, negro slaves in ...... ifls 
 
 Pennsylvania, fulling-mill in ....... 109 
 
 Pennsylvania, charter for ........ 109 
 
 Pennsylvania, assembly for ....... 109 
 
 Pennsylvania, exportation of leather for- 
 
 bidden ................ 173 
 
 Pennsylvania, assembly of, accuses Penn . 175 
 Pennsylvania, assembly of, complains of 
 
 governor ............... 177 
 
 Pennsylvania, governor settles in .... ISO 
 
 Pennsylvania laws printed ....... 182 
 
 Pennsylvania, duty laid on negroes and 
 
 Indians ............... 183 
 
 Pennsylvania issues bills of credit . ... 194 
 
 Pennsylvania issues bills of credit .... 195 
 
 249 
 252 
 
 255 
 203 
 
 88 
 
 331 
 
 333 
 
 Pennsylvania, iron-works in 202 
 
 Pennsylvania issues bills of credit .... 204 
 
 Pennsylvania, paper-mill in L'll 
 
 Pennsylvania, silk in L'lO 
 
 Pennsylvania, religious freedom in .... 215 
 
 Pennsylvania, iron-works in 218 
 
 Pennsylvania, loan-office in 221 
 
 Pennsylvania, type-foundery in 222 
 
 Pennsylvania votes money for the king . 2i5 
 
 Pennsylvania, rolling-mill in 229 
 
 Pennsylvania, secret instructions to the 
 
 governor 
 
 Pennsylvania, James Hamilton governor, 
 
 Pennsylvania, bills of credit in 
 
 Pennsylvania complains of secret instruc- 
 tions 
 
 Pennsylvania, proprietary estates tux"<l . 
 Pennsylvania, right to tax proprietary 
 
 estates supported 
 
 Pennsylvania petitions for royal govern- 
 ment 
 
 Pennsylvania Packet, or General Adver- 
 tiser, published 
 
 Pennsylvania, proclamation in 
 
 Pennsylvania against independence . . . 
 Pennsylvania refuses to recall instruc- 
 tions to delegates 343 
 
 Pennsylvania accepts independence . . . 346 
 Pennsylvania accepts independence . . . :',48 
 Pennsylvania adopted a constitution . . . 354 
 Pennsylvania, new government organized, 362 
 
 Pennsylvania abolishes slavery 3*0 
 
 Pennsylvania, quit-rents vested in stato . :;^ 
 
 Pennsylvania abolishes slavery 386 
 
 Pennsylvania forbids export of machin- 
 ery 436 
 
 Pennsylvania buys territory 438 
 
 Pennsylvania accepts a constitution . . . 447 
 Pennsylvania, resistance in, to taxes . . 473 
 Pennsylvania charters specie-paying banks, 5^4 
 Pennsylvania grants use of jails to United 
 
 States 524 
 
 Pennsylvania incorporates railroad com- 
 pany 552 
 
 Pennsylvania promotes culture of silk . . 566 
 Pennsylvania amends constitution .... 575 
 
 Pennsylvania charters bank 575 
 
 Pennsylvania, geological survey of ... 578 
 Pennsylvania adopts common-school sys- 
 tem 5S3 
 
 Pennsylvania fails to pay interest .... 588 
 
 Pennsylvania resumed payment 592 
 
 Pennsylvania, labor bureau in 688 
 
 Penobacot, post on, captured by French . 54 
 Peusacola, Florida, fort erected at, by 
 
 Spaniards 163 
 
 Pensacola taken possession of by Span- 
 iards 195 
 
 Pensacola captured 398 
 
 Pensaeola, British troops at 527 
 
 Pensacola taken possession of 530 
 
 Pensacola captured by General Jackson . 
 Pensacola, restoration to Spain offered . . 
 Pensacola, seizure of, disapproved by Con- 
 gress 
 
 Pensions voted to the soldiers of the Revo- 
 lution 
 
 Peonage abolished in New Mexico .... 
 " People, God save the," first use of . 333, 
 
 Pequot war began 
 
 Perfectionists settle at Oueida. Xew York, 
 
 Periodicals, number of . . . .' 
 
 Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, 
 
 Pcrote, castle of, captured 
 
 Perry, Oliver H., gains battle of Lake 
 
 Erie 
 
 Perry ville. Kentucky, battle of 
 
 Perth Ainboy, New Jersey, malt-house 
 
 Petersburg, Virginia, attacked . 
 Petersburg, Virgin ja, invested . , 
 Petersburg, Virginia, assault on , 
 
 543 
 545 
 
 541 
 067 
 339 
 57 
 595 
 680 
 566 
 597 
 
 522 
 633 
 
 142 
 645 
 646 
 
 64?
 
 INDEX. 
 
 795 
 
 Petition to the king 313 
 
 Petition to suspend ordinance of 1787 . . 495 
 
 Petitions for abolition of slavery 454 
 
 Petroleum obtained in Pennsylvania . . . 594 
 Petroleum obtained at Titusville, Penn- 
 sylvania 616 
 
 Petroleum, borings for 618 
 
 Philadelphia settled 139 
 
 Philadelphia, printing-Dress in 140 
 
 Philadelphia, size of . '. 148 
 
 Philadelphia, public high-school in ... 148 
 
 Philadelphia, wages in .105 
 
 Philadelphia, charter for 109 
 
 Philadelphia, shipping of 189 
 
 Philadelphia Mercury published 189 
 
 Philadelphia, linseed" exported 203 
 
 Philadelphia Library organized 211 
 
 Philadelphia, lottery in 231 
 
 Philadelphia Academy 233 
 
 Philadelphia Hospital 2*3 
 
 Philadelphia, shipping of 233 
 
 Philadelphia, silk-lilature in 236 
 
 Philadelphia, mills in 254 
 
 Philadelphia Company 270 
 
 Philadelphia, meeting in, on tea ..... 290 
 
 Philadelphia thanks Boston 297 
 
 Philadelphia, convention at 300 
 
 Philadelphia captured 300 
 
 Philadelphia for Union 345 
 
 Philadelphia evacuated 375 
 
 Philadelphia, convention in, on currency . 387 
 
 Philadelphia, type-foundery in 417 
 
 Philadelphia, dispensary In 418 
 
 Philadelphia, stages from 407 
 
 Philadelphia Fairmount Water Works 
 
 built 534 
 
 Philadelphia, Saving Fund Society at . . 536 
 Philadelphia, Society for the Promotion 
 
 of Public Economy in 539 
 
 Philadelphia, Franklin Institute incor- 
 porated 553 
 
 Philadelphia, Girard College opened in . . 508 
 
 Philadelphia banks suspended 013 
 
 Philadelphia, centennial exposition at . . 686 
 
 Philanthropist published at Cincinnati . . 571 
 
 Philip killed 129 
 
 Phipps, Sir William, .expedition against 
 
 Canada 152 
 
 Phipps, Sir W., dispute with Rhode Is- 
 land 156 
 
 Phipps, Sir William, governor of Massa- 
 chusetts 156 
 
 Phipps, governor, summoned to England, 101 
 
 Phosphate, South Carolina 687 
 
 Pianoforte in Philadelphia 319 
 
 Pianoforte in Philadelphia 418 
 
 Picolata, fort of, captured 221 
 
 Picton, Nova Scotia, settled 270 
 
 Picton made a free port 500 
 
 Pictures for the capitol ordered 538 
 
 Pierce, Richard, printer in Boston .... 141 
 Pierce, Richard, prints first newspaper in 
 
 America 152 
 
 Pike's Peak, Colorado, gold discovered at, 010 
 
 Pilgrims, compact of 29 
 
 Pillory in Boston 4S6 
 
 Pine-trees reserved for the public in 
 
 Massachusetts 122 
 
 Pine-trees in Massachusetts 15S 
 
 Pine-trees protected by a penalty .... 181 
 
 Pinnace built at Plymouth 30 
 
 Pipes, tobacco, price of 190 
 
 Pirates tried and executed 108 
 
 Pirates executed 1^8 
 
 Pirates executed 189 
 
 Pitch, bounty on 173 
 
 Pitt, William, on the Stamp Act 273 
 
 Pittsburg claimed by Virginia 298 
 
 Pittsburg laid out 413 
 
 Pittsburg, first steamboat built at .... 511 
 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, rolling-mill in . 516 
 
 Pittsburg, price of salt at 517 
 
 Pittsburg, steam paper-mill in 534 
 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, convention from 
 
 free states in 609 
 
 Pittsburg Lauding, battle at 627 
 
 Plan of action 393 
 
 Plan of campaign 401 
 
 Plan of campaign arranged 402 
 
 Plaster-mill in New York 491 
 
 Plattsburg stores burned by the British . 522 
 
 Play represented in Boston 237 
 
 Play, first American 423 
 
 Plays, copyright law extended to .... 609 
 
 Plough in Massachusetts 59 
 
 Plough, wooden, description of 532 
 
 Plough, small, introduced in Illinois . . 532 
 Plough, steam, gains premium at fair at 
 
 Freeport, Illinois 616 
 
 Ploughing in Salem 62 
 
 Ploughs patented 495 
 
 Plough-Boy published in Albany .... 551 
 
 Plymouth Company chartered 21 
 
 Plymouth Colony, expedition to New 
 
 England 26 
 
 Plymouth Colony set out 28 
 
 Plymouth Company superseded 28 
 
 Plymouth Colony, deed of land 31 
 
 Plymouth, land of, conveyed 32 
 
 Plymouth purchases land 32 
 
 Plymouth, population of 34 
 
 Plymouth Council divides by lot 35 
 
 Plymouth Council grants land in Massa- 
 chusetts 36 
 
 Plymouth Colony, trade of, purchased . . 37 
 Plymouth Colony obtains a patent .... 41 
 Plymouth, governor fined for not accept- 
 ing ofHce 48 
 
 Plymouth Company divide their territory, 54 
 
 Plymouth, charter given to freemen ... 72 
 Plymouth Colony, sale of their tract at 
 
 mouth of the Kennebec 101 
 
 Plymouth laws printed 127 
 
 Point Comfort, fort at 44 
 
 Polhemus, minister at Long Island ... 101 
 
 Police, Metropolitan, in New York . . . 614 
 
 Pontgrave ascends the St. Lawrence ... 20 
 Poor, provision made for, in New York 
 
 city 214 
 
 Pope appoints apostolic vicar 425 
 
 Pope, General, not entitled to mercy . . . 631 
 
 Pope, General, retreats 631 
 
 Popular uprisings in the colonies .... 207 
 
 Population of colonies 132 
 
 Population of the United States 447 
 
 Porcelain made at Jersey City 537 
 
 Port Folio published 480 
 
 Port Gibson, Mississippi, battle of ... 6:38 
 
 Port Hudson, assault on 628 
 
 Port Hudson, attack on 639 
 
 Port Hudson surrendered 040 
 
 Port Royal, supplies for 17 
 
 Port Royal, colony at 22 
 
 Port Royal captured 38 
 
 Port Royal recaptured by the French . . 155 
 
 Port Royal surrendered IbO 
 
 Port Royal, an expedition against .... 180 
 
 Portland, Maine, settled 48 
 
 Portland, Maine, incorporated 424 
 
 Portland, Maine, great fire in 664 
 
 Ports of Spain opened to trade 285 
 
 Ports in British possessions opened to 
 
 American vessels 542 
 
 Ports closed to British colonial vessels . 542 
 Ports closed to British vessels from West 
 
 Indies 549 
 
 Ports opened to British ships from colo- 
 nial ports 552 
 
 Ports free to British colonial vessels . . 563 
 
 Ports, southern, blockaded 620 
 
 Ports, southern, opened 657 
 
 Ports of United States opened to com- 
 merce 659 
 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, settled . . 33
 
 796 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Portsmouth, Rhode Island, settled . . . 
 
 Portsmouth, wind-mill for .... ... 
 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, * ort Wil- 
 liam and Mary dismantled 
 
 Portsmouth, New HampBhire, destroyed, 
 
 Portsmouth, Virginia, navy-yard at ... 
 
 Foot, New York Evening, published . . . 
 
 Post, Pennsylvania Evening, published . 
 
 Post published in Pittsburg 
 
 Post, convention to improve, between 
 
 England and United States 
 
 . rates of 
 
 Postage, rate of, reduced 
 
 Postage stamps for currency 
 
 Postal service organized . 
 
 Postal communication closed with Confed- 
 eracy 
 
 Postal money-order system established . 
 
 Post-Boy, Boston Weekly, published . . 
 
 Postmaster-general appointed 
 
 Post-office, British system extended to 
 America 
 
 Post-office organized 
 
 Potatoes, Irish, introduced 
 
 Potomac, army of, McCIellan in command 
 
 Potomac, army of, in Wilderness .... 
 
 Pottery in New Netherlands 
 
 Pottery in New Jersey 
 
 Pottery at Baltimore 
 
 Pottery-works at Jersey City 
 
 Poughkeepsie, New York, settled .... 
 
 Poughkeepsie, Vassar College at .... 
 
 Pound sterling rated for customs by Con- 
 gress 
 
 Powder made in Massachusetts 
 
 Powder, export forbidden from England, 
 
 Powder in Connecticut 
 
 Powder-mill at Dorchester, Massachu- 
 setts 
 
 Powder-mill in Connecticut 
 
 Powder-mills in Pennsylvania 
 
 Powder-mills in New York 
 
 Prairie du Chien established 
 
 Prairie du Chien captured by Canadians . 
 
 Prairie Grove, Arkansas, battle at .... 
 
 Prairies, timber-growing on 
 
 Premium on coin 
 
 Premium on gold 
 
 Premiums for saltpetre 
 
 Presbyterian Church on abolition of 
 slavery 
 
 Presbyterian Church, union of 
 
 President, election or, regulated 
 
 President inaugurated 
 
 President, the, tired into by the Little 
 Belt 
 
 President authorized to sell stock .... 
 
 President, the, captured by the Endy- 
 mion 
 
 President, day for choosing electors fixed, 
 
 President, House resolves to impeach . . 
 
 Presidential levees discontinued 
 
 Press, censorship of, in Massachusetts . 
 
 Press censorship in Massachusetts .... 
 
 Press, censorship of, in Massachusetts . . 
 
 Press in Hanover, Vermont 
 
 Press, Associated, in New York 
 
 Price of tobacco in Virginia 
 
 Price of bricks in Plymouth 
 
 Prices, scale of, fixed 
 
 Prices in Providence 
 
 Prices in lihode Island 
 
 Prices Current, Boston, published . . . 
 
 Prices, reduction of 
 
 Prices in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania . . . ! 
 
 Prices Current in Cincinnati 
 
 Prince, Thomas, one of the Associates . , 
 
 Prince of Wales visits United States . 
 'rincetou College formed 
 
 Pring, Martin, arrives at America . 
 
 Print emblematic of Stamp Act . . 
 
 Printing prohibited in the colonies . . . 
 
 BO 
 
 107 
 
 TO 
 
 022 
 044 
 
 w 
 
 253 
 203 
 537 
 151 
 
 687 
 H 
 
 135 
 
 337 
 335 
 350 
 
 525 
 525 
 
 oyi 
 
 OIK) 
 527 
 027 
 
 335 
 
 437 
 077 
 453 
 
 511 
 51'J 
 
 530 
 5'.3 
 071 
 4N4 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 122 
 
 372 
 
 000 
 
 20 
 
 77 
 
 371 
 
 376 
 
 880 
 
 K>1 
 
 515 
 5<>0 
 572 
 
 37 
 017 
 2:;o 
 
 20 
 271 
 Hi 
 
 Printing in New Jersey 
 
 Printing-press in Massachusetts 
 
 Printing-press to New England 
 
 Printing-press for Massachusetts .... 
 
 Printing-press in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 
 Printing-press forbidden in Virginia . . . 
 
 Printing-press forbidden in New York . . 
 
 Printing-press in Philadelphia 
 
 Printing-press at New London, Connecti- 
 cut 
 
 Printing-press at Annapolis, Maryland . 
 
 Printing-press in Virginia 
 
 Printing-press in Charleston, South Caro- 
 lina 
 
 Printing-press in Annapolis, Maryland . 
 
 Printing-press in Woodbridge, New Jer- 
 sey 
 
 Printing-press in Wilmington, Delaware, 
 
 Printing-press In Hhode Island 
 
 Printing-press at Savannah, Georgia . . . 
 
 Printing-press for Canada 
 
 Prison hulks in New York Bay 
 
 Prisoners exchanged with French in Can- 
 ada 
 
 Prisoners to be sent to England for trial, 
 
 Prisoners, exchange of 
 
 Prisoners, embarkation of, suspended . . 
 
 Prisoners sent to Virginia 
 
 Prisoners of war discharged 
 
 Prisoners discharged 
 
 Prisoners released 
 
 Prisoners, southern, released 
 
 Private bills introduced in Congress . . . 
 
 Privateer, French, seized 
 
 Privateers authorized by Congress . . . 
 
 Privateers authorized by Massachusetts . 
 
 Privateers, success of 
 
 Privateers, French captures by 
 
 Privateers, Confederate, to be treated as 
 pirates 
 
 Privileges in British possessions in 
 America not secured by treaty . . . 
 
 Privy Council on action of Congress . . . 
 
 Prizes captured 
 
 Proclamation of pardon 
 
 Proclamation against resistance to the 
 excise 
 
 Proclamation against foreign invasion . . 
 
 Proclamation against Fenian expedition . 
 
 Property, bill to confiscate 
 
 Property, confiscation act for 
 
 Proprietary rule ceased in Delaware . . . 
 
 Proprietors relinquish Carolina 
 
 Protestants, French, surrender Quebec . 
 
 Protestants, French, sell Quebec to Catho- 
 lics 
 
 Providence, Rhode Island, settled .... 
 
 Providence, Rhode Island, printing-press 
 in 
 
 Providence, Rhode Island, passes resolu- 
 tions 
 
 Providence, Rhode Island, votes for a 
 congress 
 
 Providence, Rhode Island, man whipped 
 publicly in 
 
 Provident Institution for Savings at Bos- 
 ton . . . . 
 
 Provincial congress in Massachusetts . . 
 
 Provision for soldiers recommended . . . 
 
 Provision for generals 
 
 Provisions of peace 
 
 Prussia, treaty with 
 
 Psalms published 
 
 Psalms printed in Indian 
 
 Public debt to be funded 
 
 Public debt, appropriation for 
 
 Public debt 
 
 Public debt of the United States 
 
 Public debt, amount of 
 
 Public debt 
 
 Public debt 
 
 Public debt 
 
 172 
 68 
 lol 
 107 
 127 
 140 
 143 
 14(5 
 
 179 
 190 
 203 
 
 204 
 
 222 
 
 237 
 255 
 257 
 259 
 XJO 
 350 
 
 170 
 StoO 
 301 
 371 
 877 
 525 
 045 
 o.> 
 059 
 503 
 457 
 318 
 334 
 364 
 
 460 
 
 020 
 
 534 
 316 
 383 
 390 
 
 454 
 
 4.K.> 
 
 003 
 023 
 630 
 320 
 203 
 37 
 
 37 
 56 
 
 257 
 267 
 302 
 581 
 
 536 
 311 
 383 
 392 
 407 
 421 
 93 
 179 
 443 
 Off 
 512 
 548 
 589 
 GOO 
 602 
 013
 
 INDEX. 
 
 797 
 
 Public debt 619 
 
 Public debt 619 
 
 Public debt 600 
 
 Public debt, statement of 679 
 
 Public lands surveyed 405 
 
 Public lands, sales on credit abolished . . 551 
 
 Public schools in New York 402 
 
 Public schools, appropriation for, in New 
 
 York 517 
 
 Public schools, legislation suggested for . 698 
 
 Public-house in Boston 52 
 
 Public spinning-school in Boston .... 219 
 Public admitted to house of Massachu- 
 setts 272 
 
 Public buildings burned 527 
 
 Public distress, report on, in Pennsyl- 
 vania 548 
 
 Public Ledger published in Philadelphia, 576 
 
 Public City~Library at Boston formed . . 603 
 
 Puebla, Mexico, French repulsed at ... 628 
 
 Puebla surrendered 638 
 
 Purrysburg settled 205 
 
 Purrysburg, colony to 214 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrant invented 205 
 
 Quakers, laws against 102 
 
 Quakers, laws against, in Massachusetts . 103 
 
 Quakers hanged 104 
 
 Quakers executed in Massachusetts ... 106 
 
 Quakers in Virginia 112 
 
 Quakers purchase part of New Jersey . . 128 
 Quakers, school established by, in Phila- 
 delphia 146 
 
 Quakers' meeting-house in Salem, New 
 
 Jersey 168 
 
 Quakers, laws against, in Connecticut, de- 
 clared void 176 
 
 Quakers forbidden to affirm in Pennsyl- 
 vania 185 
 
 Quakers forbidden, to affirm in New Jer- 
 sey 187 
 
 Quakers in Massachusetts allowed to pay 
 
 taxes to their own ministers 202 
 
 Quakers in South Carolina 237 
 
 Quakers advocate peace 331 
 
 Quakers put in prison 360 
 
 Quakers executed for treason 377 
 
 Quakers emancipate their slaves 435 
 
 Quakers petition concerning slavery . . . 444 
 Quarantine buildings destroyed by mob at 
 
 Castleton, New York 603 
 
 Quarantine buildings burned on Staten 
 
 Island 614 
 
 Quebec settled 23 
 
 Quebec passes to the Hundred Associates 37 
 
 Quebec captured . 40 
 
 Quebec, Jesuit college at 53 
 
 Quebec, Ursuline convent in 59 
 
 Quebec, hospital in 59 
 
 uebec, Jesuit seminary 108 
 
 uebec, population of 202 
 
 8 uebec surrendered 253 
 
 uebec attacked 254 
 
 Quebec, province of, created 259 
 
 Quebec, act passed 300 
 
 Quebec, attack on 337 
 
 Quebec, convention of delegates at ... 04'J 
 
 Queenstown Heights, battle of 516 
 
 Queratauo, Mexico, siege of 668 
 
 Quit-rent in Virginia 25 
 
 Quit-rents objected to in New Jersey . . . 123 
 
 guit-rcuts in New Jersey 126 
 uit-rents, collection resisted in North 
 
 Carolina . . . 217 
 
 Quit-rents abolished in Maryland .... 387 
 
 Quo warrnnto, writ of, against Virginia . 34 
 
 Quotas of colonies fixed 160 
 
 Quotas assessed by Congress 368 
 
 Quotas of the states appointed 414 
 
 Rags purchased in Boston 285 
 
 Rags in Massachusetts 395 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, charter to 18 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, assigns his patent . 19 
 Railroad company incorporated in Penn- 
 sylvania 552 
 
 Railroad, Hudson and Mohawk, chartered 
 
 by New York 557 
 
 Railroad at Quiucy, Massachusetts ... 558 
 
 Railroad, Mauch Chunk, built 558 
 
 Railroad, Baltimore and Ohio, chartered . 55S 
 
 Railroad, South Carolina, chartered ... 559 
 
 Railroad, Boston and Lowell, chartered . 563 
 Railroad from New Orleans to Lake Pont- 
 
 chartrain 563 
 
 Railroad, Beaver Meadow, uses coal as 
 
 fuel 577 
 
 Railroad, Erie, completed 600 
 
 Railroad route to the Pacific surveyed . . 604 
 Railroad, Grand Trunk, from Quebec to 
 
 Toronto, Canada 611 
 
 Railroad Commissioners, board in Mas- 
 sachusetts 678 
 
 Railroad, general law in New Jersey . . 6-8 
 
 Railroads advocated by John Stevens . . 517 
 
 Railroads, iron for, free of duty 506 
 
 Railroads in the United States 508 
 
 Railroads, public lands granted to .... 6iO 
 
 Railway, narrow-gauge 686 
 
 Rambouillet Decree by France 508 
 
 Ratliffe, John, bookbinder 117 
 
 Rattlesnake captured by British 526 
 
 Raymond, Mississippi, battle of 638 
 
 Read, J., patents reaper and mower ... 588 
 
 Reaper and mower patented 588 
 
 Reaper-machine patented 569 
 
 Reapers, trial of, at Buffalo 0'J9 
 
 Reapers, competition of 603 
 
 Reapers and mowers, competition of, at 
 
 Syracuse 612 
 
 Reapers, competition of, at Auburn, New 
 
 York 664 
 
 Reasons given for withdrawing the de- 
 posits from the Bank by secretary of 
 
 treasury 570 
 
 Rebellion in Albemarle, Carolina .... 132 
 
 Receipts of the United States 483 
 
 Reconstruction bill 617 
 
 Reconstruction of North Carolina .... 658 
 
 Reconstruction of Arkansas recognized . 600 
 
 Reconstruction Act, supplement to ... 663 
 
 Reconstruction, act supplementary to . . 609 
 
 Recorder, the, published in Chillicothe, 
 
 Ohio 531 
 
 Recorder published in Boston 534 
 
 Red River, settlement on 184 
 
 Reeder, A. H., governor of Kansas, re- 
 moved 608 
 
 Reeve, Tapping, opens first law-school, 417 
 
 Reform, laws of, in Mexico 692 
 
 Refugees supported in Nova Scotia . . . 332 
 Regicide judges take refuge in Massachu- 
 setts 106 
 
 Regiments, six, raised in Connecticut . . 321 
 Register published in Raleigh, North 
 
 Carolina 477 
 
 Register published in Mobile 551 
 
 Regulars, twenty regiments, to be en- 
 listed 519 
 
 Regulating act passed 301 
 
 Regulating act received in Boston .... 302 
 
 Regulators in North Carolina 287 
 
 Regulators in South Carolina 287 
 
 Regulators executed . . . . : 283 
 
 Regulators appeased 289 
 
 Religious liberty in Massachusetts .... 40 
 Religious disputes forbidden in Mary- 
 land 63 
 
 Religious liberty in Rhode Island .... 68 
 
 Religious freedom in Rhode Island ... 70
 
 793 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Religious liberty petitioned for in Massa- 
 chusetts 7 
 
 Religious liberty hi Maryland b9, 90 
 
 Religious freedom in New York 112 
 
 Religious freedom in Rhode island ... 112 
 
 Religion! freedom in New York 118 
 
 Religious toleration in Pennsylvania . . 139 
 Religious dispute between Quakers and 
 
 Puritans . . , 148 
 
 Religious toleration in Massachusetts . . 165 
 
 Religious toleration in Virginia 166 
 
 Religious liberty in Connecticut . . 
 Religious condition of Louisiana . 
 Religious liberty in Georgia .... 
 Religious freedom in Pennsylvania 
 Religious liberty in Massachusetts . 
 Religious freedom act in Virginia . 
 
 Religious revival 484 
 
 Religious liberty suit in Massachusetts . 497 
 
 Religious freedom in Connecticut .... 544 
 
 Religious liberty in New Hampshire ... 647 
 
 Religious liberty in Massachusetts . . . 570 
 
 Religious liberty in California 601 
 
 Remonstrance against the war by Massa- 
 chusetts . . .' 622 
 
 Rensselaerwyck, government of 61 
 
 Reparation for the Chesapeake accepted, 512 
 
 Repertory published in Boston 488 
 
 Report on condition of the colonies . . . 205 
 Report on silk printed by Congress ... 659 
 Reporter published in Lexington, Ken- 
 tucky 497 
 
 Reporters in Congress 440 
 
 Reporters given seats in the House . . . 485 
 Reporters expelled from the floor of 
 
 House 521 
 
 Representation inaugurated ,in Virginia, 27 
 
 Representation in Plymouth 64 
 
 Representation, ratios of, fixed 602 
 
 Representatives for New Hampshire . . 157 
 Republic published in Washington ... 600 
 Republican form of government guaran- 
 teed to Mexico 552 
 
 Republican party, origin of . 609 
 
 Requisition in coin on the states .... 397 
 
 Requisition made by Congress 421 
 
 Resaca de la Palma, battle of, fought ... 597 
 
 Resaca, Georgia, battle of 644 
 
 Resolutions adopted by burgesses of Vir- 
 ginia 280 
 
 Resolutions sent to states by Congress . 436 
 
 Restrictions on commerce 112 
 
 Retaliation act of Congress 386 
 
 Retaliation authorized 476 
 
 Retaliation, President authorized to prac- 
 tise 519 
 
 Revenue acts enforced in Rhode Island . 268 
 
 Revenue acts passed by Parliament ... 273 
 Revenue surplus to be deposited with 
 
 states 577 
 
 Revere, Paul, engraver 271 
 
 Revolution in South Carolina 190 
 
 Revolution in South Carolina confirmed . 192 
 
 Revolutionary soldiers, act for relief of, . 641 
 
 Revolver, Colt's, patented ........ 574 
 
 Rhode Maud, name of 60 
 
 Rhode Island, towns in, united 68 
 
 Rhode Island, name of 81 
 
 Rhode Island, government of, forbidden . 83 
 
 Rhode Island government organized ... 87 
 Rhode Island asks to be one of United 
 
 Colonies gg 
 
 Rhode Island agents to England 95 
 
 Rhode Island united under charter ... 97 
 
 Rhode Island, two assemblies in 98 
 
 Rhode Island, government of 99 
 
 Rhode Island OH Quakers 102, 103 
 
 Rhode Island, wampum a legal tender . . 108 
 
 Rhode Island, lime in 109 
 
 Rhode Island, charter of m 
 
 Rhode Island charter received ill 
 
 Rhode Island, wind-mill In 114 
 
 Rhode Island, first assembly in 116 
 
 Rhode Island assembly, pay of members, 120 
 
 Rhode Island assembly divided 122 
 
 Rhode Island passes a bankrupt law . . . 132 
 
 Rhode Island, Israelites in 141 
 
 Rhode Island humbly petitions 145 
 
 Rhode Island, suffrage in Ho 
 
 Rhode Island, charter of, concealed ... 147 
 Rhode Island resumes the charter .... 149 
 
 Rhode Island charter valid 159 
 
 Rhode Island assembly divided 103 
 
 Rhode Island, violations of acts of trade, 168 
 Rhode Island, command of militia re- 
 fused 172 
 
 Rhode Island, Penn agent of 172 
 
 Rhode Island issues bills of credit .... 178 
 
 Rhode Island, first census in 178 
 
 Rhode Island redeems bills of credit . . 184 
 Rhode Island creates bank of bills of 
 
 credit 185 
 
 Rhode Island creates a bank of bills of 
 
 credit 192 
 
 Rhode Island, common drunkards posted 
 
 in 192 
 
 Rhode Island, bounty on duck 193 
 
 Rhode Island, right of suffrage in .... 196 
 Rhode Island, tearing the bills of credit to 
 
 make change forbidden 197 
 
 Rhode Island bank of bills of credit cre- 
 ated 201 
 
 Rhode Island, lawyers forbidden being 
 
 deputies 203 
 
 Rhode Island, census in 206 
 
 Rhode Island, bounty on wolves 211 
 
 Rhode Island creates bank of bills of 
 
 credit 213 
 
 Rhode Island suppresses private lotteries, 213 
 Rhode Island, bills of, refused by Massa- 
 chusetts 213 
 
 Rhode Island, marriage performed by all 
 
 ministers 213 
 
 Rhode Island, bounty on bears 216 
 
 Rhode Island, mills in, regulated .... 216 
 
 Rhode Island, iron-works in 217 
 
 Rhode Island, bills of credit in 222 
 
 Rhode Island, bank of bills of credit cre- 
 ated 227 
 
 Rhode Island, lottery in 227 
 
 Rhode Island returns enslaved Spaniards, 229 
 
 Rhode Island laws printed 230 
 
 Rhode Island bills of credit burned ... 234 
 
 Rhode Island, bills of credit in 236 
 
 Rhode Island, bills of credit in 238 
 
 Rhode Island, bills of credit in 248 
 
 Rhode Island, lottery in 255 
 
 Rhode Island, theatricals prohibited in . 257 
 Rhode Island protests against Sugar Act, 262 
 
 Rhode Island assembly resolves 267 
 
 Rhode Island stamp-distributer resigned, 2/0 
 Rhode Island, bankruptcy law in .... 288 
 Rhode I sland repealed bankruptcy law . 290 
 Rhode Island, horse-stealing in ..... 290 
 Rhode Island, committee ot' correspond- 
 ence in 294 
 
 Rhode Island abolishes slavery 299 
 
 Rhode Island, census in 302 
 
 Rhode Island slave-trade abolished . . . 304 
 
 Rhode Island for independence 342 
 
 Rhode Island sanctions the Declaration . 352 
 Rhode Island forbids state bills of credit, 374 
 
 Rhode Island, scarcity in 378 
 
 Rhode Island suffering for food 379 
 
 Rhode Island relieved from tax 379 
 
 Rhode Island, sale of slaves forbidden . . S--5 
 
 Rhode Island, bills of credit in 391 
 
 Rhode Island refuses Congress 406 
 
 Rhode Island lays a tariff 403 
 
 Rhode Island, ad valorem duties by ... 411 
 Rhode Island passes copyright law . . . 412 
 Rhode Island rejects linp'ost Act 414
 
 INDEX. 
 
 799 
 
 Rhode Island, slavery abolished in ... 415 
 Rhode Island lays import duty ..... 419 
 
 Rhode Islaud, tariff laid 420 
 
 Rhode Island accords tariff to Congress . 422 
 Rhode Island forbids slave-trade . . . , . 434 
 Rhode Island avoided by Washington . . 443 
 Rhode Islaud considers the Constitution . 413 
 Rhode Island accepts Constitution . . . . 445 
 Rhode Island appoints delegates to Hart- 
 ford convention 530 
 
 Rhode Island, geological survey of ... 584 
 Rhode Island accepts Constitution .... 589 
 
 Rhode Island laws revised 612 
 
 Rice raised in Virginia 86 
 
 Rice made an " enumerated " article . . . 175 
 Rice made a legal tender in South Caro- 
 lina 104 
 
 Rich assessed for poor in New Orleans . 6:>1 
 
 Richmond, Virginia, settled 225 
 
 Richmond burned 396 
 
 Richmond evacuated 400 
 
 Richmond Inquirer published 494 
 
 Richmond, Kentucky, battle at 032 
 
 Richmond, Virginia, evacuated 654 
 
 Rifled cannon, steel, made 622 
 
 Right of suffrage in Pennsylvania .... 169 
 Right of suffrage in ilhode Island .... 196 
 
 Right of suffrage in Connecticut 544 
 
 Rio Grande, army ordered to left bank of, 594 
 
 Riot act iu Massachusetts 426 
 
 Riot against Abolitionists in New York . 572 
 
 Riots, draft, in New York 640 
 
 Roads, appropriations for 4S9 
 
 Roanoke, landed at 18 
 
 Roanoke colony lost 19 
 
 Roanoko colony returns 19 
 
 Rounoke, second colony at 19 
 
 Roanoke Island, colony at 19 
 
 Roanoke Island, battle at 625 
 
 Robinson, Charles, governor of Kansas . 609 
 Robinson, governor of Kansas, arrested 
 
 for treason 609 
 
 Robinson, governor of Kansas, nolle 
 
 proseqm entered on his case .... 613 
 Roche, Marquis de la, commission to con- 
 quer Canada .. 19 
 
 Rochester, New York, mill at 507 
 
 Rochester settled 508 
 
 Rochester, New York, first flour ex- 
 ported 531 
 
 Rocky Mountain Gold Reporter pub- 
 lished at Mountain City 616 
 
 Rogers, Moses, commands steamship 
 
 Savannah 547 
 
 Rolling-mill in Pennsylvania 229 
 
 Rome, Georgia, captured 644 
 
 Rope made in Charlestown, Massachu- 
 setts 108 
 
 Rope-walk in Boston 75 
 
 Rope-walk in New York city 189 
 
 Rose, Ernestine I,., lectures 575 
 
 Rosecrans, General, given army of Ken- 
 tucky 634 
 
 Roseeraus, General, drives Confederate 
 
 government from Tennessee 641 
 
 Rosecraus, General, relieved 641 
 
 Rowley, Massachusetts, settled 62 
 
 Royal commission for New England re- 
 ported 140 
 
 Royal instructions adopted 286 
 
 Rum, duty on, iu Maryland 185 
 
 Rumseian Society formed 436 
 
 Rumscy, James. (See Steamboat) .... 414 
 Rush, ' Richard, secures the legacy of 
 
 Smithson 583 
 
 Russell's Echo published in Maine .... 473 
 Russell, John, makes first table-cutlery . 671 
 Russia, Empress of, offers mediation . . . 397 
 Russia and United States, treaty between, 553 
 Rutger's College, in New Jersey, 
 
 founded 288 
 
 Rye raised iu Massachusetts ....... 49 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabine Cross Roads, battle at 643 
 
 Sackett's Harbor attacked 521 
 
 Saco, Maine, attacked by Indians .... 128 
 
 Sag Harbor, stores destroyed at 303 
 
 Sail-cloth made in New London 197 
 
 Sail-cloth, a bounty on, in Massachusetts 198 
 Sail-cloth, English-made, ordered .... 229 
 
 Sail duck in Massachusetts 439 
 
 Sailors, shipwrecked, house for 492 
 
 St. Albans, Vermont, raid at 619 
 
 St. Albans, raiders, claim for, abandoned 654 
 St. Augustine, Ponce de Leon lands at . 12 
 St. Augustine, expedition against .... 172 
 St. Augustine, expedition against .... 377 
 
 St. Domingo, agent sent to 540 
 
 St. John's captured 84 
 
 St. John's captured 322 
 
 St. John's captured 332 
 
 St. John's College, Maryland, founded . 415 
 St. John's, name changed to Prince Ed- 
 ward's Island 476 
 
 St. Juan d'lllloa captured by French fleet 58-3 
 
 St. Louis given its name 258 
 
 St. Louis attacked 398 
 
 St. Louis, circulation in 494 
 
 St. Louis, deepest artesian well in the 
 
 world 606 
 
 St. Louis, bridge over the Mississippi at . 696 
 
 St. Mark's College founded 669 
 
 St. Mary's threatened 55 
 
 Salary paid by crown 292 
 
 Salary grab, act for 689 
 
 Salary grab repealed 693 
 
 Salaries in Rhode Island 102 
 
 Salem, Massachusetts, settlement at ... 38 
 
 Salem, New Jersey, settled 129 
 
 Salem, general court of Massachusetts 
 
 called at 202 
 
 Salt, price of. in Albany 44 
 
 Salt exported from Virginia 50 
 
 Salt made in Massachusetts 57 
 
 Salt made in Massachusetts 71 
 
 Salt made in Delaware 77 
 
 Salt in Massachusetts 86 
 
 Salt in Massachusetts 89 
 
 Salt springs in New York 99 
 
 Salt, duty on, in New Amsterdam .... 99 
 
 Salt, price in Delaware 106 
 
 Salt in New Netherlands 108 
 
 Salt made in Massachusetts 124 
 
 Salt and wine were made subject to act of 
 
 1663 200 
 
 Salt in Connecticut 229 
 
 Salt, Tortudas, not to be used 253 
 
 Salt, the supply of 363 
 
 Salt, duty on, repealed 502 
 
 Salt springs found by boring 617 
 
 Salt, supply of, for the Northwest .... 517 
 Salt Lake City settled hy Mormons . . . 598 
 
 Salt- making in Virginia 27 
 
 Salt-makin<f in Massachusetts 39 
 
 Salt-making iu Massachusetts 371 
 
 Salt-works in Virginia 44 
 
 Salt-works in Massachusetts 97 
 
 Salt-works at New Amstel 103 
 
 Salt-works in Pennsylvania 413 
 
 Salt-works in New York 434 
 
 Salt-works in New York 468 
 
 Saltonstall, Gordon, governor of Connec- 
 ticut 178 
 
 Saltpetre to be made in Massachusetts . 74 
 Saltpetre, premium on in, Maryland . . . 337 
 Salvage corps organized in New York . . 609 
 
 Sandemanians at Boston 260 
 
 San Francisco named 573 
 
 San Francisco, first house in 573 
 
 San Francisco, mint at 603 
 
 San Luis de Potosi, Juarez retreats from 642 
 Santa Anna heads an insurrection in 
 Mexico 552
 
 800 
 
 ANNALS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 Santa Anna captures Spanish army . . . 
 
 Santa Auna president of Mexico .... 
 
 Santa Anna deposed 
 
 Santa Anna banished from Mexico . . . 
 
 Santa Anna president of Mexico . . . . 
 
 Santa Anna MBtabed 
 
 Santa Anna president of Mexico .... 
 
 Santa Anna abdicates in Mexico 
 
 Saratoga attacked by Indians 
 
 Savage's station, Virginia, battle at ... 
 
 Savannah, Georgia, settled 
 
 Savannah, colony at 
 
 Savannah, Georgia, Methodist society at 
 
 Savannah, orphan house in 
 
 Savannah, Georgia, printing-press at . . 
 
 Savannah captured 
 
 Savannah assaulted 
 
 Savannah, expedition to 
 
 Savannah, battle near 
 
 Savannah evacuated 
 
 Savannah occupied 
 
 Savannah, peace resolutions at 
 
 Saving fund society at Philadelphia . . . 
 
 Saw-mill in Delaware 
 
 Saw-mill to New England 
 
 Saw-mill in Maine 
 
 Saw-mill at Scituate 
 
 Saw-mill in Connecticut 
 
 Saw-mill in New York 
 
 Saw-mills in Maine 
 
 .Saws made 
 
 Saybrook platform approved by Connec- 
 ticut 
 
 Scalps, Indian, premium for, in Carolina 
 
 Schenectady, New York, settled 
 
 Schenectady, New York, attacked by In- 
 dians 
 
 Schotield, John M., nominated secretary 
 of war 
 
 School in Massachusetts 
 
 School in Newport, Rhode Island .... 
 
 Schools in Massachusetts 
 
 Schools in Maryland 
 
 School fund in New York 
 
 Schools to teach culture of silk in Penn- 
 sylvania 
 
 Schools, lands in Michigan reserved for . 
 
 Schools for idiots 
 
 Sciota Gazette published 
 
 Scituate, saw-mill at 
 
 Scituate, Massachusetts, plundered by 
 British 
 
 Scott, Winfleld, at battle of Chippeway . 
 
 Scott, General, enters Jalapa 
 
 Scott, General, captures city of Mexico . 
 
 "Scourge of Aristocracy "published . . 
 
 Screw propeller 
 
 Sea Island cotton in South Carolina . . . 
 
 Sea Island cotton, crop of 
 
 Sea-coast towns prepare to defend them- 
 selves 
 
 Seal of United States 
 
 Sealed ballots in election 
 
 Seamen, regulated by Congress 
 
 Seamen, act for the benefit of 
 
 Seamen, impressed, restored 
 
 Seamen, impressed, returned to the Ches- 
 apeake 
 
 Seamen, impressed, cases of 
 
 Seamen, only Americans to be employed 
 as 
 
 Secession ordinance passed by South 
 Carolina 
 
 Secession ordinances passed by states . . 
 
 Secessionville, battle at 
 
 Second administration 
 
 Second administration 
 
 Sects allowed to support their own clergy 
 in Connecticut and New Hampshire . 
 
 Sect* allowed to support their own min- 
 isters in MaMMBOMtta 
 
 Securities of United States free of tax . . 
 
 561 Sedition act, trials under 470 
 
 5'JO Sedition act, resolutions against -17;') 
 
 591 Selectmen In Massachusetts 85 
 
 592 Selectmen, term first used 87 
 
 596 Sclraa, Alabama, captured 05 > 
 
 599 Seminary, Transylvania, incorporate;! . . 110 
 
 605 Seminole war ended ">4.{ 
 
 607 Seminole war began 57j 
 
 228 Seminole war ended .>.: 
 
 629 Seminole war, cost of 588 
 
 212 Scminoles given Florida !7>> 
 
 218 Senate, sessions to be public 44'J 
 
 219 Senate, proceedings made public 45J 
 
 223 Senate expels a member 470 
 
 259 Senate censures president for removing 
 
 378 the deposits 571 
 
 385 Senate " expunges " resolution of censure 
 
 :;-;; on President 571 
 
 405 Senate committee reported favorably to 
 
 406 bank 571 
 
 651 Senate elect Vice-President 581 
 
 651 Senate adopts slavery amendment .... tH-i 
 
 536 Seneca Falls, New York, woman's rights 
 
 10 meeting at 599 
 
 38 Separatists settle in Ohio 
 
 52 Servants, indentured, set free 43 
 
 102 Servants, indentured, made free, on enlist- 
 
 121 ment, in Pennsylvania 223 
 
 461 Servitude, involuntary, abolished in 
 
 137 Rhode Island 97 
 
 487 Seventh administration 578 
 
 Seven Pines, battle at 'Us 
 
 178 Sewing-machine patented ;>7 
 
 254 Sewing-machine, patent for :>--.> 
 
 107 Sewing-machines patented 51M 
 
 Shaker society 453 
 
 151 Shakers, sect of, founded 395 
 
 Shannon, the, captures the Chesapeake . 521 
 
 671 Shays, Daniel, insurrection in Massachu- 
 
 61 setts 428 
 
 68 Shays' insurrection suppressed 428 
 
 92 Sheep in Massachusetts 49 
 
 195 Sheep exempted from taxation in Con- 
 
 496 necticut 106 
 
 Sheep, pasturage for, in Connecticut ... 124 
 
 566 Sheep, export of, forbidden 244 
 
 579 Sheep-raising, order concerning 102 
 
 599 . Shenandoah Valley, Confederates in ... 646 
 
 489 Sheridan, General, removed 670 
 
 102 Sherman, General, sets out from Vicks- 
 
 burg 642 
 
 526 Sherman, General, begins Atlanta cam- 
 
 526 paign 644 
 
 597 Sherman begins his march 650 
 
 598 Sherman, march through Carolinas . . . 651 
 
 467 Sherman, General, ends march to the sea Gj3 
 
 501 Shiloh, battle at C27 
 
 435 Ship built at Marblehead 57 
 
 446 Ship from New York to China 413 
 
 Ship-carpenter in Plymouth 33 
 
 528 Ship-builders incorporated in Massachu- 
 
 405 setts 81 
 
 63 Ship-building in Connecticut 76 
 
 445 Ship-building in New England 77 
 
 475 Ship-building in Massachusetts 121 
 
 512 Shipping to New England prohibited . . 61 
 
 Shipping encouraged in England .... 107 
 
 515 Shipping in Massachusetts 118 
 
 516 Shipping of Philadelphia 1S9 
 
 Shipping, increase of, complained of . . . 1% 
 
 519 Shipping in Connecticut 1148 
 
 Ships to Massachusetts 53 
 
 618 Ships built at Boston 76 
 
 618 Ships of Khode Island and North Caro- 
 
 629 lina exempted from duty 442 
 
 468 Shirley, William, governor of Mussachu- 
 
 483 setts 2H 
 
 Shoe-pegs invented 542 
 
 203 Shoes, prices of 173 
 
 Shoes, price of, regulated by Rhode Island 177 
 
 511 I Shoes made in Lynn, Massachusetts . . . 235 
 
 647 ! Shop in Boston 52-
 
 INDEX. 
 
 801 
 
 " Short-horn Herd-Book " published . . 505 
 
 Short-horn cattle, sale of 692 
 
 Short, Thomas, printer at New London . 179 
 Shreve, H.' M., breaks up monopoly of 
 
 river navigation 536 
 
 Shurtleff College, Alton, Illinois, begun . 575 
 Shute, Samuel, governor of Massachu- 
 setts 187 
 
 Sidney made a free port 560 
 
 Signal Service Bureau, meteorological ob- 
 servations given to 603 
 
 Signal Service stations at light-houses . . 689 
 
 Silk raising in Virginia 28 
 
 Silk, culture of, in New Netherlands ... 103 
 
 Silk culture in Virginia 119 
 
 Silk culture in Louisiana . 188 
 
 Silk in Pennsylvania 215 
 
 Silk, bounty in Georgia for reeling . . . 234 
 Silk free ol duty from Georgia and Car- 
 olina 234 
 
 Silk filature in Philadelphia 230 
 
 Silk culture in Georgia 236 
 
 Silk from South Carolina 246 
 
 Silk filature at Savannah 251 
 
 Silk culture, experiments on, by President 
 
 Stiles 251 
 
 Silk in Newport, Rhode Island 251 
 
 Silk-throwsters 271 
 
 Silk filature in South Carolina 273 
 
 Silk factory in Boston . . . 28C 
 
 Silk, premium for piece of, in Pennsyl- 
 vania 286 
 
 Silk, premiums on 292 
 
 Silk machinery, export forbidden in Eng- 
 land 305 
 
 Silk, premium on, in Connecticut .... 409 
 
 Silk manufacture in Connecticut 435 
 
 Silk raising in Connecticut 446 
 
 Silk, report on, printed by Congress . . . 559 
 Silk culture, premiums by a society in 
 
 Pennsylvania 560 
 
 Silk culture, manual on, in Massachu- 
 setts 565 
 
 Silk, culture of, promoted by Pennsyl- 
 vania 566 
 
 Silk, bounty on, in Massachusetts, Maine, 
 
 and New Jersey 577 
 
 Silk, report to Congress on culture of . . 682 
 
 Silk, bounty on, in Pennsylvania 582 
 
 Silk, national society organized at Balti- 
 more 583 
 
 Silver mine in North Carolina opened . . 578 
 Simsbury, Connecticut, copper mines 
 
 worked 177 
 
 Sinking fund, appropriation for 537 
 
 Sir Edmund Andros, his government in 
 
 New Kngland 145 
 
 Sirius crosses the Atlantic by steam . . . 582 
 
 Six Nations, treaty with 415 
 
 Sixth administration 500 
 
 Sixth Massachusetts mobbed in Baltimore 621 
 
 Slate quarries in the United States . . . 557 
 
 Slave trade to West Indies begun .... 17 
 
 Slave trade thrown open 237 
 
 Slave trade, bill to suppress, in Massachu- 
 setts 276 
 
 Slave trade suppressed in Massachusetts 300 
 
 Slave trade abolished in Rhode Island . . 304 
 
 Slave trade forbidden by Rhode Island . 434 
 
 Slave trade prohibited .......... 489 
 
 Slave trade prohibited 500 
 
 Slave trade abolished by Congress .... 542 
 
 Slave trade suppressed 545 
 
 Slave trade in District of Columbia abol- 
 ished 602 
 
 Slave, fugitive, law passed by Congress . 602 
 
 Slave laws in Kansas 608 
 
 Slave law, fugitive, repealed 646 
 
 Slavery in Virginia 27 
 
 Slavery in New York 87 
 
 Slavery in Maryland 113 
 
 Slavery in Virginia 121 
 
 51 
 
 Slavery of Indians 130 
 
 Slavery in Virginia 137 
 
 Slavery in Virginia 176 
 
 Slavery of the Indians 182 
 
 Slavery insurrection in New York .... 182 
 
 Slavery in Louisiana 182 
 
 Slavery in South Carolina 182 
 
 Slavery forbidden in Georgia 217 
 
 Slavery introduced into Georgia 234 
 
 Slavery in South Carolina 237 
 
 Slavery abolished in Massachusetts . . . 283 
 
 Slavery, Lord Mansfield's decision .... 290 
 
 Slavery abolished in Rhode Island . . . 299 
 
 Slavery in Rhode Island 332 
 
 Slavery abolished in Pennsylvania . . . 380 
 Slavery abolished in Pennsylvania . . . 386 
 Slavery abolished in Massachusetts . . . 402 
 Slavery abolished in Connecticut .... 415 
 Slavery abolished in Rhode Island .... 415 
 Slavery, Presbyterian Church on aboli- 
 tion of 437 
 
 Slavery, Quakers' petition concerning . . 444 
 
 Slavery, Congress resolves concerning . 444 
 
 Slavery, petitions for its abolition .... 454 
 
 Slavery, convention for the abolition of . 459 
 
 Slavery abolished in New York 478 
 
 Slavery abolished in New Jersey .... 493 
 
 Slavery abolished in New York 538 
 
 Slavery, laws concerning, in Mississippi . 538 
 Slavery, meetings against its introduction 
 
 west of the Mississippi 547 
 
 Slavery west of the Mississippi, states 
 
 voting its prohibition 54S 
 
 Slavery abolished in Mexico ....... 554 
 
 Slavery abolished in New York 558 
 
 Slavery, petition for the abolition of, from 
 
 District of Columbia 560 
 
 Slavery, Governor McDuffie, of South 
 
 Carolina, on 574 
 
 Slavery, Congress resolved it had no au- 
 thority to interfere with 575 
 
 Slavery in District of Columbia, petitions 
 
 for its abolition 575 
 
 Slavery, petitions for its abolition in Dis- 
 trict of Columbia to be laid on table . 583 
 Slavery, resolutions by Joshua Giddings 588 
 Slavery, abolition of, advocated by Cas- 
 
 sius M. Clay 593 
 
 Slavery, petition from New Mexico 
 
 against, in that territory 600 
 
 Slavery, President Pierce hopes it is set- 
 tled 605 
 
 Slavery, societies to prevent, and to aid 
 
 its introduction into Kansas 606 
 
 Slavery, Dred Scott decision by Supreme 
 
 Court 612 
 
 Slavery, laws on, in Lecompton constitu- 
 tion 614 
 
 Slavery forbidden in Nebraska 619 
 
 Slavery abolished in District of Columbia 627 
 
 Slavery abolished by Cherokee nation . . 636 
 
 Slavery abolished by Missouri 640 
 
 Slavery abolished in Louisiana 643 
 
 Slavery abolished by Maryland 646 
 
 Slavery, abolition of, resolved by House . 646 
 
 Slavery abolished in Louisiana 648 
 
 Slavery abolished in Missouri 651 
 
 Slavery, amendment abolishing, in the 
 
 House 652 
 
 Slavery abolished by Mississippi .... 659 
 
 Slavery abolished by South Carolina ... 659 
 
 Slavery abolished by Alabama 659 
 
 Slavery abolished by Georgia 660 
 
 Slavery abolished by North Carolina . . 660 
 
 Slavery, abolition of, officially announced 660 
 
 Slavery abolished by Florida 6(50 
 
 Slavery abolished by Texas 602 
 
 Slavery abolished by Virginia 677 
 
 Slaves imported into New York 37 
 
 Slaves in Pennsylvania 168 
 
 Slaves to be landed yearly 183 
 
 Slaves, duty on, forbidden 211
 
 802 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Slaves, insurrection in New York city . 224 
 
 Slaves not to be taught in Georgia ... 285 
 Slaves in North Carolina freed only with 
 
 consent of county court 3t 
 
 Slaves enlisted in Rhode Island 371 
 
 Slaves forbidden imported in Virginia . . 371 
 
 Slaves set free in Massachusetts 372 
 
 Slaves, importation forbidden by Mary- 
 land *" 
 
 Slaves, duty on, in North Carolina .... 423 
 
 Slaves emancipated by Quakers 435 
 
 Slaves contraband of war 6, 
 
 Slaves, fugitive, army not to restore ... 627 
 Slaves armed by the Confederate con- 
 
 CT088 ** 653 
 
 Slaves, conditionjOf, defined 656 
 
 Sloop Liberty seized at Newport, 
 
 Rhode Island 278 
 
 Sloop Liberty sunk 282 
 
 Sloops of war ordered 518 
 
 Smnll-pox in Rhode Island H 
 
 Small-pox in Massachusetts 192 
 
 Smith, John, exploring voyage 25 
 
 Smith, Mormon leader, killed by a mob . 591 
 
 Smith-on, James, leaves legacy 583 
 
 Smithsonian Institution founded .... 583 
 
 Smithsonian Institute founded 596 
 
 Smithsonian Institute, library burned . . 651 
 Society Library at New York founded . . 243 
 Society for promotion of arts at New 
 
 York city 260 
 
 Society to encourage manufactures in 
 
 New York 271 
 
 Society for the promotion of agriculture . 417 
 Society for encouragement of arts in 
 
 Pennsylvania 428 
 
 Society for promoting useful arts .... 455 
 Society for encouraging manufactures . . 501 
 Society of mechanics in Connecticut . . . 602 
 Society for the prevention of pauperism 
 
 at New York 536 
 
 Society for the encouragement of Ameri- 
 can manufactures in New York . . . 539 
 Society for the promotion of public econ- 
 omy in Philadelphia 539 
 
 Saciety for the prevention of pauperism 
 
 in New York 541 
 
 Society to reform juvenile delinquents 
 
 formed in New York 554 
 
 Society for the promotion of manufac- 
 tures in New England . 556 
 
 Society for the promotion of manufac- 
 tures in Philadelphia 558 
 
 Soxsiety to promote silk culture in Penn- 
 sylvania offer premiums ....... 560 
 
 Society lor Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- 
 mals 652 
 
 SoJdiers from England arrived ..... 248 
 Soldiers to be clothed by colonies .... 348 
 Soldiers, treasury notes to........ 410 
 
 Soldiers demand their pay 411 
 
 Soldiers, furloughs granted to 411 
 
 Soldiers of the Revolution, act for relief of 541 
 
 Somerville, Kentucky, battle at 637 
 
 Son, double share of eldest 204 
 
 Sons of Liberty, origin of term 264 
 
 Sons of Liberty 270 
 
 Boto, Ferdinand dc, visits Florida .... 16 
 
 Soup-kitchen* in the chief cities 604 
 
 South America, commissioners to .... 640 
 South American republics, independence 
 
 of, recognized by Congress 551 
 
 South Mountain, Maryland, battle at . . 632 
 
 South, relief for the destitute in 668 
 
 South, report on condition of 686 
 
 Southampton, Long Island, settled ... 69 
 Southern department, Gates in command 391 
 "Southern Agriculturist" published in 
 
 Charleston 559 
 
 Southern ports blockaded 020 
 
 South Carolina, first settlement in .... 123 
 South Carolina, assembly in ....... 128 
 
 South Carolina, cotton and indigo there . 138 
 
 South Carolina, machines in 155 
 
 South Carolina, cotton in 171 
 
 South Carolina, Church of England es- 
 tablished in 177 
 
 South Carolina, slave code In 182 
 
 South Carolina creates a bank of bills of 
 
 credit 182 
 
 South Carolina, expedition against the 
 
 Indians 183 
 
 South Carolina, Indian war in 185 
 
 South Carolina, bills of credit 186 
 
 South Carolina, parishes made election 
 
 districts 186 
 
 South Carolina, appeals against propri- 
 etors : 187 
 
 South Carolina declared the proprietary 
 
 rights forfeited 190 
 
 South Carolina, revolution confirmed . . 192 
 
 South Carolina, rice a legal tender in . . 194 
 
 South Carolina forbidden bills of credit . 194 
 
 South Carolina coins pence 195 
 
 South Carolina, salt-making encouraged . 198 
 South Carolina council vetoes bills of 
 
 credit 199 
 
 South Carolina planters refused to pay 
 
 taxes 200 
 
 South Carolina, condition of 202 
 
 South Carolina, printing-press in .... 204 
 
 South Carolina, cotton in 208 
 
 South Carolina, bills of credit issued . . 208 
 
 South Carolina coined pence 214 
 
 South Carolina demands return of run- 
 away slaves 220 
 
 South Carolina, cotton in 221 
 
 South Carolina attacks Florida 223 
 
 South Carolina exports indigo 230 
 
 South Carolina cotton shipped to England 232 
 
 South Carolina, Quakers in 237 
 
 South Carolina, slave code revised .... 237 
 
 South Carolina exports indigo 250 
 
 South Carolina elects delegates 266 
 
 South Carolina, silk filature in 273 
 
 South Carolina refuses quarters for troops 285 
 South Carolina, committee of correspond- 
 ence in 295 
 
 South Carolina for Congress 306 
 
 South Carolina fosters manufactures . . 335 
 
 South Carolina against independence . . 340 
 
 South Carolina sanctions declaration . . 353 
 
 South Carolina constitution amended . . 372 
 South Carolina assumes tax of Rhode 
 
 Island 379 
 
 South Carolina, copyright law in .... 415 
 South Carolina, law classing actors as 
 
 vagrants 434 
 
 South Carolina accepts constitution . . . 436 
 
 South Carolina, constitution of 445 
 
 South Carolina forbids emancipation . . 481 
 
 South Carolina College founded 4S(3 
 
 South Carolina repeals prohibition of 
 
 slave trade 493 
 
 South Carolina protests against the tariff 501 
 
 South Carolina, nullification in 5(57 
 
 South Carolina repeals nullification ordi- 
 nance 568 
 
 South Carolina passes the secession ordi- 
 nance ' 618 
 
 South Carolina abolishes slavery .... 659 
 
 South Carolina admitted to representation C7i 
 
 South Carolina, bands ordered to disperse 685 
 
 Sovereigns of Industry organized .... 692 
 Spain protests against cruisers from 
 
 United States 535 
 
 Spain, treaty with 544 
 
 Spaniards refuse demand for runaway 
 
 slaves 220 
 
 Spaniards, enslaved, returned by Rhode 
 
 Island 229 
 
 Spaniards evacuate East Florida 520 
 
 Spaniards expelled from Mexico .... 559 
 
 Spaniards invade Mexico 561
 
 INDEX. 
 
 803 
 
 Spanish possessions, foreigners forbidden 
 
 to visit 156 
 
 Spanish ports opened to trade 285 
 
 Spanish American republics, petition re- 
 fused 540 
 
 Spanish army invading Mexico captured 
 
 by Santa Anna 561 
 
 Spanish fort evacuated 654 
 
 Specie circulation in Massachusetts . . . 237 
 
 Specie payments suspended in England . 510 
 
 Specie in banks 512 
 
 Specie payments suspended in Phila- 
 delphia 527 
 
 Specie payments voted by Congress ... 535 
 
 Specie payments resumed 537 
 
 Specie circular issued by treasury .... 578 
 
 Specie circular repealed 582 
 
 Specie payments suspended in Phila- 
 delphia 585 
 
 Specie payments suspended in Phila- 
 delphia 586 
 
 Specie payments suspended 613 
 
 Specie payments suspended 624 
 
 Specie payments, act for resumption of . 697 
 
 Specie payments, bill for, in New York . 698 
 Spinning ordered by general court of 
 
 Massachusetts 102 
 
 Spinning-jenny in Philadelphia 324 
 
 Spinning-jenny in Providence 429 
 
 Spinning-machines in Massachusetts . . . 424 
 
 Spinning-school in Boston, Massachusetts 209 
 
 Spinning-school in Boston 219 
 
 Spinning-school in Massachusetts .... 257 
 
 Spinning-schools established 191 
 
 Spinning-schools in Massachusetts . . . 241 
 Spirit of the Times published in New 
 
 York 564 
 
 Spirit-rapping, first manifestation of ... 599 
 
 Spirits, duty on, in Virginia, repealed . . 195 
 
 Spirits forbidden in Maine 602 
 
 Spottsylvania, battle of 644 
 
 Springfield, Massachusetts, settled .... 53 
 
 Springfield Republican published .... 598 
 
 Springfield, Missouri, battle of 636 
 
 Spy, Massachusetts, published in Boston, 286 
 Spy, Western, published at Hamilton, 
 
 Ohio. 477 
 
 Stage-coach between Halifax and Annap- 
 olis 560 
 
 Stages between Boston and New York . . 211 
 
 Stages from Boston to Newport 218 
 
 Stamp Act resolved on in Parliament . . 260 
 
 Stamp Act imposed 263 
 
 Stamp Act repealed 272 
 
 Stun dish, Miles, one of the Associates . . 37 
 
 Stanton, E. M., secretary of war 624 
 
 Stanton, Edwin M., resignation requested 670 
 
 Stanton, Edwin M., report on removal of 670 
 
 Stanton, Edwin M., Senate sustains . . . 670 
 
 Stauton, Edwin M.. retires from office . . 672 
 
 Star, Eastern, published 466 
 
 "Star-spangled Banner" first sung ... 529 
 
 Star of the West fired on 619 
 
 State bills received for loan certificates . 362 
 
 State debts assumed by United States . . 444 
 
 State Bank in New York 490 
 
 State library formed at Indianapolis . . . 555 
 
 State library at Annapolis, Maryland . . 558 
 State laws extended in Georgia to Indian 
 
 territory 561 
 
 State prisoners released 634 
 
 States called on for quotas 384 
 
 States called on for quotas 3S6 
 
 States appealed to 389 
 
 States appealed to for quotas 389 
 
 States to modify their cessions of land . 426 
 
 States accepted the Constitution 431 
 
 States express opinions concerning nulli- 
 fication 567 
 
 States, insurrectionary, governments for 666 
 
 Staten Island, British army in 391 
 
 Steam navigation, monopoly of 490 
 
 Steam ferry-boats designed by Fulton . . 511 
 
 Steam ferry-boat in New York 521 
 
 Steam paper-mill, first, at Pittsburg . . . 634 
 Steam introduced into the mint at Phila- 
 delphia 576 
 
 Steam fire-engine in Cincinnati 605 
 
 Steamboat on the Potomac 422 
 
 Steamboat on the Delaware 424 
 
 Steamboat on Delaware by John Fitch . . 430 
 
 Steamboat on the Potomac 435 
 
 Steamboat, first western 511 
 
 Steamboat Enterprise ascends Missis- 
 sippi 536 
 
 Steamboats, number of 511 
 
 Steam-engine in New Jersey 228 
 
 Steam-engine in Philadelphia 298 
 
 Steam-engine, model of 424 
 
 Steam-engine, high-pressure 477 
 
 Steam-engine, high-pressure 485 
 
 Steam-engine for boat 492 
 
 Steam-engines built by Oliver Evans . . 512 
 
 Steamer launched at Cincinnati 546 
 
 Steamers, line of, to England 601 
 
 Steam-packet 448 
 
 Steam-plough patented 616 
 
 Steam-propeller built 495 
 
 Steamship Savannah crosses the ocean . . 546 
 Steel, first experiments with Bessemer 
 
 ?rocess of making 611 
 
 , iron made into 621 
 
 Steel rifled cannon made 622 
 
 Steel-making, monopoly of, in Connecti- 
 cut 201 
 
 Stevens, John, advocates railways .... 517 
 Stevens, John, contracts to build railroad 
 
 in Pennsylvania 552 
 
 Stiles, President, on silk culture 251 
 
 Stone River, Tennessee, battle of .... 635 
 
 Stone River, second battle of ....... 635 
 
 Stonington settled = 92 
 
 Stonington, Connecticut, bombarded by 
 
 British fleet 527 
 
 Stony Point captured 382 
 
 Strangers not to be entertained in Massa- 
 chusetts 58 
 
 Straw bonnets braided 473 
 
 Strickland, William, engineer of Dela- 
 ware breakwater 561 
 
 Strikes for eight hours 690 
 
 Stuyvesant, Petrus, governor of New 
 
 Amsterdam 80 
 
 Stuyvesant issues proclamation against 
 
 conventicles 101 
 
 Stuyvesant against Quakers 101 
 
 Sub-treasury organized 585 
 
 Sub-treasury repealed 587 
 
 Sub-treasury re-established 595, 596 
 
 Suffolk County, Massachusetts, resolu- 
 tions by 311 
 
 Suffolk Bank system introduced 554 
 
 Suffrage, law of, in Virginia 103 
 
 Suffrage in Virginia 124 
 
 Suffrage in Pennsylvania 139 
 
 Suffrage in Rhode Island 145 
 
 Suffrage, right of, in New Jersey .... 171 
 
 Suffrage in Vermont 420 
 
 Suffrage, woman's, first national conven- 
 tion 602 
 
 Suffrage, restrictions on, in the states . . 601 
 
 Suffrage, right of, in District of Columbia 665 
 
 Suffrage in the territories regulated ... 660 
 
 Suffrage in Ohio, extension of, rejected . 668 
 
 Suffrage granted to women in Wyoming . 680 
 
 Suffrage granted to women in Utah . . . 680 
 
 Sugar made in Louisiana 467 
 
 Suits of ejectment 289 
 
 Suits against the states 458 
 
 Summary, New London, published .... 251 
 Sumner, Charles, assaulted in Senate 
 
 chamber 609 
 
 Sun published in New York 568 
 
 Sunday Courier published in New York . 555
 
 804 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 17; 
 
 5:55 
 
 001 
 
 411 
 
 Sunday Morning News published in New 
 
 Sunday MonTing Atlas published in New 
 York 
 
 Superintendent of finance 
 
 Superior court in Connecticut 
 
 .Supplies from New Hampshire 
 
 Supplies called for from the states .... 
 
 Supplies, embezzlers to be shot 
 
 Supplies called for . 
 
 Supplies seized for use . . . . . . 
 
 Supreme court in Pennsylvania estab- 
 lished .;* 
 
 Supreme Court declines an opinion . . , . . 
 
 Supreme Court, chief justice appointed . . 
 
 Supreme court decides case of Dart- 
 month College > 
 
 Supreme court decides against steamboat 
 monopoly ,*,' 
 
 Supreme Court refuses Indians an injunc- 
 tion 
 
 Supreme Court decides against Georgia . 
 
 Supreme Court, Dred Scott decision by . 
 
 Supreme Court regulated ...... . . 
 
 Surplus revenue to be deposited with 
 states 
 
 Surveyors of ship-building 
 
 Suspension bridge over the Ohio 
 
 Susquehanna Company 
 
 Swanzey attacked by Indians 
 
 Sweden, treaty with 
 
 Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island . . 
 
 Synod in Massachusetts 
 
 Synod iq New England 
 
 Synod in Massachusetts 
 
 Synod asked for in Boston 
 
 Synod, Presbyterian 
 
 Synod, Presbyterian, met 
 
 Syracuse settled 
 
 Syracuse, competition of mowers and 
 reapers at 
 
 Syren captured by the British 
 
 T. 
 
 Tack-making machine invented 517 
 
 Tactics, uniform system, introduced . . . 373 
 
 Talladega, Creeks defeated at 523 
 
 Taney, Roger B., made secretary of 
 
 treasury 509 
 
 Tanners prohibited in New York .... 130 
 Tapia, Christoval de, sent from Spain . . H 
 
 Tariff imposed by Rhode Island 406 
 
 Tariff accorded to Congress by Rhode 
 
 Island 422 
 
 Tariff imposed by Virginia 435 
 
 Tariff passed 442 
 
 Tariff bill passed 534 
 
 Tariff revised 554 
 
 Tariff protested against by Georgia . . . 560 
 
 Tariff act passed, raising duties 560 
 
 Tariff, Virginia protests against 561 
 
 Tariff, North Carolina protests against . 561 
 
 Tariff, Alabama protests against 561 
 
 Tariff, South Carolina protests against . 561 
 Tariff, merchants in Boston protest 
 
 against 561 
 
 Tariff convention in New York 565 
 
 Tariff bill passed, reducing duties .... 668 
 
 Tariff passed, raising duties 588 
 
 Tariff act for revenue passed 595 
 
 Tariff, Merrill, passed 817 
 
 Tauntou, Massachusetts, settled 60 
 
 Taylor, Zachary, defends Fort Harrison . 516 
 Taylor, General, captures Monterey, 
 
 Mexico 696 
 
 Taylor, President, died 601 
 
 Tax on liquor in New York 82 
 
 Tax on beer resisted in New York .... 84 
 
 Tax on imports partly repealed 286 
 
 Taxation, protest against, at Boston ... 261 
 
 Taxation of salaries 289 
 
 Taxation recommended by Congress . . 369 
 
 Taxation, internal, reduced 681 
 
 Taxation of church property recommend- 
 ed 699 
 
 Taxes to be laid by assembly of Vir- 
 ginia 46 
 
 Taxes paid in produce 130 
 
 Taxes paid in produce in Massachusetts 191 
 
 Taxes allotted among the states 379 
 
 Taxes, remission of, demanded in New 
 
 Hampshire 426 
 
 Taxes, internal, repealed 540 
 
 Tea to be exported 294 
 
 Tea to the colonies 295 
 
 Tea arrives at Boston 296 
 
 Tea destroyed in Boston 297 
 
 Tea, consignees of, in Boston 299 
 
 Tea not to be landed in New York .... 299 
 Tea not to be landed in Charleston .... 299 
 Tea in Boston spoken of by king .... 300 
 Tea sent back from Portsmouth, New 
 
 Hampshire 306 
 
 Tea arrived at Annapolis, Maryland . . . 311 
 
 Tea, duty on, repealed 686 
 
 Teachers in Massachusetts 86 
 
 Tecumseh killed 522 
 
 Telegraph, American Electro-Magnetic, 
 
 caveat for, issued 581 
 
 Telegraph, appropriation for, by Con- 
 gress 589 
 
 Telegraph, experimental line finished . . 590 
 
 Telegraph cable, aid for laying 609 
 
 Telegraph, ocean, despatches received by 613 
 
 Telegraph, Atlantic, laid (565 
 
 Telegraphic despatches seized 621 
 
 Temporary loan certificates issued .... t>73 
 Tender, legal, act, Supreme Court on . . 633 
 
 Tennessee, first settlement in 279 
 
 Tennessee, constitution of 464 
 
 Tennessee admitted to Union 465 
 
 Tennessee restored to Union 664 
 
 Tennessee, suffrage in fi<W 
 
 Tenth administration 600 
 
 Tenure of civil offices, bill to regulate . . 6C7 
 
 Tenure of office, bill to regulate 676 
 
 Territories, suffrage in, regulated .... 666 
 Territory on the Lakes granted by the In- 
 dians 199 
 
 Territory between the Ohio and Tennes- 
 see 279 
 
 Territory disputed by New York and Mas- 
 sachusetts decided 427 
 
 Territory from France divided 492 
 
 Territory of Michigan organized .... 496 
 
 Territory of Orleans organized 4'JC 
 
 Territory of Orleans to form state consti- 
 tution 510 
 
 Territory ceded by Indians 536 
 
 Territory of Mississippi divided 538 
 
 Texas, military posts in 195 
 
 Texas rebels against Spain 535 
 
 Texas, first American settlement in ... 552 
 Texas declares independence of Mexico 576 
 Texas, independence of, recognized by 
 
 Senate 580 
 
 Texas annexed to United States 592 
 
 Texas, annexation of, protested against 593 
 
 Texas, annexation of, completed 5!>3 
 
 Texas accepts terms of annexation . . . 593 
 Texas, military force stationed on border 
 
 of . . . 5M 
 
 Texas, boundaries of, settled 602 
 
 Texas, Confederates in, surrender .... 657 
 
 Texas abolishes slavery 662 
 
 Texas, constitution submitted to 676 
 
 Texas admitted to representation .... 6S1 
 
 Thanksgiving' appointed 43 
 
 Theatre, the Boston, opened 459 
 
 Theatres opened in various towns .... 240 
 
 Theatres opened 420 
 
 Theatricals forbidden in Pennsylvania . . 423
 
 INDEX. 
 
 805 
 
 Theatricals permitted in Pennsylvania . . 442 
 
 Theodolite invented 217 
 
 Theological Seminary at Andover .... 504 
 
 Third administration 505 
 
 Thirteenth administration 617 
 
 Thomas, General, given command .... 641 
 Three lower counties on the Delaware dis- 
 contented 148 
 
 Three southern counties seceded from 
 
 Pennsylvania 153 
 
 Ticonderoga attacked 251 
 
 Ticonderoga surrendered 253 
 
 Ticonderoga surrenders 322 
 
 Ticonderoga evacuated 364 
 
 Ticonderoga attacked 364 
 
 Ticonderoga besieged 367 
 
 Tide-mill in Connecticut 298 
 
 Timber-growing on the prairies 690 
 
 Timber-growing on prairies, act for ... 693 
 
 Time Piece published 468 
 
 Tin-ware made in Connecticut 285 
 
 Tippecanoe, battle of 512 
 
 Title disputed between New Hampshire 
 
 and Massachusetts 200 
 
 Title to land 350 
 
 Titles to western lands in Pennsylvania 445 
 Titusville, Pennsylvania, petroleum ob- 
 tained at 616 
 
 Tobacco, spade used in culture of .... 24 
 
 Tobacco in Virginia 26 
 
 Tobacco, culture of, restricted 34 
 
 Tobacco, its culture forbidden 41 
 
 Tobacco, public use forbidden 48 
 
 Tobacco the currency of Maryland ... 62 
 
 Tobacco, currency in Virginia 65 
 
 Tobacco, a " stint " in Virginia peti- 
 tioned for 137 
 
 Toleration demanded in Massachusetts . 134 
 
 Tonnage duty by Congress 446 
 
 Topeka, Kansas, convention at 608 
 
 Tories disarmed 315 
 
 Tories to be disarmed 318 
 
 Tories' estates confiscated in .Rhode Is- 
 land 332 
 
 Tories placed under inspection 348 
 
 Tories, sale of estates of 382 
 
 Tories and Indians defeated 394 
 
 Tories settled in Nova Scotia 410 
 
 Tories' property confiscated 462 
 
 Toronto, Upper Canada, captured .... 520 
 
 Torpedoes 370 
 
 Torped_oes, reward promised inventors of 518 
 
 Town jurisdiction in Connecticut .... 64 
 
 Town jurisdiction in Plymouth 64 
 
 Town meetings in New York 257 
 
 Towns regulated in Massachusetts ... 56 
 
 Towns submit to Massachusetts 72 
 
 Townsend, Charles, speech in Parliament 272 
 Trade between New Amsterdam and 
 
 Plymouth 36 
 
 Trade with rebellious colonies forbidden . 93 
 
 Trade-sale of books 488 
 
 Trade-dollar created 688 
 
 Trades incorporated in Massachusetts . . 88 
 
 Trades incorporated by Philadelphia . . 189 
 
 Trading-house on the Counecticut ... 50 
 
 Trading-post rifled 48 
 
 Trading-station rifled 50 
 
 Trains, fast mail 699 
 
 Transit of Venus observed at Providence 282 
 
 Transportation, cost of 416 
 
 Transportation, report of committee on . 694 
 
 Transylvania sends delegate to Congress 330 
 
 Transylvania Seminary incorporated . . 410 
 
 Treason, act defining 475 
 
 Treasurers appointed by Congress .... 329 
 
 Treasury, committee for 339 
 
 Treasury reports to Congress 381 
 
 Treasury Board reorganized 383 
 
 Treasury, payments from 403 
 
 Treasury notes to soldiers 410 
 
 Treasury Board, 414 
 
 Treasury, money paid in by states .... 429 
 
 Treasury Department organized 442 
 
 Treasury notes issued by Congress . . . 514 
 
 Treasury notes issued 519 
 
 Treasury notes issued 525 
 
 Treasury notes funded 532 
 
 Treasury notes transferable 532 
 
 Treasury notes issued as a currency . . . 532 
 
 Treasury notes issued 532 
 
 Treasury notes to be received in payment 682 
 
 Treasury notes issued 585 
 
 Treasury notes issued 595, 596 
 
 Treasury notes issued 614 
 
 Treasury notes issued 618 
 
 Treasury notes receivable for dues .... 623 
 Treasury notes, issue authorized .... 651 
 Treasury notes, conversion extended to 
 
 banks 673 
 
 Treaties with France 371 
 
 Treaties with France, news of 374 
 
 Treaties with the Indians 422 
 
 Treaty of colonies with Five Nations . . 160 
 Treaty with Indians by Oglethorpe . . . 221 
 Treaty of peace at Aix-la-Chapelle . . . . 232 
 
 Treaty with the Indians 250 
 
 Treaty of Fontainebleau 257 
 
 Treaty signed at Paris 411 
 
 Treaty of peace received 412 
 
 Treaty ratified by Congress 412 
 
 Treaty with Sweden . . . . 414 
 
 Treaty with Six Nations 415 
 
 Treaty with the Indians 417 
 
 Treaty with Prussia 421 
 
 Treaty with Algiers purchased 459 
 
 Treaty with England printed 463 
 
 Treaty with England ratified 463 
 
 Treaty with Spain 464 
 
 Treaty, correspondence concerning, re- 
 fused 464 
 
 Treaty with France 480 
 
 Treaty of peace signed 630 
 
 Treaty of peace arrives at New York . . . 531 
 
 Treaty of peace, terms of 531 
 
 Treaty of peace ratified 531 
 
 Treaty of peace with Algiers 533 
 
 Treaty made with Spain 544 
 
 Treaty with England ratified 545 
 
 Treaty between Spain and Mexico .... 550 
 Treaty between France and the United 
 
 States 551 
 
 Treaty between Russia and the United 
 
 States 553 
 
 Treaty between Great Britain and the 
 
 United States 559 
 
 Treaty between Mexico and the United 
 
 States 564 
 
 Treaty between France and the United 
 
 States 565 
 
 Treaty between Russia and United States, 506 
 Treaty between Mexico and Texas .... 577 
 
 Treaty with Mexico 589 
 
 Treaty between Mexico and the United 
 
 States 590 
 
 Treaty with Texas refused by Senate . . 590 
 Treaty with Texas made by Secretary of 
 
 State 590 
 
 Treaty between England and the United 
 
 States 595 
 
 Treaty of peace 'between Mexico and 
 
 United States 598 
 
 Treaty between Great Britain and United 
 
 States 601 
 
 Treaty with Japan 606 
 
 Treaty of reciprocity with Great Britain, 600 
 
 Treaty, reciprocity, ratified 607 
 
 Treaty between China and United States 616 
 Treaty between Japan and United States 616 
 Trent boarded by Captain Wilkes .... 624 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey, settled 1; 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey, stone quarry opened 192 
 
 Trenton, congress at 415 
 
 Trespass Act void in New York 426
 
 806 
 
 ANNALS OF NOETH AMERICA. 
 
 Tri-cockade, Frenchmen to wear 467 
 
 Trinity Church, New York city " 
 
 Trinity College, at Hartford, chartered . 
 Tripoli, squadron for .......... 
 
 Troops from Halifax arrived iu Boston . 
 
 Troops sent to Boston 
 
 Troops raised by Massachusetts .... 
 Troops called out to aid Massachusetts . 
 Troup, governor of Georgia, threatens 
 
 violence g 
 
 Troy, Hrst house in .,* ? 
 
 True Inspiration Congregation settled . . 687 
 True American published in Lexington, 
 
 Kentucky 593 
 
 Trimibull, John, pictures by &' 
 
 Tryon, Governor, palace for 270 
 
 Turf Magazine published 641 
 
 Turnpike road built 463, 4CO 
 
 Turnpike from Cumberland to Wheeling, 
 
 appropriation for 645 
 
 Tweed, William M., arrested 685 
 
 Tweed, W. M., found guilty 092 
 
 Twelfth administration 611 
 
 Twenty-cent pieces coined 697 
 
 Type-foundery iu Germantown 222 
 
 Type-foundery in Boston 279 
 
 Type-foundery in Connecticut 283 
 
 Type-foundery in Philadelphia 326 
 
 Type-foundery in Philadelphia 417 
 
 Type-foundery in New York 463 
 
 Type-revolving press patented 697 
 
 TJ. 
 
 Una published at Providence 604 
 
 Unadilla destroyed 377 
 
 Union of the colonies suggested 164 
 
 Union of colonies suggested ....... 184 
 
 Union College founded 462 
 
 Union, dissolution of, threatened .... 610 
 
 Union, plot to divide, in New England . . 613 
 Union Theological Seminary in New 
 
 York 576 
 
 Union Pacific Railroad 630 
 
 Union Pacific Railroad completed .... 676 
 
 Uuitarianism founded 492 
 
 Unjted colonies of New England 78 
 
 United colonies, war with Indians .... 83 
 
 United colonies, message to Quebec ... 89 
 United colonies of New England fit out a 
 
 cruiser 101 
 
 United Colonies, the Thirteen 330 
 
 United States of America suggested . . . 349 
 United States frigate captures Macedo- 
 nian 617 
 
 United States Bank organized 636 
 
 United States exploring expedition sailed 583 
 
 United States notes receivable for duties . 625 
 
 United States notes, issue of 630 
 
 United States notes, limit of 617 
 
 United States notes, amount fixed .... 695 
 
 Universalism, founder of 299 
 
 Universalist Magazine published .... 546 
 
 University in Mexico 17 
 
 University of Pennsylvania 233 
 
 University of Maryland founded 415 
 
 University of Georgia organized 417 
 
 University, Nashville, founded 420 
 
 University of Vermont 450 
 
 University of Virginia opened 555 
 
 University, Wesleyau, at Middletown, 
 
 opened ' 555 
 
 Upper Canada, population of 514 
 
 Upper Alton. Illinois, Shurtleff College at 575 
 
 Lsher, Hezekiah, bookseller 97 
 
 Usher, H., printer 125 
 
 Utah made a territory 601 
 
 1 tali Brants suffrage to women ... . 680 
 
 Utica, New York, settled 
 
 Utica settled 
 
 Utrecht treaty signed , , 183 
 
 V, 
 
 Vaccination introduced 380 
 
 Vaccination advocated 477 
 
 Vaccination practised 482 
 
 Valley Forge, army in winter-quarters at 370 
 
 Van Buren, Arkansas, captured 634 
 
 Van Rensselaer wounded at Queenstown 
 
 Heights 510 
 
 Vane, Sir Henry, governor of Massachu- 
 setts 60 
 
 Vassar College at Poughkeepsie 621 
 
 Vaudreuil de Cavagnal, governor of New 
 
 France 249 
 
 Venus, transit observed at Providence . . 2S2 
 
 Vera Cruz, Cortez lands at 13 
 
 Vera Cruz, charter to 26 
 
 Vera Cruz captured 597 
 
 Vera Cruz besieged by Miramon 617 
 
 Vera Cruz captured JK>4 
 
 Vera Cruz, French embark from 668 
 
 Vermont seeks to enter the Union .... ;H 
 
 Vermont applies for admission to Union . 401 
 
 Vermont claims admission 404 
 
 Vermont, iron mine in 418 
 
 Vermont, mint in 419 
 
 Vermont constitution amended 420 
 
 Vermont, suffrage in 420 
 
 Vermont ratifies constitution 450 
 
 Vermont admitted to Union 450 
 
 Vermont amends her constitution .... 575 
 
 Verplanck's Point captured 382 
 
 Verplanck's Point evacuated 385 
 
 Verrazzaui visits America 15 
 
 Vespucius, Americus, voyages of .... 11 
 
 Vessel built in Massachusetts 49 
 
 Vessel built in Massachusetts 71 
 
 Vessel captured by Rhode Island .... 326 
 
 Vessels in Pennsylvania 139 
 
 Vessels, American, lawful captures . . . 46'J 
 
 Vessels built by voluntary subscriptions 474 
 Vessels in Connecticut River burned by 
 
 British 525 
 
 Vesta, first steamboat at Cincinnati ... 535 
 
 Vestries established in Virginia 75 
 
 Vestries, election of, in Virginia 84 
 
 Vicar, apostolic, appointed by Pope ... 425 
 
 Vice-admiralty courts in colonies .... 164 
 
 Vice-President elected by Senate .... 581 
 
 Vicksburg bombarded 629 
 
 Vicksburg, siege of, abandoned 635 
 
 Vicksburg assaulted 638 
 
 Vicksburg invested 638 
 
 Vicksburg surrendered 640 
 
 Vicksburg, disturbers ordered to dis- 
 perse 696 
 
 Victoria, Guadalupe, heads an insurrec- 
 tion in Mexico 552 
 
 Vincennes, Indiana, settled by French . . 171 
 
 Vineennes captured 379 
 
 Vines planted on the Delaware 74 
 
 Vines planted in New York 74 
 
 Vines planted in South Carolina 128 
 
 Vineyard in Virginia 27 
 
 Virginia, origin of name 19 
 
 Virginia, instruction for government of . 22 
 
 Virginia, population of 23 
 
 Virginia, supplies to 24 
 
 Virginia, accessions to 28 
 
 Virginia, written constitution for .... 29 
 
 Virginia Company, records seized .... 32 
 
 Virginia, proclamation concerning ... 35 
 
 Virginia, condition of 3t5 
 
 Virginia divided into counties 52 
 
 Virginia, population and trade of .... 69 
 
 Virginia, monopolizers denounced .... 72 
 
 Virginia, Indian war 81 
 
 Virginia, description of DO 
 
 Virginia, Puritan church in 91 
 
 Virginia, right to impress men confirmed 92 
 
 Virginia, right of suffrage to freemen . . 103 
 
 Virginia, mulberry trees in 103
 
 INDEX. 
 
 807 
 
 Virginia, laws of 104 
 
 Virginia, assembly assumes command . . 106 
 Virginia, legislature of, encouraging in- 
 dustry 110 
 
 Virginia, laws of Ill 
 
 Virginia, Quakers in 113 
 
 Virginia, slavery in 121 
 
 Virginia assigned to Culpepper and Ar- 
 lington 127 
 
 Virginia, Bacon's insurrection 129 
 
 Virginia, slavery in 137 
 
 Virginia encourages industry 138 
 
 Virginia encourages manufactures .... 142 
 
 Virginia assembly dissolved 144 
 
 Virginia, discontent in 148 
 
 Virginia proclaims William and Mary . . 149 
 
 Virginia, college chartered in 154 
 
 Virginia, post-office established in .... 158 
 
 Virginia aids New York 162 
 
 Virginia, manufacture of cloth opposed 
 
 m 165 
 
 Virginia, imports of 165 
 
 Virginia, College of William and Mary . 166 
 
 Virginia, religious toleration in 166 
 
 Virginia given the Earl of Orkney .... 176 
 
 Virginia laws revised 176 
 
 Virginia, slavery in 176 
 
 Virginia laws repealed by proclamation . 187 
 
 Virginia repeals duty on spirits 195 
 
 Virginia lays duty on spirits 196 
 
 Virginia printing-press 203 
 
 Virginia laws printed 203 
 
 Virginia vestries to elect their rectors . . 233 
 
 Virginia, cattle in 235 
 
 Virginia, laws of, declared void 239 
 
 Virginia complains of fees for land grants 242 
 Virginia asks aid from neighboring col- 
 onies 242 
 
 Virginia, lead mines in 244 
 
 Virginia, first bills of credit in 245 
 
 Virginia, duty on slaves 254 
 
 Virginia burgesses adopt resolutions . . 280 
 
 Virginia, slave trade in 292 
 
 Virginia, committee of correspondence in 293 
 
 Virginia advises manufactures 307 
 
 Virginia committee, address of 322 
 
 Virginia asks the governor to return . . 327 
 
 Virginia for independence 341, 342 
 
 Virginia for independence 343 
 
 Virginia, new government of 347 
 
 Virginia, bill of rights of 347 
 
 Virginia divides counties 356 
 
 Virginia constitution revised 357 
 
 Virginia, import of slaves forbidden . . 371 
 
 Virginia raided in 381 
 
 Virginia and North Carolina boundary 
 
 marked 382 
 
 Virginia, bounties in 394 
 
 Virginia cedes territory 395 
 
 Virginia assembly, members captured . . 400 
 
 Virginia allowed emancipation 407 
 
 Virginia forbids forming new states . . . 421 
 Virginia considers the formation of Ken- 
 tucky 422 
 
 Virginia, religious freedom act in .... 422 
 Virginia sends delegates to convention . 427 
 
 Virginia imposes a tariff 435 
 
 Virginia accepts constitution 437 
 
 Virginia acts declared void 455 
 
 Virginia laws repealed concerning Episco- 
 pal church 479 
 
 Virginia protests against the tariff ..... 521 
 Virginia legislature resolves against 
 
 terms proposed for peace 530 
 
 Virginia charters the Chesapeake and 
 
 Ohio Canal 553 
 
 Virginia requests South Carolina to re- 
 peal nullification ordinance 567 
 
 Virginia, geological survey of 578 
 
 Virginia, constitution submitted to ... 676 
 
 Virginia abolishes slavery 677 
 
 Virginia admitted to representation . . . 680 
 
 Virginia, state board of health in .... 688 
 
 Virginia, Social Freedom Community in . 698 
 
 Volunteer system abandoned 519 
 
 Volunteers, call for 620 
 
 Volunteers called for 641 
 
 Volunteers called for 650 
 
 Volunteers, colored, payment to owners 
 
 of, suspended 666 
 
 Vote, electoral, counted by Congress . . 675 
 
 Vote, electoral , counted 688 
 
 Wadeworth, Captain Joseph, conceals the 
 
 charter 147 
 
 Wages fixed in Massachusetts 43 
 
 Wages regulated in Massachusetts ... 49 
 Wages, regulation of, in Massachusetts . 69 
 
 Wages, rate of, in New York 84 
 
 Wages in New Jersey 134 
 
 Wages in New Jersey 142 
 
 Wages in Philadelphia 148 
 
 Waldo patent in Massachusetts 511 
 
 Walker, Joseph, invents shoe-pegs ... 542 
 Walker, William, surrenders at Grey- 
 town, Nicaragua 614 
 
 Wampum not receivable for taxes in 
 
 Massachusetts 95 
 
 War with the Indians 101 
 
 War between England and France and 
 
 Spain 171 
 
 War declared with France by England . . 248 
 
 War declared with Spain 256 
 
 War between England and France .... 373 
 War declared between Spain and England 382 
 War declared against England by Holland 396 
 
 War declared by Algiers 421 
 
 War declared against Great Britain ... 514 
 War declared by France against Mexico . 583 
 
 War with Mexico proclaimed 594 
 
 War-ships, French and English, excluded 508 
 Wareham, Massachusetts, plundered by 
 
 British 526 
 
 Warehouse bill passed 596 
 
 Warren, Admiral, declares coast block- 
 aded 524 
 
 Warwick, Rhode Island, settled 78 
 
 Warwick surrenders to Massachusetts . . 79 
 Washington in command of Virginia 
 
 forces 248 
 
 Washington to aid Boston 307 
 
 Washington, George, elected commander- 
 
 in-chief 326 
 
 Washington takes command 327 
 
 Washington's life-guard 347 
 
 Washington has the declaration read to 
 
 the army 351 
 
 Washington in Trenton 358 
 
 Washington at Wilmington 366 
 
 Washington at White Plains 375 
 
 Washington College founded 405 
 
 Washington, farewell address 412 
 
 Washington returns his commission to. 
 
 Congress 412 
 
 Washington elected President 439 
 
 Washington takes oath of office 441 
 
 Washington, its site selected 450 
 
 Washington's second term 454 
 
 Washington, buildings at 466 
 
 Washington's farewell address 467 
 
 Washington made lieutenant-general . . 476 
 
 Washington died 479 
 
 Washington Federalist published .... 482 
 Washington, municipal government for . 488 
 
 Washington captured 527 
 
 Washington, American Colonization So- 
 ciety at 537 
 
 Washington, Columbian Institute at ... 537 
 Washington, National Journal published 
 
 in 552 
 
 Washington Union published 593
 
 808 
 
 ANNALS OE NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Washington territory created 
 
 W:i<hui'., r toii, review of armies at . . . . 
 
 Wa-hiii'-hon Treaty ratified 
 
 Wa*|i, the, captures the Frolic 
 
 AV;i>]>- tin-, captures the Reindeer .... 
 
 Waspi the, captures the Avon 
 
 "Wasp, the, captures the Atalanta .... 
 
 Wai^ies made by machinery 
 
 Watchman and Reflector published . . . 
 
 Waterbury, Connecticut, settled 
 
 Waterbury, Connecticut, mill in ... . . 
 
 Watertoira. Massachusetts, second full- 
 ing-mill built t 
 
 Water introduced into Boston 
 
 Water-works for New York city 
 
 WatiT-worka for Boston 
 
 Weaving in Virginia 
 
 Webster, Daniel, first speech in Con- 
 gress 
 
 Webster's Dictionary published 
 
 Weekly Rehearsal published in Boston, 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Weights and measures, report concerning 
 
 Weights and measures, metric system au- 
 thorized 
 
 Weldon Railroad, attack on 
 
 Weldon Railroad captured 
 
 Wellesley College opened 
 
 Wentworth, Benning, governor of New 
 Hampshire 
 
 Wesleyan University at Middletown 
 opened 
 
 West, price of salt in 
 
 West, the, explored by Colonel Leaven- 
 worth 
 
 West Florida created 
 
 West India Company chartered 
 
 West India Company take possession of 
 the Delaware 
 
 West India produce, duty laid on .... 
 
 West Indies, ports of, opened to Ameri- 
 can vessels 
 
 West Jersey granted to the proprietors, 
 
 West Point bought by United States . . 
 
 West Point, professorships established 
 at 
 
 West Point supported by private contri- 
 butions 
 
 West Virginia for the Union 
 
 West Virginia admitted to Union .... 
 
 Western Spy published 
 
 Weymouth, George, arrives at America 
 
 Whalers, British, captured by the Essex 
 
 Wheeling turnpike to Cumberland, ap- 
 propriation for 
 
 Whig published in Richmond 
 
 Whig published at Elizabethton, Tennes- 
 see 
 
 Whipping abolished in the army 
 
 Whipping, public, in Rhode Island . ... 
 
 Whipping on shipboard abolished .... 
 
 Whipping-post in Boston 
 
 Whiskey Rebellion 
 
 White House, Virginia, raid at 
 
 Whittemore, Amos, inventa card ma- 
 chine 
 
 Wilderness, battles of 
 
 Wilkes, Commodore, commands explor- 
 ing expedition 
 
 William and Mary proclaimed through 
 New England 
 
 Williams, Roger, banished 
 
 Williams College founded 
 
 Williamsburg, Virginia, settled 
 
 Williamsburg, Virginia, college of. . . . 
 
 Williamsburg, Virginia, battle at .... 
 
 Willis, Nathaniel, printed The Recorder 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, settled 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, shipping in ... 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, mill in 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, captured .... 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, shipping in ... 
 
 r.nr, 
 
 (MS 
 C.sl 
 517 
 520 
 528 
 528 
 014 
 5 1C. 
 122 
 157 
 
 221 
 
 505 
 
 518 
 
 540 
 
 25i> 
 27 
 
 101 
 214 
 
 549 
 130 
 447 
 
 513 
 
 528 
 021 
 035 
 4S8 
 21 
 522 
 
 54o 
 557 
 
 5S5 
 513 
 581 
 002 
 402 
 451 
 029 
 
 470 
 014 
 
 583 
 
 140 
 
 54 
 455 
 46 
 
 100 
 02S 
 534 
 210 
 222 
 225 
 307 
 440 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, Society for Pro- 
 moting American Manufactures 
 
 formed in 538 
 
 Wilmot proviso 600 
 
 Wilson, Henry, died 699 
 
 Wilson's Creek, battle of 623 
 
 Winchester, Virginia, battle at 627 
 
 Winchester, Virginia, battle at 628 
 
 Winchester, Virginia, battle at ..... 639 
 
 Winchester, battle at 648 
 
 Wind-mill in New York 110 
 
 Wind-mill in Rhode Island 114 
 
 Wind-mill in Boston 222 
 
 Winder, General, in command of tenth 
 
 district 526 
 
 Window-glass, New Jersey 405 
 
 Window-glass in Pennsylvania 402 
 
 Windsor, Connecticut, settled 50 
 
 Wine from native grapes in Virginia ... 24 
 
 Wine sent from Virginia 31 
 
 Wine in Virginia 88 
 
 Wine made in Illinois 285 
 
 Wine made in Pennsylvania 487 
 
 Wine made in Cincinnati 559 
 
 Winnowing-machine in New York .... 395 
 Winslow, Edward, agent to England . . 32 
 Winslow, Edward, one of the Associates 37 
 Winslow, Edward, governor of Plym- 
 outh 49 
 
 Wiuthrop, John, governor of Massachu- 
 setts 42 
 
 Winthrop, John 01 
 
 Wire-drawing in Massachusetts 120 
 
 Wire made in Connecticut 33-1 
 
 Wisconsin admitted to the Union .... 598 
 Wisconsin, State University founded at 
 
 Madison 602 
 
 Wisconsin, fires in 685 
 
 Witchcraft, execution for 90 
 
 Witchcraft, execution for 103 
 
 Witchcraft, trials for, in Massachusetts . 156 
 
 Witchcraft persecution denounced .... 108 
 
 Wives sent to Virginia 30 
 
 Wolves, premium on, in Rhode Island . . 76 
 Wolves, bounty on, in Massachusetts . . 89 
 WolveSj bounty on, in Rhode Island . . 211 
 Wolves, premium on, in Massachusetts . 407 
 Woman's rights meeting at Seneca Falls 599 
 Woman's suffrage convention at Worces- 
 ter 602 
 
 Woman's suffrage convention at Syra- 
 cuse 603 
 
 Woman's suffrage, argument for 680 
 
 Woman's suffrage, memorial to Congress 682 
 
 Women sold as wives in Virginia .... 27 
 Women admitted to medical department 
 
 of Geneva College 598 
 
 Women, rights to hold property in Cali- 
 fornia 601 
 
 Women admitted to practice law in Kan- 
 sas 680 
 
 Women suffrage in Wyoming 1 680 
 
 Women, suffrage granted in Utah .... 680 
 
 Women, Wellesley College for 699 
 
 Wool, exportation forbidden by Massa- 
 chusetts 128 
 
 Woollen cloth, manufactory of 455 
 
 Woolwich, Maine, settled 105 
 
 Woolwich, Maine, attacked by Indians 128 
 
 Worcester, Massachusetts, settled .... 126 
 
 Worcester, Massachusetts, settled .... 141 
 
 Worcester, Massachusetts, settled .... 183 
 
 World suppressed 639 
 
 World, New York, suspended 644 
 
 Wright, Frances, emancipates slaves at 
 
 Memphis 560 
 
 Writ of quo warranto issued against 
 
 Carolina . 144. 
 
 Writs, quo warranto, issued against 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut. East and 
 
 West Jersey, and Maryland 143 
 
 Writs of assistance granted ....... 255
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX. 
 
 809 
 
 Wyoming under Connecticut 298 
 
 Wyoming, jurisdiction of, decided .... 407 
 
 Wyoming laud-titles secured 478 
 
 Wyoming Territory organized 673 
 
 Wyoming grants suffrage to women . . . 680 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yale College, Connecticut, founded ... 168 
 
 Yale College named 187 
 
 Yale College puts up first telescope ... 564 
 
 Ynzoo claims provided for 525 
 
 Yellow fever in Philadelphia ...... 459 
 
 Yellow Springs, Ohio, Antiocb College at, 
 
 incorporated 603 
 
 Yellowstone Park set aside C86 
 
 York, Maine, mill in 157 
 
 York, Upper Canada, captured 520 
 
 York, stores captured by the Americans . 522 
 
 Yorktown, Coruwallis at 401 
 
 Yorktown, Virginia, besieged 627 
 
 Yorktown evacuated 644 
 
 Young's Poiut occupied 636 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zenger, John Peter, trial for libel in New 
 
 York 216 
 
 Zinc made at Washington 582 
 
 Zinc, manufacture of, in New Jersey . . 602 
 Ziuzendorf, Count, heads settlement of 
 
 Moravians 217 
 
 Zuloaga, president of Mexico 615 
 
 Zwaueudal sold 51 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY ESDEX. 
 
 [1876-1877.] 
 
 -A.. 
 
 Ames, Adelbert, resigns 701 
 
 Association, American Library, formed . 703 
 
 Association, American Bankers', formed 704 
 Association, American Fish Culturists', 
 
 formed 704 
 
 Augur, general orders from President to 708 
 
 B. 
 
 Bankers, American Association formed . 704 
 
 Bclknap, W. W., resigns 701 
 
 Belknap, W. W. , suit against, discontinued 712 
 
 Brooklyn theatre burned 706 
 
 Bureau of Education, report of libraries . 707 
 
 C. 
 
 Centennial, celebration of 700 
 
 Centennial exhibition opened 702 
 
 Chamberlain, Governor, ordered sustained 705 
 
 Clearing-houses 700 
 
 Coin, silver, act for the issue of 702 
 
 Coinage, double standard for, report con- 
 cerning 712 
 
 Commercial failures 700 
 
 Commercial failures 707 
 
 Commission, Presidential, created .... 709 
 
 Comptroller of currency, report of . . . 704 
 
 Continental Life Insurance Co. suspended 703 
 
 Cremation of Baron de Palm 707 
 
 Currency, fractional, act for payment of. 701 
 
 Currency, report of comptroller of . . . . 704 
 
 Custer, George A., killed by Sioux . . . 702 
 
 Debt, national, statement of 706 
 
 Double standard for coinage, report con- 
 cerning 712 
 
 E. 
 
 Enforcement Act, Supreme Court con- 
 cerning 701 
 
 Failures, commercial, number of 700 
 
 Failures, commercial, number of 707 
 
 Fifteenth administration 713 
 
 Fish, American Culturists' Association of 704 
 
 Fractional currency, act for payment of . 701 
 
 GS-. 
 
 Gold and silver, report concerning use in 
 
 currency 712 
 
 H. 
 
 Hayes, R. B., inaugurated President . . 713 
 
 Impeachment trial of W. W. Belknap . . 701 
 Insurance, Continental Life, suspends . . 703 
 
 r,. 
 
 Library, American Association, formed . 703 
 
 Libraries, report of Bureau of Education 707 
 
 Louisiana, two legislatures in 708 
 
 Louisiana, two governors inaugurated in 708 
 
 Lynde Brook, dam at, gives way .... 701 
 
 2VL 
 
 Massachusetts, railway accounts regu- 
 lated in 703 
 
 Mexico, revolution in 705 
 
 Mississippi, Governor Ames resigns . . 701 
 
 Palm, Baron dc, body cremated 707 
 
 Precious metals, yearly product of. ... 700 
 Presidential Commission, action of ... 710 
 President's salary, act concerning, vetoed 702 
 President's annual address 706
 
 810 
 
 ANNALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 703 
 
 712 
 707 
 
 Railroad accounts regulated in Massaehu 
 
 - : 
 
 Railroad caws, decisions concerning . . 
 Railway s foreclosed : 
 Itichest men in the country, death orthrcc /( 
 Rifle clubs in South Carolina to disperse . 703 
 
 S. 
 
 Silver coin, act for Issue of .... . . . 702 
 
 Sioux, expedition against, massacred by . /02 
 
 Sixteenth administration . 7 
 
 South Carolina, rifle clubs in, to disband . 703 
 South Carolina, Governor Chamberlain 
 
 sustained 705 
 
 South Carolina, troops in possession of 
 
 State House 705 
 
 Southern States, use of troops in .... /! 
 
 Specie resumption, repeal of act for ... 702 
 Suffrage, woman's, petition for, to Con- 
 
 gress 
 
 712 
 
 Supreme Court, decisions in railroad cases 712 
 Syndicate, second, formed 702 
 
 T. 
 
 Telephone, first public exhibition of . . . 712 
 
 Theatre, Brooklyn, burned 706 
 
 Troops in possession of State House in 
 
 South Carolina 705 
 
 Troops stationed at Petersburg, Va. . . . 705 
 
 Troops, use of, in Southern States . . . 70S 
 
 V. 
 
 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, death of ..... 708 
 Veto of act concerning President's salary 702 
 Virginia, troops stationed at Petersburg . 705 
 
 Woman suffrage, petitions for ...... 712 
 
 Worcester, Mass., dam at, gives way . . 701
 
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