University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL, LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS COLUSA COUNTY Progress Report No, S by R. L. Adams Preliminary Subject to Correction December, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No. 53 < Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/seasonallabornee53adam_1 (Farm Labor Survey — July-December, 1936) Progress Report Mo. 6 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Colusa County Scope of Presentation .-- The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or. seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks -- plant- ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area . — Colusa County is located on the western side of the Sacramento Valley about midway between the northern and southern extremities of the valley. With the exception of the northeast corner, which extends east to Butte Creek, the entire county lies on the west side of the Sacramento River, which forms its eastern boundary. It is bounded by Glenn County on the north, Lake County on the west, and Yolo County on the south. Only the eastern half of the county is devoted to farming, the western half being hilly and generally of little agricultural value. The agriculture of the county includes both fruit and field crops. Fruit production is confined to the area which lies just west of Arbuckle, College City, and Williams on the edge of the foothills and extends from the northern boundary south to Yolo County. The extensive farming section devoted to field crops is located along the Sacramento River. It comprises an area about 10 to 15 miles wide extending the entire length of the county. This area of gently sloping valley-floor land is devoted to extensive grain and rice production. Rice is produced in the lowlands of the Colusa basin while the major part of the area contiguous to these lowlands is devoted to dry-grain farming, barley being the fundamental crop. The United States Census of 1935 reports 316,036 of the 729,600 acres in the county as available for crop land^ and makes the following further classification. 2. Crop land harvested Crop failure Crop land idle or fallow Plowable pasture Total land available for crops Aero age 184,793 737 51,439 7 9,017 316,036 Crops, Acreages, and Produ ction. — The "basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor other than that furnished by farm operators and regu- larly employed workers appears as table 1 . TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements Colusa County Jropj Field crops ;* Alfalfa — cut for hay Beans Grain — barley oats whe at Hay — grain and volunteer Rice Sorghums for grain Sugar beets Vegetable and truck crops : Cantaloupes 4 6 Fruit and nut crops : Almonds Apri cots Grapes Lemons 1 ?/ . Nectarines ' Peaches — mostly freestones Pears Plums Prune s Walnuts Acreage 7,695 1,800 160,000 261 10,000 4,550 17,500 900 2,633 50 7,124 982 928 447 42 86 268 35 4,350 480 1- Production 38,754 tons 19,242 cwt. 2,272,000 cwt. 6,286 bushels 125,000 cwt, 5,633 tons 612,500 cwt. 27,000 bushels 29,491 tons = 15,120 cwt. 1,700 tons 2,946 tons, of which about 80 per cent was dried 3,700 tons, of which 800 were dried for raisins 51 cars = 17,748 packed boxes 525 tons, practically all shipped 750 tonsil fresfl 100 tons 10,500 tons (dry weight)** (382,100 pounds ,»«a i (merchantable -±15,600 pounds /~a r- nn -, * * (34,500 pounds (culls, estimated O e * Data on field crops are from various sources, based partially on the 1935 Census. i~ About 1,500 acres of alfalfa were pastured and about 2,000 cut for soed, in addition to figure given. f Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored. * 50 50 Output per man- day 25 acres with tractor 8 acres with horses 16 acres TabXe continued on next page Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Alfalfa ( cont . ) Shocking (by hand) ~ 60 per cent of acreage Shocking (with rake) — 40 per cent of acreage Baling — 90 per cent of crop XT Beans Hoeing — 1 t ime Wind rowing, etc. — 50 per cent of acreage Picking up after rakes — 50 per cent of acreage Threshing (by pick-up harvester) Grain Threshing (with combine ) Hay — other Mowing than alfalfa Raking Shocking Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man -day > May — 5/6 of job June — 5/6 of job July — 5/6 of job August — 5/6 of job September — 5/6 of job October — 5/6 of job May — 5/6 of job June — 5/6 of iob July 5/6 of job August — 5/6 of job September — 5/6 of job October — 5/6 of job May — 1/6 of job June — l/6 of job July — l/6 of job August -- l/6 of job September — l/6 of job October — l/6 of job June — 25 per cent of job July — 25 per cent of job August — 50 per cent of job J August 15-31 — 5 per cent of job September 1-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 — 75 por cent of job August 15-31 — 5 per cent of job September 1-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 — 75 per cent of job August — 5 per cent of crop September — 20 per cent of crop October — 75 per cent of crop June 15-30 — 20 per cent of acreage July 1-31 — 40 per cent of acreage August 1-31 — 40 per cent of acreage May 1-31 — 90 per cent of crop June 1-7 — 10 per cent of crop 75 50 50 100 100 100 > 50 60 50 9 tons (about 9 acres ) 30 acre; o "cons 6 acres 2 acres 10 acres 5 acres 7 acre; 8 acres 16 acres 30 acres 4-.- .. Table continued on next paee* Crop Operation Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man - day Rice Sorghums — for grain Cutting (with direct combine) — 10 per cent of acreage Windrowing — 75 per cent of acreage Threshing (with pick- up) — 75 per cent of acreage Cutting (with binder) — 15 per cent of acreage Shocking bundles — 15 per cent of acreage Threshing (with stationary) — 15 per cent of crop Hauling Cutting (by hand) -- 75 per cent of acreage Threshing (with stationary) — 75 per cent of crop Harvesting (with combine) — 25 per cent of acreage September 15-30 — 10 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per cent of job September 15-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job September 20-30 — 10 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per cent of job September 15-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job September 15-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 1- 80 per cent of job September 20-30 — 10 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per cent of job September 20-30 — 10 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job November 1-15 — 10 per cent of lob September 1-30 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job October 1-31 — 80 per cent of job November 1-20 — 20 per cent of job October 1-31 - cent of job November 1-20 « cent of job 80 per • 20 per 100 75 100 100 100 50 100 66 50 150 cwt. = 4.3 acres 20 acres 1 50 cwt . = 4.3 acres 4 o.crcs 3 acre; 50 cwt, 500 cwt, 0.75 acre 100 sacks = 13,000 | pounds 5 acre; Table continued on next page 6 » Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal help Output per man-day Sugar beets Fruit and nut crops : Almonds Apricots Thinning Hoeing — first time second time Topping and loading Pruning Brush burning Knocking Hulling (by machine) Pruning Brush burnin? Thinning (by hand) Picking Cutting (for drying) March 1-31 — 16 per cent of acreage April 1-30 66 per cent of acreage May 1-31 — 18 per cent of acreage April 1-30 — all of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage July 7-31 10 per cent of crop August 1-31 — 40 per cent of crop September 1-30 — 26 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 24 per cent of crop November — 50 per cent of acreage December — 50 per cent of acreage — » mostly by regular help. August 1-31 — 2/3 of crop September 1-30 — l/3 of crop August 1-31 2/3 of crop September 1-30 — l/3 of crop November 1-30 — 25 per cent of acreage December 1-31 — 25 per cent of acreage January 1-31 — 25 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 25 per cent of acreage November 1-30 — 25 per cent of acreage December 1-31 — 25 per cent of acreage January 1-31 — -25 per cent of acreage February 1-28 — 25 per cent of acreage April 15-30 — 50 per cent of acreage May 1-15 — 50 per cent of acreage June 15-30 — all of crop June 15-30 — all of crop > 100 100 100 100 50 100 80 50 100 100 100 0.5 acre 1 acre 2 acres 5 tons 3 acres 0,5 acre 400 pounds 0.2 acre 2,5 acre: 0.5 acre 1,200 pounds 1,000 pounds Table continued on next page \ ' I " I \ V ,1 , 7. Table 2 continued, Crop Apricots ( cont . ) Grapes Poaches Pears Plums Prunes Operation Other dry- yard labor Pruning Brush burning Picking 'runing Brush burning Thinning Picking F runing Brush burning Picking Picking Pruning — 25 per cent of acreage Brush burning Picking up Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal holp .June 15-30 — 75 per cent of job July 1-7 — 25 per cent of job January — 50 per cent of acreage February — 50 per cent of acreage January — • 50 per cent of acreage February — 50 per cent of acreage September 1-30 — all of crop January 1-31 — all of acreage January 1-31 — all of acreage May 1-31 — all of acreage August 1-31 — all of crop January — l/3 of acreage February — 1/3 of acreage March l/3 of acreage January 1/3 of acreage February — l/3 of acreage March — 1/3 of acreage July -- 8 per cent of crop August — 92 per cent of crop July — 50 per cent of crop" August — 50 per cent of crop November — 25 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January — 25 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage — November — 25 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January • — 25 per cent of acreage February — 25 per cent of acreage August 1-31 — 25 per cent of crop September 1**30 — 75 per cent of crop 100 100 50 100 75 75 100 100 85 50 100 100 80 50 100 Output per man- day 11 man-hours per ton* per fresh 0.66 acre 2.0 acres 2,500 pounds 0.25 acre 2.5 acres 0. 2 acre 3,000 pounds l/7 acre 2.5 acres 1 , 500 pounds 800 pounds 0.5 acre 2.5 acres 1 ton Table continued on next page ! f ! i 8. Table 2 continued. Crop Prunes (cont . ) Walnuts Operation Dipping and drying (in dehydrators)- - 60 percent of crop (in sun) — 40 per cent of crop Knocking and picking up Time of need by months Per cent of work done by seasonal help August 1-31 — 25 per cent of job September 1-30 — 75 per cent of job August 1-31 — 25 per cent of job September 1-30 — 75 per cent of job September 24-30 — 15 per cent of crop October 1-31 — 75 per cent of crop November 1-15 — 10 per cent of crop 80 80 90 Output per ma n- day 6 man-hours per fresh tont 8.3 man- hours per fresh ton* 200 pounds *From Christie, A. W. and L. C. Barnard. The principles and practice of sun-drying fruit. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 388:40-60. 1925. tFrom Christie, A. W. , revised by P. F. Nichols. The dehydration of prunes California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 404:7. 1929. Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Colusa County agriculture are presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or other units as indicated in the table. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 hours March to October, unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, %reeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within whi ch the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thin- ning, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in- table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, dur- ing which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short period. This would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the same. cO SHI XI CQ CO CO cd Eh XJ § CO p £3 o 1 !>> P O O cd CO rH O O I t CO Xi ; >H crj cd xi > XJ CO CD >. Sh a3 •H X) P I a' £ cd cd 03 S N cd XI 1 c cd g Sh CD PJ P Oj P P o CO cd -p o CD N •H CO in «3* rH cO CM COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO o o to to o ; -o to co in WiflOHtoai'vj'HtOin a> c— rH cm in st 4 CO CO CD CO CD CO CD CO CO CDCDShCDShCDShCDCDCD oocdocdocdooo cd cd cd cd cd cd cd to m «sf w id vO O w in 1 — 1 m in m OWOWOCJOWON CO CO CO m ■+- H- +- -»~ CO CO CDCDCDCDCOCOCOCOCDCD OOOOShShShShOO cdcdcdcdaooocdcd cd cd cd cd v-t CO -sJ 1 cm c- x> 00 cm o co 10 in co in rH co HH-sfiA!(DiOC-^C\JH s* CO 02 CM 0^cr»cjiCr)C^C7>coai rH 1 — I H 1 — t 1 — 1 ( — I 1 — I o o to -o co 00 <;< m cm m o rH "vf rH co m cr> c- in rH CO CM CT> rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CO CO ^ sj* rH 00 in CD CD Sh CO CD CO CD CO CO CD Sh CD CD CD S* o u u .u o O O crj O OOO cd cd cd -d cd cd CO ^ cm in co o rH m in m O CM O CM O CM a CM 4-4- co co co co CO CO CD CD CD CD m CO CD CD ShShShShCDCDShSh O €> O O Sh Sh O O cdcdcdctioocdtd cd cd ^ CO CM t- <0 CO CM cO rO -O in rH cO HH^Wt-^CAJH -k, +■ CD CO CO Sh o cd in Sh o cd O O CM O CO I LO rH H •H Sh Q ■=33 co O O m cm cj> CM CM CM CM CO CO CM C— CO CO co a> to CM CM rH en m in in CM CM CM co CD CO CO Sh CD CD O Sh Sh cd o o cd cd rH cm co in CD 1 — I rH CM ^ CO OO rH •vt* x» X» XJ Oh x> X) CD Oh Xl CD bD X3 w CO CO CO CD CO CD £3 p x3 x: CO x: x: x: rH P x; X3 X3 X3 rH cd X> X3 rH X3 £3 cd 0 CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO cd O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO cd •H 0 p CD x: p CO p CD p p O p CD CO p CD P P Sh CO p p Sh CD a •H Sh a. 0 e Sh 0 •H a, 2 Sh Sh £3 Sh O cd Sh Sh 0 cd O 0 Sh cd m cd cd pq p PQ !m CQ cd CQ cd pq P CQ E-» bD cd CQ E-« bD X Sh a, U CD CD a, Sh CD Sh P 0 P 0 C5 (U CP (X, Dh 00 Oh OQ xt £3 cd x: XI bC £3 •H £3 £3 •H X3 Eh CO CO P rH o cd o p •H O Sh Eh CX Sh o p o cd Sh -P >> x> s bD cd £3 o •h P O t>> S X3 9. CD bO cd a, p a CD £3 £3 O X) a p £3 •H P £3 O O 4 Sh cd p £3 cd Sh cd P Sh .a CD Cn x: o Sh cd rH • H Sh cd ! ■H 10. CD X e o * £3 co Sh ■a in cd cO cm o rH ^ «3 K) CO tO fti CO to m op h ifl io in cm cm cm m in in m ai m C\2 W N W OJ H W CM co to W in to rH O O O O rO *~> — •« iO to rO I C — C~— C~- t I I in i i i m in m rH i-t rH r-i rH r-i r-l cD CD CD CD CO CD CD c s3 s3 s3 s3 s3 s3 3 p D D 3 3 3 r~S 1-3 r-i r-j r-3 r-s in in to w co to O co c- co in CVi « tO H cO CO ^.O CO t£t co co CM W W W CM 02 W to co co co fO to tO CM CO tO CVi CO CO CO CO CO cm cm cm cm cm CD hO cj a, p X CD S3 S3 o X) CD S3 -i P S3 o o o rH X cd FH x) co CD >, Sh «3 •H X> 3 I a' a CD cd rr; s t> to rO cooocnaoe-oao rH'sTCO in CM (O ^" H CO tO fO rH CM r-i Ol tO CJ> rH rH CO to co h mo to o cr> cr> m oo o to ^ CO O H ^ CO in CM CM H H H cm cm to h h cr> cr> c— cn IT- ~ * rH CM «tf rH tO CO i — I t> to ^ CO O rl CM CM tO N cd x> t S3 cd E Sh cd CO to CO CD CD CD CD CO CD CO CD CD Sh Sh Sh U p CD Sh CO CD u u O O 0 O Sh 0 S3 Sh 0 0 cd cd cd cd a o cd O 0 cd cd p id P cd LO O in CM 0 CO O • • • o CT5 tO in co rH to O cm 0 O 4. 4- 4- 4_ f~ +■ CO CO co CO CO CO CO cd CD to O- C- £>- CM CM Cc? CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CD CD CD CD CD Sh Sh Sh Sh Sh OOOOO cd co cd d cd o 00 c*~ 00 CO CO tO O "vj 1 CO O rH CM CO CM H CM tO CM H X) CD •H -P Sh o O . to CD rH cd Eh CO cd p x) Sh aj O Sh o x» ' — - cd • x; p Sh >» o ,o o >— « bO «• -H cd ^ » cd X WJ bD «H c si H »H O ^ X O cd S (h W X) Sh cd CD >» S XI £3 •H •H p Sh sn X3 c •H S3 •H c O Sh •H Eh O c Sh CD •H C W rC ■H Eh x: CO t Eh -P > CD CD m CO rQ G p co •H 0 CD Sh CD 0 JZ cd O •H O 5G Sh cd CD C/J < Dh Sh o p Sh P >» s hD cd C CD •H P is O >» CD x) cd S3 Sh cd X! X P >> -H X) 3 to bO bD S3 S3 •H »H o cd faQ bD S3 S3 •H «H cd cd "h s ct; w to bD S3 •H p cd CD 0) s x; •H & p CD CO S3 P o cd o I t - !>» bD cd S3 rH •H Sh CD cd O X> D3 I l Sh CD CD S3 CD •H P X S3 E 3 O rH O O X > P X) S3 cd S3 bD -H bD S3 bO »H S3 >s •H Sh 4«5 X) o •H Oh cd CO S3 S3 -H 03 cd cd CD Sh PQ O cd Sh hO bD S3 > «H 1 5 O >> S cd 03 hD S3 •H O o X PC C/3 Sh O P O Sh O X cd rH X) Sh cd >» t >> Sh X) Sh CD X P O Sh o p O cd Sh P >» X E ho cd S3 a) •H p O >» S X CD x) cd X X P IS -H X 3: CO rH cd P o rH cd rH cd hD S3 •H =5 O hD »H S3 4*5 bD hD S3 S3 o o X •H O o X Ch 2 cti to to p S3 >» O cd o CD S3 D r-i ! S ..V.:. fk; i i ;• ; L S

i • H cd cd x) > LO LO CM CM CO c- t t E- rH !>> t>> rH rH P 3 hi r-3 O) CO ^ LO CM O CM CM CM H t0 tO (O CVi CM CM tO ro I I lo to bo bD P P CVi CO tO N lO N OJ i — I rH rH CO I LO bD P rH lo h vo in ^ co in co co h CM cn CO H tO CM coco CM tO i — I CM cOcOcOcOcOcOtOlOtO WWWWC\]WWHH tO to CO CO cO co cO (O (O CO W K W N CJ W W CO co CM CM f -P C c o 11 CD bO cd CU X CD P £3 •H P S3 O o X cd x> CO CD t>i to O OO Ci Cd CO LO ■ H X) rH rH 00 P 1 s rH LO cu cd s cd I s3 aj E cp eg -P P Q P P O O C— O LO cn co cm LO CO rH COCOrHt>-tOtOOcOLO ^ CO O rH ^t' CO O CM CM CM CO rH tO CO rO CO LO O CO LO O O LO CO CO cr> CO LO CM CM O ^ cn w ffi h CM cr> -vf lo CD LO o CT> t> CO LO rH rH to tO CO CO CD CD co U i-, S3 CO O o o a cd cd -p o -p O O o « « LO rO LO CO X) £3 co P X) O S3 a, p LO O - o rH CO CO CO CO CD CO CD CO CD 0) cd o o3 o cd LO CO CO £ S3 CO CD CO CO -a p Sh CD CD co CD S3 o o S3 O C. 5-* S3 $-< a o, Oh c cd O O o O o o o cd cd -p cd Oh O o Cm -p O O o • o o o LO O o LO o O O • i • « o - O • rH LO c- LO o cr> •p P P o CO LO o CD rH CD P> P CO CO O CO rH cd cd cd CO p O CO N CO o a> o rH CM CO CM CD o c- LO O a> CO CO • H LO O OO O O o LO LO LO o rH o CM O CO LO St* CM LO cO LO rH CM CO CM rH LO C7> rH ^ cr> LO CO LO to CM rH borj ^ — ^ p cd •p S3 cd rH O cd p CD a) -P CD CD to E -? X) XI o E X CD X) •H 5^ CI in cd •H CO S3 S3 S3 S3 -P •H XI cd cd t>» tr •P CD AS up bi cd •H •H CD CO E bfl 1 CD CD cd 1 CO E bD CD £3 -P o S3 >> AS S3 u X -P o S3 S3 bD bO o cd o •H u x^ X) cd o a cd o •H •H Oh S3 S3 o Oh X) S3 ?H • U •H o Oh bD X p •H •H I jG Oh X) cd t o CD a X Oh S3 O taD >> 1 -P O Sh bO S3 X X I -p -P •p O •H cd S3 bD Sh c -P >» •H CD bt) bO S3 cd -P CD «M i>> •H tH A! E •H bD bit S3 XI X) Ai S3 bD CD ~5 S3 S3 •H x; >> •H bO cd XI a> £ O A! S3 S3 •H co o C! rH -p •H •H =§ X^ £ S3 rH O >> o •H • H AS X) u X CO co •H £h O ^ O >» •H bu Oh c S3 X •H AS A O S3 o S3 aj CD cd W O a X CD S3 P bO cd bD CO Oh o O •H cd p cd -P O S3 -P •H •H bD bD O •H S3 ■p X S3 -P •H •H P-. cd X) \X. •H CD bfl CU a, S3 S3 X £ bC •H CO •H CD bD bO CU Pk bD Sh bD .. bO 1 0 S3 CO CO bfl bD •H •H bD O S3 X CD 1 X CD S3 S3 S3 X S3 to S3 cd S3 1 CO •H -P rH ed S3 S3 r^ AS S3 Sh ■H CO > 1 CO X •H CO •H CO •H >J ■H — 1 cd «*H "H CD X) o cd «w •H ■H o O •H X) AS CD u CD XJ X) rH CD CO Oh X a,cd rH rH CO cd o CO CQ +3 rH ■5 AS o o -P -P -P -P -P -P d, a a a a a a CD CD CD CD CD CD CD W W W W W W W N H CO fO N ID ^ H rH rH ^ CO CO 'O r-i rH O « H H OI CD tO CO OJ LO CD CO <£» CO rH CO co CV2 co -p a cd CO CM CM CT> 12 CD bD cd -p rS CD £ £ o X) 0 c •H -P £ o o CO Eh CD rH Xi cd ra rH !>» •H CO cd x) > ci5 (O CO CO 'O CO cO Owl CV} CM G\2 CM CM CM CM CO CM rO tO cr> to CO cr> cd H H rH rH CO CM co co co yp co CM CM CM CM CM CO cO C\2 00 in ^t 4 ^ "ST cm cd cu x) co CD Sh cd •H X) 3 I a 1 £ CD cd PC B tOcOHt-tOtOOcO CO ■=cfcOOH^tCiCTiH rO CO CM tO rH h w a> w in ^ aj o to to cm to c- 00 CO CO ri W H H H rH ■sf O tfi IO CD tO If) CO H LO C- O] CO C- i — I "d 1 cd H t> I — I tO LO a> cm O tr- io CO CO CD CO CO CO CD Sh CD CD CD • Sh O Sh S* -p -P O cd O O O 5 ^ cd cd cd cd o o O » rO O O O ♦ O * ♦ • O O CM ^ "4" tO LO (O tO co c CD x) p Sh CO CD £ O O £ Sh p a, £ cd o o o o •p cd a, o -p LO o o lO O LO o « t o - » o to O co o £ P o CO lO -p o CD o- O c- CO tO tO C- o - ^ to - e~ C~ W -cf tO H CO CO C C O O -P -P to o O c- tO CO CO LO CO x o a) rH CM CO LO CT> 0O t> cO N O O rH CM rH CM tO i xt bD •H cd £ u >> -p o £ •H Sh o -p Sh ■p rH P ^ O o cd CO O ■P o CD ft £ o X) •H o cd « CO Sh O £ £ £ ft cd S-4 o CD ft •H ! -H cd •H •H Sh •P CD •p CD cd I X) O er at £ bD CD nci -P $H ^! £ •H X5 -p £ £ bO bD cd >> X! cd O P> ft C CO cd •H •H ft £ £ X) u •H •H •H CO Sh ft bo x: P •H •H bO e cd CD ft X> CD s: bO ft £ O i>> t>» £ E cd -C JZ •H -P -P rH p o •H cd bO bD Sh Sh bD cd CD -p «m >> •H x: XI ■ H Sh Eh E £ £ X) XI £ CD •H -P >» •H o cd bO -p £ o O •H •H CO o •H ■p =5 JS •H cm O X) Sh X) o CO O >. X) ft Sh •H bD =3 X3 £ X3 O O £ o £ £ O l>» cd bO CD -P bO bO 1 CO fed •H •H cd p> cd s X3 •P W fctD •H -P -P •H bO £ 1 -p Oh Oh cd £ bD •H 00 P CD •H bD £ •H bD X) CD bO bD Sh bO X M) tiD •H •H C & CD CO a o ,c •H x: £ CO £ CD £ £ X) £ CO bD bO c 'cd >ci •H CO > •H Sh CO •H CO •H B cd XI CO •H •H >» •H CO rH cd £ £ cd •H •H co O •H ^ CD u X5 XI CD •P O CD rH ,£ X) rH CO CO ft x: ft -p cd «M •H • H rH o O rH 03 O cd E Sh •P O Sh .£ Sh bO £ rH CD CD ft CD ft p -p rH ft cd O cd ,c cd •H x: x: CD O •H x: x: ■£ cd hO t>» cd C o a ft £ •H X) •H £ ft o cd o cd o C« C/J CO m cd Pu Eh O O O CO Eh Sn- Sh X) bD •H E3 •x cd p CP Q rH P EH «m cr: rH CD •H o P rH Sh Sh cd rH o PQ PC CO CO O Oh =J5 u CD X) Sh x: E CD -p CD X) £ ■P o o ft P 1 CD o CO o CTi p , ( , I rH CV! r^~ Oj to CO CO fO LO LO cr» O" 1 CD CD rH CO cd rH cd' st *t St St st st stf •■t *t <=cf 'Cj 4 •H X) C\3 CM CM CO CO CO Oj 0J CO CO CO CO CvJ CV CQ C\2 OJ cd > X> CQ CD Pi rO tO CO CO LO LO LO CO LO Q o o O c- CO CO rH cd CO tO CO rO st Oj tO CO o rH rH o • H X> to rH rO i — i CO LO CO LO c— C— p 1 cr 1 si rH rH , — | i — | rH rH CD rH Cr3 e cd x) I cd E Sh CO CO CO CD CO CD CO CO CD w CO CO CD CO D. CO CD SL, CD CD CD CD CD U • CD CO 1/1 CD Sh o S-, u o Sh Sh SL, • -P O -P u S3 +-> CD s_, CO o crj o o cd o o o ■P cd ^ o Q o p Sh o cd cd cd cd cd ^ o o cd o o a} o O o o LO -P cd o t o to * tO o o o Cr~ O o o o p o • o • ft o • » • o o » tO • « o O a- rO LO rH to CO st st to LO LO O rH LO LO CO CO 44 4-- -U CO H- _J n n CXI CO CO CO CD CO CO CO * -p 4- 3 cd CD CD to CD Sh CD CD CD -P 5; • CO o u Sh CO CO CO u o fL, Sh «L, i§ o CO -f-> Q o o o CD CD CD o id o r_> o to CD CO o cd cd -P Sh Sh u cd cd cd cd O S-i o CD LO o o O o o O O o JL, o CO CO to cd cd cd o o LO o o O O cd CO O CO CO CD ^ CO rH LO LO c— o o LO CO cd (S3 CO co ao LO LO io o CO rH rH - LO o o> o rH •H c— C— o tO "Nt 1 # - o CC 00 C\] rH lo CO co cO rH rH c- CO CO O- CO LO LO CT> L>- CO X) CD 3 S3 •H -P S3 O o to CD rH & cd EH CM O o CD x) cd S3 Sh — cd • X! X3 -p -P S3 >» -H O ^ S3 S3 O -P CD CO a> a, ^1 3 to S3 •H =s O Sh X) S3 •H .H -H d M ^ S3 +^ bfi -H CQ S3 rC CD •H CO > X CD Sh o ^ cd •h ,c .a a. [h ■p o CD iU •H X) x: ■p ■ H bD S3 •h +i -P 3 03 O S3 • H rO E a> o o o •H 03 CO, 3 l >3 o •H o* ^3 -P ■h =5 hi) S3 •H S3 -H O ,.C3 S-i CO X) CD S3 Sh •h ^ Sh CD X) S3 •H CO XI CD rH X3 x) -P S3 •H 3 -° U) W) S3 S3 >H o o X3 Sh cd S3 O •H ■p cd -p CO -S3 -p •H bO S3 • H -p -p 3 o S3 ■H a$ Sh bO o 13 Sh • Cd CD S3 o C X) •H S3 h rQ cd -p -p CO E o o bO S3 ■H a, bO S3 •H ,c CQ CD S-, I x) bD S3 S3 co cd H S JC H 3 3 X3 !>» •H -P -P 3X3X3 cd iiDXJX: cd cd x; X3 -P Cm -P «H O •H ^ fH bO •• UO S3 CO S3 «H -p •H +> J) XI CO CD CQ CD X5 CD > Sh Sh bO S3 •H 44 O •H a, X) S3 cd bO S3 •H 44 O o S3 to S3 •• •H CO XJ -P LO LO LO rH rH rH I I 1 > > > O O O 25 S S CO rH O- vO O O CV CO I 1 rH i — I > > o o SS S3 rH t> CO CO rH rH rH rH rH CT> sf CO tO CO CO CO CO rH LO LO CO rH rH CO CO LO ^ rH CT> LO CO CO a CO CD CD ■p * CD 5_ Sh ■P ■p CQ Sh O O o CD O cd cd o o cr cd to CO o o cd o * • o o to • -St 1 LO LO rH LO to CQ CQ CD CD Sh Sh O O cd -P o to CO 4- rH St tO CO 00 CO - O a> cn to HP O CD Sh •H X) X3 -P •H bD S3 •H -P ■P - CL, 3 I 44 O •H Oh X3 •P •H Sh cd S3 o •H HP cd Hp CQ X3 ■P •H 5 I X3 CQ CD Sh x; Eh co • j CD Hp Sh 5 to o o (D cd Sh t> U H cn cd oo st r> - to - rH CO rH CD S3 •H XI bO bD £3 S3 Sh cd S3 o •H -p cd HP CQ X3 -P o o x: ■P bD •H S3 ^ -H — ' S3 3 bD Sh S3 Oh • H o oo bO 3 OQ H rH cd 3 CD •H •H bo •P CO o S3 X3 x: S3 CO ^ CO rH •H CQ CQ •H E • CD CO cd X) CD (D rH 3 > X) Hp E Sh Sh 3 x: W Sh S3 O CD O X3 x: cd to S3 cd o EH Ric o fH Eh 33 Sor •H Aim Sh x: CD • HP XI HP S3 S3 o o -p O o o o Sh CD i CD > O 2 CD bD cd Oh HP CD S3 S3 O X3 CD 3 S3 • H -P S3 O o Xi cd rH r ■. 1:1 =3 x> co CD !>. Sh ccJ •H X> 3 I cr g CD Cd cr; 6 ttJ I S3 d E M CO d P X) S3 d o| o su o o] to o co s# CM OJ CV2 CM CM CM CM CM O O to lo w in to in CD CO CO P. CD 0) CD CD in Sh Sh P o O O t> cd d d d a p CM LO LO LO • • • » o O o CM as 4. 4- & p CO co CO co CD CD CD CD Sh Sh Sh Sh o o o O O d d d d 0) tsJ fO oo to •H oo CM rH to 00 rH rH CM rH LO 00 CO CO X) S3 o o. o o CM CO x> a 3 o cn tO tO CM rO LO rO lo CM CD CO CO CO CO rH rH rH rH rH CM to rO to in w o O 4* Sh •H ^ O •H Q< xi S3 d S3 •H bD M Sh O •H O Sh S3 Sh W 3 43 .. 43 CO CO CO P CD 3 3 S3 Sh 3 CO Sh Oh Sh •H a Sh Oh fclO C S3 -H •H S3 S3 3 3 Sh Sh Oh Oh ttO bQ S3 W) S3 «H S3 H S3 S3 3 Sh Sh CO rH CO d x) d P Oh O 3 (H S3 O a rH 3 CX, rO S3 Sh 3 43 CO 43 •• 43 rH co co co d 3 CD 3 P Sh S3 Sh O PQ 3 CQ SH Sh 0h Sh 4) £ CD O CD Q • CO Sh CD *s Sh O rH d S3 • o XI CO CD d P CD O CO S3 !>» CD 43 CO • H CD £ S3 Sh O CD X) 43 P 43 O O "D CO CO CD CD 43 rH P S3 3 «M o CO •H S3 CO o d •rH 43 P Sh t>> O rH Oh 43 p X> S3 CD o p E d d E •H p S3 CO O * A- CO o rH rH O «H CO d 0) 43 O P X) CD P d E •H P CO CD S3 •H p p 3 O S3 d 43 P Sh CD 43 -P O Sh o 43 d rH X) Sh d >> I i>» Sh Q ■i- • Sh o p d Sh Xl >1 • 43 S3 CD 3 XJ CO 43 >> P 43 •H 3= S3 S3 O o S3 P p O P 43 43 CO CO 43 CD CD CO Sh S< CD «w