and THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES B. 0. BAXEH LAWYER DALLAS, TEXAS <*& & MODERN GRAHAM SHORTHAND Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1910 by THE ARTHUR J. BARNES PUB. CO. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. Twenty-two years ago (in Barnes' Shorthand Lessons of 1885) we departed from the usual method of shorthand authors and teachers in the following particulars : All philosophy and unnecessary theory were cast aside, and the essentials of shorthand were presented in plain, simple language. The vowels were grouped according to place instead of length, and a memory sentence given for each group. Position was introduced immediately after the exposition of the vowels. Cft } The reporting style, "Finality of outline" as it has been aptly termed, was taught from the first. In Barnes' Shorthand Manual of 1888 we adopted the \"l Graham plan of joining the semicircles. In 1893 we took another advance step, and presented the second-place group of vowels first, because second position is r? the natural and the easiest position, on the line, .the same as ** longhand. First position was taught simultaneously with the 5 first-place vowels, and third position with the third-place vowels. In 1900 we adapted the Sentence Method to the teaching of _ shorthand, sentences being given in the first lesson ; the circle pi was introduced in the second lesson, and halving in the fourth. These advances were at first vigorously opposed and severel} r criticised by some, but now almost every recent text- book gives prominence to some or all of these features, especially finality of outline, second-place vowels first, and position simultaneously with the vowels. 449574 4 PREFACE In "Brief Course" we are now introducing further im- provements. The new features have been thoroughly tested by competent teachers, with results heretofore thought im- possible. Among these features are the following: Sentences, wordsigns, and simple phrases in the first lesson ; telephone message and business letter in the second lesson ; business letters in all subsequent lessons ; ticks for the, a, an and and given before the dots, for first impression ; circles and loops in one direction only until the habit is fixed ; Ar or Ray simpler than ever; of-tlie indicated by proximity where it first occurs ; questions at the end of every lesson ; frequent review lessons ; and, best of all, the important is given first, and minor pointy, exceptions, and special difficulties postponed until the student has grasped the essentials which are being rooted in the mind while the student is learning the minor points. As in our previous texts, the principles upon which con- tractions are based are clearly set forth, so that the reason as well as the memory aids the student in employing them. By " Brief Course" we refer to the time required to make shorthand of practical value in office and court work. This edition of " Brief Course " in shorthand presents what is referred to in the Graham Hand-Book as the " Amanuensis Reporting Style" of Standard Phonography, with the addition of a few of the most frequently occurring reporting wordsigns. The Graham nomenclature is followed very closely. The h tick is named heh, but is called Choid, Poid or Roid when in- dicating its direction. Other ticks are called Toid, Koid, etc. A few other simplifications are suggested, but in such a way that their adoption is optional with the teacher LESSON 1. 1. Shorthand may be called a Picture of Sounds. Each shorthand word in this lesson is a picture cf the sounds heard in the word. CONSONANT STROKES. Sound as in 1 / / ' D Chay J K Gay soft ch j or soft g hard g each joy, aye go VOWELS. at* 1= go, toe. ope 2. Learn the foregoing consonants and vowels by reading the words and sentences given below. See how soon you can learn to read the shorthand when the longhand is covered. \ i> a y I*- day I.... aid .._./.... age ache Omit Silent Letters. Spell by Sound. go i oak |- dough ..."I.... ode NT bow f^-i. obey 33ZEZZa E... Go pay Abe Day. Jake Owed Joe Folk. Bake cake. Coach Togo. 6 BEIEF COURSE 3. Write all the consonant strokes in any outline without lifting the pen. Insert the vowel afterwards. 4. CAUTION i. Do not slant T or D in the least. Make the shading and length of each stroke exactly as in the copy. When using double-ruled paper, make the first down stroke of an outline extend exactly from line to line. Write the second down stroke below the lower line. 6. CAUTION 2. Place the vowel exactly by the middle of the stroke. 6. Now cover the shorthand, and, looking only at the long- hand, write each word in the columns and sentences. Com- pare your work with the printed shorthand. Correct the slant of T or D. See to it that the horizontals are not too short or too long. Mark every deviation from the copy. Practice the corrected words until you know them ; then rewrite and compare again. 7. When you have mastered the foregoing, you will know about one-fourth of the shorthand alphabet. See how soon you can learn to write the words and sentences correctly ; then make a perfect copy of the whole. CONSONANT STROKES CONTINUED, M Emp N Ing heh Hay Ray mp or rab ng h h r Sound as in lamp, ambush rung bank 8. Hay and Ray are always written up. The other strokes in this lesson are never written up. Write heh down or up. 9. Use whichever form for h makes the sharper angle or more convenient joining with the following stroke, provided . there is no vowel after that stroke. Use heh in hale; bat Hay in halo, and hero, because of the vowels after the I and r. IN SHORTHAND 7 VOWELS. . =e (Called eh). -i egg i = u (Called uh). X, up 10. Notice how much lighter these vowels are than the signs for A and O. READ AND WRITE. Ed Buck jump up. No monk may go. Wretch, hoe hemp. ^...know -^rrx-hem -.<^gem v^cr^.. neck ..^x.hum ./. ....rug / ^\/ /^ ..../-.edge -^-L.mug Z... nud 9 ..^.hurnp,/ rung \\ i I ^ /^-^/ ebb -vrrs-pump l^,.. iOQ S^...<^.hay /:__. /....wrench ...L tuck Urv .dump --X^,^ 13110 ? ....c^hoe ^..J" meadow L\ i \ 1 / -dug -Aii^-bump .-^S s _^- bunk Ihead _.Aj^_._ Jumbo Zi_._jug .-.^r-s-jump A^ rhnnfc ^L< hnnnr / TTn.pr nft 11. When Ray is joined to another stroke, its upward direction distinguishes it from the downward-written Chay. When not joined to another stroke, Ray should slant a great deal to prevent its looking like Chay. Observe the slant* and direction in ray, row, rug and rung given in the last column. A slanting stroke may be slanted more or less as is necessary to make a sharp angle with another stroke. 12. In the middle of a word, A and O are distinguished from eh and uh not only by their shading but also by their BUIEF COURSE place, A and O being always written by the first stroke, while eh and uh are always written by the second stroke. bake .rake rage \ . beck _.,/__ ....... wreck .kr*...dame __i ..... hate I . deck ______ /....hedge L^...tame _.kUx..~ ..dome \ I \ . peck ...Lrk ..... dumb .. name 13. Learn to read the above shorthand when the long- hand is covered, and to write the words when the printed shorthand is covered. Make both lines in Hay straight. 14. READ EVERYTHING YOU WRITE, not only for the necessary practice in reading, but also to ascertain if every stroke is properly written, and if the vowels are placed by the right strokes and exactly by the middle of the stroke. See also that O and uh are made slanting by a slanting stroke, horizontal by a vertical stroke, but vertical by a horizontal stroke; that is, always at right angles to the stroke. 15. A wordsign is an abbreviation or an exception. It is not written according to rule, but it expresses one or more of the most important sounds in the word. See first line of short- hand on next page. 16. The may be indicated by a light slanting tick, written down or tip; as, ^_^/ know-the, /~^s may-the. 17. J., an or and may be indicated by a horizontal tick joined to the beginning or to the end of a word, whichever is more convenient. Ex. -^_/- and know-a. IN SHORTHAND 9 18. When a horizontal tick does not make a good joining, a vertical tick may be used for a, em/or and. Ex. bake-a. , WORDSIGNS AND PHRASES. ' dollar do had it him he I you owe to two take am oh too k do-you to-you to-the to-him you-may he-may he-may-go I i..X h I ^TT-N .S I know you had it. Ile-may-go to-the bay. Do-you owe him too? Do go to-the meadow. Hake up-the hay; He had to pay -the dollar. -1 I Judge Pope came Monday. You-may hem-the cape. He had a-dollar. ~T~ "~T" Do go to-him. Pay him- the dollar you owe him. Two may go to-him. You-may bake him-a cake. He-may engage-the coach. Do make it. Speed sentences : I ' V ' ...\n.... X .!.. He had to take it to-you. Oh, I do owe him a-dollar too. 19. Write each sentence many times. The speed sentences contain all the wordsigns given in this lesson. Practice them until you can write each one exactly like the copy four times in a minute ; that is, at the rate of about thirty words per minute. 10 BRIEF COURSE EXERCISE 1. Read, copy, and read from your notes. ^ A. A _ > Al^ te , 3- I 5 / X- 6 i x I/ L. QUESTIONS. 1. What may shorthand be called? 2. What letters are omitted in shorthand? 3. How are words spelled in shorthand? 4. How must a consonant outline be written (Par. 3)? 5. When is the vowel inserted ? 6. Write and name the consonants and the vowels in their order. 7. What strokes are always written up? 8. What is said of the direction of the other strokes? 9. When should heh be used, and when Hay? 10. When joined to another stroke, how is Ray distinguished from Chay ? 11. When should Ray slant more than Chay? 12. By what part of the stroke should the vowels in this lesson be placed? 13. In what two wa} r s may A and O be distinguished from eh and uh? 14. Write the wordsigns for him, had, he, dollar, it, to, do, 7, too, you, oive, two, oh. 15. Write the phrases to-the, do-you, he-may, to-him, you-may, he-may-go. 16. Is . G or Gay? 17. Are you apt to slant T and D to the right or to the left? IX SHORTHAND 11 LESSON 2. CONSONANT STROKES CONTINUED WRITTEN DOWN. r -\ ^ Yay Ar Way y r w Vowels. 20. *Obsoure a, as in awoke and 7)ora, u pronounced practically the same as short u, and may be represented by uh. Uh is also used in such words as urn, earn, berth, birth, worth, myrrh. 21. The a heard in chair, dare, fair and pear is represented by A. 22. Learn to read the following sentences when\he long- hand is covered, and to write them when the shorthand is covered : '(. V "T"" " "X S^T I- I- V \ /TN _s>-_x_ _> j. \ \ L^. LL...X (7 v \ They both make fudge. I kuow-thc way-the knave toro-the door. Dora may go to Tokyo. Nora and-Oyer may both go to Rome. 23. CAUTION. A slanting curve should not begin or end like T, K or Ith. Slant it out, not in. When making * The Century Dictionary says of this vowel sound : " Even in the months of the best speakers, its sound 13 variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short a sound (la bat, pun, etc )." 12 BRIKF COURSE Ith and The, curve out until half way down, then curve in so that the end of the stroke will be exactly under the point of beginning. The upper and the lower half of each stroke should be uniformly curved. Practice the foregoing sentences until you find it easy to write them according to these directions. 24. Both the angle and the vowel are considered in de- termining whether Ar or Ray should be used. If Ray does not make a good joining with another stroke, use Ar ; and vice versa. Where both would make a sharp angle with another stroke, use Ar if the syllable sounds more like Ar ; thus, use Ar in air, ark, early, tar, bore; but use Ray when the syl- lable sounds more like Ray ; as, rake, rope, fora?/, bur?/. Read and write the following words as directed for the sentences : fame __\ bathe 7( fetch .______yea vetch ____ j __ ail- _err .fur furrow \ above _j\ pear __\__bur ^__. - .^ i . -^ .__C^x-_ thumb u,__.dare ...\^...barrow i^rr^thump __^=-^_ .fair .__^L^.bear __\/_v.. berth -. . ^ i / / \ i ^ awake ___ J.__hair __vX_ __ thorough _:C/_L_forth 25. Making a stroke half as long as usual adds t or d. ^ Y \ .\ kr H no note ape aped vote aided hurt 26. The half lengths are called Pet, Bet, Vet, Tet, Thet, etc. Tet may be used for ted, and Det for ded, as in / rated and 4^ headed. B o IN SHORTHAND 13 27. But neither Hay nor Ray should be halved unless joined to another stroke, or to a hook to be learned later on. A /I "/\ -..^. 1 X[ XI cfL'l V^ [x hate wrote road ahead ferret turret Read with the longhand covered, and write with the short- hand covered. get __( r ._thud Jv_. fetched ...rzTTs.-.kept | date nut \ bathed ~jj _ caged r ...\. pet __A_fate AA.. thumbed _ _^/_ _ nudged ...\ bed _ cut _'^__ agent . .T7 _ gauged ..k... fed _*X. hummed ...(.... theft ....^1^-.. method ./..jet _JL.. hugged ..<^1L... " c ^g e d ^^T7... engaged ^^ met .^...hemmed ._V-_ buffet ....7T77X covet 28. Observe, in the last column of shorthand, that the horizontal stroke in each outline is written high so that the down stroke may rest on the line of writing. CONSONANT STROKES CONCLUDED. DOWN UP o ) ) J J / iss S Z Ish Zhe Lav Initial S sh zh 1 Medial s or z Final s or z 29. When iss begins an outline, it is read before everything else ; before the vowel, before the stroke, before everything to o p be learned later on. Ex. /\ soap, 'I said. 14 BRIEF COURSE 30. When iss ends an outline, it is read after everything else after the stroke, after the vowel, after the t or d indi- cated by halving, etc. Ex. \& votes, ^o spades. 31. The circle iss is generally used for s; but the stroke S must be used when s is the only consonant next to the vowel, as in ask or also. Hasten, Bess, and- take Seth'a razors to coubhi Joseph. So you say Rosa may sew. Ezra, show hlm-the way to Zoar. Let him pay for-the barege they showed you. 32. CAUTION. Be sure to make iss with a motion contrary to that of the hands of a clock. Put the vowel on the same side of the stroke as if there were no circle there. 33. Learn to read the words in the columns below when the longhand is covered, and to write them in correct shorthand when the printed shorthand is covered. Follow this genera) plan with all exercises unless otherwise directed. _ X soap "(o oaths JCv. . . safe jt said _lC....Seth 7 y ../___ sane .--- yeas .<*J_. sons .6*-. chose ._bL. yes ._Jbl- does >_... notes ... saves _>__gets o ' o soaks . t> debts ^c/Lt> searches . essay _ estate L_. stays ._2^3- suppose J^- spades <& roars \f._ hole IN SHORTHAND 15 EXERCISE 2. Read, copy, and read from your notes. 4- ..... 2. ........ k, ....... i ........ ...._ _ 7 r 3 r - C )- I. V_ V ..... * ............ .. ...A ..... A..x ..... ...!. ........ i ... ^r^..\ ..... L.X.... J ....... ! ...... X,...x ........ /^<- WO11DSIGNS AND PHRASES. ^::::o::^: 1 :x::a:;:( :j:i:r:r:^ home is as away but be for have think them shall of your will o\vu his has zi: ;,::::::::R:::::::P::IZZ:: expect of-his of-them but-the he-is he-has he-will 34. Learn the new wordsigns by writing the speed sentences. Work on each sentence until you can write it correctly at the rate of thirty or forty words per minute. Speed sentences: : T :: : ::: VD He-thinks it is safe for his son to have it. Shall I-say you-will-take ? S~ * \ \ / /A ^^-"1 .A_ ....... ( ......... _o ...... . ............ ./...-). ........ K ..... ..*.. ........... L...LA ....... .\r ................ fc two of-them as yours? lie owes Ezra, but- the debt will-be paid Monday 35. Write the following exercise in longhand; then from your longhand write it in shorthand. Write the letter several times. 16 BRIEF COURSE EXERCISE 3. Read, copy, and read from your notes. i I I I ../.."!"....[. n.... __ _ \ . .X...I.. .N ...x 1 ( ^^ [ //^" / .... X-W.....O 10 Judson Hedges, Mail Agent, Cairo. Two coaches upset-and wrecked above Jonesboro depot. Mail is saved, but will-be a-day late. Have bus hasten both Helena-and Rosedale mail to-the boat. Yours, Caleb Rutledece. IN SHORTHAND 17 QUESTIONS. 1. What may represent the obscure sound of a, as heard iu awoke, arose, Emma, etc. ? 2. What repre- sents the vowel -sound heard in earn, her, fir, word, etc.? 3. What represents the vowel sound heard in chair, fare, pear, etc. ? 4. What is said of the slant of the slanting curves? 5. How should Ith and The be made? 6. Give two cases when Ar should be used instead of Ray ? 7. What is indicated by halving a stroke ? 8. Name some of the half lengths? 9. How may ted or ded be represented? 10. When can Ray and Hay be halved? 11. When an outline begins with a horizontal followed by a down stroke, where should the horizontal be written? 12. What is the only up stroke in this lesson? 13. When iss begins an outline, should it be read before or after the vowel? 14. When iss ends an outline, should it be read before or after the vowel? Before or after t or d indicated by halving ? 15. When should iss and when should S be used? 16. With what motion should iss be made? 17. Name the down strokes in this lesson in their order. 18. Name the up stroke. 19. Write the phrases: He-will, he-has, he-is, of-them, but-the, of-his. 2G 18 BRIEF COURSE LESSON 3. REVIEW, WITH ADDITIONAL POINTS. \\ 1 // ^^ P B T D Chay J K Gay M Emp VX ( ( ) ) J } "> r F V IthThe S Z Ish Zhe Way Yay . = A . =eh 1 O i = iih N Ing heh iss ^ c AT Lay Ray Hay 36. Write Lay, Ray and Hay up. Write the horizontals from left to right. Write the other strokes down. Write iss with a motion contrary to that of the hands of a clock. 37. Shorten words by omitting all silent and unnecessary letters. Represent a double letter by a single sign. For instance, write only one s in chess, only one n in. funny, only one fc in tobacco. 38. Write by sound. Begin case, cJiorus, choir and quire with K. Use D or _o for a-, as in / ' <-, hoax. Use Zhe for the s in vision, the z in azure, and the g in mirage. 39. Use Hay when h follows an initial vowel, as in ahead; when there is a vowel before and a vowel after the next stroke, as in halo; before a half length if it makes a sharp angle, as in hated. In other cases, use heh, up or down as is most con- venient. When a word may be written in two ways, choose that form which is easy to read. If both are easy to read, use the one which is easier to write. 40. Use whichever form for r makes a good joining. If both Ar and Ray would join well, use Ar when the syllable sounds like ar ; as in air, ore, ark, our, jar, door, tore; but IN SHORTHAND 19 use Ray when the syllable sounds like Ray, as in rake, rope, foray, bureau, dairy, etc. If the vowel goes before, The r you must lower ; (Use Ar) Ex. But a vowel at the end Makes the r to ascend. (Use Ray) Ex. /V ro-ta-ry. 41. When Ray is joined to another stroke, its upward direction distinguishes it from the downward-written Chay. When alone, Ray should slant much more than Chay, and therefore need not extend to the upper line. 42. A few combinations like (** \ lower, ^^^ fair, and ^^ roar, join without an angle, and must be written with a continuous motion, i. e., without letting the pen stop be- tween the strokes. As a rule, however, the sharper the angle between two strokes, the easier it is to read the strokes. Always make a sharp angle between Lay and ,M or Emp ; also between F or V and N or Ing. Practice the following : 43. A stroke may curve more or less, or may slant more or less, as is necessary to make a sharper angle between strokes. Ex. ^/^ Nora, /*| rate, ^v pay day, \ peck, /^ make, l~ meadow. 44. Making a stroke half as long as usual adds t or d. The half lengths are called Pet, Bet, Fct, Vet, Thet, Shet, Let, etc. Tet may be used for -ted, and Det for -ded, as in ^ hated, /^ raided; but neither Ray nor Hay should bo halved unless it is joined to another stroke, or unless it has a hook (to be learned later on) . 20 BRIEF COURSE 45. The circle iss is generally used for s. But when s is the only consonant by which the vowel next to s can be placed, as in ask or also, then the stroke S must bo us,ed. 46. When iss begins an outline, it is read before every- Q thing else before both stroke and vowel. Ex. x\ soap, X_ save. 47. When iss ends an outline, it is read after everything else after the stroke, after the vowel, after t or d indicated by halving. Ex. t* days, t* dates, o gets. 48. The shorthand outline of a word is a picture of the consonant sounds heard in the word. An outline must be written WITHOUT LIFTING THE PEN. 49. It is not necessary to move the hand at a snail's pace in order to write correctly. When writing an outline, think of the first stroke, and write it' both correctly and quickly. Then hold the pen quietly on the paper until you have decided what the next stroke should be ; then make the second stroke, like the first, with a quick, precise movement. But if the first stroke is a horizontal, look ahead to see if there is a down or an up stroke in the word, for if there is, the horizontal must be written high or low as is required to make the first down or up stroke rest on the line of writing (the lower line of double ruling). monopoly engaged enough melt deputy] lately 50. In the exercise below, omit the vowels in the first two groups, and write only the outline of each word. WRITING EXERCISE. Use strokes instead of heh or iss or halving. So, essay, Eskimo, escape, sew, also, Jessie, Bessie, lazy, tongue, among, length, zany, zenith, bathe, thump, Dakota, IX SHORTHAND 21 pagoda, picnic, buggy, depth, tobacco, chimney, damage, lull, lunch, avenge, foliage, theology, loam, lump, funny, jump, lumbago, chunk, ziuo, heavy, honey, awake, headway, shady, shapely, halo, yea, cope, gayety, mouth, monotony, monopoly, ambiguity. Use Ar: Four, shore, pour, lower, oyer, earlier, tailor, Rome, alarm, form, rump, remedy, rummage. Use Ray: Dairy, berry, faro, sherry, thorough, uproar, terror, inferior, interior, rythm. revenue, revive, Russia. Use iss. Halve for t and d: Shakes, ducks, jokes, edges, efface, stays, snows, suppose, muffs, knaves, snuff, fate, let, shut, notes, debts, votes, beds', coats, spades, skates, saved, sent, melt, delayed, left, legitimate, metal, kept, envied, methods, lately, cutlet. Insert vowels. Slant hen: Hail, hull, hulk, helmet, hump, Hague, hoax, hemp, hoar, hurl, hurt, hemmed, hum- bug, hedge, hung, hitch. Write A and O by the first stroke ; eh and uh by the second stroke: Baked, beck, dame, deck, choked, tucked, dome, dumb, wrote, rubbed, rogue, rush, lake, luck, pole, pump, fame, fetched, jail, hung, death, vague, neck, waylay. 51. The tick for the generally slants like Chay and is called Choid, meaning like Chay. (Oid means like.) When, for the sake of a sharp angle, the tick slants like Ray, call it Roid; when it slants like P, call it Poid. Ex. V> .for the,..|-.-had-the. 52. The horizontal tick for a, cm, or and is called Koid, and the vertical tick Toid. Use Koid when it makes a good joining. Ex....~|- and-had-a. /^~- , make-a. Make all ticks as short as possible and yet be distinct. 53. When convenient, a dot is used for the syllable -ing, 22 BRIEF COURSE and a detached slanting tick for -ing-the. Ex. I doing, I \- V I domg-thc, \ paying, \ paying-the ; but^q^ facing, ^nfacing-the. 54. When convenient, the wordsign for you should be phrased, even though it is thrown out of its usual position. 55. Of the may be omitted and indicated by writing the preceding and following words very close together. Ex. /Kdge (of the) door, /'^ shape (of the) face. 56. In phrasing, the pronoun I is generally represented by one-half of the wordsign v I. Use Poid, the downward half, be- fore an up stroke. Ex. I-will. But use Roid, the upicard half, before a down stroke. Ex. (. I-think, ^/I-shall/% I-sup- pose. Observe in the case of I-will given above, that the / is written in its usual place, causing will to be written higher than usual. Use..... L ....for I-have. WORDSIGNS AND PHRASES. 57. The wordsign for on is written up when alone. was which usual-ly several this that good are Feb. on on-the Yours-truly / <( ( v ' "V "'" ~ i I-will make this note on-the 15th (of the) month. Several (of the) notes I-have L/7* Jor-you are of-that date. Which (of the) checks shall I mail-you on Feb. 17? I-suppose he-wrote-you as usual. It was-a good show. You-are saving that which-you pay for. You-will get-the goods for which you-wrots. G IN SHORTHAND 23 WRITING EXERCISES. I-think you-will-take up this-case for-him. But does-he think-you-are so good? Oh, you-are taking-the goods to-him too? He-has usually had several debts to pay. Shall I pay-the two dollars he-is owing? Will-you be on deck? BUSINESS LETTER. Ladies: I-have-yours (of the) 5th, saying that-the case of goods for which I wrote-you on Feb. 28 was sent on-the fourth, and-I expect it Monday. I-suppose I-shall-have several* (of the) capes left, and-will save them for-you as usual. I-will mail-you-a check for $12.00 on-the 14th (of the) month. Yours-truly, QUESTIONS. 1. Name the up strokes; the horizontals ; the down strokes. 2. With what motion is iss written? 3. What letters may be omitted? 4. How is a double letter represented? 5. Why do you use Hay in heavy instead of heh? 6. Why do you use heh instead of Hay in hem? 7. In a word of two strokes, how can you tell Ray from Chay? 24 BRIEF COURSE 8. How arc they distinguished when alone ? 9. Do you make an angle between Lay and Ar in lower? Between Lay and Emp in lump? 10. For what purpose may the curve or slant of a stroke be increased or diminished? 11. What is the effect of halving a stroke ? 12. Name some of the half-lengths. 13. When may Ray and Hay be halved? 14. If iss begins an outline, when is it read? 15. If iss ends an outline, when is it read ? 16. Where do you begin to write the outline of cup? Of engaged? 17. In what directions may the be written? A, an, or and? 18. How may of the be indicated ? 19. In what two ways may -ing be written ? -ing-the? 20. Explain how /is phrased. 21. In what direction should on be written? 22. Name the words represented by the following wordsigns: I I V O O ( / /I I L o o J / n ! l.._.\ .AN ....I 23. Give the words represented by the following wordsigns : T, B, F, Ith, The, Ish, Yay, Lay, Z, Chay, Zhe, iss-V, Get, Ar or Ray. 24. Write the wordsigns : Shall, will, of, but, have, your, think, for, them, has, be, his, as, is, was, do, which, to, but, usual, two, that, several, dollar, on, good, this, had, usually, too, he, I, you, him, own, home, away, take. G IN SHORTHAND 25 LESSON 4. VOWELS AND POSITION. 58. Vowels written by the beginning of a stroke are called first-place vowels. Ex.Jf. my. 59. Vowels written by the middle of a stroke are called second-place vowels. Ex. i O ak. 60. Vowels written by the end of a stroke are called third- place vowels. Ex. \juse. n/ 61. Second position is on the line of writing, the same as longhand. Ex. /^X. love, */ cage, ,^-^J^ nmong. 62. First-position is higher than second position ; as . V 1 buy. 63. Third-position is lower than second position, as V...use. IV 64. As a rule, if the vowel in a word is first-place, the out- line is written in first position ; if the vowel is second-place, the outline is put in second position ; if the vowel is third- place, the outline is written in third position. 65. A, O, eh, and uh are the second-place vowels, written by the middle of a stroke. They were given first because the second position is the natural position, on the line of writing, the same as longhand. FIRST-PLACE VOWELS. i v = E = Aw =1 Lee, bee, heated talk, wrought sky, rye Q 26 66. Since first-place vowels are written by the beginning of a stroke, they must be placed by the bottom of the up strokes, Lay, Ray and Hay. See Lee, heated, and wrought given above. EXERCISE 4. Read, copy, and read from your notes. f_ f -S : T- ^ '/ ^ ') * *. v i v "-- ~**LJ v \Q \O tfiz: :rt:z \ % ' "( 67. Examine j-our work carefully to see if every vowel is exactly by the beginning of the stroke, if every dash vowel is at right angles to the stroke, and if each outline is exactly the right distance above the line of writing half a stroke above unless the outline is purely horizontal ; then a stroke above. If you find errors in your work, copy the lines again more carefully ; then read them from your notes. READ EVERY- THING YOU WRITE. I A JL_ _=_& _=0i A rip, giddy got, hot coil, ahoy 68. The names of these signs are their sounds, i, o, and Oi, as heard in if, odd and oil. IN SHORTHAND 27 EXERCISE 5. Read, copy, and read from your notes. 1 \ ~ v -A r-A 69. When occurring between two strokes, first-place vowels are always written 'by the first stroke. See Exercise 5, lines 2 and 4. 70. When convenient, I and Oi may be joined to the follow- T- . /~ ing stroke, as in ............... idea, ............... .; ....... oily. 71. A word containing two or more vowels should be writ- ten in the position indicated by its most important or dis- tinguishing vowel. This is generally the accented vowel. 72. Unimportant unaccented vowels, also the vowel in the name of a stroke, will often be omitted in future shorthand exercises. Thus, unaccented i maybe omitted in. -^estimate and e in v^ delay. See line 2 in Exercise 6. VOWELS PLACED BY K. I I V A E Aw i o I Oi WRITE TEN TIMES. Lee saw Jim rob my boy 28 BRIKF COURSE EXERCISE 6. Read, copy, and read from your notes. \A V\ vp V\- f ....... I .......... ^ ............. 7J ..... r H; v 73. It 13 always the first down or up stroke in an outline that is put in position, the other strokes accommodating themselves to this stroke. 74. In a first-position outline, the first down or up stroke should be half a stroke above the line ; but a purely horizontal outline should be a stroke above the line. 75. If double rulings are used Write horizontals and half lengths under the upper line and touching it. Write other strokes through the upper line, half above and half below it. IN SHORTHAND 29 76. In an outline beginning with heh or iss, place the vowel at the very beginning of the stroke, and on the same side of the stroke as if there were no brief sign there. _ -p _ m /:. x /: _. I p, ( v v p eat seat seated awl haul since cited V WRITING EXERCISE. Use strokes for s, h, t and d. Use Ray for r: See, shy, sigh, pshaw, saw, thee, ease, vie, coy, odd, imp, eyed, joy, thy, thigh, right, deem, daub, rob, rock, if, easy, haughty, nip, gaudy, king, gong, wrong. Use the brief signs iss and heh. Halve for t and d: Sing, song, sin, since, hock, hymn, sheet, light, knot, might, feats, lot, hill, Hoyle, spit, spot, sob, sieve, sift, Scott, sky, seek, sick, locks, licks, mix, knits, nibs, moths, sniffs, siege, chips, fibs, folly, volley, lily. 77. The first word of a phrase is generally written in its proper position, and the other words follow without regard to position. Ex. I-will-have, in-case. But when a, an, or and begins a phrase, it takes the position of 1 the following word. Ex. and-is,.... _Q nncl-ns, ' a-dollar, .../"7~a-lack 78. // is often omitted in words of frequent occurrence. v Ex. .ihere, .1. why, ..._ high, \ happy 30 BUIKF COURSE BUSINESS LETTER. Citizens' Lodge : I-have-yours (of the) 4th, in-which-you eay you-will-take- a page in February Home Monthly. In-case you do-this each month, I-shall-make a-dozen page talks to-many-a head (of the) office-and (of the) home which no agents of-yours have reached. You say your Lodge is forging ahead as usual. I-think-the cause of-this is easily seen in-your choice of good business methods. If-you-have several cuts (of the) Lodge, let me have- them by-early -mail. Yours-truly, QUESTIONS: 1. Where are first-place vowels written? Second-place? Third-place? 2. When is an outline written in first position ? When in second position ? When in third position? 3. Where is second position ? Where is first posi- IN SHORTHAND 31 tion ? Where is third position ? 4. Where should a first-place vowel be written if the stroke is horizontal? If it is an up stroke? If a down stroke? 5. When a first-place vowel comes between two strokes, by which stroke is it written? 6. What vowel signs may be joined to a stroke? 7. If a word contains two or more vowels, which vowel decides the position of the word? 8. What is said of unimportant unaccented vowels? 9. Which stroke in an outline is put in position? 10. Where do you place the horizontal in notch? In mile? 11. Where should a first-position horizontal be written? 12. Where should a first-position down or up stroke be written if full length? If half length? 13. In an outline beginning with heh or iss, where is a first-place vowel written? 14. Which word in a phrase is generally written in position? 15. What words take the position of the following word? 16. What consonant is often omitted, and when? 32 BEIEF COURSE LESSON 5. BRIEF SIGNS. / o O en un heh iss sez steh ster well wuh yeh yuh h a ses, zes st str w w y y zez, etc. zd z o i /-p .Q-LCL. v tr^...x L_ _// :b r/_..x WRITE TEN TIMES. L Hicks' success dazed Hester. Wait-a week and-you-will hear Yatesy ell. 79. Sez never represents double s. It represents a syllable like sez or ses, zes or zez, and sometimes, sis, sus, zaus, etc. )v ..Vo.. faces recess noises possess emphasis system suspire 80. When desired, a vowel may be placed within sez. -f - ^\ Ex. ! exhaust, season, V.. emphasize. 81. Like iss, any brief sign at the beginning of an outline is read before everything else. Ex. J. sit, '/ stage, wink. When at the end of an outline, the brief sign is read after everything else. Ex. Q cases, L didst. * 82. Iss may be combined with any of the brief signs. Ex. V) possesses, a^ vests, ^\ roasters, 'I sweat. 83. Words beginning with wh are pronounced as if spelled hw. P^x. ] wet, -f (hwet) whet. G B IN SHORTHAND 33 _.....' _\T .^C A .\> 5" \ ....Ir.x ?l ^?.. \ 6....-X That boaster boasts he-had-the best toaster to toast. Wade raised his wages. Webster weeded-the roses for his sick wife. Dexter is too young to wed. .../ \ -o I v .^TT^... x ....(/.. I !l~ .To. x. He suspects it : Rochester's system. Yale said Yeddo is Yodo's home. I & I * V " I " V** Is it unjust to resist his successes? Dix fixed six of Dick's boxes. T *1 "1 * *i \ / J^ L ^ f X J 1 ^'..x He swept-the sidewalk for-the Swede. Whip, whet, whit, whiff, whey EXERCISE 7. Read, copy, and read from notes. O 2 X V -(= -^ 3 I- ^_ ^f \s VX J ^ : "1- t A v 4 ^ \o / 6 ^? i - -1 /. 6 r 8 G o ' Q 34 BRIEF COURSE 84. It is very important that iss, sez, steh and ster should be made with a motion contrary to that of the hands of a clock. 85. Make iss as small as possible and yet be distinct. Make sez round and much larger than iss. 86. Make steh as narrow as possible, and about half the length of the stroke. Make ster two=thirds as long as the stroke. Make steh, ster, sez and iss as unlike as possible. Practice b b. I D until you can make the circles and loops exactly right and yet keep each stroke straight from beginning to end. Make the stroke quickly, letting it reach the line, then finish the circle or loop with care. 87. Weh, wuh, yeh and yuh are elongated semicircles. Make them very small, so that they cannot be mistaken for half lengths. Use the semicircle which is easier, provided it makes a distinct angle with the following stroke. WHITING EXERCISE. Vases, vest, invests, investor, investors, raised, roasts, roaster, roasters, just, jests, jesters, rests, chests, heal, hump, noise, noises, noised, Nestor, fist, fists, revised, fosters, kiss, kisses, kissed, roster, huckster, hucksters, test, tester, tests, testers, dazed, mixed, rejoiced, sickness, incense, suppose, supposes, supposed, suffice, suffices, sufficed, bust," locusts, honest, rocks, fox, foxes, boxed, wrist, text, texts, debased, insist, insisted, incessant, opposes, successive, resists, emphasizes, excessive, web, wake, weighed, waded, wives, withes, wig, weeks, walks, wing, wink, wings, winks, witness, witnesses, witnessed, yelp, yawl, yelk, yon, yen, youngster, youngsters. 88. Weh is prefixed to four strokes, Lay, M. N and Ray, without^ an. angle, thus : C -., r \ f Walsh, Yates, Hall &-Co., Waco, Texas. Your wire of Feb. 27 received, and-the Yale wheel which-you chose was sent to-you on Wednesday. I-think-you-may ex- pect it by-the first of next week. Yours-truly, Webster Worth. QUESTIONS. 1. Give the names of the circles, the loops and the semicircles. 2. Does sez represent double s? What does it represent? 3. If a brief sign begins an outline, when is it read? 4. If a brief sign ends an outline, when is it read? 5. What may be combined with any other brief sign? 6. In whip and other words beginning with w/i, which consonant sound comes first? 7. With what motion should the circles and loops be made? 8. How should iss and sez be made? 9. What is said of the width and length of steh? 10. What should be the length of ster? 11. What is said of weh, wuh, yeh and yuh? 12. With what four strokes is weh combined without an angle? 13. Name the four w-hooked strokes. 14. Write weL, whel, weM, whem, weN, etc. 15. How is iss made when written within the w-hook ? IN SHORTHAND 37 LESSON 6. THIRD-PLACE VOWELS. 91. Third-place vowels are those by the end of a stroke. 92. A heavy dot by the end of a stroke represents a, as heard in arm or father. Ex..V_...palm,....^/.*....ha,.... .T^^irm. 93. A third -place heavy dash represents the sound of oo, as heard in \ ooze, .r^ZX....move. A rude. 94.*Un represents the sound of the diphthong heard in \juse, while < represents that heard in ...V pews or n* \f in J?i..hues. When convenient, these may be joined. Ex. Nv -n nephew, ......cue. 95. If the vowel in a word is third-place, the outline is written in third position, under or through the line of writing : Horizontals under the line, as in ...... ..noose. Other strokes, through the line. Ex .SJ hark, ^ \ "v // Nr"/^"x/ Pa moved-the lute. Archie fed-the poor mule. Art used-the spool. EXERCISE 8. Read, copy, and read from your notes. 1. 2. 3 N 4 \ \ \ n/ n/ \< * Mr. Graham distinguished between the sound of winwseand of ew in pew or u in cube. Many ignore one sign, some preferring U because more easily joined; others use the caret. Do not hesitate to use < where wo use n. 38 BRIEF COURSE 5 9L I f / ZZI> \ L \ o ^ i 1 / N. u s 6 < i ^ y^ \^y 96. A third-place light dot represents a, as heard in ...I. add, ...wax. 97. A third-place light dash represents the sound of 06, as heard in ..^zr!...look,.... v ....put. 98. Ow A represents the sound of ow or ou, as heard in A /^; owl, .T^Ny.our. f A\ 99. When convenient, Ow may be joined to a stroke. Ex. (! thou.. In the wordsign v_^ now, Ow is joined with- out an angle. Pat took-the cow. Al put up our caps. Fannie wound-the wool. EXERCISE 9. Read, copy, and read from your notes. "/] b=v -f^/^-- - ( \_ 3V V / \ /I "^ y t S < t r A/ A\ Al M 4.._ \ ^ \^/ ; ^ .\.'P. x^.. SHORTHAND liESUME. 39 Ah Oo a oo Ow U Ew i ' A i ~ Archie Moody sang, Look out Hugh. 100. Memorize the third-place vowel sentence, "Archie Moody sang, Look out Hugh," so that }*ou will never forget it. Write it in shorthand many times. 101. Read and write the following sentences as in previous lessons : ..^..l^....^ Ma was soon calm. Poor Aunt Martha sadly took-the vow anew. He T had moved-the shack to-the far side (of the) farm. Ruth took two sacks of-them to-the house. Pat laughed loudly as-he put on-hia new boots. / ) : v^--| ^ k f -^ o . X - 3 ^ 1 Jack was badly duped. Anne heard-the sad news of -his abuse Tuesday. EXERCISE 10. Read, copy, and read from your notes. 1 -^x ^v Q-A 7 3^ ^^A >o X? 5 AC 7 'fx> \> 4L&*jut^t*+ 3 ) ...|...> \ ...\ \ {S \S \. V .1" -I 4 \ V ."i 40 BRIEF COURSE 102. Third-place vowels between two strokes are always written by the second stroke, before it, in the same order as in the longhand word. 103. CAUTION 1. Remember that dash vowels are always written slanting by slanting strokes (at right angles to the stroke) ; never slanting by other strokes. 104. CAUTION 2. Be careful to write third-place vowels by the top of Ray, Hay and Lay. WRITING EXERCISE. At, out, pooh, Zoo, cow, cue, art, heart, aunt, aunts, ants, woo, bow, bowed, vowed, feud, mute, back, backs, pouch, soon, paths, pull, due, south, soothe, owl, cowl, bush, rout, rang, root, rag, lack, lacks, lax, pack, tacks, tax, taxes, taxed, wax, waxes, fast, faster, vast, vaster, fasts, casts, castors, hack, hacked, put, puts, doubts, gnats, jute, hoot, wound, rouge, used, vamp, wool, wood, pastors, soot, Sue. WORDSIGNS AND PHRASES, time given wish to-be may-be gentlemen should any now new _ 3 XV what would when should-be we-will we-are we'll we're Speed sentences : v_^v f_ ^ \ V Now, gentlemen, your wish to-be given notice of any IN SHORTHAND 41 2 ^ A-,'. ^ \ meeting may-be and should-be respected. We-will-do what you X Q ' *\, * would wish. We-are on time. When are-you going ? 105. Write the following letter, reading it each time you write it, until you can write it correctly in three minutes. BUSINESS LETTER. I V -Q^-x^-./E L T r \ -o^..-\ k....._....-,\4:..,.. I V . '" -^ x - JX. ..^L^I. X... ~ -\ [S. \ LL. \v -j v Dennis Basset &-Sons, Rosebud, S. D. Gentlemen : I-have-yours (of the) 8th, and-note that-you-are soon to-be in-the-market for heating apparatus. I mail-you my catalog, giving several boiler designs, and-you-may write me any time for data not given in-the catalog. Now, my new "Rosebud" boiler is cheap, but will give 42 BRIEF COURSE good service if-the boiler-and pipes are put in aa they should -be. Awaiting your answer, I-am- Yours-truly, QUESTIONS : 1. By which part of a stroke is a third-place vowel written? 2. What strokes are written under the line when in third position? 3. What strokes are written through the line when in third position? 4. What is represented . by a third-place heavy dot? By a third-place light dot? By a third-place heavy dash? By a third-place light dash? 5. What is represented by Ow? By U? 6. What vowel signs may be joined to a stroke? 7. Give the sentence con- taining the third-place vowel sounds in their order. 8. Name the third-place vowel sounds forwards and then backwards. 9. Name the vowel sounds in the following order: The third-place light dot, the third-place heavy dot, the third-place heavy dash, the third-place light dash. 10. When a third- place vowel comes between two strokes, is it written by the first or by the second stroke? Before or after it ? 11. What strokes take third-place vowels at the top of the stroke? 12. How are dash vowels written by a stroke? 13. Name the first-place vowels. The second-place vowels. The third-place vowels. 14. Name the first, second, and third-place heavy dots. The first, second, and third-place light dots. 15. Name the first, second, and third-place heavy dashes. The first, second, and third-place light dashes. 16. Write the diphthoings I, Oi, Ow, U. 17. Write the wordsigns : To-be, may-be, now, any, gentlemen, should, wish, give, given, time, new. IX SHORTHAND 43 LESSON 7. REVIEW AND ADDITIONAL POINTS. VOWELS. First-place : Lt E* >ng Short Diphthongs " Aw I '\~ 5 I. V | A Oi Second-place : A - ch.j-nh Third -place : C 7A Ah. A . Oo a ._ oo Ow A -s \ v . x F, A w T n n Ow U \x . . /\ x A O eh ill -}l'-^\ /d .^ ..x. Ah Oo a oc / ^"^ ^ 10G. Repeat each, sentence, then give the vowel sounds; thus, Lee saw Jim rob my boy E, A\v i o I Oi. 107. Memorize these sentences and vowel sounds so well that 3'ou can rapidly name from memory all the vowel sounds in the order given in the sentences. 108. Think of the diagram above and name the sounds repre- sented by tho heavy dots (E, A, All) ; by the light dots ; the heavy dashes ; the light dashes ; the diphthongs. Spend two minutes each day during your entire course, reviewing the vowels with an unlettered diagram, naming them in order and skipping about. 109. When convenient, I, Oi, Ow, and U m:iy be joined to the stroke. 110. RULE 1. When between two strokes, A, 0, and all first=place vowels are written by the first stroke ; eh, uh, and all third=place vowels are written by the second stroke. 44 BRIEF COURSE 111. This rule does not apply when a vowel comes between a stroke and a brief sign, but only when it comes between two strokes. Thus, in.jv fasten, a does not come between two strokes, but between F and iss. It cannot be placed by iss, and therefore must be written by F. 112. Strokes have three positions, corresponding with the three vowel places : First position A stroke above the line of writing for hori- zontals; half a stroke above for other strokes. On double lined paper, place first-position horizontals and half=lengths under the upper line, touching it ; other strokes, through the upper line, half above and half below it. Second position On the line of writing. Third position Under the line of writing for horizontals; through the line, half above and half below it, for other strokes. 113. It is always the first down or the first up stroke in an outline that is put in position. If there is no down or up stroke, then the horizontals are put in position. 114. The object of position is to enable the writer to indi- cate vowels without writing them, thus saving his time and increasing his speed ; but unless he is perfectly familiar with the vowels, he cannot quickly place words in proper position. Certain conflicting words should always be vocalized ; as, O-^N same, to distinguish it from some, which has the same outline and the same position. Initial vowels generally help most in reading words, and should be freely used. 115. The very fact that vowels are generally omitted, makes it all the more necessary that they should be made as familiar as the multiplication table, in order that when needed they may be inserted very quickly. Three classes of words conflicting words, proper names and unusual words should IN SHORTHAND 45 generally be vocalized. No one need expect'much success as a shorthand writer who has not perfectly mastered the vowels. A word which is always vocalized need not be put in position. 116. A derivative is usually written in the position of its primitive. Ex calm, ^ calmly. 117. Except derivatives, words of many consonants are generally written without position, i. e. , on the line, the same as second position. For instance, almost all outlines of three or more strokes, and many outlines consisting of a brief sign and only two strokes, can be written without position, because the consonant outline is such a plain picture of the word that it can be instantly read without t'.ie aid of vowels or position. 118. Put all short outlines in position except those given without position iu the reading exercises. BRIEF SIGNS. / o O <^ dun C3 C cs <^s <^ heh i.33 sez steh ster yeh, yuh weh, v/uh weL weM weN weR h s zez st str y w wl win wn wr etc. -/A whl whin whn whr 119. A brief sign at the beginning of an outline is read before everything else. Iss may be combined with any other brief sign. Ex. 1 sweat, e^ swear,... ;> ... , . he-has swooned. ^s 120. A brief sign at the end of an outline is read after everything else; hence, after the t or d indicated by halving. Ex. fe debts, ^ cents. 121. When joined to a curve, or when between two straight strokes forming an angle, circles are written in. the easiest way, whether the motion is like or unlike that of the hands of a clock. Therefore 46 BRIEF COL'USE 122. RULE 2. Circles are written on the inside of a curve, but on the outside of the angle between two straight strokes. 123. RULE 3. Loops are also written on the inside ol ! .1 curve, but between strokes they are generally joined to the first stroke, the same as if there were no other stroke. A loop is never formed by the crossing of two strokes as the circles arc. 124. RULE 4. In all other cases, write iss, sez, steh, and ster, with a motion contrary to that of the hands of a clock. ' CT - X ....^^^... s ' Sam sent some saucers to Mrs. Mason. Jessup put-the exercises in-the desk. 125. Iss represents initial s, but not initial z. In zeal and other words beginning with z, use the stroke Z. 120. Sez docs not represent double s. Sez represents a syllable like sez or ses, zez or zes, sis, zaus, size, etc. Ex. ........... exhausted, ......... ^..scissors, .................. Cicero. 127. Steh represents st or zd; but if the word ends in ts or dz, halve for t or d and add iss. Ex. ................. missed, ............ mitts. Write: Lights, lost, lots, buds, buzzed, beast, beats, fates, faced, amazed, mates, lets, lest, beads, least, nets, nest, beds, best, dazed, dates, knot.*, sneezed, fist, fights, refused, refutes, debased, debates, vest, voiced, revised, rebates, zest, mast, mats, loots, loosed, routs, roused. 128. Students who have trouble in distinguishing between third-place Ah and first-place o may follow the letter in the longhand word. If the letter is o, use the first=place light dash; if the letter is a, use Ah, except in a few words where tea has the sound of wo or where ya has the sound of yo, '\ ^ O j 1 as in ............. swap, ............ want, .......... ___ wan, ..... ... ________ watch, ......... yacht. IN SHORTHAND 47 129. Make sez large and round, ster long, steh as narrow as you can, and the other brief signs as small as possible except that the sides of the semicircles are elongated to make them look like tiny arches and less like half lengths. 130. Make the w hook very small the hook line close to the stroke and straight, horizontal in weM and weN, slanting in weL and weR. With all other strokes, the semicircle must make a distinct angle. 131. Make all ticks as short as possible and yet be distinct. EXERCISE 11. Read, cop}', and read from j'our notes. tx , 5 . p I 5 '^S K J ^ ...^ : __/ -r 7 r r . 48 BRIEF COURSE WRITING EXERCISE Dime, dome, doom, shock, shucks, shook, chips, chaps, picks, packs, backs, box, tile, vim, wreaths, lath, hitch, huge, limp, lamp, lamb, vflightly, little, sheep, king, gong, imp, moths, couch, Molly, move, thatch, luck, looks, tucks, took, pug, pulled, buck, bush, foot, fudge, five, Tom, zeal, zealous, escape, berates, invites, delayed, copied, enjoyed, acted, mirage, ours, wide, weighed, unweighed, yacht, wad, watch, watched, yelped, yield, yielded, wild, walled, wooly, while, wheels, wired, bewitch, bewitched, switched, swift, west, waists, wind, whereat, nowhere, whines, swooped, swelled, swims, wounds, styles, stores, stamps, fasts, faster, pastors, task, besieged, despot, discuss, Chesapeake, accessory. Write without position: Alabama, Texas, Minnesota, Nevada, Mississippi, Mexico, also, always, picnic, apologizes, emphasized, chimney, theology, zoology, monopoly, monotony, notoriety, zinc, zenith, ambiguity, indemnify, damages. IN SHORTHAND 49 BUSINESS LETTER. Messrs. Wood, Stark &-Co. Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : Have-you decided to-sell your warehouse as-you suggested sometime since? Willis Yoakum, a-young fellow of honesty and wealth, desires to buy it. He-is in-the South for-a-few weeks, but he-has written that-he expects to visit our city in August, and-if-you so desire, I-will see him at-that-time and- will no-doubt succeed in-the disposal of-your warehouse in-a way that will suit-you. Write soon and-let-me-know if I-shall negotiate-the sale (of the) warehouse. Yours-truly, Augustus Wolf. 50 BRIEF COURSE QUESTION'S: 1. Name the first-place vowels. The second-place. The third-place. 2. Give the sounds repre- sented by the heavy dots. By the light dots. By the heavy dashes. By the light dashes. 3. When between two strokes, which vowels are placed by the first stroke? Which by the second stroke? 4. By which consonant is the vowel placed in dusk? 6. Give the three positions for a horizontal stroke; for a down or up stroke when full length ; when half length. 6. Which stroke in an outline is put in position? 7. What is the object of position? 8. What words should always be vocalized? 9. What two other classes of words are usually vocalized? 10. How familiar should the vowels be, and why? 11. What is said of the position of derivative words? 12. What words are generally written without position, and why? How many strokes are there in such words? 13. When is a brief sign read? 14. Give the rules for the circles and loops. 15. How is initial z represented? 16. What is repre- sented by sez? By steh? 17. How are final ts and dz repre- sented? 18. What is said of the size and shape of the circles, loops, semicircles, and ticks? 19. What is said of initial vowels in Par. 1 14 ? IX SHORTHAND 51 LESSON 8. PHRASING, WORDSIGNS AND SPECIAL POINTS. 132. This lesson completes what may be considered the first half of the theory of shorthand. The greater portion of the foundation principles is found in these eight lessons. They must be kept in constant remembrance, and practiced until they become as familiar as one's a-b-c's. Nothing must be forgotten, but everything must be reviewed in one way or another each day until it is as natural and easy to write shorthand as to write longhand. 133. RULE 5. The first word of a phrase is written in its usual position, and the other words in a phrase follow without regard to position. Ex._ __.I-will-do, < by-that-time. J / \s-~\ Exception 1. A, an, or and always takes the position of the word to which it is joined. Ex. _ and-if ,.._."V...._ a-few. Exception 2. A first-position word, especially if represented by a brief sign, may be somewhat raised or lowered in order to place the second word of a phrase also in its usual position. Ex. ..-! we-did, ^...we-had. The first word is still in first position, only not at its usual height above the line. 134. In phrasing, you may be represented byyeh whenever yuh does not make a good joining. Iss may represent us as well as is or his, as or has. Emp may be used for may-be. -\ ( -^^J x /"" x S^~\ J v" "X X They know-you. Let-us-know. He-may-be here tomorrow. 52 BUIEF COURSE 135. In phrasing, the pronoun I is generally represented by one-half of the sign for I, Poid or Roid. The downward tick, Poid, makes the better joining with the up strokes, while the upward tick, Roid, makes the better joining with the down /" , strokes. Ex. ............ I-will,....| ... I-do. Before a few strokes, like S and Z, the full form of I should be used for the sako of legibility. Ex. ..... J..I-was. 136. In order to distinguish between conflicting words, like sent and send, Id, md, nd, and rd are sometimes represented by the shaded half lengths, r Eld, ^ Med, ^ Ned, and > Ard. There is no danger of misreading these half lengths, because Yay, Emp, Ing, and Way, the strokes that resemble them, are seldom or never halved. 137. Eld is written down because it is difficult to write a shaded stroke up. Old, send, maid, and hard must always be shaded in order to distinguish them from late, sent, mate, and heart. o I v 1 i_ v_xi x ?-+i ?- \ -f b ................. f b ...... ....................... , x .................... x Is it a-late notice or-an old notice? I sent-you. I send-you. r x ................ f ^ .............. _, ^ c x He-may-be late. The old mate is wealthy and-the maid is worthy. 138. Eld, Med, Ned, and Ard can never be used with a hook; hence, care must be taken to make weLd, weMd, weNd, and weRd always light. 139. When studying the wordsigns in this lesson, observe that the vowel sign Aw is written in three direction to represent three words beginning with the sound of aw all, already, ought. The first-place light dash representing o is written in three directions to denote of, or, arrdjow. Since these ticks are written in first position and in the directions of B, D, J, P, T, and Ray, they may be called respectively Boid 1 (Bold-one) IN SHORTHAND 53 Doid 1 , Joid 1 , Fold 1 , Toid 1 , and Roid 1 . Who is Joid* ; should is Roid 2 or Choid 2 . 140. The wordsigns for the, a, an, and and given below can be used when the ticks would not make a good joining, or when safer than the ticks. WOItpSIGNS AND PHRASES. all already ought of or on should who the a and whom an work opportunity party common come together ago her hope kingdom r ~\ v I-/ ........ ( ..... ( ......... 4- ..... had much thank-ed though those we-were what-would we-will we-are advertise thousand thus we-would what-we -ed-ment Speed sentences : All-the boys ought-to-be already on-the-way to-the store or ~ ^ D C to-the office. We-were happy to give-you what we-had. We-will _ s ....... ............ .* ................ 2 ........... n I ............ !.. work together for-the common weal. What-would you do with-the ^ * ( c ......."z:^ 2 - ^....^ tf* ^... ...... v / switch? Though we-were sick last week, we-are now well. When BRIEF COURSE , ( would they come? Thus-the opportunity is-a good one. We-will thank them for-the thousand dollar., given-us. Who-should go but Mrs. N A "\ %<0) X en 5 ( _^.S* Boyd and her t\vo sons? Were you with-the party that came an-hour- / I / / , x . _ ... \...x "icT" b " / x ago? Those advertisements are doing much good. A common hope, EXERCISE 12. 1 iv~ / "si yi 'yr~~ v 3 5. S^*-^> A i/- ~"?Tfzii*j "pxssP '~^y^S> "" ' "jn x/**~X' "T ~ G vL /. rf. KEY TO EXERCISE 12. 1. You-may, you-may-go, you-may-have, you-may-do, you- may-have-seen, you-may-be, j-ou-ma3 r -be-sorry. 2. He-may- have, he-may-be, he-will-do, he-will-have, he-was, he-said, he- IN SHORTHAND 55 supposed. 3. I4we, I-do, I-think, I-will, I-will-do, I-will- think, I-may-be-sorry. 4. We-have, we-think, we-do, we- had, we-did, we-think-you-will-be, we-think-you-will-have. 5. We-will, we-will-do, we-will-be-ready, we- will-have, we-are- kaving, we-are-certain, we-arc-respectfully-yours. 6. I-will- send-you, he-will-send-you, he-will-send-us, you-will-send-us, you-may-be-certain, be-may-be-ready, I-may-be-ready. 7. Let- us-know, let-us-have, let-us-do, make-us, give-us, when-you- think-you-will, when-you-have-tiine. BUSINESS LETTERS. 56 BJilEF COURSE Mrs. M. J. Stillwell, Jackson, Miss. Madam : Are-you-the party who-came to see-us last Wednesday about-a six room house ? All of our force were already off at one on-that-day, except one or two boys who stayed to sweep up, and-they did not seem to know just what you desired. We-have four six room cottages at our disposal, all new and-on good lots. We-think we-ought to suit-you with one of -them. If-you-will come to-the office some day next week, we-will go together and-look at-the houses. I would-be happy to show them to-you at-an earlier date, but I-expect to-be out (of the) city for-the-rest (of the) week, so must ask-you to wait for me. We-shall advertise these houses for sale soon. A-smaller cottage was sold by-us a-few-days ago, and-it-is much admired by ail-that see it. We-hope-you-will come and-look at-the house. Yours-respectfully, ^ \ " IN SHORTHAND 57 Sirs : We note what you say in-yours of July 9. We-will-be in Albany next month for-one week, August 1-8, to exhibit our choice goods. We-hope to have-the opportunity of seeing you while in-your-city, as we-shall-be happy to show-you what we- have in-stock. We-are putting out a-lot of superior white wool weaves that-we-think may suit-you, Yours-truly, QUESTIONS: 1. Which word in a phrase is generally written in its usual position? 2. For what purpose may a first-position word be raised or lowered? 3. What words always take the position of the words to which they are joined? 4. In what two ways may you be represented in phrasing? 5. What may be represented by iss? ByEmp? 6. When should Poid be used for I? When Roid? In what other way may /be represented and when? 7. When may Eld, Med, Ned and Ard be used? 8. When is it wrong to use them? 9. What is the direction of Eld ? 10. Inwhattwo ways may the be represented ? A or an? And? 11. What wordsigns are represented by the following: Boid 1 , Poid 1 , Doid 1 , Toid 1 , Joid 1 , Roid 1 , Roid 2 , Joid 2 , P 3 , P 1 , Ith 8 , The 3 , Chay 3 D 3 , Gay a , Gay 3 , Thees 8 ? 12. Can you also give the words represented by Boid 2 , Poid 2 , Doid 3 , Toid 2 ? 58 BRIEF COURSE LESSON 9. Small Final Hooks on Straight Strokes. Ten J L Tef or Tev Tents d Tens J [ Tefs ID Tefts 141. Straight strokes Lave two small final books, the f or v hook written on the circle side, and the n hook on the oppo- site side. Ex. L' deaf, J' den. 142. Iss may be written within the f or v hook. Ex. \> puff, \i puffs. 143. Iss may be written in place of the n hook on straight strokes. Ex. \.,.....pau , .^... pans. Read and copy. XX II i I _, _=> s s Pef Bcf Tef Def Chef Jef Kef Gef Hef Ref \\ ID I i ^ _^ _3 ^ ^ Pefs Befs Tefs Defs Chefs Jefs Kefs Gefs Hefs Refs \> V U I t _^ _j S S Peft Beft Teft Deft Cheft Jeft Keft Geft Heft Reft ^ V b I) < ^ _s .3 c^ Pef ts Bef ts Tefts Defts Chefts Jefts Kefts Gefts Hefts Refts \\J J / J -, ^ /> Pen Ben Ten Den Chen Jen Ken Gen Hen Ren o o o o of /> Pent Bent Tent Dent Ghent Jent Kent Gent Kent Rent b^d d c/ cX-o-Dc^/ Pents Bents Tents Dents ChentsJentsKents Gents Hents Rents IN SHORTHAND 59 144. The e in the foregoing names represents any vowel that may come between the stroke and its hook. Pen, with a change of vowel, may re present pan, pin, pun, pine, paivn or pain. 145. Make each hook very small, and the hook line straight, pointing out rather than in ; otherwise, when rapidly written the hook may be mistaken for iss. When iss is written within the hook, it is not round, but ends in a straight line, dividing the hook into two nearly equal parts. 146. Write each of the above shorthand lines three times, naming each hooked stroke as you write it. Make each stroke with a quick, precise movement ; then, without lifting the pen, carefully make the hook on the proper side of the stroke. b ._* ~J !Sx I Dave gave-the chief river in Spain. Cover-the beehives with-the stuff. _P \. /y^ /f I |. P. .......... J OO-/^' > Jxli Jo The sudden pain sent Henry running to-the dentist. David Stone has > ..... ....... \ -i gone to-the pine woods of-Michigan. John doffs his cuffs and serves. 147. Write the foregoing sentences ten times each. Observe that in writing the word beehives, it is necessary to partly retrace B in order to show the hook on Hay. Omitting the vowels, except in proper names, write the sentences ten times again. Continue practicing them until you can write them correctly and easily at the rate of forty words per minute. But if you try to write rapidly without sufficient practice, you will make mistakes and will have to write slower than ever in order to correct your tendency to error. Trying to write faster than you can write perfectly will only hinder you and retard your 60 BRIEF COURSE progress. NEVER ALLOW YOURSELF TO PLACE A SINGLE HOOK ON THE WRONG SIDE OF A STROKE. That is a most serious error in shorthand. Carelessness in placing the hooks, circles or loops will lead to no end of trouble. EXERCISE 13. Read, transcribe, and write from transcript. 1 \ Ir >> A ~^ /r < ^ ' d- ^ yA y o A 7 X** V L t ^ J^ > L J ........... -i -r ....... Sv ... vF > 148. Except in the middle of a word, iss, sez, steh or ster may be written in place of the n hook on straight strokes to indicate ns, nsez, nst or nster. IX SHORTHAND G 1 I | d_ \ &_ ....y^i.. IVs^ "J. d ^ A ' dance dances tenses, pounced punsters ransack Wisconsin Mrs. Jones sent-the coins to Kansas. The-chances are against-his V. x / ransom. He chanced to hear-the spinsters' responses. He warns-the J x ^d?_c/r_ v T T \ nl punsters (of-the) dunce's density. The gown enhances Jane's beauty. 149. Write the foregoing sentences ten times. Then prac- tice the writing exercise. You can write it the first time and every time without once putting a hook on the wrong side of a stroke. Do so. Practice it until it is easy to place the hooks correctly. Write it seven times without error. WRITING EXERCISES. Pave, paved, pain, pained, buff, paint, paints, bun, buns, doff, doffed, done, dunned, dunces, dove, doves, pine, pines, cave, caves, caved, chafe, chafes, chain, chains, chained, chaff, run, runs, rough, den, dens, huff, tough, hove, ten, tense, tenses, Jones, achieve, achieves, achieved, Jeff, Dane, dived, roof, roofs, rain, rains, rained, gave, rove, roves, roved, ran, rinse, rinsed, rinses, reigns, reigned, skein, skeins, hen, hens, heave, heaved, spine, half, halves, pan, pans, panned, referee, ripen, ripens, ripened, staff, staves, river, Henry, , spun, stone, stones, stoned, sudden, mechanic, dentists, banish, divide, defense, penance, tanned, toned, gifts, taunts, dents, daunts, coughs, pants, calves, bounds, skiff, rinds, bereft, pints, pounds, coins, sustained, suspends, swerves. 62 BUIEF COURSE 150. A dot at the beginning of a stroke, and in line with it, indicates con, conn, com, or comm. Ex. ^^s> commenced. j contained, WORDSIGNS. ^ >>_j^ i^, J I \ ZV, L opinion upon happen been can general-ly differ-ed before whateve. punish-ment (verb) -ence-ent-ly refer-red-ence SPEED SENTENCES CONTAINING WORDSIGNS. L 1 _!_ -, ) L J \ I V Whatever you decide, we can say that-we-have generally been .. x jr - A hook. Ex. stock-of, /u rate-of, ... i out-of. 154. Write the following letter ten times, omitting the vowels except in oil, 72eeyes, N and Dunn: IN SHORTHAND G3 BUSINESS LETTER. Kansas Paint-& Oil Co. , Kansas-City, -Mo. Sirs : Yours (of) June 10 has-jnst come to (h)and, and-in- answer will-say that-we-have-a good stock-of paints, mixed ready for use, put up in tin cans of different sizes. The smallest on sale contain one pint, though we-have sample cans that-we can send-you that contain still less. Whatever you- may need in-the-way of paints this season, we-shall-be happy to-send-you. We-will give-you-the usual discounts for spot cash or we- will-send on sixty days' time, as-you wish. 64 BRIEF COURSE Hoping that-you-will-send to-us for sample paints before buying, we-are- Yours-truly, Reeves &-Dunn. 155. Notice that in writing the derivative word sixty, six is written in its usual position and T is added. QUESTIONS : 1 . What small final hooks may be placed on straight strokes? 2. Which hook is written on the circle side? 3. Which hook is written on the opposite side ? 4. How is iss combined with each of these hooks ? 5. Write and name the ten hooked strokes, Pef, Bef, etc. 6. Write and name the same strokes with iss added. 7. Write and name Peft, Beft, etc. 8. Write and name Pefts, Befts, etc. 9. Write and name the ten strokes with the n hook. Write and name those ending in ns. Those ending in nt. Those ending in nts. 10. What does e in the names signify? 11. How should each hook be made? 12. How is iss made when written within the hook? 13. Write beehives, and state the peculiarity in its formation. 14. What should you never allow yourself to do ? 15. What is said of this error? 16. What may be written in place of the n hook, and when? 17. What is indicated by these four? 18. What may be used to represent Co.? 19. Give the different ways of indicating of. 20. How may con or conn, com or comm be represented? IN SHORTHAND 65 LESSON 10. N HOOK ON CURVES. 156. Curves take the final u hook. 157. Iss may be written within the n hook on curves, but never in place of it. Ex 1 mine, ,. v mines. . v . is mice, not mines. Sez, steh, and ster cannot be combined with the n hook on curves. WRITE FIVE TIMES. V V i \ f f /~> /9 y Fen Fens Fent Fents Len Lens Lent Lents Men Mens Meiit, etc. Women / ^ /^ /^ of renown. The moon shines upon-the ocean's billows. He finds excellent lines. EXERCISE 14. Read, copy, and read from your notes. c ix. / \v w 2 J^ 3 \^ ^ _jr :* .^, /?.. LJ L 4 --/^A ^>A -/K O^A cy^X -f" 5 /-|-WD Jn> f-6~2> I 158. In the exercise below, use either the stroke or the dot for -ing, as is most convenient. Remember also that Eld, Med, Ned and Ard are never used with a hook. Use Let, Met, Net and Art with a hook. 6ff BRIEF COURSE WRITING EXEECISE. Mine, mines, mind, minds, fun, noun, nouns, vine, vines, fan, fans, fanned, fanning, fence, fences (F-N sez), lenses, lances, minces, lawn, lawns, shine, shines, line, lines, lined, lining, lint, mend, mends, mending, faint, faints, fainting, vent, find, finds, finding, found, founds, founding, thence, mint, mints, mound, mounds, nun, nuns, loan, loans, loaned, loaning, shown, nine, seven, ocean, oceans, slain, 'lent, fountain, lonely, finance, finances, soften, softens, softened, summon, summoned, summoning, softening, anoints. 158. K or Gay is often omitted in words beginning with ^/ judge-d N V or _j sign-ed ..... Vj> faint-ed v^ or dawn-ed .....r. _ round-ed ... or /A 'AS - shop-ped ...X. ....... ?.. point-ed ....^... or reserve-d mend-ed ^ or .. ........ |.~ \, base-d N$ ....... !' ...... deed-ed ........... Lor ...... !l ..... IN SHORTHAND exercise-d -^n note-cl w or 67 < \O possess-ed _ _ _.:.... gift-ed .' 160. To may be indicated by writing the word following it in the fourth position, i. e., entirely under the line. M below the line may be used for to-me or to-my ; never for to-him. Usually it is a second-position word having a full-length down stroke, that is written in the fourth position. /Ov ^ i 4 ) r i To-have to-take to-this to-say to-ask to-do to-me to-him to-it today to-my He-wrote to me of my reference to him in which I spoke of him as unkind to my son. WORDSIGNS. fact thing long language quite could after future advantage large how change WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY POSITION. keep, copy inch, notch book, back amount, mount account, count Speed Sentences : Have-you seen anything like this before? How-long have-you been keeping it? \ I , V o o ^ _ ^ \ We could pay-you something soon after-the 1st. The fact is, his language was ..... \ * ........... f- .......... \ ...... /^ : ...... > - quite bad. The advantage is- to-be largely in-the future. Put-the thing 68 BEIKK COURSE f an-inch (a-notch) higher. Does your count tally with my account? You-will-find-the catalog in-the back (not book). If expenses _/ .^ ( ( * v_v_ : ^.A* mount much higher, they will amount to half of our receipts. \ BUSINESS LETTER. \ L ...... uJ / A IN SHORTHAND 69 William Kaufmann, Leavenworth, Kans. Sir: Yours of June 13 received and-duly noted. We confess that-we read your note a-second-time before its meaning dawned upon-us. So-you desire to-loan money, but at exorbitant rates. Allow-us to-say that-the state of our finances does-not demand that-we obtain loans by paying usury. We can not commend your views. We can not consent to any such arrangement as-you suggest. The chief point in- your argument is based upon-an error. We-do-not (dictated don't) wish your services. We-do-not intend to change our policy. Yours truly, David Sloan & Co. QUESTIONS. What small final hook may be added to curves? 2. How is iss combined with the n hook on curves? 3. Can iss, sez, steh or ster be written in place of the n hook on curves? 4. Should the stroke be made light or heavy in loaned, mind and earned? Why? 5. What is the -ed tick? 6. What is indicated by fourth position? 7. Where is fourth position ? 8. Write to-him and to-me. 9. Write the wordsigns for the following words: Quite, long, could, language, large, future, thing, after, advantage, fact, how, change. 10. Of the words distinguished by position, which are written in the second position? 11. Make the marks of parenthesis in shorthand. 70 BRIEF COURSE LESSON 11. THE SMALL L HOOK. Lett hand L hook TL OHI. CXSHL 160. Certain consonants combine so closely with the sound of I that the two consonants together really form but one sound, spoken with but one impulse of the vocal organs. Thus, in play the two consonants form the one sound pi, pronounced like the last syllable of apple. Give this sound. Give the combined sound of U as heard in able, the combined sound of fl as heard in fly or aw/uZ. This union of I with the preceding consonant so as to form one sound with it, is indicated by a small initial 1 hook placed on the circle side of the following strokes : \\rr^/^^_^c c PI Bl Tl Dl Chl Jl Kl Gl Fl VI Thl Thl Shi Zbl \ \ r f / /~LI^Vv c c j J sPl, stM, etc. sFJ, sVl, etc. sShl, etc. <-L- * % f . ........... play able ugly oval flood plates settled social civil glacial 161. Always call these double consonants by their names, which are the same as the last syllables of apple, &ble, settle, saddle, Witchel, vigil, fickle, hag^e, awful, oval, 'Ethel, bushel, and usual. The triple consonants are pronounced sPl, as in gospel; iss-Bl ; sTl, as in hostile; iss-Dl, etc. Q B IX SHORTHAND 71 162. Observe that Shi and Zhl are written up, to distinguish them from Shen atid Zhen, which are written down. 163. Iss is made long and thin when written within the 1 hook, the same as when within the f or v hook. Take special pains to make iss long when combined with the 1 hook in the middle of words, in order that the hook may be quite plain. subtle saddlery bicycle exclaim explosive 164. It is often necessary to retrace the previous stroke in order to make the 1 hook. Ex- 5\ couple s/^_ ruffle. EXERCISE 15. Transcribe, write from transcript, and read notes. 72 BRIEF COURSE WRITING EXERCISE. Play, played, plow, plows, plowed, plots, plats, glee, gloss, blaze, blame, blades, blazed, bluster, blazes, cloy, cloyed, clue, cleats, clams, clap, clip, pluck, gloom, fling, flung, plump, clamp, baffle, shuffle, bleeds, floods, pleads, flats, floats, evils, bevel, level, rifles, juggle, knuckles, addle, saddle, sidle, sable, civility, supple, supplement, compliments, civilize, civilizes, cycle, sickly, tackle, pebble, stubble, angle, flip, flabby, exclaim, exclusive, gospel, fiscal, social, facial, racial, glacial, plane, planed, blind, blend, blends, flint, bland, splash, spleen, displace; displease, complain, clean, cleansed, cleanses, complained, complains, complaints, gleaned, glint, glints, initial, rashly, fleshly, splints, supplants. WORDSIGNS "" certain build-t able-to balance feel full-y value cannot necessary fill, fall follow Speed Sentences : _Y o/ Are-you able-to balance your books? I-feel certain c V t.c ~^~ "I y^-x- that-he-has billed-the goods at full value. It fills-the bill. PHRASES. they-will they'll f P V it-will it'll \ S it-will-be which-will-be which '11 please-send IN SHORTHAND EXERCISE 16. -v = 73 \=-x 'C V. V X O , _./_.. \J 10 11 S_ f -^P ....... V \ 74 BRIEF COUKSE BUSINESS LETTERS. Messrs. Mitchell-& Black, Glen wood, Iowa. Sirs: Please-send me six bushels of -your best russet apples, a peck-of your choicest blue plums, and-a small sack-of flour. Cannot you send-the plums right-away? If so, you-will- oblige me. Yours-truly, Willis Blunt. QUESTIONS. 1. What is indicated by the small 1 hook? 2. Write and name the 1-hook series of double consonants. 3. What two are written up, and why? 4. How is iss written within the 1 hook? 5. Where is care especially needed in order that the 1 hook may be plain? 6. How is the 1 hook made in couple? 7. Write the following phrases: They-will, it-will, it-will-be, which-will-be, please-send. 8. Write and name the wordsigns for the following words : Balance, dble-to,fill, value, build, fully, feel, bill, fall, billed, certain, cannot, follow. IN SHORTHAND 75 LESSON 12. ANGLE RULES AND WORDSIGN REVIEW. 165. The downward stroke C El is sometimes used in- stead of Lay for the sake of a sharper angle or a more con- venient joining. 166. RULE 6. Use El after N and Ing. v T f *r L O / f 6 / o >*- nails needles kingly needless endless annuls annulment 167. Copy the above line several times; then write the following: Null, wrongly, kneel, Nile, Nellie, inlay, inlet, inlaid, inland, knoll, neatly, newel, knell, unlimited, songless. 168. When Ish is impossible or inconvenient, an upward stroke, ^J Shay, may be used for sh, as in A .y vanish, .. 01 -S~~b ^ bonds? Now it-is beyond-you. Is it impossible to build immediately? L V C ^ / ? x .?. : V. ^> ...._ o b o Did-you ever fully explain-the immediate advantages of-this plan? WORDSIGN REVIEW. 0. o c 3 ;...u n J \ 1 ...I. \ I /. ;...... IN SHORTHAND 77 KEY. Opportunity up hope-party by be to-be time it-take at-out dollar do had-advertise-ed-ment each which-change much advantage large common-kingdom come-country quite could give-n together ago good. If for-fact few-half after future ever have however think thank-ed-thousand them-they though was wish shall-t issue usual-ly these this those-thus several that without. Him-am-home important-ce improve-d-ment impossible- ility any -in new own thing language long when your will whole-a/Zozo her are work away. First is-his as-has we- with were what would ye-years, yet beyond you I-eye-high he how of to or but on should all too-two already-awe 0-oh-oive ought who-m the and an a. Opinion upon punish-ment-/ip/>e?t been can general-ly imagine before whatever differ-ed-ent-ly-ce necessary build- built able-to balance feel-fill-fall-follow full-y-fell value. 17 \ < - - ! 6 5 : ! L. 1! ^... r/X JT k ^ \ rr^.. ~^^ *~ x - \ s i V^ \ 9 I..... U x / t . ) x U 78 BRIEI? COURSE \ KEY. You ought to improve this opportunity of advertising those goods. But is it impossible to build beyond-the city limits? However, you-will-have-them on-hand for several weeks. I-wish to-be notified immediately when anything important happens. Now, we-hope each party will give whatever is convenient. What-was-done with-the different bills before-the House? Such language was too common a-year or two ago. I-think-he-wouid-go if-you would invite him. The General 's opinions upon that issue have already been given. Could- you pay-the balance due on-this large bill? First, how- long-and how high shall it all be? We-shall-do without these-things which cost so much. Oh, work together for-your mutual advantage in-the future. Can you arrange for-the thousand-dollars you owe him? Were you able-to find out who were after-them? IN SHORTHAND 79 What-would happen if-he-should ever know its value? He- feels that-the bag is already quite too full. Gentlemen, all- these changes affect our country the whole kingdom. 170. Except in phrasing, a wordsign should never be writ- ten out of position. Practice each sentence until it is easy to write it correctly ; then practice it until you can write it both correctly and rapidly. There are ten words in each sentence, sixty words in each group. Practice each group until you can write it correctly in a minute. Perhaps you can write some of the sentences correctly ten times in a minute, i. e., at the rate of 100 words per minute. It will pay you to spend two or three days on this lesson, for wordsigns are of little value unless written without conscious effort. BUSINESS LETTER. 80 BRIEF COURSE Messrs. Gleason, Kline &-Jones, Pine Bluffs, Ark. Gentlemen : How-do-you like our samples (of the) plain unglazed tablets? The selling value of tablets depends-upon-the cover design as-much-as upon-the excellence (of the) bond. We can give-you-the benefit of-a binding which-will, we- believe, be second to none, and superior to-many of expensive mounting, at-the rate-of 75c. a-dozeu. Enclosed is list of inducements to individual pupils-and student clubs that want to-save-the coupons. Shall we send-you a-few-dozen tablets, and-also coupons? Kindly write-us at-your earliest convenience. Yours truly, QUESTION: 1. What is the name of the downward stroke for 1 ? 2. After what strokes should El be used, and why? 3. What is the name of the upward stroke for sh? 4. When is it used instead of Ish? 5. Should Ar or Ray be used be- fore M and Emp? 6. What is used for r after M and Emp? 7. After what other stroke should Ray be used, regardless of the vowel? 8. Observe the italicized words in the wordsign key, and note whether they are written regularly, or whether they are, like true wordsigns, exceptions in point of position or omission of consonant or vowel sounds. 9. Make the shorthand dash. IK SHORTHAND LESSON 13. THE SMALL R HOOK. Bight hand R hook TR 171. The r hook, like the 1 hook, indicates that the two sounds represented by the stroke and its hook together form one sound, not two sounds. Thus in pray, the two conson- ants blend into the one sound, pr, pronounced like the last syllable of upper. 172. The double consonants of the r-hook series are as follows: \ \ 1 i ; ;^_ ,_ <\ ^ ^. -i Pr Br Tr Dr Chr Jr Kr Gr pray prayed acres odor ^ Fr Vr ThrThrShr Zhr Mr Nr 1 J> fresh freight every threshers withered brazier rumor honored 173. Fr, Vr, Thr, and Thr are formed by turning Fl, VI, Thl, and Thl over, so that the hook is on the other side, as in 82 BRIEF COURSE diagram above. There is no danger of mistaking Fr, Vr, etc., for Ar, Way, S, and Z, because the latter never take an initial hook. 174. Observe that . \cx ex. o - o*~ cr- o iv A l $ ............................................. ._ ................. :. ..... \o J pray spray sprains sprained seeker secret secrete sacrifice cistern o \ The-Secretary's screens were made of cypress. Sister served supper. 180. In the middle of a word, iss is generally written within the r hook. \ -i- -% ^ ^Y_ \ J. obstruct extra extravagant restrained reciprocal prosper distrust 181. Iss must always be written within all hooks on curves. SX 6V .................. _S ______ ............................. _ we- would manner nature under pleasure little what-we we-were hundred what-would with- what what- were OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED BY POSITION. ............... \- ..... - .......... ................. . ...................... v prove approve express surprise suppress devise advise proof device advice 187. In the sentences below and in future lessons, hyphens will be omitted in some of the phrases. ~~l " Nature gives-us pleasure in divers manners and a hundred little ways \ / \ I ... ^J? V x I \s> ^ <\. x 5> v a, V \> I, understood by few. Those proofs are approved. He has demonstrated c ..x his power to suppress these wrongs. Your-own may-be better-than that. o 90 BRIEF COURSE BUSINESS LETTER. Dr. Hosmer Sprague, Pittsburg, Pa. Dear-Sir: We-take-pleasure in mailing-you to-day, under separate cover, a little souvenir book, illustrating in-a brief-and we-believe-a delightful manner, our factory and the methods and nature of engraving processes. It also contains most natural lithographs of the President, Secretary, and-other officers of the Company. I hope you will favor us with a perusal of-same, and that you will find it what-we intended, namely, a fine specimen of the graphic arts. I\ SHORTHAND 91 Please consider the advantages offered in our supplement and the great facilities which we-would be glad to place at your disposal. Kindly write us for prices or other details which you may desire sent you. Awaiting your commands, we are Respectfully yours, The Werner Printing Co. QUESTIONS. 1. How is the circle combined with the r hook in stray? 2. How is the circle combined with the r hook in restrict? 3. How is iss combined with the r hook in sooner? 4. Write sTl, Tefs, sTlt, Tefts, sTr, Stret, Tens, Tents. 5. What hooks may be changed to circles? 6. What hooks cannot be changed to circles, and why? 7. How are such words as disagree written? 8. What caution is given in regard to making the sTr after the n hook? 9. Write: Remon- strance, demonstrate, discouraging, summer, cipher, admin- istrate, suffer, monstrous. Tell what is peculiar about each one. 10. What may be represented by the n hook in phrasing? 11. What may be represented by the f or v hook in phrasing? 12. Write: Their-own, your-own, our- own, her-own, better-than, more -than, sooner-than, which- havc, who-have. 92 BUIEF COURSE LESSON 15. DOUBLE-LENGTH CURVES. 188. Making Emp twice as long as usual changes it to Emper or Ember. Ex. temper, amber. 189. Doubling Ing changes it to Inger or Inker. Ex. long, .... ... longer, C thinker. 190. Doubling any other stroke adds thr, dr, or tr (terorture). Ex. neither, - V He-told a-number-of very important particulars to the members of the board. ; Y n V. <\...b I \> X x [ A x X Wait until the party of the first part tells wliich-are the best for their needs. 21. \ 3 oJ_0 x 4 ...\ x C 6 ' x o c 5 \ c _ x L V = ) ( ) ^ } ( '"- IN SHORTHAND 95 WRITING EXERCISE. For-there, have-their, think-there, see-their, show-their, for-there-will-be, for-there-may-be, for-there-is, if-there-is, if-there-is-time, we-have-their, I-have-their, I-will-have- their, we-will-have-their, he-was-there, he- will -have-their, are-there-many, we-think-there-is, I-think-there-will-be, I-think-they-are-ready, seen-their, I-have-seen-their, know- their, do-you-know-their, some-other-roads, some-other- cases, in-their-case, in-other- words, the-other, the-other- time, the-other-day, the-other-road, the-other-rates. Esther wrote-a long letter to her father-and-mother Thursday, and-Friday she wrote-a still longer letter to her sister. Can you open-the shutters? Render honor to whom honor- is due. The longer you-linger the harder it-will-be for-you to enter upon your task. Does-it-make any difference whether-the diameter (of the) cylinder-is six-inches or ten? The-feather pillows ought-to-be smoother, then-the room will look neater. Mr. Luther's remarks were particularly good. What-was-the nature of -his business? Which-are yours? BUSINESS LETTER. 96 BUIKK COURSE n v Mr. Luther Arthur Sanderson, Purchasing Agent New- York-Central, New- York-City. My-dear-Sir: Your-letter of the 14th of September was duly received. As-soon-as-the temperature-is lower, not later-than-the latter part of December, we-shall need materials for repair- ing our tenders. Unusually severe weather would render it impossible for-us to use these temporary water pipes. Later in the winter we shall alter-the diameter of the fire boxes, and we shall also use softer water in the future. Clinkers do-not smother-the flames if-there-is any device for forcing-the air entirely through the ventilators. Have you noticed the lighter fingers which-are now a feature of the longer cylinder dampers? Send-us-a good supply-of both thermometers-and barom- eters. Yours truly, WALTER REIFSXIDER, Supt. Motor Power, N. Y. C. R. IN SHORTHAND 97 QUESTIONS: 1. What is the effect of doubling Emp? 2. What is the effect of doubling Ing? 3.. What else may be doubled, and to add what syllables? 4. Which half of a double length is put in position? 5. Is a final hook read before or after tr, dr, or thr? 6. When is a circle or loop read? 7. What caution is given in Par. 193? 8. In phrasing, what is indicated by doubling? 9. Write and read the following wordsigns: Tell, part, entire, number, very, particularly, until, matter, member, told, over, board, remember, nature, hundred, pleasure, under, other, from, their, more, remark, during, larger, surely, dear, doctor, Mr., share, manner, September, little, December. 7 Q 98 BKIKF COUKSE LESSON 16. LARGE HOOKS. 195. The above may be called Mel, Nel and Rel. \y r _ 5 C_^. ....... N. . ....................... V^_C~ > \- ................... A A ........... ......... (_/ Though reluctant, he finally put green enamel on the panels -^ ............. .......................................................................................... ./N ~ ............... sometime never refer furnish because U. S. belong expect-ed-ation _ .......... = _ !V\__ \ ........ _ v _ call difficult-y appear principal-ly practice govern equal form-ed principle practical -ed-ment Speed Sentences: ( .. o . * It appears that my practice has never equaled yours. The U. S. government o ............. ..... iV 'X c_^ x ? ~^ \ ^ has overcome only the principal difficulties. He has never been able to keep \ ....... ............... z ....... ! ........... <\ ....... :... up appearances because his practice is too small. Call on the Principal, _.,..._ IX x_.t^^-^^. ........ , ............ si .......... /_ -x and tell him to equalize matters unless be wishes a general strike. IN SHORTHAND 101 BUSINESS LETTER. \ s v V ' A h> /- \- All I X X V) 102 BRIEF COURSE Mr. Daniel Clark, Electric Railway Motor Co.,. Brooklyn, N. Y. Dear Sir: We hereby call the attention of the Directors of the Electric Railway Construction Company to the Convention of Railroad Officials, which convenes at Waterloo, in April next. One of the features of this Convention will be a practical exhibition of motors and dynamos. Arrangements have already been made for the machinery to be used by their demonstrators. General plans for electric railway extension may also receive consideration. Where there are many exhibitors, the execution of orig- inal plans is sometimes difficult, but the contractor's early completion of the Cuyler Tunnel and Lower River Channel exhibits has surpassed our most sanguine expectations. We hope you will improve the opportunity afforded by the Convention not only to display the new machinery you are advertising, but also to make some large sales. Let us hear from you at your earliest convenience. Very truly yours, Peter Petrie, Sec. QUESTIONS: 1. What are the large initial hooks? 2. What are the large final hooks? 3. What caution is given in regard to the formation of the large hooks? 4. Write the following wordsigns: Because, principal, govern, afford, equal , United States, appear, call, never, practice, difficulty. IJf SHORTHAND 103 LESSON 17. CHOICE OF STROKE OR BRIEF SIGN. 202. As has been taught in previous lessons, Z, and not iss, must be used for initial z. Ex. \^_ zinc, .................. sink, y- L ....... zeal, ?. ..... seal. 203. Use Hay after an initial vowel, before a stroke followed by a vowel, before a final vowel, before iss, and before Pet, Tet, Chet, and Ket in verbs ending in these half lengths; as, ahead, hobby, Omaha, hasten, headed, hatched. In other cases, many generally omit 7i, while some freely use Choid, Roid, or Poid, whichever makes the best angle. If desired to express li where neither Hay nor heh can be used, place a dot by the vowel following 7t, as in the last syllable of hogshead. hung hoax hogshead ham hump hair hill whew whim The circle may be written in place of the hook on Hay. * x-- Ex. c5"* Sahara, awoke, f oyer. IN SHORTHAND 105 211. RULE 11. When a word ends in a vowel sound, use a stroke for the last consonant. _^ ...... i %. \ r\ also Ottawa Tokyo coffee gravy china putty lady 212. RULE 12. When two consonants are separated by two vowel sounds, both of which are necessary to dis- tinguish the word, then both consonants must be repre- sented by strokes. Ex. A_ Suez; .J^?. science, not \ V v pious, not ...J? ; _S fiat, not .__.. x 213. A brief sign at the beginning of an outline shows that there is no initial vowel. A brief sign, a half length, or a double length, at the end of an outline, shows that there is no final vowel. Therefore 214. If a word begins with S, Way or Yay, look out for an initial vowel, as in ..Least; or, in rare cases, for two vow- els after the first consonant, as in ) sciatica, "\ ^_^ Wyoming. 215. If a word ends in S, Z, F, V, N, T or D, look out for a final vowel, as in VJ policy or f memento; or in rare cases, for two vowels before the last consonant, as in .".. situate. Remember that the lack of an angle or the presence of a brief sign in the middle of a word may BG 106 BRIEF COURSE necessitate the use of a following stroke, as in ...y........ affect or .. attendant. When there is no other conso- nant stroke next to a vowel, use the stroke. Otherwise, if practicable, use the brief method. RESUME. Hay. Ex. S, Z. Ex. .J.../O' Way, Yay. ] F, V, N. Ex. /^ \ /"" \ \a-^ T, D. Ex. V_ I Shen. Ex. c> .........7 Tr, Dr, Thr. Ex. . Ex..... 9 i^ ....J.....-h L. Tick. Ex. Circle Semicircle. Ex .1. Small hook. Ex J! Large hook. Ex. Half length. Ex .fl Double length. Ex IN SHORTHAND 107 24. 108 BRIEF COURSE WRITING EXERCISE. Sleep, asleep, state, estate, spy, espy, esteem, less, lessee, moss, mossy, quince, Quincy, assume, ensue, bias, pious, scion, science, chaos, Seattle, woke, awoke, ward, award, Wyandotte, Yale, yeast, yeas, Yates, Tokyo, stairway, Wyoming, tin, tiny, fan, Fannie, chin, china, cough, coffee, beef, bevy, ruin, Cheyenne, pit, pity, naught, naughty, mud, muddy, poet, fiat, period, enter, entry, loiter, lottery, center, sentry, Utica, tighten, straighten, cotton, lighten, fatten, define, advocate, Providence, winter, wintry. 216. It may be indicated by halving the preceding stroke. _v*. V ^ ( _ N !1_ for-it have-it to-have-it think-it at-it had-it from-it over-it >. ^ NE ^ ^_ , if-it if-it-is if-it-were I-think-it-is-a make-it take-it WORDSIGNS AND PHRASES. business behind gentleman consider begin begun began assist-ed-ance 3 \ ^ c. j 1 j j I-did-not I-do-not I-had-not we-did-not we-do-not ^vVhad-not di'n't don't had'n't Speed Sentences: <^t c_ \ Q * We-had-not begun our estimates when they called yejslerday. I-had-not seen the c/._ .?._... n x / v x / x Vn gentleman behind you. He begins to assertjliis supremapy/over-the^)thers. Have l^^^s v ....... you ascertained whether they-will continue another year? From-th\eir remarks I judge tliey are makers of fine pottery. He began as first assistant in the business. IN SHORTHAND BUSINESS LETTER. 109 v_ ir 1 H ^ - ^ Mr. John Dana, Hot Springs, Ark. Dear Sir: Is-your heating plant in good condition for the winter? You would find it good policy to-have-it attended to very soon and avoid the inevitable labor troubles, freight block- ades, and other contingencies, in the fall. Aside from these 110 BEIEF COURSE very vexing delays, 1-kn.ow I-can save you considerable in the cost of the work if-you-will-have-it done in-the near future. Before making any repairs, be sure to look over my new hot water and steam heaters, which-are made of refined boiler steel. The saving in coke alone will make an exchange a matter of economy. Unless it is convenient for you to visit our office, write us for any particulars you may desire. Very truly yours, Austin, Crozier & Co. QUESTIONS: 1. What is used for initial z? 2. Be- fore what strokes may heh be used. 3. Give two cases when halving cannot be employed, and give examples in each case. 4. What should be used for n after a half length, and why? Give examples. 5. Write cannon, driven, dozen, locate, and state why these words end in a stroke instead of a brief sign. 6. Write wise and house, and state why the choice of brief sign and stroke. 7. Why is the stroke used for s in ask, also, and Suez? 8. Give the four rules, with examples under each rule. 9. If a word begins with a brief sign, what is always indicated? 10. If a word ends in a brief sign, what is always indicated? 11. What is generally indicated if a word begins withS, Way or Yay? 12. What is generally indicated if a word ends in S, Z, F, V, N, T, or D? 13. Why cannot you lengthen for tr in entry and wintry? 14. What word may be added by halving? IN SHORTHAND 111 LESSON 18. PREFIXES. 217. The vowel in a prefix is known, and need not be in- dicated by position. The rest of the word is therefore generally placed in the position of the first prominent vowel after the prefix. 218. Con, conn, com, comm, cum, or cog is represented by writing the part that follows con, com, etc., close to or below the word or syllable which precedes it. Ex. ^~% unconcerned, /.y.... reconciled, /, recommend, ^5~.. in connection. When this is inconvenient or unsafe, a light dot before the stroke and in line with it is used. Ex. -^ cognate. Accom may be represented by a heavy dot, and discom or discon by D. Ex. V_^ accompany, IL_g discontinue. Write: Accommodate, accommodation, accomplice, un- confessed, your-communication, this-conclusion, in-conclu- sion, recommended, recognize, combined, committees, com- mand, great-confusion, inconvenient, incumbent, incum- brance, disconcert, discomfit, discontent. 219. Circum or self: Iss placed before the middle of a stroke. Iss is joined in very frequent words. Ex. J - circumscribe, A> self-made, .-^L... selfish. Write: Circumspect, circumspection, circumvent, circum- vention, circumscribe, circumference, self-love, self-defense, self-denial, self-confident, self-esteem, self-condemnad. 112 BRIEF COURSE 220. Counter, contra=i=o: A light tick in same place T |C N as con dot. Ex. ......... countermand, L contradict, \ con- V^ ) troversy. Write: Counterfeit, countermarch, counteract, contradic- tion, contraband, countermine, countersign, counterfeiters, counterbalance, counterpart, contravene, controvert, con- troversy, countersink, counterevidence, controversialist. 221. In, en, un: N when convenient. N curl before an iss which must be made with a clock-like motion, or inside of an 1 hook. Ex.^x o inspection/ \ inscribe, ^ insulation, 9 ...... S...... unselfish, T unsettled. Write: Inception, instigate, institution, instrument, in- struct, enslave, unseemly, insulates, insulation, insolvent, inscription, uncivilized. Inter, intro, enter: Net, joined in common words. Ex. ~~3' entertain, L< introduce. Write: Enterprise, intercourse, interest, interfere, inter- vene, interested, intercept, interview, interpolate. 222. Magna=e=i: M placed over the following stroke. Ex. 'IP magnitude, magnanimity. Write: Magnify, magnificence, magnetic, magnetism, magnetize, magnifier, magnanimous, magnanimously. 223. Wordsigns: When a wordsign is used as a prefix, it must occupy its proper position, and the rest of the word follows without regard to position. Ex. .._. onward, \^-^/ tomorrow. Write: Almost, altogether, forward, afterward, afternoon, understood, understand, goodness, otherwise, undertake, first-class, although, almighty, undersigned, good-natured. L TL 9 10 11 IN SHORTHAND 25. 3- 0- \\ L s, T 113 WRITING EXERCISE. Good-natured, self-made, cognizant, concede, consist, commenced, contrived, commune, commendation, incum- 80 114 BRIEF COURSE bent, in-communication, will-contain, will-contrive, self- evident, insulation, incumbrance, unseal, unscrupulous, self-same, self-will, insulator, circumspect, countersink, counterplot, contraband, magnitude, magnificent, insolvency, afternoon, magnesia, contain, unselfish, noncommittal. WORDSIGNS. man circumstance aware rathen near object subject objection men X . N ,..,-..- i ,\_). , O possible usj subjection objecti -y-ity ..^ / 1 U ve > subjective danger L instruction brother fast advance Speed Sentences: O V ^^ ~^-^**^^ v ~--__--'7 CL ^ y >-p \9 s^ .... _\. x d i Under-the-circumstances, his objections are ratlier annoying. Neither he nor I were aware of the danger. Our object is to classify these subjects under appro- \ tx L ^ S priate|heads. Do-you-understand what-is meant by the subjective nature of man? 26. U .-<\. IN SHORTHAND 115 ^ ...... o 10 \ r 11 BUSINESS LETTER V ~ ( C V x v ...TIX ^....c * \ b 4 i- 116 BRIEF COURSE CL^ U-p_ Mr. Quinn Morrison, Cheyenne, Wyoming. My dear Mr. Morrison: I have your-communication of the 15th, concerning in- struments to be used in installing our insulating plant. Our inspectors have looked into the matter thor- oughly, and find that there is a feeling of apprehension on the part of several because of a suit which has been brought against the company offering to furnish these instruments. However, we believe this difficulty is only temporary, as we think there is no danger of the Company's insolvency. We have always found them reliable, and their instruments are first-class. Yet, under the circumstances, it behooves us, in self-defense, to be cautious, and I will act only upon ad- vice of our officers. Very truly, Potter Inskeep. QUESTIONS. 1. If a word begins with a prefix, which vowel governs the position of the word? 2. What prefix may be indicated by proximity, i. e., by writing* what follows the prefix close to the preceding stroke? 3. In IX SHORTHAND 117 what other way may con, com, cog, etc., be represented? 4. Write: Accompany, decompose, disconcert, inconvenient, misconduct, nonconductor, recommend, in connection, commenced, commune. 5. How is circum indicated? 6. What other prefix may be represented by the same sign? 7. When may self be joined? 8. What prefixes are indicated by a detached tick? 9. What is represented by the n curl } and when is this curl used instead of N ? 10. What is used to indicate magna-e-i ? 11. What is said of the position of a wordsign used as a prefix ? 118 BRIEF COURSE LESSON 19. REVIEW AND PHRASING. 224. Doubling the length of Emp makes it Emper or Ember. Doubling the length of Ing makes it .Inger or Inker. Doubling the length of any other stroke adds tr, dr, or thr. 225. A final hook is read after the tr, dr, or thr of a double length. \> -~ ^ U*" "^Vn o (. \ X This winter is longer than usual, and the temperature has been lower. 226. A large final hook on the circle side of any stroke adds the sound of shun. A large final hook on the opposite side of a straight stroke adds the sound of tive. 1 J ^ Melancholy trials only served to make him an abler, more attractive, more reliable ambassador for his nation. 227. Intelligent phrasing not only adds to shorthand speed , but results in greater ease and certainty in reading, and should receive as careful attention as the wordsigns. 228. Phrase only such words as are closely connected in thought, as a pronoun and its verb, a verb and its object, a modifier and the word modified, a preposition and the word following. Ex. ...Lit was, C tell us, \-very good. 229. As previously directed, do not use a dot for a, an t and, or the when a tick can be conveniently used. IN SHORTHAND 119 230. Remember that with the exception of a, aw, and and, the first word of a phrase is written in position unless some subsequent word in the phrase must be written in position in order to be read with certainty. Ex 1 . and it has been, /I.., as much as. o 231. You should be phrased whenever convenient, even if necessary to invert it. X we think you have we hope you have let you know will you have if you desire 232. Us, is, his, as, or has may be represented by iss, or by changing iss to ses. From the context it will be clear which word is represented. P O O b .00 give us gives us tells us is his, is as as is, as has this is a it is his- his is, his has has as, has his O.- ..... intention as good as as far as as fast as as great as as soon as as has been 233. Not may be represented by Net, or by the n hook and halving as in "^ or 7 1 are-not. In ... J .. or -not, the n hook alone is added for not. Those who use Kent for cannot must be very careful to make the half length short enough, so that there will be no danger of mistaking it for can. For most persons, Ken-Net is far safer than Kent 1 for cannot. ^ */> .......... .C""^.or..r^ ........... V. I shall not you will not you are not I cannot we have not 234. Use Poid 1 , Choid 1 , or Roid 1 for /, according to con- venience, at the beginning of a phrase. It is plainer to use either Choid or the full form before S and Z, Ar and Way. 120 BUIKF COURSE ") 1 "> I say I see I was I remain I await I am I am not I understand 235. In the middle or at the end of a phrase, use Toid or Koid for /. Use Toid 1 in I- want, 1- would, I-sbould. 236. Use Choid 2 , Roid 2 , or Poid 2 for he or the at the be- ginning of a phrase. Choid, Roid, or Poid may be used for he or the in the middle or at the end of a phrase. -^ *-. * JL I : , he will not be he is a he has a is he does he was he did he would he 237. WeL, weM, weN and weR are used in many phrases beginning with we or with. WeRnt is used for were not. CT--V cr-\ c-? c^ v^ v^ with respect, with regard, with him, with me, we may have, we may not have, we are not t/> \/, we are not inclined were not theywerenot wewerenot we will not weinclose 238. When must is joined to a following word, its loop is generally changed to a circle. Imusthave, hemustbe, you must not do, we must, wemusthave, wemustbesure 239. In phrasing, each small hook may represent a word, as follows: Than, own, or one by the n hook.e-i more than, >. our own, I. at once Of or have by the f or v hook. (, which have, i .out of I day of ;i> *\ which are, ./].... at our >. by our Will or all by the 1 hook. f it will, S-^ in all - f- at all ~ the other one in our letter it will not be which have been number of cases by all means it will not do IX SHORTHAND 121 240. These hooks are used freely on ticks by some careful writers. s v i> <\ ^ <; /> f r j ;> ^ whohavebeen whowill whowillhave whoare whoarenot to our of our to all of all allof-have but all but one or of-have and of and our own 241. Double a stroke for their, there, or they-are. After a brief sign or a half-length or double-length curve, add Boid or Joid for there or they-are. 242. There are ten words in each of the speed sentences in this lesson. Practice each sentence until it is easy for you to write it correctly. Note how many times you can write the sentence and write it well in a minute. Try it a second minute, and note the gain. Practice each sentence until you can write it at least ten or fifteen times in a minute, i. e., at the rate of 100 to 150 words a minute. Speed sentences: I am sure we wish you well in all things. The price is higher than I am inclined to pay ^ ^ x ^} < ^~^\ I will say that this is not our own machine Y_ ^ /...x It will not be any longer than the other one \ I.....X \ V , In all such cases they will keep out of reach. _~~Z D \ \ I ) I hope you will see them when they are there.~\/C \ x I will try to be there as soon as possible. Wire us at once if there is anything down there. By all means finish theirs as soon as you can. r\ V~_Y There may be more than you think in this case. ^"V"~V..o >a D We have asked those who are already in our employ-N^Y ... r; * 122 BRIKF COURSE BUSINESS LETTER. Mr. C. Q. Austin, Hartford, Conn. Dear Sir: In reply to your letter of recent date, I will say that the price of the Arnold Machine is higher than I am inclined to pay. I am sure that this is not as good as the other one you mentioned in your letter of the 12th inst. In fact, it will not do the work any better than our own, nor is it likely to last any longer than the old model. You can tell Arnold Brothers that you have instructions not to buy any of their machines. Wire us at once if there is anything down there for us. IN SHORTHAND IZo and I will be there as soon as possible to take care of it. I hope you will see the other solicitors when they are there. They will finish their canvassing in Eastern New York in about three weeks. In all such cases as require immediate action, do not hesitate to use your own judgment and close the contract as soon as you can. I think there is a good opportunity to increase our sales in your territory. Wishing you well in all things, I am, Very truly yours, QUESTIONS. 1. What is the effect of lengthening Emp? 2. What is the effect of lengthening Ing? 3. What other syllables are added by lengthening? 4. Is a final hook read before or after the ter, der, or ther? 5. What strokes take the shun hook, and on which side of the stroke is it written? 6. What strokes take the other large final hook, and what does it represent? 7. How does phrasing help in shorthand writing? Of what advantage is it in reading? 8. When only should words be phrased? 9. Which word in a phrase is generally written in position? Name some words that are exceptions. 10. In what other case is the first word of a phrase not written in position? 11. In the phrase and ice had not, which word is placed in position? 12. What is said of phrasing you? 13. What may be represented by iss in phrasing? 14. How may these words be added to iss? 15. In what two ways is not represented in phrasing? 16. How is are not written? 17. How is / represented in phrasing? lie ? We or with ? 18. What is used for were not? 19. W T hat is the peculiarity of must in phrasing? 20. What may be represented by the n hook? By the f or v hook? By the r hook? By the 1 hook? 124 BRIEF COURSE LESSON 20. AFFIXES. 242. A wordsign is often used as an affix, disjoined if necessary for convenience or legibility. ^Ex. _ii ___ hereafter ; ^ thereto, T thereof, whosoever, ..... .^rv_.... hereinafter. 243. Use B for =ble or =bly. Ex. ..^. profitable-y. 244. Use F for fore, either prefix or affix; f or v hook or F stroke for =full or -fully. Ex. ) therefore, \ painful-ly, ..\ .. hopeful-ly. 245. Instead of the light -ing dot, use |V I 1. A heavy dot for =ings. Ex....?.. . tidings, I doings, ..... I*, fittings. 2. Light slanting tick for =ing=lhe. Ex ..... I ._ advertis- ing-the. 3. Koid or Toid for =ing=a. Ex.i doing-a ....... \_pack- ing-a. 4. Joid or Boid for -ingly. Ex. I exceedingly. 5. Iss for -bleness, -fullness, or -=someness. Ex...' reasonableness, (( healthfulness, (^ lonesomeness. 6. Sez for -lessness. Ex. ..Q... thoughtlessness, ...... \ ..... use- lessness. O 246. Represent =ality, =ility, =erity, or =arity by writing the stroke which immediately precedes =ality, etc., to the right and a little below the first part of the word. Ment is used for either mental or mentality. A\ . ... ......... frugality legibility popularity prosperity dexterity responsibility instrumental-ity 247. Use iss for =self, sez for =selves, and Ish for =ship, detached when not convenient to join them. a IN SHORTHAND 125 D 3; myself himself one's self yourselves friendship hardship 248. Ology oralogy may be indicated by J, joined or de- tached. Soever is indicated by issV; or when more con- venient, by writing iss beside the preceding part of the word. zoology physiology genealogy wheresoever howsoever whosesoever 249. Write a word in full if it is just as easy; but if it is easier to write and perfectly legible, use the prefix or affix. For instance, it is better to write Bet-Fl for beautiful than to use the affix for -ful. WRITING EXERCISE. Whenever, hereon, although, altogether, whosoever, wheresoever, attainable, responsible, sinful, watchful, wherefore, successful, buying-the, doings, meetings, making- a, meeting-his, meeting-us, putting-the, concerning-the, having-the, doing-a, boastingly, interestingly, wittingly, knowingly, legibility, susceptibility, peculiarity, similarity, frugality, credibility, instrumentality, lovingly, myself, themselves, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, yourselves, kinship, township, apprenticeship, blushingly, friendship, accountable, posterity, hospitality, honorable, remarkable, lawful, facing-the, tracing-the, exceedingly. 250. When the sound of shun follows iss or the ns circle, it is indicated by continuing the line of the circle until it forms a hook on the opposite side of the stroke, as in 1 decision, | condensation. This hook is called eshun. A vowel, i, e, or a, alwaj^s come's between the s and the slnm when eshun is used. I is indicated by a light dot placed 126 BRIEF COURSE before the combined circle and hook; e and a are placed after the combined circle and hook. *. f physician musician sensations procession sensational generalization 251. The eshun hook is used in words ending in the sound of sishun, seshun, sashun, or similar syllables with z in place of s. It is used only after a circle or loop. The large hook for shun is used only after a stroke, and in only a few cases after the stroke S; never after iss. '^ JV. 1 d~- 3 X* option opposition transition mission circumcision association pronunciation WRITING EXERCISE. Compassion, composition, fashion, physician, action, accession, accusation, instruction, decision, decisions, inscription, condensation, musicians, disposition, dis- possession, dispensation, transitions, transitional, sens- ational, imposition, session, concession, cessation, secession, organization, intercession, contrition, pronunciation. 252. Nr may be used for in re in such phrases as in reply to, .^!^".. in regard to, etc. WORDSIGNS AND PHRASES. r accord through deliver toward influence influenced influences information -ing-ly JZ ......... H! ................ if ................... > \ b .... describe descriptive description experience experienced experiences somewhat in response, in relation, in reference, we are in receipt of your letter IN SHORTHAND Speed sentences: 127 I/ mm o x In response to .your request, we will immediately deliver the goods. jnlfL. >. ... _ c / < " /L ... 1 \ <*> Inclosed is our descriptive circular, which will give you the desired information. He is a man of influence and experience, and we wish \f <=~ you to daal with him accordingly. His manner toward us is somewhat offensive. BUSINESS LETTER. = ^^ b ^y ' f JS^ \ ( /^ x Among the excursionists was one of the finest elocutionists I have ever heard. 254. When a light and a heavy stroke join without an angle, as in._._x^Z!T. catalog or data, make the change in the shading gradual, not abrupt. Write both strokes quickly, as if they were but a single stroke, and it will be found easy to shade properly. Write: Ditto, tidy, foggy, figs, diet, duet, toady, victor, victory, logs, kegs, Chicago, detain, Dayton, radiate, always, severe, among. 255. For the sake of legibility, a double letter is some- times represented by two strokes instead of one. Ex evenness, 6 solely. This exception applies only to derivatives, and is often used to distinguish a negative from a positive word. Ex. v_P necessary ;v_^_P unnecessary ^~^\ ^^-^ ^, natural, x_^-< unnatural, t) noticed, o unnoticed. 256. The pen may sometimes be lifted in the middle of an outline, and the latter part of the word lapped by the first part to show their connection. ^v P ^ p C C //* <\ f^s \ 'I ' \ \ ^ -^v--\-- v-~~~K I I, TI -| attitude institute substitute rewritten architecture badness prepaid instituted substituted architect brightness unmindful IN SHORTHAND 131 257. Unless there is a final vowel, El should be used after F, V, and Ray. As stated previously, El is generally used after N and Ing, whether there is a final vowel or not. -> foil filed veils refutal burial unlawful intellectual individual 258. When I comes between an initial vowel and a horizontal stroke, use El to indicate that the word begins with a vowel. The Elks had an elegant illumination in Illinois recently. Elongated eloquenceC?) 259. El may be used when more convenient than Lay. C L? ^ (L, y- lesson license friendly alcohol sensational 260. El may be used in unusual or conflicting words to indicate that there is an initial vowel before I, or that there is no final vowel after I. (T f oldest latest legal illegal legible illegible elucidate 261. In all other cases use Lay. El is never used as the only stroke in a word. / /^> / ./> ./^ S~ / /^T~\ I I l ./?.. ( ( 4/oiv .A !. alone Allen Ellen else elsewhere align alignment WRITING EXERCISE Elm, lame, alum, Elmira, like, alike, Alleghany, alimony, luminous, legation, allegation, alligator, legible, alkali, 132 BRIEF COURSK alumni, Eleanor, Illinois, electro, elector, election, elective, electric, elbow, alabaster, continental, aluminum, fuel, vowel, file, vile, tinfoil, squeal, elimination, illumination, Alexander, Alexandria, Alma Mater, alcohol, squall, elementary, alliance, elocution, elucidate, elocutionists, elocutionary, electoral, oleander, ultimate, ultimatum, almanac, eloquence, legacy, avail, vial, violin, whirl, whirl- wind, swirl, twirl, license, licensed, elucidation, alimentary. 262. With the exception of very frequent words like about, added, and avoid, which can be easily read, halving is not employed in words consisting of two vowels and only one consonant besides t or d. A -f >\ acid aside obeyed allied solid await avoid afraid edit added 263. There are a few words in which a half length may be joined without an angle, because it is made distinct by its hook, its shading, or by the opposite direction of its curve. vacant coward feared midnight handmade sentiment 264. F or v may be added to a few curves by a thin hook, made half as long as the stroke to distinguish it from the n hook. thief faithful thankful they have they have been navigation 265. The small 1 and r hooks may be used with Chay, J, K, Gay, and generally with Ish, in words of frequent oc- currence, even though a prominent vowel intervenes. By IN SHORTHAND 133 remembering this exception, the student can write from principle many words which are usually memorized as /? wordsigns. Ex. child, Owens, rp* cameo. 271. Weh may be written in place of a dot vowel, and wuh in place of a dash vowel, to indicate that w precedes the vowel. v n dwell twist squeak squabble quibble quote quorum dissuade persuasion acquiesce 272. The sign may be changed to L for w, as l u in..!:... twice. 273. Yeh may be joined to the stroke, or yuh may be written in the vowel place, to indicate i or e followed by another vowel, as in/p^^u ammonia, \/ Peoria, r India, ^\ n area, ^> or ^- ^~-^- onion. The caret < may be writ- ten in place of a heavy dot, or > in place of a heavy dash, to indicate that the long vowel is followed by a short vowel. clayey snowy Louis atheist Noah doughy Deity IN SHORTHAND 135 274. The first syllable of a word is often enough to sug- gest the whole word. Thus, gov. may be used for govern, governed, or government; accord, for according or accordingly. We shall prob. pub. a list of the prop, holders whom you rep. 275. Sometimes the last syllable of a word is indicated as well as the first, to make the word plainer. Thus, / o representative, /\j representation. This principle of abbreviation may be applied by each stenographer to his special line of business, provided he confines it to words in every-day use and to words that can be correctly and instantly read when shortened. Many write put, about, and clovbt entirely under the line, to distinguish them from other half lengths. WORDSIGNS AND PHRASES \ \ \ <\ publish-ed proper property correct represent representation public-Iy-icity probable-ly-ility character representative p .......... 1_ ..... I I tisfy- in consid -actory I should Speed Sentences' satisfy- in consideration in order to in order that ied-actory I should correspond-ence superintendent there-will-be They will probably publish a list of the different properties \ V I => x b / \-> s K ......... * * we have for sale./) It is a correct representation of his character. We are sure oun representative will represent us 136 BRIKF COURSE V ~\ properly. In compliance with your request, will visit you I f ^V X b c e==i V> /... X shortly. It is quite characteristic of this individual. BUSINESS LETTER. f # r c \ru-~~v C IN SHORTHAND 13' yl \ I / -^ 1 _ /. A J X n / -A C7b , C C I _ v f ; N x V_A.... ....) Ir -- P X C 6 K Mr. George W. Churchill, 1004 N. Garfield Av., City. My dear Mr. Churchill: I note from your correspondence that you were not pleased with the Cornellsville Coal you procured last winter from my partner and myself. While, as you will recall, we told you we could not guarantee this coal, we did regard it as first-class, but were disappointed. Now, in order that you may be thoroughly satisfied, I should like to furnish you a carload of what is called the "Corning Lump. " I will personally take care of your order, and can guarantee this coal as absolutely reliable. As you of course realize, there will soon be a sharp ad- vance in prices of both coal and charcoal, on account of the strikes in the northern fields. You cannot afford to ignore these conditions, and in order to take advantage of the low prices you will want to lay in a supply of coal at once. In consideration of your former large orders, we quote you the following unparalleled prices for immediate deli very: Furnace size ..... $6.75 per ton Stove " ..... 7.00 " " As a rule, our customers get coal direct from the mines, and not coal that has been in stock for several months. Shall we telegraph today for a carload for you ? If so, telephone us. Yours truly, Charles Goldman. 138 BRIEF COURSE QUESTIONS. 1. How is Est sometimes written? 2. What is said of the shading in such words as data, Jigs, etc.? 3. In what class of words is a double letter sometimes represented by two strokes, and why? 4. Write: Prepaid, rewritten, atti- tude, institute, unmindful. Tell what is peculiar about these words? 5. After what strokes should El be used when there is no final vowel? 6. When should El be used at the beginning of an outline, and for what purpose? 7. In what other cases may El be used? 8. When should El never be used? 9. How is aside written, and why? 10. How are added and about written? 11. When only can a half length be joined without an angle? 12. What strokes may take the small 1 and r hooks even though a vowel intervenes, and when? Why is this liberty allowed? 13. How may an intervening dot vowel be represented? 14. Where should an intervening dash vowel or diphthong be written? 15. When only may the small 1 or r hook be used on other strokes regardless of the intervening vowel, and for what three reasons? 16. When necessary to place two vowels on the same side of a stroke, how should they be written? 17. Write: Ammonia, India, area. State the peculiarity of these words? 18. Where is the diphthong I sometimes written? 19. Name some longhand abbreviations that are also used in shorthand. 20. What syllable is often added to the abbreviation to make the word plainer? 21. Write: Publish, probable, represent, correct, public, repre- sentation, publicity, popularity, character, probability, rep- resentative, publicly, in consideration, in order that, in order to. IN SHORTHAND 139 LESSON 22. REVIEW AND MISCELLANY. 277. Review the large hooks, the prefixes, and the affixes; then read and transcribe the exercise below. Write it in shorthand from the transcript, then compare with the printed shorthand. Repeat this process until you have mastered the exercise. 140 BlUKF COCRSK COMPLETE RULES FOR AR AND RAY. 278. Unless Ar would make an inconvenient joining, use Ar whenever a syllable sounds more like Ar; as, 1. When the word begins with vowel-r. 2. When a word ends in final r. arrears European orations Irish arbitrary armature flier lower whaler 279. Use Ar between an initial and a final vowel. Ex. "N -"V "V-. , ^n Erie, era '. Ira ^\airy, *> area. 280. Use Ar whenever Ray would make an inconvenient joining, especially before M and Emp. redeemable remittance return retail resumption retrospect retrograde 281. Unless Ray would make an inconvenient joining, use Ray whenever the syllable sounds more like Ray; as, 1. When a word begins with initial r. 2. When a word ends in r- vowel. ratify rivet rental rosary reserve reverie rotary raillery 282. Use Ray whenever Ar would bring the outline too far below the line, or when Ar would make an inconvenient joining, as after M, Emp, Ray and Hay, or before T, D, Chay, J, F, V, Ith, The, N,and Ing. . >f A artistic arch urge earth ornamental rarer prepare horizontal IN SHORTHAND 141 284. Reporters do not always agree in their choice of Ar or Ray. The general practice, however, is to regard the /^"^ angle of greater importance in common words, as in / earnest; but to regard the vowel of greater importance in less frequent words, as in""^ or v_ Orient. Where authorities differ, it is wise for the individual to follow his natural inclination and use that outline which is easiest for him to write, provided it is also easy to read. 285. As far as practicable, the form of a primitive word should be retained in its derivatives. Thus: /"} found founder foundry foundation continue continued alteration 286. A derivative is written unlike its primitive when necessary to secure a good joining or to distinguish between words containing the same consonant sounds. Thus: ) ^ ) 3 / 1 J < CN f\ / See seen assign assignor approve approval chiefly 287. Conflicting words may be distinguished, 1. By an arbitrary or a natural difference in their outlines; as ....!/.... gentleman, agent. 2. By a difference in position; as .^1^.. migrate, ^-^c- emigrate. 3. By vocalizing one of the words; as *\ upper, \ principal. 288. OMISSIONS. TF, y t and h are the consonants most frequently omitted. K and Gay are often omitted after Ing, as well as in words beginning with ex. 142 BRIEF COUKSE junction sanction bank distinguish anxious 289. Where st occurs in the middle of a word, the t is often omitted. L t postpone postal card mostly mistaken westward earnestly testify 290. P may often be omitted after m, as in L^ tempt, .<5"~D consumption. P is also omitted in \ capable. \ 291. R may be omitted in C southern and _ __ surprise 292. Any consonant may be omitted if it is but slightly sounded or if its insertion is difficult, provided the remaining consonants are sufficient to determine the word with ease and certainty. Thus, I is omitted in ^ intelligent, n in J- transgress, J-^ 3 transaction, J transcribe, )J _ identical, \> passenger. 293. The syllables most frequently omitted are the adverbial termination ly, the final syllables of a long word, and con or com in words of very frequent occurence. Ex. ______ .......... in consequence, "3^ and contents noted, /I recon- \. o i sider, .. Y positive-ly, No substantial-ly, v_y sufficient-ly. __ v^ _.L_ ....... ^L. ....... The postmaster comprehends the situation, and consequent- __ . v- ly is well qualified to deal with the Express Company. IN SHORTHAND 143 294. In phrasing, any word may be omitted which must and will readily be supplied to complete the sense, as to in phrases like in regard to, ^\S in relation to, etc. two or three, more or less, by and by, in a few "frays, in the first place, in regard to your request, with resp?ct to your statement, with reference to this requirement II _ > ^s er again, now and v then, frc sooner or later, over and over again, now and V then, from day to day A few words may be indicated by intersections, as follows: book agent War Dept. Oil Co. Missionary Society " Gen. Supt. news agent book dept. Traffic Assn. Pacific R. R. Write the following phrases on a card and keep them with you for reference until you know them. Your favor, your valued ^ If When it was, where it, __ favor, how much, \ VfV" y i n its, there had been, ~ ' . - n c talk it, which will have (, \ J very much, too much, it is said, for instance, next day, in some cases, ,/> in his way, is it, as it, | as it is important, as it is impossible, wo hope to have, we can, lf -^ Q^ ) ) we remain, we may be, ... we have been, never been, having been, had the first, the seco been, \ I nd, i"J ' as it has been, as it seems to me, as it was, I think it is a, which would be, it would be, which had been, they cL..dr-S~^ 4 / i would do, they had done,'"^"'" C ( it ought to be, it will L Co as there had been, was ...\ i _s_ there nothing, with our, ) x __^ is there anything, in ..^..t.^^f^\... their own, of their own, at first, at last, at least, at length, have to be, of all its, *" x at all events, at all times, at any rate, 144 BRIEF COURSE 295. INITIALS. It is safer to write most initials in shorthand than in longhand. Use Ray for R, and Gay for G. Use ...L, n , D for C, Q, and X; or better still, write these in longhand small letters. Do not take time to write capital letters when taking dictation. 296. NUMBERS. When alone, <^_^ one and six should always be written in shorthand. It is better to write the following also in shorthand: v vv J '/., 5 2 3 4 5 10 12 first second third sixth tonth 297. Numbers consisting of two or more figures are written entirely in figures, with two exceptions: 1. When a number ends in two ciphers, the wordsign for hundred should be used in place of the ciphers. In like manner, thousand is used for three ciphers, and million for six ciphers. c; ^ s ^ 7( 3 ^s c: ~^i 100 200 7,000 2,300 100,000 9,000,000 2. Twenty, thirty, etc., may be written as follows: / M 3 kingdom of Heaven, /'children of Israel; the law reporter may use such phrases as \ what is your business, x ............. : ........ X_ you that-we-have-no knowledge whatever of this transaction. We hereby IX SHORTHAND 14; r acknowledge-reccipt-of your valued favor. \\ hoever has had chargu of tliiu- department has been faithful and trustworthy from start to finish. As- there haslbeen a deficiency in-some-cases, we-inctoee statement. Continuing X your well-wisher and friend, I am sincerely yours. Is-there-anytliing-more? BUSINESS LETTER. 1 148 BRIEF COUliSE Mr. Dwight Allen, North Orchard and Cherry Sts., Cedar Rapids, la. Dear Sir: In order that the public may know the real character and beauty of our latest designs, we have published the inclosed booklet, illustrating our unsurpassed assortment of Diamonds, Jewels and solid Silver Table and Toilet Ware. We are sure they will interest you by their artistic forms, while their moderate prices will appeal to those who wish to avoid extravagant expenditure. We respectfully refer you to the revised price lists for unparalleled bargains in Jewelry and Silver Ware. The completeness and variety of our stock of fancy articles of every description afford most attractive possibili- ties for selection. Should you contemplate a purchase for personal use or for correct gifts, you will find in our Christmas display, styles in advance of any other establish- ment in the world. Since the organization of our house, the oldest in the State, we have maintained the highest standards of quality, and have always offered our wares at the lowest possible prices consistent with these requirements. If you have not yet opened an account with us, we invite you to do so, assuring you of every courtesy in our transactions with you. Very cordially, Blewett, Fuller & Bro. IN SHORTHAND 149 QUESTIONS. 1. Name the large hooks, the prefixes, and the affixes, and give an example- of each. 2. What is generally indicated by the use of Ar at the beginning of an outline? 3. What is generally indicated by the use of Ar at the end of an outline? 4. Should Ar or Ray be used in arrow, and why? 5. Before what strokes is Ar always used on account of the joining? 6. What is generally indicated when E,ay begins an outline? 7. What is generally indicated when Ray ends an outline? 8. After what strokes should Ray be used on account of the joining? 9. What is said of derivative words? 10. In what three ways may words containing the same consonant sounds be distinguished? 11. What consonants are most frequently omitted? 12. Give some examples of the omission of K and Gay? 13. When is t often omitted? 14. Give an example of the omission of p? Of r? Of 11 15. What syllables are most frequently omitted? 16. When may a word be omitted in phrasing? 17. Give some examples of intersections. 18. What is generally the safer way of writing initials? 19. What should be used for R? For G? For C? For Q? For X? 20. What numbers should always be written in shorthand? 21. Write 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 1st, 2d, 3d, 6th, 10th. 22. Write 100,000. 23. Write 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. 24. Join as many appendages as you can to the stroke T, and write down the names of the combinations. 25. Join as many appendages as you can to Lay, and give the names of the combinations. 26. Give the three general rules. NOTE. Those who use the large Graham Dictionary should study the nomenclature given on page 5 of that dictionary, as in a few particulars we have used a simpler nomenclature. 150 BRIEF COURSE PHRASES. /\ (-/ / -/ /" / /I -/ /A / C/ CA C/v. C/\ (xi ,A A /\ /I /I /I 6 ----- ( --) n 14 IN SHORTHAND PHRASES. 151 152 BUIEF COUKSK. CONTRACTIONS. KET TO PAGE 153. Line 1. Adjunct, adjacent, suggested, adjuat, adjusted, adjourn, tempt, contempt, consumption, presumption, stamped. Line 2. (Omission of W.) Require, inquire, quality, qualify, dissuade, persuade, persuasion, withdraw, within, withstand. Line 3. (Omission of Y or U.) Adjudicate, behavior, situation, picture, fracture, feature, temperature, literature, moisture. Line 4. (Omission of H.) Comprehend, apprehend, comprehen- sion, apprehension, withhold, behold, inheritance, inherited, be- hindhand, history. Line 5. (Omission of T by changing the Steh loop in the middle of a word to a circle.) Mostly, postpone, postal-card, postage, postoflice, testimony, adjustment, western, mistake, customer. Line 6. (Omission of II when its insertion would be difficult.) Southern, Southerner, manuscript, purpose, surprised, subscribe^ superscribe, prescribe, proscribe. Line 7. Intelligent, intelligence, intelligible, passenger, mes- senger, brief, or briefly, positively, chiefly, stiffly. Line 8. (Omission of N where its insertion is difficult.) Penn- sylvania, translation, transaction, transcribe, identical, adjourn- ment, assignment, disappointment, abandonment, attainment. Line 9. (Omission of ing, ent-ly, tial-ly.) Understanding, Thanksgiving, sufficient or sufficiently, efficient-ly, deflcient-ly, pro- flcient-ly, substantial-ly, prudential-ly, differential-ly, circumstan- tial-ly. Line 10. (Omission of K or Gay after Ing.) Distinguish, anxiety, anxious, distinction, junction, sanction, relinquish, bank, bankrupt. Some omit K also in the very common words, expenses, excep- tion, except, examine, examination. Line 11. Explain, explicit, excursion, experiment, express, expressive, expenses, exception, except, examined, examine-ation. When the sound of K comes between T and the shun hook, some of the best reporters omit the K while others equally expert insert it. K may also be omitted between F and shun. Thus: Line 12. Attraction, instruction, contraction, distraction, con- struction, obstruction, misconstruction, satisfaction, justification. Line 13. New York, inst., prox., reg., irregular, ad. (vertise- ment), steuo. (grapher), Feb., Nov., January. Line 14. Re-establish, brightness, badness, rewritten, hereafter, supernatural, reorganization, appointment. IN SHORTHAND 153 I J J L U 154 BKIEF COURSE H IN SHORTHAND EXERCISE ON CONFLICTING WORDS. 155 A diseased man is only sick, but a deceased man is dead. The pure-food law is intended for general protection against the wholesale production of poor, adulterated articles of diet. Kindly comply with my request, and apply yourself to your work. It is my intention to call your attention to your son's inattention to his studies. My counsel advises me to cancel the account. Train your child to turn away from evil companions. He is pre-eminently qualified for the prominent position to which he was permanently elected. This eminent man is in imminent danger. 156 BRIEF COURSE r r They permitted George to be promoted for his promptness. He has proved that he deserved to be approved. Douglas is the sport of the family, but Edwin is its support. Though a mere child, he is a remarkable musician. Mrs. Howard introduced the Misses Wilder, daughters of the late editor of our oldest daily. We have written to the firm to retain those forms. Elizabeth is very patient and gentle; con- sequently she has many devoted friends. Our auditor is very gentlemanly, but tho debtor is too passionate. Keep a copy of it in the back of the book. It was objected to as incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial. We naturally IN SHORTHAND 157 feel that he is an unnatural child. We will prosecute you for persecuting us, if you continue your oppression any longer. Now they regard these things of no value, but they will regret it by-and-by. I think it is ruined, but it may be renewed. Your deductions have heretofore been entirely logical; consequently I am surprised at your recent illogical remarks. His detection was certain and unavoidable. An inevitable conclusion. He is evidently not a confidant of yours. He is undoubtedly indebted to the Judge for his leniency. He will be indicted soon for perjury. The upper part is not always the principal part, nor the upper house the principal house. God will guide the willing and obedient even unto death, and will lead them into blessedness for evermore. The column looks slight, but it is solid and strong. The preparations are in proportion to the amount of the appropriations. It is just as important to learn to read shorthand as it is to learn to write it. 158 BRIEF COURSE WORDSIGN REVIEW. FIRST 100 WORDS. 1 We have an opportunity to sell a large part of the doc- tor's property to best advantage. A new member of the Public Library Board is the party who wishes to buy. You will probably remember him when I tell you that he was for a long time a regular general in the United States army. The information is correct I assure you, because he told me the full particulars at the Committee meeting, more than two weeks ago. He remarked that it was somewhat astonishing, though the fact is, this remarkable gentleman is well able to act his own pleasure. SECOND 100 WORDS. .\ ( IN SHORTHAND 159 ^ - J- C , \ "~^V * o a x / 2 / n J - \ u If we ever take hold of this together, I shall rely entirely upon their Secretary's representations, for he has a larger IN SHORTHAND 161 interest than any one else in the passage of the bill. As he has proved himself capable in the past, and can usually balance accounts with those who come in his way, I believe he is equal to anything that may happen in the near future. I do not know what they would do without him to represent them in the future. I feel sure though that he cannot do much until shortly after the first of the year. FIFTH 100 WORDS. u -I In consideration of the advantages of the improvements we ought to begin issuing the bonds immediately. Your brother told me that he too had already written to a number of other parties about the issues being behind time, but it appears they had neither public spirit nor pride enough to do what they could toward pushing things. He gave me a very laughable description of his experience with them. I told him that his language and descriptive powers were beyond criticism and that I should- thank him to apply himself to practice during the summer and then describe the situation fully. 11 G 162 BRIEF COURSE WORDSIGNS, CONTRACTIONS, AND A FEW PHRASES AND DIFFICULT OUTLINES. s V able to \able to have -. or /^ -) are not ~~/ / arrange-ment above abundant-ly-ance p p accept-ed-ance jL -j 6 as as fast as as it as little -,"7 according-ly account / acknowledge Q ^ ^ as long as as not }9 as soon as I I- acquaint-ed-ance .addition-al 1 / advance-d 9 \ I- /-advancement .- \ era advantage assure assured ) as there-their P. astonish-ed-ment 1 at all advert ise-d-r . , ment > \/ after afterward at first p at length at one ^ attraction authority > _ average ... ^^> ^-^> .... -amount-ed an, and and all, and will y and are, and our -^ aware of ' I v awe another one . x y no other one t annual-Iy \ ay, aye bank-rupt-cy V \ be ' <~'""""jp f--- any \^, anyone >, ^__S\ any other * ^- ? ^any other one ^ become ._^ been v before '" anything appear \^ ^ appearance C *\ appeared ...A ......\ appliance applicable-ility applicant c ^ o o application \ \ begin v v r- begun \ S \ beg leave -i_s -^-behind belief \believc-d believer J V"! ~~\ \'~applied apply apprehend-ed x/f cv *\ *\ A or/apprehension-sive > *^ "" i y \J- approve-al are beyond 'bill of lading > call attention ~ 5 call your attention 1 1 can ...| _oZ!N dangerous Jdear p December 1 .. delinquent-cy ~\\ c= cannot capable capability T CT c care J deliver-ed-y 3 -, deliverance describe-d description .^..^ ^ cared careful-ly / certain-l'y IX I -.. /....certificate .a 1- descriptive deserve J 1 diameter-rical -^ L did not / c = change-d changeable character I /*> differ-ed-ence differential 1 1 difficult-y \ fit ' charge-d chargeable p children P. circumstance .J..... ?. establish-ed-ment .1 ...I consequence a consequent-ly /> 1 consider-ablc / examine-ation c Q examined \ exchange-d JP J P considered-ate constant n p 1) constituent \ \ exist , - expect-ed-ation ^ Y expense l I'--' constitution al D construction \ contraction \ \> experienced \\ explain-ed-ation \J express correction expression 1C4 BKIKF COL'KSK -V extensive-ly-ness v extraordinary eye V V fact V V ^ fall -^ V, \ farther favor-ed V v >. February .....V, - feel \ fill financial V V first ' 3*- follow -V ^ for for instance , c\ V ^ or i* N- A _..>x for our \^ forever form-d V ^\ Q forward ex full-y furnish-d \ ^N. further / /. general-ly . j generalization gentleman gentlemen give-n -. God < good govern-ed-ment 1 governor r- . 1 i great 'J V 1 guide had had, had it had not o ) SL* _ has has it has not i A have Vj / hav-ing been > """he hear, here v s> \. heard \_ /V henceforth ^ X^ her, here \ heretofore V v hers, herself ' high highly him. o hjmself \ his v"\ home hope hopeful, hope to have vl' how however howsoever . ..hundred J (s, . I have I may I think L, I remain I should I want I would ^ if I may 2 if it O identification identical -ly imagine-ation immediato-ly important-ce impossible-ility i mprove-cl-men t .impugned in all in consideration inconsistent, indiscriminate-ion indispensable in favor infer-red-ence inferior-ity influence influential inform-ed information in order- to in our inquire-y .....Njn reference in regard in respect """/ inspect-ed-ion ...VJ . ..intelligible interest invention IN SHORTHAND 165 investigation v V \ ' jrregular-ity v O^ > necessary ~\ neglect-ed ^neglectful never nevertheless new T-New Jersey New York nobody **\ . no other is it issue / it; ^V / 1 J -it had, it would ^ > ~ -^-T it had-would not ' 1 n r J ts " 1 i ltself ^ ^v L it will not i - it would i v si . / 1 January Vx^_^\ notification notwithstanding \November now number-ed * object \ objected - ^^ f j ur y kingdom v. -j knowledge A A \ / v^^ / J language \ \ 1 \j / '/ large larger S~> /" ~N learn \ / \ \ J2. \L \ objective C observe-d-ation ^* obstruction ^^' long Lord U > ^ ~\' ) machine V. ^ V _S /^ ? s 3 machinery \. of all 5 of it of our machinist man s ^ ^\ manifest-ed-ation \^- -^ / o ^ ' V \manner 1 of their of what Ly oftentimes oh, owe manufacture-d-ory manuscript ,, Massachusetts ^ ^ / / ^- -^ ,**~^. s-s matter \ or\ on on account on board ^-> on either hand / may be j^" may not A'' ^ member -4 /^ s ~^- j, ^~N memorandum j 1 on our part on the one hand on the other hand ^_y..on the other side ""on the part of only \^ onward opinion men Vp mention ^ "~^ mentioned */ -- 9 f merchandise \ messenger Mr., mere ^~Q"^~^\ f Mrs. 1 ">^ /J / c~~~- Misses opportunity t opposition or ^\ ordinary more mortgage ^ b much / / myself ]\ ^\ . / original-ly other 1 UgH K ourself M ourselves 1 outfit over ... overtake ^-; ^Y natural-ly / near, nor nearly ' own 106 BKIKF COURSE particular-ly-ity v \ \ party V- y passenger / peculiar-ity \ ,, k C V \ Pennsylvania V>Y\ \ ^people remember-ed X/\ remembrance \/ rernit-ted-tance represent represent oil /\ /\ I /\ /\ representation ^ perfection Nn \ perform-ed-ance r J \ Philadelphia respect-ed-in.g-ful n n 9 respectable-ility A A A .respective . / \ .. /. A . . /v 1 , / rulo <1 position \^ possession \ \ 'X possible-ility satisfaction satisfy-fied p p p p / suit (verb) - J L/-"satisfactory secretary o, separate "\ "" V"~ \ practicable-ility practice- cal r\ practiced \ ( \ \o \ practices \,' pres'ent pretty \ \ r \ % Principal-pie \ \ \ probable-ity V product \ | profit-able \\ \ *\ proof, prove, Prof. \ \ proper, propiiety " tTT " ' | Vr^x September several p , shall, shalt V_ J / share should /signature O ^fT~^ (f~~*- d~*v similar-ity simple-icity \ \j property proportion-ed N\ \ proportionate- \ \ Iv-ness simpler p situation somebody ff*^ whoever whole who will c will, wilt wish, wished wisher with with what ( with you -within o n n p transgress / / L* 1 1 Ur^fuMy J .-.^A..S twelve under understand undertake unexpected s^ p r_p uniform-ly-ity universe al United States unless f without withstand witness word work-d world D O would "would we would you \ ye, year-s or \ u yes sir ~j yesterday yet , until P N N J\IS ) ,) **- useful -ness usual -ly value CN very Virginia virtue GBP eld > / yiel J you V ~ST' 'your i your valued favor yours, yourself r r f) OT.U yours truly you were, you would 168 State of Missouri vs. Hugli M. Brooks alias W. N. Maxwell _ k-1 W x\. V fc-_P U I h <- X O ... O V ./?___. _ 5.1) r k. ' , 'r 169 -C*v v v-- ( , V. STATE OF MISSOURI, vs. HUGH M. BROOKS, alias W. H. MAXWELL. In the St. Louis Criminal Court, State of Mo. Before Hou. G. S. Van Wagoner, Judge and Jury. APPEIARANCE9. For the State: Ashley C. Clover, Circuit Attorney. Marshall F. McDonald, Asst. Circuit Attorney. For the Defendant: Martin and Fauntleroy. Defendant sworn in his own behalf testified as follows : DIRECT EXAMINATION BY P. W. FAUNTLEROY. Q. State your full name. A. Hugh Mottram Brooks. Q. How old are you? A. Twenty-five. Q. Where were you born? A. In Hyde, Cheshire, England. Q. Is Hyde your home? A. Yes, sir. Q. Are your parents living at the present time? A. They are, sir. Q. When did you first engage in business, Mr. Brooks? A. Do you mean to practice or study? Q. I mean in any business, after you left off being a school-boy, when did you first engage in business of any kind? A. In 1883. Q. What business did you go at then? A. I misunderstood you. Five years previous to that I entered the law office of Mr.Brown. Q. Where was that? A. Stockport, about four and a half miles from Hyde. Q. Five years prior to 1883, you went into his office? A. Yes, sir. Q. How long did you remain in his office? A. I remained there over four years. Q. What were you doing there? A. Studying law. After I left Brown's office, I went to his London agents, Messrs. Brown & Howe, and completed the five years there. Q. You are a lawyer by profession, then? A. I am. Q. Have you ever studied medicine or surgery? A. I have. Q. To what extent? A. Well, at the Collegiate school in Man- chester, I was on the science side, and the curriculum included physiology, anatomy, chemistry, and kindred sciences. Q. At the Collegiate sciiool at Manchester? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you study medicine otherwise than you have mentioned, there? Have you ever studied outside of these studies or in addition, to these studies? A. I have. Q. How long did you study it? A. More or less ever since I left school. I was very much interested in science and medical studies generally, and I tried to keep up my knowledge of them as far as I could. Q. You are not a licensed physician, are you? A, I am not. y. Never received any diploma or license as a physician? A. No, sir; not as a physician. Q. You have as a lawyer? A. I have as a lawyer. Q. How long did you practice law, Mr. -Brooks? A. Not quite two years; as near as I can remember, about a year and nine months. Q. 1 will get you to state to the jury when and where you first met Mr. Preller, O. Arthur Preller. A. On board the well, I first met him at the Northwestern hotel, Liverpool, but I first became acquainted with him on board the steamship Cephalonia. Q. You first met him at the Northwestern hotel, Liverpool? A. Yes, sir; that wa* the evening previous to the day on which the ship sailed. Q. That was the day prior to sailing? A. Yes, sir; the day prior to sailing. Q. You say that you met him then, but that you did not become acquainted with him. Did you have any introduction or know who he was at that time? A. No, sir. 170 IN SHORTHAND 171 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Write and name all of the up strokes; the down strokes; the horizontals. (See Pars. 166, 168 and 252.) 2. Name the first-, second-, and third-place vowels. What vowels are written by the first stroke and what vowels are written by the second stroke, when occurring between two strokes? 3. Which vowel governs the position of a word, and which stroke in the outline is placed in position? 4. Give the three positions for horizontals; for other strokes full lengths; half lengths. 5. What words need position, and what words do not? 6. Name the brief signs given in Lesson 5, and state what each one represents and what care should be taken in its formation. 7. Give the rules for the circles and loops. (Lesson 7.) 8. Describe each small hook, and show how it is com- bined with iss. What hooks are combined with sez, steh, and ster; and how? 9. Write: Pef, Pefs, Peft, Pefts, Pen, Pens, Penses', Perist, Penster, Pent, Pents. 10. Write and name the PI and the Pr series, and state what is indicated by them. Can they e.ver be used with an intervening vowel? (Lesson 21.) 11. Name all of the large hooks, both initial and final. 12. What is the effect of doubling Ing? Emp? What else is added by doubling? 13. Name six half lengths. When only may Ray and Hay be halved. 14. How may -ted, -ded, or -ed be represented? 15. When should halving not be employed? (Lesson 17.) 16. Write: Assume, awoke, policy, coffee, serve,' survey, 172 BRIEF COURSE Wyoming, science, data, date, radiate, ruin, mean, cycle, seeker, zero, riot, berate, elevate, right, writing. Give a reason in each case for choice of stroke or brief sign. 17. Before what strokes may heh be used? 18. When should Ar and when should Ray be used? 19. Name two strokes before which Ar is always used. 20. Name others after which Ray is always used. 21. Name the strokes after which El is used. 22. When should El be used at the beginning of an outline? 23. Name the prefixes; the affixes. 24. When should the ishun curl be used instead of the shun hook, and how is it vocalized? 25. Which word in a phrase should be written in posi- tion? Give exceptions. 26. What classes of words should be phrased? 27. How is / represented in phrasing? He? You? Us? Is or his? As or hast We? Not? With? May be? Have been? 28. Give three ways of representing there or they are; two ways of representing their. 29. What words may be indicated by the n hook? The v hook? The 1 hook? The r hook? 30. What words may be indicated by halving? 31. Give examples of lapping; of intersections; of omissions of letters, syllables, and words. CATALOGUE OF PUBLISHED BY The Arthur J. Barnes Publishing Co., ST. LOUIS, MO. Practical Course in Graham Shorthand $1.25 Practical Course in (Benn) Pitman Shorthand Sl.l>;) Brief Course in Graham Shorthand $1.25 Brief Course in (Benn) Pitman Shorthand $1.25 Barnes' Shorthand Manual. Benn Pitman phonography $1.25 Shorthand Lessons by the Sentence Method. Benn Pitman.. . .$1.25 Shorthand for High Schools. Benn Pitman phonography $1.25 Barnes' Business Letters in Shorthand. Containing Law, Rail- road, Mercantile, and Miscellaneous Letters with Pitman key, 100 Letters without key, and thirty-one pages from How to Become Experts in Typewriting, in shorthand only ._ $1.00 Business Letters in Graham Phonography. First series contains 100 letters in both shorthand and print .50 The Second series, 56 letters in both shorthand and print .50 Key to Dictation portion of How to Become Expert in Type- writing 30 Shorthand Dictionary and Phrase Book, Barnes $1.00 Graham Shorthand Dictionary $1.00 Barnes' Shorthand Reader No. 1. Pitman 30 Barnes' Shorthand Reader No. 2. Pieman 50 Barnes' Shorthand Reader No. 3. Pitman 50 Barnes' Shorthand Reader No. 4. Testimony. Pitman 30 Wordsign List and Drills. For Pitman writers desiring addi- tional wordsigns and contractions 25 How to Become Expert in Typewriting; or Barnes' Typewriting Instructor and Dictation Course. Remington, Smith Pre- mier, Oliver, Underwood. 220 quarto pages. Contains directions for proper care of machine, Barnes' "Touch Lessons," instructions for executing all kinds of typewrit- ing v/ork, over 40,000 words of varied dictation matter, and general information for the typewriter operator $1.50 Barnes' Special Typewriting Instructor. Remington, Smith Premier, and Oliver editions. 110 quarto pages $1.00 Helps for Stenographers ; or, Barnes' Reference and Dictation Book. The portions of the Complete Instructor not con- tained in the Special 75 Barnes' Abridged Instructor. Remington, Smith Premier, and Oliver editions, 56 pages 50 Legal Forms (from How to Become Expert in Typewriting) . . .30 Exercises for Punctuating 15 BARNES' TYPEWRITING INSTRUCTORS Teach the pupil from the start to write by touch ; that is, without looking at the keyboard. By this method he can become a compe- tent operator in less time than by the old method, and a mastery of the touch method enables the stenographer to do his work in half the time required without it. How to Become an Expert in Typewriting, or Barnes" 1 Complete Typewriting Instructor, i* furnished for either the Remington, Smith Premier, Yost or Oliver, and contains 216 pages. In addition to the Touch Writing, it fully illustrates every feature of commercial correspondence; contains 180. busi- ness letters selected from 21 different lines of business; over 40 legal forms; specimens of testimony and specifications; an article on general office duties; a sample Civil Service examination, and an especially valuable list of technical terms, classified according to the different lines of business. Price, 1.50. Barnes' Special Typewriting Instructor, for the Remington, Smith Premier or Rem-Sho. Practically the same as the Complete, with the exception of the classified letters, a part of the Legal Forms, the Civil Service examination, and the technical terms. Price, $ 1.00. Barnes' Abridged Typewriting Instructor, adapted to any standard keyboard, 56 pages, contains the Touch Lessons, Commercial Correspondence, Tabulated Work, selections from the Legal Forms, Testimony and Specifications, 50c. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. AUG8 1948 ForfflL9-25t-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY of AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY Z56 B26ra Barnes - shorthand. Modern Graham UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 561 630 5 ~ k* ~^ ./V - . Z56 B26m