THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
ENGLAND'S KECENT PROGRESS
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STATISTICS OP
MIGRATIONS, MORTALITY, &c.
IN THE TWENTY YEARS FROM 1881 TO 1901
AS INDICATING TENDENCIES TOWARDS THE
GEOWTH OR DECAY OF PARTICULAR
COMMUNITIES
BY
THOMAS A. WELTON, F.S.S., F.C.A.
LONDON
CHAPMAN & HALL, Ltd.,
HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.
1911
LONDON :
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
prKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
IKP "'
PREFACE.
It seems right that I should explain how I came to take upon myself
the responsibility of submitting these figures to the public.
As far back as 1857 I was occupied in studying the Census Tables
then available, and my Essays on the Census of Occupations, the first of
which was read before the Statistical Society in June 1858, were printed
in 1860. The doctrine as to classification which I then advocated was
not without influence over the subsequent publications of the Census
Office.
About the same time I was engaged upon the population statistics of
Lancashire and Cheshire, and my papers on this subject, written jointly
with the late Mr. John Towne Danson, were printed in the Transactions
of the Historic Society (Liverpool) in 1857 and succeeding years.
I again dealt with the subject of the statistics of EngHsh Occupations
in a paper read before the same Society in December 1868, and in a
further paper read in March 1869 I considered the statistics of births,
deaths and migrations.
In a paper on the movement of population in certain rural counties,
where population upon the whole was almost stationary (Statistical
Journal, 1879-80), I entered upon the subject of migrations at particular
ages.
A paper read before the Manchester Statistical Society " On Forty
Years' Industrial Changes in England and Wales " (9th March, 1898),
gave a summary of the Census figures as to Occupation in 1851
and 1891.
The general growth and distribution of Population in England and
Wales in the ninety years 1801-1891 was the subject of a paper
(Statistical Journal, 1900, pp. 527-589), which gained an award of the
Guy silver medal.
These are not the only statistical papers of mine bearing on subjects
akin to those treated in this book, which have appeared in the Statistical
Journal and elsewhere during the last fifty years, and I have, therefore,
had ample time and opportunity to consider the questions dealt with in
my present work, and have entered upon it partly for my own information,
though it would not have reached its present dimensions had I not formed
the opinion that the results to be attained were of great interest and value
to the public.
14*31114
TABLE OP CONTENTS,
Migrations and Mortality Graphs .
Introduction ......
The Districts and Groups tabulated
Total Migrations in Classes of Districts
Characteristics op such Migrations
Effect of Inclusion of Rural Areas . . . . . . 2, 10
Migrations (in Classes op Districts) in Twenty Years — 1881-1901
Hypothetical Eesults ip Migrations remained Uniform for Thirt
Years ............
Migrations into and prom Individual Towns and Districts .
f
Greatest Gains and Losses at Age 15-40 .....
Migratory Movements at Three Periods op Life, viz., 0-15, 15-40
40 and upwards .....
Summaries op Local Migrations, showing Particulars op Exceptional
Cases
Movement op Population at Age 0-15 ......
Movement op Population in Divisions op London ....
Age-Constitution op Populations .......
Death Rates in Classes of Districts : A Scale op Mortality and it
Application ...........
Mortality at Ages 15-45 .........
Diagrams showing Death Rates .......
Mortality at Ages 0-15 .........
Marriages : Proportions op the Unmarried
Marriages, Numbers of, compared with those op Unmarried Men
Marriages : Numbers of Spinsters to 100 Bachelors in London .
Marriages taking place far from Future Home .
Marriages : Proportions of Bachelors at Age 45-55
Marriages : General Conclusions ....
Marriage Rates
Early Marriages, Indications op, in 1891
PAGE
ix-lxiv
1
6
7
8
13, 39
10
10
12
15
18
18
29
35
40
43
54
57
58
59
60
61
63
68
70
70
72
EEEATUM.
586
vlii Co7%tentsi of Appendicefi.
K. Disturbing causes which affect migration statistics (continued)—
5. Numbers and proportions of local deaths which occurred in certain
lunatic asylums, &c. .....■•••
0. Proportions of special inmates of asylums to population in places
less strongly influenced by asylums ...... 587
7. Net admissions to, in excess of departures from, the principal lunatic
asylums, &c., in each decennium ...... 588
S. Calculation as to excess of mortality at each age in certain districts
containing asylums ......... 589
9. As to hospitals : proportion of total deaths occurring within them,
and numbers of special inmates in classes of districts . . . 590
10. As to commercial clerks : proportions resident in central and
suburban parts of London, Manchester, and Liverpool . . 592
F. 1. Losses by death per cent, in ten years, computed upon mean population
for each decennium. Terminal ages 0-15 and 45-75 . . . 598
The proportion per cent, at age 75 upwards is not shown.
2. The like at terminal ages 15-45 ........ 614
3. Losses by death (decennial) of persons aged 65 and upwards at the
commencement of a decennial period, including a Table for the
sub-divisions of London ........ 630
4. Tables for sub-divisions of London similar to Nos. 1 and 2 . . . 686
5. Index numbers representing the mortality in the 160 districts at each
age of each sex in the two decennial periods ..... 640
6. Comments on Tables No. 5 656
7. Tables showing rates of mortality at terminal ages 0-15 and 60 upwards
and comments thereon, including reference to the diminished
mortality in 1891-1900
8. Additional Notes •■-......
G. Re-calculation of migrations and losses by death in Nottingham, the
Potteries, Chester, Lincoln, Exeter, Crewe, Grimsby, and Rugby .
Notes as to Birmingham, Stockport, and London
H. Proportions of women aged 20-45 who are married and proportion of
births to 100 married women under 45
Proportion per cent, of men aged 45-55 who are single, and proportion of
marriages to 100 bachelors and widowers aged 20 and under 35
Tables showing these ratios for each of the 160 districts .
K. Some data as to occupations in 1901 ......
IsDEX OF Places
667
686
694
704
713
715
717
726
733
Page 28, last line but one, for Appendix G, read Appendix D.
DIAGEAMS.
The following pages contain two sets of " graphs," one relating to
migrations at several ages, and the other to mortality at successive periods
of life, or rather, to the losses per cent, experienced by the several
successive generations in either of the decennial periods 1881-1890 and
1891-1900. Also, a single diagram of another sort.
Migrations. — These diagrams will be found on pages ix.-xvi.
They represent the rates per cent, of gain or loss at ages 15-20 to
50-55 of either sex in each decennial period. The main point is to note
the resemblance of the two graphs representing successive decennial
periods.
Mortality. — These diagrams comprise : —
First, two on page xvii., showing the index numbers at several ages
of the national death-losses of either sex in the two decenniums.
Second, a series on pages xviii.-xxv., showing the index numbers at
several ages of the death-losses of several aggregates of districts
as classed under ten heads and the rural residues under three
heads, leaving the remaining rural aggregates unrepresented by
graphs, as well as the four Military towns and the Eesidential
districts containing lunatic asylums.
Third, a series on pages xxvi.-lix., showing the index numbers at
several ages of the death-losses of certain selected places,
including at the end a few samples of riu-al residues of County
groups.
There are besides, on pages Ix.-lxiii., similar graphs in relation to the
re-calculated death-iosses of certain places shown in Appendix G.
And finally, on page Ixiv., a diagram relative to the Table in Appendix A,
page 131, which serves to exhibit the agreement or discordance of the
progressive ratios of shrinkage of population of either sex in a succession
of quinquennial periods, at the dates of the last three Censuses,
IX
Mi(jrii fioii Llraj^lis.
10 Lmu'.k Towns.
\oi:s J
1881-91.
f)
20
20 ;30 .^5 40 4
1 1 1
1
1
I
21
f
■ ■■II
'Die mai-gina I figures represent
the ral.es jwr cent, of Gain
or Loss cotnjnitcd on Ihe
commeneing jiopiilatwn.
IS
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Migration Graphs. x
10 Large Towns, aues i5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
b 2
Mi(j)ation Graphs.
Ac.KS . . 1.^' -20 '25 30 35 10 15 50
22 Textile Districts.
1881-91.
6
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Migration Graphs.
Ages . 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
XIV
50
[G MiLiTAKY Districts.
1891-01.
51
48
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Migration Graphs.
J-'c males
'32 Residential Distkicts.
Aces . 15 -20
1881-91.
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Migration Graphs.
XVI
32 Residential Districts.
A(;es 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
1891-01.
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The diagrams opposite exhibit male and female mortality in accordance
with " the scale " at each age-interval. If the figm^es for 1881-1890 were
alone under consideration we might easily accept the scale as representing
mortality in healthy districts, but those for 1891-1900 suggest that a lower
scale, especially at ages 20-40, might be preferable.
Mortality Graphs.
xvii
England and Wales (Males) Index Numbers.
Ages . . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 CO G5 70
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
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England and Wales (Females) Index Numbers.
Ages . . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 GO 65 70
150
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90
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Nviii Mortality Graphs.
Ages .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 G5 70 75
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Mortality Graphs.
XIX
AGES . 5 10 15 '20 25 :50 35 40 45 50 55 GO 65 70 75
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Mortality Graphs.
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XXI
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XXlll
Ages .'5 10 15 20 2,0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
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] NDl
:STR
lAL,
Twi
:lve
Pl
\CES
1
A MP 'I
^ON,
&C.)
140
130
120
110
100
90
I'^O
^
^^
-^
\—
o
r-"
Ma{
es
^,
^
\,
r
^^^
,''
*'
-.-
^ ^ ^'
\
\
\
\
kJ
f
1
1
\
V
\
' '\
1
80
70
'
/
1
\
Fern a I
es ^^
/•
XXIV
Mortdlifi/ Graphx.
A».r.s>
1
1
1
r, 20 2
J
•-, 30 35 10 1
1 1 1
f) .']
55 60 C
1 1
5 7
75
1 1
Rk>ii
JKNTlAIi
1
(NiNK r
liACKS, BlUGU'l'ON, lie.)-
Ill 1 1
1881-1890 Mortality
1 1 1 1 I
(Index I
Utm
}KRS
).
IGO
150
/^
^
=^,--
IK)
i
/
\
\
i;^()
^
y^Malel'^
_y
\
N
120
^
^
/-
.- ''
■■ ,
•^-
N,
110
<;■
V.
/
\,
100
- -
/
90
^^Fe
y
X
•
80
70
RESir
lENTIAL
(Thi
RTEl
3N "
Oti
[ER'
Pl
ACEi
f)-
130
120
h
a/M
^^^^
110
_^
"-^
v^
100
y^
.''■
■ "v
\
>-
. — -^ '
^
t::^
^^
90
■ /'-*1
mates
^- ^
.--'
80
"^•^
70
MiL]
TAR'
( (T
WEL
VE '
Oti
[ER '
' Pl
aces).
150
140
^
130
A
/'
^
\
120
/'
\
Mai
"■ /
/
•■ "
- - -
\
v^\
110
^ - *
/_
V
^
/■
^ ■' '
'^^
■7>^
100
^
-^
v
N
\
90
■ —^FemuU
s
80
70
Morfal/fi/ Gntphi^.
XXV
\ges
h
1
3 1
'■> 20 2
1 1
3 30 3
1 J
5 10 4
_ L 1
. ...I
3 55 GO C
1 ... J.... 1
5 7
1
7
.1
5
1
Resi:
3ENTIAL
(Nine Places, BRiGnroN, kc).
18[
1-1
)00
VIORTALITV
1
Index Numheks
1 1
)•
160
150
140
^
/^
V
130
/
^^
■^^
120
/^Mal
es
^
\
\.
no
^
;:^
J
/'
^^
N —
\
\
100
V/
'
/■
\^,
qo
>.
~\
80
\
/
/
70
\Fe
nales
f'
Res:
DEN
TIAL
(Ti
IRTl
:en
"Oi
^HEB
•' P
LAC
3S).
180
I'^O
110
-Male
_^
100
.«*:::
^
X"*^
^,~
■.»«.-
---'
\
N.
no
^^
--y
r^
^ .
N*
80
\
\
^
70
\
^ewal
es ^ ^
^^
Mil
TAR
I (i;
WEL
VE ^
<0t
HER
" p
jACE
s).
150
140
130
^
\
S,
120
/
V
.^__
110
MoUs
/
^
.'■-
•« __ _
- — "s
N
100
\-
/
/ \
\.
y
/
f
■\
1)0
\
\-
-~_
■L
j^
■
80
\
. /
s
f
70
V
1 ■-L ,
Females^
.i 1
c 2
XXM
MortaJitij Graphs.
London (Males) Indkx Numbers.
AOKS .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
210
190
ISO
170
^/^
^"
^
160
/
/ ^
^ ' ~
"^^
\
150
/ .
f
V
^
140
N,
/
/
/
s
s>
130
V
\^
881-90
^
^^
y
/
\
120
\
•n/'
/
/
110
\
^_^.
^--
-^'
100
ISO
1-00
90
80
70
Lon:
)0N
(SEI
ARA'
'IXG
Ini
ER
A.ND
Oui
'er),
210
200
y^
190
/ /
-^
ISO
/.
/
\
170
[nne
^\
/;■
\\
\
160
•A
\,
/
1
1
\
150
'\
ISSl-
^,
/,
V
140
\,
^
/~~~
/
r^
,--
— ^
\
\
130^
)UTE
R
\
\
V_
-^
1801-
00 ^.
•
/
/
y-
- >*^
^
"-
120
\
\^
'Tt^
/
•■
<
110
\
igsi-r
^^
y
/
100
\
/
90
^^-'
1891-0
u "^
80
70
{TlxA continuous lines always represent rates oj Mortality in 1881-90, and
the dotted lines those in the next Decennium.]
Mortality Graphs.
XXVll
London (Females) Index Numbers.
Ar.KS .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Ab 50 55 60 65 7l)
210
200
190
IRO
170
IfiO
IfjO
N.
^,
140
w
V
,y
y^
\,
130
\
/
f
V — '
-^.
N,
120
\
s.
/
f
1
i
\
110
\,
/
/
100
\,
/
/
/
90
V
V
. ISSI
-90/'
/
/
80
\
/
70
00,''
LON
DON
(se:
'ARA
tinc
r In
•^er
AND
Ou
per)
210
200
190
180
170
!nne
"X
160
\\
/*■ "
A
150
\ \
/
v_
140
/
//
\\
130^
)UTE
IB.
y
/''
/\
V
120
s^
N':
\
/
'l^
^
y.
-•-^-.
"^
:rv
\
110
\
\
^,
/-
•
/
\
100
>
vlgSl
-90/
/
/
/
/
90
\
^-\
/
'/
80
V
\l:
1
iM>< -qo
70
\
\
y
(;0
xxviii Mii>i((Ii(i/ Gr((phs.
Agf.s . :. 10 1.") 20 25 30 35 40 -1.) 50 r,[, 60 6:> Td
Manc
h-H —
HESTEH
(MaLes);.
V>?0
/--
*v
210
/
/
\
\
200
/
/
/
^■\
>^,
190
/.
/
\\
180
/
1 '
t
V
\
170
N
1*81
-90
/
1
1
\
IfiO
\
\
^^
^'"^
/
1")0
\
\
/
/
140
\
'v
•
130
\ _
■ -•' \
>91-0ii
120
110
100
90
LlVEI
POO
L {I
[ale
s).
220
-A.
210
N
\
200
r
/
N
A
190
1 ;
^>
\
ISO
is
&1-90
/
1
\,
170
\
--">^
"
^
1
\
160
\
1
1
\-
150
\
^
^
140
130
1891-
UH
120
110
100
1
U. .
Mortality Graphs.
XXIX
AOKS .
5
10
15
20
1
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
6(
65
70
nr *■ 1 t^Tl 1 ,
Manchester (Females).
220
910
200
y
/\
\
190
/
/
,'N
->-
180
u
/
«. -
"A
170
V
/
^
i^
160
^N
\
■
/
\
150
/
/ /
/
140
\
\
"X
J
/
/
130
\
-^
^1881-
'"/
^ ,
120
\
"^
-^
1
1
110
—A —
/
}
100
s
,/
90
1S91-
00
LlVEI
?P00
L(F
EMA
LES)
220
210
200
/\
/-
/ \
^'r —
<"
/
\
\.
190
y
-* —
\
180
\
/
1
1
'-'
A
170
— \—
\
\
//
^
U
160
\
■\
/
/
1
\;
150
\
\
/
1
1
\
140
\
\
s
/
/
1
1
130
\
V
1881-9
1s^
Y
1
1
1
120
\
t
1
no
\
s
100
1891
Iv
00^-
- „ '
''
xxx
Mortality Graphs,
AoKS .5 10 15 '20 25 30 35 40 15 50 55 TO Co 70
BiHJ
1
1
1
IING
HAM
(M.
\LES).
170
160
^
"x
150
\
/
/'■
^""^^
~v.^ \
140
/
\.
130
y
/
f;
f
I'^O
s.
1S81
90^
---'/
no
\
^^
-^
r"
100
^ 1S9
-00,'
90
LEED
s (IV
[ales)
190
180
,^
170
>
/
/
^
^
160
N
"^
.^188
-90
/
r
—
N
I0O
\
"^
v
/
/
1
140
>
N
N/
/
/
J
130
\-.
-00
1
120
s
t
/
110
>^_ _
--'
100
90
80
i
1
Mortality Graphs.
XXXI
AGES . 5 10 15 '10 25 :^0 35 40 45 50 55 GO 65 70
BiRJ
J
, 1- ■
INGHAM
■■ ■ 1
(Femali
.S).
170
160
150
140
^s
\
,-
' \
^
\
/ /
-^
^
N.
■^ ^
130
\
/
\
120
'\
c?J
/ 1
/ 1
110
— *— \
\
N /
'!
>
-\—
/
'^'
100
90
X
\
"^
_y
/
80
-^
y
Leed
S (P
EMA
liES)
180
170
,\
->^
160
\
/
, »»
\
X
ir)0
\
s
/
/
^•^ *
140
\
\
/
/
180
\
\
/
/
/
•
120
V
"Vi!,
n-90
>
,'
110
\
/
100
\
/
/
90
\18
91-00.
/
/
80
•"'
xxxu
Mortdlifi/ Gr((phs.
Ages
1
1
1
> 1
. -J
-2
J
3
5 1
1
f) f)
Uh (1
I
(
') 7
Oldr
»,(
Mai
KS).
210
A-,
'200
/■
N
\
100
/
//
\
LSO
ISSI
90
/ /
/
V-
\
170
\
"^^
\
/ /
\
160
\
\
7
/
/
150
\
/
HO
^ •>
"* ^
/
•
•
130
1891 -C
1^0
110
100
ROCH
3ALE
(M
\LEJ
)•
200
190
/
-'*^.
180
p
o
X
170
fl
V^
160
JO
1
150
y
/
\
//
/
-X
\
1 1
1 1
140
--
-- .
130
\
^
\
7
1
1
120
\
V-
— ''
110
\m\-
00
100
'JO
• ^ Mortalitij Graphs. xxxii
Ages . 5 10 15 -20 25 30 35 lO 45 50 55 GO 65 70
Oldh
1.
1
1
1
AM (Females).
210
200
190
180
r
^^
^^
170
\s
N,
/
"-
160
^
/
1
.150
\
\
1881-
w
/
140
\
\,
y
/
/
130
•-
--.^
\
\^
y
/
19,0
\
^
/
/
no
\
.''
100
1891
-00
ROCH
DALE
) (F]
1
EMALES).
900
190
180
170
160
\^
^^
■-^,
~*
150
A
/
/
\
.1881-
90
/
140
s
130
'
\
\
\
.
:/
120
\
\
\
V
'jy
no
—
*--
~ \
\_
/
^
100
\
\
/
90
189
i-oo"~
.* ^/
XXXIV
Mortality Graphs.
Ages . 5 10 1.^ 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 GO 65 70
[Iali
1
(Ma
LES)
190
y
^
180
/
170
/
*
\
s._
160
/
/
s
150
18S1-
^0
/
1
140
_
/
/
\.
/
1
/
/
130
V
—V
N
k_
J
/
120
/
110
N ^
■
/
100
l><91-(
n-x^
90
80
Brai
FOR
) (^
'ale
B)
180
170
^^
y
^
160
/"
" ■--
\
150
^
N
^^
/\
,881 -w
)
/
140
'
^y
\
/
130
\
\
\^
/
/
/
t
120
V '
^ \
\
/
/
110
1
t
100
1
891 flC
V __ _
90
80
Mortality Graphs.
XXXV
VGES
Hali
. 5
IC
) u
1
) '2C
1
25
3C
35
40
45
5C
55
6e
) (k
J T(
)
FAX
teH — ^~r"
(Females).
190
ISO
170
160
150
ISg] -<
A
,
-
140
130
120
110
100
/\
/
7^
<
_
,
^^v.
■^'
N
\
f^
y
^ -'
H
V
\,
/
/
/
^.'
- *
s
\
/
f
\
V
^/
90
r
\
/
/
RO
18
91-00
1
Bra
3F0I
D (FEM/
.LES'
).
180
170
160
A
- 90
150
\
V.
/\
/^
.
^7^
rr:
140
\
\
^^
-V
\
^r^
130
\
\
/
^
'
1^,0
\
\
^
/
1
1
no
-'
\
^
/■
100
•
MO
iKgi-0
80
r
XXXVl
Morfalifi/ Gr((j)}is.
Ages . . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 GO C5 70
Whi-
h-t — 1
•EHAVEN
(M.
1 1
^LES
)•
190
180
A
170
y
\
160
^
\
\
150
/
\
140
/^
K,
i
/
/
\
180
^^
^
V
\/
X ^
'
~ - -
.--
190
f^
V
/
/
110
1
>•
\
"V^
100
18
91-00
Tv
'''
90
1
80
]
Bae:
lOW-
IN-FURN
ESS (Ma:
iES).
1B0
150
140
^^
^
11-90
f
130
\-
^^
\
^r-
s.''
120
\
\
r^
^/
^'
r'^
no
\
/
100
\
\.
/
90
,.'
- ',
^
f
80
1891-
jij
^^w-
-'
_....
Mortalitij Graphs.
xxxvii
Aces . . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Go 70
Whit
1
1
EHA
VEN
(Femali
s).
190
180
170
IRO
V^
150
/
:\-
_
140
1??
1-90
//■
^ *,^
\
130
J^
■^
/f
120
--
~ ' "
\
.x-«.
/
/
110
\
\
\^
/
/
100
\
t
y
90
1891-
ooV
80
Bab]
^OW
IN-I
'urn
ESS
Fen
[ALE
s).
160
loO
IS.
51-90
r
/
^^\
fv
140
A
J
/^-
/
\
130
\
\
\
,^
^"N
>/
120
\
\
\,
y
/
•■
110
\
\
V-
— ^
/
100
V
A
/
90
'
80
1S9
1-00 ■■
-^^
. "
xxxviii Mortality/ Gm^)//,s\
Aces .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 GO 05 70
Cbe\
E (
VIal
ES).
130
,--
_.-
._.-
--
120
•
110
\
k ■■
^It
Sl-90
y
V
"^
^
100
\
N,
\^
— f^
-<■'
90
/■
80
'-^
']?91-
K)"'
BUR'J
0N-(
Ln-T
REN
: (M
ALE
^)-
IGO
150
y
.„^
140
^
/
^T^s
--
130
ItSl-
f
A
'"
120
\
-._.
J
no
V
/
/
100
\
\
-7
,'
X
90
V
\
/
80
91-00
SOUTI
[AMP
TON
(M^
LLES'
.
IsSl-
170
/ .v.\
160
1 <
\-.
^
150
/
1
1
^>x
• '"
^N
s
140
/ /
18'
n-oo'
*
S
N,
-.,
130
/ /
/ /
\
N
120
J
1 1
1
\
no
N
/
1
\
100
■^
-^
J/
90
N.'
80
Mortality Graphs. xxxix
Ages .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Ceew
E (I
EMA
i — ^
LES)!
130
120
110
, -
'.^
>
f y
r
\
\
V
s.
»
A-
-^
1S81-9
0^
/
100
X
V
\
/
90
\
\
/
/
80
IS
31-urr
/
Burt
ON-O
N-T]
^ENT
(Fi^
MAL
ES).
160
150
140
130
li
SI -90
--^
_^
190
,^
" '
--J
^^_^
\
V/
V t
/
K
110
/
Y
y
100
*■"
\
— y
y
00
\
\
.--
• ~ ^y,''
80
le
91-00
S0U1
HAM
?T01
f (F:
IJMAI
ES).
170
160
150
140
130
/'
,^-
120
/
-\
\
- _ .
_
110
\
^
^
100
ssi-y
)
/
/
N ■
90
'
\
V
-^'
/
/
80
s
/
f
lf-9
1 00 "
--'
. '
xl
Mortality Gri(j>lis.
Ages
Woi
. 5
IO 1
1
5 20 2
1
a ■■]
3
5 1
J
5 h
5
5 6
G
5 7
J 7
j
jYerhampton (Males).
170
160
\
150
^
/^
~,
— X
140
\
^
^
"
■^
130
16S1-9
»
//'
\
120
\
V
/
V
\
110
\
"^
N,
/
/
A
100
i^yi-f
)0 •"
""■
-y
\1.
■^
90
80
Don
CAS-
rER
(Ma
LES)
150
140
\
130
\
\
/• ■
" "n
120
•v.
-^v
•
---
^
110
v^"^
-i^
-90
y
y"^
/
\
100
\^
■^\
S. ,
/
>- -
•
90
■*
^r^
^
^
SO
l«i^l-
00^
Mortality Graphs.
xli
Ages .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 45 50 55 GO 65 70 75
1 — 1 — \ — \ — \ — 1 — \ —
Wolverhampton (Females).
170
•
160
\
I'iO
\
140
\
^
^ ■.-
-----
130
\
/^
\
1^,0
--N
/^
\
1
no
t
<
\,.
1 yO
\
100
\
\ ^
/.
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MortaUty Graph^i. xliii
Ages . . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 -10 45 50 55 60 65 70
xliv
Mortality Graphs.
10 15 20 ;ir. 30 35 10 Mj 50 55 fiO fij 70
LlN
1 *
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91-00
90
80
70
60
Mortality Graph^^.
xlv
Ages
LiNC
5
10 15 2C
1 1
2L
3(
) 3;
) 4(
) 45 5
3 55 G
1.
J (i
5 7
OLN
(FliMALES).
170
IfiO
181
1-90
A
150
A
140
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MAL
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160
150
140
130
^^
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1891-
00 ''
• ^^
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xlvi
MortaJitii Grapha.
Aces
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) 10 1
1
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3 2
5
3(
3 3
5 4(
3 1.
) :a
) :>i
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3 6c
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1 1
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190
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90
80
70
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180
170
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1881
l"/
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1
1
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110
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1
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100
Mortal it ij Graplm.
xlvii
Ages . 5
1
1(
3 1
5 20 2
1
5 3
3
5 -1
4
5 5
5
5 6
G
5 70 V;
1
)
Caj
IBRI
DGE
(Fe
1 >
\IALES).
1 '
190
ISO
170
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160
140
A
180
\
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120
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JO
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1891-
00
—
xlviii MortaUtji Graphti.
AuK^ •> 10 lo JO -lb 30 nrj 40 4,) TiO 55 60 f.5 70
1
EXF.
1
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(Malks
.
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1891 -00
1
Mortality Graphs.
xlix
Agks
. 5
10
\b
20
25
30
:J5
10
45
50
55
Of
G5
7U
Exeter
(Females).
170
ifiO
1 'SO
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1-90
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170
160
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130
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160
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1891 -(10
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-
Mortality (rraphfi.
Aces 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Mortality Graphs.
AG
ES
b J
]
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1
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1
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1
b 4
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5
5 e
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7
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180
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no
100
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81-90
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1891-00
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Mortalifi/ Graphs
Ages
15 '.
1
'-
5 3
35 4
4
5 5
5
5 C
c
5 7
Bou
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lOL'l
H (
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3s).
270
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260
A
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240
\
230
\
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//
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210
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110
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100
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^/
80
Mortality Graphs.
liii
Ages . 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 GO 65 70
Bou
RNEMOU
?H (
\
Fem
\ \
^LES).
270
260
250
240
280
220
210
200
190
180
170
180
150
140
180
120
1 =
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110
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liv
Mortaliti/ Graphs,
Aces . o lO U> 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
ISL
3 01
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(M.
lLES
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110
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^
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100
^
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90
^y
80
70
Mortality Graphs .
Iv
Ages 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
ISLI
1
: OF
wJ
3HT
(Fe
— \
VIALE
:s).
160
150
140
r^o
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1
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no
100
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—
—
Ivi
Mortality Gra2)hs,
Ai.y.s .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Bri
JHT
L (
tfAL
]es).
-
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1891
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H (I
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DS).
180
170
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150
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100
X*
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90
80
70
60
Mortalitij Graphs. Ivii
Ages ,5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
1
1
1
Bbi
3HTC
►N (
FemI/
ILES').
160
150
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130
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110
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100
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s _ ,
-00 •
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LTE]
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3MAI
ES).
130
120
110
100
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160
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1891-
J^v.
Iviii Mortality Graphs.
Ac.r.s J 10 15 20 lo 30 35 40 \i> iJO 55 CO G5 70
YORl
1
SHll
1
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i,RSi6itk)
(M
LKS
)
130
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110
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1881-
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180
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90
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130
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-91-00
.-'
Mortality Graphs. lix
AGES 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
YoRvSHiJkE (JRukJ\L ^KSipUE
130
Ix
MortaJify Gra2)hs.
AOF.>
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) 10 1
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1
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n
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^ 5
55 GO f.5 7
TINC
HAM
(MJALE^
).
170
160
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140
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120
V
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1S9J-U0
imits
1 1
continitou^ line,
dotted liTie.
110
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100
V
POTI
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33 (
Mal
ES).
190
^^
IfiO
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V
170
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160
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130
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120
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line. _
110
V.
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3"^
ChE;
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(M
^LES
1
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180
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170
Ct<i
, 1891
uo
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120
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Eu
tire L
iitrict
la'ji
00
110
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100
90
LJ
L
Morkditi/ Graphs.
AoKR 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Ixi
Not
» — :i
riNG
HAM
(Fe
1 1
MAL
.S).
170
160
\
150
\
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rt--
^
140
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V
^
130
\
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120
\
V
Sell
Old
limit
(iinits
? eonti
dotted
nuovn
line.
line.
110
\
//
100
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AGES b 10 15 '20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7U
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Ixiv Crapli Ulnstrat'uKj Appendix A.
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Diagram showing the number counted at the age stated, per cent, iipon the numhcr
counted at five years younger ; hut the counted figures are taken as corrected.
ENGLAND'S REGENT
PROGRESS.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STATISTICS OF MIGRATIONS,
MORTALITY, Etc., IN THE TWENTY YEARS FROM 1881
TO 1901, AS INDICATING TENDENCIES TOWARDS THE
GROWTH OR DECAY OF PARTICULAR COMMUNITIES
AND OP THE RURAL PORTIONS OF ENGLAND AND
WALES.
I AM persuaded that a vast majority of educated Englishmen take a real
and patriotic interest in the state of the nation.
I am quite conscious that the ideas of Professors of Political Economy
are far from being such reliable guides for public opinion upon this subject
as they are sometimes thought to be. Adam Smith himself expounded in
his " Theory of Moral Sentiments " many things which affect human action
in a manner for which his " W^ealth of Nations " would not account. But
though individual men, their powers and motives, count for so much, yet
we cannot rightly appreciate what they are doing and with what kind of
facts they have to contend, without reference to statistics showing how
our affairs are shaping themselves nationally and locally, and what in
existing circumstances are normal or abnormal phenomena.
The information contained in this book is founded on the official Tables
published by the Census Commissioners and the Registrar-General. The
figures which their publications supply are like stones in the qiiarry, of
little use unless they are dug out, shaped and built up in an inteUigent
manner. The official mind prepares itself to supply anticipated demands,
but does not endeavour (save in one or two ways) to methodize its results,
nor to expose the crudities of statistics in their first or undigested state.
Let us do what we may to accomplish something in that direction, aiming
at what is easily practicable, costing only well-directed laboiu', and hoping
that by placing many questions in new hghts assistance will be given to
future investigators, and Government Departments will bo informed as to
what additional tabulations of facts are desirable.
To some extent my task must be that of correcting or upsetting
2 Kin/Iand's .h'rcciit Progrcas.
recciveil notions as well as that of rcndorinj^ more exact our knowlcdgo of
true standards. The vahio attacliing to the work must depend on the
importance or otherwise of reaping tlie full henefib of our national outlay
ou the decennial Censuses and the annual Keports of the Ecgistrar-
Gonoral.
The actual processes of internal migration and of emigration heyond
our frontiei-s reflect the progress or want of progress of particular com-
munities. In investigating migrations, light is incidentally thrown on
questions of comparative mortality, and on birth and marriage rates, all
having a direct influence on the growth of population. When it is seen
that in the last two decennial periods for which we have data there was a
large measure of stabiUty in the conditions generally prevaiUng, we shall
have some reason to conclude that it is in our power to make forecasts
sufficiently close to be of value in relation to such problems as that of the
necessary provision for water supply.
I will illustrate what I mean by stability by referring to the following
features of our statistics.
We find universally a loss of rural population at ages 15-25, which
influences the numbers who at the end of a decennium are aged 15-35.
We find in the principal colliery districts gains of young men and of
women somewhat older ; boys, in fact, for the pits and brides for the older
men. But the high birth rates influence the increase of population there
more powerfully than any migrations.
In districts working in cotton and wool there is a tendency to lose
male inhabitants and to attract girls ; the birth rates here are specially
low.
Of industrial districts, some are adjacent to colliery districts and show
ver}^ similar peculiarities ; the others are not reducible to any general rule.
Eesidential districts generally lose young men ; they all attract young
women, and both sexes after 35.
Old towns generally lose young men and attract a few very young
girls ; women a little older tend to leave them. They commonly show
moderate gains of both sexes after 50.
Owing to the form in which the official statistics on which I have to
base my calculations have been tabulated, I am obliged to deal in nearly
every case with a registration district or a group of such districts. As
the boundaries of some of these districts have from time to time been
altered, it becomes necessary to settle the date at w^hich the boundaries
shall be regarded as being fixed, making corrections of the figures in
respect of changes effected before or since such date. The period to be
treated of extends from 1881 to 1901, and I have found it least incon-
venient to adopt the middle year, shaping the whole body of facts on the
footing of the boundaries existing at the time of the Census of 1891.
For reasons w^hich will hereinafter more fully appear, I have attributed
wide areas to most of the large towns. The chief objection to this course
would seem to be, that the rural parishes comprehended within such wide
areas usually resemble other rural districts in being unable to retain the
whole of their native population, so that through the inclusion of such
parishes the rate of increase of population in large towns teads to be
somewhat understated. On the other hand, many changes in local
boundaries are merged, and thus got rid of without the need of estimates
England's Recent Progress . 3
by massing districts near largo towns between which transfers have taken
place.
The main purposes I have in view are —
(1) To study the progress or want of progress of towns and
districts of different classes, as shown by the balance of
migrations at different ages, and also to some extent by the
birth and marriage rates, the proportions of enumerated
population found to be in the married state, &c. ; and
(2) To consider the comparative mortahty at different periods of
life, the effect of migrations thereon, the disturbing influences
which often lessen the value of the recorded facts, and the
extent to which the death rates have in recent times been
lowered.
I have therefore looked at the subject without reference to the rivalries
of particular towns, and must be understood to admit that in the absence
of scientific boundaries comparisons of one place with another can seldom
be altogether just.
The common practice of marshalling population statistics under
counties, whether administrative or registration counties, is found on close
examination to be misleading. The elements of which county populations
are composed are often discordant, so that the items included in the totals
representing the phenomena counteract each other, and the average result
is not illuminating. And where important centres, such as Liverpool or
Birmingham, send their ramifications into two or more counties, the
importance of an appropriate grouping of county areas, if average results
of any value are to be attained, is specially evident.
The separation of those districts which have marked characteristics of
their own from the mass enables us to group as mainly rural a great many
registration districts, the separate study of whose statistics would weary
and confuse the reader ; by this method everything of real importance is
brought into view, and the rural areas, it will be seen, form a fairly
uniform background to the picture.
The increase of population during the twenty years under review was
as shown below : —
Males. Females.
Population, 1881 .... 12,639,902 13 334 537
Births, 1881-1890 .... 4,526,729 4,363,'509
17,166,681 17,698,046
Less Deaths, 1881-1890 . . . 2,698,316 2,546,455
14,468,315 15,151,591
Result of Migrations . . (loss) 415,414 (loss) 201,967
Population, 1891 .... 14,052,901 14,949,624
Births, 1891-1900 .... 4,657,871 4,497,282
18,710,772 19,446,906
Less Deaths, 1891-1900 . . . 2,865,226 2,710,149
15,845,546 16,736,757
Result of Migrations . , (loss) 116,933 (gain) 62,473
Population, 1901 .... 15,728,613 16,799,230
B 2
4 England's Beccnt Progress.
It will bo noticed that tho niigiations of the two sexes are strikingly
dissimilar: this fact makes it the more necessary to separate the sexes in
all the details of our work. It is fortunate that we are in a position to
study the migrations and mortality of the sexes separately. In doing so
we may in a great meaMu-e assm-e ourselves of the rclialiility of our results,
as we shall do if we feel that the ditVerences which appear as between the
movements of the sexes are in general agreeable to probability.
I now proceed to re-state tho above facts under ages in a tabular form
(see page 5), so as to show at what periods of life gains or losses are
experienced as the net result of the many currents of emigration and
innnigration.
In preparing these figures it was necessary to re-class the deaths,
returned under the age at death, so as to attribute a due proportion of the
death-loss to each line of the Table, which comprehends persons born in a
succession of quinquennial periods. The arithmetical process is shown in
Appendix A, which also includes a statement as to transfers of some of
those returned at the Censuses under particular quinquennial ages, to the
age next in order above or below that returned. These modifications are
arbitrary, and subject to revision, but they are judged expedient in view^ of
the tendency towards round numbers which affects many returns, and that
other tendency to mis-state age, which is not absolutely confined to the
gentler sex. Boys as well as girls add to their ages in order the sooner to
attain the full wage of grown-up people. Old men as well as old women
add something to their ages, after reaching 60 or 65. Between 25 and 40
women very naturally tend to understate their years.
Whilst I claim that in these processes of correction, which run through
the whole of my work, I have intentionally erred on the side of moderation,
I also draw" attention to the fact that in the re-classification of deaths any
imaginable inaccm-acy would necessarily be of small importance, as
ailecting the balance of migrations at particular ages.
This will readily be seen upon examination of the Tables in
Appendix C* And as to the con-ections of ages, the best confirmation
they can have lies in the resulting regular gradation of losses and gains by
migi'ations at successive ages, which will better appear when we proceed
to classify the chief towns, industrial and other places under a few
categories.
It will be remarked that the births and deaths introduced into the
calculation are those recorded in the two periods of ten years ending
31st December, 1890, and 31st December, 1900, whilst the Censuses were
taken in each case near the end of the March following. The difference
between the figures thus taken as representing the births and deaths and
those for equal periods of time ending about three months later is known
in the aggregate and is not great, and the official returns do not favour the
ascertainment of the more exact figures for the several localities. What
is of greater importance is the question, whether many bii'ths escape
registration ? and from the most general considerations, after giving effect
* It must be borne in mind that at the ages most affected by migrations the
numbers dying are comparatively small. Any mistake in ccmputing these numbers by
apportionment is therefore of little consequence, since very often the assumed deaths
might be increased or diminished by as much as one-third, without seriously altering
the computed loss or gain by migrations. The reader will rarely find that the utmost
alteration which could reasonably be imagined wtuld sensilily affect the conclusions to
be drawn as to the general trend and dimensions of the current of migration.
England's Recent Progress.
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6 EiighiinVs licccnt Pn>(/rrss.
to the piolKilnlity that many more l']nj;lish children l)orn in the Colonies
ami India are hroujjtht home now than was tlio case in 1891, I am led to
conjectnro that the apparent gain of children in 1891-1900 is, to a small
extent only, due to uou-registration of births. This, if it is so, might in
some measure be caused by the craze of the anti-vaccinators, who
naturally dislike being subjected to pressure by.the authorities to compel
them to vaccinate their cliildren within a moderate time after the
registration of birth. The decline in the ratio of l)irths would thus in a
small measure be over-stated.
Whether the ligures relating to migrations of population under 15
yeai-s of age ""' and over Go years be trustworthy or not is a small matter
compared with the substantial reliability of tlie ligures between 15 and G5,
which I think may safely be assumed.
The Distkicts and Groups Tabulated.
After mature consideration, I have decided to show the statistics of
136 districts and groups of districts, and to group the remainder into
twenty-four masses, as will be hereinafter shown. The special sub-divisions
consist of : — ■
10 Lai'ge towns.
19 Old towns of less magnitude.
22 Towns and districts much engaged in textile manufactures.
9 Colliery districts.
25 Industrial districts, ports, &c.
32 Eesidential districts.
16 Places influenced by military or naval establishments.
3 Other places not easy to classify.
136
Tables exhibiting the collective losses and gains in these eight categories
are given in Appendix B, where I also show similar information for sub-
classes, viz. : —
7 Industrial districts attracting women, where apparently the
bachelors have to go some distance in search of wives.
6 Industrial districts which are less attractive, and which, like the
first seven, are non-residential.
12 Industrial districts of less forl)idding character.
25
4 Old towns containing military and naval estabhshments.
12 Less important places containing camps, barracks, &c.
16
* This question is touched upon again. See pages 29-35.
EnfjUuKV^ Recent Progress. 7
7 Eesidential places containg lunatic asylums.
9 Ditto, including Brighton, Blackpool, Bath, &c., where the rates
of mortality are somewhat high.
3 Ditto, where it is conceived many male invalids resort, causing
the mortality of the sexes to be singularly unequal.
13 Other residential places.
32
The proportions of losses and gains in the several groups are also
shown in the Appendix, with graphic diagrams for the larger divisions,
such as the colliery districts, the seats of textile and other manufac-
tures, &c.
A set of Tables in Appendix B gives the facts for the twenty- four rural
residues, collected into five groups, viz., six in the south and south-east, of
a more or less residential character, three in the south-west, and three in
the east, of more purely rural nature, six comprehending Wales and the
Welsh border, and six in the Midlands and North, these last being affected
in some measure by manufactures and mining.
The following Table shows the most salient facts as to migrations in
the sub-divisions, including those last described : —
Gains or Losses iu 18S1-91.
Gains or Losses in 1801-1900.
MALES.
15-20.
20-35.
35-50.
50 ^nd
upwards.
15-20.
20-35.
35-.50.
50 and
up-
wards.
10 Large towns .
3,908
GO, 723
4,923
7,590
194
101,942
22,563
3,442
I'J Old towns . . .
2,Il6
18,413
2,540
2,114
1,393
14,577
2,120
5,979
22 Towns (textile) .
2,194
12,933
2,032
2,968
1,575
26,717
6,354
2,104
9 Colliery districts.
13,617
3G,260
5,423
770
11,442
22,037
615
69
7 Industrial \
(Middlesbro',&c.)/
987
2,38G
283
880
712
1,943
925
186
G Industrial (Wol-)
verhampton, &c.) j
3,798
14,009
7.425
3,048
3.550
13,011
4,593
3,589
12 Industrial (South- 1
ampton, &c.) . /
601
13,563
2,598
228
193
1,557
4,777
2,707
7 Residential (Ux-i
bridge, &c.) . /
9
4,534
1,808
2,078
1,155
163
4,817
3,984
9 Residential 1
(Brighton, &c.) /
509
8,764
1,735
4,846
318
2,433
6,765
7,616
•3 Residential j
(Bournemouth, >
&c.) .... 1
13 Residential (Tor- 1
quay, &c.) . ,/
183
983
1,.398
1,489
681
1,696
1,-392
2,013
1,294
12,419
1,1G7
1,874
145
10,102
4,595
4,501
4 Military towns .
5,8G3
5, GIG
568
943
7,507
8,975
697
1,621
12 Other Military^
places . . ./
5,278
1,921
5,141
633
12,850
5,960
808
1 , 808
3 Other places .
3G
1,104
453
433
407
1,670
648
720
G Rural (residential)
18,877
77,845
4,638
5,792
18,186
77,436
3,064
2,616
3 „ (South-West)
7,486
35,615
2,889
2,550
7,062
30,717
1,893
639
3 „ (East) . .
13,508
55,776
6,389
5,047
12,383
52,832
3,530
3,065
G „ (Welsh)
",756
51,881
10,595
4,442
7,462
34,509
465
891
G „ (North). .
11,444
53,574
256,383
10,714
5,886
8,561
48,869
7,774
21,819
3,457
39,332
48,751
24,517
26,318
175,106
19,929
The figures in heavy type represent losses by migrations.
ElK/huKV.'i Ix'ccoit P>'Of/rCS.<i.
tiaius or Losses in it>«ix-
91.
Uaiiis
or Losses
in 1891-1900.
KF.MALES.
50
15-20
20-35
3.5-50
."".O ami
upwards.
15-20
20-35
35-50
ami
up-
wards.
10 Large towns .
53,119
133,946
57.650
5.966
55.937
190,155
41,114
2,723
19 Old towns . .
2,122
7,518
3-993
■J. 185
2,962
3.014
737
4.189
22 Towns (textile) .
13,885
10,174
10.192
3,820
10,296
3,406
12,767
5.3"
9 Colliery districts.
7>3i2
19,478
1.665
367
4.759
24,308
3,852
3,560
7 Industrial \
(Middlesbro',&c.)/
2.680
1.4.39
654
307
2,508
2,614
1,762
192
G Industrial (Wol- 1
verhamptou, &c.) I
6.436
11.838
5.731
3.738
5.382
10,809
4,427
4,108
12 Industrial (South- \
ampton, &c). . j
1-387
3 809
1.925
433
268
2.914
1,464
939
7 Residential (Ux-ij .,„
bridge, &c.) . j 1 ^^^
920
1,034
1,987
1,592
5,396
3,971
4,328
9 Residential )
(Brighton, &c.) /
9,073
7,396
814
5.141
9,536
12,280
3,158
6,848
3 Residential j
(Bournemouth, }
&c.) ... .1
13 Residential (Tor-i
quay, &c.) . . J
2,462
5,026
1,697
2,038
2,502
3,112
683
1,936
2,702
471
581
2,182
4,565
3,630
2,995
4,281
4 Military towns . 950
5.420
365
2,037
756
9,528
975
1.976
12 Other Military ^
places . . .( ^"^57
408
1,602
281
862
4,902
868
1,259
3 Other places .
478
175
232
338
229
257
527
597
6 Rural (residential)
28.500
44.086
7.351
7.801
26.157
39.734
5003
6.290
3 „ (South- West)
8.382
20,478
4 765
3.798
8.120
18.698
4 . 428 3 . 008
3 „ (East) . .
21,112
39,737
7-549
7.837
18.434
34.705
5-077 5-735
6 „ (Welsh) .
II. 371
32,605
10.082
5.483
8,232
23.908
5.165 3.339
6 „ (North). .
14.538
34.112
12.307
8.982
II. 510
28,838
8,572 4.971
18.592
10,146
116,105
31,659
3,409
102,796
67,035 5-380
The figures in heavy type represent losses by migrations.
The above Table seems to me to be in a high degree interesting. It
illustrates very clearly the differences in local movements of population,
the dissimilarity (already alluded to) of the movements of the two sexes,
and yet the constancy in many respects of the results in the two
decennial periods.
The largest gains of the great cities were experienced at identical ages,
but in the second decennium the effect of increased alien immigration at
the higher ages is noticeable. The considerable emigration of women
aged 35 and upwards from such towns in both periods may partly be
due to marriages with persons at a distance, but also may partly arise
from a tendency of some, out of the large numbers who arrive, to return
after a few years to their native places with their savings.
The seats of textile manufactures attracted few young people in the
first period and still fewer in the second, and those mostly young women.
The mining districts gained more largely ; they added fewer men and a
greater number of women in the second decennium.
The other districts which attracted men (but at dissimilar ages) were
the residential and military places, and those of the industrial districts
(seven in number), which are treated apart because of their apparent
England',1 Eecent Progress. 9
tendency to attract women as wives (resembling in that respect the mining
districts), and whicli, hke the mining districts, showed in both periods a
loss of girls under 20.
Southampton and some other places in the industrial list have gained
ground, after experiencing losses in the first decennium.
The old towns of medium size attracted a few young women, probably
as domestics, and they also attracted old people in moderate but increasing
numbers. This may have been partly due to the residential attractions
which some of them possess ; but the existence of county asylums for
lunatics in such towns involves in many cases the transference to them of
a considerable number of aged men and w^omen from the rural districts.
The military places showed a large accretion of men in 1891-1901, as
was natural. There was a corresponding but smaller addition of women,
mostly aged 20 to 35.
One of the chief features of the Table is the constancy of the facts
relative to rural districts. They lost a smaller number of people over
35 years of age in the second decennium than in the first, especially from
the Welsh rural districts. At the age 15 to 20 more girls than boys seem
to leave their rural homes ; but at higher ages the case is reversed.
Eesidential places, and those military districts which contain a rural
element, fail to retain the whole of their young men. The same places,
except the military districts in the first decennium, required the services
of many young women from outside their bounds, who must not be
confounded with visitors, since at the date of the Census but few pleasure
seekers can have arrived. Those men and women, aged 35 and upwards,
who go to reside in watering-places and are counted in March, must in
general be invalids, especially the men.
In the matter of migrations, the points of resemblance between the
sexes are chiefly as under : — -
Large towns : Largest gains at age 20-30.
Old towns : Immigration at age 50 and upwards.
Colliery districts : Largest gains at 20-35.
Eesidential districts : Large gains after 45.
Eural districts : Heavy losses at each age up to 35.
The points of dissimilarity include the following : — -
Large towns : Considerable immigration of females at age 15-20
and heavy loss at 35-50.
Old towns : Gain of females at 15-20 ; loss of males at 20-30.
Textile manufacturing towns : Immigration of females at 15-25
loss of women aged 40 and upwards.
Colliery districts : Gain of boys and loss of girls aged 15-20.
Eesidential districts : Loss of males and gain of females aged 15-25.
Military districts : Gain of males aged 15-25 and of females aged
25-35.
Industrial districts : Smaller gain or larger loss of males than of
females aged 25-35.
Eural districts : Loss of females larger than that of males at age
15-20 and after 35 ; larger loss of males at 20-35.
10 KnfflancVs; Tfrrnif Pro(/rc>ifi.
Tho clmracteristics emiaioraUHl seoin luunorous and constant enough
to enable lis to say that the classes grouped have each a distinctive
physiognomy.
Keference has already been made to the effect of the inclusion of rural
parishes with towns in qualifying the results arrived at. If purely rural
areas could have been excluded, the salient features of the Table would
have been even more striking. Not only the residential places but most
of the "12 other military places" must lose many of their young people
in the same manner as the " rural residues " do.
It may be noted that the four " military towns " contained 27,751
soldiers and sailors on duty in 1891, 33,400 in 1901 : the twelve " other
military places " contained 25,770 of such soldiers and sailors in 1891, and
40,500 in 1901. Very many of those counted in 1891 may have departed
before the next Census was taken, and would naturally be replaced by men
about ten years younger.
Migrations in Twenty Years.
The total losses and gains in twenty years are shown for the main
classes of districts in Appendix D.
It will be seen that at the period of life when migrations are most
frequent, gains of men were experienced in the largest towns, the colliery
districts and the military places. The same places gained female
inhabitants, as also did the residential districts and the seats of textile
manufactures.
The compendious Tables opposite give the measure of these changes,
and they also reveal losses in the rural parts approximating to 40 per cent,
of the male, and 30 per cent, of the female population, as between ages
5-15 and 25-35.
As at age 15-20 the exodus from uuprogressive districts has already
commenced, it is not to be wondered at that rural losses in twenty years
starting from that age are less than those reckoned for rural populations,
the commencing ages of which range between 5 and 15, when only a few
have departed.
Hypothetical Eatios (Males).
If we calculate what the gain or loss by migrations between ages 5-10
and 35-40 would have been, supposing the conditions prevailing in 1881-90
had been maintained during another twenty years, we find the rural
residues would have lost from 60-3 down to 39-7 per cent, of their
inhabitants in 22 out of 24 cases, the exceptions being Lancashire and
Cheshire and the Leicester group, where smaller losses occurred. Similarly
calculating on the basis of the experience of 1891-1900, we find the losses
range from 54 • 8 down to 28-3 per cent, in 22 cases, the exceptions being
Leicester and Carnarvon.
In 1881-90 onw^ards the losses so computed in IG out of 136 cases of
single districts or groups exceeded 40 per cent., and in 1891-1900 onwards
only seven districts lost so much. It is apparent, then, that however
difficult it may liave been to maintain the populations of the less prosperous
districts in 1891-1901, things were worse in 1881-1891.
England's Beccnt Progress.
11
tHiNVOOO m POO^PO I 00
-*t-'^<OVO mCsOOCO
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(MO-^lOCi-HlOCOCN
-ticOCD-tit~OQOOt-
L~ (M CO d rH Ol L- O 05
In
a
t^ '
t3 o j3
:::-e ^ *^-5 2 o
f-^oSE-i
^2 a; 3;i5
P^«P^ w
•a 'js ^ .2
O , >, » -r-
•T3 o
•^17: Q ii ^ '
o) a; ,^ r;:3
cs o -ji: o a -^ "^i
i-IoP^HmOPh
uq o
1-J
KnijJiUuTfi Ucccnf Pnujns
lx>S3
IIS ill
1801-00.
Loss
as ill
-
1881-90.
1881-90.
ISOl-OO.
Penzance ....
62-0
34-2
Lynn
45-8
*
Rugby. . .
58-0
*
IMacclessfield
44-7
33-7
Whitehaven .
55-3
55-9
Salisbury
42-7
2-4
Helston .
54-5
50-7
Deal . . .
42-2
5-9
Falmouth
51-2
64-8
lihvl . . .
41-3
*
Cheltenham .
50-5
24-0
Stafford . .
41-0
19-5
Yarmouth
49-8
8-7
Saddleworth
21-6
45-2
Easthampstead
49-4
*
Hedi-uth .
34-G
49-7
Heme Bav
47-2
20-1
Cockermoiith
*
51-4
Kiddenuinstei-
4G-1
42-4
Brentwood .
*
33-7
Single districts which on the experience of 1881-1891 stood on a like
computation to gain 40 per cent, or more were 12 in number; similar cases
ten years later numbered 19, as shown below : —
Gain
as in
Gain
as in
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-On.
Bournemouth ... 344-9
10-4
St. Germans
10-3
118-2
Tilbury . .
183-8
9-6
Wepnouth .
*
106-5
Burnley .
82-4
9-G
Llandudno .
34-7
105-8
Kettering .
, 78-1
37-G
Southampton
*
98-9
Farnham .
' 71-9
41-5
Sheeruess
*
84-9
Glamorgan
' 66-3
17-0
Godstone
*
80-5
Colchester
62-0
*
Nuneaton
*
80-1
Swindon .
61-5
17-2
Rugby . .
*
77-6
Eastbourne
58-8
*
Folkestone .
12-3
73-9
Morecambe
53-3
59-9
Easthampstead
*
65-7
Poole . .
1 52-4
*
Watford .
4-9
53-8
Blackpool .
44-1
276-5
Doncaster .
6-0
53-6
Southend .
*
210-2
Chatham
28-5
46-5
Harrogate
*
172-1
Aldershot (Xorth)
*
44-4
The most cursory inspection of this Table shows how irregular, in
many cases, are the gains by migration, and how necessary it is to have a
quinquennial Census, including at all events the elements of age and civil
condition, if we are to have any confidence in ratios derived from our
annual statistics of births, deaths, and marriages, as evidence of local
progress or retrogression.
Migrations into and from Individual Towns and Districts.
The preceding observations serve to introduce to the reader's notice the
136 places which I have thought it advisable to distinguish, and the 24
rural groups of districts which constitute the residue of the country. The
substance of this volume is contained in Appendix C, in which some
account is given of the composition of each district, and the losses and
gains, at the several ages, of male and female inhabitants are shown.
It is one of the features of statistics relatini^ to administrative areas
England's Recent Progress. 13
that as these areas are often of a mixed character the statistical results
arrived at are also mixed. A border district like Uxbridge, into which
metropolitan expansion has made an inroad, is really a combination of an
agricultural community with a suburb. A district like Rugby or Crewe
constitutes a similar compound of an engineering town with a rural
environment. A small residential place like Cromer or Clacton may be
practically swallowed up by the inclusion of a wide agricultural area.*
As the tendency of English towns since 1851 has been to spread their
inhabitants over wider areas than before, I have decided, as a rule, to give
every place an ample boundary. This is the more necessary, as there is a
tendency for whole families to migrate from the centre to the circumference
of any great city, in consequence of which the statistics of the whole
organisation cannot be regarded as complete unless the parishes receiving
such migrating families are within the boundary chosen. It is found that
districts merely on the fringe of a large town are affected both by the usual
loss of population resulting from the inability of our rural districts to
retain those born within their bounds, and by the influx of families as just
mentioned, coming from the central town. In excluding Uxbridge, Staines
and Watford, Guildford, Eeigate and Brentwood, from the area of the
Metropolis, I think I have erred a little on the side of restriction, f
In some cases, as for instance in Leicester, where the limits of several
registration districts were changed in 1881-1901, I have been tempted to
take in larger areas than would otherwise be expedient, in order to restrict
as far as may be any recourse to estimates of population, &c., although the
inclusion of those districts lowers the average rates of mortality. In other
cases, as at Nottingham and Worcester, I have been content to adopt
somewhat narrow hmits. The balance of convenience seemed strongly
against the large extensions which might have been made by taking in the
registration districts into which those towns had spread.
It is not very easy to explain why, in adjusting a liberal boundary for
Birmingham, I laave taken in West Bromwich and have excluded Walsall.
The former registration district is partly within the municipal limits of
Birmingham, but it extends into Wednesbury, which is less truly a
Birmingham suburb than some portions of Walsall district would be.
However, I had to make a choice, and Walsall seemed to me to have a
more definite individuality than West Bromwich. On the southern and
eastern side it has been practicable to give Birmingham a really wide area
without introducing a very considerable rural element.
Manchester resembles Birmingham in being neighboured by other
important places, so as to hinder the extension of its Hmits so far as might
otherwise be proper. It seems to me that many families may reside in the
country around Stockport whose allegiance is really due to Manchester,
and I trace a certain difference l)etween the statistics of Stockport and
those of other seats of the cotton manufacture, which may be caused l)y
this circumstance. I doubt whether a similar remark would apply to
Oldham or to Ashton-under-Lyne. Towards the west and south-west the
boundary adopted gives ample scope for extensions of the city, and includes
some rural and colliery districts.
Liverpool, had I the task of shaping its boundary, might receive the
* It is because of this fact that I have omitted to embrace in my list of separate
districts, such districts as Cluttou (Somerset) and Barnstaple, which might have been
added to the resjpective lists of coal mining and residential places,
t See the Tables on pages 37-40.
14 l\)l(/h(ll(rs lu'CCItt rnxjimp:.
addition of sonic portion of Trcscot vogist ration district, such as tlio
^Vooltons and Iluyton, but that registration district on the whole nfiore
truly belongs to the group of mining and metal-working districts of which
Wigan is the chief, and I have classed it accordingly.
Nottingham and the StalTordshiro pottery group received extensions of
boundary between 1891 and IHOl, and by way of supplementary
information I have prepared Tables (see Appendix G) for the extended
districts in the period 1891-1901, where it will be seen that the general
features of the local migrations are considerably altered Ijy taking in the
added suburbs, especially as respects the movement at age 0-15. This
will not surprise anyone who examines the figures for the inner and outer
parts of the Metropolis given in Appendix C.
The figures as to Nottingham in Appendix C and those for the larger
area in Appendix G are dependent to an unusual extent upon estimates, as
the age-distribution of the population of the added area is not known, and
has to be the subject of an estimate at one end or other of the period,
whether we elect to include or exclude it.
On a later page it is shown that however wide may be the range of
rates of mortality in other places, those in the rural residues vary within
comparatively narrow limits. It is thus rendered possible to form a fairly
close estimate of mortality at each age in those fractions of districts which
can be distinguished as rural. I have thought it ad\asable to make several
estimates of this nature (also shown in Appendix G) in relation to Eugby,
Crewe, Chester, Lincoln and Exeter. Similar estimates might in many
other cases be useful. The data as to births and deaths in sub-districts
are valuable elements of the calculation, and the returns of ages of those
resident in the towns separated are indispensable. It is also necessary to
make allowance for deaths in county asylums, w^iich in Exeter, Lincoln
and Chester fall within the rural limits.
My main object in submitting these last estimates has been to arrive at
a truer knowledge of the migrations affecting the towns after which the
districts are named, by eliminating rural losses, and in the three cases
mentioned, getting rid of the influence of the county asylums. But
incidentally we obtain a better idea of the mortality proper to these towns,
and of the desirability of the publication of separate Tables as to mortality
by different causes in toicns distinguishing either sex.
In studying the migration statistics of individual places it will always
be well to note whether the loss of young men at ages 20-25 and 25-30
appears to be heavy or light, or whether there are gains at these ages ;
also whether there are losses or gains of young women at ages 15-25, and
how far these are persistent in both periods.* These and like methods of
comparison will bring out essential differences, as in Grimsby district.
The towns show gain of Males at 20-30 = 1,163, rural parts loss = 1,023
Females at 15-25 = 1,807, „ ,, = 755
Perhaps it will be well to add that in dealing with rural residues of
counties I have seen no inconvenience in the inclusion in such residues of
small towns, for instance Chichester and Bury St. Edmunds. In any wide
agricultural area in England such towns necessarily exist and may be
regarded as part of the organization of rural society. Thus I have not
thought of severing Shrewsbury or Hereford from the counties of which
they are the capitals.
* See Appendix C, note, p. 173-174.
EngkuuVs Recent Progress.
15
Ono advantage which I claim for my grouping of districts is that of
assisting tlie reader's imagination by suppressing superfluous data and
giving the mind comparatively few^ facts to grasp. A multitude of rural
areas are very much alike, from the point of view of this investigation. In
showing tlie residues of various groups of counties, enough is done to
prove such similarity, without overloading the reader with details.
Smaller rural areas are likely to be less uniform in their statistics, if only
because they are small enough to be influenced by accidental things. Those
registration districts which are merely fractions of great towns are
generally unfit to be separately considered, as containing heterogeneous
elements. The age-distribution within them is sometimes peculiar. Only
in London itself do we find room enough to mark out inner and outer
areas, consisting of entire registration districts, for purposes of comparison.
Geeatest Gains and Losses.
It may interest some readers if I show what places attracted immigrants
most effectively in each decennium, and where the greatest changes of
fortune occurred, in the second decennium as compared with the first.
I confine myself to immigrants aged 15-40 at the end of a decennium.
The movement of population at ages under 15 is influenced by the
attractions of schools, and of residential places for those who leave their
homes for the sake of education or health, and in a less measure by
industrial requirements. I deal separately, later on, with that portion of
the statistics which relates to the age 0-15. The movement at ages
exceeding 40 is almost confined to large towns and residential places,
where such immigrants are of value as giving employment. But in a
general way, accretions of population at the age of 15-40 must give a
better notion of the progress of a place than could be derived from a study
of the total movement, including the almost automatic effect of births
and deaths.
The rural districts generally exhibit a steady loss of population, though
a small gain is often shown at age 70-75. This apparent phenomenon
may be illusory, as I am not quite satisfied with the method I have
adopted for correcting the returns of ages, but it also may be real, in
which latter case it would indicate a tendency of some portion of the
emigrant natives to return.
The largest gains by migration of male population aged 15-40, calcu-
lated as a percentage on population at the commencement of the
decennium, were in 1881-90 as follows : —
Males in
Gain or
Loss in
Males in
Gain or
Loss in
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Blackpool
5
2
26-2
Colchester ....
11-0
•I
Morecambe .
7
5
8-9
Portsmouth .
4-0
2-8
Llandudno .
4
4
14-1
Tilbury . .
14-5
2-4
Bournemouth
33
5
1-5
Swindon.
11 -9
4-2
Poole . . .
6
4
2-1
Kettering .
11-3
5-7
Eastbourne .
5
7
1-5
Burnley .
11-4
1-6
Folkestone
4
5
12- 3
Oldham .
4-0
7
Farnham .
19
5
9-2
Glamorgan group
11-4
3G
Chatham .
6-8
lU-4
Coventry
4-4
•8
1(3
Enghiinrs Jxccoif Progress.
Similarly, tho largest gains of female population at age 15-40 in
ISSl-DO wore as under : -
liiiin vv
Loss in
Gain or
Loss ill
li'iiiiik'S III
18S1-00.
1891-00.
1881-!)0.
1891-00.
Boumemoiith .
43-9
16-7
Guildford .... 6-0
G-8
Eastbourne .
28-5
9-3
Worthiug
5-7
5-3
Llaududno
17-0
18-8
Tilbury .
15-8
•4
Blackpool .
15-7
28-9
Kettering
8-2
8-6
Hastings .
10-1
3-4
Swindon.
7-9
6-2
Poole .
9-4
5-6
Burnley .
13-9
5-6
Harrogate
8-5
23-7
Folkestone
6-4
10-2
Morecambe
8-3
10-5
Portsmouth
5-3
4-0
Southport
(•>•()
1-7
London .
5-2
5-3
In the second decennium the largest gains were, for males, as under :-
Males in
Weymouth (with Port-1
land) I
Sheerness
St. Germans (near 1
PljTiiouth) . . .1
Folkestone (with Shorn- 1
cliffe) (
Godstone (with Cater- 1
ham) I
Aldershot (North) . .
Chatham
Gain or Loss in
1881-90. 1891-00.
3-5
2 9
2-3
4-5
1-8
1-2
6-8
29-0
26-1
17-5
12-3
11-4
10-6
10-4
Males in
Farnham (with Alder-)
shot)
Plymouth .
Blackpool .
Southend
Harrogate .
Llandudno
Morecambe .
Southampton
Doncastcr .
Rugby . .
Nuneaton .
Gain or Loss in
1881-90. 1891-00
9-2
7'
26'
21'
17'
14'
8'
12'
7'
7'
2
4
9
1
9
5
9
2
12-0
For female
s, the
corresponding figures were : —
Gain or
Loss in
Females in
Gain or
Loss in
Females in
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Godstone
2-6
10-8
Morecambe ....
8-3
10
5
Folkestone
6-4
10
2
Eastbourne .
28-5
9
3
Farnham .
1-4
9
6
Uxbridge
1 21
6
8
Blackpool .
15-7
28
9
Guildford .
i 6-0
6
8
Southend
2-4
25
9
Southampton
•8
8
8
Harrogate
8-5
23
7
Kettering .
! 8-2
8
6
Llandudno
17-0
18
8
Swindon
1 7-9
6
2
Bournemouth
43-9
16
7
Doncaster .
10
6
Watford .
1-8
10-8
Nuneaton .
20
9-1
It will be seen that high rates of increase by migration were very often
confined to one of the two decennial periods. In both periods the
residential places gained many women ; in the second decennium the
mihtary places attracted many men.
The places which experienced the greatest changes of fortune will
England's Becent Progress.
hexfc be enumerated, excluding those which, losing inhabitants in both
periods, merely added to or decreased the percentage of loss.
The following places gained ground as respects the immigration of males ;
they include eight with military estabhshments, and six residential places : —
Gain or Loss in
DiHer-
ence.
Gain or Loss in
iDiflfer-
_- —
ence.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Weymouth
3 5
29-0
32-5
Harrogate .
2-.S
17-9
20-4
Sheenifss .
29
26-1
29-0
Llandudno .
4-4
14-1
9-7
St. Germaius
23
17-5
19-8
Uxbridge
SO
4-0
9-0
Godstone .
1-8
11-4
13-2
Clacton .
6-8
2-1
8-9
Aldershot .
1-2
10-6
11-8
Rugby
146
7-2 I 21-8
Salisbury .
10-2
•8
11-0
Southampton
35
12-5 16-0
Windsor
49
3-0
7-9
Barrow .
29
5-3 j 8-2
Folkestone.
4-5
12-3
7-8
King's Lynn
9.2
•4
9-6
So"uthend .
•5
21-4
21-9
Nuneaton
•4
12-0
12-4
Blackpool .
5-2
26-2
21-0
Easthampstead
124
4-5 i 16-9
The following places gained ground, as to gains of females aged 15-40,
in the second decennium : —
Gain or Loss in
Differ-
ence.
Gain or
Loss in
Differ-
1
ence.
1881-90. 1891-00.
1
1881-90.
1891-00.
Southend ....
2-4
25-9
23-5
Farnham
1-4
9-6
8-2
Harrogate
8-5
23-7
15
2
Aldershot (North) .
i'5
5-1
6-6
Blackpool
15-7
28-9
13
2
Dover ....
31
3-4
6-5
Heme Bay
S-2
4-9
10
1
Southampton .
•8
8-8
9-6
Watford
1-8
10-8
9
Rugby ....
59
3-7
9-6
Uxbridge
2-1
6-8
8
9
Doncaster .
10
6-0
7-0
Cromer
3-6
2-9
6
5
Wellingborough
1-6
4-4
6-0
Weymouth
41
5-7
9
8
Gloucester .
32
2-5
5-7
Godstone .
2-6
10-8
8-2
Nuneaton .
20
9-1
11-1
The following were the places which were most seriously checked, so
far as concerns the attraction of persons who at the date of the Census
were aoed 15-40 : —
Gain or Loss
Gain or Loss
of Males in
Differ-
of KenialfS in
OittVr-
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Bournemouth
33-5
1-5
32-0
Kettering .
11-3
5-7
5-G
Tilbury
14-5
24
16-9
Bournemouth
43-9
lG-7
27-2
Cockermouth .
3-1
II-6
14-7
Eastbourne .
28-5
9-3
19-2
Colchester ....
11-0
•I
111
Tilbury . .
15-8
•4
lfi-2
Brentwood
1-0
95
10.5
Cockermouth
1-8
99
11-7
Farnham ....
19-5
9-2
10-3
Burnley .
13-9
5-6
8-3
Burnley ....
11-4
IG
9-8
Glossop .
2-9
40
6-9
Poole
6-4
21
8-5
Hastings
10-1
3-4
6-7
Glamorgan colliory'l
district . . . . /
11'4
3-G
7-8
Oldham .
5-0
•3
4-7
Southport .
G-0
1-7
4-3
Swindon ....
11-9
4-2
7-7
I'oole
9-4
5-6
3-8
Eastbourne
5-7
IS
7.2
18
England's Bcccnt Prof/ress.
In Appendix D 1 havo tahiilatod the 136 districts, showing their gains
and losses of males and females at ages 0-15, 15-40, and 40 upwards in
each deceuuium. The classes have been sul)-divided in some cases, thus — ■
Mi'.'
•ation of Males,
Migration of Fema'es,
1891-00.
1891-00.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
up-
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
up-
wards.
wards.
Textile towns : the more prosperous .
4,414
11.296
I -154
4.812
16,827
6,177
the rest
4-639
20.527
3-773
4-073
7-179
7-847
Industrial towns : the more prosperous
9,618
12,626
5,994
9.115
11,164
3,819
the rest .
5-687
27,741
5,736
6.619
24,525
8,075
Old towns : the more prosperous
2.7lL>
3 592
5,388
2,648
4,038
3,476
the rest ....
835
11-793
2,126
429
4,635
521
Residental : the more prosperous
12,945
20.130
16,205
12,-387
33,545
17,314
those attracting children)
and old men . . /
12.235
16.650
10,636
10,541
13,666
7,595
the others
747
9.960
2,191
286 1,792
485
Summaries of Local Migrations.
Having now passed in review the cases where migrations materially
increased or diminished natural increase, we maj' usefully consider which
are the places in each category in which the characteristics mentioned on
pages 8 and 9 are not met A\dth.
In 55 out of 160 cases there is a material deviation in the first or
second decennium (or both) from the conditions laid down on the pages
mentioned.
In entering upon this investigation our object will be to facilitate the
consideration of the question whether the exceptions are such as to weaken
the authority of the apparent rule in each class of cases.
Large Towns. — Eight out of ten comphed with those conditions, the
aggregate movement in them being as follows : —
Females.
Ages at
end.
1881-90.
ISOl-OO.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15. .
15-20. .
20-30. .
30-35. .
35-50. .
50 and ^
upwards . /
Totals .
912
4.986
58.381
7.915
3-358
7-535
! 19.981
1 1.219
' 77.276
; 28.712
! 21.511
2,855
11.851
49,647
136,971
1,842
i 54,304
1 S-940
22.428
51.730
174,109
14,057
39-328
2,484
59,477
151,554
136,383
220,512
The exceptions are Bristol and Nottingham, and I give the figures for
eich, adding those for Nottingham as enlanjed in the second decennium.
England's Recent Progress.
19
Age at
end of
Deceunium.
Bristol.
Nottingham.
Nottingham as
enlarged.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Males.
Females.
0-15 .
15-20 .
20-30 .
30-35 .
35-50 .
50 and \
upwards J
390
926
4,071
523
386
I
1,774
943
4,283
127
520
578
426
1,726
73
1,416
2,373
137
1,713
2,451
1,362
667
919
434
2,507
152
389
590
1,179
54
1,369
470
26
136
532
9
1,707
1,746
1,389
1,229
973
111
2,314
1,756
2,081
787
867
673
95
234
439
273
742
901
127
1,294
1,895
630
767
39
5,517
2,227
1,701
4,374
4,871
1,188 663
804
1,148
1,880
It cannot be said of either place that the largest gains were at age
20-30. The figures for Bristol and enlarged Nottingham have much in
common ; but it is noticeable that in the latter place the etiect of the
enlargement is almost to blot out the apparent loss of children under 15,
which (as in London) seems to be due to removals to the suburljs.
Old Toums. — Here there are many exceptions, twelve indeed out of
nineteen. The seven which conformed to the average rule gave aggregate
results as under : —
0-15.
15-20.
20-30.
80-35.
35-50.
50 and
upwards
1881-90. 1891-00.
1,876
2,084
9,276
1,957
409
1,731
13,871
Females.
1881-90. 1891-00,
1,277
1,477
8,912
270
2,088
3,616
3,678
817
1,733
2,341
1,814
1,446
1,794
2,891
1,536
1,983
1,412
1,049
76
2,417
3,551
I proceed to give the figures in each of the exceptional cases :-
MALES.
Wakefield.
Chester.
Lincoln.
Maidstone.
York.
Reading.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 .
15-20 .
20-30 .
30-35 .
35-50 .
648
13s
72
82
313
62
15
136
106
663
175
1,288
478
338
70
154
1,202
473
234
691
157
1,288
458
460
275
30
775
81
383
486
247
910
165
183
33
115
1,095
24
90
765
154
608
748
707
162
742
397
"3
no
516
232
258
81
111
542
262
205
230
109
50 and |
upwards/
125
8
SO
81
105
419
290
512
65
292
2
325
1,231
357
2,992 2,052
2,949
413
1,335
617
2,609
1,370
1,088
1,678
c 2
'20
England's Bcccnt Progress.
FEMALES.
Wakefield.
Chester.
Lincoln.
Maidstone.
York.
Reading.
18S1-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-90.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 .
6SS
476
413
175
472
233
286
28
404
7
615
341
15-20 .
6,S.3
597
26.S
149
413
153
267
250
142
304
210
238
20-30 .
129
201
7.39
350
851
288
448
601
214
482
415
572
30-35 .
10
205
304
172
67
197
12
14
170
71
128
275
35-50 .
50 and \
upwards 1
468
149
483
214
269
332
1
7
558
355
107
268
121
35
239
59
196
243
157
167
76
217
141
489
2.016
1,253
2.443
1,001
1,876
564
831
677
1,128
726
1,616 2,183
IMALES.
Northampton.
Derby.
Worcester.
Coventry.
Cambridge.
King's
Lynn.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 .
636
48
308
31
237
21
108
221
4
14
281
89
15-20 .
197
189
44
273
87
113
212
34
74
89
56
11
20-30 .
434
534
680
265
780
671
074
441
707
953
522
93
30-35 .
233
175
171
1.38
291
69
3
254
814
265
137
43
35-50 .
265
201
548
2X8
103
169
115
88
132
97
204
123
50 and \
upwards/
297
258
438
125
129
182
156
78
61
137
109
118
2,062
889
829
800
1,369
343
1,262
276
1,522
1,281
1,309
291
FEMALES.
0-15 .
975
223
6q
72
66
159
179
143
215
99
143
29
15-20 .
661
296
14
216
254
253
272
338
410
402
24
81
20-30 .
191
354
511
504
183
278
298
684
524
485
383
193
30-35 .
184
49
124
27
333
210
206
19
255
247
182
55
35-50 .
50 and "1
upwards/
154
179
309
209
208
1
92
125
209
188
213
12
436
348
34
142
2
190
38
63
76
18
105
3
2,601
285
II
698
538
115
413
958
439
401
1.002
129
Of all these places, Coventry alone shows its largest gains of both sexes
at age 20-30. Several of them fail to attract immigrants at the age 50 and
upwards. Several, however, attract females at age 15-20, and six show
losses of males in both periods at the age 20-30. The calculations in
Appendix G indicate that in Lincoln this is wholly due to the inclusion of
rural parishes, and that in Chester and Exeter the losses within the
respective cities are much less than those shown above. If we make due
allowance for variations in the prosperity of the several towns, it will be
perceived that there is a good deal of constancy in the movements of
population in most of them. Wakefield in both periods lost a remarkable
number of girls at the age 15-20, and seems to be affected by tendencies
similar to those which prevail in the adjacent colliery district.
Towns Kith textile manufactures. — Burnley and Blackburn are the only
England's Recent Progress.
21
places which do not show the phenomena defined as prevailing in these
towns. The other twenty places gave the following totals : —
Males.
1881-90.
0-15. . . .
15-25. . . .
25-80. . . .
30-40. . . .
40 and upwards
1^544
5,6i6
6,149
8,698
3,841
i>434
12,371
9,670
8,295
5, "6
25,848 36,886
1,966
20,032
1.680
8,854
13,057
1,593
696
15,840
2,911
9,286
13,859
10.912
The general character of the movements of population in the other two
cases in somewhat similar :—
Blackburn.
Males.
Blackbm-u.
Females.
Burnley.
Males.
Biu-nley.
Females.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15. . . .
15-25. . . .
25-30. . . .
30-40. . . .
40 and upwards
886
209
20
313
22
149
1,565
820
373
380
1,261
2,487
271
44
36
326
1,705
235
297
988
3,125
3,199
1,516
1,802
2,150
1,060
360
347
564
569
3,732
4,598
1,677
2,180
2,401
1,109
2,652
930
1,250
823
784
2,989
4,011
511
11,792
2,900
14,588
6,764
Burnley, it is true, gains male inhabitants at every age, but gained
fewer males than females, especially in the second decennium. The chief
difference is that in neither place can we parallel the heavy loss of women
compared with men, which is shown by the majority of these towns at
age 40 and upwards.
Industrial places. — These vary so much in character that it is not to be
wondered at if eight out of twenty-five show exceptional characteristics.
In the other seventeen the aggregate losses and gains were as under : —
Age at end of
Decennium.
0-15.
15-20.
20-25.
25-35.
35-45.
45 and upwards
Males.
18S1-90.
6.518
2,385
6,168
16,848
6,533
_6,i77
44,629
1891-00.
2,316
2,160
5,915
10,227
948
1,873
18,807
Females.
7,348
9.693
7,238
5,863
4,221
5,856
40,219
223
7,867
6,798
85
1,158
4,274
19,959
England's Bcccnt Profjirfis.
The exceptions wove :
MALES.
Kettering.
Luton.
WalsaH.
Stal
lord.
1881-90.
lS!)l-0(t.
18Sl-!'0.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
15. . .
657
379
276
245
230
296
514
352
15-20. . .
339
264
239
62
6
41
246
182
20-25. . .
457
320
408
347
109
161
357
3"
25-35. . .
503
325
263
16
273
243
480
269
35-45. . .
237
197
76
214
23
95
163
55
45 and up- "
wards . ^
253
269
44
211
246
52
133
337
2,346
1,754
1,066
245
151
2
1,627
722
FEMALES.
0-15. . .
473
507
242
466
95
248
614
207
15-20. . .
248
370
237
343
186
104
236
124
20-25. . .
216
404
139
272
76
132
194
121
25-35. . .
427
553
438
320
435
209
421
309
35-45. . .
199
311
132
40
129
116
152
55
45 and up- )
wards . i"
224
316
55
12
260
131
64
45
1,787
2,461
491
733
991
522
1,681
771
Bar
row.
Southa
mpton.
Ku
5by.
C'ockei
mouth.
MALES.
1S81-90.
1891-00.
1881-CO.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1 1881-90.
1891-0).
0-15. . .
931
604
165
1,996
112
854
600
1,199
15-20. . .
247
137
635
134
221
380
216
841
20-25. . .
653
1.163
599
938
722
126
335
1,002
25-35. . .
335
745
229
3,842
894
472
333
1,813
35-45. . .
1-350
S15
17
2,474
210
367
182
1,066
45 and up- "1
wards . J
1,193
603
439
2,220
255
181
261
1,254
3,403
49
1,172
11,604
2,414
2,128
1,927
7,175
FEMALES.
0-15. . .
822
505
20
2,434
226
456
527
1,126
15-20. . .
456
585
148
640
254
89
15
950
20-25. . .
118
439
29
908
287
9
14
961
25-35. . .
86
85
120
2,616
167
379
296
1,227
35-45. . .
566
401
i6i
1,169
107
287
279
673
45 and up- 1
wards . /
422
555
75
1,323
"3
101
131
833
2,298
2.570
513
9,090
1,154
1,143
1,232
5.770
Changes of fortune of the most striking character in Southampton,
Eugby and Cockermouth leave the loss of women less than that of men
everywhere save in Barrow and Walsall, and in a slight degree Stafford.
England's Recent Progress.
23
The gain of young people in Southampton in the second decennium is
remarkable; as respects men, it may be observed that the Southampton
group contained in 1891 —
but in 1901-
359 men in barracks, &c.
431 persons on board merchant vessels ;
1,994 men in barracks, &c.
1,261 persons on board merchant vessels,
which facts partly account for the gains shown.
There is as much constancy as could be expected in the modes of
growth of particular places ; for instance, in Kettering an increased
demand for female labour caused an increased influx at all ages and a
correspondingly decreased immigration of males at every age save the
highest.
Colliery districts. — Six of these, including all the most important ones,
showed gains and losses such as are referred to on pages 8 and 9, the
total figures being as under : — •
Age at end of
Deceunium.
0-15. , . .
15-20. . . .
20-35. . . .
35-50. . . .
50 and upwards
Males.
1881-90.
10,312
13,722
38,328
6,926
989
69,277
1891-00.
12,630
11,102
23,315
242
514
46,291
Females.
10,308
5,196
20,762
2,043
796
28,713
1891-00.
10,994
2,631
25,132
3,615
3,304
40,414
The exceptions, viz., Cannock, Wrexham
showed the following losses and gains : —
and Ashby-de-la-Zouch,
Cannock.
Males.
Wrexham.
Males.
Ashby-de-la-
Zouch. Males.
Cannock.
Females, i
Wrexham.
Females.
Ashby-de-la-
Zouch. Females.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00 .
0-15 .
15-20 .
20-85 .
35-50 .
50 and )
upwards /
274
182
727
174
104
247
10
352
40
150
85
184
453
132
83
185
193
275
HI
75
155
107
888
197
198
229
83
15
152
48
267
866
389
167
143
66
801
223
82
104
128
669
230
66
52
136
624
131
345
31
102
581
665
145
234
107
400
79
138
63
1,461
305
233
303
1,545
527
1,832
980
889
315
1,727
171
The usual heavy loss of girls aged 15-20 is seen in every case, and in
all but one instance, there is a loss of males aged 20-35 in excess of the
loss of females at that age, which may be recognised as indicating a
declining industry, in cases like these, where male labour is required.
24
EnglanrVs Brccnt Profjres!^.
}fiUtary (districts. — Of these sixteen places, includinf:; the four towns,
six may be deemed exceptional in one or other of the decennial periods.
The gains and losses of the remaining ten were in the aggregate as
follows : —
Males.
Females.
1881-90.
1891-00. 1
1881-90.
1891-00. .
0-15 ....
1. 610
5.008
338
4,488
15-25 ....
21,739
34.860
1,513
4,754
25 30 . . . . '
613
951
2,351
6,014
30-35 .... 1
6.512
6.510
696
3,488
85-50 .... 1
4.467
1,875
619
2,191
50 aud upwards .
411
2,814
2,141
3,120
3,948
37,096
1
6,420
24,055
The six places showed losses and gains as under : —
Colchester. Sheerness.*
St. Germans. 1 Salisbury.
Windsor.
Folkestone.
1881-90. 1891-00. !l881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90. !l891-00. 1881-90.
1
' 1891-00.
1881-90.11891-00.
1881-90
t
1891-00.
0-15 . 127 82
452
160
212
273 1 372
214
98 243
39
466
15-25 . 1,884 1,817
372 ,2,3.33
137
1,632 i 919
76
70 : 800
1,067
2,504
25-30 . 294 i 574
63 ; 552
70
36 529
241
59 1 93
30
311
30-35 . 406 786 387 44
33
98 211
154 453 224
282
376
3o-50 . 287 505 536 420
196
134 119
363 360
123
136
181
50 and 1
upwards)
73 110 306 192
1 52 103
255
4
105
24
389
1,685 144 1,246 2,069
169
1,853 2,047
821
918
894
664
3,475
FEMALES.
1
1
1
0-15 . ! 210 i 116 305 173
50
119
207
187
!■; 94
110
442
15-25 . 607 1 384 507 285
283
220
500
188 1 313 ; 401
1,019
1,809
25-30 . 44 ' 167 71 62
94
31
281
1 320 125 1 197
228
, 380
30-35 . 114 loi 17 77
47
12
248
, 130 1 69 ' 9
44
1 23
3.5-50 . 137 179 221 115
55 33
72
65 1 78 : 93
55
137
upwards/
118 ' 10 172 1 168
89 43
1
111
100 ! 58 ! 89
101
: 305
640 219 1.259 602
518 220 1. 197
416 472 i 519
1,359
3,050
* here is a small watering-place within this district, which makes the loss of women the
more remarkable.
The gain of women at Windsor and Folkestone may perhaps be ascribed
to the residential character of those places. Sahsbury, St. Germans and
Sheerness lost part of their young women, contrary to the common
experience of military places. But the Sahsbury district is only included
in the class because the formation of a military camp at Bulford
introduced 605 soldiers and took the district out of the category of
merely rural districts. St, Germans is a dependency of Plymouth. In
England's Becent Progress.
25
1881, 1891 and 1901 the military and naval forces on duty were returned
as follows : —
Special inmates of Barracks, Ships, &c.
18S1.
1891.
1901.
Colchester .
Sheerness .
St. Germans
Salisbury . . .
Windsor
Folkestone .
1,865
l,ii22
117
952
1,302
2,940
1,494
579
796
2,150
3,222
3,576
2,495
605
1,484
3,679
There was a material loss of males at the age 30-35 in these as well as
in the majority of military districts, due, no doubt, to the departure of
soldiers as well as to the emigration of non-military men in search of
employment.
Besidcntial places. — Nineteen out of 32 exhibit the characteristics
which I have remarked upon. The aggregate movement of migratory
population in these nineteen is shown thus : —
0-15 .
15-20 .
20-25 .
25-35 .
35-45 .
45 and upwards
Females.
1881-90.
11,692
366
8,815
2,745
4,022
10,276
1891-00.
1881-90.
16,045
669
8,747
447
7,611
14,937
12,508
10,880
10,080
3,841
3,366
12,306
14,796 30,962
52,981
1891-00.
14,359
12,693
12,342
5,146
5,129
14,757
64,426
The most important deviations from the general rule are those where
female immigrants at the ages 15-25 are not much more numerous than
the males gained at those ages. But the whole of the exceptional cases
are now shown : — ■
C'lacton.
Cromer.
Heme Bay.
Uxbridge.
Staiues.
MALES.
1881-90.
1891 00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
684
1881-90.
1891-00.
1,079
1881-90.
1,292
1891-00.
0-15 .
128
324
17
150
319
72
1,356
15-20 .
305
259
68
II
229
165
253
137
358
169
20-25 .
413
211
257
69
566
460
424
102
1,049
1,005
25-35 .
364
202
126
15
295
89
84
505
298
379
35-45 .
90
300
2G
99
II
232
108
507
139
420
45 and I
upwards/
205
314
139
183
56
384
206
841
32
381
1,254
1,188
303
367
838
58G
375
2,753
242
1,.362
26
Engla>icl'si Ttrrrnf P rn 7 ?r .<?.<;.
FEMALES
Clacton.
Cromer.
Heme Bay.
Uxbridge.
Staines.
! 1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
I8&1-00.
0-15 .
226
641
27
95
37
641
166
793
376
1,033
15-50 .
447
261
87
32
126
170
418
167
322
182
20-25 .
3v8
28s
159
42
253
9
237
83
235
185
25-35 .
2S(;
418
64
253
138
154
278
852
88
413
35-45 .
162
355
23
171
25
327
155
550
18
274
45 and \
upwards 1
52
315
45
155
600
12
467
430
1.731
180
803
73
196
129
l.a'^3
315
124
2.914
148
1,549
MALES.
Southend.
1881-90. 1891-00.
Morecambe.
Isle of Wight.
Cheltenham.
1881-90. 1891-00. 1881-90. I 1S91-U0. 1881-90.
0-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35^5
45 and
^Yards
up
338 1,882
27
142
66
124
30
656
671
,291
,137
1,745
445 1,086
441
328
570
374
681
570
795
561
983 1,076
220
438
716
548
342
228
142
532
.006
589
306
328
10
311
193
392
254
69
292
86
866
688
173
382
FEMALES.
0-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35-45
45 and
wards
293
607
23
95
247
229
7,882 3.141 4.719 2.492 1.635 3-091
1.316
2,051
769
736
1,679
1,359
^^''\' 351 1,966
8,560
515
481
467
576
405
1,024
544
076
1,087
925
1,057 1,672
200
53
303
347
290
310
I
122
148
541
329
223
43
923
284
1,855
713
320
3,501 5,928
791
824 1,638
621
418
1,150
667
1,137
430
67
601
MALES.
0-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35-45
45 and
wards
up- 1
Leamington.
Bath.
1881-90. 1891-00. 1881-90. 1891-00.
323
140
725
828
97
81
165
213
813
641
77
429
409
119
939
785
74
478
158
290
1. 281
1. 013
74
223
Brii-'hton.
1881-90. 1891-00.
494
587
■390
,030
473
696
617
499
1,161
274
520
1.217
Guildford.
1881-90. 1S91-00,
942
399
582
144
321
221
2.032 1.326 882 2.277 2.290
420
1,067
652
275
287
686
688
1,157 I 3,105
England's Eccent Progress.
27
Leamington.
Bath.
Brighton.
Guildford.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 . .
91
88
144
201
685
1,098
474
477
15-20 . .
435
235
1,067
928
2,275
2,100
94
126
20-25 . .
319
85
769
704
2,373
2,388
267
389
25-35 . .
952
906
1,166
1-357
1,207
367
741
1,009
35-45 . .
469
334
525
641
946
644
317
416
45 and up-\
wards . . )
40
612
217
6
159
66
306
254
244
798
496
506
3,246
4,881
2,147
2,661
Of these exceptional places, four showed losses of young women,
viz., Clacton, Cromer, Ux bridge and Staines. In each case the loss of
rural inhabitants may have exceeded the gain in the urban portions of
the district. Heme Bay showed similar losses in the first decennium,
probably for a hke reason. Two, viz., Southend and Morecambe, showed
an unusual attraction for young men. Five, namely Cheltenham, Bath,
Leamington, Brighton and the Isle of Wight, lost female inhabitants at
age 25-35 and showed unusually little power to attract older women.
Guildford is less exceptional, but seems not to attract the old.
Rural residues. — Fifteen out of 24 are apparently free from any
exceptional peculiarity. Their aggregate losses and gains were as under : —
Age at end of
Decennium.
0-15 . . .
15-20 . . .
20-30 . . .
30-35 . . .
35 and upwards
Males.
41,872
48 005
175.950
28.732
40,624
22 , 190
42.139
171,784
19,447
22,959
1881-90.
44,474
70,174
114,058
16,580
55,464
31.324
62,161
106,992
8,167
38,620
335,183 i 278,519 300,750 247,264
Five of the exceptional groups lost more young men than young women
at the age 15-20, viz. : —
MALES.
Cornwall.
Devon.
Cumherland.
Dvirham.
Cai-niarthen.
1881-90. 1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 . .
15-20 . .
20-30 . .
30-35 . .
35 and ~l
upwards . j
1,594 1 686
1,425 1,125
7,388 5,359
1,605 855
1,033 168
1,787
2,411
9,909
1,845
2,402
1,712
2,682
9,779
1,313
850
1,926
1,047
3.840
1,026
1,023
1,480
974
4,431
1,216
2,202
2,676
1,266
4,580
1,348
2,382
958
649
2,918
740
1 ,064
2,994
2,719
10,140
2,124
2,051
1,152
1,850
8,491
1,088
433
13,045 7,857
18,354
16,336
8,862
10,303
12,252
6,329 20,028
12,148
28
Enghnid's Fcccnt Progress.
FE.M.M.i:.^.
l.MlWNall. 1>0VHI1.
t'liniberlaiul. ^ Durliani. Cannartlieii.
1881-80.
1891-00.
1881-00.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 . .
15-20 . .
20-30 . .
30-35 . .
35 aud 1
upwards ./
1. 391
1.309
3 925
1. 019
2,303
753
878
2.505
669
1-333
1,778
2,093
5.042
1,105
2,674
2,017
2.066
5-182
1-305
3-129
1,406
704
2,609
819
2,475
1
1,462 2,577
731 891
2,791 2,291
804 1,390
2,026 3,213
1,239
363
1-348
956
2,175
2,449
1. 221
5,620
2,029
3,833
1,240
854
4-785
1,545
2,377
9,947 6,138 '12,692
13,699
8,013 7,814 10,362
6,081 15,152
10,801
MALES.
Sussex. Denbigh.
Montgomeiy.
Carnarvon.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90. 1 1891-00.
1881-90. 1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 ....
15-20 ....
20-30 ....
30-35 ....
35 and upwards .
486
2,256
7,389
1,245
2,079
1,329
2,085
7-535
318
633
1,179 355
703 260
2.505 1 1,831
722 i 414
1,616 j 509
2.587 706
2,076 1.222
6-534 3,782
2,059 338
3,807 243
1,155
1,163
4,502
1,248
1,925
156
668
2,790
66
495
13-455 7,976 i 6.725 3,369
17,063 5.805
9,993 3,053
FEMALES.
0-15 ....
15-20 . .
20-30 . .
30-35 ....
35 and upwards .
1,218
3,505
4,162
236
809
588
2,773
3,236
8'J8
411
802
1,173
2,256
263
1,076
274
742
1,710
102
440
2,366 906
2,015 1-253
4-564 3-243
912 271
2,892 1,317
1.147 194
818 632
2,279 1,467
331 93
1,2x6 582
9,458 : 4,112
5,570 3.064 12,749 6,990
i
5,791 2,782
As already stated, the first live of these county groups, and also
Carnarvon, lost more young men at the age 15-20 than young ^vomen at
the same age. In Montgomery group the numbers lost were nearly equal.
This may have happened because of the remoteness from these groups of
places where the services of young women are in demand. At 20-30 the
losses of males were invariably largest, but not always at 30-35. As to
the losses of males at 35 and upwards, they were less than those of
females in Cornwall, Devon, Cumberland (in the second decennium only),
Durham and Carmarthen ; in Denbigh they were greater, and the same
might be said of the other three in the first decennium. But in the
second period, Sussex, Montgomery and Carnarvon all gained some men
at that time of life, whilst Sussex also gained a lesser number of women,
and Montgomery and Carnarvon lost women.
Losses upon the whole were less heavy in the second period than in
the first, the exceptions being met with in Cumberland (males) and Devon
(females), and with respect to the apparent gains in some groups I have
included a note in Appendix G, which will show that if certain places be
excluded as non-rural, these would in most if not all cases disappear.
England's Recent Progress.
'29
Movement of Population at Age 0-15.
The effect of a diminished birth rate was felt in 1891, and again in 1901,
the numbers counted at the age 0-5 being found to have increased in a
much smaller measure on each occasion than the population generally.
Population.
Increase pel-
cent.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-91.
1891-01.
Males, aged 0-5 .. .
„ 5-20
,, ,, 20 and upwards
1,757,657
4,247,078
6,635,167
1,767,562
4,777,405
7,507,934
1,855,361
5,026,485
8,846,767
•6
12-5
13-2
5-0
5-2
17-8
Totals
12,639,902
14,052,901
15,728,618
11-2
11-9
Females, aged 0-5
„ 5-20 .
,, ,, 20 and upwards .
1,763,207
4,272,281
7,299,049
1,785,928
4,816,605
8,347,091
1,861,347
5,072,339
9,865,544
1-3
12-7
14-4
4-2
5-3
18-2
Totals
13,334,537
14,949,624
16,799,230
12-1 12-1
The numbers of births also were augmented in a smaller measure than
those of the population.
Male births .
Female births
4,526,729
4,363,509
4,657,871
4,497,282
Increase
per cent.
2-9
31
Both in 1891 and in 1901, wherever the increase of population was
found to have been at a low rate, an actual decrease of children under
5 years of age and of births was shown ; where the general increase was
more considerable, there was always a much lower rate of increase of
young children and of births, than of grown-up persons.
The altered conditions since 1881 involved a reduction of nearly
2,065,000 children at the age of 0-15, compared with the number which
might have been counted had all the conditions remained the same ; thus —
In 1881, to 16,502,048 persons aged 15 and upwards there were 9,472,391
aged 0-15, or 57 "4 per cent.
In 1891 there were 18,825,890 persons aged 15 and upwards, and in proportion
should have been 10,806,060 children under 15 ; but only 10,176,635 were
counted, or nearly 630,000 fewer.
In 1901 there were 21,977,354 persons aged 15 and upwards, and in proportion
should have been 12,615,000 children under 15 ; but only 10,550,489 were
counted, or nearly 2,065,000 fewer.
I have already noticed the change in the apparent result of the
migrations affecting population at the age 0-15, as between the first and
second decennium under review ; shortly stated it was as follows : —
1881-911.
1891-00.
Ditfcrence
Males
. Loss 46,431 .
. Gain 42,743 .
.. 89,174
Females .
„ 25,465 .
„ 28,633 .
. 54,148
30
England'x Ixccoif Progres,<^.
Some chiUlron uncloul)leclly ininiigmteil in each dccennium ; those of
English parents hving iu India and some of the colonies or in foreign
countries are often hrought home, and many children of foreign parents
are to be found iu our schools.
On the other hand, emigrants often take children witli tliem, and
English children often go abroad for education, or for the benefit of a
southern cUmate.
All these movements must be increased in volume by the greater
cheapness and frequency of communication, to say nothing of the increased
rapidity of transit.
The apparent loss of children in 1881-90 must, I think, be attributed
to emigration of families, modified by the various currents of migration to
which allusion has been made. In the next decennium there is reason to
conclude that there was a much reduced loss by emigration of families ; of
the adult males lost on balance a large proportion must have gone to
South Africa as soldiers. There is also reason to think that the influx of
children (whether born of British parents, or foreigners attending our
schools) must have increased.
If the whole difference had been due to non-registration of births, it
would only have amounted to about 2 per cent, on male and 1| per cent,
on female births. Any omissions to register births in order to avoid the
pressure of the law concerning vaccination would affect both sexes alike.
I conclude that any such omissions must have amounted in 1891-1900 to
less than 1 per cent, upon births.
A defect in the registration of births is more likely to occur in populous
places than in rm'al districts, where facts can less easily be concealed. And
in considering whether there is such a defect, we shall do well to sepai^ate
the apparent gains and losses in different classes of districts, thus —
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Residential districts
. gain
15,556
gain
15,468
gain
24,433
gain
22,642
Large towns
loss
3.029
,,
10,570
20,386
21,827
Colliery districts .
. gam
9,968
,,
10,067
13,415
11,987
Military districts.
loss
2,232
J,
181
6,126
5,041
Industrial districts
»
7,129
loss
8,137
8,931
2,496
Old towns .
I)
4.699
1,341
1,877
2,219
Miscellaneous
. gam
923
gam
381
866
553
Towns with textile ma
lufac- 1
2,467
6,959
loss
225
739
tures
"
Rural places
loss
58,256
loss
59,608
"
28,066
loss
38,821
England and Wales
loss
46,431
loss
25,465
gain
42,748
gain
28,688
A study of this Table will suggest that migrations of entire families to
the more progressive colliery districts, and migrations of girls in search of
work to large towns, and to seats of textile manufactures, have to be
reckoned with. Then it seems rather singular that whilst in the first
period the rural districts showed nearly equal losses of males and females,
in the second there was a greater loss of girls than of boys.
The closeness of the gains for either sex in 1891 in several classes of
districts tends to show that the causes of variation affect both sexes alike,
and does not conflict with the idea that some general cause, such as a
England's Becent Progress.
31
tendency towards non-registration, may have been at work. The approxi-
mate equivalence of gains of the two sexes by the largest towns in the
second decennium, notwithstanding that the tendency of rural girls to
leave their homes was greater than that of boys, can apparently be
accounted for by a diminished demand for female domestic servants. The
importation of aliens into London will not account for the changed pro-
portions of young immigrants, as the numbers of foreign boys and girls
counted in 1901 were closely similar.
Consulting Appendix D we find the following changes in the migrations
of the sexes in large towns at age 0-15 : —
Increased gains or
decreased losses
in 1891-1901.
—
Increased gains or
decreased losses
in 1891-1901.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
London ....
Birmingham
Liverpool
Manchester .
Bristol ....
6,257
6,457
4,854
2,610
1,384
2,529
5,913
5,474
1,462
1,287
Sheffield. . . .
Leeds ....
Hull
Nottingham
Leicester
1,048
541
280
1,138
72
737
909
385
607
44
Net migi-ations
(Males),
age 0-15.
Net migrations
(Females),
age 0-15.
Greater gains
or
smaller losses of
If 81-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Males.
Females.
Centre : London City
Holborn
Westminster
233
4,879
4,144
447
5,147
4,310
332
4,499
4,087
266
4,947
4,299
214
268
166
66
448
212
8,790 9,010 8,918
9,512
220
594
Next : Shoreditch, Stepney, &c. .
Islington and St. Pancras .
Southwark and Lambeth .
Kensington, Marylebone, &c. .
19,046 19,763 19,110 21,283
10,818 12,390 8,967 12,702
10,121 111,804 9,414 10,951
19,525 17,880 |i6,S58 16,892
717
1,572
1,683
1,645
2,173
3,735
1,537
334
59,510
61,837
54,049
61,828
2,327
7,779
Outer East*: Hackney, Edmonton, cfcc.
Barnet
Camberwell ....
Croydon
31,222
861
9,579
4,919
38,046
762
8,480
7,767
32,847
735
9,372
4,718
37,918
1,059
6,502
7,217
6,824
99
1,117
2,848
5,071
324
2,870
2,499
46,599
55,055
47,672
52,696
8,456
5,024
Outer West* : Hampstead ....
Hendon
Wandsworth
Fulham
1,229
4,568
6,065
6,801
763
6,340
5,570
6,338
2,123
4,968
8,050
7,638
1,801
6,416
8,394
6,988
466
1,772
495
463
322
1,448
344
650
18,663
19,011
22,779
23,599
348
820
Totals . . .
3,038
3,219
7,484
4,955
6,257
2,529
* In the whole "Outer" and "Exterior" districts there was a gain of cliildren under \r> in the
second ilccennium equal to 11-1 per cunt, on the Commencing population of males, 11-7 per cent, on
that ot females.
a2
Ji!ngla)uVs licccitt Progress.
It will he noticed that London is vespousihle for the main variation aS
hetween the gains of the sexes, Nottingham and Manchester coming next.
And as respects the suh-divisions of London, we find as ahove.
The onlv apparent reason for increased losses or smaller gains of
females, as compared \vith males, seems to be that the ratio of female
domestics to population has fallen in all parts of the INIetropolis, so tliat a
diminished immigration of girls seeking domestic service must have left the
net loss by emigration from Loudon at a higher point than when such
emigration was counterbalanced by a larger importation of domestics.
The diminished proportion of children may well account for the smaller
need of nursemaids.
The rm-al localities, where the loss of boys has diminished without a
proportionate decrease in the loss of girls at this age, include the following,
amourist others : —
Losses per cent, on
Com
mencing
Population.
Males
(loss).
Female
3 (lo,s).
Age 0-15.
Males.
Females.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00
Xorthamptou, &c.
3,660
1,057
3,896
2,351
3
9
1-3
4-3
2-9
Gloucester and Somerset
4.1S4
2,891
4,177
3,731
4
1
31
4-1
4-1
Bucks and Oxford
1,061
637
990
1,049
1
7
1-1
1-6
1-8
Essex and Herts .
679
*36i
1,572
759
1
* -6
2-4
1-3
Kent and Surrey .
2.071
13
2,260
758
3
6
4-0
1-5
Cornwall
1,594
686
1,391
753
4
8
2-8
4-4
2-7
Carmarthen, &c. .
2,994
1,152
2,449
1,240
4
9
2-0
4-1
2-2
Montgomery, lic.
2,587
706
2,366
906
7
9
2-5
7-4
3-3
Denbigh and Flint .
1,179
355
802
274
8
2-V
5-6
2-1
Cumberland, &c. .
1.926
1.480
1,406
1,462
6
9
6-0
5-2
6-1
Durham, &c
2,676
958
2,577
1,239
8
5
3-4
8-4
4-4
Leicester, Notts and)
Derby /
Stafford, Warwick and i
2,490
861
2,472
1,633
3
2
1-2
3-3
2-2
2.422
1,189
2,724
1,950
3-4
1-7
3-9
2-9
Worcester . . . . j
29,523
11,574
29,082
18,105
These figures present no peculiarity requiring explanation. The rural
parts of Sussex showed a gain of boys, and a less considerable gain of
girls in 1891-1900, but this was almost the sole exception to the rule, though
the Essex, Kent and Bucks groups appear to retain unusually large
proportions of young folks.
Turning to individual towns and districts, we find that an apparent
immigration of children aged 0-15, amounting to at least 5 per cent, on the
commencing number, was observed in 1891-1901 in the following places.
Firstly, in thirteen places where persons aged 15-40 increased as
shown : —
England's Becent Progress.
33
Immigrants per cent.,
Immigrants per cent.,
Immigrants per cent.,
age 15-40,
in 1891-00.
age 0-15, in 1881-90.
age 0-15, in 1891-00.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Weymouth* . .
29-0
5-7
1-4
2-9
5-4
6-6
Blackpool .
26-2
28-9
11-0
13-5
22-2
24-4
Southend .
21-4
25-9
5-6
10-2
25-5
27-2
Harrogate .
17-9
23-7
10-9
9-0
19-9
18-1
Llaududno .
14-1
18-8
10-0
12-9
13-1
13-3
Bournemouthf
1-5
16-7
22-5
25-8
5-8
7-5
Folkestone .
12-3
10-2
•5
1-5
5-9
5-6
Southampton .
12-5
8-8
•7
•1
7-9
9-9
Nuneaton .
12-0
9-1
4-4
2-9
9-9
10-8
Morecambo
8-9
10-5
4-4
5-3
9-6
9-3
Kettering .
5-7
8-6
7-6
6-6
4-1
5-5
Doncaster .
7-9
6-0
2-3
2-1
9-6
7-7
Swindon .
4-2
6-2
1-6
I'l
5-0
6-1
* Shows a large increase of soldiers.
t Increase of males much checked.
In all these cases it seems credible that the immigration shown at age
0-15 in 1891-1900 actually took place.
Secondly, in eighteen places there were counted in 1901 greater
numbers of male children aged 10-15 than of infants aged 0-5, pointing to
an actual influx to schools or to some industrial employment, and in five
an insignificant shortage, meaning much the same : —
1901.
Age 0-15 Immigrants per cen
Excess per cent, of those
aged 10-15 over those
aged 0-5.
1881
-90.
1891
-00.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Thanet ....
39-3
21-4
15-3
14-6
28-3
17-7
Tilbury* . . .
34-0
7-5
27-9
15-2
18-2
5-1
Breutwoodf .
31-1
13-0
16-0
4-2
12-2
10-0
Easthampstead i
(Sandhurst) . f
25-5
1-1
1-6
•9
8-9
1-7
Bedford . . .
22-1
12-4
12-4
10-5
9-4
6-9
Malvern
20-9
7-4
1-7
1-5
6-6
25
Heme Bay .
19-8
9-0
7-5
•9
16-8
16-3
Staines*
16-1
138
23-9
7-3
23-1
18-1
Eastbourne
15-1
10-4
10-3
10-4
13-2
7-8
Eugby ....
9-3
10-8
19
40
15-1
8-1
Weston-super-Mare
8-8
17-0
2-4
2-7
6-9
7-8
Rhyl ....
5-8
4-5
•3
6
5-6
3-8
Guildford . . .
4-4
4-6
9-9
5-2
10-4
4-8
Worthing .
3-5
6-5
10-6
11-9
13-3
14-2
Hastings . . .
3-0
7-6
7-4
8-7
5-3
7-3
St. Germans* .
2-3
8-5
6-3
1-5
7-9
3-7
Reigate.
1-3
10-7
8-0
6-8
9-7
11-8
Aldershot (North)
■2
157
7-6
5-8
9-3
5-3
Tunbridge . . .
•2
20
2-6
3-0
6-0
3-9
Watford . . .
•4
■2
12-4
9-1
16-4
14-4
Stockport* . . .
1-8
6-2
3-6
4-0
6-6
4-6
Godstone .
25
13-1
26
10
7-6
5-5
Luton ....
35
1-5
2-7
25
2-5
5'0
* Schools, training ships, &c., for boys cause the disproportionate gains shown,
f This district contains schools of a public character.
84
EiKjhind'.'i Tfcccnf rrogrc^s.
Fivo places remain, ^vllcro apparent gains at age 0-15 are almost as
easily accounted for : -
Iin
uigrauts per cunt, at i^e 0-
-15.
Iininii;i-ants
tige 15-40
per cent, at
11 1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Dover ....
10-9
6-8
34
I-I
9-4
6-4
Grimsbv .
3-5
8-5
1-7
2-2
4-3
6-8
Clacton . . .
4-3
•3
1-6
2-9
3-9
6-7
Poole ....
4-2
11-3
10-4
12-2
3-1
5-5
Uxbridge .
8-1
5-2
1-1
2-8
17-1
12-3
Immigrants into Dover and Grimsby in 1891-1900 at ages 15-40 are
sufficiently numerous to account for the increase shown in the numbers of
children. The number of girls found in Clacton district at age 10-15
seems to suggest an influx of nurse-girls, and in a less degree the same
seems to be true of Poole. Uxbridge is influenced by migrations of whole
families from London ; there is also a workhouse school belonging to the
Borough of Marylebone.
It will be observed that of the 41 instances of gains reaching 5 per cent.
23 l)elong to the residential class, and that the military and industrial
districts of Folkestone, Weymouth, St. Germans, Dover, Godstone and
Eugby contain residential elements. Excluding these, only seven industrial,
one military, one colliery, one textile manufacturing and two miscellaneous
distiicts are found in the list. Even Stockport has some claim to rank in
the partly residential class, through its proximity to Manchester.
Some other places seem to have gained inhabitants at age 0-15 in
1891-1900, although not to the extent of 5 per cent, on the commencing
population ; amongst them the following eight : —
Immigrants per
cent, at age
15-40 in
1891-00.
1901.
Deficiency per cent,
of those aged 10-15
Age 0-15 Immigrants per cent.
—
under those aged
0-5.
1881
-90.
1891-00.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Gloucester
•4 5-3
14-0
8-2
3-8
1-7
4-3
4-0
Ipswich .
Chesterfield i
group*/
Rotherham .
3-0 1-5
5-1 ' 3-2
6-1 1 1-4
5-1
17-4
21-4
2-0
18-8
24-7
•2
•2
1-5
•9
x'-s
3-6
4-1
3-2
4-1
6-0
2-5
Rochdale .
2-4 i 2-8
6-0
9-8
1-2
1-9
3-8
3-6
Carlisle
31
6-1
6-5
4-7
49
3-8
2-7
1-9
Lincoln .
32
•3
5-7
3-3
4-6
3 3
2-1
1-8
King's Lynn .
•8
33
4-6
■7
6-5
35
2-2
•7
* Influenced by the inclusion of an extension of the suburbs of Nottingham likely to attract
families with children.
In some of these places, it appears to me, there may have been a
partial failure to register births ; none of them seem hkely to attract many
children either to schools or to take part in industrial work.
England's Recent Progress.
35
In Oxford, children under five have fallen off, whilst those aged 10-15,
especially boys, have increased in numbers. Here there is shown, in
1891-1901, a slight gain of boys and loss of girls, at the ages 0-15.
I regret the absence of Tables showing the ages of immigrants found
in each important place and in the counties, distinguishing those born in
other parts of the country, and born in places beyond the national limits.
With the help of such data it would be in our power to form opinions as
to the origin of young immigrants.
Before quitting the subject, a few places may be noted where apparently
there has been an exodus of children, apart from the losses which are
general in the rural residues : —
Losses per cent, at age 0-15.
Enumerated in 1901.
1881-91.
1891-01.
Males aged
Females aged
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
13-14.
14-15.
15-16.
13-14.
14-15.
15-16.
Dewsbury
2-5
2-2
2-5
1-8
1,642
1,615
1,678
1,634
1,7.39
1.703
Huddersfiekl
1-3
•1
3-1
3-4
1,562
1,510
1,491
1,555
1,648
1,640
Saddleworth .
5-4
4-7
7-9
6-7
162
177
159
166
166
173
Glossop
gain
gain
7-7
5-2
249
257
266
302
259
257
Macclesfield .
3-8
5-0
4-3
4-8
615
660
594
555
582
609
Kidderminster .
7-3
4-8
2-3
4-2
413
437
431
455
442
438
Cockermouth
gain
gam
7-3
7-1
820
824
749
788
763
727
Whitehaven .
10-5
9-6
4-6
7-0
655
639
629
634
601
617
Barrow .
7-0
6-4
5-0
4-3
555
544
602
538
612
533
Stafford . . .
7-5
9-1
5-7
3-6
300
344
329
327
301
306
Burton-on-Trent
3-9
4-5
2-3
3-4
989
1,097
1,034
961
972
953
Wolverhampton .
5-0
5-5
1-7
2-7
4,479
4,599
4,526
4,423
4,374
4,363
Eedruth .
gain
gain
2-9
2-1
500
546
547
516
513
478
Helstou .
6-7
4-0
5-3
5-6
209
228
189
198
214
203
Falmouth
3-2
•5
4-6
•9
211
201
206
221
229
211
Sheerness
10-8
7-6
4-3
4-8
205
173
212
179
188
173
Canterbury .
5-3
4-0
4-5
5-6
202
175
179
173
167
184
All these districts, except the last two, are engaged in industrial work.
The losses they may have sustained were apparently at early ages, and the
numbers aged 13-14 and upwards were not further depleted to any
great extent.
Movement of Population in Divisions of London.
It is difficult in most cases to sub-divide our large towns so as to
discriminate between the central and fully covered districts and the more
or less thinly peopled suburbs. Even in the case of London it would be
impossible to devise a perfect scheme, since such registration districts as
St. Pancras and Lambeth include suburbs fairly remote as well as portions
of the centre. But I have arrived at a plan which suffices to biing out the
main characteristics of the movement of population in tlie two orders
of districts.
The movement of population in the central districts is shown in the
following Tables, and varies as between one decennium and another less
than might l)e expected : — ■
D 2
86
EiKjIand'.'i Frcdit rwffrr.<^.<i.
City. . . .
Iloiborn
Westminster .
Kensingtou, i^c.
Shoreditch, c^c.
Isliugton, I'v.c. .
Southwaik, &c.
FEMALES.
City. . . .
Hoiborn
Westminster .
Kensington, &c.
Shoreditch, &c.
Islington, See. .
Southwark, &c.
Oain or loss (lSSl-00).
Age at end of perioil.
Oain or loss (1891-00).
Age at end of period.
0-15.
15-
20-
30 I
and up- 0-15.
wards.
233 787 3531,298 2.878 4171.010
4.879 488 2351,515 11.035 5-147 913
4.144 87 1,183 274 8.797 4.310 '2%
19.525 4G 6,0812,443 20.18317.880 151
19.0465.123 1,9231,369 20.72319.7636,214
10. 8181.073 4,0323,837 11,57912,3902.153
10. 121 1.434 1,623 2,060 10.44411.8042,014
68.3007,19811,7143,884' 85,63970,8479,837
30
25 — and up-
wards.
511 919 2.434
6551.073 8.816
1,516 227 6,832
0,6791,445 15,083
3.0793,996 21.356
2,845 2,5% 11,863
8911.074 10,974
8,707 646 77,358
332 358 3031.057 4,531 266 263 537 560 3.707
4-499 553 286 965 9. 161 4.947 982 5731 070 8.861
4,087 241 1.683! 730 11.235 4-299 297 2,294 294 IO.I18
16.5588,09419.7575,741 46.11316.8928,49221,4039.442 37,682
19. 1107.699 3. on 2.016 25.93421.2835.385 2,1903,847 26,648
8.967 795 5. 5801. 788 16.58512,702 541 4,8842,150 15.413
9.414 813 2,0811.308 12,80010,951 671J 1,9981,566 11,724
62,967; 423 26, 107 4, 069 126, 359 71, 340 1,473 28, 353 7, 975 114,153
Nearly the -whole of the immigrants from iDeyond sea must in the first
instance settle in the central districts. The City itself has an exceedingly
peculiar population, consisting largely of caretakers in charge of premises,
drapers' assistants, hotel employes and guests at hotels, &c. These are all
likely to be in good health, and would probably remove elsewhere in case
of illness. All paupers are sent to outside places. Lastly, a great hospital
exists which treats numerous cases from places beyond the City boundary,
as the high death rate within the City and the low death rate in the
Hoiborn district seems to impl)'. Hoiborn and Westminster are also
much influenced by disturbing causes ; but places like Islington represent a
closer approximation to ordinary family life.
The heavy losses of the central districts, due to the removal of families
to the suburbs, must in a measure extend to persons aged 15-30, and
therefore, if we could arrive at a knowledge of the results of such removals,
we should find that the gain of population aged 15-30 from other causes
is much greater than the Tables exhibit. This will presently be illustrated
more definitely.
The Tables opposite supply data as to the movement of population in
the districts I have styled " Outer London " and " Exterior London."
These figures show losses of males at Barnet and in the Croydon group
which might be expected in 1881-1890, when portions of those districts were
doubtless so far rural as to be unable to furnish employment to the rising
generation of young men. Similar but smaller losses are shown at the
same places in the second decennium.
As to the loss of women aged 30 and upwards sustained by Hampstead
in the second decennium, it should be remembered that the small gain at
this age in 1881-1890 and the actual loss in 1891-1900 occur after excep-
EHf/laiuVs Recent Pror/res.'i.
37
MALES.
Gain or loss (ISSl-'JO).
Age at end of period.
0-15.
20—
Gain or loss (1891-00).
Age at end of period.
25— i and up- 0-15.
I wards.
30
25 — and up-
wards.
Pulham, &c.
Camberwell, &c.
Hackney, &c. .
Wandsworth, &c.
Hampstead .
Croydon, &c.
Hendon .
Barnet .
FEMALES.
Fulham, &c.
Camberwell, &c.
Hackney, &c. .
Wandsworth, &c.
Hampstead .
Croydon, &c.
Hendon .
Barnet .
6, soil 1,130 1,437 3,503111,117
9,597 2,567 1,372 3,511113,944
81,222 6,877 6,46210,723 .38,301
6,065i 1,573 2,351; 3,74013,438
53,68512,147
1,229
4,919!
4,568,
861:
534
893
797
150
11,577
588
7,6381 4,917
9,372 5,758
11,622 21,477
76,800
782 872
2,375' 177
568 1,007
342
1,367
6,289
7,849
32,84711,94912,051
2,682
5,383
5,320
1891 2,266
2,24515,651
5,152
5,078
14,301
9,481
8,050 6,698
57,907
2,123
4,718
4,968
735
29,322
2,937
1,748
2,001
715
12,544 7,401
8,125
34,314
3,761
2,197
2,143
925
9,026
10,247:38,419
5,60612,787
6,338
8,480
38,046
5,570
123 2,053 4,38312,154
2,082 2,389 2,92113,012
4,882' 6,23914,02145,119
0791 2,398 4,72414,956
58,434
7 , 766| 13 , 079 26 , 049 85 , 241
763
7,767
6,340
762
15,632
73l 852
576 1,584
1,733 2,275
120
1,350
26,083
1,582
1,384
1,933
562
5,461
6,988
6,502
.37,918
8,394
3,557
'197I m
709 944
972! 9,928
1,346 5,412
3,656 6,005
3,331 6,741
337
120
9,539
2,094
22,505
10,436
5,654
11,10813,008,15,256 45,559
6,650, 9,448 7,036,12,477
74,988 59,802
24,745 35,202
984
3,302
5,927
1,527
1,801
7,217
6,416
1,059
32,755
2,585 4,042
1,882 3,075
2,0741 3,458
537i 896
11,74016,493
7,67811,471
1,750
2,308
3,916
611
8,585
74,126
2,166
6,775
9,926
1,943
16,478
tionally heavy and continuous immigration of women at earlier ages into
this small district. In suburl)an London generally the gain of females
aged 15-25 does not much exceed that at ages 0-15 ; but in Hampstead
it is more than three times as large.
As a mere working theory, let us just imagine that in 1881-1891 there
was a total immigration into " Outer London " from places outside the
Metropolitan area of 3000 girls aged 0-15, and that 1000 more were
absorbed by the "Exterior" districts. Assume also that in the next
decennium only 1000 girls of the age mentioned immigrated into the
exterior districts from outside places. The gains by migration from the
Central districts would in such case be as under : — ■
In 1881-91 "Outer Loudon" gains 53,685 males, 54,907 females.
In 1891-01 ,, ,, 58,434 ,, 59,802 „
In 1881-91 "Exterior London" gains 11,577 „ 11,544 ,,
In 1891-01 ,, ,, 15,632 ,, 15,493
If we make the further assumption that for every 1000 immigrants of
both sexes from the centre aged 0-15 there were also others, viz. : —
110 males aud 110 females aged 15-20
110 ,, 110 ,, 20-25
220 ,, 220 ,, 25-30
240 ,, 210 ,, 30-35
160 ,, 110 „ 35-40
38
EiKjIancVs litccnt Progrcsfi.
tho following ligures would then represent the gains and losses of the
" Outer " and " Exterior " districts }iot accounted fur by the vast movement
of families from the centre to those districts :
M.\LES.
1881-1890.
1891-1900.
J5—
20-
25—
30—
35-40.
15—
20-
25—
30—
35-40.
Fulham, &c. .
Camberwell .
Hackney, &c.
Wandsworth .
38i
481
93
197
74 481 78
714 661 528
5083.217 4.512
975, 988 1 771
1
148
404
2.172
972
1,343
434
3.474
857
5871,452
74l| 375
2,1172,691
8621,653
1,135
401
3,299
1,929
660
141
1.432
1,211
204
3212,409 |4,347
1,752
5,240
73
39
166
580
Hampstead .
Croydon, &c. .
Hendon .
Barnet
254
1,931
252
25
502
3,413
481
517
312 49
1,899 1.420
1,091 806
161 79
133
634
236
243
122
2,224
330
58
657
3.232
872
375
319
2,324
751
182
180
1,187
76
232
73
420
343
230
1,954
3,909
2,839 2,098
494
2.074
2,0781,436
1,059
80
FEMALES.
Fulham, &c. . .
CamberweU .
Hackney, &c.
Wandsworth . .
8,406
3,672
4,979
5,322
4,778
5,763
5,081
6,749
2,130
906
3,693
2,854
314
1,096
3.054
808
671
618
441
388
2,190
1,683
2,752
5,114
4,539 2,406
5,0931,830
4,6521,456
7,912 3,965
443
127
1,122
1,257
65
1,012
940
406
17,379
22,3712,197 3,028
882
11,739
22,196 6,745
451
269
Hampstead .
Croydon, &c. .
Hendon .
Barnet
2,657
710
952
540
3,481
1,159
1,094
750
1,022 697
692 1,941
165 451
212 16
353
791
205
140
2.390
234
1,271
359
3,8471,360
1,427 988
2,0551,110
718 255
1,305
1,767
590
20
1.048
888
500
147
4,859
6,484 377 3,105
799 4,254
8,0471,737
2,502
1,289
These hypothetical figures have no value save so far as they suggest
movements of population which commend themselves to us as being
probable, but which must inevitably be overshadowed by the great transfer
of families from the centre to the suburbs which is always in progress.
Amongst these movements, the most undoubted is the immigration of
female domestics direct, in addition to those who form part of .the migrating
families.
The apparent loss of male inhabitants (with some females) by the
Hackney group (including Edmonton, West Ham, &c.) may represent a
smaller power of attraction than the hypothetical one. Similar losses by
the Croydon and Barnet districts may probably represent real migrations
from outlying parts towards the centre ; and Barnet would show heavier
losses but for the inclusion in that district of Colney Hatch lunatic asylum.
Gains of men in Fulham, Wandsworth (with Battersea) and Hendon may,
perhaps, be attributed to the activity of the building trades in those
districts. The Camberwell group (including Woolwich) must be gaining
young soldiers and losing army men later in life. Hampstead, after
receiving large numbers of female immigrants, loses heavily, as already
noticed, at the higher ages, and women as well as men seem to leave the
Croydon district at ages 25-35.
England's Rexent Progress.
39
It will of course be borne in mind that the figures in the last Table are
purely hypothetical, and must deviate from the truth in varying degrees.
Central Districts.
Total gain or loss by
migration
in Central Districts.
Hypothetical loss of
migrants
to Suburbs.
Leaving (as tlie result
of other migrations)
gains or losses.
18S1-1890.
Males. Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-15 .
15-20 .
20-25
25-30 .
30-35 .
35-40 .
68,300 62,967
7,198 423
11,714 ' 26,107
3,884 4,069
17,295 21,276
20,172 25,984
65,262
14,485
14,485
28,970
31,604
21,068
66,451
14,485
14,485
28,970
27,654
14,485
3,038
7,287
26,199
32,854
14,309
896
3,484
14,908
40,592
33,039
6,378
11,499
97,367
79,628
175,874
166,530 78,507
86,902
1891-1900.
0-15 .
15-20 .
20-25 .
25-30 .
30-35 .
35-40 .
70,847
9,837
8,707
17,186
18,556
71,340
1,473
28,353
7,975
19,891
24,088
74,066
16,430
16.430
32,858
35,844
23,896
75,295 3,219
16,430 6,593
16,430 25,137
32,858 32,212
31,362 18,658
16,430 5,340
3,955
17,903
44,783
40,833
11,471
7,658
108,365
77,518
199,524
188,805
91,159
111,287
These figures, which show how the hypothesis w^orks in the central
districts taken collectively, represent, I think, an approach to the truth.
That the central parts of London receive large numbers of immigrants
from abroad and from the provinces is certain, and having regard to w^hat
is known as to the supply of domestic servants from the rural districts, the
excess shown of female immigrants over males is not greater than might
well be expected. The manner in which the gain of w^omen from outside
seems to diminish at age 30-35 and to become a loss on balance at 35-40
is likewise in accordance wath probal^ility.
A general reflection which naturally occurs on considering the figures
is this. Since the districts treated as central include many localities which
are gaining population, such as the remoter parts of Lambeth, St. Pancras
and Islington, it is evident that a line of demarcation more accurately
drawn would show still greater losses by the centre, and still larger gains
by the suburban districts, through the migrations of families within London.
And since the gains of the outer districts are so large, and it is equally
impossible to select a boundary externally of a satisfactory nature, several
districts outside the limits which I have assigned to London, such as
Uxbridge, Staines and Watford, are recipients of numlDers of immigrants
from London, the exclusion of whom by a variation of boundary would
greatly alter their statistics, and would tend to swell the apparent gains of
the Metropolis. Such a state of things is not confined to London, and it
is this fact which makes me anxious, in every case where it is practicable,
to fix upon a wide boundary for every large and growing town.
At ages exceeding 35 the movements of population in the Metropolis
are largely internal, especially in the case of males; the sub-divided 'figures
are given in the next Table, and are fairly constant and symmetrical.
40
EnrjIanfVx Jiccrnf Pror/f(!<<.
Table Suowijjg tuk Nkt Lossks and Gains hy ]\Iiguation in Sub-Divisions
OF London at Ages Tiiiuty and Upwauds.
Central Loiulon.
Outor
.onduli.
Exterior District.
*i',.f
als.
(Losses.)
(Gaius.)
(Gains.)
J 01
1881-1S81.
MBles.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
30-35 .
I? -295
21,276
21,710
19,772
3,449
1,749
7,864
245
35-40 .
20.172
25-984
15,019
12,825
3,203
1,743
1,350
11,416
40-45 .
II. 071
22.263
11,670
7,070
2,477
1,322
3,076
13,271
45-50 .
8.849
17.708
8,100
4,773
1,990
1,051
1,241
11,884
50-55 .
7.816
12.157
4,786
4,833
1,025
927
2,00s
6,397
55-60 .
8.448
II. 431
2,073
3,844
699
805
5,676
6,782
60-65 .
5713
7.432
2,229
4,577
559
813
2,925
2,042
65-70 .
2.451
2.857
3.046
5,514
648
1,178
1,243
3,835
70-75 .
2.179
2.862
3,715
5,429
866
1,099
2,402
3,666
75 and i
upwards 1
1-645
2,389
3,852
5,751
735
1,053
2,942
4,415
85.639
126,359
76,800
74,988
15,651
11.740
6,812
39,631
1891-19(11.
80-35 .
17.186
19,891
28,540
25,278
6,411
4,033
17,765
9,420
35-40 .
18.556
24.088
19,496
13,275
5,060
2,135
6,000
8,678
40-45 .
10.519
19.646
12,087
5,998
3,494
1,640
5,062
12,008
45-50 .
8.348
14.496
7,420
3,526
1,976
1,304
1,048
9,666
50-55 .
6.047
11.228
4,910
2,649
1,615
1,041
478
7,538
55-60 .
6,846
9.325
1,988
3,050
836
1,324
4,022
4,951
60-65 .
4,088
6,741
1,850
4,232
728
1,066
1,504
1,443
65-70 .
2,193
3.387
2,307
4,655
737
1,155
851
2,423
70-75 .
i>S27
2,274
3,134
5,161
876
1,396
2,483
4,283
75 and |
upwards)
2,048
77,358
3,077
3,503
6,302
772
1,384
2,227
4,609
114,153
85,241
74,126
22,505
16,478
30,388
23,549
Age-Constitution of Populations.
Enough has been said to make it a familiar fact that the age-
constitution of particular populations varies greatly. It will now be useful
to examine the extent of such variations.
The upper Table opposite gives some details founded on the 1891
Census as modified in Appendix C.
This Table displays the fact that the older men vary in proportion as
between 9 • 8 and 25 • 1 to one hundred of young people, the disparity being
partly caused bj^ low birth rates and partly l)y high death rates, also in a
measure by losses and gains by migrations in middle life. The deaths of
the old exceed in number those of the young in rural places, whilst in the
colliery districts thej^ fall to little more than one-fourth of that proportion.
If we sub-divide London as shown in Appendix C, we have the
lower Table opposite.
This Table points to the low birth rate and influx of adults which in
the City and Westminster dwarfs the proportionate numbers of children,
affecting in a less degree the Kensington and Hampstead sections ; also
the comparatively high liirth rate in the Shoreditch, Hackney, Fulham and
Hendon sections. The mortality at higher ages does not occasion much
England's Becent Progress.
41
Living
Uyiug in next Peceunium
aged 00
To 100 aged 25-45.
so as to affect Population
llatio of
and up-
in 1901 at
last
Males, 1S91.
wards
tolOO
columns
as 100
Young
people.*
Young.*
60 and
upwards.
Ages 0-15.
Ages 70 and
upwards.
to
Large towns ....
11-2
171
19
478,195
166,077
35
Textile manufacturing i
13-1
155
20
121,657
51,323
42
Colliery districts .
9-8
196
19
203,375
01,507
30
Industrial : —
Middlesbro', &c. . .
10-5
191
20
28,241
9,213
33
Wolverhampton, &c. .
11-0
200
22
44,781
14,448
32
Southampton, &c.
15-4
187
29
22,658
12,857
57
Old towns
16-5
171
28
49,521
30,205
61
Military, 4 towns
15-9
164
26
21,211
11,543
54
,, other districts .
19-6
151
29
10,147
8,461
83
Residential : —
With lunatic asylum
20-7
102
33
8,916
8,334
93
Brighton, &c. .
18-7
168
31
20,213
14,266
71
Bournemouth, &c. .
21-7
154
33
3,831
3,821
100
Other
21-8
172
38
14,992
13,950
93
Miscellaneous
22-0
149
33
1,288
1,507
117
Rural residues
25-1
14-9
170
174
43
26
171,326
190,513
111
England and Wales .
1,200,352
598,025
50
* The youug people are those C(junted in 1891 at age 0-5 plus ten years' births in 1S91-1900.
Dying in next Decennium
Living aged
To 100 aj
'ed '25-45.
so as to affect Population
in 1901 at
Ratio of last
Males, 1891.
wards to
100
columns as
1
100 to
Young
people.
Y'oung.
60 and
upwards.
. n 1 r Ages 70 and
Ages 0-15. f,j„vards.
Central : —
London City
28-5
74
21
1,645
741
45
Holborn .
10-7
160
17
7,787
1,371*
18
Westminster
20-0
93
19
3,168
1,739
55
Kensington .
16-5
128
21t
22,059
11,745
53
Shoroditch .
10-1
184
19
47,0.30
14,616
31
Islington
11-9
140
17
22,200
8,785
40
Southwark .
11-0
165
IS
23,067 0,957
29
Outer : —
Fulham .
10-2
185
19
15,664
4,941
32
Camberwell .
11-9
174
21
30,622
13,427
44
Hackney.
9-5
194
IS
44,427
14,233
32
Wandsworth
11-3
171
19
17,116
7,203
42
Exterior : —
Hampstead .
15-0
136
20
2,653
910
35
Hendon .
8-0
204
10
4,412
1,394
32
Croydon .
10-5
165
27
6,647
4,890
74
Barnet .
14-9
11-6
160
107
24
19
1,185
958
81
Totals ....
250,882
93,916
38
* Many seem to die outsiilu thiMlistrit^t.
t Chelsea shows many pensioners and also many " retiruil from business."
42
England's Becent Progress.
diversity, savo that in the Croydon and Baruet sections there is evidence
of the inclusion of rural popuhitions with lower death rates than those
experienced in the major part of the INIetropolitan area. The fact that
London City sends all paupers away would decrease the numhers of
elderly iuhahitants, wore it not counterprised l)y the introduction of a good
uumher of old men acting as caretakers, messengers and porters. But the
statistics of the central square mile are vitiated in many ways, and those
of Westminster only less so.
We may take it that tlie proportion of old men to the young is pretty
constant in the rural portions of the country, varying between 23 • 7 and
29-3 in 18 out of 24 groups of districts, and averaging 25-1 as shown
above. The same proportion is 20 or more in a large proportion of the
residential, military and miscellaneous districts, and in these the lowest
figures are show^n in the next Table :—
Living aged
60 and
upwards to
100
Young
people.
To 100 aged 25-45. ^^'^^^^^,^0 affecT""'
Ratio of
last
columns
as 100
to
Young.
60 and
upwards.
Ages 0-15.
Ages 70 and
upwards.
Farnham .
Blackpool
Chatham .
Colchester
Poole . .
Morecambe
Portsmouth
Eastbourne
Windsor .
Southend.
11-5
13-4
13-9
14-9
15-2
15-2
15-6
15-7
16-0
16-6
148
198
159
151
195
156
167
163
143
196
17
26
22
22
30
24
26
26
23
32
1,693
2,671
4,373
1,188
891
2,122
8,175
1,091
913
1,215
766
1,314
2,126
689
536
1,198
4,594
669
709
849
45
49
49
58
60
56
56
61
78
70
In the towms and industrial districts the proportion of the old is usually
low% especially in the colliery districts, the few exceptions being shown in
the next Table : —
Living aged
60 and
To 100 a
jed 25-45.
Dying in next Decennium
so as to affect
: Ratio of
last
columns
as 100
to
Males, 1891.
upwards to
100
Young
people.
Young.
60 and
upwards.
Ages 0-15.
Ages 70 and
upwards.
Textile towns : —
]Macclesfield .
23-8
168
40
1,933
1,750
91
Kidderminster
22-0
IGO
35
1,235
1,013
82
Industrial : —
Falmouth .
25-2
151
38
681
609
89
Helston
24-0
177
42
713
620
87
Penzance .
20-5
191
39
1,720
1,202
70
Rugby ....
22-4
172
38
762
751
99
Stafford . . .
19-5
160
31
842
833
99
Old towns : —
Exeter ....
24-3
159
39
2.693
2,475
92
Maidstone .
22-0
154
34
1,496
1,417
95
Ipswich
20-3
179
36
2,885
2,225
77
Lincoln
19-9
159
32
2,267
1,763
78
King's Lynn .
19-5
180
35
727
508
70
England's Becent Progress.
43
Finally, the most remarkable instances of low proportions of the old in
towns and industrial places are these : —
Living aged
60 and
To 100 aged 25-45.
Dying in next Decennium
so as to affect
Ratio of
last
Males, 1S91.
upwards to
100
Young
people.
columns
as 100
to
Young.
60 and
upwards.
Ages 0-15.
Ages 70 and
upwards.
Colliery districts : —
Wigan ....
8-5
197
17
31,288
7,933
25
Barnsley .
9-3
199
18
13,253
3,854
29
Glamorgan
9-6
185
18
53,849
15,254
28
Durham
9-6
198
19
75,884
22,778
30
Industrial : —
Barrow.
7-2
156
11
2,191
519
24
Rotherham
8-8
205
18
5,245
1,406
27
Potteries .
9-0
208
19
15,681
3,751
24
Swindon .
9-1
170
16
1,427
472
33
Middlesbro'
9-2
181
17
8,438
2,395
28
Walsall. . . .
10-1
213
22
6,034
1,695
28
Textile :—
Burnley
9-1
174
16
9,328
2,548
27
Bolton ....
9-5
175
17
11,653
3,483
30
Blackburn .
10-2
169
17
10,433
3,230
31
Oldham
10-9
150
16
9,880
3,238
33
Old towns : —
Wakefield . . .
10-4
175
18
4,996
1,712
34
Derby ....
11-4
156
18
3,850
1,591
41
Death Eates in Classes of Districts.
It is of great importance that the public should be enabled to follow
with some degree of accuracy the progress of sanitation, which is essentially
a matter of local concernment, and this enquiry, based on data extending
over two decennial periods, is quite as important from the point of view of
the true measurement of mortality as in respect of the mode and amount
of migrations.
The study of death rates is indeed a very different matter from that of
migrations. Yet migrations of healthy persons from rural homes to towns
or industrial districts, and again the return of emigrants from such places
to rural homes after having lost their health, may largely influence
death rates at certain periods of life. In my opinion the rates of mortality
amongst persons aged 5-35 at the commencement and 15-45 at the close
of a decennium are considerably modified by the effect of such migrations.
As a very large proportion of deaths occur at earlier or later ages,* I think
we may, in arriving at a judgment as to the salubi'ity of the conditions
under which people in various localities exist, ignore those ages at least
provisionally. As the mortality amongst younger persons depends in
great measure upon the care and kindness of their seniors, I would also
exclude this from consideration, except so far as concerns districts showing
low rates of mortality. These last may, I think, be treated as being
naturally healthy, even if heavy death rates at higher ages point to
unsanitary conditions affecting older persons. Fortunately the facts are
See the figures in Appendix F, page 088,
II EnghnnV^ Ju'cciif Prot/rcsK.
given separately for tlio two sexes, aiul wluno tlic statistics of either sex
are not umtually coiiiirmatory wo liavo warning that some explanation
must he sought.
As an instrument of comparison I have devised a scale of mortality for
healthy places, which approximately fits the case of the hest rural districts
as in 1881-1890 and which represents the loss hy death in ten years j^er cent.
on the mean population affected, which I have roughly taken to be the
arithmetical mean between the population at the commencement and end
of the decennium, the latter being of course affected by immigration and
emigration during the interim. Thus, if there were in 1881 1,568,579
males aged 5-10 who lost 58,572 by death and 39,332 by emigration in
excess of immigration, so that in 1891 only 1,470,675 remained, I calculate
the average population to be 1,519,627 and ten years losses by death
3 • 9 per cent.
The scale adopted is in fact the following : —
Loss per cent.
Female
Loss per cent.
Female
Xerininal
loss, tlie
Male beiiis;
Terminal
Age.
loss, the
Age.
Male being
Males.
Females.
100.
:Ma'es.
Females.
100.
0-15. .
15-0
12-8
85
45-50 . . .
9-1
8-5
93
15-20. .
2
9
3-1
107
50-55 . . .
11-2
9-9
88
20-25. .
3
1
3-4
110
55-60 . . .
14-6
12-4
85
25-30. .
4
1
*5-0
122
60-65 . . .
20-1
17-6
88
30-35. .
5
5
*6-3
113
65-70 . . .
29-7
26-0
88
85^0. .
6
7
*7-0
104
70-75 . . .
44-1
38-8
88
40^5. .
7-8
7-6
97
75 and upwards
104-0
95-8
92
* Possibly these ligures are too high, but I am unwilling to overstate the excess of mortality in
rural districts at these ages.
It is ob^dous that at the higher ages, when the rate of mortality
continually increases, the arithmetical mean is not the true mean of
population exposed to risk, and it is absurd to suppose that the mean loss
by death at age 75 and upw^ards approximates to, much less exceeds,
100 per cent. But, for purposes of comparison only, the ratios will be
serviceable.
The actual death rates, derived from my Tables, in the rural parts of
the Eastern and South-Western Counties, were in 1881-1890 as under : —
Eastern.
South-Western.
Eastern.
South-Western.
Terminal
Terminal
Age.
Age.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-15 .
15-8
12-9
14-4
12-5
45-50 .
8-8
8-6
10-2
8-7
15-20 .
3-2
3-8
3-1
3-5
50-55 .
10-8
9-8
12-8
10-5
20-25 .
3-7
4-5
3-7
4-4
55-60 .
14-2
12-2
16-1
13-4
25-30 .
4-5
5-8
4-6
5-5
60-65 .
19-6
17-1
21-9
18-0
30-35 .
5-5
6-7
6-0
6-4
65-70 .
29-3
25-5
31-2
28-2
35-40 .
6-0
7-3
7-4
7-1
70-75 .
42-9
37-6
46-6
42-4
40-45 .
7-6
7-9
8-6
7-8
75 and "t
upwards/
102-7
94-7
103-0
97-8
Using the standard rates as being always equal to 100, these rural
rates would be less or more, as shown in the next Table.
EnglamVs Recent Progress.
45
Eastern.
South-Western. |
Terminal
Age.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-15 .
102
101
96
98
15-20 .
110
123
107
113
20-25 .
119
132
119
129
25-30 .
110
116
112
110
30-35 .
100
106
109
102
35-40 .
99
104
110
101
40-45 .
97
104
110
103
Terminal
Age.
45-50 .
50-55 .
55-60 .
60-65 .
65-70 .
70-75 .
75 and
upwards
Eastern.
SouthA
Males.
Females.
Males.
97
101
112
96
99
114
97
98
110
98
97
109
99
98
105
97
97
106
99
99
99
102
106
108
106
108
109
102
It will be observed that in devising the scale, allowance was made for
the return to the rural districts of emigrants who had lost their health,
especially young women, who are less likely than young men to marry and
settle at once in the place to which they migrate. Whether this allowance
has made the scale too low must be a matter of opinion, but I think it is
still a little too high.
Adhering to the standard scale, the figures in the same rural parts for
the decennium 1891-1900 are as under : —
Eastern.
South- Western.
Eastern.
South-Western.
Terminal
Terminal
Age.
Age.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-15 .
97
94
90
87
45-50 .
92
92
102
92
15-20 .
90
97
93
97
50-55 .
93
94
105
93
20-25 .
100
103
110
103
55-60 .
92
95
105
103
25-30 .
95
92
102
88
60-65 .
95
94
109
107
30-35 .
91
84
98
81
65-70 .
100
100
109
111
35-40 .
81
83
91
80
70-75 .
103
106
112
115
40-45 .
83
87
92
84
75 and 1
up. yards j
96
98
98
99
This Table shows at least that the rates of mortality indicated in the
scale are not materially below a level which is easily attainable in a
healthy rural district. In many such districts the death rates are lower
still.
Having thus far justified the scale, let us see how the national averages
work out : for each of the two decennial periods.
The figures for England and Wales are : — •
Ma
es,
Females,
Males,
Females,
Terminal
Age.
loss per cent.
loss per cent.
Terminal
Age.
loss per cent.
loss per cent.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 .
20-5
20
5
17-8
17-8
45-50 .
14-0
13-1
11-6
10-7
15-20 .
3-9
3
2
3-9
3-2
50-55 .
17-4
16-9
13-8
13-4
20-25 .
4-3
3
6
4-3
3-5
55-60 .
22-3
21-9
17-7
17-3
25-30 .
5-6
4
9
5-6
4-5
60-65 .
29-4
29-3
23-9
23-5
30-35 .
7-1
6
2
6-8
5-6
65-70 .
40-8
42-0
34-6
84-9
35-40 .
8-7
7
7
8-1
6-8
70-75 .
56-6
59-1
48-2
50-6
40-45 .
11-3
10-2
9-6
8-5
75 and \
upwards /
113-5
111-0
104-0
102-3
46
England's Bcccnt Progress.
At the earliest age, it will lie seeu, there was no change as hetween the
first and second deceunium. At later ages a considerable reduction of
mortality is shown, which reduction becomes comparatively small, or is
turned into an increase, after the age 45-50.
The relative numbers for England and Wales, scale numbers being
ahvavs taken as 100, work out thus : —
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Terminal
Terminal
Age.
Age.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
0-15 .
137
137
139
139
45-50 .
154
144
136
126
15-20 .
134
110
126
103
50-55 .
155
151
139
135
20-25 .
139
116
126
103
55-60 .
153
150
143
140
25-30 .
187
120
112
90
60-65 .
146
146
136
134
30-35 .
129
113
108
89
65-70 .
137
141
133
134
85-40 .
130
115
116
97
70-75 .
128
134
124
130
40-45 .
145
131
126
112
75 and )
upwards/
109
107
109
107
These figures show that at ages 25-40 the scale of death rates arrived
at upon the basis of the experience of the earlier decennium as representing
female mortality in healthy districts proves to exceed in the second
decennium the average mortality at these ages in all districts whether
healthy or otherwise. This is a surprising improvement. It does not,
however, invaUdate the use of the standard scale. It merely shows that in
applj'ing that scale we should bear in mind the improvement which has
taken place.
It will be noticed that the figures indicate a relative aggravation of
male mortality as compared with that of females between the ages of 20-25
and 40-45, indicating that unhealthy conditions affect that sex most
severely, the difference afterwards being less striking. Eeduced into ratios,
the following proportions may be noted : —
Female Index
number per cent, on Male.
Age.
1881-90. 1891-00.
0-15 ....
101 101
15-20 .
94
94
20-25 .
91
89
25-30 .
82
75
30-35 .
91
^9 .
35-40 .
89
84
40-45 .
87
86
45-50 .
85
88
50-55 .
90
89
55-60 .
93
93
60-65 .
93
92
65-70 .
97
95
70-75 .
97
97
75 and upv
fan
Is
100
100
If we group the districts as is done in Appendix C, w^e have the
following average death rates at certain ages, viz. : —
England's Recent Progress.
47
Losses per cent, of Males,
1881-90.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
75 and
up.
wards.
10 Large towns ....
22 Towns (textile manufac-'>
tures) /
7Industrial(Middlesbro',&c.)
6 ,, (Wolverhamp-|
ton, &o.) j
12 Industrial (Southampton, i
&c.) /
9 Colliery districts .
19 Old towns
4 Military towns
12 Other military places . .
7 Residential (with asylums)
9 „ (Brighton, \
Bath, &c.) . . . . j
3 Residential (special) .
13 „ (other). . .
23-4
24-3
16-3
15-8
20-6
20-2
26-7
26-8
34-6
36-3
47-7
50-4
63-7
72-0
121-1
131-2
20-7
23-0
12-1
14-0
15-5
18-1
20-4
24-5
27-5
32-8
40-1
47-3
58-5
64-5
116-2
121-0
18-4
12-6
15-1
19-9
26-7
37-3
52-2
113-0
22-2
19-4
20-1
15-7
15-7
17-6
13-2
14-7
14-7
13-3
18-0
14-4
16-9
17-5
17-8
15-6
20-4
17-4
22-3
22-4
22-1
19-2
25-4
21-7
30-6
29-3
28-4
25-5
31-0
27-7
43-3
41-5
38-4
35-1
41-1
38-6
62-5
57-9
52-0
50-7
59-0
53-8
119-2
115-6
108-5
105-3
115-0
113-8
12-9
14-8
13-6
10-9
15-6
13-6
17-8
16-9
23-0
22-3
31-7
31-8
45-2
46-2
98-3
104-4
133*
6 Rural groups (residential) .
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) .
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.)
6 „ (Welsh) . .
6 ,, (Northern) .
13-8
14-4
15-3
15-3
15-8
10-1
10-2
8-8
10-9
10-5
12-6
12-8
10-8
13-5
13-1
16-3
16-1
14-2
17-4
17-0
21-8
21-9
19-6
24-3
23-2
31-3
31-2
29-3
35-2
34-1
46-5
46-6
42-9
50-0
49-6
104-5
103-0
102-7
107-6
108-4
24
It will be observed that the three " Miscellaneous " districts are not included in this 1'able. They
are very dissimilar, and no ineaning would attach to the average rates of mortality in them.
Losses per cent, of Males,
1891-00.1
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60-
C5—
70—
75 and
up-
wards.
10 Large towns
22 Towns (textile manufac-l
tures) j
23-0
24-0
15-2
14-5
19-8
19-8
25-5
26-3
33-4
36-2
47-9
52-4
64-7
73-7
115-3
128-2
7 Industrial (Middlesbro' , &c .)
21-7
11-6
14-9
20-5
28-7
43-0
59-0
112-4
6 ,, (Wolverhamp-^
ton, &c.) /
12 Industrial (Southampton, \
&c.) /
9 Colliery districts
19 Old towns
4 Military towns ....
12 Other military places .
7 Residential (with asylums)
24-4
12-4
16-8
23-3
31-1
45-8
64-0
116-7
18-3
12-0
15-5
20-0
26-2
38-7
56-7
109-1
22-8
19-5
19-8
15-2
15-4
12-2
13-5
13-2
12-3
16-2
16-3
16-9
18-0
15-4
20-0
21-9
22-1
20-8
20-1
24-7
30-4
29-5
27-3
25-6
30-9
44-3
42-5
38-7
36-3
43-8
62-9
59-2
55-7
53-6
61-6
115-8
115-2
109-5
105-7
117-2
9 „ (Brighton,!
Bath, &c.) ....
3 Residential (special) .
13 „ (other) . .
17-8
13-4
17-2
21-5
28-1
40-4
57-7
108-7
13-8
14-4
14-3
10-0
16-3
12-6
18-6
16-1
24-8
22-7
32-9
32-8
49-1
49-1
101-6
101-6
133
6 Rural groups (residential) .
3 „ (Wilts, &o.) .
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.)
6 „ (Welsh) . .
G „ (Northern) .
13-0
13-5
14-5
15-3
15-8
9-2
9-3
8-4
10-7
9-5
11-5
11-8
10-4
14-0
12-5
15-2
15-3
13-4
18-0
16-6
21 -G
22-0
19-1
24-8
23-2
32-1
32-4
29-7
36-2
34-4
48-3
49-5
45-5
54-9
51-2
102-4
101-7
100-2
109-7
105-6
24
48
England'^ Beccnt Progress.
It ^vill be notieoil that tho largo towns, toxtilo manufacturiiif^ towns,
colliery districts ami some of the industrial districts, show high infant
mortality, and are amongst thoso wliich stand highest at more advanced
ages." The residential districts which contain lunatic asylums show heavy
death rates at tlie higher ages, hut as shown in Appendix E, they may
really bo as healthy as the thirteen "other residential districts." It is curious
that after age Go the death rates for either sex in the three " special "
residential districts very closely agree with those in tho thirteen " others."
I am connnced that these three districts are really healthy, and that the
figures shown at ages 45-60 would be much reduced if the deaths of
invalid immigrants could be excluded. At earlier ages, as will presently
be shown, the phenomena in these three districts are far more striking.
Losses per cent, of Females,
1881-90.
10 Large towns
22 Towns (textile mauufac-"l
tures) /
7 Industrial (]Middlesbro',&c.)
6 ,, (Wolverhamp-i
ton, &c.) l'
12 Industrial (Southampton, ~(
&c.) f
9 Colliery districts
19 Old towns
4 Military towns ....
12 Other military places .
7 Residential (with asylums)
9 „ (Brighton,)
Bath, &c.) . . . . j
3 Residential (special) .
13 „ (other). . .
133
6 Rural groups (residential)
3 ., (Wilts, &c.)
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.
6 „ (Welsh) . .
6 „ (Northern) .
24
20-6
20-6
18-0
20-0
15-9
19-4
16-7
17-6
13-3
13-5
150
10-8
12-5
12-3
12-5
12-9
13-0
13-3
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
12-9
15-7
20-6
26-8
39-0
51-2
12-6
15-4
20-8
29-8
42-7
62-2
11-3
13-3
17-4
23-9
34-2
50-2
11-7
13-9
18-3
25-5
37-9
54-0
9-9
11-2
14-5
20-0
30-1
42-4
12-5
14-6
18-6
26-0
37-1
53-4
11-8
13-8
17-6
23-1
33-8
47-8
11-5
13-8
17-3
21-7
32-2
44-7
10-4
12-3
15-3
20-9
31-4
42-5
12-0
14-4
18-3
23-9
33-9
48-1
10-5
12-5
16-0
21-5
31-1
43-3
8-8
10-4
12-9
17-6
27-3
38-7
8-6
10-2
13-2
18-3
27-4
39-3
8-9
10-4
13-3
18-7
27-7
41-4
8-7
10-5
13-4
18-6
28-2
42-4
8-6
9-8
12-2
17-1
25-5
37-6
10-0
11-2
14-0
19-6
29-1
43-2
10-0
11-6
14-3
20-2
29-5
45-4
75 and
up-
wards.
108-1
121-3
107-5
108-3
99-9
109'
105'
102'
95'
105-3
99-5
92-0
96-0
96
97
94
97
101
Referring again to the "special " and " other" residential districts, the
above Table shows a close correspondence in their mortality after infancy,
and suggests the idea that the immigrant invalids, whose deaths swell the
figures, must be almost entirely of the male sex (see Table opposite).
On the figures given it may perhaps be said that there are some
notable correspondences of independent facts.
Female mortality at ages 50 and upwards was in certain groups nearly
identical in 1881-1890 and in 1891-1900. If we throw out fom' military
* It must not be forgotten that families living in moderate affluence are likely to be
much more numerous in residential districts, and even in ordinary places than in
colliery villages and places like Tilbury and Barrow, hence in some measure the
apparently excessive death rates in the latter class of districts.
England's Recent Progress.
49
Losses per cent, of Females,
1891-1900.
10 Largo towns ....
22 Towns (textile manufac-)
tures) (
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
6 ,, (Wolverhamp- 1
ton, &c.) (
12 Industrial (Southampton,
&c.)
9 Colliery districts .
19 Old towns
4 Llilitary towns ....
12 Other military places .
7 Residential (with asylums)
9 „ (Brighton, \
Bath, &c.) . . . ./
3 Residential (special)
13 „ (other)
133
6 Rural groups (residential) .
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) .
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.)
6 „ (Welsh) . .
6 „ (Northern) .
24
0-15.
45—
50—
20-2
11-9
15-2
20-3
11-3
15-0
18-8
10-7
13-0
20-9
11-2
14-1
15-9
9-3
11-4
19-9
11-9
14-6
16-6
10-8
13-1
17-2
10-4
12-8
13-0
9-0
11-0
13-0
11-4
13-7
15-2
9-5
12-1
11-7
8-3
9-8
12-3
7-7
9-6
11-0
7-7
9-5
11-1
7-8
9-7
12-0
7-8
9-3
13-1
9-8
11-7
13-5
8-9
10-6
19-7
20-2
17-2
18-9
14-8
18-8
17-0
16-4
14-5
17-5
15-8
12-3
12-6
12-7
12-8
11-8
14-6
14-0
60—
65—
25-6
38-2
28-5
42-7
23-6
36-1
25-8
38-5
20-1
30-5
26-0
38-5
23-0
34-5
22-5
33-4
19-6
28-9
23-7
35-3
20-7
30-9
16-6
25-0
17-8
26-9
18-2
28-0
18-8
28-8
16-6
26-0
20-4
31-3
20-3
30-5
75 and
up-
wards.
52-9
62-2
53-6
55-4
45-7
46-0
38-4
41-5
42-8
44.5
41-0
47-9
47-4
104
115
103
107
97
107
104
99
99
106
99
91-9
93-1
94-9
95-1
93-5
100-6
101-2
towns as being very like any other old towns, and the residential groups
with asylums, and with special attraction for male invalids, only ten groups
of non-rural character remain. Of these, five showed rates of mortality of
great steadiness, viz. : the old towns, the towns engaged in textile
manufactures, the colliery districts and the Wolverhampton * and
Southampton groups of industrial places. Four others were almost
equally constant, viz. : the large towns, the Middlesbro' industrial group,
the nine residential places classed with Brighton, and the thirteen " other
residential places." The twelve military places showed a material im-
provement, in sympathy with the rural districts, which many of them
resemble. Of the rural " residues," the Welsh alone showed a serious
worsening.
As respects infantile mortality, it seems to have been aggravated in the
colliery districts and in many industrial places, and not much reduced
anywhere except in the rural parts of the south and east of England.
But since 1901 much improvement has been shown, especially in the
colliery districts.
[n both periods the level of mortality at ages 50 and upwards was
lower in the rural parts of the eastern counties than anywliere else, but
infantile mortality was lowest in tlie rural parts of the southern and south-
western counties.
* The death rates of males in the Wolverhampton group at ages 55 and upwards
were lower in the second deccnnium, hut still ranked third in order, if one disregards
places influenced by lunatic asylums.
50
EnglaniV!> Recent Progref^f^.
Tlio disparity botAvccn the vatos of mortality amongst males and
fomalos rospoctivoly at ages 45-60 was least in the nine colliery districts
and in the Middlesbro' group of industrial districts. Tliis approximation
of the death rates of females to those observed amongst males seems to
indicate unfavourable conditions, such as those which adversely affected
infant life in the same quarters.
Eeferring to the suggestion in Appendix A, that the transfers made of
certain numbers of the female population enumerated in 1891, from
age 50- to age 55-, may be less in amount than the facts would justify,
it is evident that any understatement of population at age 55-60 would
augment the calculated death rates at that age. The Tables of index
numbers next furnished rather suggest the idea that the female death rates
in 1891-1900 at that age are too high. But this appearance might equally
result from a fault in the assumed " scale of mortality," slightly under-
stating the relative female mortality at that age. I give the figures for
what they may be worth, and wish to convey the idea that they must be
taken with a small " grain of salt."
The index numbers are generally higher at age 50-55 than at the
preceding age, and lower at age 60-65 than at 55-60 ; but the decrease in
index numbers for males at age 65-70 has no counterpart in the case of
females (see Table opposite).
A series of graphs is appended (pages xviii.-xxv.), which may be con-
sulted with advantage ; a number of similar graphs for individual places
will be found on pages xxvi.-lix.
Index Numbers of Mortality 1881-1890 of Males axd Females.
Slales at ,
»ge
45.
152
Females at
age
45.
50.
55.
183
60.
172
65.
160
50.
158
55.
166
60.
152
65.
10 Large towns ....
179
184
150
22 Towns (textile) . . .
174
180
184
181
170
148
155
168
169
164
7 Industrial (Middlesbro','
&c.) /
6 Industrial (Wolverhamp- 1
ton, &c.) . . . . (
12 Industrial (Southamp-i
ton, &c.) . . . . /
133
138
140
137
135
133
134
140
186
132
154
102
168
163
159
138
140
148
145
146
138
135
136
133
125
116
113
117
114
116
9 Collierv districts.
145
151
158
152
146
147
147
150
148
143
19 Old towns
162
156
153
146
140
139
139
142
181
130
4 Military towns .
161
159
151
141
129
185
139
140
123
124
12 Other military places .
146
139
132
127
118
122
124
123
119
121
7 Kesidential (with asy-)
liims) /
9 Residential (Brighton,!
Bath, &c.) . . . (■
198
182
174
154
138
141
145
148
136
130
158
155
149
138
130
124
126
129
122
120
3 Residential (special)
149
139
122
114
107
104
105
104
100
105
13 „ (other) . .
120
121
116
111
107
101
103
106
104
105
6 Rural groups (residen-"l
tial) j
3 Rural groups (Wilts, &c.)
111
112
112
108
105
105
105
107
106
107
112
114
110
109
105
102
106
108
106
108
3 „ „ (Norfolk,)
&c.) /
6 Rural groups (Welsh) .
97
96
97
98
99
101
99
98
97
98
120
121
119
121
118
118
113
118
111
112
6 „ ,, (Northern)
115
117
116
116
115
118
117
115
115
113
England's Recent Progress.
51
Index Numbers op Mortality 1891-1900 of Males.
Index numbers at age
10 Large towns
22 Towns (textile manufactur-
ing)
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
6 „ (Wolverhampton, &c
12 ,, (Southampton, &c.)
9 Colliery districts .
19 Old towns
4 Military towns
12 Other military places
7 Residential (with asylums)
9 „ (Brighton, Bath, &c.)
3 ,, (special) .
13 ,, (other) . .
6 Rural groups (residential)
3 „ (Wilts, &c.)
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.]
6 „ (Welsh)
6 ,, (Northern).
167
159
127
136
132
1.34
148
145
135
178
147
157
110
101
102
92
118
104
50.
5.5.
60.
177
174
166
177
180
180
133
140
143
150
160
155
138
137
130
146
150
151
151
151
147
161
142
136
138
138
127
179
169
154
154
147
140
144
127
123
112
110
113
103
104
107
105
105
109
93
92
95
125
123
123
112
114
115
161
176
145
154
130
149
143
130
122
147
136
111
110
108
109
100
122
116
Successive Kates.
Increase or Decrease.
10
18
6
14
6
I 12
3
16
3
1
7
13
2
2
3
1
7
50-
5.5-
55.
60.
3
i
8
3
7
3
10
5
I
7
4
1
4
19
6
II
10
15
7
7
17
4
2
3 j
1
3 1
4
I
3
2
2
1
2
4
6
5
7
4
12
3
Index Numbers op Mortality 1891-1900 op Females.
Successive Rates.
Index
lumbers
at age—
Increase or
Decrease.
45.
140
50.
55.
GO.
65.
4.5-
50.
50-
55.
5.5-
60.
60-
65.
10 Large towns
153
159
145
147
13
6
14
2
22 Towns (textile manufactur-(
ing) /
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
133
151
163
162
164
18
12
I
2
126
131
139
134
139
5
8
,S
5
6 ,, (Wolverhampton, &c.)
132
142
152
147
148
10
10
.s
1
12 ,, (Southampton, &c.) .
109
115
119
114
117
6
4
s
3
9 Colliery districts ....
140
147
152
148
148
7
5
4
19 Old towns
127
132
137
131
133
5
5
6
2
4 Military towns ....
122
129
132
128
128
7
3
4
12 Other military places
106
111
117
111
111
5
6
6
7 Residential (with asylums) .
134
138
141
135
136
4
3
6
1
9 ,, (Brighton, Bath, &c.)
112
122
127
118
119
10
5
9
1
3 ,, (special) .
98
99
99
94
96
1
.S
2
13 ,, (others) . . .
91
97
102
101
103
6
5
I
2
6 Rural groups (residential)
91
96
102
103
108
5
6
1
5
3 ,, (Wilts. &c.)
92
98
103
107
111
6
5
4
4
3 ,, (Norfolk, Ac.) .
92
94
95
94
100
2
1
I
6
6 „ (Welsh) . . .
115
118
118
116
120
3
2
4
6 ,, (Northern) .
105
107
113
115
117
2
6
2
2
E 2
52
EngJatKV.'i Beccnf Progress.
The mortality at apfo 0-15 is not shown in the Tallies just given, hut
the index nunihers were as follows : —
Females.
10
9
7
•1
19
12
89
Industrial (Wolverhampton, &c.)
Textile manufacturing places
Large towns
Colliery districts
Industrial (Middlcsbro', &.c.)
^Military towns
Old towns
Industrial (Southampton, &c
9 Kesidential (Brighton, &c.)
6 Rural (North) ....
7 Residential (with asylums)
6 Rural (Wales, &c.) " . .
12 Military (other places)
3 Rural (East) ....
13 Residential (other)
3 „ (special) .
3 Rural (South-West) . .
6 ,, (residential).
3 Miscellaneous ....
71
Males.
163
160
153
152
145
132
130
122
119
105
103
102
101
97
96
92
90
87
85
Females.
163
159
158
155
147
134
130
124
119
105
102
102
102
94
96
91
87
86
89
In 1891-1900 the extreme cases were as under
89 districts of comparatively high mortality : —
first, amongst the
HIGHEST.
1891-00.
LOWEST.
j 1S91
-00.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Preston
. i 190
194
Rugby
89
84
Potteries ....
. 181
184
Stafford . . . .
. 1 101
106
Oldham
. ! 179
178
Swindou . . . .
. ] 101
102
Manchester ....
. 178
184
Tilbury
. 1 101
110
Burnley
176
177
Wellingborough .
. ! 107
109
Sheffield ....
175
180
Wharfedale
110
105
Blackburn ....
175
171
Chester
112
120
Dewsburv ....
175
169
Reading . . . .
113
114
Stockport ....
174
172
Oxford
. 1 114
106
Ashton-under-Lyue
173
177
MiUom
. i 114
113
Liverpool ....
172
181
Luton
. 1 114
115
Leeds
171
172
Southampton .
. i 115
120
And next, among the other 71 districts and groups : —
HIGHEST.
1891-00.
1891-00.
Males. Females.
Males.
Females.
Blackpool
Morecambe
Southport
Brighton
Scarborough ....
133
131
125
125
123
128
134
123
128
120
Easthampstead ... 73
Godstone 74
Sussex 79
Reigate ' 79
Wilts and Dorset ... 80
77
64
78
79
78
England's Becent Pi'ogress.
53
Canterbury
Lancashire and Cheshire
Thanet
Sheerness . . . . .
Llandudno
Farnham
Dover
Cheltenham . . . .
Harrogate
Carnarvon
189]
-00.
1 Males.
•Females.
120
127
118
124
107
122
112
121
118
107
115
117
114
113
107
114
111
114
107
113
LOWEST.
1891-OU.
Devon .
Hants and Berks
Brentwood .
Isle of Wight
]\Ialvern
Watford .
Heme Bay.
Cromer .
Essex and Herts
Gloucester and Somerset
Males.
Females.
80
91
82
82
82
87
85
79
87
77
87
85
87
85
87
87
87
86
87
SG
I need hardly repeat that I attach little value to the figures for
Blackpool, Morecamhe, Southport, Brighton, Scarborough and other
residential places. Those for Canterbury, Sheerness, Farnham and Dover
are more likely to represent facts, and those for the rural parts of
Lancashire and Cheshire I think may be trusted.
The following Table shows the proportion as l^etween death rates of
males and females in 1891-1900 at certain ages : — •
3 Residential (Bourne
mouth, &c.) .
7 Residential (with asy
lums) ....
9 Residential (Brighton
&c.)
4 Military towns .
12 Other military places
12 Industrial (Southamp
ton, &c.) ...
13 Residential (other).
22 Textile mauufacturin;
places
10 Large towns
19 Old towns . . .
G Industrial (Wolver
hampton, &c.) .
7 Industrial (]\Iiddlesbro')
9 Colliery districts
133
3 Rural (Wilts, &c.) .
6 ,, (residential) .
G „ (Wales, &c.).
6 ,, (Northern) .
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.)
24
Death rate.
Males. Females.
14-3
lG-2
13-4
13-2
12-3
12-0
10-0
14-5
15-2
13-5
12-4
11-G
12-2
8-3
11-4
9-5
10-4
9-0
9-3
7'7
11-3
11-9
10-8
11-2
10-7
11-9
As
100
to
58
Death rate.
Males. Females.
16-3
70 20-0
17-2
18-0
15-4
15-5
12-6
19-8
19-8
16-9
lG-8
14-9
16-3
11-8
11-5
14-0
12-5
10-4
9-8
13-7
12-1
12-8
11-0
11-4
9-G
15-0
15-2
13-1
14-1
13-0
14-G
9-7
9-5
11-7
10-G
9-3
As
100*
to
Death rate.
Males.
Females.
18-6
12-3
24-7
17-5
21-5
15-8
20-8
lG-4
20-1
14-5
20-0
14-8
lG-1
12-6
26-3
20-2
25-5
19-7
22-1
17-0
23-3
18-9
20-5
17-2
21-9
18-8
15-3
12-8
15-2
12-7
18-0
14-G
IG-G
14-0
13-4
11-8
As
100
to
GG
79
72
74
78
77
77
77
81
84
86
* The lifiui't's are raiiki-iJ accoidiiiir ti< \W\v nia^nitiiilc in this cnhiiiiii.
54
]\)t jhiinVs Recent Prof/re.<is.
'riu> nialr diMlli ralr is c-oin[):irati\rly lii;4li in p'.acTs wIkmo male
lunatics ami invalids are niuneroiis, and next in niiiitai-y places. It is
lowest, comparatively, in the colliery districts, the Middleshro' group of
industrial districts, and the eastern and northern rural groups.
Mortality at Ages 15-45.
Whilst at the higher ages, the teu groups may he classed thus : —
Highest mortality.— Textile, large towns, industrial (Wolverhampton
group), and colliery districts.
Medium. — Old towns, industrial (Middleshro' group), and so far as
concerns males, the Brighton group.
Lowest. — Industrial (Southampton group), military places other
than four towns, residential (thirteen " other " places), and for
females, the Brighton group.
The same classification wnll hardly be correct at ages 15-45, being the
ages of greatest movement of population.
We may divide this period into ages 15-30 and 30-45, and tabulate the
results for the majority of the groups as follows : —
1891-00.
MALES.
22 Towns (textile manufactures) .
10 Large towns
6 Industrial (Wolverhampton, &c.)
9 Colliery districts
19 Old to\ras
7 Industrial (Middleshro', &c.)
9 Residential (Brighton, &c.) .
12 Industrial (Southampton, &e.) .
12 ^Military places (other) .
13 Residential (other) ....
6 Rural groups (Welsh)
6 ,, (Northern
3 „ (Wilts, &c.)
6 ,, (residential)
3 .. (Norfolk, &2.
15—
4-3
4-1
3-7
4-5
3-8
3'
3'
3
3
3
3-8
3-3
3-1
8-0
3-2
3-3
2-8
2-7
2-5
2-6
4-2
8-2
3-4
2-9
3-1
Here the largest towns show rates little above, and in some cases
below, those in the W^elsh rural area. The lowering of the death rates in
the second decennium is very striking and general.
The three excepted groups stood thus : —
MALES.
7 Residential places (with asylums)
4 Military towns
3 Residential (special) ....
15— 20— ^2.5—
3-5
3-8
3-2
4-3
4-7
5-0
6-3
6-1
7-9
3-1
8-1
3-4
3-7
4-1
4-8
25—
5-5
5-5
7-6
EiiglancVf; Recent Progresfi.
55
At tlie next hii>lier ages the figures- were : —
22 Towns (textile manufactures)
10 Large towns
G Industrial (Wolverhampton, &c
9 Colliery districts ....
19 Old towns
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
9 Residential (Brighton, &c.) .
12 Industrial (Southampton, &c.)
12 Military places (other) .
13 Residential (other)
30—
6 Rural groups (Welsh)
6 „ (Northern)
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) .
6 ., (residential) .
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.).
•2
6-
•9
G-
•5
5-
•4
6-
•0
6-
•5
5-
•8
7-
•5
6-
•8
5-
■2
5-
•5
G-
•6
5-
•6
5-
■4
5-
•G
5-
9-6
9-6
8-0
7-5
7-2
7-2
G-5
Here the old towns and the Brighton group stand out unfavourably,
and the rural death rates are mostly at the bottom of the scale, but the
Welsh figures are exceptional.
The three other groups are shown below, and attention is asked to the
very high ratios in the three " special " residential districts : —
MALES.
1881-90.
1891-00.
30—
35— 40—
30—
35—
40-
7 Residential places (with asylums) .
4 Military towns
3 Residential (special)
9-0
7-7
10-6
11-5 15-0
9-5 12-5
12-1 ' 13-0
7-6
6-6
9-7
9-5
8-1
10-7
12-7
10-6
12-4
The figures for females will be rather different, viz. : —
FEMALES.
22 Towns (textile manufactures)
10 Large towns
6 Industrial (Wolverhampton, &c
9 Colliery districts ....
19 Old towns
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
9 Residential (Brighton, &c.) .
12 Industrial (Southampton, &c.)
12 ]\Iilitary places (other) .
13 Residential (other)
6 Rural groups (Welsh)
G ,, (Northern)
3 „ (Wilts, &c.)
6 ,, (residential)
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.)
1881-90.
4-3
3-8
3'
4'
3'
3'
3'
3'
3-
3'
4-3
3-7
3-5
3-4
3-8
5-1
4-G
4-4
3-9
4-5
25—
15—
6-5
3-6
5-1
3-2
5-7
31
G-8
3-6
5-6
3-1
6-1
3-3
4-6
3-0
5-3
2-9
4-9
2-9
4-5
2-8
6-4
3-7
G-0
3-0
5-5
3-0
5-2
2-8
5-8
30
4-3
3-G
3-5
3-2
3-5
5-5
4-7
4-4
4-1
4-G
5(1
E/KjlaniV.'i liccfiit Profjrcfi/i.
The larf^e towns here sliow comparatively low death rates, having
regard to the mortality experienced at lower and higher ages, and for an
obvious reason, since many healthy women resort there from the rural
districts and return to their original homes if their health fails. The
Brighton and " other" residential groups are influenced by similar facts.
The three other groups are shown below : —
1881 -9U.
1891-00.
15—
20—
25— '■ 15—
20— 25—
7 Residential places (with asylums) .
4 Jlilitary towns
3 Residential (special)
3-G
4-2
3-3
4-3
4-4
3-9
5-5 3-1
5-2 3-4
5-1 3-1
3-6 4-8
3-7 4-8
3-8 4-6
Then we have the figures at ages 30-45
FEMALES.
22 Towns (textile manufactures) .
10 Large towns
6 Industrial (Wolverhamptou, &c.)
9 Colliery districts .
19 Old towns
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
9 Residential (Brighton, &e.)
12 Industrial (Southampton, &c
12 Military places (other) .
13 Residential (other)
G Rural groups (Welsh)
G ,, (Northern)
3 „ (Wilts, &c.)
6 ,, (residential)
3 „ (Norfolk, &e.
ISSl-Dtl.
1891-011.
30—
35—
40-
30—
35—
7-4
8-5
10-2
G-2
7-4
6-5
8-1
10-3
5-2
6-8
6-9
8-1
9-6
5-8
7-2
1 8-1
9-3
10-8
6-7
8-1
I G-8
8-2
9-8
5-7
7-0
i 7-1
8-2
9-4
5-8
7-0
5-7
7-0
8-5
4-6
5-7
G-4
7-6
8-7
5-2
6-1
G-0
7-2
8-6
4-8
5-7
5-3
6-4
7-2
4-4
5-1
7'7
8-6
9-3
6-6
7-5
G-9
7-8
8-8
5-5
G-4
1 6-4
7-1
7-8
5-1
5-G
' 6-0
G-8
7-6
4-8
5-4
■ G-7
7-3
7-9
5-3
5-8
9-0
9-1
9-1
9-9
8-7
8-5
7-4
7-4
7-1
G-1
8-4
7-4
6-4
6-3
6-6
The lowering of the death rate of females in large towns and residential
places, as well as the abnormally higb mortality in Welsh rural districts in
both decenniums, is plainly shown in the above Table.
In the three other groups the figures stood thus : —
FEMALES.
7 Residential places (with asylums) .1 6-9
4 Military towns I 6-6
3 Residential (special) 6-3
1881-90.
1891-00.
3.-.—
40—
30—
35—
8-G
10-1
5-8
7-0
8-0
9-5
5-6
6-8 ;
7-5
7-9
4-9
5-7 '
40-
S-9
8-3
6-8
England^s Becent Progress, 57
Reviewing the ratios of deaths in the three excepted groups, it will be
noticed that their mortality is much more exaggerated in the case of males
than in that of females.
The reader who compares the Tables of death rates at ages 15-45 with
those showing the mortality at other ages will do well to bear in mind the
fact that the Census enumerations take place towards the end of March,
when summer resorts are comparatively empty, and also that a considerable
number of the deaths which occur in residential places must be those of
visitors. I think he will conclude that, if due allowance be made for such
matters and also for deaths in lunatic asylums, there is reason to believe
that these places are nearly as healthy as, if not even healthier than, the
rural residues.* The four military towns appear to be about as healthy as
other old towns. The large towns— those engaged in textile manufactures
— some of the industrial places, and the colUery districts show the worst
figures, and the " other " military places the best, if we exclude the ratios
for residential places as comparatively valueless. The details for individual
places are shown in Appendix F.
Diagrams.
If we revert to the scale and work out diagrams for some interesting
places, we have evidence both of the permanency of the leading features
of local mortality and the contrast which often exists between male and
female conditions.
The diagrams refer to the following thirty-nine places :—
Large towns . . London (average).
,, (interior and
exterior).
Manchester,
Liverpool.
Birmingham.
Leeds.
Towns (textile) . Oldham.
Bochdale.
Halifax.
Bradford.
Towns (industrial) Whitehaven.
Barrow-in-Furness.
Crewe.
Burton-on-Trent.
Southampton.
Wolverhampton.
Redruth.
Doncaster.
Colliery districts. Durham group.
Chesterfield group.
Old towns
IMilitary places
Residential places
Rural residues
Lincoln.
Norwich.
Oxford.
Camhridge.
Exeter.
Carlisle.
Plymouth.
Farnham.
Aldershot (North).
Weymouth.
Bournemouth.
Isle of Wight.
Hastings.
Brighton.
Cheltenham.
Bath.
Yorkshire.
Denbigh and Flint.
Norfolk and Suffolk.
Cornwall.
In every case the curves are given for each decennium, and the sexes
are shown in separate figures, so that the usual reduction of mortality in
middle life and the equally usual correspondence of the two decennial
curves as respects their main features may be the more easily seen.
Some of the most striking instances of dissimilarity in the rates of
mortality of the sexes and persistency in the main features constituting
such divergence will be seen to be those of London, Manchester, Liverpool,
Southampton, Redruth, Oxford, Plymouth, Bournemoutli, Isle of Wight,
Brighton and Bath.
* Sej the calculation in Appendix E.
r)8
Eni/hiiKV-i lu'coii rrogreaa.
^loUTALlTV AT AuKS 0-15.
The loss sustainotl in the decennium before attaining the age 0-15 is
not a true death rate, because many of tlie number who survive have been
exposed to much less than ten years' risks. But it is a figure which serves
very well to represent the comparative death rate, as the same qualifying
fact is true of all places alike.
One would expect that the percentage of loss of cither sex would be
nearly similar (in a certain proportion shown in my scale) ; but, in fact,
tliere is greater diversity than might be expected. The index numbers
varied thus as between the sexes : —
Equal or one point more or less
Two or three points ,,
Four or five points ,.
Six or seven points . .,
Eight or more points ,,
In 1881-90
In 1891-00
47
53
58
49
24
28
15
11
IG
19
160
160
There are cases where the variation was large and persistent,
such as : —
Tilbury . Ill m. 122 f. in 1881-90 | Thanet . 113 m. 120 f. in 1881-90
. 101 m. 110 „ 1891-00 I ,, . 107 m. 122 „ 1891-00
These places attract more boys than girls, the former to training ships,
the latter to schools, and it is needless to say boys in such places are
practically "selected lives." But many of the discrepancies are due to
the irregular working of the doctrine of chances in small districts. For
example, here are some index numbers at age 0-15 : —
Males.
Females.
Cornwall (nine rural registration distric
;ts)
1881^90
112
119
))
1891-00
103
98
Rugby ....
1881-90
86
95
,,
1891-00
89
84
Cambridge
1881-90
1891-00
116
116
133
105
Sheerness
1881-90
1891-00
114
112
101
121
The Eeg
strar-General's annual
death
rates per
1000 for
the same
districts at age 0-5 compare thus : —
188
L-90.
189
-00.
Males.
' Females.
Males.
Females.
Cornwall : —
1
Stratton ....
37
•03
41-51
42-27
.38-30
Camel ford
51
•87
41 •.30
39-28
28-50
Launceston
41
•7G
37^60
39-00
32-43
Liskeard .
46
•13
42-00
42-15
33-36
Bodmin .
52
12
40-73
45-39
35-79
St. Columb
46
42
39-81
42-69
31-72
St. Austell
53
46
47-84
53-85
40-88
Truro
56
42
46-55
45-25
37-10
Scilly Islands
33
06
51-40
34-29
30-11
Rugby .
89
36
33-80
40-73
30-92
Cambridge
51
58
50-34
52-07
40-14
Sheppey (Sheerness)
47
90
.37-03
48-80
43-37
Eiif/IainVs Hcccnt Progress. r)9
These figures seem to prove that it is not easy to predict mortahty in
small districts even on an average of ten years, and, therefore, that we
must be extremely careful how we draw conclusions from the mortality in
any particular year, even if the district be much larger. However, the
fluctuation apparently due to chance seems to affect at the age 0-15 little
more than one district in ten to the extent of eight points.
Taking another method of gauging the variations of male and female
mortality in single registration districts at age 0-5, we abstract the
following data from the Decennial Eeport for 1891-1900 (excluding London
and Middlesex and the Welsh division) : —
218 Districts separately
dealt with.
329 Districts, being-
rural residues.
The Male annual death rate
was per thousand
Excess of Male
death rate at
age 0-5 per
thousand.
Female rate
Female rate
No.
of
Dis-
tricts.
25 and
under
35.
35 and
under
45.
45 and
under
55.
55 and
under
65.
under
80 per
cent.
80 to
86.
over
85 per
cent.
under
80 per
cent.
80 to
85.
over
85 per
cent.
65 and
up-
wards.
14 and upwards
7
11
18
31
3
7
6
15
11 and under 14
12
36
8
22
78
11
17
11
39
8 „ „ 11
18
44
28
90
24
204
17
83
52
30
22
5 „ „ 8
1
24
19
26
64
19
153
31
89
24
3
2 „ „ 5
..
8
1
54
63
35
20
7
1
under 2
-
2
■■
16
18
15
3
Totals . .
38
115
65
151
89
89
547
98
209
107
54
79
As might be expected, the range of variation is greatest in the thinly
peopled rural registration districts. The districts of low mortality show
the closest approximation of the death rates of females to those of males ;
but whilst about half the towns separately dealt with gave a medium
death rate of females, equal to from 80 to 85 per cent, of that of males,
less than three-tenths of the rural districts came within that medium
range.
Marriages.
It is by no means an easy matter to arrive at a reliable measure of the
tendency towards marriage in particular populations.
The proportion of unmarried men at ages 20-35 to total population is
sufficiently variable to deprive of all value a simple ratio of marriages to
population. The proportion of unmarried young women also varies very
much, and so little do the statistics for the two sexes correspond, that the
ratio of unmarried women to 100 unmarried men at 20-35 is sometimes
as low as 60 and rises as liigh as 249, even within the limits of the County
of London.
In England and Wales taken as a whole, th(! iiunil)ors of men and
women, married and single, were as over at tlic last three Censuses : —
CO
EiuihuuVa Ticveut Prorira^n.
i->i.
Per
1>!H,
lIMIl.
MALES.
Htr
Per
Tut;il.
siiiirlc.
IVIlt.
T..t,-
\. 1 Siii'^'li'.
tent.
Total.
Siiiu
e. 1 cent.
Single.
!
Single.
2,108
Siiijrle.
20-85 .
2.933.8911
.441,751
49-1
1
3.336,3561,720,462
51-6
1
'3,958,598
854 53-3
35^5 .
1.417.895
195.427
13-8
1,611
077 236.227
14-7
;i. 931. 943
306
001 15-8
45-55 .
1.033. 266
99,498
9-6
1.191
789 119.037
10-0
1,396,209
154
118: 11-0
55-G5 .
72-2.553
59.865
8-3
! 770
124 64.983
8-4
; 907.945
80
494
8-9
FEMALES
i
20-35 .
3.187.7961
.385.104
43-5
3.687
7841.727,040
46-8
'4,418.164
2,137
716i 48-4
35-45 .
1.522.858
233.820
15-4
1,717
729
282.449
16-4
2.064,062
382
468
18-5
45-55 .
1,140,180
136.080
11-9
;i,305
085
161,962
12-4
■1,505,982
205
176
13-0
55-65 .
811.533
88,401
10-9
1 886
1
879
97.752
11-0
!l, 035, 305
1
121
038
11-7
Ou consideratiou of these figures I think the pi-oportiou of men found
to be in the married state at the age 45-55 is a fair measure of the general
tendency to marry, though the force of that tendency may lessen or
increase with the course of events, and therefore the annual numbers of
marriages must also be studied.
The national figures point to a moderate falling off in the proportions
of persons married. The proportion found to be unmarried seems to have
increased by a little less than one-twelfth in twenty years, I mean that of
those men and women who remain unmarried to the end of their lives.
Marriages also take place a little later.
If we compare the numbers of marriages with those of unmarried men
(including widowers) aged 20-35, the difficulty arises that certain classes
of bachelors appear to be less able to marry than others. A familiar
example is that of soldiers ; but I think sailors, whether in the navy or
merchant service, are less likely to be married than the average man, and
masses of men engaged in rude labour, such as the construction of railways,
canals and reservoirs, dock labourers, &c., show in many cases rather full
proportions of bachelors. An enormous proportion of the patients in
lunatic asylums are bachelors.
Again, it would seem that a considerable number of marriages are
celebrated at a distance from the future home of the couple ; owing to this
circumstance, the marriage rate in unprosperous districts is sure to be over-
stated, whilst in the more progressive districts it is understated.
I do not think it is worth while to calculate the local proportion of
marriages to the number of single women aged 20-35. Although some of
the disturbing causes already referred to affect women much less than
men, there are others peculiar to women, especially the xexy unequal
proportions of female domestic servants in different places. The cotton
manufacturing towns attract many more young women than young men.
Although there is nothing to prevent either a domestic servant or the
employe at a cotton mill from marrying, experience demonstrates that
where such young persons are very numerous, the marriage rate calculated
on the number of spinsters is always low.
The following Table with reference to the County of London, founded
on the decennial Census returns, may be interesting : —
England's Eecent Progress.
61
At age 20-35.
Boroughs.
Kensington .
Paddington .
Hampstead .
Chelsea
St. Marylebone
*Lewishain .
*Hackuey
Stoke Newingtou
Wandsworth
Battersea
Camberwell .
Fulham
Hammersmith
London City
Westminster City
Holborn
Finsbury
Lambeth
Islington
*Greenwich and Deptford
St. Pancras .
f Bethnal Green
Shoreditch .
fSouthwark .
Bermondsey
Poplar
Stepney
*Wool\vich .
Marriages in 1901
to every 100.
Bachelors. Spinsters.
15-2
6-1
13-9
8-5
10-4
4-2
12-5
7-5
13-0
8-1
10-0
7-2
11-0
8-5
12-1
9-5
12-5
11-5
13-7
12-5
11-3
10-7
11-5
11-0
12-7
12-2
11-1
11-7
11-1
12-6
(a) Founded on average maniages in 1880 and 1881.
(b) „ ,, ,, 1890, 1891 and 1892.
* Lewisliam, Greenwicli (with Deptford), Hackney and Woolwich are here represented by the
registration districts of the same name, wliich do not exactly correspond with tlie Boroughs mentioned.
Tlie military in M^oolwich naturally swell the numbers of bachelors. lu the County of Loudon the
ratios of marriages were —
14-3 per hundred bachelors in 1881. I 11-3 per hundred bachelors in 1901.
13-3 „ „ „ 1891. I lU- 7 per 100 spinsters in 1901.
the few widowed being always included with the bachelors and spinsters.
t In Bethnal Green and Southwark, and possibly in some other places, marriages were rendcied
more numerous through a lowering of church fees. Hence also a depression in the numlmrs of
marriages in adjacent districts such as Bermond.sey.
The proportions of single (and widowed) women aged 20-35 to 100
single (and widowed) men in groups of counties were as follows at the
dates of the last three Census enumerations. The groups are arranged in
the order of the proportions of women in 1901 : —
Sussex ......
Gloucester and Somerset
Carmarthen, Pembroke and Cardigan
Cornwall .....
Bucks and Oxford ....
Single Women to 100 single Men,
age 20-35.
1881.
126-0
133-9
127 -G
122-5
106-1
1891.
147-7
135-9
129-8
121-6
105-4
1901.
151-3
1.34-0
122-2
115-8
111-9
&2
E»ijil(i lid's I\i'i-nif Progress.
Single Women to lUO si
iij,'lo Mi-n,
—
ase 20-35.
1881.
1891.
1901.
Pevon .........
119-7
118-4
Ill
2
London, Middlesex, Herts, Essex, Kent and Surrey
108
2
110
3
109
7
Carnarvon and An,i;lesoy .....
95
4
113
1
108
3
Norfolk and SulTolk ....
103
5
104
7
107
3
Lancashire and Cheshire
99
7
104
4
106
1
Cumberland and Westmoreland
84
1
92
6
103
9
Northampton, Bedford, Hunts and Cambridge
101
6
102
2
103
8
Hants and Berks .....
89
2
98
3
100
9
Leicester, Notts and Derbv
91
8
98
9
99
Stafford, Worcester and Warwick .
92
3
96
7
97
2
York
90
8
96
97
Salop and Hereford ....
87
7
98
96
9
Lincoln and Rutland ....
82
4
92
5
93
4
Moatgomerv, Radnor and Merioneth
76
4
97
5
92
9
Wilts and Dorset .....
96
6
97
2
91
8
74
3
79
9
81
9
Durham and Northumberland
66
2
72
7
76
6
Glamorgan, ^Monmouth and Brecon .
64-3
6S-8
65-4
England and Wales ......
98-0
101-8
102-5
It is easily perceived that the mining places show most bachelors (and
therefore low proportions of spinsters), the residential counties and
Cornwall (from so many Cornishmen being engaged in mining abroad)
occupying the opposite position. I think no more need be said on this
subject.
The proportions of marriages to 100 males (bachelors and widowers),
aged 20-35, are now shown for the same groups of counties : —
1881.
1891.
1901.
Leicester, Notts and Derby .....
15-1
14-7
13-8
Gloucester and Somerset. .....
15
7
15
13
7
Norfolk and Suffolk ......
15
4
13
6
13
5
Stafford, \Yorcester and Warwick ....
14
4
14
6
13
2
Northampton, Bedford, Hunts and Cambridge.
14
1
13
6
12
9
Lincoln and Rutland ......
12
1
13
1
12
8
Bucks and Oxford .......
13
12
1
12
6
Sussex .........
12
7
12
3
12
5
York
13
6
13
4
12
3
Durham and Northumberland .....
13
1
12
7
12
2
Lancashire and Cheshire. .....
14
13
3
12
1
Carmarthen, Pembroke and Cardigan
12
4
12
4
11
8
London, Middlesex, Herts, Essex, Surrey and Kent .
13
4
12
3
11
8
Devon .........
14
4
13
1
11
7
Cornwall ........
12
6
12
2
11
4
Glamorgan, Monmouth and Brecon.
12
4
11
9
11
4
Cumberland and Westmoreland ....
10
8
10
6
11
2
Wilts and Dorset .......
12
3
11
7
11
Hants and Berks .......
11
6
11
10
9
Salop and Hereford ......
9
7
10
6
10
6
Carnarvon and Anglesey ......
10
6
10
9
10
1
Denbigh and Flint .......
9
7
10
8
9
9
Montgomery, Radnor and Merioneth
8-3
9-7
9-4
England and Wales ......
13-5
12-9
12-2
EnglaruVs Becent Progress.
63
Marriages far from the Future Home.
I shall presently deal with the local figures, but will first revert to the
marriages which are celebrated at a distance from the future home of the
married couple. These can only be arrived at conjecturally, but I think
figures worked out in the manner presently to be described are worth
having.
The bulk of the women returned as being mai-ried, at ages up to 35,
must have been included amongst those who were married in the preceding
ten years. It is found that the numbers of marriages compared thus at
three successive Censuses with the numbers returned as married : —
In 1881
In 1891
In 1901
Married Women
counted under 35.
1,778,237
1,936,890
2,254,299
In 1871-80 .
In 1881-90 .
In 1891-1900
Marriages in ten
preceding years.
1,960,543
2,047,428
2,394,105
The counted numbers equalled : —
In 1881 . . . 90-7 per cent, of the preceding 10 years' marriages
In 1891
In 1901
94-6
94-16
Where the numbers of married women counted fall below the average
proportions shown above, this may be due to (a) late marriages ;
(b) migration after marriage ; or (c) departure of wife at the time of
marriage. The second and third causes are likely to affect places which
differ in prosperity, and also those which show specially few or many
ehgible brides. The differences work out as shown on page 64, in
groups of entire registration counties.
If we assume, as I think we may, that the young women who immi-
grate into the Durham colliery district are nearly all wives brought from a
distance, a Table may be constructed, showing the probable movement of
population in Durham and Northumberland, as subjoined, together with a
like Table with reference to the Carmarthen, Pembroke and Cardigan
group of counties. It will be seen that the net gain of wives in the
colUery group does not exceed 4,481 at the age 20-25, if we disregard
losses by migration at higher ages ; whilst the net loss in the Carmarthen
group up to age 45 was about 200(3. But the following Table, which shows
how much higher is the marriage rate in Durham compared with that
in Carmarthen (especially among young women), will account for the
reduction of apparent gains in the one case and losses in the other : —
Age at end
Durham.
Carmarthen.
of
Decennium.
Single.
1891.
Married in
next 10 years.
Per
cent.
Single,
1891.
Married in
ne.xt W years.
Per
cent.
20-25. . . . i 88.006
25-35. . . . 119,070
35-45. ..." 26,259
45-55. . . . 1 8.541
31,000
80,500
11,000
1,300
35-2 16,397
67-6 25,861
41-9 9,417
15-2 3,905
3,346
11,187
3,248
623
20-4
43-3
34-5
16-0
As marriages take place so much later in the Carmarthen group, it
could not be expected that a lull proportion of wives marriod in 1891-1900
would be counted at the age 20-35.
64
EnglancVfi JReccnf Pror/ress.
.XriKiri
lit (Jains of Wives
uiiilur 3o.
Appart'iit Losses of Wives
under 35.
1881.
1891.
11)01.
1881.
1891.
1901.
•Durham and Northumberland
'1,488
6,913
10,719
Glamorgan, Monmouth audi
Brecon /
463
4,798
6,558
Leicester, Notts and Derby
5,047
4,933
4,719
London, Middlesex, Surrey, &c.
16,587
13,179
18,207
York
2,994
5,074
3,965
Stafford, Warwick and Wor-"|
cester /
1,709
1,207
2,670
Lancashire and Cheshire .
2,518
2,190
245
Sussex
1,089
274
1,608
Northampton, Bedford, Cam- 1
bridge, &c /
810
1,149
2,024
Hants and Berks
1,171
594
1,208
Denbigh and Flint ....
478
765
678
Norfolk and Suffolk ....
2,517
3,024
4,731
Lincoln and Rutland ,
1,207
2,411
3,191
Gloucester and Somerset .
7,483
7,229
6,897
Wilts and Dorset ....
..
1.839
•
2.202
2,761
Cornwall
2,849
2,417
1,997
Bucks and Oxford ....
752
903
2,450
Cumberland and Westmorelaud
1,207
1,724
2,641
Carnarvon and Anglesey
1,023
1,169
1,380
Devon
6,853
6,410
6,015
Salop and Hereford ....
2,076
3,221
4,080
Montgomery, Merioneth, &c. .
1,097
1,600
1,810
tCarmarthen, Pembroke, &c. .
3.513
3,179
3,601
^Totals . . .
34,895
38,294
47.083
34,875
38,271
47,072
* The proportion expected to be counted should be raised, as marriages here are somewhat earlier
than the average ; thus the apparent excess would be reduced.
t The proportion expected to be counted should be retluced, as marriages here are rather late ; thus
the apparent loss would also be reduced.
X The differences between losses and gains arise fiom fiactions.
England's Beceiit Progress.
65
Durham and Noethumbebland, Registration Counties — Estimates.
Age at end
of
Decennium.
Sinjile
Females,
lb91.
Losses by
Gain or
Loss
by Migration.
Single
Females,
1901.
Death.
Marriage.
0-20
20-25
25-35
35-45
45-55
55-65
65 and upwards .
481,055
88,006
119,070
26,259
8,541
4,668
5,380
1 76,029
4,900
1,600
966
871
2,809
31,000
80,500
11,000
1,300
50
920
3,220
1,310
251
400
51
462,952
36,896
12,349
6,024
3,347
2,622
732,979
87,175
123,850
2,236
524,190
Age at end
of
Deceunium.
■Widows,
1891.
Losses by
* Gain by
AVidows,
Death.
Marriage.
Widowhood.
1901.
0-20
20-25 . . . . .
25-35
35-45
45-55
55-65
65 and upwards .
271
2,526
5,864
9,840
30,399
7
100
400
1,127
2,689
19,241
615
1,639
5,132
2,504
213
900
4,100
9,400
8,900
7,950
9,261
278
2,632
6,394
11,133
14,888
20,419
48,900
23,564 10,103
40,511
55,744
Age at end
Married
Women,
1891.
Losses by
Gain by
Marriage.
Gain or
Loss by
Migration.
Married
Decennium.
Death.
Widowhood.
1901.
0-20 . . .
20-25 . . .
25-35 . . .
35-45 . . .
45-55 . . .
55-65 . . .
65 and upwards
30 ,'506
82,075
66,176
44,264
32,259
1 858
4,100
7,566
7,912
7,847
13,026
900
4,100
9,400
8,900
7,950
9,261
31,615
82,139
16,132
3,804
263
4,481
2,045
266
48
840
730
34,338
102,400
80,975
53,216
27,890
10,702
2.55,280
41,309
40,511
133,953t
2,108
309,521
* No estimate can be arrived at as to Losses or Gains of widows by migration : tlieiefoie the
difference is wholly attributed to this column,
t True number, 133,830.
6G
EnijlaiHV.'i licccnt Progress.
I'AKMAinHKN. rKMI^UOKF. .XNl) CaRI)IG.\N — ESTIMATES.
133.688
12,558
18,404
8,669
Ase at end
of
Single
Females,
Losses by
Gain (IV Loss
by
Single
Females,
Decenniuiu.
1891.
Death.
Marriage.
Migration.
1901.
0-20
20-25
72,382
16,397
1 8,008
3,346
3-484
73.341
25-35
25.861
1,120
11,187
3-540
10,014
35-45
9,417
560
3,248
1,007
4,602
45-55
3.905
370
623
283
2.629
55-65
2,453
350
245
1,858
65 and upwards .
3,223
1,550
no
1,563
94,007
Age at end
of
Decennium.
Widows,
1891.
Losses by
Gain by
Gain* or
Widows,
Death. ' Marriage.
Widowhood.; ^---;^^^
1901.
0-20 ....
20-25 . .
25-35 ....
35-45 ....
45-55 ....
55-65 ....
65 and upwards
"28
444
1,172
2,232
9,547
12 1 320
70 479
180 j 332
480 20
5,820
60
630 !
1,170
1,350 \
1,515
2,480
13
326
1,065
2,010
3,247
6,207
13,423
6,562
1,198
7,205
■■
12,868
Age at end
of
Married
Women,
Losses by
Gain by
Gain or
Loss by
Married
Women,
Marri^e.
Decennium.
1891.
Death.
Widowhood.
Migration.
19U1.
0-20 ....
20-25 ....
\ 50
60
3,393
600
2,683
25-35 ....
2,710
562
630
11,507
800
12,225
35-45 ....
11,538
1,039
1,170
3,727
600
12,456
45-55 ....
11,424
1,209
1,350
955
9,820
55-65 ....
9,427
1,440
1,515
20
90
6,402
65 and upwards
9,924
3,960
2,480
42
3,442
45,023
8,260
7,205
19,602t
2,132
47,028
• The migrations of widows are assumed to be exactly balanced,
t True number, 19,646.
EiiglancVs Recent Progress.
67
At the age 45-55 single women were to married, excluding widows
(by the 1901 Census) —
As 11 • 3 to 100 in Durham group.
As 26-8 to 100 in Carmarthen group.
The marriages contracted by Durham men in ten years must be
augmented from 133,836 to about 138,200, and those entered into by
Carmarthen men must be reduced from 19,646 to about 17,646. The
resulting average annual ratios per 100 unmarried men and widowers
aged 20-35 would be —
12-44 per cent, in Durham,
10 '50 per cent, in Carmarthen,
figures which will presently be seen to be entirely consistent with
probability.
We come at last to the conclusion that the figures on page 64
represent considerably more than the facts, but are useful as indicating
the general lines of an actual movement.
We cannot follow out this enquiry in the 160 towns and country
groups for the year 1901, as the figures for civil condition in registration
counties and large boroughs are alone available. The details given for
administrative counties and for the large urban districts can hardly be
used in connection with the Registrar-General's returns for registration
districts. These statistics should certainly be co-ordinated. Meantime I
can give the following small summary, subject to the same remarks as
apply to the Table on page 64 : —
Wives aged under 35.
Per cent, on Estimated Totals.
1881.
Apparent
1891.
Apparent
1881.
1891.
Gain.
Loss.
Gain.
Loss.
Gain. Loss.
Gain.
Loss.
Large towns .
8,641
11,038
1-3
1-5
CoUiery districts
19,314
28,516
9-4
11-7
Industrial districts
6,435
5,866
5-4
4-4
Textile districts
1,669
2,766
0-9
1-4
Old towns ....
5,481
..
6,909
6-4
7-5
Military places .
4,374
..
3,224
7-7
51
Residential places
1,500
2,248
1-7
2-3
Agricultural residues .
21,871
30,764
5-6
8-0
Miscellaneous places .
475
34,865
••
514
21-4
210
34,845
45,934
45,911
The persistency of the figures at successive Census enumerations
especially points to early marriages being more numerous in some places
than in others. Details are given in Appendix H, and wall be the more
interesting as the above Table discloses tendencies which could only be
very obscurely made out from the County Table previously given.
1-^
C8
Efigland's Becent Progress.
Mahri.vges Generally.
Turuiug now to the proportions of men aged 45-55 who are returned
as remaining single, we liud it necessary in the first place to exclude
certain places Nvhere there are County asylums for lunatics, 31 in number.
Asylums in the Metropolis and largest towns are not regarded, as these
really serve almost exclusively the places where they are situate. We can
then form the following Table : —
Cuunty Groups.
Totals.
Excluded.
lUttios
of
Bachelors.
Lancashire, Stafford
Yorkshire and
and Korth. Leicestei'.
1
Wales
and
Border.
Metropolis
and
South.
I
West. East.
Rural
Residues
of
Counties.
Places
with
Lunatic
Asylums.
Towxj
11 '2 and up- (
wards . (
9-7 to 11-1
!, Lkdustrial PL4.C
1
5
5 3
;es and
■ 1
1
COLLIER-S
1
1
Districts
1
1 1
8
12
12
8
4
8
7
10 3
2
2
2 : 1
20
8-4 to 9-6 .
7-4 to 8-3 .
Under 7 • 4 .
9 3
9 1 10
2 i 1
••
2
1
3
3
'3
18
19
9
46
2
2
20 14
2
4 6
Reside:
11 -2 and up- 1
wards . /
9-7 to 11-1
s-TiAL, Military ai
1
1
sD MiSC
1
ELLANEOU
7
8
s Dis
1
IRICTS
9
10
9
3
2
1
15*
1
19
8-4 to 9-6 .
7-4 to 8-3 .
Under 7'4 .
2
7
2
5
1
1
1
i
15
3
2
20
2
9
7 \ 2
* Nine of these were military places.
This Table is based on the figures for 1891, as there are no materials
for such a Table in the Census publications for 1901.
The reader will note the high proportions of bachelors in the rural
residues of counties ; also the numerous instances of high ratios in the
North and South, few in comparison appearing in the other fom* divisions.
Then there are numerous low ratios in the Midland manufacturing districts.
The totals with low ratios are —
Towns and industrial places 4G out of GG.
Residential places, military, &c., 20 out of 39.
England's Recent Progress.
69
To make the nature of the Table clearer, the details of places under the
title " Metropolis and South," are given below : —
Ratio of
Ratio of
Bachelors.
Bachelors.
Towns, Industrial places, &c. — •
Residential, Military, &c. — continued.
Tilbury
12-8
Worthing .
. 10
5
London
9-7
Windsor
10
4
Reading
8-9
Sheerness .
10
4
Southampton
8-4
Dover.
10
3
Aldershot (North)
10
Residential, Military, &c. —
Eastbourne .
10
Southend .
12-9
Thanet
9
4
Reigate
12-9
Heme Bay .
9
3
Folkestone .
12-8
Hastings
9
2
Maidenhead
12-8
Isle of Wight
8
8
Canterbury .
11-9
Timbridge .
8
8
Deal .
11-9
Clacton
8
6
Farnham .
11-8
Bournemouth
8
4
Chatham .
10-6
Colchester .
8
3
Brighton .
10-5
Staines
8-1
The proportions in the r
ural resid
aes were : —
Sussex
11-9
Essex and Herts . . . 10-5
Kent and Surrey
11-7
Bucks and Oxford . . 10-4
Hants and Berks
11-0
The following Tables wi
1 illustrat
e the position more fully :^
Bachelors to 100 men aged 45-55.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1901.
Wales and Border : Separated places
10-7
ll-9\
13-Of
11-8
12-5
14-1
,, ,, Rural residues
12-6
Lancashire, York and North : Separated places
9-0
9-7\
14-7/
9-6
10-2
11-3
,, ,, Rural residues
14-1
Metropolis and South : Separated places
9-8
9-9\
11-0/
10-1
10-1
11-1
,, „ Rural residues .
11-1
Stafford and Leicester groups : Separated places
8-0
8-41
10-5f
8-5
8-8
9-5
„ „ Rural residues
10-4
Eastern Counties : Separated places
8-5
8-5\
9-2f
8-7
,, ,, Rural residues ....
8-8
Western Counties : Separated places
,, ,, Rural residues ....
8-5
9-2
8-41
9-5/
8-8
8-9 9-9
Towns with textile manufactures
Large towns .
Old towns
Industrial places .
Residential places .
Colliery districts .
Agricultural residues
Military places
Miscellaneous places
Ratio of UnmaiTied Men
aged 46-65.
The ratios for particular districts are shown in Appendix li,
70
England' a Ticccnt Proqrcss.
The following conclusions flow from these figures : —
1. That there is a greater tendency towards marriage in the
unprosperous Eastern and Western Counties than in the busy
Northern Counties.
2. That in the rural parts of the North and in Wales there is a
comparative indisposition to marry.
3. That throughout the country there is a stronger tendency
towards marriage in towns and industi'ial centres than in rural
districts.
4. That in the Stafford and Leicester groups an inclination to
marry is particularly' noticeable in the towns, yet even there it
is not much stronger than in the rural counties first referred to.
It remains to be said that in the southern group there are many
miUtary places, such as Canterbury, Deal, Folkestone (Shorncliffe),
Farnham, Aldershot (North), Portsmouth, Chatham, Sheerness and Dover,
where bachelors in 1891 exceeded 9' 7 per cent., and these tend to raise
the average proportion of bachelors.
It is much to be regretted that the details of civil condition in registra-
tion districts for 1901 have not been published. This regret will be
intensified when we now come to apply locally the other test of the
strength of the disposition to marry, viz., the proportion of marriages to
each 100 bachelors and widowers aged 20-35.
Marriage Rates.
We will first take the proportions in various classes of districts in 1881
and 1891, using the averages of marriages in 1880-1882 and 1890-1892
to diminish the effect of casual yearly variations : —
Marriages
per IOC
Unmarried and Widowed
—
Males,
aged 20-35.
18S1.
1891.
Towns with textile manufactures
15-4
14-0
Large towns ....
14
6
13
7
Old towns
14
6
13
9
Industrial places
13
5
13
6
Residential places
13
6
12
9
*Collierv districts
12
8
12
7
*Agricultural residues
11
6
11
7
Military places
10
7
9
4
Miscellaneous places
8
•J
8
1
* The figures here shown are those referred to a few pages Ijack as confirmatorj' of my calculations
for Durham and Carmarthen.
It is quite natm'al that the military and miscellaneous places should
rank lowest, as they contain many bachelors who would find it difficult to
many. The man-iage rate in the colliery districts is only moderate, and
England's JRecenf Progress.
71
would not become absolutely high, if all the couples who come to reside in
those districts were added. Between 1881 and 1891 the national ratio
(as shown in a previous Table) fell from 13 "5 to 12-9, and in the next ten
years it declined to 12 • 2. In the first decennium (as above shown) the
falling off was notable in towns (both large and old) in the textile manu-
facturing areas, the residential and the military places.
Using another mode of measuring the facts we have the following
Table :—
Marriases per 100 I'nmarried and
Widowed Males, aged 20-35.
1881. 1891.
1881.
1891. 1901.
Wales and Border : Separated places
,, ,, Rural residue .
Lancashire, York and North : Separated places
„ ,, Rural residues .
Metropolis and South : Separated places
,, „ Rural residues .
Stafford and Leicester groups : Separated places
„ ,, Rural residues .
Eastern Counties : Separated places
,, ,, Rural residues .
Western Counties : Separated places
,, ,, Rural residues .
12-5
10-1
14-1
10-2
13-4
11-8
15-2
12-2
15-2
13-4
15-9
12-7
12-0\
10-9f
13-5)
10-3/
12-31
ii-3r
15-1\
12-6r
14-41
12-9f
14-31
12-4/
11-2
13-6
13-1
14-6
14-1
14-3
11-5
13-1
12-2
14-6
13-5
13-4
11-0
12-2
11-8
13-4
13-1
12-3
These figures drive home the lesson that marriage has few terrors for
the agricultural labourer in the Eastern and Western counties, but is
comparatively avoided by his like in Wales and the North. The Midland
manufacturing counties, though on the whole hardly more progressive
than the North, show a distinctly higher proportion of marriages, just as
they have been seen to show lower proportions of bachelors at 45-55.
The importance of the marriage rate as a test of prosperity has, I think,
been greatly exaggerated. Where the experience of the same place at
different periods showed definite rises and falls in the marriage rate, I
think periods of prosperity or adversity might until lately be fairly inferred.
In these days, however, when the birth rate is systematically moderated
by means to which I need not particularly refer, even this amount of
meaning can hardly be given to the figures, whilst in my opinion the
absolute marriage rate never had any value as a standard by which to
estimate the comparative prosperity of different populations. There has
always been a further element, whether of racial peculiarity or long usage,
which has hindered any true comparison. All other things being equal,
it seems to me that the Stafford, Leicester and Notts men have a stronger
tendency to marry than the northern men or the Welsh. So far as
concerns the rural populations, I am induced to suppose that the higher
wages paid in the North have led to a more expensive standard of hving,
and an indisposition to marry if that standard would bo imperilled, whilst
in the East and West there is a continual strong tendency towards migra-
tion accompanied by a lower standard of living and less thought for the
future. In Nottingham and Luton, places where female labour is highly
remunerated, there are many marriages to a given number of single men ;
and next on the list come Bristol and Yarmouth.
7'2 EnghDid's Beer lit Progrcsf^.
If wo classify tho IdO placos under their I'ank fis respects the marriago
rate in 181)1 we'cet the lollowiuy- Table : —
•Marriage rate.*
Wales
and
Border.
Lanca-
shire,
York
and
North.
Metro-
polis
and
South.
Staf-
ford,
Leices-
ter, Ac.
West.
East.
Rural
resi-
dues of
Coun-
ties.
Mili-
tary
places.
Places
with
Lunatic
Asylum.
Totals.
Towns, Industbial Places, &c.
Under 10-5 . .
3
1
1
1
6
10-5 to 11-8 . .
,.
4
, ,
1
3
8
11-9 to 13-0. .
"2
2
i
3
'2
6
16
131tol4-2 . .
13
2
1
"2
2
..
3
23
l-t-3 to 15-3 . .
8
5
1
1
5
15
15' 4 and upwards
5
8
1
2
'.'.
1
17
Resii
)EXTIAI
. AND IMlLITAI
^Y Pla
CES, Rural Residues, &c.
Under 10- 5 .
"
1
4
11
4
20
10-5 to 11-8 . .
5
i
9
1
G
22
11-9 to 13-0 . .
'i
i
4
10
1
1
18
13-1 to 14-2 . .
2
2
"2
i
1
1
9
14-3 to 15-3 . .
1
2
1
4
15 • 4 and upwards
2
2
3
34 1 18
17
11
9
24 13
31
160
* Per 100 unmaiTied and widowed males aged 20-35.
The high marriage rates in towns and industrial places and the lower
ones in rural and military places, as well as in most of the places where
there are County asylums for lunatics, are here seen. The six residential
places where really high rates were noted in both decennial periods were
Bath, Cheltenham, Scarborough, Brighton, Poole and Thanet. In mihtary
places the ratio sometimes falls below 5 per cent.
Details are given in Appendix H.
Eaely Marriages.
The best method of testing tho numbers of early marriages in the
several localities seems to me to be, a comparison of the numbers of
married people of either sex under 35 years of age with the totals of
married women under 65.
The standard might almost as reasonably have been the numbers
of maiTied men of similar age, who, undoubtedly, constitute the most
vital portion of any population, but there are cases where, by the absence
of sailors and fishermen from their homes or the presence of unusual
numbers of men travelling on business, the standard in question would be
perturbed.
Bachelors and spinsters cannot form part of the standard, as the
masses of soldiers, sailors and domestic servants in particular localities
would deprive a standard including these elements of value.
England's Recent Progress.
73
The necessary data are contained in the Census Tables for 1891,* but
in those for 1901 similar facts are tabulated, not for the several registration
districts, but only for the largest urban populations and for county groups
of urban and rural districts.
The following Tables show the results of working out the figures
for 1891.
First, as to the numbers of married and widowed people under 35 years
of age jj(3r cciit. upon the total of wives under 65 : —
Man-
ed and
Widowed
Wives.
under 35.
1891.
Widows.
Males.
Females.
Under
35.
35—
45—
55—
65 and
upwards.
Colliery districts ....
39-1
47-1
46-1
26-8
17-9
9-2
3-7
18-4
Large towns .
1 36-5
45-8
44-4
28
5
18-4
8-7
3-5
25-1
Industrial places .
36-2
44-0
43-1
27
5
19-1
10-4
4-7
20-8
Textile places .
37-0
42-6
41-4
28
8
17-6
10-1
3-5
28-8
Military places
32-1
43-0
41-8
27
4
19-4
11-5
6-0
25-3
Old towns .
38-8
41-0
40-0
28
1
20-2
11-7
5-9
24-3
Residential places
80-8
38-4
37-2
28
3
21-5
12-9
7-0
28-7
Miscellaneous .
30-2
36-7
360
29
3
22-2
12-6
7-4
23-0
Rural residues
29-1
35-7
34-9
27-5
22-6
15-0
9-2
25-5
England and Wales
34-7
42-6
41-5
27-6
19-7
10-9
5-2
24-0
Then as to the range of ratios :-
Married and Widowed.
Married and Widowed.
Men under 35.
Women under 35.
Under
28.
28 and
31 and
34 and
37 and
Under
34.
34 and
37 and
40 and
43 and
under
under
under
up-
under
under
under
up-
31.
34.
37.
wards.
37.
40.
43.
wards.
Colliery districts
9
3
6
4
5
Large towns .
10
5
5
10
Industrial places
25
2
4
4
5
10
4
i
7
13
Textile places
22
8
11
8
4
12
6
Military places .
16
1
4
7
3
1
2
5
4
5
Old towns
19
3
9
3
4
1
7
7
4
Residential places .
82
4
12
12
4
2
11
11
6
2
Miscellaneous
8
2
1
2
1
Rural residues .
24
160
6
13
16
41
1
37
1
4
15
4
33
1
England and Wales .
35
34
6
35
41
45
It will bo remarked that the four groups placed first showed a pre-
ponderance of ratios above 34 for males and above 40 for females. The
remaining groups showed most ratios under those figures.
* There is but a small exception, viz., it is necessary to substitute Ilayfield district
for Glossop sub-district, Highworth district for Swindon sub-district.
74 Ev(jlaiid\<! Becrnf Progrcis.
Tho following places rankoil hrloir most of their noighbouvs
Married
Mnrripil
aud Widowed
1 and Widowed
under 35.
under 35.
Males.
Females.
Males.
females.
Industrial—
Military —
Whitehaven .
33-1
48-1
St. Germans .
26-8
39-0
Millom
33-1
41-9
Grimsby .
Stafford
Rugby . .
Southampton
Falmouth .
Redruth
33-4
31-2
29-1
30-7
26-9
30-1
46-1
36-G
34-6
42-0
85-4
41-3
Residential —
Rhyl
Maiveru ....
Heme Bay
Isle of Wight . .
23-3
26-4
27-0
26-9
31-8
32-3
36-G
35-8
Helston
26-9
36-7
Penzance .
28-1
39-4
Rural residues —
Denbigh . . . . ; 26-1
33-2
Textile—
Salop .
26-1
33-3
Todmorden
35-0
38-0
Montgomery
24-6
33-5
\\ harfedale
33-2
40-2
Monmouth
26-9
35-3
Saddleworth .
35-9
39-3
Carnarvon
24-7
34-7
!\Iacclesfield .
32-4
38-8
Essex .
28-5
33-8
Kidderminster
32-5
39-0
Cornwall .
26-7
35-3
The following places, in classes below the first four, ranked higher
than their neighbours : —
) Married
Married
and Widowed
and Widowed
under 35.
under 35.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Military —
Old towns — continued.
Portsmouth . . . 1 30-0
44-6
Northampton
38-8
44-2
Plymouth .
31-8
43-7
Norwich ....
34-8
41-4
Chatham .
37-0
46-5
Yarmouth
29-1
41-5
Colchester .
1 35-1
44-8
Gloucester
34-0
39-9
Dover .
32-0
41-2
Reading ....
35-9
42-4
Folkestone
32-9
42-5
Canterbury
31-2
41-5
Residential —
Sheerness .
' 35-4
42-3
Morecambe .
36-1
43-0
Farnham .
35-5
47-3
Southport
32-2
40-3
Southend
33-3
41-5
Old towns —
Thanet ....
30-4
40-1
Carlisle ....
31
8
40
2
Brighton ....
31-9
40-7
York . .
32
7
42
Eastbourne .
34-5
43-2
Chester
32
3
40
Bournemouth
34-1
42-7
Wakefield .
38
44
5
Poole
35-1
41-9
Derby .
37
1
44
4
Coventry .
39
7
45
Rural residues^
Worcester .
32-2
40-6
Lancashire .
34-9
41-4
The number -of places where the ratio for males in this last Table is
higher than 33-9 is sixteen, but the number where the ratio for females
is 40 and upwards is as great as 29. Therefore there was a more
England's Recent Progress.
75
frequent tendency to early marriages amongst females than amongst
males in the districts tahulated.
The Census Tables for 1901 enable us to arrive at the following figures
for the administrative divisions of the country, which do not of course
correspond with the registration counties and districts. The ratios are
as before the proportions per cent, of young people of either sex under
35 years of age who are or have been married, to the total numbers of
wives under 65 years of age.
The following were the average ratios, viz. : —
Males.
In London (county, adding Croydon, Willesden, &c.) . 35 "3
In other large urban districts for which details are"* og.^
furnished . . . . . . . . /
In smaller urban districts (which are dealt with in "I g^^.tr
county totals) . . . . . . . /
In the aggregate of all urban districts . . . . 35"4
In the aggregate of all rural districts (which are also\ oq.q
dealt with in county totals) . . . . . )
In England and Wales . . . . . .34-0
Females.
45-3
45-3
42-2
44-0
36-0
42-3
It will be observed that the averages for England and Wales were but
slightly reduced below those for 1891.
In ten large towns : —
Sheffield .
Manchester
Birmingham
Leeds
Leicester
Males.
40-0
38-7
38-2
37-3
37-3
enij
48
lies.
2
47
7
46
7
45
3
44
2
In fourteen old towns
Males.
Coventry . . . . 39 "6
York 35-7
Derby 35-7
Northampton . . . 35*5
Lincoln 33-9
Gloucester . . . . 33-7
Reading 33 "5
Females.
45-8
44-3
42-8
42-7
40-7
42-0
40-6
Males.
Hull 35-5
Bristol 35-5
London 35 '3
Liverpool . . . . 35'3
Nottingham . . . 34-9
Ipswich .
Norwich
Chester .
Worcester
Exeter .
Oxford .
Males.
. . . . 33-0 ...
. . . . 32-9
. . . . 32-8
. . . . 32-1
. . . . 30-2
. . . . 28-9
louth . . 28-5
In eleven seats of textile manufactures
Burnley .
Stockport
Bolton .
Preston .
Blackburn
Oldham .
Males.
37-2
36-5
36-3
36-2
360
36-0
Females.
42-6
44-1
Rochdale
43-7
Bradford
42-6
Bury
42-7
Halifax .
41-7
Huddersfield
Males.
35
9 ...
35
2 ...
35
1 ...
34
2 ...
33
1 ...
Females.
46-
7
43
6
45
3
47
4
42
4
Females
41
8
40
8
42
39
8
37
6
36
5
38
8
Females
41
5
41
4
41
In fourteen towns in colliery districts : —
Rhondda
Merthyr . .
Warrington
St. Helens .
West Hartlepool
Wigan .
Nowcastle-on-Tyne
Males.
46-8
43-5
40-5
40-1
39-6
39-5
37-8
ems
53
les.
2
51
2
48
7
47
8
50
57
47
•7
Sunderland
Newport (Mon.)
Tynemouth
South Shields
Stockton
Cardiff . .
Swansea
Males.
Females
36-0 .
.. 47-8
36-2 .
.. 47-0
36-0 .
.. 47-0
35-9 .
.. 48-8
35-7
.. 46-0
35-4
.. 4G-8
34-4
.. 43-9
76
Euffhmd's Bccenf Progress.
In eleven industrial places : —
Barrow-iii-Furuess
Rotherham .
llauley .
Middlesbro'
Wals&U . .
Dudley .
Males.
i-2-S
39-8
39-3
38-5
38-3
Koinales.
.. 40
^ i
.. 47
9
... 47
9
.. 50
2
... 46
2
... 45
4
In three military places : —
Plj-mouth and Devonport
Canterbury
Portsmouth .
West Bromwich
Wolverhauiptou
Burton-on-Trent
Grimsby
Southampton .
Wales.
34-3
31-9
30-5
Males.
37-7
35-7
35-2
34-G
34-4
Females.
4G-0
41-6
45-3
Females.
45-3
43-7
41-8
46-8
44-9
And in four residential places : —
Brighton
Hastings
Bath . . . .
Bournemouth*
Males.
30-5
29-5
28-2
26-0
Females.
40-7
37-1
36-0
3G-4
Towns with less than 50,000 inhabitants are grouped under the
Administrative County to which they belong. There is some difficulty
in classifying these heterogenous groups. V^^e find Eugby and Erdington
in the same group with Leamington, and Eastleigh in the same group
with Ventnor. The counties are therefore grouped according to the best
judgment I can form of the prevailing characteristics of their smaller
communities.
Three counties with textile manufactures : —
Smaller
Urban districts.
Rural districts. ,
Males. Females.
Lancaster
York . .
Chester .
36-0
35-2
34-7
42-2
42-0
41-8
Males.
31-2
30-0
31-2
Females.
37-6
37-8
38-3
Eight counties with colliery towns : —
Glamorgan .
Monmouth .
Northumberland
Derby ....
Nottingham .
StaSord .
Durham .
Brecon
Smaller
Urban districts.
Males. Females.
41-8
39-8
38-8
38-5
38-4
38-2
37-7
35-6
Eural districts.
Males.
36-8
26'
30'
36'
30'
33'
36'
31-8
Females.
44-5
35
6
39
3
43
7
37
3
40
45
8
39
4
* The figures for 1891 on page 74 for Christchurch registration district (re-uamed
Bournemouth) are much higher.
England^s Becent Progress.
Seven with either industrial places or collieries : — •
77
Northampton
Leicester .
Cumberland
Carmarthen
Warwick .
Worcester
Wilts . .
Smaller
Urban districts.
Rural districts.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
37-8
44-1
28-1
34-0
37-5
43-8
31-3
37-6
31-9
41-1
26-7
35-0
31-5
38-8
31-3
36-7
33-5
40-1
30-0
36-0
33-2
40-3
30-7
37-9
32-4
39-4
26-4
32-7
Six influenced by the Metropolis : —
Essex .
Kent .
Middlesex
Hertford .
Bucks .
Surrey
Smaller
Urban districts.
Rural districts.
Males.
37-6
34-0
34-0
33-6
32-6
31-0
Females.
42-3
42-5
42-7
40-0
39-6
40-1
Males.
28'
28'
32
27'
28
Females.
34-4
36-4
39-8
33-0
34-3
36-4
Twelve others where the ratio of married men in the towns is at
least 30 per cent. : — •
Dorset .
Radnor
Lincoln .
Pembroke
Cambridge
Somerset
Flint .
Norfolk
Hants .
Suffolk
Sussex
♦Denbigh
Smaller
Urban districts.
Rural districts.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
33-6
39-0
25-2
32-2
33-4
41-0
27-9
3G-5
32-4
41-1
25-6
33-2
32-0
38-3
24-6
31-8
31-2
38-0
26-2
32-6
31-0
38-3
26-6
32-9
31-0
39-8
28-4
86-2
30-9
38-2
25-5
32-6
30-8
41-3
27-1
34-3
30-7
38-6
25-4
32-4
30-4
39-0
26-4
33-8
30-1
39-4
32-9
39-2
In the rural parts of Dcul)io'h there are many colliers.
And the remaining sixteen where the ratio of married men in tlio
smaller urban districts is even lower : —
78
EnfiJaiuVs lieccnt Progress.
Smaller
Urban districts
Males.
Gloucester .... 29
Anglesey .... 29
Salop 29
Huntingdon .... 29
Carnarvon .... 29
Westmoreland ... 29
Berks 28
Oxford 27
Cornwall 27
Devon 27
Hereford 27
Bedford 26
Merioneth . . . .25
Montgomery .... 25
Cardigan 22
Rutland
Females.
Kural ilistricts.
Males.
Females.
The extreme figures for urban districts are :-
Highest — Rhondda .....
Lowest — Cardigan group
and for rural districts : — ■
Highest— Durham .....
,, Glamorgan ....
Lowest — Cardigan .....
ilales.
46-8
22-6
Males.
36-4
36-8
19-1
Females.
53-2
34-0
Females.
45-8
44-5
28-0
The following considerations may be worthy of recollection : —
1. Where, as in Durham and Northumberland, high wages and
early marriages are the rule, the general tone of society also
affects the non-mining places such as Hartlepool, Stockton and
Darlington. Again, Walsall in South Staffordshire, though
chiefly dependent on the saddlery trade, must be influenced by
the neighbouring towns.
2. In both Yorkshire and Lancashire there are many small colliery
towns; probably, if these could be separately shown, the
remaining small towns, largely engaged in textile manufac-
tures, would show lower ratios of young married people.
3. In counties adjacent to London the proportions of the married
are evidently raised, though if these could be sub-divided, the
parts more remote from the Metropolis might show lower
figures.
On the whole, it seems that the tendency towards early marriages is
strongest in the colliery districts, next m industrial places, seats of textile
industries and large towns, lower in old towns and military places, and
lowest of aU in residential and rural districts.
England's Recent Progress.
79
Wives aged 55 and upwards, and Widows.
It is obvious that tlie proportions of these will be lowest in places
where the mortality is high and the populations are rapidly increasing;
highest where the reverse conditions prevail. But there may be some
advantage in extracting the proportions so as to realise how far the
attractions of residential places influence migrations, as well as the
disadvantages of such places as Barrow. Widows and elderly wives may
also be specially numerous where many men (such as fishermen, sailors
and miners) may be absent on the Census day whilst supporting families
by their earnings.
In the following places (omitting the rural residues, where the figures
are generally high) the proportions were greatest in 1891 : — •
Widows
aged
Wives aged
Widows
Wives aged
—
35 and
65 and
35 and
65 and
wards.
55-65.
up-
wards.
wards.
55-65.
up-
wards.
Residential —
Towns (old)—
Cheltenham .
36-9
14-1
8
Exeter ....
31-1
14-0
8-1
Bath ....
35-2
13-1
7
Cambridge
30-0
10-9
5-5
Rhyl ....
34-1
16-7
7
7
Lynn ....
29-5
11-8
7-8
Weston-super-)
Mare . . ./
31-4
14-9
10
4
Carlisle.
Ipswich
28-2
25-0
11-3
13-7
5-1
7-9
Malvern
Leamington .
Brighton .
Scarborough .
Thanet ....
Harrogate .
31-3
81-1
30-3
30-2
29-8
29-7
17-2
14-6
11-5
13-2
11-7
13-6
9
8
5
7
6
7
6
4
8
6
7
1
Industrial —
Redruth
Penzance .
Helston
Falmouth .
39-2
37-0
36-8
32-3
12-3
13-9
14-7
15-2
5-9
8-1
8-7
8-9
Worthing .
29-7
13-3
7
5
Military —
Torquay
29-5
14-5
9
2
St. Germans .
30-7
14-7
9-0
Heme Bay
25-7
14-3
8
5
Canterbury
30-4
11-9
6-5
Isle of Wight . .
24-7
14-5
7-4
Weymouth .
28-0
13-5
8-0
The following are places where the ratios (to 100 wives aged not more
than 65) were lowest in 1891 : —
Widows
aged
Wives aged
Widows
Wives aged
aged
—
35 and
65 and
35 aud
65 and
up-
wards.
55-«5.
up-
wards.
up-
wards.
55-«5.
up.
wards.
Industrial —
Barrow
13-4
7
2-2
Highworth "1
(Swindon) ./
14-1
9-4
4-1
Middlesbro'
15-1
8
1
3-1
Rotherham
15-3
8
8
3-8
Crewe ....
17-5
11-4
6-6
Walsall
16-4
9
8
3-9
Burton-on-Trent .
17-7
100
4-4
Whitehaven
23-8
9
6
3-6
Grimsby
17-7
10-4
5-3
Potteries .
20- i
tt
9
3-4
Kettering .
15-0
11-0
6-3
Tiibary
12-7
8
5
4-9
Wellingborough ,
16-4
li-4
5-4
so
England's Becent Progress.
iiged
W n>>a-t-.l
\S i,i,)w.s
aged
\\ivi;s
aged
86 and
65 and
35 and
65 and
up-
waids.
65-<5.
up-
wards.
wards.
65-65.
up-
wards.
Colliery districts —
Textile manufac-
Durham
18-0
8-9
3-4
turing —
Glamorgan
18-0
8-9
3-6
Burnley
18-1
8-0
2-5
Chesterfield
14-8
10-3
4-7
Blackburn .
20-8
8-7
2-9
\Vigan ....
17-6
8-6
3-1
Bolton ....
21-3
8-8
2-8
Barnsley
15-5
9-3
3-7
Oldham
21-5
9-1
2-6
Canuock .
U-3
12-0
5-6
Haslingdon
20-7
9-9
3-3
Ashby -de-la- "l
Zouche . . .)
16-7
12-7
6-3
Bradford .
23-4
10-5
3-4
Ash ton-under-i
23-6
9-9
3-4
Lyne . . . 1
Stockport .
24-4
9-8
3-5
Old towns —
Wakefield . . .
16-3
9-2
3-7
Large towns —
Northampton .
17-0
10-4
4-6
Liverpool .
26-0
7
7
2-6
Derby ....
17-8
9-2
3-5
Manchester
24-5
8
2-6
Sheffield . . .
19-7
8
4
2-8
Leeds ....
21-0
8
7
2-9
Military —
London
24-3
8
7
3-6
Famham .
17-3
9-7
4-2
Hull ....
20-6
y
4-0
Sheemess .
17-4
11-6
5-8
Birmingham .
20-8
9-6
3-8
The average ratios in groups of districts were in 1891 :-
Colliery districts
Large towns .
Industrial* places
Textile!
Military ,,
Old towns
Residential places
Miscellaneous
Rural residues .
England and Wales.
Widows
aged 35
and
upwards.
17'
23'
19'
22'
24'
23'
27'
22'
24'
22-9
Wives aged
65 and
I upwards.
15-0
7-4
■9-2
10-9
5-2
* Including Highworth instead of Swindon.
t „ Haytield ,, Glossop.
BiKTHS.
As the proportion of women in the married state at ages under 45
varies considerably, it cannot be safe to compare births wdth the total
female population, or even with the numbers of women aged 20-45. It is,
perhaps, an open question whether births should be compared with the
numbers of married women under 35 or under 45 years of age. By
including married women aged 35-45 we lower the comparative birth rates
in rural counties and add to them in the mining and manufacturing
districts, as the following Table will show : —
England's Recent Progress.
81
1901.
Registration Counties.
Married Women
under 85 being
KJO, those aged
45 and
upwards
are in proportion.
Durham and Northumber-'l
land j
Glamorgan, Monmouth i
and Brecon . . . . f
Stafford, Worcester audi
Warwick /
Leicester, Notts and Derby
York
Lancashire and Cheshire.
Metropolitan counties
Denbigh and Flint
Lincoln and Rutland .
Northampton, Bedford, &c.
Hants and Berks .
59-2
59-3
64-6
66-4
66-8
67'
67'
72'
74'
74'
75'
67-1
65-4
79-4
82-7
80-1
73-1
77-0
106-5
115-4
114-8
103-8
1901.
Registration Counties.
Gloucester and Somerset.
Cumberland and West-'l
morelaud /
Sussex
Devon
Norfolk and Suffolk . .
Carnarvon and Anglesey .
Wilts and Dorset .
Cornwall
Carmarthen, Pembroke,)
&c /
Montgomery, &c . . .
Bucks and Oxford .
Salop and Hereford
Married Wcjnien
under 35 being
100, those aged
45 and
upwards
are in proportion.
111-9
105-1
114-1
115-1
130-8
120-3
127-6
127-7
132-0
135-6
133-1
142-1
76
8
77
6
79
3
79
3
81
3
82
1
82
3
82
4
83
6
84
84
6
86
1
The best course appears to me to be that of comparing births with the
numbers of married women under 45 years of age. This is a medium
between using the figure of married women under 35 and that of married
women at all ages. Incidentally it may be noted that the proportion of
women (married and otherwise) aged 20-35 to female population seems
to be steadily rising as the number of children falls off, but the proportion
of those who are married tends to decrease : —
Women, 20-35. Per cent.
Married Women under 35
on Female population.
to lOU V
'omen aged 20-35.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
London, Middlesex, &c. .
25-95
26-44
27-86
52-9
50-2
49-0
Lancashire and Cheshire .
25-38
25-75
27-60
56-5
52-9
50-8
York ......
24-14
24-92
26-71
59-5
55-4
53-4
Sussex ......
24-09
25-02
26-31
47-8
41-4
40-6
Stafford, Worcester and Warwick
23-12
23-71
25-95
59-7
56-3
54-8
Glamorgan, Monmouth and Brecon .
22-82
24-58
25-81
63-6
63-2
61-5
Durham and Northumberland .
23-08
23-91
25-80
65-6
62-2
59-6
Leicester, Notts and Derby
23-43
23-98
25-72
61-6
57-2
55-3
Hants and Berks ....
22-90
24-09
25-48
53 9
49-1
48-0
Carnarvon and Anglesey .
22-41
23-26
25-35
49-9
42-8
42-9
Devon ......
22-57
24-23
24-96
48-4
46-0
46-0
Gloucester and Somerset .
22-48
23-35
24-75
50-1
47-2
45-7
Cumberland and Westmoreland
22 88
23-11
24-18
52-7
49-2
45-8
Denbigh and Flint ....
20-64
21-82
23-90
54-9
50-2
50-7
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c.
22-08
22-73
23-65
43-8
40-9
40 -U
Lincoln and Rutland
21-07
21-61
23-00
.58-0
53-5
62-8
Northampton, Bedford, &c.
21-19
22-05
23-56
56 6
53-3
51-9
Montgomery, Merioneth, &c.
20-86
21-48
23-50
50-3
43-2
43-2
Cornwall ......
21-56
23-24
23 32
45-8
45-7
45-6
Wilts and Dorset ....
20-74
21-83
22-90
53-3
50-3
49-1
Bucks and Oxford ....
20-84
21-75
22-69
53-3
49-8
47-0
Salop and Hereford ....
20-18
21-33
22-58
49-5
45-3
44-5
Norfolk and Suffolk
20-71
21-24
22-05
56-8
53-6
50-9
England and Wales ....
23-91
24-67
26-30
65-8
62-5
51-0
82
EnghfiuVs Becrnt P/w/rr.s.s.
It has been seen that tho tciHlency towards marriage is not specially
strong in the mining counties, yet, in consequence of the relative paucity
of female population, the proportion of young women in the married state
is very much above tho average in those counties. Generally, it will bo
seen that the increased proportion of young women aged 20-35 is
universally progressive, and the diminished proportion in the married
state is almost equally regular, with the exception that in the last
decennium little or no change occurred in Devon, Cornwall and four
Welsh groups.
We get rid at once of all reference to such fluctuations when we
compare directly tigiu'es which are more truly capable of comparison,
viz., the numl^er of births with that of married women under 45,
though this method disregards the illegitimate births (which are
nowhere numerous enough to demand special notice, and which tend
to diminish in number), and also the decreased fertility of women after
35 years of age.
In 1901 the proportion of married women under 45 to the total female
population was as stated below : —
Manieil
Women under
45 per cent.
on total
Female
population
in 19IJ1.
Glamorgan, ISIonmouth and"!
Brecon j
Durham and Northumber-1
land /
York
Leicester, Notts and Derby
Stafford, Worcester and\
Warwick ....
Lancashire and Cheshire
London, ]\Iiddlesex, &c.
Lincoln and Rutland .
Hants and Berks .
Northampton, Bedford, &c.
Denbigh and Flint
25-29
24-48
23-80
23-68
23-41
23-26
22-93
21-72
21-49
21-38
20-86
Married
Women under
45 per cent.
on total
Female
population
in 1901.
Devon
Wilts and Dorset ....
Norfolk and Suffolk . . .
Gloucester and Somerset .
Carnarvon and Anglesey .
Bucks and Oxford ....
Cumberland and Westmore- 1
land j
Cornwall
Sussex
Salop and Hereford
Montgomery, INIerioneth, &c.
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c. .
England and Wales
20-57
20-52
20-34
20-00
19-80
19-70
19-68
19-40
19-14
18-70
18-68
17-77
22-64
It will be seen that where women are relatively few in number the
proportion of married women is high. The counties at the other end of
the scale include those w^hich like Sussex contain a very large female
population, and some others where the tendency towards marriage is
w'eaker than usual.
The gradual increase of the age at marriage causes the proportion of
married women at age 35-45 to those who are younger to mount up, the
national per centage advancing from —
65-5 in 1881
to 67-5 in 1891
and 68-7 in 1901;
but the increase is not regular, as shown below ; —
E)igl(UHVfi Uccent Progress.
88
Married Women,
aged 35-45, to each
Increase
or De-
Married Women,
aged 35-45, to each
Increase
100 under 35.
10( under 85.
crease
in 20
'
crease
in 21)
1881.
1891.
1901.
years.
1881.
63-6
1891.
190
L.
9
years.
Cumberland, &c. .
66
6
72
4
77
6
11
Loudon, &c. .
66-4
67
4-8
Norfolk, &c. .
70
'J
74
81
3
10
4
Montgomery, &c. .
79
9
86
8
84
4-1
Sussex ....
70
4
78
4
79
3
8
9
York ....
63
4
66
66
8
3-4
Bucks and Oxford
77
78
84
6
7
6
Cornwall .
80
73
9
82
4
2-4
"Wilts and Dorset
75
5
77
9
82
3
6
8
Lincoln, &c. .
72
75
8
74
2
2-2
Carmarthen, &c. .
77
2
79
9 83
6
6
4
Northampton, &c.
72
8
73
9
74
9
2-1
Carnarvon, &c.
75
8
84
3 82
1
6
3
Durham, &c. .
58
9
58
8
59
2
0-3
Devon ....
73
1
72
79
3
6
2
Stafford, &c. . .
64
6
66
64
6
Leicester, Notts, &c.
60
4
64
9 66
4
6
Salop and Hereford
86
9
84
2
86
1
0-8
Hants and Berks .
70
7
73
75
7
5
Glamorgan, &c. .
61
1
57
5
59
3
1-8
Lancashire, &c. .
63
65
8 67
4
4
4
Denbigh, &c. .
78
7
76
8
72
6-7
Gloucester, &c.
72
4
74
76
8
4
4
England and Wales
65
5
67
5
68
7'
3-2
There seems to be here a clear indication that tlie age at marriage has
not increased in Dmdiam, South Wales, the Stafford group and Denbigh.
In Salop it is steadily high, but not increasing, The increase rather atfects
certain of the groups least engaged in industrial pursuits, the first eight
being of that character, except Cumberland, which merely comes into line
with other unprogressive counties. Other groups, ranking low in 1881,
have not added to their figures sufficiently to rank high in 1901 ; whilst
Montgomery and Cornwall, beginning with high ratios, had the less room
for any large increase.
Birth Eates.
Turning now to the proportion of births to the numbers of married
women under 45 years of age, we begin with the following Table showing
the ratios in groups of registration counties for 1881, 1891 and 1901, in
each case taking the average of three years' births, the mid-most year being
that of the Census : — •
Durham and North-|
umberland . . . /
Glamorgan, Mon-|
mouth, &c. . . . /
Denbigh and Flint .
Carmarthen, &c.:.
Montgomery, &c. .
Salop and Hereford .
Cumberland, &c. .
Stafford, Warwick, &c.
Leicester, Notts andi
Derby . . . . j
Norfolk and Suffolk .
Lancashire and Che-l
shire j
Carnarvon and Angle- 1
sey f
Births i)er lU^OiO
Married Woiiiea
under 45.
1881. 1891.
3,202 3,087
2,876
3,140 3, 1251 2,840
3,061: 2,992
3,358 3,1.32
3,185 2,902
3,039 2,951
3,341: 3,065
3,137 2,935
3,084 2,793
3,064 2,792
2,S90j 2,761
2,900 2,567
2,792
2,743
2 , 706
2,667
2,651
2,645
2,511
2,469
2,423
2,419
Lincoln and Rutland
Bucks and Oxford
York ....
London and Metro
I)olitan Counties
Northampton, &c.
Wilts and Dorset
Gloucester and So
merset .
Cornwall .
Hants and Berks
Devon.
Sussex
Birtlis per 10,00'J
Married Women
under 45.
1881.
3,021
3,105
2,919
2,906
3,CC2
3,048
3,005
3,084
2,916
2,982
2,942
England and Wales. '3,006
1891.
1901.
2,704 2,412
2,841 2,404
2,656 2,390
2,627
2,737
2,347
2,327
2,700i 2,321
2,735! 2,314
2,7741
2,579-
2,63l'
2,492i
2,310
2,228
2,170
2,145
2,756 2,451
84
KiK/hours Bcrrnt Progress.
It is satisfactory to tlunk that soiiio of the disturhiiig causes which
impair tlio vahic of the statistics of deaths and mania<j;os do not affect
those figures. INIihtary camps, hmatic asylums, migrations and marriage
rates have no bearing on the proportions now sliown. On the other hand,
the same social influences which modify the numbers of mari'iages in
certain districts may assimilate the action of populations which are in
close communication with those districts ; we do not find it strange if
similar ratios appear in Leicester, Northampton and Luton, and we do
consider it wonderful that Preston and Bolton differ so much from Burnley
and Buiy.
Other sets of ratios (for periods of ten years) are shown in the following
Table, the number of married women used as a divisor being the mean
number at two Census dates : —
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c
Glamorgan, Monmouth, &c
Denbigh and Flint .
Durham and Northumber-
land
Montgomery, &c.
Salop and Hereford.
Cimiberland and West-^
moreland /
Stafford, Warwick and^
Worcester j
Norfolk and Suffolk . .
Leicester, Notts and Derby
Bucks and Oxford .
Births per 10,000
JlaiTied Women
under 45.
1881-90.
3,233
3,025
2,923
3,095
3,090
3,059
8,232
2,997
3,000
2,950
3,011
1891-00.
2,974
2,956
2,946
2,893
2,865
2,863
2,858
2,777
2,670
2,654
2,635
Lancashire and Cheshire .
Lincoln and Rutland .
Cornwall
Gloucester and Somerset .
Northampton, &c. .
Wilts and Dorset .
Carnarvon and Anglesey .
York
London and Metropolitan"!
Counties /
Devon
Hants and Berks .
Sussex
Births per 10,000
MaiTied Women
under 45.
1881-90.
2,863
2,918
2,965
2,872
2,900
2,914
2,741
2,746
2,773
2,828
2,793
2,731
1891-00.
2,606
2,575
2,573
2,567
2,561
2,545
2,522
2,516
2,462
2,421
2,403
2,342
These figures simply support the idea that since 1881 there has been a
progressive decline in the birth rate, affecting textile manufacturing places
and residential towns in a special degree, but extending to every part of
the kingdom.
The absolute numbers of births decreased in many places, as shown
opposite ; as between 1881-1890 and 1891-1900.
The figures of births in the two decennial periods are shown in
Appendix C.
The following little Table summarises the facts for the 160 districts as
in 1881 and 1891 (averages of three years), viz. : —
Births per
10,000 Married
Women
under 45.
1881.
Residential places
Textile manufacturing )
places j
Old towns
Military places
Rural residuus of Couuties
2,982
2,819
1891.
2,553
2,477
2,989 2,672
2, 888 1 2,574
3,117' 2.88S
De-
cline
in 10
years.
379
342
317
309
279
Birtlis per
10,000 Married
Women
under 45.
De-
cline
in 10
years
1881. 1891.
Miscellaneous places
Large towns .
Industrial places .
Colliery districts.
England and Wales
2,884,
2,898!
3,196
3,244
3,006
2,623^ 261
2,657i 241
2,988; 208
3,156 88
2,756 250
EnglamVs Mecent Progi-ess.
85
Increased Births (10 years).
Decreased Births (10 years).
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
No.
Per
cent.
No.
Per
cent.
No.
Per
cent.
^'- L^rt.
9 Colliery districts ....
111,075
17-8 107,704
18-0
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.) .
10,703
11-4
11,127
12-4
10 Large towns
103,020
6-5
99,972
6-5
6 Industrial (Wolverhampton,!
&c.) (
3,157
2-1
3,409
2-4
12 Industrial (Southampton, &c.)
3,786
4-0
3,456
3-9
4 ]\Iilitary towns ....
3,178
3-9
3,364
4-3
12 ,, other places
118
•2
1,064
2-2
7 Residential (with asylums) .
949
2-3
1,782
4-5
9 „ (Brighton, &c.) .
4,706
5-8
5,230
6-7
3 ,, (Bournemouth, \
&c.) (
760
3-9
822
4-4
13 Residential (other)
994
1-3
997
1-4
3 Miscellaneous
31
•4
81
1-2
19 Old to\vns
240
•1
849
•4
22 Textile manufacturing places
16,389
3-8
15,792 3-8
6 Rural residues (residential) .
32,552
11-4
31,750 11-5
3 ,, ,, (Wilts, &c.) .
13,315
12-8
12,459
12-5
3 ,, ,, (Norfolk, &c.)
22,125
11-5
21,724
11-8
G „ ,, (Welsh) . .
12,441
7-7
11,181
7-3
6 „ ,, (Northern) .
13,614
5-5
12,407
5-2
242,427
239,167
111,285
105,394
Deduct decreases
111,285
.. 105,394
3-1
Net increase of Births .
131,142
1
2-9 133,773
1
81)
England's h'ccrnf Progress.
The colliery districts stood highest in 1881, and the ratio of births there
has given way to a smaller extent l)y far than in other places. It is
specially noticeable that rural places have been very widely aifected.
Tho details for 1881 arc given in Appendix H and will be found
interesting. I feel so strongly the need of carrying on the investigation to
the date of the last Census that I have superadded in the same Appendix a
calculation for 1901 based partly on estimates. The numbers in 1901 of
married women aged 15-45 are known for registration counties and for
the larger municipalities. I have striven so to allocate the numbers in the
residues of counties as to do no violence to probability, and for this purpose
have had to investigate the local proportions between the numbers of
women aged 20-45, which are shown in the 1901 Census Tables, and the
numbers of married women under 45, w4iich are not so shown, save for
counties and the largest boroughs.
The following County Table shows that there are considerable local
variations, and that there has been a general decline in the proportions of
those aged 20-45 who are in the married state : —
Women,
aged 20-45,
per centage
MaiTied.
1891. I 1901.
De-
cline.
Women,
aged 20-45.
per centage
Married.
1891. 1901.
De-
cline.
Glamorgan, Monmouth,!
&c J
Durham, &c
Leicester, Notts andV
Derby /
Stafiord, Worcester andu
Warwick . . , . •
Lincoln, &c
York
Northampton, &c.
Norfolk and Suffolk .
Denbigh and Flint .
Wilts and Dorset.
Lancashire and Cheshire
69-4 68-2 1-2
68-4: 66-1
64-7 63-0
2-3
1-7
63-8' 62-2' 1-6
62-5
62-7
61-7
61-8
59-2
59-4
(50-0
61-5
60-9
60-4
60-0
58-9
58-4
57-8:
1-0
1-S
1-3
1-S
■3
1-0
9-0
Bucks and Oxford .
Metropolitan Counties
Hants and Berks
Devon
Cumberland, &c.
Salop and Hereford .
Gloucester and Somerset
Cornwall ....
]\Ioutgomery, &c.
Carnarvon, &c. .
Carmarthen, &c.
Sussex ....
England and Wales.
60-0 58-7 1-3
Iiicrciise.
The reasons for the local variations in the ratios of persons in the
married state have already been touched upon. In the great colliery
districts there is a scarcity of women, so that wives have to some extent
to be brought from exterior districts. In the Midland Counties the disposi-
tion to marry seems stronger than elsewhere. On the other hand, the
tendency towards man-iage rather weakens in the north and in the greater
portion of the area of Wales. In Sussex and other counties the unusually
great numbers of single women employed tend to lower the ratio. All
these are more or less permanent influences, and if we assume that they
prevailed in 1901 nearly to the same extent as in 1891, we arrive, I think,
at tolerably safe estimates. The following short Table will show how
these estimates work out in the aggregate, the details being shown in
Appendix H : — •
England's Becent Progress.
87
Colliery districts
Industrial districts .
Military districts
Old towns .....
Large towns ....
Rural residues of Counties
Textile manufacturing places
Miscellaneous ....
Residential places .
Women, aged 20-45,
per centage
Married.
70-5
67-4
60-3
59-6
59-0
58-2
58-4
55-1
48-8
Decline.
If we exclude the two highest and two lowest lines, the range of ratios
is not very great, httle more than one-fifth of the range shown in the
County Table. The colhery and industrial districts are those in which the
fertility of marriages has been seen to be greatest, the residential and
textile manufacturing places are those in which fertility is reduced to the
lowest point. The inference seems to be that where people marry most
freely they take the least care to reduce fertility below what is natural.
Let us now see what ratios of births can be had for 1901 by the aid of
our estimates. They may most usefully be summarised in another small
Table :—
Colliery districts . . . .
Industrial places ....
Rural residues of Counties .
Old towns
Large towns
Miscellaneous
Military places ....
Residential places
Textile manufacturing places
England and Wales .
Births per 10,000
Married Women
under 45.
in
10 years.
1891.
1901. ■
3,156
2,880
276
2,988
2,683
305
2,838
2,473
365
2,672
2,358
314
2,657
2,407
260
2,623
2,202
421
2,574
2,236
338
2,553
2,188
365
2,477
2,059
418
2,756
2,451
305
The reduction in general is rather greater than in the preceding
decennium. Eesidential places and old towns, where the loss in the
preceding decennium was great, show shghtly diminished losses, but
colliery districts considerably greater ones, not large enougli, however, to
interfere with the fact that fertility in those districts still touches the
highest point.
We can now usefully descend to particulars, and in doing so I may,
perhaps, be allowed to express the idea that natural fertility would be
approximately represented by the figure 32-00 per cent, or 3,200 births
per 10,000 married women aged less than 45. This would imply tliat
some non-natural restriction existed even in 1881, especially in liochdalo
88
England' a Eccrnf Progfenfi.
aiul TcHliuonlon. Of the 83 towns and industrial places the following
twtMitv-oiio slunvod the su>;ij;(>sted dogreo of fertility : —
lUrtlis per lll.lMKl ilairiici
Births per 10,0()0 Married
Woiiion uiuior 4:">.
Women under 45.
ISSl.
1891.
1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1901.
Crtuuock
3,27-t
3,287
3,044
Chesterfield \
collierv district!
3,318
3,113
2,820
Ashbv-de-la-Zouch
8,214
3,206
3,002
Barnslev .
3,266
3,241
2,906
Leek ....
3,213
2.937
2,818
Wolverhampton .
3,322
3,226
2,942
Cockermouth
3.475
3,190
2,700
\Vigau ....
3,481
3,356
2,936
Millom . . .
3,478
3,137
2,669
Whitehaven
3,388
3,230
2,922
Tilbury . . .
3,292
3,041
2,606
Rotherham
3,210
3,099
2,892
Preston* .
3,218
3,006
2,516
WalsaU. . . .
3,298
3,224
2,885
Burtou-on-Trent
3,324
2,948
2,454
Durham colliery)
district . . . )
3,202
3,097
2,880
Kettering.
Penzance .
3,210
3.258
3,031
2,790
2,350
2,280
Potteries .
3,255
3,123
2,827
Swindon .
3,205
2,602
2,090
^Middlesbro'
3,203
2,951
2,826
* This place shows singularly high ratios of births compared with other cotton manufacturing towns
within a short distance.
Amongst the 51 residential, military and other districts only three, viz.,
Southend, Morecambe and Farnham, reached the suggested standard in
1881, but four of the county residues (out of 24) exceeded it, and others
were not much below it.
Of the twenty-one towns and industrial areas just referred to, only five,
viz., Tilbury, Preston, Swindon, Kettering and Penzance, were free from
the influence of colliery or iron working populations either within them
or in close proximity. The following six districts, where again colliery or
iron working populations are present or adjacent, showed relatively high
ratios in 1901 : —
Births per 10,000 Manied Women
under 45.
1S81.
Wrexham 3,144
Glamorgan colliery district . 3,143
Kuneaton i 3,172
Doncaster I 3,040
Barrow-in-Furness . . . ' 8.149
Wakefield 3.097
1891.
1901.
3,176
2,976
3,135 1
2,842
2,947 1
2,829
2,817
2.794
2,885
2,715
2,671 i
2,638
These with the 21 before tabulated make 27 places which include 21
out of the 22 places of the urban and industrial classes, where the ratio in
1901 was as high as 2,638, the only other one being Liverpool, itself in
close proximity to the Lancashire coalfield, and noticeable as showing so
low a ratio as 2,895 per 10,000 in 1881, to my mind evidencing artificial
repression of births on a considerable scale prior to that year.
In 1901 no single residential or military district showed so high a ratio
of births as 2,638, the maximum figure being 2,563 for Harrogate; but the
following rural residues reached ratios ranging from 2,667 to 2,818, viz. : —
England's Becent Progi'css.
89
Durham and Northumberland
Monmouth and Brecon
Carmarthen, &c.
Denbigh and Flint
Montgomery, &c. .
Salop and Hereford
Births per 10,000 Married Women
under 45.
1881.
3,203
3,107
3,358
3,003
3,185
3,089
1891.
2,9G8
2,979
3,132
2,904
2,902
2,951
2,818
2,789
2,743
2,713
2,706
2,667
Each of these county residues is influenced by the existence of coUiery
populations within or near their hmits, with the single exception of the
Montgomery group, which may, I think, be regarded as rather remote and
old-fashioned.
Turning to the districts where the ratio in 1881 was 2,920 or under, we
first have thirteen towns (including large towns and old towns), viz. : —
Birtlis per 10,000 Married
Births per 10,000 Married
Women under 45.-
Women under 45.
1881. 1891.
1901.
1881.
1S91.
ISOl.
Liverpool .
2,895
2,758
2,651
Gloucester
2,909
2,692
2,383
Sheffield .
2,899
2,746
2,515
King's Lynn .
2,897
2,672
2,377
Hull . .
2,770
2,667
2,495
Worcester
2,876
2,662
2,304
Manchester
2,912
2,694
2,423
Coventry .
2,853
2,609
2,301
London
2,874
2,612
2,360
Derby ....
2,856
2,405
2,191
Leeds .
2,883
2,707
2,336
Cambridge .
2,862
2,528
2,114
Nottingham
2,760
2,291
2,243
In each of these places I think we may safely believe that births were
checked before 1881. The same may be said of certain industrial places,
as follows : —
Births per 10,000 Married
Births per 10,000 Married
Women under 45.
Women under 45.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
Southampton .
2,768
2,510
2,405
Saddleworth ,
2,780
2,511
1,994
Falmouth .
2,786
2,545
2,219
Huddersfleld
2,720
2,140
1,982
Ashton-under-Lyne
2,835
2,571
2,144
Haslingden .
2,804
2,377
1,929
Stockport .
2,777
2,536
2,125
Bury .
2,802
2,413
1,903
Macclesfield .
2,867
2,630
2,087
Glossop .
2,762
2,451
1,887
Wharfedalo
2,869
2,419
2,073
Bradford .
2,682
2,310
1,873
Dewsbury .
2,722
2,323
2,032
Rochdale .
2,480
2,077
1,859
Oldham
2,724
2,419
2,024
Halifax .
2,698
2,258
1,818
Keighley .
2,606
2,455
2,023
Todmorden
2,471
2,084
1,818
All l)ut the first two of the above are places devoted to manufactures of
textile fabrics. It will be noticed that many of the ratios have since 1881
00
EiK/hiiuVs Hccoit rrof/rcss.
fallen very low. Tlion there arc the following' residential and niilitai'y
places :
Births per lo.tuiu Married
Births pur 10,000 .Married
Wouieii undo
r 4,">.
1901.
- —
AVomen under 45.
ISSl.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1901.
Harrogate
2,863
2,595
2,563
*Plymouth .
2,779
2,494
2,173
*\Vevmouth .
2,914
2,574
2,419
♦Portsmouth
2,793
2,499
2,166
*Crodstone
2,821
2,641
2,313
Guildford . .
2,849
2,562
2,147
*Aldershot (North)
2,843
2,731
2,298
Thanot . . .
2.884
2,415
2,144
*Dcal ....
2,913
2,620
2,280
Brighton
2,786
2,357
2,136
*Windsor .
2,784
2,493
2,254
Leamington
2,833
2,560
2,119
Worthing
2,896
2,461
2,242
Bath . . .
2,752
2,492
2,112
"Cauterbury .
2,881
2,626 1 2,238
*Brentwood .
2,888
2,616
2,095
Timbridge
2,920
2,596 2,204
Bedford . . .
2,853
2,587
2,071
Cheltenham .
2.701
2,517 2,195
Isle of Wight .
2,765
2,353
2,066
Malvern .
2,777
2,637 1 2,182
Torquay
2,899
2,535
2,004
*Easthampstead .
2,810
2,539 ' 2,181
Hastings
2,813
2,329
1,896
*Sheerness
2,867
2,568 2.180
Bournemouth .
2,853
2,344
1,708
Places in the last list, which are more or less the seats of military
establishments, are marked with an asterisk. The decline of the ratio of
births in them is less pronounced than in the residential places ; the latter
show figm'es almost as depressed as those of the textile manufacturing
places.
Only one of the county residues (Carnarvon and Anglesey) showed in
1881 a ratio of births (2,886 per 10,000), somewhat below the hmit (2,920) ;
none of them in 1901 showed ratios smaller than 2,239 (Sussex).
It only remains to notice certain places w^here the ratio has fallen from
a point exceeding 2,920 to less than 2,200 per 10,000 :—
Births per 10,000 Married
Women under 45.
Births per 10,000 :Married
Women under 45.
1881. ' 1891.
1001.
1881.
.1891.
1901.
Northampton .
Lincoln
Exeter ....
Kidderminster
Blackburn .
Burnley
3,042
2,927
2,987
2,995
3,033
3,088
2,746
2,546
2,647
2,572
2,706
2,639
2,151
2,149
2,077
2,135
2,101
2,079
Heme Bay . .3,017
Reigate . . . | 3,058
Eastbourne . . 1 3,047
Farnham . . j 3,204
Weston- super- ]' „ qqq
]\Iare . . . ,' ' '
2,708
2,474
2,485
2,821
2,558
2,177
2,156
2,120
2,073
2,053
Later Facts as to Births.
At the moment of writing, the latest pubhshed Annual Report of the
Eegistrar-General is that for 1906. It shows a total of 935,081 births
against 932,460 (the average of 1900-1902), an increase of only 0-3
per cent. At the same time the total population, according to the
Registrar's estimate, had increased by 5 '9 per cent. — but of this I do not
feel very sure.
EiujlancVs lieccnt Progress.
91
In 1891-1901 the increase of the total population was about 12-2
per cent., but the number of married women under 45 increased by 17-3
per cent. If in making an estimate of the number of married women
under 45 in 1906 we disregard the probability that a similar excess over
the average rate occurred (largely due to a continuous shrinkage in the
number of children), we have at least to add about 225,000 to the figures
for 1901 if we agree with the Begistrar's estimate, and on a fair apportion-
ment we arrive at the following results :—
Colliery districts ....
Industrial districts .
Rural residues • . . . .
Large towns
Old towns
Military places ....
Miscellaneous
Residential places
Textile manufacturing places
England and Wales .
1906.
Married Women
under 45.
581,176
287,915
653,538
1,575,870
177,546
139,413
6,804
225,548
381,132
4,028,942
1906.
Births.
159,533
72,524
159,275
354,265
39,241
29,823
1,387
45,667
73,366
935,081
Births per 10,000.
1901.
1906. •
2,880
2,745
2,683
2,519
2,473
2,437
2,407
2,248
2,358
2,210
2,236
2,139
2,202
2,039
2,188
2,025
2,059
1,925
2,451
2,321
Decrease
in ratio.
185
164
36
159
148
97
163
163
134
130
And if we hark back to 1881 the total amount of the reduction in each
ratio is as follows : —
Births per 10,000
Married Women
under 45.
1881.
Colliery districts ....
Industrial districts
Rural residues
Large towns
Old towns
Military places ....
Miscellaneous
Residential places
Textile manufacturing places
England and Wales
3,244
3,196
3,117
2,898
2,989
2,883
2,884
2,932
2,819
3,006
2,745
2,519
2,437
2,248
2,210
2,139
2,039
2,025
1,925
2,321
Decrease
in ratio.
499
677
680
650
779
744
845
907
894
685
so that were the old ratio regained, about 30 per cent, would be added to
the births now registered.
Under the circumstances which now exist, viz., with declining birth
and death rates, it is practically impossible to derive a forecast as to what
the result of a Census in 1906 would have been, from the data pviblished
by the Registrar. Experience proves that a steady decline in the number
of births is consistent with an increase in the number of young wives.
]3ut the cases of material increase in the absolute numbers of births in
1901-1906 may be noted, since they mean, apparently, that a much more
consideralilc increase in total population is higlily pi-obablc :—
9-2
EnglamVs Ixcccnt Progress.
IWltllS
luniis
Willis
iiioro;isc
increiise
increase
per cent.
per cent.
percent.
ill
in
in
6 years.
5 years.
5 years.
Farnbaiu
34-8
Tilbury ....
7-1
Yarmouth .
2-7
Uxbridgo
i27-8
Canterbury .
6-7
Barrow
2
6
Southend
21-8
Rugby ....
G-2
Lincoln (residue) .
2
6
Poole
l'J-3
Grimsby.
G-1
Chatham .
2
4
Salisbury
14-2
Liverpool
5-8
Isle of Wight . .
2
4
Coveutry
14-1
Guildford .
5-7
Gloucester
2
4
Bouniemouth .
13-9
Worthing .
5-0
\\'urcester .
2
3
Aldershot (North) .
13-8
Weston-super-Mare
5-i
INIaidstone .
2
3
Portsmouth
12-9
Barnsley group.
5-1
St. Germans .
2
1
Godstone
11-8
Hants and Berks ~(^
4-7
Bedford . . .
2
1
Nuneaton .
11-4
(residue) . . . \
Stockport .
2
1
Doncaster .
11-3
Rotherham .
4-5
Stafford . . .
2
King's Lynn
10-6
Sheerness .
4-1
Torquay, &c. .
9
Watford ....
10-2
Oldham ....
4-0
Reigate.
9
Weymouth .
9-9
Easthampstead.
3-9
Folkestone.
6
Luton ....
9-1
Exeter ....
3-4
Colchester .
G
Middlesbro' .
8-6
Durham group .
3-3
Dover ....
5
Swindon
7-9
Chesterfield group .
3-3
Ashby-de-la-Zouche
2
Lincoln ....
7-7
Chester ....
3-2
Plymouth .
2
Brentwood .
7-3
Coekermouth .
3-1
London
2
Glamorgan group .
7-1
Manchester .
2-8
Bristol ....
1-1
In the ten years 1891-1900 a falling-off of 17*2 per cent, in births at
Macclesfield was found consistent with an increase of 4 • 4 per cent, in the
number of married women under 45. In the Table below, the places are
shown where in the five years 1901-1906 births declined by fully one-half
of that proportion, namely 8-6 per cent., and where consequently there
is at least a probability that a decrease in total population may have
occmTcd : —
Bii-ths
Births
Births
decrease
1 decrease
decrease
per cent.
per cent.
per cent.
m
in
in
5 years.
5 years.
5 years.
Millom ....
27-3
Scarborough
13-5
Hastings .
10.0
Helston ....
15-7
Kettering .
11-2
Thanet ....
9-9
Wellingborough
15-3
Cornwall (residue) .
11-2
Redruth
9-9
Keighley
14-8
Halifax ....
10-6
Penzance .
9-5
Northampton .
14-3
Heme Bay .
10-6
Devon (residue) .
9-1
Todmorden .
13-8
Montgomery, &c. .
10-0
Bradford .
8-9
In the whole country, it has been seen, the estimated decline in the
buiihrate in these five years was from 2,451 to 2,321, or 5* 3 per cent.; this
figtu-e being deducted from the falling-off above tabulated, the residue will
give some notion of the probable decrease ; but of course the local decline
in birth rate may be several points greater or less than 5 • 3 per cent.
In hke manner, the apparent increase in births tabulated should be
augmented by 5 • 3 per cent, (more or less) in order to arrive at the
probable rate of increase in general population in the places where an
increase of births is shown. London thus will possibly have gained
6 • 5 per cent, in five years.
But the whole of these calculations might be very much modified if we
had the true numbers of the population as it existed in 1906, and I must
EnglancVs Becent Progress.
93
confess to very grave cTovibts as to the accuracy of the guess of the
Eegistrar-General, whicli is probal)ly without any other basis than the
presumption that things since 1901 have gone on exactly as they did
(on an average) in 1891-1901. In that decennium somewhere about
100,000 men left for South Africa ; in the succeeding quinquennium the
survivors of that force returned. There is in this fact alone ground
enough for the belief that a Census in 1906 would have been valuable and
enlightening to an extent greater even than usual.
Later Facts as to Deaths.
The Eegistrar-General, in settling his Estimates of population for the
middle of 1901 and the middle of 1906, seems to have acted as follows.
He added at each age about 0'282 per cent, to males and 0*2915
per cent, to females, as shown by the 1901 Census, to represent about
three months' growth to the middle of 1901, and he added about 6-11
per cent, to males and 6 • 30 per cent, to females to represent about
5| years' growth to the middle of 1906 : —
1901 Census.
1£01 (middle).
1906 (middle).
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-5 . .
1,855,361
1,861,847
1,860,675
1,866,776
1,968,799
1,978,340
5-10
1,738,993
1,748,298
1,743,897
1,753,395
1,845,246
1,858,441
10-15
1,670,970
1,670,770
1,675,682
1,675,640
1,773,066
1.776,028
15-20
1,607,522
1,638,621
1,612,055
1,643,897
1,705,741
1,741,854
20-25
1,472,644
1,648,278
1,476,796
1,653,083
1,562,623
1,752,119
25-35
2,485,954
2,769,886
2,492,965
2,777,961
2,637,846
2,944,389
35^5
1,931,943
2,064,062
1,937,391
2,070,079
2,049,985
2,194,098
45-55
1,396,209
1,505,982
1,400,146
1,510,371
1,481,517
1,600,859
55-65
907,945
1,035,305
910,505
1,038,823
963,421
1,100,529
65-75
477,868
598,138
479,216
599,881
507,066
635,820
75-85
165,233
228,015
165,698
228,679
175,328
242,380
85 and up- \
wards . /
17,971
30,528
18,036
30,616
19,069
32,452
15,728,613
16,799,230
15,773,062
16,848,201
16,689,707
17,857,309
The resulting death rates shown in the next Table agree almost
absolutely with his : —
Males, 1901.
Females, 1901.
Corrected
population.
Deaths.
Per
thousand.
Corrected
population.
Deaths.
Per
thousand.
0-5 .. .
1,800,675
109,581
58
9
1,866,776
92,106
49-4
6-10 .
1,743,897
7,011
4
1,753,395
7,148
4-1
10-15 .
1,675,682
3,834
2
3
1,075,640
3,995
2-4
15-20 .
1,612,055
5,557
3
4
1,643,397
5,293
3-2
20-25 .
1,476,796
6,918
4
7
1,653,083
6,325
3-8
25-35 .
2,492,965
15,550
6
2
2,777,961
14,767
5-3
35-45 .
1,937,391
20,545
10
6
2,070,079
18,073
8-7
45-55 .
1,400,146
25,295
18
1
1,510,371
20,943
13-9
55-65 .
910,505
30,560
33
6
1,038,323
27,575
2G-6
65-75 .
479,216
32,603
68
599,881
34,003
56-7
75-85 .
165,698
23,161
139
8
228,679
28,072
122-8
85 and upwards
18,036
5,000
277-2
30,616
7,607
248-5
15,773,062
285,618
16,848,201
265,067
94
EnrjlamVa Ilcccnt rrogra^i^.
M
•lies. l;0.i.
Kcr
iialcs, I'.Ou.
Corrected
population.
Deaths.
Per
thousand.
CoiTccted
poptilation.
Deaths.
Per
thousand.
0-5 .. .
1,968,71)9
97,178
49-4
1,978,340
81,503
41-2
5-10 . . .
1,845,246
0,252
3-4
1,858,441
6,652
3
6
10-15 . . .
1,773,066
3,496
2-0
1,776,028
3,856
2
2
15-20 . . .
1,705,741
5,167
3-0
1,741,854
4,748
2
7
20-25 . . .
1,562,623
6,133
3-9
1,752,119
5,764
1 ^
3
25-35 . . .
2,637,846
14,766
5-6
2,944,389
13,918
1 4
7
35-45 . . .
2,049,985
19,431
9-5
2,194,098
17,087
' 7
8
45-55 . . .
1,481,517
24,870
16-8
1,600,859
20,761
13
55-65 . . .
963,421
31,998
33-2
1,100,529
27,884
1 25
3
65-75 . . .
507,066
34,845
68-9
635,820
35,680
56
1
75-85 . . .
175,328
24,004
136-9
242,380
29,867
123
2
85 and upwards
19,069
6,093
319-5
32,452
9,328
287-4
16,689,707
274,233
17,857,309
257,048
! -
But the assumption of an equal rate of increase at each age is contrary
to recent experience, and leaves out of account the operation of the
reduced birth rate. The Eegistrar-General's own calculations as to mean
population in 1881-1891 and in 1891-1901 are very much at variance
■with that assumption : — ■
Males.
Females.
Equivalent
rate of
increase for
5 years.
Mean population.
Increase
Mean population.
Increase
per cent,
in 10
years.
per cent,
in 10
years.
Males.
1881-91.
1891-01.
1881-91.
1891-01.
Fe-
males.
0-5.
i 1,762,609
1,809,572
2-66
1,774,568
1,822,307
2-69
1-32
1-34
5-10
1,630,975
1,716,048
5
22
1,640,312
1,724,889
5
16
2
57
2
55
10-15
1,506,544
1,640,058
8
86
1,505,405
1,640,975
9
01
4
34
4
41
15-20
1,366,722
1,531,756
12
08
1,382,326
1,557,124
12
65
5
87
6
13
20-25
1,179,850
1,351,555
14
55
1,307,469
1,514,357
15
82
7
03
7
62
25-35
1,955,274
2,272,493
16
22
2,130.321
2,510,866
17
86
7
81
8
56
35-45
1,514.486
1,759,309
16
17
1,620,293
1,877,703
15
89
7
78
7
65
45-55
1,112,527
1,286,406
15
63
1,222,633
1,398,218
14
36
7
53
6
94
55-65
746,339
833,879
11
73
849,206
955,602
12
53
5
70
6
08
65-75
417,389
460,434
10
31
503,754
569,834
13
12
5
03
6
36
75 anc
upward
n 153,686
171,688
11
71
205,794
238,406
15
85
5
69
7
63
113,346,401
14,833,198
14,142,081
15,810,281
The Eegistrar-General's figures for the middle of 1901 cannot be
far wrong. If we add to these five years' increase in accordance
with the above Table we shall have the following figures for the middle
of 1906 :—
Eitgla fid's Recent Progress.
95
As comiiared with Registrar's
New Estin
micUlle
ate fl906),
of year.
Death rates on
new Estimates.
Regi
Estii
strar's
nates.
Ages.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
More.
Less.
More.
Less.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Fema
le.
2
0-5 .
1,885,300
1,891.720
83,499
86,620
51-5
43-1
49-3
41
5-10 .
1,788,800
1,798,030
56,446
60,411
3-5
3-7
3-4
3
6
10-15 .
1,748,357
1,749,464
24,709
26,564
2-0
2-2
2-0
2
2
15-20 .
1,706,611
1,744,210
870
2,356
3-0
2-7
3-0
2
7
20-25 .
1,580,607
1,779,070
17,984
26,951
3-9
3-2
3-9
3
8
25-35 .
2,687.594
3,015,890
49,748
71,501
5-5
4-6
5-6
4
7
35-45 .
2,088,120
2,228,454
38,135
34,356
9-3
7-7
9-5
7
8
45-55 .
1,505,590
1,615,194
24,073
14,335
16-5
12-9
16-8
13
55-65 .
962,433
1,101,450
988
921
83-2
25-3
33-2
25
3
65-75 .
503,320
638,014
3,746
2,194
69-2
55-9
68-7
56
1
75 and \
upwards/
194,197
279,085
200
4,253
155-0
140-4
154-8
142-6
16,650,929
17,840,581
.. 38,778
16,728
1
The only line in the above new estimate which can be properly tested
is the first.
The numbers of births registered in three successive periods of five
years were : —
1891-5 . .
. 2,309-895 males .
. 2,229,371 females
1896-00 . .
. 2,347,976 „
. 2.267,911
1901-05 . .
. 2,389,525 „
. 2,303,744
In each interval the births increased by about I'l per cent. The
safest mode of estimating the numbers at age 0-5 who would have been
counted in 1906, remembering that even at that early age migrations are
of some moment, is to adopt the assumption that such numbers would
compare with births in the preceding five years in the proportions which
obtained in 1901. On that principle we arrive at : —
1,886,037 males,
1,892,662 females
as the probable population in March 1906. The figures so arrived at
include the effect of both mortality and migrations. It seems likely that
mortality should be estimated as of less amount, and the gain by
migrations as something more, so that there should be an addition to the
result on both accounts, and also a small addition to bring the figures up
to the middle of the year. But disregarding such minor matters, tho
resulting death rates at this age would be :—
For males .
,, females .
51-53 per thousand
43-06
figures which differ materially from those of the Eegistrar-General, and
which confirm the new estimate shown in the last Table.
I am far from being confident that the rest of the figures in iJiat Table
may be accepted.
Referring to what is said on page 93, tiiere can Ije no doubt but that
96
England's I\ccrnf Progress.
the 1901 fijjuvos for males were lowered in coiiscquonco of the absence of
an unusual nunilier of troops in South Africa, and as the Table adopts
those ti^nuvs as a basis it virtually supposes that no troops had returned
home by 1906. Yet we know in fact that many thousands came back,
and also that for a time at least there was an unusual influx of aliens. I
have little confidence in the statistics of emigration as affording a measure
of the net loss or gain in each year, but upon the whole I anticipate that a
Census in 1906 would have shown somewhat larger figures for males than
those of the "new estimate."
The Eegistrar-General's estimates of increased population naturally
vary in the several counties, but upon a detailed investigation I arrive at
the following results for grouped registration counties as being his ; and
I add a column for the death-rates by the new estimate : —
Bucks, Oxford
Wilts, Dorset . . .
Sussex
Salop
Cornwall ....
Hants, Berks .
Gloucester.
Northampton .
Norfolk ....
Devon
Cumberland .
Lincoln ....
Metropolitan Counties
Leicester ....
Stagord ....
York
Durham ....
Lancashire
Montgomery .
Carmarthen
Carnarvon ....
Denbigh ....
Glamorgan
England and Wales .
Population, 1906.
Total.
365,023
476,003
637,582
374,085
320,157
1,119,838
1,150,700
802,439
841,913
683,315
332,213
529,145
8,953,737
1,646,668
2,843,971
3,816.599
1,947,536
5,534.818
148,862
291,483
179,343
195,046
1,356,540
34,547,016
Age 0-5.
39,512
51,350
62,604
41,289
32,835
118,195
123,505
89,458
93,677
68,533
37,663
58,581
994,218
197,391
349,177
439,335
254,662
631,839
16,166
31,567
18,490
20,562
176,466
8,947,075
Death Rate, 1906.
Age 0-5.
Registrar's.
26
27
28
29
28
31
31
31
34
35
37
40
43
43
47
49
55
55
31
35
42
50
50
45
New.
27
28
30
30
31
32
33
34
36
38-0
38-5
42-2
45-3
45
50
52
55
59
33
35-8
44-8
46-1
50-9
47-3
In all but three instances the Eegistrar's death rate is too low ; and
those three are notable as colliery districts. The total 3,947,075 derived
from details only slightly differs from the Eegistrar's estimate for the whole
country, which has been given as 3,947,139.
The " new " estimate founded on the numbers of births in 1901-1905
being taken as the more reliable (although probably too low, because the
death rate has declined), death rates founded on it compare as shown in
the following Table with the figures for 1901, and it is gratifying to
observe large reductions of infant mortality in Durham, Wales and
elsewhere, which it may be hoped will be followed by further abatements
there and generally : —
EnglancVs Recent Progress. 97
Death Rates per 1000 in 1901 and 1906 at Age 0-5.
1901.
1906.
Decrease.
County Groups.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Both
Sexes.
Males.
Females.
Lancashire .
65-2
70-8
59-6
69-9
65-0
54-8
5-3
5-8
4-8
Durham ....
70-3
75-4
65-3
55-3
59-9
50-6
15-0
15-5
14-7
Yorkshire
60-5
65-8
55-2
52-6
57-2
48-1
7-9
8-6
7-1
Stafford, &c. . . .
58-5
64-2
52-8
50-2
54-5
46-1
8-3
9-7
6-7
Wales and Mon-i
mouth . . . . )
Leicester, &c.
57-7
63-0
52-5
47-4
51-6
43-1
10-3
11-4
9-4
54-5
59-6
49-4
45-3
49-9
40-8
9-2
9-7
8-6
Metropolitan "1
Counties . . . /
52-0
56-2
47-8
45-3
49-3
41-2
6-7
6-9
6-6
Lincoln ....
43-4
48-8
37-9
42-2
47-6
36-9
1-2
1-2
1-0
Cumberland .
40-9
45-0
36-8
38-5
43-5
33-4
2-4
1-5
3-4
Devon ....
41-2
45-3
37-1
38-0
42-9
33-1
3-2
2-4
4-0
Norfolk, &c. . . .
42-1
47-9
36-3
36-4
38-7
34-0
5-7
9-2
2-3
Northampton, &c. .
35-7
39-7
31-7
34-6
39-5
29-7
1-1
0-2
2-0
Gloucester and "1
Somerset . . . f
35-8
38-7
32-9
33-1
35-9
30-3
2-7
2-8
2-6
Hants and Berks
38-5
42-4
34-5
82-7
35-1
30-4
5-8
7-3
4-1
Cornwall ....
40-8
46-0
35-5
31-5
35-4
27-6
9-3
10-6
7-9
Salop and Hereford
34-8
38-3
31-4
30-2
33-6
26-9
4-6
4-7
4-5
Sussex ....
36-5
39-5
33-5
30-2
34-0
26-4
6-3
5-5
7-1
Wilts and Dorset
29-3
31-7
26-9
28-3
30-8
25-9
1-0
0-9
1-0
Bucks and Oxford .
33-6
37-0
30-2
27-1
30-5
23-8
6-5
6-5
6-4
England and Wales .
54-3
59-1
49-5
47-3
51-5
43-1
7-0
7-6
6-4
Ages 0-19 as Eetubned in 1901.
In the main portion of this paper I have dealt with migrations on the
footing that as they chiefly occur after 15 years of age, and as it is highly
convenient to avoid the necessity of apportioning deaths at early ages, my
object would be sufficiently attained by bringing together in one line the
first fifteen years of life.
In the present essay I am to endeavour, by the aid of the age returns in
the 1901 Census Tables and the annual records of births in registration
districts, to arrive at an opinion as to what losses and gains at ages up to
18-19 had been sustained or received by the populations counted in 1901.
It was necessary for this purpose to estimate the effect of certain changes
in boundaries, and thus bring the births into due accord with the numbers
counted as surviving.
The population counted in each district depends of course on :
1. The numbers of births.
2. The losses by mortality.
3. The loss or gain by migrations.
I soon found that the figures for registration counties (or groups of
such counties) would not be very useful, simply because in many cases the
population of such divisions is far from being homogeneous. I was
therefore driven to construct Tables for the 160 districts elsewhere defined.
The resulting totals for classes of districts at ages 0-13 are given in
the TuV)les on page 99. And the ratios of those living in the several
08
EnglaniVs Ixccoit Pm//v'.s.<?.
groups of districts when tlio Census was taken tc the covresponding
numbers of births arc shown below ;
iMales : Living, per cent, on Births (both sexes).
0-5. 5-10. 10-13. 13— 14— 15— 16— 1"
Kural ,42-34
Residential . . . 42'86
Military j41-49
Large towns . . . . |39'32
Old towns .... 40-47
Textile manufacturingy„o.ep
places joo o
Industrial places . .39-61
Colliery districts . .39-75
Miscellaneous . .44-15
England and Wales. . 40-19
40
25
44
34
41
65
37
23
38
60
35
80
37
73
37
45
46
09
38
31
38-61
46-40
39-99
36-83
38-80
38-00
46-16
38-98
35-96
38-09
37-32
46-22
39-69
35-94
37-42
36-46
45-54
43-64
35-67
37-72
135-82
44-32
47-01
35-02
36-60
35-32 34-72 35-44 34-88 35-18
38-19
38-58
50-28
38-07
37-13
38-12
51-33
37-36
36-83
37-78
50-41
37-20
36-17 36-02
37-36 38-08
53-06 45-42
36-85 36-57
32-76
40-94
46-51
34-52
35-43
34-22
34-52
37-66
48-42
35-23
31-75
40-26
62-07
35-37
36-81
34-26
35-19
39-32
60-18
36-05
Rural
Residental ....
Military
Large towns ....
Old towns ....
Textile manufacturiugl
places /
Industrial places
Colliery districts
Miscellaneous
England and Wales.
Females : Living, per cent, on Births (both sexes).
0-5. 5-10. 10-13. 13— 14
40-13
44-28
41-38
37-56
38-93
86-75
37-96
37-47
45-11
38-51
38-34
46-03
39-85
37-30
38-85
36-64
46-42
138-96
36-67
39-87
36-19 36-11
15— 16—
34-59 33-36
46-58 47-73
38-61 138-77
36-39 136-94
39-12 38-94
36-52
37-95 36-94 35-32
38-63 I37-44 36-85
45-18 42-46 139-82
38-23 37-42 36-67
37-05
34-57
35-70
42-55
36-49
30-64
49-83
39-11
38-65
37-84
37-32
32-62
35-16
39-38
36-35
30-26
50-35
39-83
40-59
39-37
39-23
33-54
35-96
38-19
37-40
The differences of the figures for the two sexes are mainly due to the
inequahty in the number of births, counterbalanced by the higher mortality
amongst males, but also in part to migrations. They are shown below : —
Excess or Deficiency of Females.
0-5.
5-10.
10-13.
13—
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
Rural
■14
-12
-27
1-36
2-73
310
3 62
2-12
1-49
Residential ....
-19
•06
■37
-26
-36
2-19
4-75
8-89
10-09
Military
-20
-27
•14
-02
1-08
4-87
7-96
7-40
22-24
Large towns ....
•09
-33
-47
-71
-45
1-27
2-78
4-13
5-22
Old towns ....
-03
-33
-05
1-78
1-70
1-22
2-60
2-41
2-56
Textile manufacturing I
places /
Industrial places
•78
-95
-87
1-39
1-08
2-17
2-99
3-10
4-97
•41
•23
-24
-19
1-51
1-60
2-15
1-90
1-65
CoUiery districts
•07
•02
•05
-68
•93
1-66
3-02
250
336
Miscellaneous
•33
•98
5-10
8-87
10-59
10-51
3-83
9-04
21-99
England and Wales
•13
-20
-16
-06
•53
•36
-01
1-12
1-35
If we disregard the few " miscellaneous " districts, which are subject
to special influences, it will appear that the movements of population up
England's B,ecent Progress.
99
to and including the age 10-13 are very similar in the two sexes, and this
agrees with what we might expect. That there are such movements,
however, will appear on closer investigation.
On making a rough estimate of probable losses by mortality, it appears
that the effect of migrations is on balance nearly, as shown in the next
Table :—
MALES.
Rural .
Residential
Military
Large towns
Old towns .
Textile manufacturing
places
Industrial places
Colliery districts
Miscellaneous
England and Wales .
FEMALES.
Rural
Residential ....
Military
Large towns ....
Old towns
Textile manufacturing!
places f
Industrial places .
Colliery districts .
Miscellaneous
England and Wales .
Estimated
Survivors.
365,045
95,245
55,645
661,550
80,245
151,935
139,590
282,063
3,035
1,834,353
365,821
95,587
55,893
667,809
81,006
155,227
141,244
284,909
3,013
1.850.509
Gain or
Loss.
4,6li
1,509
550
12.516
210
1,649
1,537
7,560
28
20,948
6,625
1,591
572
7,686
497
1,485
1,362
5,180
27
Estimated
Survivors .
372,988
88,736
50,896
599,056
76,565
146,815
128,455
256,196
8,010
Gain or
Loss.
Estimated
Survivors.
Gain or
Loss.
12,111
7,758
2,794
11,440
97
780
1,689
5,808
249
1,722,717
373,643
89,025
51,109
604,798
77,292
150,122
130,008
258,918
2,980
10,781
1,737,890
16.250
13,860
7,317
2,284
11,164
164
209
920
2,740
210
10,352
228,394
51,220
30,428
840,962
44,584
88,305
72,523
185,480
1,781
15,112
7,450
626
5,902
552
762
2,516
8,324
337
998,677 t 9,883
228,474
51,264
30,464
341,964
44,721
88,944
72,794
135,907
1,780
16,720
6,937
480
9,302
469
751
1,775
8,086
123
996,312 11,203
The proportions of the foregoing figures to recorded births are now
shown : — •
Estimated Survivors : being percentages
of persons born.
Gains and Losses by migration.
—
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-5.
5-10.
10-13.
0-5.
42-98
5-10.
41-68
10-13.
41-86
0-5.
5-10.
10-13.
2-74
0-5.
5-10.
10-13.
Rural ....
42-88
41-60
41 -.85
•78
i-ss
303
Residential
42-18
40-78
40 -5142 -.33
40-92
40-54
-673-50
5^89
•71
3^36
5-49
Military
41-08
89-48
39-19 41-26
39-64
89-28
-41
2^17
•80
-42
1-73
-62
Large towns .
38-59
.36-53
86-2138-96
86-88
86-81
•78
•70
•63
•45
•68
•99
Old towns .
40-37
88-65
38-88 40-75
.39-01
88-45
•10
-05
•47
•25
•08
•40
Textile manufac-"!
turing places . /
38-10
85-99
35-08 38-93
36-80
35-89
•41
•19
•31
•37
•05
•30
Industrial places .
89-18
.37-24
36-9189-64
87-69
37-05
•43
•49
1^28
•38
•27
•90
Colliery districts .
38-71
36-69
.36-35 89-11
87-08
36-40
1-04
•76
2-23
•71
•39
2^17
Miscellaneous .
48-75
42-57
42-28 43-43
42-14
42-26
•40
3^52
8-00
•39
2-97
2-92
England and Wales
39 - 74
37-95'37-70 40-09
88-28
37-80
•45
•86
-37
•23
•23
•43
H 2
100
EngJaniVn Beccnt Progrrss.
If wo (lisi-o<:;anl tlio siimll " niiscollanoous " f^roup, inlluoncod by
harnxcks, schools ami asylums, wo find the only serious movements in
the first two periods of life are, losses in the rural districts, and gains in
the ro>idential and military districts, the latter including several districts
which aro partly residential. We may he sure that the large towns gain
from the rural and lose to the residential districts, but the balance is not
heavy. I am inclined to attribute some part of the small gains shown in
industrial and colliery districts to non -registration of births, or incorrect
returns of ages.
In the period 10-13 we see that the losses of the rural and gains of
residential districts are accentuated. There is a decreased gain in the
militarv districts, but a decidedly increased gain in the colliery districts,
and even in some of the industrial ones.
In this state of things, it may be useful to show which are the most
striking examples of loss or gain up to the age of 5-10, and to follow
up this local study with a detailed examination of the progress made
in after years, taking the population aged 5-10 as a commencing datum
point.
As between birth and the age 0-5 we find moderate gains (exceeding
2i per cent.) in the following districts : —
HuU ....
Leeds ....
Sheffield . . .
Liverpool .
Gloucester
Huddersfield .
Rochdale .
Stockport .
Dowsbury
Leek ....
\Yalsall . . .
Rotherham .
Crewe ....
Barrow
Swindon .
Doncaster
Tilbury
:\Iillom . . .
Middlesbro' .
Durham Group .
Barnsley „
Nuneaton
Cannock .
Chesterfield Group
Age 0-5.
Gain per c;nt.*
Males. Females.
•8
2-
•3
2-
•3
3-
•5
3-
•3
3-
■2
•9
3-
•5
3-
•8
2-
•4
3-
•8
2-
•8
4-
•5
•3
2-
•2
2-
•6
3-
•0
7"
•2
1-
•2
3-
•3
2-
•3
3-
■7
5-
•7
3-
•4
3-
Dover
Aldershot (North)
St. Germans
Salisbury
Godstoue
Deal . . .
Chatham
Reigate .
Heme Bay .
Clacton .
Uxbridge
Thanet . .
Southend
Blackpool .
Watford .
Worthing .
Llandudno .
Guildford .
Tunbridge .
Weston-super-Mare
Hastings
Morecambe .
Bournemouth
Staines .
Harrogate .
Brentwood .
Sussex .
Age 0-5.
Gain per cent.*
Females.
8-0
5-8
2-5
3-7
2-8
2-6
4-6
2-6
4-1
2-3
2-4
3-3
6-6
6-
•2
2-3
4-7
3-4
7-1
7-0
6-6
7-2
10
4-1
•6
13-1
10-0
3-3
1-2
* Calculated on the estimated number of siuvivors.
England's Bccent Progress.
101
Thus 51 out of 160 districts seem to attract cliildren, usually of both
sexes. And although the attractions of London and Manchester are
measured by a smaller figure than 2 J per cent., there is good reason to
believe that both places gain children upon a balance.
It is clear that although residential and military districts gain children
in twenty-five instances, there are notable cases where such districts do
not attract them, including Bath, Scarborough and Cheltenham.
The losing districts are mainly rural residues of county groups. Of
these residues the following show the most striking losses ; yet in no case
are such losses very heavy : —
Age 0-5.
Age 0-5.
Loss per cent.
Loss per cent.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Devon
5-2
2-9
Salop
1-9
2-1
Montgomery
3-9
4-2
Norfolk
1-7
2-1
Monmouth
3-6
1-8
Gloucester ....
1-7
3-3
Cumberland
3-2
3-7
Carnarvon ....
1-G
3-4
York .
3-1
3-5
Wilts
1-3
1-7
Durham .
3-0
3-2
Lancashire ....
•8
1-6
Carmarthen
2-9
3-2
Cornwall ....
2-2
Lincoln .
2-0
2-4
The other districts which appear to have lost more than 2 per cent, of
children aged 0-5 were : — ■
Age 0-5.
Age 0-5.
Loss per cent.
Loss per cent.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Nottingham ....
1-6
3-2
Canterbury ....
2-4
7-4
Sheerness ....
3-1
2-6
Norwich
3-2
1-8
Weymoutli ....
•1
3-3
Lynn
*2-4
7-5
Colchester ....
*l-3
3-0
Cambridge ....
4-3
*l-4
Yarmouth ....
•7
3-1
Malvern ....
5-3
3-0
Derby
•1
2-1
Scarborough
2-2
3-8
Southport ....
2-0
2-8
Macclesfield ....
3-1
3-5
Leamington
•9
2-8
Kidderminster .
3-9
*l-3
Torquay ....
2-4
4-1
Glossop
2-3
Rhyl
•7
3-8
Wharfedale ....
3-0
•2
Isle of Wight . . .
2-G
1-3
Falmouth ....
5-4
3-2
Cromer
3-0
*l-2
Stafford
2-8
3-8
Bath
•6
3-0
Cockermouth
2-6
1-1
Cheltenham
•2
2-4
Whitehaven ....
•1
3-0
Wrexham ....
2-6
2-7
Easthampstead
*-5
2-8
Gain.
These instances are sufficient to show that the material losses are not
restricted to country districts.
If we assume that the course of children's migrations was pretty
constant as between 1891 and 1901, an assumption not altogether rash
10-2
K/KfhduVfi Ixrci'iit Prugrcss.
we must coiichulo tliat soinowlKit altered conditions prevailed in the live
yoai-s, commencing with age 0-5 and ending with age 5-10. It appears
that residential and military places gained many more children than in
the preceding live years, and that the large towns gained a very small
numher of girls, whilst the rural districts, the colliery districts, and the
places where textile goods are manufactured, all sustained losses.
Let ITS first see how the gaining districts stood, taking in the whole
movement up to age 5-10 : —
Birmingham
Sheffield .
Manchester
Hull . .
Liverpool
Coventry .
Ipswich .
Gloucester
Reading .
Carlisle .
Stockport
Rochdale ,
Burnley .
Keighley ,
Doncaster
Rugby.
Southampton
Grimsby .
Wellingborough .
Swindon .
Rotherham .
Tilbury . . .
Kettering
Luton
Millom
^Middlesbro' .
Nuneaton.
Chesterfield .
Ashbv-de-la-Zouch
Godstone
Dover .
.Vge :.-io.
Uain or Loss
per cent.*
Males. ! Fema'es.
4-3
4-5
4-1
3-9
3-8
4-6
3-0
3-0
2-8
1-6
7-9
4-7
3-8
3-7
13-4
12-0
12-8
8-0
8-0
7-3
6-
6-
4-
■ 3-
3-
2-
13-5
4-9
6-0
15-5
10-0
4-9
4-4
3-8
3-4
31
7-8
7-0
4-1
3-0
14-7
18-2
12-7
6-6
5-2
8-8
3-9
6-3
5-1
2-1
4-4
3-7
If
9
4-0
•7
10-3
8-2
Chatham
Aldershot (North)
Weymouth .
St. Germans
Plymouth
Folkestone
Deal . .
Portsmouth
W^indsor.
Salisbury
Brentwood .
j\Iaidenhead
Easthampstead
Southend
Blackpool
Thanet .
Staines .
Uxbridge
Harrogate
Heme Bay
Watford
Worthing
Llandudno
^lorecambe
Reigate .
Guildford
Tunbridge
Bedford .
Weston-super-]\
Hastings
Clacton .
Eastbourne
Poole
Cromer .
Rhyl .
Bournemouth
Mai
A fie .'>-10.
Gain or Loss
per cent.*
Males. Females.
- Ciilculated on estimated number of survivors.
The gains here shown are in many cases of great magnitude, especially
in certain residential districts. Some of the residential places are how-
ever losers, as already noted.
The losses of children are not so remarkable, even in the rural
residues of counties.
EnrjlancVs ticccnt Progress.
10c
Age 5-10
. Loss
Ajre 5-10. Loss
or Gain per cent.* |
or Gain per cent.*
Males. 1
Females.
Males.
Females.
Oxford 2-2 1
4-7
Sheerness | 4-6
5-8
Cambridge .
4-3
1-5
Canterbury .
3-7
4-0
Wakefield. .
2-1
4-0
Farnham .
•7
5-2
Maidstone
2-0
4-0
Colchester
1-5
3-5
Saddleworth
11-5
16-4
Malvern . .
8-9
3-0
Glossop .
12-3
11-5
Residues viz ■ —
Macclesfield
8-1
5-9
Cumberland . - 9'1
8-5
Huddersfield
6-2
6-4
Lancashire
7-8
9-6
Kidderminste
r
3-1
8-2
G-0
5-6
Dewsbury.
4-0
4-6
Wilts
5-9
5-8
Bury . .
3-6
4-0
MonTTinuth
5-2
5-8
Haslingden
3-7
3-8
York . .
5-0
5-4
Helston .
11-0
7-1
Norfolk. .
5-0
5-1
Cockermouth
10-3
7-5
Denbigh
4-1
4-5
Stafford .
8-7
7-8
Durham
3-8
6-0
Whitehaven
7-8
7-5
Gloucester .
4-6
3-7
Barrow
7-0
6-4
Cornwall
2-7
5-1
Redruth .
4-4
6-0
Lincoln .
3-3
3-7
Burton-on-Trent
3-4
6-1
Northampton
1-6
3-9
Penzance .
1-1
6-9
Bucks .
3-5
1-6
Wolverhampton
2-1
3-6
Carmarthen
1-6
3-2
Calculated ou estimated number of survivors.
Slighter
gains
01
losses affected the remaining districts
.
viz. : —
Age 5-10.
Age
5-10.
Gain or Loss.
Gain oi
Loss.
Males. ' Females.
Males.
Females.
Leicester 1 1-4
2-9
Crewe "5
•8
Leeds .
1-5
1
7
Falmouth .
20
2-2
Nottingham
1-1
1
6
Bristol .
1-7
1
2
Barnsley .
1-2
2-0
London .
•7
6
Glamorgan .
Durham .
2-0
2-1
1-3
•7
Lincoln .
2-3
4
Wrexham .
Lynn .
20
2
5
Cannock.
1-0
1-9
Yarmouth
2-3
6
Wigan .
•2
1-9
Norwich .
lO
2
•3
1-2
York . .
10
8
Brighton
2-4
2-4
Northampton
1-4
I
Cheltenham
■8
1-8
Derby .
2-6
I
3
Isle of Wight
•3
1-7
Worcester
2'4
I
8
Scarborough
12
1-5
Exeter
12
2
I
Southport .
1-8
•6
Chester .
i-o
2
4
Torquay .
•2
1-8
Preston .
Oldham .
•4
1-0
2
2
3
4
Leamington
Bath . . .
2-9
2-2
2-2
2-4
Ashton-under
Bolton
Blackburn
-Lj
ne
•7
•9
•5
1-7
1
1
1
5
1
Rural residues —
Sussex
2-8
1-4
Halifax
T
Carnarvon .
2-2
•8
2-4
2-7
1-7
1-9
1-3
•8
1-8
2-1
2-8
Bradford .
Leek .
Todmorden
Wharfedalo
1-3
1-9
! 2-4
10
I
I
2
3
6
4
8
Essex
Montgomery
Hants
Kent .
Stafford .
Walsall .
1-9
7
Salop.
2-6
2 9
Potteries .
1-7
•5
Leicester
1-8
2-5
10-4
EnglainVfi Ileccnt Progrcsfi.
It is at all events clear that in a good many cases the numbers
attaining the age 0-10 are either inflated or depleted by migrations to an
extent we cannot disregard, when we are considering the proportion of
those enumerated at somewhat higher ages to the births of which they
are the survivors.
I-ot us introduce here some information as to the numbers counted in
1901 at the age 5-10, compared with the recorded births in the districts
before noticed as gaining most bv earlv migrations.
Survivors counted,
.Survivors counted,
aged 5-10.
Per cent.
aged 5-10.
Per cent.
Gaining districts.
on births.
Gaining districts.
on births.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Hull
37-85
38-41
Windsor ....
43-87
42-46
Manchester
35
75
36
04
Dover ....
44
08
43
63
Birmingham .
38
07
38
89
Aldershot (North)
44
11
45
36
Sheffield ....
36
23
36
90
Deal ....
44
16
44
40
Liverpool ....
36
16
36
33
Weymouth .
St. Germans .
44
45
83
03
45
45
84
50
Coventry ....
40
57
40
32
Godstone .
50
56
48
63
Gloucester ....
39
84
39
96
Salisbury .
44
96
41
26
Ipswich ....
40
60.
41
89
Reading ....
41
27
41
61
Brentwood
47
57
47
37
Carlisle ....
40
00
41
02
jMaidenhead .
Easthampstead .
45
45
07
69
44
43
19
47
Rochdale ....
39
27
40
59
Keighley ....
39
22
39
29
Pieigate .
47
73
49
40
Burnley ....
35
86
36
81
Heme Bay
51
04
49
51
Stockport ....
37
53
38
59
Uxbridge .
Staines
51
53
72
96
53
51
44
09
Rotherham
39
63
39
27
Thanet .
53
49
47
73
Southampton .
45
10
44
91
Southend .
56
14
58
93
Swindon ....
44
32
44
84
Blackpool.
51
64
52
91
Doncaster ....
42
04
43
25
Watford .
50
63
49
53
Wellingborough .
44
00
42
79
Worthing
49
08
47
31
Kettering ....
41
38
41
80
Harrogate
48
98
49
31
Luton
41
68
41
12
Llandudno
1 47
35
46
61
Grimsby ....
40
56
40
45
Guildford .
' 46
66
44
84
Tilbury
43
79
43
18
Tunbridge
45
66
43
03
Rugby
47
58
50
35
Weston-super
-Mare
45
56
45
65
Middlesbro'
37
63
38
30
Bedford .
45
55
44
52
Millom
38
66
42
14
Eastbourne
44
57
42
43
Nuneaton ....
43
78
44
31
Hastings .
44
20
44
17
Ashby-de-la-Zouch .
42
19
39
58
Morecambe
43
19
43
43
Chesterfield
40
18
40
39
Bournemouth
Rtyl ^ .
42
41
76
38
43
42
21
69
Plymouth ....
39
93
40
32
Cromer .
43
47
45
67
Portsmouth .
40
38
40
31
Clacton
43
38
45
89
Chatham ....
42
67
42
84
Poole . .
43
84
41
71
Folkestone.
42-92
44-54
As already shown, the average survivors in England and Wales are
37 -95 males, 38-28 females; and in the residential districts 40-78 males,
40-92 females. These are the numbers which I believe would have
survived, had there been no migrations.
The next Table relates to the districts where losses seem to have
occurred.
Sussex (the residue) appears to gain children exceptionally ; the
survivors counted were 44 • 29 males, 43 • 60 females per 100 births.
England's Becent Progress.
105
Survivors counted.
Survivors counted,
aged 5-10.
Per cent.
aged 5-10.
Per cent.
Losing districts.
on births.
Losing districts.
on birtns.
-
Males.
Females.
Males.
Fem
lies.
09
Cambridge .
38-27
40-29
Wolverhampton .
34-92
35-
Oxford . .
39-27
38-92
Wakefield .
35-75
35-70
Canterbury .
37-97
37-67
]\Iaidstoue .
38-72
38-18
Sheerness.
Farnham .
38-26
39-76
37-72
38-17
Dewsbury .
33-38
34-37
39-74
37-86
Huddersfield
35-48
36-49
Saddleworth
34-81
33-05
Residues, viz.
_
Bury
34-58
35-16
Lancashire
36
48
35
66
Haslingden
35-36
36-18
Cumberland
38
34
38
56
Macclesfield
85-63
36-59
York . .
38
81
38
86
Glossop .
32-26
33-43
Monmouth
39
41
39
14
Kidderminster
38-50
37-34
Durham .
39
53
38
85
Malvern
38-72
41-84
Denbigh .
38
89
38
54
Burton-on-Trent
38-54
37-54
Lincoln .
39
74
39
84
Stafford . .
37-68
37-82
Norfolk .
39
90
39
90
Whitehaven
35-85
36-42
Devon .
40
28
39
58
Cockermouth
35-20
36-74
Gloucester
40
39
40
ri
Millom .
38-66
42-14
Wilts . .
40
47
40
52
Barrow .
35-51
35-96
Bucks .
40
54
41
50
Redruth
35-39
35-32
Carmarthen
39
67
39
30
Helston
34-38
35-99
Cornwall .
39
89
39
40
Penzance .
37-73
36-15
Northampton
40-84
40-13
If Malvern (and some other residential places) appear to lose a few of
the children born there, possibly most of those so lost were children of
temporary residents.
The ratios of apparent survivors calculated upon the numbers of births
show a very wide range. In such a place as Southend the numbers counted
much exceed the original births ; in Glossop they are materially below the
probable number of survivors. But the figures previously furnished give
the best measure obtainable of these local gains and losses.
It will be noticed that the ratios of counted children to births in
gaining districts, as shown on page opposite, are in several instances low,
especially in large towns and textile manufacturing places, but this is
accounted for by the heavy infantile mortality experienced in such places.
Coming now to the losses and gains at later ages, as compared with
the figures at age 5-10, the following Table of differences in the several
classes is derived from the ratios already tabulated : —
Excess oi
Deficiency of 1
atios * coniparei
MALES
with those at 5-10.
10-13. 13—
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
Military districts ....
1-66
2-67
1-96
1-99
5-36
4-86
20-42
Residential districts
2
06
1-82
1-88
1-20
-02
340
408
Miscellaneous districts
4
19
5-24
4-32
6-97
-67
2-33
14-09
Colliery districts
1
13
•67
•33
-09
-63
-21
1-87
Old towns
20
•51
i-i8
•88
2-00
3-17
I 79
Large towns
40
1-27
1-29
1-56
2-21
2-71
1-86
Industrial places
46
•60
-90
1-56
I-71
3-21
254
Textile manufacturing places
48
1-08
•36
-92
-62
I -SB
1-54
Rural residues .
I
64
2-25
2-93
3^79
4-43
749
8-50
England and Wales .
•24
•95
i-ii
1-46
1-74
308
2-26
* These are the ratios
of SUl
vi
vor
i cou
ited per
cent, u
pnn tota
1 births.
loi;
Kiighind's Ecccnt Progrcsfi.
Excess 01
Deflcie
ncy t>f ratios * eoinparec
with
those at 6-10.
FEMALES.
10-13.
13—
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
Military districts
I
S3
242
2-77
2^6l
2-33
227
I 55
Residential districts .
1
75
2-14
2^30
3-45
4-79
5^55
^•07
MisccUancous districts
07
265
5-29
2-56
3-.S2
5 -73
6-92
Colliery districts
1
16
•03
•62
1-77
2-41
231
1-51
Old tovyns
08
•94
•19
•01
•27
i^09
•44
Large towns
26
■8Q
117
•62
•24
1^09
3^03
Industrial places
01
1-02
2-64
339
409
5-34
442
Textile manufacturing places
S6
•64
•23
•yo
1^42
•57
2^48
Rural residues .
I
79
349
554
677
793
949
987
England and Wales .
■28
i^09
1-84
2-02
I 93
2^l6
I^II
Probable loss by mortality alone . -60
•85
1*00
115
I 30
1-45
I -60
* These are the ratios of survivors counted per cent, upon total births.
Condensing from this Table, and allowing for assuyned losses by death,
the results of migrations alone to the date of the Census in 1901 may be
summarised thus : —
Gains
or Losses by Migrat
ons.*
Males.
Females.
5-10
to 14-15.
14-15
to 18-19.
Total.
5-10
to 14-15.
14-15
to 18-19.
Total.
Militan,' districts
•96
22-98
22^02
I 77
1^82
•05
Residential districts .
2
88
536
2
48
3^30
4
37
7
67
Miscellaneous districts
5
32
10-37
15
69
429
I
03
S
32
Colliery districts
1
33
2-U
3
47
•38
29
09
Old towns ....
18
•01
19
1^19
85
2
04
Large towns ....
29
•03
26
•17
4
80
4
63
Industrial places
10
I 04
94
1-64
I
18
2
82
Textile manufacturing places .
64
•58
06
•77
3
31
4
08
Rural residues ....
I
93
497
6
90
454
3
73
8
27
England and Wales .
•II
•55
•66
•84
1^33
•49
* Percentages upon total births (of both se.xes).
It should be noticed that in the larger Table, and in this Summary, it
is tacitly assumed that the migrations of young people year by year are
similar. The care of the education and health of our children does really
present the same problems year by year, and the regularity of the gains or
losses shown seems to corroborate the idea that in large masses of popula-
tion similarly employed there is a degree of constancy in the movements of
young persons. Smaller populations exhibit much less regular movements,
and errors in the returns of ages affect them more.
When we compare the numbers surviving at each year of age from
14-15 to 18-19, making due allowance for deaths, we see a steady
tendency towards gain or loss in the great majority of cases, and any
apparent aberration in one or more years may be regarded with
comparative indifference.
The figures given below are arrived at in the same way as those shown
EnglancVs Becent Progress.
107
in the summary Table, but show the ratios of apparent loss or gain by
migrations up to each age from 14-15 to 18-19 after allowing for
mortality : —
Males.
t
emales.
Gains or Losses* fi
om 5-10 to
Gain or Losses* from 5-10 to
H—
15—
16—
17—
18—
14—
15— 16— 17—
18—
Military districts.
•q6
3^14
6-66
6-31
22-02
1-77
1^46
I 03
•82
•05
Residential ,,
2-88
2
35
1
28
1-95
2
48
3 •SO
4^60
6^09
7^00
'/•6V
Miscellaneous dis-"l
tricts . . ./
Colliery districts .
5-32
8
12
63
3^78
15
69
429
141
222
428
5-32
1-33
1
06
1
93
1^66
3
47
•38
•62
I^II
•86
•09
Old towns .
•i8
27
70
1^72
19
1^19
1-16
1^57
•36
2^04
Large towns .
•29
41
91
I 26
26
•17
•53
1^54
2^54
4^63
Industrial places .
•10
41
41
I 76
94
1^64
2 24
279
3»9
282
Textile manufac-1
turing places . f
•64
23
68
•13
06
•77
1^45
2^72
2^02
4^08
Rural residues
1-93
2
64
3
13
6-04
6
90
454
5-62
663
8^04
827
England and Wales
•II
•31
•44
I 63
•66
•84
■87
•63
■71
•49
* Percentages on total births (of both sexes).
Gains at particular years of age, such as the gain of males in military
districts at age 18- (equal to 15-71 per cent, on births), must be
approximately arrived at by taking the differences between successive
columns of figures : the gradual gain of girls in residential places and in
large towns illustrates this.
We can now proceed to set out the facts as arrived at for each district,
dealing wnth the districts in classes. The gains of males between the age
5-10 and the ages 14-18 are almost confined to the military, residential
and colliery classes and the small group " miscellaneous."
Many of these districts, which
gainers of children up to the age 5-10 : —
Military.
I have marked with an asterisk, were
Males.
Females.
Gains or
Losses from 5-10 to
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
*St. Germans .
16^73
68^90t
100 •74121 -57
6^06
864
668
11 23
508
694
*Weymouth
0-2
24
10
100 •28§
86
15§
29
28
2-85
2-09
283
3-00
•02
Farnham .
3^99
1
29
253
09
84
48
■21 1 4-37
423
477
•12
*Deal . . .
•36
3
66
5-70
12
54
59
75
490 i 916
7-44
846
912
Canterbury
420
66
346
6
13
57
85
540 ! -65
2^21
•53
•18
*Aldershot (N.)
8-84
12
63
10-98
9
46
52
75
•14 ^ 4-04
V6i
I 05
484
*Godstone .
237
94
V6S
46
38
89
•63 1 759
6-45
1-47
1-01
Colchester .
4^07
2
67
3-29
15
59
36
26
6^16 2^59
7^17
9-17
5^97
* Folkestone
4'24
2
97
2^73
4
4S
24
90
•17 1 4^92
10^54
14^83
12^09
* Dover .
1^62
1
25
1^04
ss
24
16
2-75 -95
•86
399
2^52
*Chatham .
116
20
1^07
65
■22
38
348 509
3-82
500
3 24
Sheerness .
6^14
02
257
21
52
20
30
291 i 627
I 29
4- 15
764
* Portsmouth .
218
09
•39
2
47
11
54
1^21
i^S6
I^OI
•08
2^34
*Plymouth .
299
4
53
9^60
7
19
8
44
2-86
•47
•65
•75
•20
*Windsor
•87
4
S2
4^01
4
SI
60
•71
1^11
•28
2-33
•28
*Salisbury .
408
348
690
9-01
725
•38 ' 2-50
2^73 ' 2-77
I 90
Mainly on H.M. ships.
$ Mainly on II. M. ships at I'ortlanil.
108
EnghniiVs I\cccnt Progress.
The only military districts which reaUy attract young women are
Folkestone and Colchester. The elllux of young men from Salisbury and
Windsor in search of employment exceeds the number of soldiers attracted
at these ages.
Eesidential.
I shall divide these districts at once into those which show a tangible
gain of children at the age 5-10, and those which do not show such gain.
The following twenty show substantial gains of such children : —
Males.
Females
—
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
Gains or Losses fi
om 5-10 to
14—
15-
16—
17—
18-
14—
15—
16—
17-
IS—
Llandudno . . | 4*74
11-80
14-14
2-11
11-87
14-35
20-09
25-56
21^51
31-20
Harrogate
114-86
18
28
12
85
10
04
11-26
16
47
28-75
25
95
39
64
30
70
Eastbourne
4-06
95
1
09
5
48
2-50
9
69
18-95
27
10
32
26
29
54
Blackpool
12-78
10
01
8
96
6
32
12-11
10
73
9-23
10
95
13
45
20
09
Bedford .
11-40
14
88
13
08
5
62
5-69
7
58
7-21
14
11
11
92
12
01
Southend*
7-28
I
07
1
68
2
85
7-01
7
04
2-32
3
39
10
48
7
85
Guildford
11-00
7
70
6
62
8
45
10-88
I
98
3-01
1
04
I
90
3
53
Morecambe
3-84
2
05
5
27
5
43
9-40
I
60
-07
4
74
4
05
3
23
Hastings .
-34
2
34
3
80
2
68
312
5
14
7-45
9
73
10
25
13
36
Worthing
3-00
1
03
I
SI
6
48
684
8
48
12-53
5
53
11
82
7
70
Thanet .
6-85
1
08
6
57
II
04
12 87
9
86
11-85
7
54
5
78
7
69
Tunbridge
i -99
3
73
I
23
2
55
715
2
15
5-27
1
71
5
20
4
94
Watford .
! 4-68
72
2
43
5
02
580
4
64
•80
53
2
22
4
60
Weston-super
Mare
1 2-62
91
8
02
9
91
7-48
3
77
6-41
5
08
9
10
1
86
Reigate .
•46
4
41
3
68
1
45
117
34
2-52
3
48
2
38
I
45
Heme Bay
5-07
I
09
74
13
58
16 -99
40
2-47
6
41
1
43
3
32
Cromer
i 1-65
56
3
12
3
45
2-22
3
69
333
3
28
9
63
7
08
Clacton
2-64
6
48
18
88t
2
36
605
55
752
5
28
9
06
9
61
Uxbridgo .
6-53
10
31
II
64
13
63
12-56
14
35
16-51
18
59
17
91
12
31
Staines
12-U4t
4-16
10-99
12-87
13-51
•37
683
10 14
780
13 79
* School of Gunnery. f Scholars.
X Mainly at Harwich and probably on board H.M. ships there.
The first six show solid additional gains of either sex ; but Guildford
and Morecambe appear less attractive for girls than for boys at the time
of the year at which the Census was taken. The six next after
Morecambe show losses of boys eventually much more than neutralizing
any previous gain. The figures for Eeigate are not striking. The
remaining five lose large numbers of both sexes, the temporary gains in
the Clacton district and in Staines having doubtless some local explana-
tion. The loss of boys from Heme Bay deserves special mention.
The remaining tw^elve do not attract many children up to the
age 5-10 (see next Table).
Many districts which attract young children do not continue to attract
boys after 15 — for example, Thanet and Heme Bay, and a smaller number
fail to retain girls — for instance, Clacton and Uxbridge. On the other
hand, districts which exercise httle attraction for infants begin to attract
rather later ; amongst these are Bournemouth, Malvern, Bath and
Cheltenham.
Places which attract neither infants nor young persons to any great
EnglancVs Recent Progress.
109
Males.
j
b'emales.
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17—
18-
Il-
15—
16—
17— 18—
Bournemouth
4^65
9^16
12-73
12^29
18-77
ls -30
30-15
43-96
45-79
65-34
(Jbeltenliaiu .
4
43
5^28
6
18
I 99
5- 13
5
17
10-99
17-39
18
58
17
64
Bath . .
7
02
3-46
3
28
•96
731
4
62
6-44
10-28
7
23 11
14
]\Ialvern .
13
43
14-28
21
20
10-66
1-50
10
92
7-77
13-73
8
92 10
62
Poole*
14
4^33
15
•S8
4-67
3
22
5-51
7-39
9
82
16
78
Brighton .
1
10
1^09
79
4"37
506
5
70
7-16
6-49
8
72
9
14
Southport
81
4^51
33
-20
1-74
1
90
3-14
7-38
8
24
8
74
Scarborough
84
298
85
2-90
6-93
40
4-55
■21
4
63
5
78
Rhyl . .
50
2^25
I
13
-19
4-51
67
2-51
1-33
59
13
Leamington
3
,37
I 35
4
19
1-46
-76
3
84
•69
3-03
4
21
1
98
Torquay .
I
22
1-12
2
03
8-31
6-81
1
26
I 23
3-30
08
1
81
Isle of Wight
421
2-90
555
595
6-94 3-50
2-08
3- OS
2-01
1-32
Heie there is a gain of boys up to age 5-10.
extent are the Isle of Wight, Torquay and Leamington, and with them it
would hardly be unfair to class Scarborough and Ehyl.
Colliery Districts.
Glamorgan
Nuneaton.
Wrexham.
Cannock .
Barnsley .
Ashby-de-la
Zouch .
Chesterfield
Durham .
Wigan .
Males.
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
2-28
4-54
2-70
1-38
•06
1^09
•38
•99
2-97
1-40
-09
1-82
6-31
1-98
2-03
356
1-79
•65
•21
•85
Females.
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
•07
1-31
-77
6-94
-37
1-96
•28
742
-90
I -06
-78
1-70
-58
1-76
-08
•90
-58
•28
•36
3^41
171
10-23
521
308
1-75
-07
02
1-38
5-01
3-21
10-86
2-36
2-68
525
10-91
18—
690
6-15
6-62
543
2-89
1-03
-48
364
•46
3^92
•60
650
10-33
6-99
6-64
325
•43
■56
Nuneaton, Chesterfield and x\shby-de-la-Zouch gained children up to
5-10, and, as shown, Nuneaton made further gains, but that place and
Glamorgan probal)ly received whole families of immigrants. The loss of
young women in Cannock was unusually heavy. The movements in the
important Durham group were curiously shght.
The few " miscellaneous " are now shown : —
Males.
Gains or Losses from 6-10 to
Females.
Gains or Losses from 6-in to
14—
15—
16— 17—
18—
14—
15—
1
16— 1 17—
IS—
Easthanipstead .
Brentwood
Maidenhead .
16-17*
3 -531
•19
28-57*
•99
1^07
6-64 19^69*
•16 3^88
•05 699
65-01* 7-35
12-49t 6-68
6-88 -18
2-78
4-61
I 33
8-58 1-86
210 775
2-34 2-8i
1
5-12
7 97
i-io
* Sandhurst C
ollege C!
idets.
t Workh
luse Sch
ool.
t y
Varley Barracks.
no
Enfflaiid's liccriif Progress.
Ill the largo towns, old towns and inanutactuving places producing
textile falmos the chief phcuomcuou is a uioderato
women.
TjAhge Towns.
gam ol young
Males.
Females
Gains or Losses fi
(1111 i'j-lO to
Gi
lins or Losses from ."j-io to
14—
15—
16—
17— 18—
14—
15—
16—
17— 1 18—
Leicester .
•48
8^39
2-82
•13
1-77
•93
5^73
5^97
4^92
8^49
Bristol . . .
1-02
•08
•15
286
243
2^04
3^48
5^02
1^88
3^17
Leeds ....
1-06
1^35
2-91
1^48
•90
2^61
3^74
3^57
3^34
4^66
Birmingham
•50 •eS ^23
•12 -37
•34
•66
1^51
1^94 ' 3^66
London .
•33 30 iio
1-33 -03
•21
•54
1^83
3-20 ! 5-80
Hull ....
•91 -GO ^89
I 92
•38
1^47
•06
•13
•94 i 2^31
Sheffield . . . ;
1-15 -48 ! -4:2
•03
1^05
•60
*44
1-06
1-18 : 2-40
Manchester . . '
•01 06 i ^12
•14
•03
•01
•26
2^14
3^24 i 3-67
Liverpool
i-8o 298 3-16
3-29 2-01 '
2-41
1-63 I 98
•47 1 1^31
Nottingham*
4-17 4-50 544
497 j 479
I 53
i^63 2^14
•31 1 3-40
* These flgui-es being for Nottingham as in 1901, do not compare with the Table in Appendix C, but
with a Table in Appendi.\ G.
Birmingham, Hull, Sheffield, Manchester and Liverpool seem to have
gained rather many children up to the age 5-10 ; of these only Liverpool
shows sensible loss a little later, due perhaps to the fact that some of the
immigrant children would have claims upon them (or might possess
openings) elsewhere.
Old Towns.
The " old " towns are very varied in character,
with some reference to their apparent prosperity.
They are arranged
Males.
1
Females
Gains or Losses fi
om 5-10 to
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
Cambridge .
2^21
3^33
3^35
I 82
I 80
3-38
3^56
8^84
2^20 11^98
Worcester .
•42
3^03 ' 2^40
•77
•08
1-88
4^86
5
•80
5
•50 1 8^97
*Coventry
"34
2^53 1 2-56
280
4^94
3^95
2-35
4
•57
I
•83 6^83
Oxford . . .
2^65
2^06 1 ^63
•91
407
4-66
6^21
6
10
5
•05 4^75
Northampton .
1^68
1-58
•04
1-40
•70
7^36
5^49
4
63
3
59 4-07
*Reading .
7^59
3^29
7.72
1^97
3^58
2-63
3-93
02
2
62 4-05
Norwich
•20
•14
I-I9
I-8S
2^10
•90
1^91
3
46
3
13 1 3-87
*Gloucester .
2^88
2^54
•51
•q8
I "39
4-05
3-87
3
00
I
82 3-85
Derby
•66
•79 29
I 72
•78
•48
1-09
3
18
1
58 3^81
Yarmouth .
4^12
127 ; 678
3-47
499
•52
1-56
24
2
68
2^20
York ....
2-07
3-49 1 1^23
•44
8-10
I 97
•73
1
97
23
I 26
Exeter .
I 05
•69 95
4 04
364
4-69
•90
1
23
12
1^16
Chester .
1-73
•24 249
218
•91
•89
•22
5S
3
61
•31
Wakefield . .
2-69
•28 ^15
•6s
1^31
2^x4
218 I
97
3
63 I ■ 16
*Carlisle . . .
2-47
•44 2-51
•52
•08
•II
2^14
27
6
72 227
*Ips%vich .
I -10
2-17 1-59
2-31 89
1-41
•88 1
62
1
48 2-44
Lynn
•55
5^13
488
292 273
403
2-01
48
2-
36 249
Maidstone .
•49
236
337
391
1-13
•53
301
19
6
58 356
Lincoln .
2-42
2^15
257
367
252
116
379
615
458 495
* Tliese places show gains of children aged 5-10.
England's Becent Progress,
111
Out of nineteen places only Eeading, Coventry, York and Cambridge
show any persistency in attracting young men, and of these Cambridge
loses in the last two years more than all that had been gained. The first
ten places show real gains of young women.
Textile Manufacturing Places.
Males.
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
Females.
Gains or Losses fi"om 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
14—
15—
16—
5-41
17—
18—
Keighley .
•81
7^97
1
57
8
50
3
53
4
75
10
34
11^83
9
52
Burnley .
6^70
4^30
4
79
4
70
3
89
5
15
8
65
6^71
8^24
9
48
Stockport .
3^59
2^20
98
36
40
93
2
62
4^26
3-26
7
68
Bolton
3^12
2^68
3
95
1
70
1
41
3
47
4
25
4^94
2^52
4
85
Blackburn
•97
l^OO
70
98
81
1
57
68
2^06
1^19
5
10
Bury ....
1-25
I 50
29
01
1
75
67
41
2^81
1^86
2
18
Preston .
I^OI
l■l^
I
47
I
32
28
3
29
I
58
•03
•33
3
21
Haslingden .
1-50
•87
16
I
78
I
83
2
77
71
4-28
1^13
2
42
Oldham .
•75
1-25
1
02
2
07
1
34
I
33
I
17
•23
2^09
3
97
Ashton-under- \
Lyne . . ./
2^10
•63
I
81
•39
30
81
83
1-14
•22
2
22
Todmorden .
3^04
■77
36
I 57
73
1
95
86
3^54
•99
6
04
Wharfedale .
2-36
2^29
4
11
1^22
2
10
I
16
83
2^29
•26
1
24
Bradford .
SO
•12
2
11
•15
39
75
3
30
5^03
3^12
5
62
Halifax .
•28
•28
68
•73
1
46
1
90
1
53
2^88
2-41
3
89
Dewsbury
•40
1^04
1
25
I 32
70
1
93
1
10
3-49
1^66
2
71
Rochdale .
i^7i
2-i6
I
44
494
3
63
I
63
I
60
•18
I 29
1
66
Leek ....
•40
349
2
76
2^04
4
87
2
50
I
95
2-55
469
3
25
Huddersfield .
113
2-99
I
65
•10
2
08
91
87
•75
1-61
3
56
Glossop .
1^65
1-49
3
55
2-95
I
63
73
78
3-04
4^24
2
12
Saddleworth .
2-03
517
6
76
832
8
38
2
25
90
532
1-96
4
79
Kidderminster .
i^7i
363
7
05
753
8
90
14
I
92
2-00
•27
44
Macclesfield .
2^24
i^48
I
57
2-45
5
82
3
08
I
61
•63
I 42
1
64
There is not a very important attraction for l)oys oven in the four
places ranked first and in Glossop, and it seems often to die away after 17.
As respects girls, a gain of some importance is nearly general. Leek,
11-2
England's Bcccnt Progress.
Saddlowortli and (as respects males) Kiddorminsfcor show losses of some
maj^uitude.
Industrial.
The remaining industrial places may be divided into twelve which
attract children up to the aire 5-10, and thirteen others. And first, as to
the twelve : —
Mr
les.
Kcmales
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17—
1^
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
Kettering
3-26
4-76
6^47
7-03
12^29
•55
7-35
7-05
9^60
9^04
Wellingborougli
4
25
2
29
2
57
2
.39
2-26
1^52
2-37
4-70
•03
1-22
Grimsby .
48
1
50
91
2
39
•50
1-18
1-49
3-15
1-54
5^06
Rotherham
1
34
92
94
90
2-24
2-85
229
456
4-20
520
Doncaster
3
80
1
90
4
87
2
20
3-34
1^87
•65
349
395
I 76
Rugby
6
99
14
02
9
22 ' 3
27
419
12 94
12 72
II -60
II 88
14-44
Swindon .
B
73
10
44
4
31 i 4
04
11-70
4^79
1-77
6-21
357
240
Tilbury* .
23
66
13
02
10
71 14
58
17-12
2^42
9-02
7-48
484
2-86
Luton .
3
6.S
3
31
3
69 7
48
726
.S-o.S
•50
2-12
1-32
3-32
^lillom
61
2
99
.S
36 2
63
2-40
7-19
.S-66
7-84
9-26
9-64
Middlesboio"
74
2
08
2
78 4
.S3
2-03
1-67
487
520
6-31
489
Southampton . 1^45
•91
i-o6 4-45
4-25
1-17
•03
2-77
324
-19
* Training ship " Exmoutli,
School ship "Cornwall."
Industrial School ship "Shaftesbury," and Thames Reformatory
The extraordinary rush of young women away from Eugby must claim
notice. The " colliery " element in Eotherham and Doncaster seems to"
be responsible for a smaller exodus. Millom, Middlesbro' and Tilbury can
hardly be supposed to have any attraction for young women.
The thirteen districts which do not attract many children are next
shown : —
Males.
B'emales
Gains or Losses fr
om &-10 to
Gains or Losses fi
om 5-10 to
14—
15-
16—
17—
18—
14-
15—
16—
17-
18—
WalsaU . . .
-27
2^41
1-85
•24
2-34
1-96
1-12
2^05
-81
3-74
Redruth .
2-38
1-91
3-82
•43
2-89
•23
2- .^8
2-12
1-62
-62
Crewe ....
I 05
•40
2-10
2-39
2-13
1^76
316
303
6-22
6-22
Cockermouth
•70
3-26
319
-13
1-19
342 571
493
4-01
211
Whitehaven .
4-64
5-65
243
938
9-22
7-00 677
788
9-40
975
Barrow
452
•21
397
4- 14
4-17
1-22 1 4-58
5-83
10 78
991
Burton-on-Treut
1-07
I 39
-03
232
2-63
2-33 1 3-21
569
723
6 46
Stafford . . .
I 76
1-72
2-75
323
475
6-26 4-29
3-69
712
6 49
Potteries .
•42
•12
-01
I 47
■45
•68 i 1-34
•91
1-09
-18
WolverhampLuu .
1-35
1-69
I -.55
2-47
I 59
311 3'02
376
468
3-84
Penzance .
296
2-20
1-03
2-49
5-17
295 I 16
2-83
308
270
Falmouth
556
5-28
296
-99
909
207 547
5- 10
293
I 57
Helston .
1-31
015
2-17
1-49
4-92
4-89 576
678
509
7-70
These districts are on the whole losing young people of both sexes
after the age 5-10, if we except the first two. It is noticeable that just
when Ccckei mouth gains a few boys (age 17-) the neighbouring district
of Whitehaven loses a large number.
England's Recent Progress.
113
EUEAL EeSIDUES.
It will be seen that few contrasts are possible between districts, every
one of which is losing young people. Eleven residues show a smaller loss
at the higher ages than the rest, and are mostly associated with manu-
factures or with mining.
Males.
Females.
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
Gains or Losses from 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
14—
15— J 6— 1 17—
18—
Lancashire .
•31
218
1-31 ! 330
331
■8,
330
416
419
4-48
York . .
239
•«5
126 325
446
316
2-87
446
530
549
Durham .
306
499
262 573
5-38
411
574
•17
240
1-91
Cumberland
I 48
3"
•83 280
339
246
2 -.55
•.S8
3-88
1-85
Leicester .
1-87
I 56
•64 I 383
3-26
279
277
I 96
3 -18
I 92
Stafford .
2-55
I 07
256 1 415
445
4-35
471
7-84
8-39
7 54
Carnarvon
218
260
473 i 555
748
3 -.55
2-44
4-71
5 -.54
6-27
Carmarthen
■71
2-97
107 489
594
I 43
1-88
1-46
398
292
Denbigh .
1-45
4 75
•46 j 3-13
492
2-64
216
3-78
687
942
Cornwall .
253 2-77
433 7^15
6-77
433
5-03
6-35
469
618
Monmouth .
•79 445
3^15 815
5-84
456
6*22
532
8-66
850
The remaining thirteen are to a great extent agricultural, and there has
been no influence tending to counteract the desire to obtain employment
elsewhere, which is at the root of most migratory movements.
Males.
Females
Gains or Losses fr
om 5-10 to
Gains or Losses fi
om 5-10 to
14—
15—
16—
17-
18—
14—
15—
16—
17—
18—
Norfolk .
2-86
381 4-63
768
9 83
5-85
8 56
981
"•95
12-98
Wilts ....
I 96
241 i 312
7-17
957
6 40
790
9-61
11-48
10-83
Gloucester
1-77
395 : 3-91
7 60
942
5 -.54
708
690
10 55
10 03
Devon
•85
2-94 i 463
830
9-II
465
456
6-00
660
6 40
Sussex
2-45
318 6-20
778
8-44
554
735
9 -85
10-28
998
Hants ....
1-88
274 456
711
8-43
5 72
760
891
10-22
11-35
Montgomery .
387
455 379
756
8-14
478
478
6 62
8-68
10 06
Essex ....
•38
•57
2 69
7 -34
799
6- 15
8-27
10 83
10-65
"•53
Salop ....
3-II
3-21
353
5-, 58
7-72
4-65
5-71
734
799
8-s6
Bucks ....
•66
•23
334
553
6-95
5-41
683
769
955
10-95
Northampton
227
370
471
5 89
6-74
5 -.56
676
8 31
10 07
10-31
Lincoln .
291
355
204
647
623
4 60
539
571
7-53
9-10
Kent ....
I 96
331 : 382
791
622
5-24
6-37
8-33
8-51
953
It will be seen that between 14- and 16-, except in the case of Sussex,
the ratios of the absent males only increase by moderate steps, equalling
little more than 1 per cent, on births (or say 2i- per cent, on the living-
males) per annum. In Norfolk, at 17-, we have an augmented loss of
males, equalling about 3 per cent, on births, and at 18- a further loss
of 2 per cent. So that in two years more than 12 per cent, of the living
males must have departed.
114
England's Becent Progress,
In the case of females quite a large number leave Norfolk, Hants,
Essex, Sussex and other counties between 14- and 15-. Essex and Kent
sustain heavy loss in the next year of age ; Sussex also loses considerably.
But after 16- Sussex on balance loses few or none, and the heaviest losses
are experienced by Lincoln, Norfolk, Bucks, Gloucester and Hants, with
Montgomery and Monmouth. I think losses in Devon and Sussex may
be counterpoised by gains, as it is likely young women may to a
certain extent be attracted there on account of their education, or as
attendants.
It might appear advisable to compute the numerical loss at each year
of age, but I have decided not to do so, partly because I do not repose
much contidence in the returns of ages for particular years, and partly for
the reason that the mortality of the young varies in particular years to an
extent which would affect the validity of figures, based on the assumption
of a steady average loss.
It is enough, I think, to have given the means of forming an opinion
with respect to the tendency towards loss and gain in each of the
160 districts at the ages mentioned.
But, by way of illustration, four examples shall be given of districts
where there have been remarkable gains and losses. The estimated
number of survivors has been slightly adjusted in each case, so as to
bring the i-esult of migrations at ages 0-15 into harmony with the
figures in Appendix C.
Bournemouth (Registration District op Christchurch).
Estimated
Gai
1 by
Per centage on
Age in
Births.
survivors.
migrations.
estimated
survivors.*
1901.
Male.
Female.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Male.
i Female.
0-5. .
6,548
2,864
2,858
2,921
2,824
57
34
2-0
1-2
5-10 .
6,943
2,946
2,939
2,969
3,000
23
61
•8
; 2-1
10-13 .
3,669
1,534
1,530
1,850
1,851
316
321
20-6
21-0
13 . .
1,227
510
508
609
666
99
158
19-4
31-1
14 . .
1,252
519
518
581
720
62
202
11-9
39-0
557
708
15 . .
1,101
454
453
559
795
105
342
23-1
75-5
IG . .
1,026
422
422
556
881
134
459
31-8
' 108-8
17 . .
972
398
397
521
851
123
454
30-9
114-3
18 . .
892
364
363
490
954
126
591
34-6
162-8
* These ratios should be comiiared witli those shown on page 109 in order to gain a truer idea as to
the actual migrations.
The immigration into this place evidently begins to be important soon
after age 10-, and attains very considerable dimensions. The gains
shown at ages 15 and upwards include of course those prior to the
Census of 1891.
England'' s Recent Progress.
115
EuGBY Eegistration District.
Estimated
Gain or Loss by
Per centage on
Age in
1901.
Births.
survivors.
migrations.
estimated
survivors.
Male.
Female.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Male.
Female.
0-5. .
4,263
1,790
1,842
1,897
1,908
107
66
6-0
3-6
5-10 .
3,756
1,536
1,580
1,787
1,892
251
312
16-3
19-7
10-13 .
2,250
907
933
1,209
1,059
302
126
33-3
13-5
13 . .
814
326
336
401
328
75
8
23-0
24
14 . .
868
346
356
465
316
119
40
34-4
II-2
854
456
15 . .
847
337
347
512
309
175
38
51-9
ii-o
16 . .
809
320
330
449
303
129
27
40-3
8-2
17 . .
832
328
338
411
308
83
30
25-3
89
18 . .
816
320
330
341
280
21
50
6-6
151
If there be usually a gain of females, such as is shown above, at the
age 5-10, then there must as frequently be a heavy loss of girls at slightly
higher ages. The gain of boys at age 15- reaches its highest point. It is
conceived that some of the boys attending Eugby School reside in New
Bilton, outside the urban district, as there is an excess of males at ages
14 to 18 in the rural area which forms the residue of the registration
district.
UxBRiDGE Eegistration District.
Age in
1901.
Births.
Estimated
survivors.
Counted.
Gain or Loss
by migrations.
Per centage on
estimated survivors.
Male.
Female.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Male.
Female.
0-5. . 4,816
6-10 . ! 4,283
10-13 . 2,630
13 . . 880
14 . . 869
1,990
1,708
1,033
343
337
354
361
345
329
2,093
1,797
1,087
362
356
373
380
364
346
2,271
2,215
1,210
410
384
368
363
329
323
2,286
2,289
1,217
365
331
327
314
306
340
281
507
177
67
47
193
492
130
3
25
14-1
29-7
17-1
19-5
14-0
4-0
•6
4-6
1-8
9-2
27-4
12-0
•8
70
15 . .
16 . .
17 . .
18 . .
914
936
898
860
1,079
14
2
16
6
793
^6
123
174
160
1-7
I can only attribute the great influx of children aged 5-10 to the
immigration of famihes from London. There is a workhouse school at
Southall-Norwood, with 210 male and 171 female children, which may
have a share in producing the result shown. In the place mentioned, and
also in the urban district of Uxbridge, there is an excess of girls at the
age 5-10, whilst in the rural parts there is a deficiency of girls at the
same age. There is evidently an exodus of young people after 10 years
of age, which ends in bringing the actual numbers at 17- lower than they
would Jiave been in the absence of any migrations.
I 2
116
EngJa lid's lircciif Progress.
Cannock Registration District.
Ag»irx
1901.
Births.
Estiiuatci
survivors.
Counteil.
Gain or Loss
by migrations.
Per centafte on
estimated survivors.
j Male.
Female.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Male.
Female.
0-5 .
7,929
i 3,267
3,262
3,435
8,399
168
137
5-1
4-2
5-10 .
7,654
3,038
3,031
3,025
2,997
13
34
•4
II
10-13 .
4,025
1,573
1,570
1,710
l,6i5
137
75
8-7
4-8
13 . .
1,314
510
509
491
513
19
4
37
•8
14 . .
1,480
573
571
547
455
26
ii6
4-5
203
247
66
15 . .
1.429
551
549
568
397
17
152
8-1
277
16 . .
1.433
550
548
498
887
52
161
95
294
17 . .
1.414
540
539
488
379
52
160
9-6
29-7
IS . .
1 . 870
522
521
537
373
15
148
2-9
284
This is an example of an unprosperous colliery district. The apparent
influx of young children is neutralised b}' losses later on, and from the
age 14 onwards the girls seem to seek employment elsewhere.
Births : Variations in Absolute Numbers in Eecent Years.
When dealing with the Registrar-General's annual reports, it is difficult
to measure the decHne in the English birth rate for want of knowledge as
to the movement of population since the last Census, and especially that
of a part of the population, viz., married women aged 15-45. But there
is no great difficulty in comparing the absolute numbers of births in groups
of registration counties, it being only necessary to make such corrections
for alterations of boundary as will render the figures strictly comparable.
The year 1882 seems a fairly good starting point for such a calculation.
The bu'ths were nearly equal in that year and the next, and upon the whole
the figures were maintained with some increase until 1886. But in 1887
there was a check, wloich has continued down to the present time.
In 1886, it may if^ noted, no county group fell below 97^ per cent, of
the births registered in 1882, with the exception of four Welsh groups,
viz., Denbigh, Carnarvon, Carmarthen and Montgomery, comprehending
all Wales outside the South Wales coalfield (see Table opposite).
Persons Returned as Unoccupied.
There is a great deal of inequality in the proportions of young women
returned as being " unoccupied." In 1901 we find :—
Numbers of women in urban districts
,, „ rural districts
Totals
Of whom "unoccupied " in urban districts
,, ,, rural districts
Totals
Age 15-20
1,305,358
333,263
Age 20-i5
1,341,109
807,169
1,638,621
1,648,278
411,824
147,373
558,758
161,051
559,197
719,804
England's Becent Progress.
117
Batios op Increase or Decrease in Absolute Numbers op Births in Groups
OP Registration Counties as compared with Numbers in 1882.
If births in 1882 =
100, then births in
1883.
1884.
1885.
1386.
1887.
Aver-
age.
1888-90.
Aver-
age.
1891-5.
Aver-
age.
1896-00.
Aver-
age.
1901-5.
1906.
Glamorgan, &c. .
101-24
107-40
109
84
110
97
108-08
113-12
131-97
137-16
150-61
153-80
Durham, &c.
101-32
106-19
101
84
102
94
100-85
102-59
110-32
115-93
125-64
127-07
Metropolitan 1
Counties . . 1
101-11
102-74
101
65
103
61
102-71
101-43
104-56
108-13
112-61
112-60
Leicester, &c.
101-77
103-91
102
95
104
04
100-69
98-58
104-75
107-71
111-40
109-57
Stafford, &c. . .
100-92
102-35
100
20
100
49
97-06
97-12
102-86
107-52
109-42
108-52
Hants, Berks
100-14
100-29
100
93
103
91
103-96
100-43100-46
101-35
103-90
106-38
Yorkshire
98-91
101-34
98
66
99
13
97-64
97-39101-10
103-60
104-25
102-80
Lancashire .
99-36
100-90
100
35
101
32
99-25
99-08102-06
103-29
102-41
102-68
Lincoln .
99-69
99-82
99
44
97
91
96-12
90-74
90-26
89-54
89-36
92-84
Wilts, Dorset .
99-44
101-11
99
30
99
10
97-42
94-83
92-75
89-27
87-41
89-24
Northampton
103-20
103-10
102
94
103
49
100-80
98-15
97-99
96-77
91-31
89-07
Sussex
99-82
99-53
96
98
97
51
94-98
91-84
93-34
91-76
90-42
88-92
Gloucester, 1
Somerset . . /
98-03
98-02
98
06
98
59
96-77
94-85
94-72
91-48
88-39
86-54
Devon
97-35
100-08
97
10
98
75
97-15
95-39
92-84
89-66
86-15
84-89
Norfolk, Suffolk .
100-75
101-91
99
65
102
00
99-36
96-14
93-18
89-41
85-47
83-01
Bucks, Oxford .
101-60
102-08
99
78
102
75
99-55
96-69
94-34
87-45
85-46
82-72
Salop, Hereford .
96-31
99-81
96
64
97
97
94-51
91-98
90-22
87-43
85-04
80-67
Cumberland .
101-22
100-32
99
99
98
47
93-61
95-48
92-11
85-68
82-91
80-62
Cornwall .
97-73
101-07
96
77
98
83
93-48
92-14
90-36
82-72
76-17
71-82
Denbigh .
96-76
95-90
95
24
92
38
92-04
90-45
99-76
101-61
101-91
99-34
Carnarvon
98-18
98-13
98
27
94
93
92-34
88-90
90-61
95-14
94-86
92-85
Carmarthen, &c.
96-82
94-77
96
59
96
14
95-74
91-70
91-56
87-63
86-72
85-89
Montgomery, &c.
96-01
94-60
92
50
93
26
89-14
85-15
80-74
83-13
77-56
71-79
England and )
Wales . . ./
100-19
102-00
100
59
101
67
99-70
98-83
102-12
103-84
105-58
105-18
Number of thel
above local)
ratios under/
97 -5 per cent, j
5
3
7
4
13
16
13
14
14
14
118
F.nqland's Bcccnt Progress.
Of wliom also, married .
,, single
,, widowed
Is umbers of workiug women-
Married and widowed
Single
Totals
Totals
Age 15
-20
Age 20-25
25,392
447,885
1,613,138
1,196,555
91
3,838
1,G38,G21
1,648,278
3,043
49,164
1,076,381
879,310
1,079,424
928,474
wed workers at age 2
18,222
9,392
8,506
2,881
2,112
1,456
1,360
were found in : —
Class XVIII. — Textile Fabrics.
XIX.— Dress ....
IV. — Domestic Offices or Servants
XX. — Food, Tobacco, Drink, &c.
X. — Metals, Machines, &c.
XIV. — Brick, Cement, Pottery, &c.
XVII. — Paper, Prints, Books, &c. .
The proportion "unoccupied" at age 15-25 was thus 38 "9 per cent, on
an average ; the figure for urban districts being 36 • 7 per cent, and that
for rural districts 48-2 per cent.
It will be noticed that the figures of the unoccupied considerably
exceed those of married women ; but in some places, where as few as
10*8 per cent, to 21*5 per cent, of the women were unoccupied, there can
be little doubt but that many married women are employed in textile
manufactures. On the other hand, we find districts in which nearly two-
thirds of the women aged 15-25 are returned as " unoccupied," and these
are generally colliery districts and other districts where rude labour is
highly paid and the wage earner does not allow his daughters to accept
employment.
It is remarkable that although social habits often become diffused over a
wider area than that in which they originate, this distinction between cotton
spinning places and others strongly marks the several towns in Lancashire
for which we have particulars, the percentage unoccupied being in : —
Blackburn .
10-8
Manchester .
27-8
Burnley
12-1
Salford
27-9
Bury .
13-9
Warrington .
42-1
Preston
14-4
Liverpool
43-4
Rochdale
16-5
Bootle .
48-2
Oldham
18-8
Barrow
53-4
Bolton
18-8
St. Helens .
57-2
Wigan .
26-7
The average percentage for all these places was (in 1901) 30*1, and that
for the residue of Lancashire urban districts 27*2; but I think the latter
figm-e covers quite as great diversity as the former, since the smaller towns
are in many cases either wholly occupied in the cotton manufacture or
largely engaged in coal mining.
A similar observation is true of Yorkshire, the ratios there being in : — ■
Halifax
20-7
Sheffield
45-2
Huddersfield
21-5
Hull .
49-6
Bradford
21-5
Rotherham .
62-0
Leeds .
31-1
Middlesbro' .
62-9
York .
42-9
England's Becent Progress.
The smaller places average as follows : —
119
Per cent.
In the West Riding (partly colliery and partly textile manu-i „, ,„
; towns) . . . . . . . . /
facturing towns)
In the North Riding (partly iron mining districts
In the East Riding .....
54-3
46-9
It would be very interesting if we had the like data for every urban
district.
The extreme cases are, in the urban districts for which we have
data : —
Per cent.
Per cent
Rhondda
66-1
Stockton-on-Tees
. 57-3
Middlesbro'
62-9
St. Helens .
. 57-2
Rotherham
62-0
Sunderland .
. 56-4
South Shields .
60-0
Barrow-in-Furness
. 53-4
Merthyr Tydfil
60-0
Grimsby
. 53-4
West Hartlepool
58-4
Swansea
. 51-1
Tynemouth
58-0
Newcastle .
. 50-2
and at the other end of the scale
Blackburn
Burnley
Bury
Preston
Rochdale
Leicester
Oldham
Bolton
Per cent.
10-8
12-1
13-9
14-4
16-5
17-3
18-8
18-8
Halifax
Stockport
Bradford
Huddersfleld
Nottingham
Northampton
Norwich
Wigau
Per cent.
20-7
20-9
21-5
21-5
22-5
25-2
26-6
26-7
The groups of smaller urban districts which rank highest are in-
Per cent.
Per cent
Durham .
. 63-1
Glamorgan .
. 57-5
Northumberland
. 62-4
York, North Riding
, 54-3
Monmouth
. 61-9
In aggregates of rural districts there is less diversity, as the lowest
figures are : —
Lancashire
Leicester .
32-6 per cent, unoccupied
34-0
whilst the highest ratios are noticeable where rude lal)Our, such as mining
or brick-making, is conspicuous, viz. : —
Per cent.
Per cent.
Durham .
. 69-8
Monmouth .
. 54-6
Huntingdon
. 61-5
Glamorgan .
. 54-3
Cornwall .
. 55-4
Derby
. 53-0
the average for rural districts being 48-2 per cent., as already stated.
The following Table, for three important counties, is interesting : —
1-20
EnghuuVs Recent Progress.
Fkmai.ks ac.kd 20-25 in 1901.
Laucashire. Workers. Yorksliire. Workers. London. Workere,
C a
2 i
S<£
XVIII. Textile fabrics . .
XIX. Dress
IV. Domestics .
XX. Food, Drink, &c. .
X. Jletal, Machines, &c.
XIV. Brick, Pottery, &c. .
XVII. Paper, Books, &c. .
Total workers
Totals
59,03410,71616-7
19,114
34,104
8,370
701 1
874!
2,843
1,116
971
577
75!
Hi
170
140,07014,469 22
173,705 64,179
2 g
31,594 3,318
15,312
29,497
4,177,
1,921
198
1,375
94.929
865
534
264
273
17
42
5,658
130,273 54,056
10
6.088
30,630
71,832
12,088
847
194
7,162
153,847
190,630
t^ = 5
(> C3 O
^fn
219,
2,151'
2,791
692
87
16
684
8,023
69,936
At the next age 25-45 there are similar discrepancies, the towns where
textile goods are manufactured showing the largest proportions of married
women engaged in industries, and the mining districts, and such places as
Rotherham and Middlesbro' being at the opposite extreme. The lowest
ratios of workers were met with in the following towns : —
Rhondda
Rotherham
Monmouth (small towns)
Durham (small towns)
Glamorgan (small towns)
I\Ierthyr Tydfil .
Northumberland (small towns)
]Middlesbro' .
St. Helens .
West Hartlepool .
South Shields
Barrow-in-Furness
Stockton-on-Tees
Burton-on-Trent
91
' 4 per cent, unoccupied.
•2
•2
■6
■3
•2
•1
•0
'7
'7
2
9
7
and the largest proportions engaged in industries were found in —
Blackburn .
Burnley
Preston .
Bury
Bournemouth
Rochdale .
Bath . . . tji a
Bedford (small I cq c
toNvns) (^^'^
. 41-5 per cent, unoccupied.
• 4:8-1
• 49-7
• 52-9
• 57-3
• 57-8
57-9
Leicester
Stockport .
Nottingham
Bradford
Oldham
Hastings
Gloucester i
(small towns)!
Worcester .
59-7 per cent, unoccupied.
59-8
61-8
62-1
62-2
62-2
62-8
63-3
The figures for some of the largest towns were : —
. 73-0 per cent, unoccupied.
. 71-8
Leeds .
Birmingham
Bristol .
London
Manchester .
68-9
68-8
68-3
England's Recent Progress.
121
and the national average in urban districts was 71 '4 per cent., but in rural
districts 78 "8 per cent. In the county aggregates of rural districts we
notice —
Lancashire . . . .70*7 per cent, unoccupied.
Durham . . . . . 90-3 „ „
It may be added that the ratio of the " unoccupied " for the Comity of
London wBsS 66*3 per cent., and that 73,925 married or widowed women
were employed there, mostly as domestics or dressmakers, or 14*3 per
cent, of the total number of such women aged 25-45. Apparently the
greatest proportions of married women " occupied " in some industry were
found in Shoreditch, Bethnal Green and Finsbury, but others were met
with in Southwark, Bermondsey, Stepney, &c., and also in the rather
unnatural populations of the City and Holborn.
Some writers have endeavoured to persuade their readers that a large
and increasing number of people do not work in any way ; but if we take
males aged 25-45 the facts were in 1901 : —
Age 25-3.5 Age 35-45
Numbers of men in urban districts . . 1,975,588 1,496,711
,, ,, rural districts . . 510,366 435,232
Totals 2,485,954
Of whom "unoccupied " in urban districts
,, ,, rural districts
Totals
30,394
12,893
43,287
1,931,943
28,864
13,895
42,759
The following details of the " unoccupied " are furnished :-
Retired from business
Pensioners .
Living on own means
Others .
Totals
7,214
13,345
367
1,440
7,822
11,053
27,894
16,921
43,287
42,759
The percentage of the "unoccupied" on population aged 25-45 was
1-95, surely no large proportion, though to be sure every one who is
temporarily unemployed is put down as a worker, and I do not know how
many inmates of hospitals, prisons, workhouses and asylums are treated
as " occupied."
The range of figures in administrative counties varied as follows. The
highest ratios were : —
Per cent, unoccupied.
Administrative County.
Per cent, unoccupied.
Adniiiiistiativc County.
Urban
Districts.
Rural
Districts.
Urban
Districts.
Rural
Districts.
Surrey .
Herts .
Berks .
Kent .
Devon .
Bedford
Sussex .
3-5
3-6
1-8
2-8
2-9
1-9
3-6
6-3
5-2
4-3
3-6
3-6
3-6
3-4
Monmouth .
Lancaster
York, East Riding .
„ North Riding
Wilts
Oxford ....
Hants
•9
1-3
1-2
1-4
1-2
2-1
2-9
4-9
4-2
3-5
3-5
3-4
3-4
2-9
122
England's Becent Progress.
and in these other more remote quarters :-
Denbigh .
Carnuirthon
Caidigau
Cornwall
4-8 urban 1-6 rural
4-2 ,, 1-6 ,,
3-9 ,, 3-1 ,,
3-8 ,, 2-3 ,,
and seem to me to indicate some want of uniformity in the methods of the
local enumerators. The lowest were : —
Durham.
0-8
urban
2-0 rural
Slonmouth
0-9
4-9 „
Glamorgan
1-0
3-0 „
Huntingdon .
1-1
1-4 ,.
Brecon ....
1-1
1-6 „
Warwick
1-1
2-5 ,,
Where we meet with Monmouth again, the ratios in the rural parts and in
the towns being remarkably contrasted.
Probably the onl}- safe conclusion to be derived from these figures is
that the "unoccupied" men at this time of life are more frequently found
in rural districts than in towns and are nowhere numerous.
APPENDIX A.
AS TO THE CLASSIFICATION (BY APPORTIONMENT)
OF DEATHS UNDER YEARS OF BIRTH, AND
AS TO CERTAIN ARBITRARY TRANSFERS OF
POPULATION, &c., IN RESPECT OF SUPPOSED
INACCURACIES IN THE RETURNS OF AGES.
APPENDIX A.
In order to arrive at the losses by death sustained at eacli quinquennial
age in the ten years between one Census and another, it is necessary to
allocate the deaths returned at several ages under the years of birth of
those who die — for instance, of those who died at age 20-25 in 1881-90,
some were born in 1861-65, some in 1866-71, and some in 1856-61.
This allocation must be a rough guess, but the cumulative result of a
systematic treatment of the figures is likely to be more true than any of
the individual calculations making up that result. I have not considered
it wise to pretend to any minuteness of treatment, and in fact I think my
method makes the deaths amongst persons who at the end of the
decennium were aged 0-15 rather below the true number, and amongst
those five years older rather too high.
The deaths amongst those who at the end of the decennium were
aged 0-15 are taken to be —
All those who died aged ..... 0-5
Three-fourths of those aged .... 5-10
One-fourth ,, ,, . . . . 10-15
at the next age 15-20 — •
One-fourth of those who died aged . . . 5-10
Half ,, ,, ,. . . . 10-15
One-fourth ,, ,, ,, . . . 15-20
and similarly at the next age 20-25.
At higher ages w^e have to take measures to divide deaths returned at
ages 25-35, 35-45, and so on ; and I have assumed that of those dying
at age 25-35—
One-eighth if living would have attained . . 25-30
Three-eighths ,, ,, ,, . . 30-35
,, ,, ,, ,, . . 35-40
One-eighth ,, ,, ,, . . 40-45
and similarly at ages 35-45 and 45-55.
When we come to ages 55-65 and 65-75, larger proportions must,
I think, be attributed to the higher ages, and I have assumed 12, SGh, 38
and 13^- per cent, of the total deaths to belong to the four categories at
those ages.
At age 75 and upwards all deaths belong to the last age of the living
which I have dealt with— namely, 75 and upwards.
The working out of these assumptions in the case of England and
Wales is shown in the annexed Tables ; the results are those which have
been incorporated in the whole of the Tables in Appendix C and elsewhere,
with the following modification.
I believe that at high ages a tendency to exaggeration of ago exists,
126
England's Recent Progress,
and to neutralise this, perhaps only partially, a deduction of 2i per cent.
on i-ecorded deatiis in 1881-90 at ages 75 and upwards, and of 2 per cent.
on similar deaths in the next decennium, has heen made. Of the sum thus
deducted from deaths at the highest age I have added three-fourths to
deaths affecting population aged 70-75, and one-fourth to deaths affecting
population five years younger.
England and Wales — Apportionment of Deaths, 1831-90.
MALE.
Deaths.
0-15.
15— 20— 25—
30—
35—
40—
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35—
1,087,322
87,019
44,281
58,725
67,398
151,211
186,969
214 ',550
258,712
292,877
249,252
1,087,322
65,264
11,077
21,755
22,141
14,676
11,063
29,373
16,850
14,676
33,702
18,901
16,846
56,703
56,706
23,371
18,901
70,110
1,163,663
58,572
57,286 67,279
1
73,549
80,077
89,011
45-
50—
55—
60-
65—
70—
75—
35^5
45-55
55-65
65-75
75—
70,116
26,819
23,372
80,452
80,458
31,042
26,821
94,431
98,313
35,145
34,926
106,891
150,841
249,252
2,698,316 96,935
103,824
111,500
121,252
133,458
141,817
400,093
FEMALE.
Deaths.
0-15.
15— 1 20—
25— 30-
35—
40—
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35—
922,662
86,119
46,586
60,845
72,088
156,-3.39
170,870
183,929
241,194
302,648
303,175
922,662
64,599
11,647
21,520
23,294
15,221
11,645
30,421
18,022
15,203
36,044
19,539
18,022
58,620
58,635
21,350
19,545
64,075
998,908
60,035
60,088
70,786
76,642 79,985
83,620
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70— 75—
35-45
45-55
55-65
65-75
75—
i
64,086 21,359
22,982 68,973 68,984
28,935
.. 1
22,990
88,035
91,662
36,312
32,562
110,466
155,870
303,175
2.546,455
87,068 1
90,-332
97,919
111,025
127,974
143,028
459,045
Appendix A.
127
England and Wales — Apportionment op Deaths, 1891-1900.
MALE.
Deaths.
0-15.
86
63
03
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35—
1,134,786
73,950
40,154
58,043
68,384
153,545
202,280
243 j 724
291,430
324,081
274,849
1,134,7
55,4
10,1
18,487
20,034
14,511
10,017
29,022
17,083
14,510
34,201
19,178
17,100
57,564
57,610
25,272
19,193
75,829
1,200,352
53,032
56,122
67,889 74,664
82,882
95,022
45—
50—
55—
60-
05—
70—
75—
35-45
45-55
65-65
65-75
75—
75,894
30,464
25,285
91,363
91,445
34,953
30,452
106,373
110,753
38,882
39,351
118,307
166,892
274,849
2,865,226
106,358
116,648
12
6,398 136,825
1
149,635
157,658
441,741
i
FEMALE.
Deaths.
0-15.
15—
20-
25—
so-
35—
40—
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35—
962,126
75,381
42,110
57,075
67,560
152,699
180,127
206 ",112
271,758
346,021
349,180
962,126
56,574
10,528
18,807
21,118
14,269
10,464
28,517
16,890
14,289
33,756
19,087
le, 914
57,230
57,297
22,516
19,085
67,512
1,029,228
54,194
55,871
67,132
74,144
79,813
86,597
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
75—
35-45
45-55
55-65
65-75
75—
67,573
25,764
22,526
77,255
77,336
32,611
25,757
99,177
103,283
41,510
36,687
126,313
178,198
349,180
2,710,149
93,337
99,781
109,947
124,934
144,793
163,000
527,378
Deaths in 1881-90 at the highest ages have been modified thus —
Affecting ages 65-70 70-75
Males, tabulated as above . . 133,458 ... 141,817
With corrections as explained . +1,557 ... +4,673
The figures become . . 135,015 ... 146,490
Females, tabulated as above . 127,974 ... 143,028
With corrections . . . +1,895 ... +5,684
The figures become . . 129,869 ... 148,712
I and upwards,
400,093
-6,230
393,863
459,045
-7,579
451.466
128 England's liccent Progress.
Deaths in 1891-1900 at the same ages are modified thus —
Alfecting nges
i C5-70
70-76
7j ami upward!*.
jMales, tabulated as above .
149,635 ..
. 157,658
... 441,741
With corrections
+ 1,374 .,
.. +4,123
... -5,497
Become ....
151,009 .,
.. 161,781
... 436,244
Females, tabulated as above
144,793 .,
,. 163,000
... 527,378
With correctious
+ 1,746 .
.. +5,237
.. -6,983
Become ....
146,539 .,
.. 168,237
... 520,395
SUght deviations from mathematical accuracy in the local Tables,
compared with the totals just given for England and Wale^, are due to
the collective influence of trifling fractions in the 160 calculations of which
the aggregate is given.
Whilst the least possible alteration has been made in the returns of
ages at death, having regard to the responsibility believed to be generally
felt by those who make such returns, a greater amount of alteration has
been thought to be unavoidable in the case of Census figures showing the
ages of the living. These have been corrected by transfers, in the case
of the grouped counties, made quite empirically, and the figures adopted
have been afterwards subdivided amongst the districts and residues
comprehended in such county groups ; thus uneven figures have been
arrived at, which must not on that account be imagined to represent any
pretended accuracy of correction.
The best way of showing the importance, or insignificance in some
instances, of these transfers, will be by exhibiting their total effect, and
the proportions which, it is implied, the numbers returned bear to the
true ones. When this has been done, the reader will of course be at
liberty to conceive that either smaller or larger transfers might have been
preferable ; any change, be it recollected, only influences the loss or gain
at particular quinquennial ages and has no influence over the total loss or
gain. Also, a change at high ages would only influence three or four
Lines of the Tables, the movement of population at younger ages being
quite independent of the accuracy of age returns later in life.
Although the comparison of numbers of persons returned at successive
ages depends on the figures of births, deaths and migrations being steady
or otherwise, yet it is hard to conceive aberrations in these factors which
shall, at the dates of several enumerations, alternate in such a manner as
to steadily increase the numbers at round ages, and it is much safer to
attribute excessive numbers at those ages to the inaccuracy common
mongst careless and ill-educated people.
The following Tables suffice to show —
(1) That the transfers made by way of correction seldom disturb
population aged less than 50 years to the extent of 2 per
cent. ; and
(2) That until corrected, the numbers returned at such ages as
40, 50 and 60 were sufficiently excessive to disturb the propor-
tions of those enumerated at successive quinquennial ages.
It will be noticed that the corrected figures for females do at the
undermentioned three ages still show apparent irregularity, thus —
Ratios 1881
1891
Lge 50 as against age 45
. 85-0 .
.. 86-2
„ 55 ,, ,, 50
. 83-9 ..
,. 81-9
„ CO „ „ 55
. 84-9 .
.. 83-0
Appendix A. 129
If, however, we transfer from age 50 to age 55 —
In 1881 . . 8,530 instead of 6,830
In 1891 . . 18,400 ,, 11,400
we shall arrive at more regular ratios, viz. : —
Ratios 1881 1891
Age 50 as against age 45 . . 84-8 ... 85-2
,, 55 ,, „ 50 . . 84-5 ... 840
,, 60 ,, ,, 55 . . 84-5 ... 81-8
and these figures, showing a great fall in 1881 at the next quinquennium,
raise the question whether in that year we should not do well to transfer
a larger number than 5,050 from age 60 to age 65.
In further elucidation of the methods adopted, I annex a Table for
England and Wales, in which no corrections are made for errors in the
recorded ages of either the living or dying. My readers can compare the
resulting balances of migrants vnth the losses and gains shown on
page 5 of the main Paper. For one thing, the anomaly of a loss of
population at age 70-75, coupled with material gains at ages 65-70 and
75 and upwards, is got rid of if the corrections are accepted.
Finally, a Table showing these corrections locally (under groups of
registration counties) is given. They are obviously irregular and arbitrary,
and were fixed upon at the commencement of my investigation. It has,
in the interest of impartiality, been thought inadvisable to alter them
since, although, as just shown, one is somewhat tempted to do so.
130
EngliDiiVs Bcccnt Progress.
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Appendix A.
131
MALES.
First age.
1 Enumerated.
Corrected.
!
Proportion per cent, to
numbers at first age of those
5 years older.
Proportion per cent, to
numbers at first age of those
5 years older.
i
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1901.
5-10 .
' 89-4
*95-l
*96-l
1
89-6 ! *95-3
*96-2
10-15 .
90-4
91-0
*96-2
90-7
91-2
*96-4 '
J 5-20 .
87-7
85-1
91-6
86-7
84-3
90-7
j
20-25 .
88-2
89-1
90-2
89-2
90-0 ' 90 8
25-30 .
85-6
88-0
87-2
84-9
87-3 87-2
30-35 .
88-7
88-5
89-4
§89-3
88-9
j 89-6
35-40 .
90-3
86-1
86-8
§88 -0
86-1
85-9
40-45 .
81-4
86-1
84-7
§')5-9
86-1
85-8
45-50 .
88-7
85-6
83-7
84-6
83-7
82-8
50-55 .
78-6
75-2
78-2
83-6
80-7
80-9
55-60 .
89-1
86 4
82-5
80-9
80-1
77-5
60-65 .
68-0
72-5
68-8
73-4
75-4
71-8
65-70 .
68-4
71-3
69-2
70-1
74-2
70-5
FEMALES.
5-10 ,
88-6
*94-8
*95-6
88-6
*94-9
*95-7
10-15 .
91-5
92-1
*98-l
92-5
92-9
*98-7
15-20 .
951
94-2
100-6
91-4
91-1
97-6
20-25 .
87-7
88'6
90-8
88'6
89-3
91-3
25-30 .
84-9
84-7
85-1
89-1
87-9
88 4
30-35 .
88-0
87-3
87-2
87-0
86-6
86-3
35-40 .
91-2
87-5
85-8
87-8
86-3
85-2
40-45 .
83-1
86-7
85-3
86-5
86-7
85-0
45-50 .
88-8
87-9
85-2
85-0
86-2
84-5
50-55 .
79-1
77-1
80-1
83-9
81-9
83-4
55-60 .
91-2
88-4
86-5
84 9
83-0
81'1
60-65 .
70-0
75-1
72-3
73-9
77-0
74-9
65-70 .
70-7
74-5
72-2
72-9
77-8
74 -.T
A diagi-am is annexed, showing the " corrected " ratios (see p. Ixiv).
* The decline in birth rates seems to account for these higli ratios.
$ At ages 30, M.i and (O the iiitluenc'c of foreign immigrants is felt ; perhaps at 25, that of emigration.
K 2
England's Eecenf Progress.
c <;
^ s
l.'S
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APPENDIX B.
MIGRATIONS IN GROUPS OF DISTRICTS.
APPENDIX B.
The Tables in this Appendix represent the statistics of aggregates of
towns and districts of the several classes mentioned ; the details of the
composition of the several groups are shown in Appendix C.
In each case the facts shown are, the population at the commencement
of the decennium, the mortality in the next ten years, and the losses and
gains at the several ages, inferred from the result of the next Census.
A Table is added, showing the gains and losses in each decennium,
per cent, on commencing population at ages 15-55 (the period of greatest
movement), and diagrams showing the dissimilarity of the losses and gains
of the two sexes, and the constancy of the phenomena.
140
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1
Appendix B.
163
Gain oe Loss of Population in the Principal Groups,
Calculated per cent, on Commencing Population.*
Age at end of Decenni
um.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
10 Large towns
•8
4-8
8-2
1-8
20
1-0
•4
20
19 Old towns 3-1
9 9
12 I
lO'O
S-2
■3
•9
20
22 Textile
1-5
3 3
3-8
36
34
1-4
•2
■6
9 Colliery
6-8
12-0
7-8
3-0
■5
2-8
2-0
•3
7 Industrial : IMiddlesbro'
3-3
4-8
4-9
•2
6
•3
1-6
33
G ,, Wolverhampton ; 7-5
9-8
12-2
150
12-4
6-9
87
6-7
12 ,, Southampton . i I -9
125
21-2
152
8-9
2-2
31
35
25 Industrial (total) ....
30
6-8
10-8
ii-i
8-2
35
5-1
4-8
7 Residential, with Asylums .
I
220
123
4-2
4-8
9-0
8-6
5-5
9 ,, Brighton, &c. .
1-7
194
104
27
•9
4-1
6-7
7-4
3 ,, special
2-5
26
8-9
13-6
10-0
12-8
12-5
6-6
13 „ other
4-4
25-8
i8-7
30
1-2
4-1
3-3
•2
32 Residential (total)
20
20-8
12- 1
2-6
5-9
6-5
4-5
4 ]\Iilitary towns
22-9
30-8
3-1
9 9
5-8
1-7
1-8
•2
12 „ other .
28-9
33-3
8-3
32 -5
21-2
10-7
95
7-8
IG Military (total)
25-4
31-9
1-8
203
12-5
37
29
33
3 Miscellaneous .
1-2
219
198
G-8
10-7
10-6
9-0
5-2
G Rural residential
15-8
35-6
303
12 I
61
•4
1-9
53
3 „ S.W. .
167
374
37-4
190
79
3-8
30
61
3 „ East
i6-8
36S
32-5
i6-2
8-8
49
40
6-8
G ,, Wales, &c.
17-0
335
344
224
131
10-2
81
5-6
G „ North .
II-7
247
25-6
i6-5
10-5
57
55
57
24 „ (total) .
153
33- 1
311
166
91
4-6
44
5-8
England and Wales ....
25
77
7-2
51
40
•2
I'O
24
See the series of Graphs on pages ix.-xvi.
M 2
164
EfighnnVfi Tifcenf Pror/rcftfi.
Gaix ou Loss of Population in the Principal Groups,
Calculated per cent, on Commencing Population.
Akc .
it end of Dee
enniiini.
MALES— ISOl-lavu.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
10 Large towns
5-3
9-3
6-6
2
8
2
4
8
5
19 Old towns
T
8
9 9
7-8
7-4
97
71
3-5
21
1
0,
1
G
9,
f);
O]
1
22 Textile
T
o
37
■4
3
7
I
7
1
T
3
6
I
6
9 Colliery
5
4
7 Industrial : Jliddlesbro' .
2
1-3
2-7
2-7
1
5
1
6
1
6
1
5
6 ,, Wolverhampton
6
8
90
10-7
100
6
7
4
5
5
4
6
12 ,, Southampton .
5
43
37
40
9
8
6
7
2
5
7
25 Industrial (total) ....
2
I
47
49
23
2
1
1
4
2
7 Residential, with Asylums .
G
7
9 9
10
18-2
17
2
16
2
16
2
13
5
9 „ Brighton
&c. .
9
12 8
24
11-8
13
4
12
10 4
12
5
3 „ f^pecial
7
7
143
92
3-3
7
9
12
8
10
7
13 ,, other
5
22-6
14- 1
5-4
8
9
10
3
8
9
7
8
32 Residential (total)
1
15-8
69
10-0
12
12
11
3
10
9
4 Military towns
24
8
42-0
2-2
10-8
5
7
6
7
5
3
5
1
12 „ other
66
1
65-4
6 6
21-7
4
7
9
5
5
5
16 Military (total)
40
9
51 -G
1-6
155
5
7
2
5
2
5
3
3 Miscellaneous .
12
8
28 8
232
19
6
16
6
14
1
14
G
G Rural residential
15
5
354
31 -2
91
2
8
I
4
I
2
3 „ S.W. .
t6
8
36-8
35-2
350
33- 1
134
II-9
4
4
6
2
?
7
?
2
7
I
3 „ East .
i6
2
8
2
8
I
6
3
G „ Wales, &c.
II
8
276
25 2
81
9
6
2
1
6 „ North .
8
9
234
239
112
6
6
4
6
3
7
3
3
24 „ (total) .
13
6
313
29 -2
10-5
3
9
2
5
I
8
2
England and Wales
I
6
5-8
51
•6
4
1
2
5
Appendix B.
165
Gain or Loss of Population in the Principal Groups,
Calculated per cent, on Commencing Population.
FEMALES— 18S1-1891.
Age
at end of Decenniuni.
1.5—
20—
25—
30—
1 35—
40—
45—
50—
10 Large towns
10-5
21-4
j
9-6
10
1
I 46
65
57
3-8
19 Old towns
3-0
•I
70
57
41
3-2
1-9
1-3
22 Textile
9-2
9-7
•2
2-6
31
51
2-2
15
9 Colliery
37
2-4
6-7
4-8
2-9
1-7
•2
i-o
7 Industrial : Middlesbro' . .
8-9
61
7-1
8-8
4.7
•8
1 2-7
6 ,, Wolverhampton
12-7
II-7
9-9
103
94
71
6-5
74
12 „ Southampton .
43
37
53
53
43
26
34
3 3
25 Industrial (total) ....
93
7-8
44
4'i
43
3-8
40
49
7 Residential, with Asylums .
3-5
3-0
3-0
•7
1-9
3-7
5-3
2-9
9 „ Brighton, &c. .
30-5
28-6
2-0
49
•8
•2
5-3
5-0
3 ,, special .
.33-8
45 3
18-7
9-3
10-7
10-8
11-6
12-2
13 ,, other
9-2
6-6
•5
51
•7
2-9
1-3
32 Residential (total) . . .
18-1
17-5
2-8
27
1-2
1-7
5-1
4-0
4 Military towns ....
3-7
10-8
9-5
3-1
2-1
•I
■6
12 „ other ....
6-7
S
•6
2-9
53
4-6
44
21
16 Military (total) ....
•7
6-1
5-9
1-0
•9
1-9
1-8
1-2
8 Miscellaneous
i6i
8-3
10-9
9-2
6-4
4-4
3-2
4-0
6 Rural residential ....
24- 1
28- 1
13-5
37
30
4-8
4-8
49
3 „ S.W
190
246
205
10-8
8-6
7-2
47
5-8
3 „ East
262
325
204
9-6
6-7
6-9
5-8
7-2
6 „ Wales, &c. . . .
i6-6
24s
21
12-3
9-6
II 3
6 6
62
6 „ North
14 9
16 6
146
12-8
9-8
8-2
60
73
24 „ (total)
20-5
253
172
9-4 i
71
74
5-6
63
England and Wales ....
1-2
1-9
•3
2-8
37
5-1
37
32
166
England's Bcccnt Progress.
Gain or Loss of Population in the Principal Groups,
C'aloulated per cent, on Commeucing Population.
Vp'XfATX'O 1Q01 ion
Age at end of Decennium.
J Hi JLAXiIaO— lOlfl— lifUi.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45— 50—
10 Large towns
9-7
20-2
12-
5
2-
4
2-
3
41
39
32
19 Old towns
3-9
1-2
4-
I
I-
8
I-
•4
•2
22 Textile
6-5
6-2
I-
4
3
3
2
4-6
3-6
22
9 Colliery
21
2-0
6
1
5
6
3
2
•4
1-4
7 Industrial : Jliddlesbro' .
71
54
8
1
9
8
6
1
2-4
•5
II
6 ,, Wolverhampton
10-2
107
7
2
7
5
9
57
47
63
12 ,, Southampton .
•7
1-1
3
5
5
5
2
7
2-7
1-4
•4
25 Industrial (total) ....
6 6
57
1
1
4
1
•8
13
2-7
7 Residential, with Asylums .
9-3
11-1
11
9
12
11
3
11-7
11-3
8-9
9 „ Brighton, &c. .
28-6
28-9
6
4
3
2
7
4-8
4-7
8-2
8 ,, special
28-8
33-6
5
5
3
2
1
1
2-6
7-1
7-5
13 „ other
14-2
9-3
1
2
1
1
G
7-3
5-6
4-9
32 Residential (total)
19-9
19-3
5
5
1
8
3
6
6-6
6-4
7-2
4 Military towns
2-5
12-2
15
6
8
7
2
3
1-9
•4
•1
12 ,, other
4-4
8-7
12
8
7
4
2
1-2
1-0
1-4
16 Military (total)
3-3
10-8
14
5
8
3
1-G
•6
•6
3 Miscellaneous .
74
95
9
6
13
6
11
7-2
8-7
8-5
6 Rural residential
22 3
265
II
7
6
8
3-8
3-6
37
3 „ S.W. .
19-5
239
19
2
9
2
6
8
72
41
44
3 „ East
242
314
18
3
3
7
3
8
43
50
49
6 „ Wales, &c.
13- 1
200
16
3
5
8
4
8
61
32
26
6 „ North .
120
153
12
3
7
•4
6
•0
50
4-6
39
24 „ (total) .
184
234
14
•7
4
•8
4
50
41
39
England and Wales ....
•2
3-3
2-0
■7
13
27
24
1-8
APPENDIX. C.
APPENDIX C.
The Tables which follow comprehend —
First, a summary of population, births and deaths in 1881-190 L in
groups of districts formed for the purposes of this paper, 160 in number.
Second, a summary of gains and losses (net), in the same period and
in the same groups of districts, consequent upon migrations.
Third, similar information as to each individual district, showing how
the totals in the first and second Tables are made up.
Fourth, a set of 160 statements conveying information as to each of
the districts under the following heads : —
1. The registration districts of which each district or group is
composed.*
2. The boroughs and larger urban districts included in each area, with
occasionally smaller m-ban or even rural districts separately
shown, the residues being denominated "rural parts."
3. The leading industrial and other occupations in urban districts
having more than 5000 inhabitants, such occupations being
indicated by brief words such as cotton, woollen, silk, boots,
soap, glass, colliery, engineering, commercial, seamen, military.
Where the term " iron " is used it means iron manufactures, not
iron mining.
4. The institutions where insane or imbecile persons, scholars, military
and naval people, are collected in large numbers, and the persons
enumerated on board vessels, where the numbers are large.
5. A series of Tablesf showing for each district —
(a) the numbers of the male population in 1881, at the ages they
attained (if they survived) ten years later ; the number set
down at the age 0-10 being that of male births in 1881-1890.
(b) the numbers of deaths which occurred in 1881-1890 amongst
males at the several ages.
(c) the loss or gain of male inhabitants in the same dccennium
(net) apart from the births and deaths.
(d) (e) (f) the like information as to females and, opposite to these
Tables, similar Tables, giving the like information for the
next decennium.
* Whore the figures given in 1901 refer to an altered boundary, the ro-transfers of
population necessary in order to conform to the 18'Jl boundary are shown.
t These Tables are interleaved with those described under heads 1 to 4, so that each
district can bo conveniently studied apart from the rest.
170
l^nrjland's liccrnt Progress.
It is impossible, as already noticed, to arrive at a thoroughly satisfactory
classitication of areas liaving special characteristics, so long as the unit is
the registration district. The rural element in urban and other districts
which have been separately tabulated, and the urban element in county
residues, in some cases rise to importance. In districts where mining is a
leading industry the non-urban districts cannot be considered strictly rural.
Excluding the colliery districts there are, however, still a large number of
exceptional cases, which are shown in the following Tables.
In the following twelve county residues the rural (male) population fell
short of four-fifths :
Residues of.
Gloucester and Somerset.
Stafford, Warwick and Wor-'l
cester j
Sussex
Bucks and Oxford ....
Carmarthen group
Essex and Herts ■.
Carnarvon and Anglesey .
Lincoln and Rutland .
Salop and Hereford
Kent and Surrey ....
Leicester, Notts and Derby .
Lancashire and Cheshire.
Male Population, 1901.
Total.
223,228
156,101
118,760
145,280
135,298
155,588
66,825
168,449
182,743
134,463
185,322
105,411
Rural.* Percent.
Female Population, 19C1.
Total. Rm-al.* Percent
178,217 I 79-8 243,690
124,182 I 79-6 159,090
124,365
152,978
153,403
162,811
71,188
173,992
188,894
136,663
193,748
106,571
93,336
78-6
112,601
77-5
101,424
75-0
115,998
74-6
49,766
74-5
122,258
72-6
129,299
70-8 I
93,787
69-7
116,184
62-7
58,551
55-5
191,049
124,155
95,980
116,642
116,659
118,443
51,858
124,242
131,324
92,827
119.777
58,184
78-4
78
77
76
76
72
72
71
69
67
61
54
* Including places which have less than oOOii inhabitants, although such places may be separately
shown in the detailed Tables which follow. Certain urban districts with more than 5000 inhabitants
are treated as towns, though they are essentially agi-icultural, and the truly urban population in them
is certainly below 5000.
Only two "large towns" showed more than ten per cent, of rural
surroundings, but twenty industrial places (including a few working in
textile fabrics), six "old towns," seven "military places" and 26 resi-
dential and miscellaneous places had fully 20 per cent, of rural population
within their limits, as show^n in the next Table. These facts should be
borne in mind when considering the statistics of migrations and mortality
in particular places. The higher the rural ratio the lower should be the
death rates, and the greater the loss by migration, unless such migration
be counterbalanced by the attractions of the other portions of the district.
Male Population, 1
)01.
Per cent.
Female Population, 1901.
Total. Rural.*
Total. Rural.* Per cent.
Bristol
Leicester ....
Luton
Todmorden ....
Whitehaven
Kettering ....
187,864
126,695
23,408
20,063
27,448
23,872
27,853
23,610
4,701
4,443
6,662
5,882
14-8
18-6
20-1
22-1
24-3
24-6
217,896
141,557
27,766
22,144
28,094
24,221
31,101
24,659
4,912
4.810
6,655
5,792
14-3
17-4
17-7
21-7
23-7
23-9
* In this Table I have omitted to reckon as rural many places with less than 5000 inhabitants, so as
not to exaggerate the niral element. See the detailed Tables in this Appendix.
Appendix C.
171
Male
Population, 1901.
Female Population, 1901.
Total.
Rural.*
Per cent.
Total.
Rural.*
Per cent.
Kidderminster .
18,782
4,804
25-6
21,987
5,307
24-1
Burton-on-Trent .
47,521
12,354
26-0
45,293
12,060
26-6
Penzance
22,5G5
6,189
27-4
26,722
7,383
27-6
Wharfedale .
27,103
7,611
28-1
30,375
7,984
26-3
Cockermouth .
34,543
10,851
31-4
34,993
10,839
31-0
Crewe ....
36,787
11,573
31-5
36,206
11,624
32-1
Stafford . . .
15,485
5,040
32-5
15,817
5,367
33-9
Wellingborough
28,027
9,288
33-1
28,015
9,220
32-9
MiUom ....
8,087
2,747
34-0
7,806
2,720
34-8
Leek
20,314
7,000
34-5
21,553
6,873
31-9
Macclesfield
27,202
9,384
34-5
32,152
10,101
31-4
Falmouth .
10,332
3,767
36-6
12,839
4,425
34-5
Redruth .
21,234
8,153
38-4
26,875
10,230
38-1
Rugby .
17,144
8,777
51-2
17,184
8,721
50-8
TUbury . . .
18,348
10,788
58-8
15,398
9,124
59-2
Helston .
9,463
8,174
86-4
11,310
9,511
84-1
Farnhani
35,371
8,261
23-4
27.087
8,690
32-1
Deal ....
15,738
6,249
39-7
15,795
6,285
39-8
St. Germans
11,468
6,151
53-6
9,679
6,367
65-8
Godstone
13,946
7,762
55-7
13,918
8,043
57-8
Aldershot (North)
16,753
9,455
56-4
13,760
9,558
69-5
Salisbury
18,922
11,237
59-4
19,323
9,891
51-2
Windsor.
19,527
12,421
63-6
20,772
13,748
66-2
Oxford . . .
27,876
6,077
21-8
33,625
6,142
18-3
Carlisle .
29,659
8,172
27-6
33,202
9,209
27-7
Exeter . . .
42,339
12,505
29-5
50,751
13,503
26-6
Maidstone .
23,607
7,739
32-8
25,479
7,831
30-7
Lincoln .
36,634
12,057
32-9
38,036
12,077
31-8
Chester .
42,982
21,009
48-9
45,190
21,059
46-6
Harrogate .
18,047
3,707
20-5
22,457
3,395
15-1
Scarborough
22,539
5,048
22-4
28.571
4,898
17-1
Bath ....
33,084
7,528
22-8
44,520
9,139
20-5
Leamington
24,097
5,794
24-0
30,809
5,791
18-8
Llandudno .
15,364
3,940
25-6
18,667
3,939
21-1
Tunbridge .
30,095
7,708
25-6
36,708
7,833
21-3
Worthing
17,211
4,442
25-8
21,715
4,367
20-1
Southport .
48,315
12,944
26-8
60,279
13,701
22-7
Torquay .
53,670
14,734
27-5
68,087
16,003
23-5
Southend
24,661
7,670
31-1
26,509
6,895
26-0
Heme Bay .
11,340
3,538
31-2
13,208
3,516
26-6
Bedford . . .
26,526
8,881
33-5
31,160
8,932
28-7
Guildford . .
30,372
10,541
84-7
31,750
10,651
33-5
Watford . . .
41,092
14,878
36-2
45,852
16,368
35-7
Isle of Wight .
37,803
14,359
38-0
44,615
14,200
31-8
Staines .
16,884
6,671
39-5
16,977
6,608
38-9
Reigato .
19,843
8,055
40-6
22,897
8,692
38-0
Rhyl. . . .
14,565
6,469
44-4
16,481
6,597
40-0
Uxbridgo
18,738
8,374
44-7
20,265
8,844
43-6
Maidenhead
11,247
5,067
45-0
12,307
5,507
44-7
Clacton .
22,499
10,731
47-7
22,526
10,253
45-5
Malvern .
12,887
6,739
52-3
16,429
7,534
45-9
Weston-supor-Man
21,083
11,348
53-8
26,839
12,396
46-2
Brentwood .
10,946
8,585
78-4
11,490
8,919
77-6
Cromer .
10,813
9,084
84-0
11,450
9,398
82-1
Easthampstead
8,182
K,18l>
100-0
7,575
7,575
100-0
* Sec note on preceding page.
172
England's Recent Progress.
If wo strictly oxcludo froni the rural category all places with 5000
iuhabitauts aud upwards, except a few glaring examples, viz., Warminster,
Biggleswade and the portion of Wenlock outside Madeley, but include all
smaller places, we arrive at the following Table : —
Large towns .
Colliery districts
Military places .
Residential places ,
Industrial places
Old towns
Textile manufacturing
places ....
Rural residues .
Miscellaneous
Population.
1891.
10,103,082
3,604,323
905,265
1,672,922
1,971,800
1,315,875
2,809,431
6,565,100
54,727
29,002,525
11,770,735
4,348,045
1,078,197
1,963,135
2,259,236
1,460,707
8,007,049
6,578,992
61,747
32,527,843
Population of Kural Places
and Small Towns.
1891.
425,578
1,016,205
202,565
557,151
473,601
245,397
294,806
5,194,972
44,120
8,454,395
1901.
498,584
1,182,797
226,608
616,018
516,034
253,424
301,375
5,094,413
48,767
Increase
per cent.
of Riual
Population.
17
16
12
11
9
3
2*
11
8,738,020
* Decrease.
It will be seen that population increased somewhat rapidly in the
districts outside large towns, including such places as Mitcham near
London, Yardley near Birmingham, and Norton near Sheffield. The
increase in the " rural " parts of colliery districts needs no explanation.
In the remaining rural districts there was no increase in excess of the
usual diti'erence between births and deaths, and in the residues of counties
actual decrease was shown. If we descend to details, we find that in
fifteen out of the 160 districts there w^ere few rural inhabitants or none.
The remaining 145 may be classified thus : —
Movement of Rural Population in 1891-1901.
Loss
3 per cent
and over.
Loss
2 per cent.
to Gain
2 per cent.
Gain
; 3 per cent.
and not
exceeding
6 per cent.
I
t Gain
7 per cent.
1 up to
10 per cent.
Gain
over
10 per cent.
Totals.
Large towns .
1
j 1
6
8
Colliery districts
Military places .
Residential places .
Industrial places
3
6
3
3
6
1
7
, 1
1
3
2
3
8
7
17
8
9
14
32
24
Old towns
1
5
I 3
2
2
13
Textile manufac-'i
turing places . . /
Rural residues .
3
9
7
14
5
1
1
2
IS
24
Miscellaneous
••
2
i
3
22
i 38
i
19
15
51
145
The names of registration districts being in many cases such as would
convey no clear idea of their situation and character to the mind of an
Appendix C.
173
inhabitant of London, I have ventiired to re-name several of them as
follows : —
Bootle in Cumberland is re-named Millom to avoid confusing this iron manu-
facturing district with Bootle, near Liverpool.
Elham is re-named Folkestone. It also includes Shorncliffe Camp.
Hartley Wintney is re-named Aldershot (North) as including the North Camp.
Eastry is re-named Deal.
Sheppey is re-named Sheerness.
*Lancaster is re-named Morecambe.
*Warwick is re-named Leamington.
St. Asaph is re-named Rhyl.
Upton on Severn is re-named Malvern.
Ormskirk is re-named Southport.
Fylde is re-named Blackpool.
Knaresboro' is re-named Harrogate.
Conway is re-named Llandudno.
Christchurch is re-named Bournemouth.
East Preston is re-named Worthing.
Newton Abbot is re-named Torquay.
Rochford is re-named Southend, and Orsett re-named Tilbury.
Tendring is re-named Clacton.
Axbridge is re-named Weston-super-ilare.
Blean is re-named Heme Bay.
Erpingham is re-named Cromer.
Billericay is re-named Brentwood.
* These are well-known places, but attract fewer immigrants than those whose names aie
substituted.
Note. — By way of illustrating the use of the figures in this Appendix I
have taken out the losses and gains of population in 1891-1901 : —
For males aged in 1901
And females ,, ,,
20-30
15-25
Gains of males f w^ere confined to the large towns, colliery districts and
military places. Losses of females were restricted to the rural districts,
industrial places (not textile) and colliery districts. But there were
exceptions.
Gains of males at this age were met with in the following places : —
Gain
Gain
Gain
per cent.
per L
ent.
per cent
*Rugby (town)
46-9
]\Iorecambe
17
9
Wellingborough
G-2
Southend
45 5
Kettering .
15
1
Uxbridge
5-8
Blackpool
44-6
Doncaster .
14
9
York . .
4-6
Barrow-in-Furness
35-5
*Crewe (town) .
14
1
Watford
3-7
Harrogate
32-6
Swindon .
12
7
Reading .
. 3-2
Llandudno .
29-9
Coventry .
7
9
♦Lincoln (city)
3-1
Southampton
28-5
Rotherham
7
9
Burnley .
2-3
♦Grimsby (town) .
19-1
Bournemouth .
6
5
* Advantage is taken from the Tables in Appendix G to show these four places tvithout the adjacent
rural parishes.
And amongst the places where gains of male population at this age
were the rule, there were a few exceptions, viz. : —
Loss
Loss
Loss
per cent.
per cent.
per cent
Deal . .
. . 31-3
Salisbury .
5-4
Nottingham .
. 0-2
Bristol .
. . 11-3
Wrexham .
. 2-4
Wigan group .
. 0-2
Cannock .
. . 8-2
f In this passage the three miscellaneous districts are ignored.
174
England's Recent Progress,
Losses of females at age 15-25 occurred iu the following districts not
of the olmractor indicated above : —
Deal . .
Sheemess .
^laidstonc .
Clacton .
St. Germans
Staines
Loss
jior cent.
13-9
13-G
12-1
12-0
11-G
11-1
Loss
per cent.
Saddloworth .
10-6
Wakefield . . .
8-3
Aldershot (North)
5-6
Leek . . . .
5-5
Salisbury .
4-7
Kidderminster
4-1
Cromer
Chatham .
Uxbridge .
Macclesfield
Loss
per cent.
8-4
3-1
2-4
1-2
and there were gains of females aged 15-25 in the following places
Gain
per cent.
Rugby (town) .
. 34-4
Southampton .
Grimsby (town)
. 19-3
Luton .
Kettering .
. 18-3
Wellingborough
Nuneaton .
. 15-1
Glamorgan group
Gain
per cent.
12-7
11-6
5-9
5-4
Doncaster .
Durham colliery
group
Walsall. . . .
Gain
per cent.
4-0
2-2
1-9
The greatest gains of males in the classes where gain was general are
now shown : —
Large towns ;
CoUiery distr.
Sheffield .
London
Nuneaton .
Glamorgan
Gain
per cent.
14
1
9
7
27
7
12
4
Military: Sheerness.
Chatham .
Farnham .
Weymouth
Folkestone
Aldershot (North)
Gain
per cent.
116-1
44-G
40-9
40-5
38-9
37-9
and similarly the greatest gains of young women were seen in :-
Textile: Keighley .
Stockport.
Burnley .
Old towns: Carlisle . . 13-8 Residential: Bournemouth
Harrogate
Military: Folkestone . . 42-8 Blackpool.
Llandudno
Eastbourne
Southend
Cheltenham
Brighton .
Gain
Nottingham
per cent.
19-0
London .
17-7
Leicester.
17-1
Carlisle .
13-8
Coventry .
Folkestone .
12-8
42-8
Godstone
17-5
Plymouth .
Weymouth .
14-4
14-2
Gain
per cent.
19-5
15-
13-
85-
76-
65-
58-5
56-2
39-4
31-4
26-2
The greatest losses were sustained in the rural groups (residues of
counties) \dz. : —
Loss
per cent.
Males: Norfolk 40-9
Devon 37-6
Essex 37-2
Loss
per cent.
Females: Norfolk . . . . 33-9
Wilts 29-4
Essex 28-1
In smaller districts there were also some examples of similar losses : —
Loss
per cent.
Males: Grimsby (rural i^art) . 40-7
Falmouth . . . . 39-6
Brentwood . . . . 38-9
Malvern 37-3
Loss
per cent.
Females : Camiock .
. 28-3
Rugby (rural part)
. 27-9
Grimsby „ ,,
. 27-9
Lincoln ,, ,,
. 27-8
but these are less deserving of attention, as, no doubt, were the county
groups sub-divided into fractions of equal importance, greater ratios of loss
would be shown in some of them.
Appendix C.
375
Population, Bibths and Deaths in 160 Groups op Registration Districts.
Population (Males).
Births.
Deaths.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
10 Large towns . . .
4,113,447
4,785,597
5,574,872
1,594,1441,697,164
971,088
1,056,028
22 Textile manufacturing^
towns J
1,196,754
1,325,701
1,410,377
425,719 409,330
283,500
287,679
7 Industrial (Middles-"*
boro', &c.) . . . /
231,363
280,910
336,542
93,771; 104,474
48,632
57,232
6 Industrial (Wolver-\
bampton, &c.) . . j
380,624
410,769
447,034
150,088
153,245
83,815
88,285
12 Industrial (South-\
ampton, &c.) . . f
263,446
286,347
336,801
93,147
96,883
51,777
56,308
9 Colliery districts .
1,526,454
1,871,147
2,246,693
624,486
735,561
345,831
406,225
19 Old towns ....
573,496
626,713
692,305
201,376
200,527
122,505
128,941
4 Military towns
224,612
268,273
320,572
80,700
88,878
48,598
53,704
12 ,, districts .
167,941
184,091
227,040
50,005
50,128
29,501
31,401
7 Residential (with Asy-"l
lums) . . . . /
129,251
144,655
172,522
41,356
42,305
27,991
80,410
9 Residential (Brighton, ]
Bath, &c.) . . . j
244,494
278,075
328,276
81,186
85,892
50,505
56,962
3 Residential (special) .
59,615
73,869
82,532
19,596
20,356
11,486
18,921
13 „ (other) .
2.32,245
259,626
298,095
74,936
75,930
42,110
44,975
3 Miscellaneous.
24,200
27,389
30,375
7,166
7,197
4,718
5,182
136 Totals . . .
9,367,942
10,823,162
12,503,536
3,537,676
3,762,865
2,122,002
2,817,253
Rural Residues : —
G Residential
984,735
942,168
939,723
284,693
252,141
160,093
150,997
3 Wilts, &c
354,669
341,799
330,144
104,169
90,854
62,534
57,498
3 Norfolk, &c. . . .
633,683
622,197
610,861
191,827
169.702
110,683
102,920
G Welsh
558,863
527,007
531,174
160, 68S
148,247
101,247
98,175
G Northern ....
790,060
796,568
813,175
j 247, 07C
234,06ii
141,807
138,383
24 'J'otals . . .
3,271,960
3,229,739
3,225,077
989, 05g
895, OOC
576,314
547,973
IGO Grand Totals .
12,639,902
14,052,901
15,728,613
4,526,729 4,657,871
2,698,3ie
>2, 865, 226
170
England's Beccnt Pi'ogreas.
POPCLATIOX, BiRTUS AND DkATHS IX IGO GkOUPS OF HeGISTRATION DISTRICTS.
Population (Females).
Births.
1891.
1901.
1881-90. 1891-00.
Deaths.
1891-00.
10 Large towns
22 Textile manufacturing
towns .
7 Industrial (Middles
boro', &c.)
6 Industrial (Wolver
hampton, &c.) .
12 Industrial (South
ampton, &c.) .
9 Colliery districts .
19 Old towns . . .
4 Military towns
12 ,, districts .
7 Residential (with Asy
lums) ....
4,525,G70 5,277,835 0,142,2491,540,6771,640,649 922.5311,000,317
[ 1,321,444 1,481,362 1,598,074 413,270' 397.478 270,358 277,129
I : ' I
217.193 264.603 821,197j 89,958 101,085 42,872 50,206
}
; i ! 1 ;
I 374,667 408,498 446,6981 144,430 147,839 74,823
276,913 808,716, 357,685] 89,654
599,517
9 Residential (Brighton
Bath, &c.) . .
3 Residential (special)
13 „ (other)
3 Miscellaneous .
136 Totals . .
Rural Residues : —
6 Residential .
8 Wilts, &c. .
3 Xorfolk, &c.
6 Welsh . .
6 Northern .
24 Totals
160 Graxd Totals
1,463,193 1,774,894
614,9281 682,661
I
230,029! 272.252
i I
161,317' 177,773
142,068 161,892
V 298,115 353,420
69,837j 91,414
264,260! 805,230
23,767 27,338
2,155,192
758,611
319,858
198,570
77,631
207,577 47,550
193,366 39,529
418,3271 77,828
107,772! 18,815
856,153' 72,447
31,8721 6,893
98,110 48,975
707,221
198,810
80,995
312,081
117,292
45,614
48,614' 26,805
!
41,311 26,387
83,053
51,892
19,687j 10,729
78,444
6.812
41,965
3,970
79,817
53,127
865,871
128,479
50,892
28,474
29,387
58,907
13,086
45.908
4.483
9, 983, 401 11, 587, 888 18, 418, 631 3, 411, 764|3, 635, 058 1,995, 794 2, 180, 538
951,843 976,823' 991,046 275,829 243,579 150,246 144,591
877,612 371,071 860,854! 99,598 87,139* 62,828 57,519
646,493 636,634 627,914 184,897i 162,673 105,652i 99,196
577,284' 562,108
798,404 815,600
8,351,136 3,361,736
562,462 154,089 142, 908^ 98,283' 96,826
843,828 288,332' 225,925 133,652i 131,484
3 , 885 , 599 951 , 745 862 , 224
550,661 529,616
13,384,58714.949.62416,799,2804,363,509 4,497,282 2.546,455 2,710,149
Appendix C.
177
Losses and Gains (Net) by Migrations.
Males.
Females.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Loss.
Gain.
Loss. Gain.
Loss.
Gain.
Loss.
Gain.
10 Large towns .
49,089
148,139
134,019
..
224,082
22 Textile manufacturing"!
to%vns /
13,272
36,975
17,006
3,637
7 Industrial (Middles- 1
borough, &c.) . . J
4,408
8,390
324
5,715
6 Industrial (Wolver-"!
hampton, &c.) . . j
36,128
28,695
85,776
29,822
12 Industrial (South- j
ampton, &c.) . . . j
18,469
9,379
8,876
8,986
9 CoUiery districts .
66,038
46,210
24,265
38,948
19 Old towns ....
25,654
5,994
8,545
5,619
4 Military towns
11,559
22,125
10,206
16,503
12 „ districts .
4,354
24,227
4,289
9,664
7 Eesidential (with Asy-"1
lums) j
2,039
15,972
6,682
19,550
9 Residential (Brighton, \
Bath, &c.) . . ./
2,900
21,271
28,874
40,761
3 Residential (special) .
6,094
2,228
13,491
9,757
13 „ (other) .
5,445
7,514
10,488
23,387
3 Miscellaneous .
741
971
648
1,705
136 Totals . .
39,546
234,762
188,517
371,218
Rural residues : —
'
C Residential
117,167
103,589
100,103
84,265
••
3 Wilts, &c
54,505
45,011
43,311
39,837
3 Norfolk, &c. . . .
92,630
78,118
88,604
72,197
6 Welsh
91,297
45,905
70,982
45,728
G Northern ....
99,361
79,072
87,484
66,718
24 Totals . .
454,960
351,695
: 390, 484
308,745
IGO Grand Totals .
415,414
116,933
,201,967
62,473
178
Enghdtd's Bcccnt Progress.
Detailed Populatiok axd Biktiis and Deaths in 160 Cluours of Registkation Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) by Migrations.
Population (Males).
Births.
Deaths.
Migrations
(Gaiu or Loss).
1881. 1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Loudon .
:i, 266, 127 2, 685, 167 3, 140, 895
877,876
936,276 517,722
567,381
58,886
86,833
Manchester .
1 401,0ie| 458,320 520,995
155,948
162,685106,208
114,0811 7,564
14,071
Liverpool
398,138; 433,057
492,770
153,470
158,717104,636
107,98413,915
8,980
Birmingham .
345,773! 394,501
470,890
131,637
145,286
75,105
87,300 7,804
18,403
Leeds . . .
158,965' 186,578
216,760
61,392
67,533
39,936
43,167
6,157
5,816
Sheffield . .
148,068. 169,891
204,266
57,072
64,748
36,998
40,367
1,749
9,994
Bristol . .
146,414' 165,568 187,864
54,981
56,664
30,310
32,141
5,517
2,227
Leicester .
, 87,704. 107,233 126,695
36,331
38,817
20,479
22,398
3,677
3,043
Hull . . .
87,098i 104,2361 124,536
34,872
39,345; 20,897
23,459
3,163
4,414
Nottingham .
74,144
81,046 89,201
30,565
27,093 18,792
17,750
4,871
1,188
4,113,447 4,785,597 5,574,8721,594,1441,697,164 971,0831,056,028 49,089 148,139
Bradford .
Bolton
Blackburn
Oldham .
Burnley .
Halifax
Ashton-under
Lyne .
Dewsbury
Huddersfield
Stockport
Preston .
Bury .
Rochdale .
Haslingden
Keighley .
Macclesfield
Wharxedale
Kidderminster
Todmorden
Leek .
Glossop
Saddleworth
Middlesbro'
Rotherham
WalsaU .
Doncaster
Crewe .
Swindon .
Tilbury
146,727
91,985
83,617
81,008
57,319
81, 074 1
73,107
73,701'
75.341
54,135;
60,331
61,645
57,305
45,464
29,054
28,970
22,626
19,562|
17,095,
15,226
10,769'
10,693:
160,049
109,088'
96,347
96,357!
79,185:
87,148
167,671
122,581
104,071
102,173
93,310
90,560
77,792 84,215
77,408
79,585
62,748'
66,893
64,797i
58,1011
48,869|
32,903|
27,816
24,308
19,149,
17,930
16,218'
12,192:
10,868
78,720
77,738
72,494
70,624
65,696
61,595
51,545
36,259
27,202
27,103
18,7821
18,753!
17,7341
11,528;
10,023
1,196,7541,325,7011,410,377
70,169
38,893
42,144
27,043
29,077
14,728[
9,309
83,630!
47,443'
50,367
32,138
31,833'
20,. 393]
15,106
93,959
59,720
69,070
42,763
36,787
25,895
18,348
231,363
280,910! 336,542
49,634!
35,457|
33,927
31,582
25,863'
25,559j
26,514:
25,222,
23,411
20,222!
24,617
21,613
16,893
15,425
9,376
9,058
7,250
6,369
4,947
5,356
3,986l
3,438
425,719
29,065
15,864
17,760
9,913
10,352
6,640
4,177
46,540
38,903
32,489
30,018
29,310
23,246
25,359
23,189
20,437
21,090
23,634
18,570
15,781
14,274
9,679
7,919
6,972
5,324
4,499
5,688
3,527
2,882
33,198|
22,135;
21,981
21,879
15,789|
17,767;
17,940
16, 120!
17,062!
13,922!
17,399
13,9941
12,328'
9,670
6,452:
6,551
4,314!
3,733l
3,436'
3,019
2,567^
2,244;
32,401
24,596
21,776
22,877
3,114
3,731
784
5,646
18,08511,792
17,184! 1,718
18,192 3,889
16,535
15,521
15,020
17,384
13,965
12,324!
9,737
6,663
5,911!
4,970;
3,491'
3,377;
3,137i
2,552
l,98l'
5,395
2,105
2,313
656
4,467
3,769
2,350
925
3,661
1,254
3,049
676
1,345
4
1,019
6,517
764
2,989
1,325
2,900
2,650
744
5,342
6,763
3,676
2,519
3,706
37
1,861
340
2,622
793
2,200
299
1,035
1,639
1,746
409,330283,500
29,579
19,343
20,067
12,412
11,102
7,119
4,852
93,771! 104,474
15,597
8,140
9,386
5,442
5,260
2,809
1,998
287,67913,272 ! 36,975
17,712
9,769
11,362
7,050
6,009
2,993
2,337
48,632' 57,232 4,408 ; 8,390
7
826
151
624
2.336
1,834
3,618
1,538
2,703
2
5,263
139
1,376
727
Appendix C.
179
Detailed Population and Births and Deaths in 160 Geoups of Registration Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) by Migrations.
Population (Females).
Births.
Deaths.
Migr
(Gain o
ations
■ Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
' 1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
London .
2,540,158
3,003,000:3,505,662
847,335
902,898
494,552
539,879
110,059
139,643
Manchester .
440,718
500,066
567,644
151,039
157,825
101,385
107,744
9,694
17,497
Liverpool .
419,681
466,928
530,036
148,493
152,914
100,104
103,614
1,142
13,808
Birmingham .
865,151
420,629
505,725
127,636
141,582
69,714
80,671
2,444
24,185
Leeds .
168,564
200,466
234,063
60,142
66,034
37,572
40,387
9,332
7,950
Sheffield . .
149,485
172,691
204,864
55,329
62,757
32,544
35,927
421
5,343
Bristol . .
170,396
190,534
217,896
52,197
55,137
30.358
32,149
1,701
4,374
Leicester .
95,406
118,036
141,557
35,188
37,880
19,028
21,264
6,470
6,905
Hull . . .
90,992
109,453
131,016
33,525
37,644
19,057
21,262
3,993
5,181
Nottingham .
85,119
96,032
103,786
29,793
25,978
18,217
17,420
663
804
4,525,670
5,277,835
6,142,2491,540,677
1,640,649
922,531
1,000,317
134,019
224,082
Bradford . .
164,855
181,832
193,013
47,745
45,004
31,813
31.882
1,045
1,941
Bolton
100,420
117,761
135,006
34,664
37,640
21,171
23.120
3,848
2,725
Blackburn
92,337
108,556
119,449
33,062
31,484
20,854
21,102
4,011
511
Oldham . .
87,453
104,796
112,331
30,913
29,327
20,221
21,170
6,651
622
Burnley .
61,015
86,094
103,984
25,044
28,486
14,553
17,360
14,588
6,764
Halifax . .
89,366
98,134
103,607
25,117
22,516
16,567
16,263
218
780
Ashton-under-~i
Lyne . . j
81,232
87,284
94,751
25,789
24,642
17,806
17,832
1. 931
657
Dewsbury
80,011
85,188
88,285
24,-396
22,585
15,226
15,613
3>993
3,875
Huddersfield .
81,096
88,814
88,908
22,912
19,655
15,205
14,316
11
5,245
Stockport
63,022
72,538
83,814
19,638
20,547
13,997
14,738
3,875
5,467
Preston .
68,838
76,648
81,607
23,589
22,802
17,065
17,291
1,286
552
Bury .
67,963
72,608
75,124
20,527
18,027
13,456
13,612
2,426
1,899
Rochdale .
64,607
65,752
69,865
16,469
15,456
11,728
12,101
3,596
758
Haslingden .
49,829
54,539
57,465
15,553
13,868
9,640
9,493
1,203
1,449
Keighley .
32,067
36,336
41,204
8,829
9,444
6', 141
6,499
1,581
1,923
Macclesfield .
33,043
32,508
32,152
8,649
7,668
6,438
5,891
2,746
2,133
Wharfedale .
24,079
26,948
30,375
6,924
6.874
4,099
4,714
44
1,267
Kidderminster
21 , 380
21,985
21,987
6,252
5,198
3,487
3,343
2,160
1,853
Todmordou .
18,432
19,655
20,678
4,878
4,365
3,. 305
3,197
350
145
Leek . .
16,012
17,187
19,203
5,323
5,606
2,908
3,163
1,240
427
Glossop .
12,781
14,605
14,149
3,827
3,470
2,539
2,611
536
1,315
Saddleworth .
11,606
11,594
11,117
3,170
2,814
2,139
1,818
1,043
1,473
1,321,444
1,481,362
1,598,074
413,270
397,478
270,358
277,129
17,006
3,637
Middlesbro' .
62,867
77,570
89,236
27,539
28,571
12,977
14,937
141
1,968
Rotherham .
36,642
44.141
55,280
15,564
18,683
7,500
8,604
56s
1,060
Walsall . .
41,963
49,745
59,537
17,138
19,403
8,365
10,133
991
522
Doncastcr
26,809
31,343
41,069
9,465
12,268
4,994
6,361
63
3,819
Crewe . .
28,383
31,265
36,206
9,685
10,529
4,902
5,469
1,901
119
Swindon .
13,358
18> 335
24,471
0,438
6,846
2,574
2,796
1,113
2,086
Tilbury . .
7,171
12,204
15,398
4,129
4,785
1,560
1,906
2,404
315
217,193
264,603
321,197
89,958
101,085
42,872
50,206
324
5,715
N 2
tv^O
iLnfjland'ti Becrut Progir.^a.
Detailkd rorii.vTiON AND Births and Deaths in 160 Groups of Registration Distuicts,
iNii.ri'TNi; l;OSSF.s ani> Gains (Nft) r.v ^Itcnxrioys—continncd.
r..,,
Illation (Mnles).
]<ir
tlis.
Deaths.
Migi-.
(Gain u
itiiins
■ Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Wolverhamp- i
ton itc. . 1
182,504
189,904
207,884
70,466
72,961
39,874
42,480
23,192
12,501
Potteries .
107,583
120,752
137,578
44,289
49,069
26,509
29,247
4,611
2,996
Cockermouth
28,473
36,418
34,543
12,299
11,249
6,281
5,949
1,927
7,175
Barrow-in- \
Furuess . I
25,575
27,273
31,494
9,409
8,543
4,308
4,371
3.403
49
Whitehaven .
30,100
28,799
27,448
11,071
9,091
5,745
5,027
6,627
5,415
Millom . .
6,389
7,623
8.087
2,554
2,332
1,098
1,211
222
657
380,624
410,769"
447,031
150,088
153,245
83,815
88,285
36,128
28,695
Southampton
44,967
50,809
69,679
16,006
18,662
8,992
11,396
1,172
11,604
Grimsby .
34,709
39,097
47,573
12,479
14,018
6,652
7,817
1,439
2,275
Burton-on- \
Trent . . j
Wellingboro' .
38,. 302
42,487
47,521
14,450
14,314
7,188
7,718
3,077
1,562
18,374
21,786
28,027
6,823
8,117
3,310
3,718
lOI
1,842
Luton .
17,695
20,238
23,773
7,409
6,943
3,800
3,653
1,066
245
Kettering .
12,863
18,052
23,501
5,459
6,958
2,616
3,263
2,346
1,754
Penzance .
23,680
21,728
22,565
7,486
6,660
4,591
4,301
4,847
1,522
Redruth .
20,364
21,926
21,234
7,612
6,907
4,789
4,637
1,261
2,962
Rugbv .
13,685
13,281
17,148
4,097
4,045
2,087
2,306
2,414
2,128
Stafford . .
15,331
15,201
15,485
4,799
4,369
3,302
3,363
1,627
722
Falmouth
12,666
11,694
10,332
3,103
2,984
2,186
2,136
1,889
2,210
Helston .
10,810
10,048
9,463
3,424
2,906
2,264
2,000
1,922
1,491
263,446
286,347
336,301
93,147
96,883
51,777
56,308
18,469
9,379
Durham group
588,903
702,758
835,514
241,8.38
272,396
132,833
152,601
4,850
12,961
Glamorgan „
370,625
491,662
596,456
151,563
192,940
88,868
108,337
58,342
20,191
Wigau ,,
218,175
262,880
300,278
92,470
104,744
52,833
60,953
5,068
6,393
Chesterfield „
169,899
204,833
258,246
70,052
82,573
34,116
40,620
1,002
11,460
Barnsley
98,947
118,676
144,894
39,870
47,883
21,870
25,626
1,729
3,961
Wrexham
28,351
32,101
37,024
9,813
11,971
5,830
6,745
233
303
Nuneaton.
15.600
18,493
26,483
5,796
7,908
3,193
4,029
290
4,111
Cannock .
18,946
21,223
24,963
6,937
7,972
3,249
3,927
1,461
305
Ashby-de-la-|
Zouch . . /
17,003
18,521
22,835
6,097
7,174
3,039
3,387
1,545
527
1,526,454
1,871,147
2,246,693
624,486
735,561
345,831
406,225
66,038
46,210
Norwich .
51.535
58,481
62,908
19,522
19,854
11,602
12,364
974
3,063
Wakefield. .
45,283
50,636
57,435
17,176
18,013
10,592
10,857
1,231
357
Derby .
40,477
46,687
51,802
14,9.37
14,958
7,898
9,043
829
8co
York . . .
38,091
39,857
45,456
12,588
12,723
8,213
8,494
2.609
1,370
Yarmouth and)
Lowestoft ./
Ipswich .
36,554
38,284
43,613
14,246
13,451
7,610
8,069
4,906
53
34,811
38,239
43,298
11,954
12,223
7,469
8,078
1,057
914
Northampton
31,520
38,734
42,963
12,323
12,954
7,171
7,836
2,062
889
Carried \
forward/
278,271
310,918
347,475
102,746
104,176
60,555
64,741
9,544
2,878
Appctidix C.
181
Detailed Popolation and Bikths AJto Deaths in 160 Groups of Kegistbation Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) by Migrations — continued.
Population (Females).
Births.
Deaths.
Migrations
(Gain or Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Wolverhamp- \
ton, &c. . J
Potteries .
182,808
190,489
209,468
68,056
70,226
35,672
37,934
24,703
13-313
106,831
121,894
140,245
43,121
47,298
23,215
26,475
4,843
2,472
Cockermoutli
28,316
35,258
34,993
11,417
10„969
5,707
5,464
1,232
5,770
Barrow-in- \
Furness . /
Whitehaven .
21,684
24,439
26,092
8,967
8,133
3,914
3,910
2,298
2.570
29,192
29,164
28,094
10,532
8,914
5,-344
4,934
5,216
5,050
Millom . .
5,836
7,254
7,806
2,337
2,299
971
1,100
52
647
374,667
408,498
446,693
144,430
147,839
74,823
79,817
35,776
513
29,822
Southampton
49,297
55,777
72,537
15,254
17,921
8,261
10,251
9,090
Grimsby .
32,085
39,029
49,053
11,989
13,409
5,971
7,196
1,526
3,211
Burton-on- I
Trent . . j
Wellingboro'
35,565
41,040
45,293
14,008
13,691
6,080
6,720
2,447
2,724
18,566
21,807
28,015
6,611
7,847
3,100
3,444
210
1,745
Luton .
21,805
24,618
28,196
7,155
6,616
3,851
3,771
491
733
Kettering .
12,701
17,454
23,840
5,240
6,866
2,274
2,941
1,787
2,461
Penzance .
26,631
26,548
26,722
7,178
6,425
4,849
4,668
2,412
1,583
Redruth .
25,764
27,317
26,875
7,251
6,647
4,964
4,867
734
2,222
Rugby. . .
13,515
14,205
17,188
3,959
3,974
2,115
2,134
1,154
1,143
Stafford . .
15,222
15,389
15,817
4,695
4,060
2,847
2,861
1,681
771
Falmouth
12,891
12,757
12,839
3,066
2,796
2,200
2,115
1,000
599
Helston .
Durham group
12,871
12,109
11,310
3,248
2,858
2,463
2,159
1,547
1,498
276,913
308,716
357,685
89,654
93,110
48,975
53,127
8,876
8,986
568,516
681,433
813,313
232,153
261,399
122,607
139,944
3,371
10,425
Glamorgan ,,
351,607
448,422
559,113
144,659
185,492
76,727
94,936
28,883
20,135
Wigan ,,
213.969
255,557
295,172
89,632
100,772
47,847
54,911
197
6,246
Chesterfield ,,
160,952
196,704
249,998
67,460
79,677
31,384
37,156
324
10,773
Barnsley ,,
90,970
107,012
132,587
38.275
46,449
19,467
22,630
2,766
1,756
Wrexham .
26,849
29,694
34,698
9,057
11,352
5,323
6,033
889
315
Nuneaton.
16,628
18,901
26,3.37
5,631
7,745
3,104
3,880
254
3,571
Cannock .
17,176
19,324
22,673
6,879
7,611
2,899
3,282
1,832
980
Ashby - de - la-"l
Zouch . ./
Norwich .
16,526
17.847
21,301
5,771
6,724
2,723
3,099
1,727
171
1,463,193
1,774,894
2,155,192
599,517
707,221
312,081
365,871
24,265
38,948
59,. 343
66,097
73,2.37
18,869
19,285
11,747
12,323
232
422
Wakefield. .
43,830
49,008
55,568
16,756
17,423
9,502
9,670
2,016
1,253
Derby . .
41,686
48,390
55,025
14,424
14,505
7,709
8,568
II
698
York . . .
38,604
41,058
46,691
11,923
12,298
7,741
7,991
1,128
726
Yarmouth and ^
Lowestoft ./
40,156
45,473
50,429
13,667
12,929
7,305
7,789
1,045
184
Ipswich .
38,2.54
42,561
48,289
11,646
11,794
7,183
7,774
IS6
1,708
Northampton
Carried ^
forward/
1
32,724
40,. 583
46,473
11,948
12,522
6,690
6,917
2,601
285
294, -597
334,430
375,712
99,233
100,750
57,877
61,032
1,523
1,558
18-2
England's Recent Progress.
Detailed Population and Births and Deaths in 160 Groups op Registration Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) hy IMigrations — continued.
Topulation (Males).
Birtlis.
Deaths.
Migrations
(Gain or Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Brought 1
forward 1
278,271
310,918
347,475
102,746
104,176
60,555
64,741
9.544
2,878
Chester . .
39,211
40,717
42,830
12,321
12,112
7,823
7,947
2,992
2.052
Exeter
39.185
41.195
42,339
12,388
11,498
8,478
8,553
1,850
1,801
Lincoln .
32,273
33,039
36,634
10,504
9,609
6,789
6,427
2,949
413
Beading .
24,082
29,315
35,072
8.842
9,356
4,647
5,272
1,038
1.673
Coventry .
1 21,369
25,750
29,815
7,761
8,932
4,642
5,143
1,262
276
Carlisle .
! 25,253
26,200
29,659
8,641
8,567
5,433
5,577
2,261
469
Gloucester
22,676
24,486
28,169
7,609
8,001
4,657
5,505
1,142
1,187
Oxford . .
24,139
25.806
27,271
8,246
7,705
4,898
4,909
1,681
1-331
^laidstone
21,984
23,148
23,607
7,322
6,360
4,823
5,284
I '335
617
Worcester
19,452
20,242
22,018
6,688
6,628
4,529
4,509
1,369
343
Cambridge .
16,521
16,926
17,169
5,155
4,663
3,228
3,139
1,522
1,281
King's Lynn .
9,130
8,971
10,247
3,153
2,920
2,003
1,935
1,309
291
573,496
626,713
692,305
201,376
200,527
122,505
128,941
25,654
5,994
Portsmouth .
86,490
104,265
121,918
32,088
32,709
19,112
21,281
4,799
6,225
PhTnouth
77,422
88,367
106,257
26,583
27,723
17,352
18,751
1,714
8,918
Chatham .
46,778
58,116
72,818
17,280
18,417
9,353
10,553
3,411
6,838
Colchester
13,922
17,525
19,579
4,749
5,029
2,781
3,119
1,635
144
224,612
268,273
320,572
80,700
83,878
48,598
53,704
11,559
22,125
Farnham .
22,701
29,032
35,371
7,330
7,811
3,731
4,351
2,732
2,879
Folkestone
16,290
19,420
25,100
5,359
5,693
2,893
3,488
664
3,475
Dover .
17,997
20,200
25,005
5,885
5,823
3,257
3,630
425
2,612
Weymouth .
16,565
16,547
23,580
4,157
4,563
2,517
2,766
1,658
6,236
Windsor .
' 15,882
17,061
19,781
4,896
4,785
2,799
2,959
918
894
Salisbury .
16,892
16,683
18,922
5,012
4,432
3,174
3,014
2,047
821
Aldershot
(North) j
.
12,008
13,417
16,753
3,032
3,411
1,680
1,987
57
1,912
Deal . . .
14,143
14,370
15,738
4,061
3,643
2,388
2,335
1,446
60
Sheemess.
9.917
10.070
13.180
2,890
2,586
1,491
1,545
1,246
2,069
Godstone .
9,295
9,462
12,126
2,353
2.516
1,934
1,988
252
2,136
St. Germans .
7,775
8,697
11,468
2,410
2,416
1,657
1,498
169
1,853
Canterbury .
8,476
9,132
10,016
2,620
2,444
1,980
1,840
16
280
167,941
184,091
227,040
I 50.005
50,123
29,501
31,401
4,354
24,227
Watford . .
26,018
31.372
41,092
8,765
9,851
5,488
6,243
2,077
6,112
Morecambe .
20,269
25,593
1 32,755
7,346
8,295
5,163
5,852
3,141
4,719
Guildford
21,175
25.068
I 30,751
6,869
7.259
4,133
, 4,681
1,157
3,105
Leamington .
23,663
23,963
i 24.097
7,303
6,224
4,971
4,764
2,032
1,326
Uxbridge .
1 13,519
14,690
18,423
4,559
4,481
3,013
3,501
375
2,753
Ehyl . . .
13,935
13,538
14,565
3,780
3,588
3 042
3,168
1,135
607
Malvern .
10,672
10,431
10,839
2,734
2.607
2,181
2,201
794
2
129,251
144,655
172,522
41,356
42,305
27,991
1 30,410
2,039
15,972
Appendix C.
183
Detailed Population and Births and Deaths in 160 Groups of Registration Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) by Migbations — contimied.
Population (Females).
Births.
Deaths.
Migrations
(Gain or Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Brought
forward
[ 294,597
40,150
334,430
375,712
99,233
100,756
57,877
61,032
1,523
1,558
Chester . .
41,995
45,028
11,607
11,625
7,319
7,591
2,443
1,001
Exeter . .
46,702
49,226
50,751
12,104
10,901
8,872
8,748
708
628
Lincoln .
32,239
34,230
38,036
9,955
9,264
6,088
6,022
1,876
564
Reading .
25,035
30,739
37,145
8,422
9,250
4,334
5,027
1,616
2,183
Coventry .
23,730
27,254
31,943
7,387
8,668
4,276
4,937
413
958
Carlisle
27,500
28,985
33,202
8,220
8,412
5,378
5,700
1,357
1,505
Gloucester
24,232
26,421
30,565
7,293
7,678
4,492
5,267
612
1,733
Oxford . .
26,770
30,614
32,955
7,731
7,358
4,642
4,856
755
161
Maidstone
23,131
24,904
25,479
7,208
6,068
4,604
4,816
831
677
Worcester
21,924
23,724
25,775
6,641
6,390
4,303
4,454
538
115
Cambridge .
18,842
20,057
21,210
4,862
4,683
3,208
3,129
439
401
King's Lynn .
10,076
10,082
10,810
2,907
2,757
1,899
1,900
1,002
129
614,928
682,661
758,611
193,570
193,810
117,292
123,479
8,545
5,619
Portsmouth .
88,605
109,394
127,463
30,982
31,376
17,618
20,227
7,425
6,920
Plymouth
84,690
92,882
108,168
25,440
26,826
17,143
18,103
105
6,563
Chatham .
42,282
52,942
64,933
16,556
17,943
8,142
9,191
2,246
3,239
Colchester
14,452
17,034
18,794
4,653
4,850
2,711
2,871
640
219
230,029
272,252
319,358
77,631
80,995
45,614
50,392
10,206
16,503
Farnham .
17,694
20,814
27,087
6,833
7,585
3,037
3,401
676
2,089
Folkestone .
i 17,580
21,508
27,034
5,322
5,663
2,753
3,187
1,359
3,050
Dover .
18,816
20,266
23,937
5,458
5,822
3,032
3,374
976
1,223
Weymouth .
15,457
16,082
19,374
3,967
4,329
2,365
2,594
977
1,557
Windsor .
16,110
18,601
21,026
4,596
4,616
2,577
2,710
472
519
Salisbury .
18,188
18,622
19,323
4,759
4,116
3,128
2,999
1,197
416
Aldorshot
(North) j
9,818
11,104
13,760
2,947
3,347
1,355
1,674
194
983
Deal . , .
13,931
14,662
15,795
3,916
3,650
2,263
2,237
922
280
Sheerness.
8,287
8,537
9,095
2,787
2,494
1,278
1,334
1,259
602
Godstone .
8,397
9,451
12,065
2,196
2,406
1,687
1,770
545
1,978
St. Germans .
8,955
9,137
9,679
2,310
2,233
1,610
1,471
518
220
Canterbury .
8,584
8,989
9,402
2,459
2,353
1,720
1,723
334
217
161,317
177,773
207,577
47,550
48,614
26,805
28,474
4,289
9,664
Watford . .
28,006
34,414
45,852
8,657
9,585
5,386
5,893
2,537
7,746
Morecambo .
20,580
26,431
34,707
6,972
8,091
4,622
5,743
3,501
5,928
Guildford .
i 21,591
26,608
31,975
6,582
6,948
3,712
4,242
2,147
2,661
Leamington .
29,211
30,406
30,809
6,874
5,992
4,881
5,093
798
496
Uxbridgo .
13,995
15,582
19,879
4,197
4,575
2,734
3,192
124 2,914
Rhyl . . .
15,523
15,416
16,481
3,591
3,503
2,993
3,089
705
651
Malvern .
i 12,562
142,068
13,035
161.892
13,663
193,366
2,650
39,529
2,617
41,311
2,059
2,135
124
146
26,387
29,387
6.682
19,550
184
EnglancVs Recent Progress.
Detailed Popilation and Births and Deaths in IGO Giioups of Registration Distuicts,
iNciADiNG Losses ai;d Gains (Net) by Migrations — continued.
Popuhition (Males).
Births.
Deaths.
Misratioiis
(Gain or Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Brighton .
65.509
71,503
79,285
21,573
21,471
13,289
14,109
2,290
420
Southport
38,380
44,573
48,315
13,482
13,886
8,294
9,101
1,005
1,043
Blackpool .
19,318
25,669
43,035
7,228
10,245
4,477
6,695
3,600
13,816
Hastings .
28,479
34,783
38,020
9,855
9,757
5,557
6,420
2,006
100
Bath . . .
30,129
32,264
33,084
9,370
9,213
6,353
6,116
882
2,277
Thanet . .
23,499
25,516
30,587
7,319
7,229
4,769
5,081
533
2,923
Scarborough .
20,009
20,554
22,539
6,511
6,322
3,983
4,186
1,983
151
Harrogate
10,440
12,061
18,047
3,034
4,094
2,122
2,746
709
4,638
Llandudno .
8,731
11,152
15,364
2,814
81,186
3,675
85,892
1,661
2,508
1,268
3,045
244,494
278,075
328,276
50,505
56,962
2,900
21,271
Isle of Wight
34.932
36,482
37,803
10,042
9,335
6,000
6,379
2,492
1,635
Bournemouth
12,419
22,849
27,518
5,612
6,871
3,277
4,724
8,095
2,522
Worthing
12,264
14,538
17,211
3,942
4,150
2,159
2,818
491
1,341
59,615
73,869
82,532
19,596
20,356
11,436
13,921
6,094
2,228
Torquay, &c. .
50,290
53,520
53,733
15,393
14,220
9,465
9,495
2,698
4,512
Tunbridge
23,675
26,682
29,935
7,739
7,631
4,083
4,527
649
149
Bedford . .
20,366
24,114
26,526
6,697
6,707
3,664
3,831
715
464
Southend
12,696
15,029
24,661
4,306
5,482
2,266
3,232
293
7,382
Cheltenham .
23,397
22,714
24,155
6,973
6,331
4.565
4,269.
3,091
621
Ciacton and i
Harwich . j
17,185
18,564
22,565
5,593
5,995
2,960
3,182
1,254
1,188
Eastbourne .
12,985
17,758
21,586
5,122
5,564
2,448
2,847
2,099
1,111
Weston-super-'i
Mare . . /
Reigate
18,443
19.158
20,846
5,594
5,117
3,413
3,487
1,466
58
14,621
17,244
19,818
4,530
4,611
2,320
2,625
413
588
Staines
12,094
13,606
16,884
3,838
4,165
2,084
2,249
242
1,362
Poole . . .
9,027
12,353
15,088
3,506
4,535
1,756
2,120
1,576
320
Heme Bay .
9,113
9,655
11,485
2,952
2,814
1,572
1,570
838
586
Cromer .
8,353
9,229
10,813
2,693
2,758
1,514
1,541
303
367
232,245
259,626
298,095
74,936
75,930
42,110
44,975
5,445
7,514
^Maidenhead .
8,240
9,950
11,247
2,779
2,963
1,429
1,638
360
28
Brentwood .
9,191
10,593
10,946
2,532
2,424
2,232
2,533
1,102
462
Easthampstead
6,769
6,846
8,182
1,855
1,810
1,057
1,011
721
537
24,200
27,389
30,375
7,166
7,197
4,718
5,182
741
971
Appendix C.
185
Detailed Population and Bieths and Deaths in 160 Groups op Registration Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) by Migrations — continued.
Population (Females).
Births.
Deaths.
Migrations
(Gain or Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
3881-90.
1891-00.
Brighton .
82,671
92,970
103,824
20,622
20,886
13,569
14,913
3,246
4,881
Southport
44,832
54,634
60,279
12,911
13,465
7,958
9,153
4,849
1,333
Blackpool .
21,592
30,648
50,662
6,931
9,928
4,470
6,463
6,595
16,549
Hastings .
36,002
45,894
51,473
9,197
9,122
5,594
6,731
6,289
3,188
Bath . . .
40,615
42,932
44,520
8,920
8,652
7,109
6,905
506
159
Thanet . .
27,322
32,334
37,874
7,120
7,096
4,855
5,268
2,747
3,712
Scarborough .
23,256
25,495
28,571
6,393
6,202
4,106
4,385
48
1,259
Harrogate
12,195
15,097
22,457
3,063
4,083
2,089
2,735
1,928
6,012
Llandudno
9,630
13,416
18,667
2,666
3,619
1,642
2,354
2,762
3,986
298,115
353,420
418,327
77,823
83,053
51,392
58,907
28,874
40,761
Isle of Wight
38,701
42,190
44,615
9,821
9,061
5,541
5,812
791
824
Bournemouth
17,036
31,368
41 442
5,313
6,571
3,028
4,304
12,047
7,807
Worthing
14,100
17,856
21,715
3,681
4,005
2,160
2,920
2,235
2,774
69,837
91,414
107,772
18,815
19,637
10,729
13,036
13,491
9,757
Torquay, &c. .
61,376
66,408
68,151
15,093
13,609
9,722
10,260
339
1,606
Tunbridge
27,832
31,678
36,540
7,460
7,417
4,246
4,711
632
2,156
Bedford . .
22,568
27,338
31,160
6,260
6,441
3,604
3,685
2,114
1,066
Southend .
11,710
15,242
26,509
4,204
5,547
1,988
2,840
1,316
8,560
Cheltenham .
32,210
32,072
33,727
6,722
6,081
5,222
5,027
1,638
601
Clacton and|
Harwich . j
Eastbourne .
16,290
18,839
22,596
5,455
5,666
2,777
2,992
129
1,083
14,771
23,468
28,967
4,944
5,352
2,370
2,961
6,123
3,108
Weston-super-i
Mare . .j'
Eeigate . .
21,992
24,031
26,565
5,504
4,915
3,496
3,671
31
1,290
15,738
19,336
22,877
4,457
4,418
2,104
2,453
1,245
1,576
Staines . .
11,080
13,286
16,977
3,566
4,170
1,812
2,028
148
1,549
Poole . . .
9,687
13,478
17,249
3,424
4,221
1,696
2,123
2,063
1,673
Heme Bay .
9,754
10,511
13,385
2,756
2,743
1,532
1,600
467
1,731
Cromer .
8,652
9,543
11,450
2,602
2,864
1,396
1,557
315
600
264,200
305,230
356,153
72,447
73,444
41,965
45,908
10,488
23,387
Maidenhead .
8,705
10.518
12,307
2,654
2,794
1,364
1,513
523
508
Brentwood .
9,172
9,962
11,490
2,474
2,354
1,794
2,137
110
1,311
Easthampstead
5,890
6,858
7,575
1,765
1,664
812
833
15
114
23,767
27,338
31,372
6,893
6,812
3,970
4,483
648
1,705
186
England's Bcccnt Progress.
DfTAILKD rOPrLATIOK AND BlRTHS AND DEATHS IN 160 GROUPS OF REGISTRATION DISTRICTS,
INCLUDING Losses akd Gains (Net) by Migrations — continued.
Population (Males).
Births.
Deaths.
Migrations
(Gain or Loss).
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
•1881-90.
1891-00.
Residues of
County Groups.
236.214
158,580
157,771
141,668
1 125,470
115,032
229,789
162,205
157,124
145,868
130,321
116,861
63,529
42,086
40,544
40,089
35,728
30,165
42,020
26,608
27,157
24,842
21,078
18,388
38,487
i 25,243
25,249
1 23,205
1 20,729
18,084
Gloucester and Somerset
Hants and Berks
Essex and Herts
Bucks and Oxford .
Kent and Surrey
Sussex
224,297 71,521
159,7031 47.523
154,984' 46,924
145,5701 44,568
134,203 40,485
120,966 33,672
: 35.926 30,534
1 17,290 19,345
20,414 17,435
15,526 17,182
14,556 11,117
13,455 7,976
934,735
942,168
939,723
284,693
252,141
160,093
150,997
117,167
103,589
Wilts and Dorset . .
Devon
Cornwall
156,339
120.548
77,782
151,838
116,594
73,367
145,518
111,561
73,065
44,981
35,885
23,303
39,301
31,045
20,508
26,376
21,485
14,673
24,803
19,742
12,953
23,106
18,354
13,045
20,818
16.336
7,857
354,669 341,799
330,144104,169
90,854
62,534
57,498
54,505 45,0X1
Norfolk and Suffolk .
Northampton group
Lincoln and Rutland .
244,043
213,337
176,253
240,551
212,025
169,621
229,029 74,675
213,-336 64,704
168,496, 52,448
64,871
58,218
46,613
42,801
37,385
30,447
38,824
35,550
28,546
35,366
28,631
28,633
37,569
21,357
19,192
633,633
622.197
610. 861 ' 191, 827
169,702110,633
102,920 92,630
78,118
Salop and Hereford .
Carmarthen group .
Montgomery ,, . .
Carnarvon and Anglesey
Monmouth and Brecon .
Denbigh and Flint .
191,443
136,291
82,027
69,201
42,443
37,458
180,951
133,685
73,048
64,901
40,255
34,167
181,640
135,740
73,410,
66, 825 1
39,912
33,647
53,845
42,949
22,496
19,249
12.227
9,922
49,72li 33,826
40.1221 25,527
19,859 14.412
17,789 13,556
11,376 7,438
9,380 6,488
32,286
25,919
13,692
12,812
6,985
6,631
30,511
20,028
17,063
9,993
6,977
6,725
16,796
12.148
5,805
3-053
4,734
3 369
558,863
527,007
531,174160,688
148,247101,247
i
98,175
91,297 45,905
York
Leicester, Notts and i
Derby T
Stafford, Warwick andl
Worcester . . . ./
Lancashire and Cheshire
Durham and Northum-i
berland /
Cumberland and West-"i
moreland . . . . |
224,635
167,305
154,640
102,602
74,762
66,116
217,854
173,932
157,864
110.192
71,301
65,425
219,607
185,656
165,746
108,002
72,738
61,426
67,736
53,809
49,604
35,320
21,785
19,422
62.302' 39,439
53,107 31,371
47,985 27,448
33,583 19,304
20,222 12,994
16,863 11,251
37,S?0
30,794
27,807
19,097
12,456
10,559
35,078 22,879
15,811 10,589
18,932' 12,296
8,426 16,676
12,252 6.329
8,862| 10,303
790,060 796.568 813, 175^47, 6761234, 062 141, 807
138,383 99. 361 1 79,072
Appendix G.
187
Detailed Population and Births and Deaths in 160 Groups of Registration Districts,
INCLUDING Losses and Gains (Net) by Migrations — continued.
Population (Females).
Births.
Deaths.
Residues op
County Groups.
Gloucester and Somerset
Hants and Berks
Essex and Herts
Bucks and Oxford
Kent and Surrey-
Sussex
Wilts and Dorset
Devon.
Cornwall .
249,676
159,741
161,488
145,063
122,950
112,425
951,343
168,197
128,093
86.322
377,612
Norfolk and Suffolk
Northampton group
Lincoln and Rutland
Salop and Hereford.
Carmarthen group .
Montgomery ,, . .
Carnarvon and Anglesey
Monmouth and Brecon.
Denbigh and Flint .
York
Leicester, Notts and
Derby /,
Stafford, Warwick and 1 1
Worcester . . . . (
Lancashire and Cheshire
Durham and Northum-\
berland j
Cumberland and West- 1
moreland . . . . /
250,155
217,815
178,523
646,493
248,993
164,859
162,078
150,374
131,108
118,911
976,323
159,783
128,033
83,255
1901. 1881-90. 1891-00. 1881-90. 1891-00,
244,672
167,800
162,146
153,292
136,559
126,577
991,046
153,448
124,367
83,039
371,071 360,854
246,009
216,837
173,788
636,634
192,422
153,780
80,930
71,360
42,152
36,640
577,284
225,124
172,148
156,185
100,147
77,014
67,786
187,160
153.325
76,094
70,335
40,847
34,347
562,108
235,531
218,343
174,040
69,563
46,277
44,948
42,882
39,149
32,510
275,329
43,744
34,028
21,826
99,598
373
735
152
123
396
800
243,579
37,859
29,716
19,564
87,139
40,480
24,899
25,354
23,573
19,374
16,566
150,246
26,486
21,396
14.946
62,828
38,219
23,725
24,076
22,394
19,155
17,022
144,591
24,194
19,683
13.642
57,519
Migrations
(Gain or Loss).
1881-90. 1891-00
29,766
16,260
19,004
13,998
11,617
9,458
100,103
20,672
12,692
9,947
71,681 62,103
62,210 55,714
50,506
627,914184,397
187,784
153,903
75,073
71,188
40,642
33,872
562,462
51,994
41,102
21,506
18,122
11,648
9,717
154,089
44,856
40,698
35,767
29,187
162,673105,652
48,186
38,759
19,143
16,720
11,098
9,002
798,404
222,634
180,953
162,681
106,787
74,907
67,638
815,600
227,669
194,111
170,463
108,854
76,142
66,084
65,519
51,954
47,914
33,539
21,082
18,324
142,908
31,575
26,405
13,593
13,356
6,914
6.440
38,338
33,876
26,982
43,3"
99,196
98,283
59,718 37,864
51,676 29,543
46,499 25,068
32,310J 17,891
19,420 12,827
16,302
30,138
27,380
13,174
13,085
6,636
6,413
96,826
35,129
27,421
26,054
88,604
27,475
14,069
15,008
13,811
9,790
4,112
84,265
20,000
13,699
6,138
39,837
34,243
20,332
17,622
72,197
25,681
15,152
12,749
5,791
6,039
5,570
70,982
10,459
35,862
29,537
26,179
17,760
32,104
10,042
843,323 238,332 225,925133,652131,484
30,145
13,606
16,350
17,424
10,801
6,990
2,782
4,667
3,064
45,728
18,821
8,981
12,538
9,0081 12,483
10,362 6,081
8,013 7,814
87,484 66,718
188
England's licccnt Progress.
LONDON.
The registration districts comprehended under the name of London in
this book are as follows : —
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kesjistnition
Districts.
Census,
1891.
Census,
1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
1S81.
1891.
1891. 1
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
London "1
County ./
1,797,0431
,990,748
1,998,1372
,142,085
2,018,501
2,220,995
2,230,180 2,394,456
Edmonton
65,942!
114,746
107,207
158,566
73,262
127,365
118,063
173,735
Barnet
15,772|
20,929
21.079
26,546
18,326
25,143
25,260
32,424
Hendon .
25,820
44,534
44,534
78,787
28,822
52,133
52,133
88,518
Brentford
47,555'
60,271
60,126
80,987
54,187
72,714
72,590
97,879
Chertsey ,
13,258
15,779
16,038
19.172
13,879
16.993
17,273
21.425
Epsom
19,804
23,450
23,450|
29,180
21,457
26,674
26.674
32,841
Croydon .
53,406l
67,921
67,911'
87,963
65,767
83,866
83,860
106,460
Richmond
14,387
17,705
17,705!
21,251
19,246
23,843
23,843
28,242
Kingston .
34,857
46,137
46,147
61,930
42,546
56,982
56,988
75,786
Bromley .
22,818
30,600
30,600
37,779
26,933
38,653
38,653
47,960
Dartford .
26,869!
34,710
34,710
49,291
26,566
33,992
33,992
46,760
Romford .
18,185
24,703
24,703
46,459
18,865
25,310
25,310
48,996
West Ham
100,208
180,357
180,357
286,140
100,750
184,777
184,777
294,256
Epping • .
10,703!
12,577
12,577
14,679
11,051
13,560
13,560
15,782
2,266,127 2
,685,167
2,685,2813
,140,821
2,540,158
3,003,000
3,003,156 3,505,520
Retransfers*
(less) 114 (
more) 74
(less) 156
(more)142
. . .
2,685,167 3
,140,895
3,003,000 3,505,662
1
* The small districts transferred from London after 1891 and now brought back have latterly experienced a
greater increase in population than the small parish taken in 1895 from Windsor district.
The dissimilarity of many of the metropolitan districts as respects their
migrations and mortality has led me to group them in sections as next
set out ; the populations given being those shown in the Census of 1901 of
metropolitan boroughs, urban districts, and rural districts, included in the
respective groups. It will be noticed that rural parishes and small urban
districts classed with them account for 96,096 males and 101,278 females,
or httle more than three per cent, of the total population : —
Boroughs, Urban
1901.
Boroughs, Urban
Districts, &c.
1901.
Districts, Ac.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Cexteal London.
London City : —
London (City)
Einsbury * (part of) .
13,825
399
13,098
342
Holborn : —
Holborn (except St.\
Giles) . . . ./
Finsbury (printers) .
14,119
49,511
13,850
51,211
14,224
13,440
63,630
65,061
* The main portion of this Borough is included under the next head.
Appendix C.
180
Boroughs, Urban
Districts, Ac.
Males.
Cent. London (cntd.).
Westminster : — • I
Westminster (except V
the District of St. Ii
George, Hanover j'
Square) . . . j
Holborn (St. Giles) . ',
27,612
15,370
Kensington Group : — -
Westminster (St.
George, Hanover
Square)
Kensington
Chelsea
Marylebone
Paddington
Shoreditch Group : —
Shoreditch (cabinet |
makers) . . . j
Bethnal Green (cabi-1
net makers, boots))
Stepney (seai
tailors) .
Poplar (seamen)
Bermondsey (sea-
men, leather)
42.982
57,351
G9,084
32,828
57,891
61,626
278,780
58,149
63,380
150,711
84,823
65,134
Islington Group :-
Islington .
St. Pancras .
Southwark Group : —
Southwark (printers)
Lambeth ....
Outer London.
Fulham Group :^
Hammersmith
Fulham . .
Acton .
Ealing
Chiswick .
Heston and Isle
worth (military)
422,197
159,290
114,305
273,595
103,260
142,760
246,020
52,714
64,652
17,029
13,017
13,376
15,088
Females.
27,143
16,066
43,209
70,905
107,544
41,014
75,410
82,350
377,223
60,488
66,300
147,889
83,999
65,626
424,302
175,701
121,012
296,713
102,920
159,135
262,055
59,525
72,037
20,715
20,014
16,433
15,775
Boroughs, TJrhan
Distiicts, (fee.
Males.
Females.
Brentford .
Twickenham .
Hauwell .
Brentford (rural *)
Wandsworth Group : —
Wandsworth
Battersea .
Richmond
Barnes
Wimbledon
Kingston .
Surbiton .
The Maidens . .
Molesey (E. andW.)
Esher
Hampton.
Teddington .
Kingston (rural) .
Hackney and Edmon
ton Group : —
Hackney (cabinet"!
makers, boots) ./
Stoke Newingtou
Hornsey ....
Tottenham .
Wood Green.
Edmonton
Southgate
Enfield (gunsmiths)
Cheshunt (agricul-
ture, gunsmiths,
powder mills) .
Waltham Abbey
(gunsmiths, pow-
der mills) .
West Ham (com-
merce, engineer-
ing) . . .
East Ham (com
raercc, gasworks)
Wanstead
Leyton
Woodford
Walthamstow
Romford .
Ilford . . .
Barking (gas)
Epping (rural)
Romford (rural)
7,505
9,410
5,133
429
198,353
103,766
81,749
13,182
8,069
18,448
16,069
6,132
2,885
2,727
4,367
3,151
6,389
1,762
268,696
101,189
22,634
31,265
49,708
16,526
23,556
6,799
21,080
6,232
3,400
133,498
47,843
3,982
47,688
6,297
46,832
6,765
19,040
11,012
14,679
9,642
629,667
7,666
11,581
5,305
390
230,041
128,268
87,158
18,490
9,752
23,204
18,306
8,885
3,348
3,307
5,122
3,662
7,648
2,304
319,454
118,083
28,613
40,791
52,833
17,707
23,343
8,194
21,658
6,060
3,149
133,860
48,175
5,197
51,224
7,501
48,299
6,891
22,194
10,535
15,782
9.376
679,465
Uilian districts of small iHipulatioii an; iiicIufU'il witli rural places.
J 90
England's Beccnt Progress.
1901.
1901.
Uonnighs, Urban
Boioughs, I rl)an
Districts, <Sc.
Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Outer London (ciitd.)
Wealdstone . . .
2,900
3,001
Camborwell and Green-
Hendon ....
10,834
11,616
wich Group : —
Camberwell .
122,997
53,613
47,633
56,749
136,342
56,785
48,137
70,746
Wembley ....
Hendon (rural) .
Croydon Group : —
2,163
4,424
2,356
4,980
Deptford ....
Greenwich
78,787
88,518
Lewisham
Woolwich (military, 1
Croydon ....
60,087
73,808
engineering, explo- \
61,273
55,905
Pengo
9,823
12,642
sives) . . . . j
Mitcham f . . .
7,444
7,459
Bromley ....
11,936
15,418
Sutton ....
7,711
9,512
Beckenham .
10,961
15,370
Carshalton
3,193
3,553
Chislehurst .
3,215
4,214
Epsom ....
5,205
5,710
Bexley ....
5,919
(i,999
Chertsey (agriculture)
6,144
6,618
Erith (engineering) .
13,516
11,780
Walton-on-Thames .
4,743
5,586
Dartford (engineer-'*
ing) . . . ./
9,547
9,097
Weybridge
Epsom (rural) .
2,163
13,071
3,166
14,066
Bromley (rural) .
11,667
12,958
Chertsey (rural) .
6,122
6,055
Dartford (rural) .
20,309
18,884
Croydon (rural) .
Barnet : —
10,615
12,551
429,335
462,635
136,321
160,726
Exterior Districts.*
Finchley ....
9,723
12,403
Hampstead : —
Friern Barnet .
5,075
6,491
Hampstead .
31,088
50,254
Barnet ....
3,729
4,147
East Barnet .
4,643
5,451
Hendon : —
Barnet (rural) .
3,376
3,932
Willesden ....
53,714
4,752
61,097
5,468
Harrow ....
26,546
32,424
* So called because no part of these groups is closely contiguous to the centre,
t Mitcham is not organized as an urban district.
The proportions of soldiers, lunatics, merchant seamen and children in
schools supported by the public are not so high in London and the other
large towns as to call for special remark. Several of the extra-metropolitan
asylums, such as those at Leavesden (Watford), Caterham (Godstone) and
Han well (Uxbridge) really belong to London, and there may probably be
many London people in the asylums at Brentwood, Maidstone, &c.
If we regard London under the several sub-divisions herein described it
will be noticed that the important asylum at Colney Hatch is in Barnet,
and largely affects the average mortality of that district.
Some urban districts show high ratios of commercial clerks, for
instance, Stoke Newington, Lewisham, Wandsworth, Hampstead, Wan-
stead, Ilford, Woodford, Wood Green, Penge and Beckenham, but as it is
obvious that their presence in these districts is purely residential, we are
not warranted in regarding the districts, where these persons are numerous,
as being seats of commerce. The same observation applies to other similar
districts in the neighbourhood of large towns.
In London as a whole (as here defined) the following numbers of
soldiers and sailors, and of persons on board merchant vessels (including a
few women), were enumerated.
1881 . . . 7,615 military and naval, 6,205 on merchant vessels
1891 . . . 11,315 „ „ „ 7,507 „
1901 .. . 11,670 „ „ „ 6,170
Appendix C.
191
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England's Recent Progress.
1
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195
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196
England's Recent Progress.
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Appendix C.
'207
MANCHESTER.
The registration districts under this title are as below :-
Popiilation (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Manchester .
Salford . .
Chorlton
Prestwich .
Barton-on- "i
Irwell . . j
Altrincham .
72,005
87,199
122,125
58,321
33,973
27,393
70,924
98,681
141,723
71,977
44,555
30,460
70,924
98,681
141,723
73,173
44,555
30,460
65,030
110,974
161,880
95,330
54,305
36,826
76,789
94,327
136,288
62,966
38,842
31,506
74,176
105,841
158,142
77,560
48,915
35,432
74,176
105,841
158,142
78,840
48,915
35,432
67,286
118,476
180,763
101,502
60,468
42,769
Retransfers
eluding Dro
401,016 458,320
to deduct (in-1
ylsden) . . ./
459,516
1,196
524,345
3,350
440,718
500,066
501,346
1,280
571,264
3,620
458,320
520,995
500,066 j567,644
Disregarding urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants, or
rather, classing them as rural, the chief places within the above area are
shown below : —
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Manchester (engineering, com-1
merce, cotton) . . . I
263,297
280,575
505,368
543,872
Salford (engineering, cotton,^
commerce) . . . . /
106,792
114,165
198,139
220,967
Withington ....
15,456
20,746
25,729
36,202
Moss Side ....
12,268
14,409
23,833
26,677
Stretford .....
14,228
16,208
21,751
30,436
Urmston .....
3,041
3,653
4,042
6,694
Eccles (engineering) *
16,197
18,172
29,633
34,369
Worsley (colliery, cotton) .
5,951
6,511
10,992
12,462
Swinton (colliery, cotton) .
13,061
13,944
21,637
27,005
Prestwich (cotton)
5,852
6,987
10,902
12,839
Failsworth (cotton, engineering)
6,903
7,249
10,425
14,152
Gorton (engineering)
13,114
13,450
15,215
26,564
Levenshulme ....
5,350
6,135
5,506
11,485
Ashton-upon-Merwey
2,487
3,076
4,234
5,663
Sale
5,385
6,703
9,644
12,088
Altrincham ....
8,085
8,746
12,440
16,831
Manchester and dependencies .
497,467
540,629
909,490
1,038,096
Knutsford (trading) .
Wilmslow (agricultural) .
2,463
2,709
4,643
5,172
3,297
4,064
6,344
7,361
-Rural areas ....
21,118
23,862
40,. 385
44,980
524,345
571,264
960,862
1,095,609
Places with any marked Industrial feature are marked thus in parenthesis.
208 England's: Beccnf Progress.
The outside areas ccxntained more than 5 per cent, of the population,
but were doubtless influenced largely by Manchester, as well as Stockport
and other districts even more remote.
When comparing the mortality experienced in Manchester and
Liverpool, it is fair to remember that the Manchester area includes an
important lunatic asylum at Prestwich, whilst the Liverpool boundary
excludes the asylum at Kainhill (which falls into the coal-mining group)
and takes in practically no lunatics.
The mihtary numbered —
1,057 in 1881,
823 in 1891, a id
412 ill 1901.
Appendix C.
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E>i(jla)i(rs Recent Progress,
LIVERPOOL
Tho following registration districts havo boon troatod as comprehending
Liverpool : —
r»pul;ition (Males).
ropiilation (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891. | Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Liverpool
Toxteth Park
West Derby
Birkenhead .
Wirral . .
104,290
55,341
174,164
50,490
13,853
76,510 76,510 ' 73,226
59,381 59,381 ' 63,3-36
214,796 214,796 256,477
62,240 63,705 78,659
20,130 18,665 21,072
105,874
61,687
185 , 109
52,936
14,075
80,471
69,006
229,607
68,351
19,493
80,471
69,006
229,607
69,837
18,007
74,179
72,894
273,207
86,512
23,244
398,138 433,057 433,057 492,770
419,681
466,928 466,928
530,036
The same population may be classed under municipal titles as under : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
19(11.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Liverpool (commercial)
330,665
354,293
629,548
684,958
Bootle (commercial) .
29,518
29,038
49,217
58,556
Waterloo (commercial)
10,287
12,815
17,225
23,102
Litherland (commercial) .
5,124
5,468
4,441
10,592
Great Crosby ....
3,174
4,381
6,503
7,555
Garston (commercial)
8,756
8,533
13,444
17,289
Birkenhead (commercial, ship- 'I
building) . . . . 1
54,077
56,838
99,857
110,915
Wallasey (commercial)
24,303
29,276
33,229
53,579
Lower Bebington (soap)
4,317
4,081
5,216
8,398
Liverpool and dependencies
470,221
504,723
858,680
974,944
Hoj'lake .....
4,541
6,370
6,545
10,911
Bural areas ....
18,008
18,943
34,760
36,951
492,770
530,036
899,985
1,022,806
The external areas included about jfive per cent, of the population ; in
this case as in that of Manchester remoter areas are doubtless influenced.
Practically no lunatics are found in Liverpool ; had a due proportion
been treated, as in Manchester, the rate of mortality would have been
somewhat higher.
Persons on board vessels (including a few women) were enumerated as
follows : —
In 1881 ... 6,978 persons. | In 1891 ... 5,094 persons.
In 1901 ... 5,056 persons.
The special inmates of barracks and vessels of war have increased,
thus
In 1881
569 men.
In 1901
In 1891
1,361 men,
418 men.
Appendix C.
211
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P1.2
212
Enfjhnd's Bcccnt Progress,
BIRMINGHAM.
Tlie registration districts mentioned below give a ratlior extensive area
to this citv : —
Population ;(M!ilcs).
Population (Females).
Kojristration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Censu!
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
Birmingham 120,364 119,714
Aston . . ,102,918 .126,445
119,714
126,445
119,303
151,983
125,989
106,969
125,789
132,460
125,789
132,460
125,913
160,280
King's ■»
Norton . j
44,427
58,698
58,665
86,871
51,714
68,724
68,693
100,216
West Brom-l
wich . . J
62,326
70,363
70,396
84,290
63,815
72,221
72,252
87,899
Solihull , .
Meriden .
10,183
5,555
13,856
5,425
13,905
5,425
22,760
5,732
11,194
5,470
15,966
5,469
16,022
5,469
25,858
5,614
Retransfers (d
345,773
educt .
394,501
394,550
49
470,939
49
365,151
420,629
420,685 505,780
56 55
394,501
470,890
420,629 ' 505,725
The municipal boroughs and other areas included were as under in
1901 :—
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females. 1891.
1901.
Birmingham (metal working, engineering)
Aston Manor (metal working, engineering) .
Erdington (engmeering) ....
Sutton Coldfield
King's Norton (metal working, commerce) .
Yardley (rural) ......
Handsworth (metal working, commerce)
Smethwnck (metal working) ....
252,084
37,009
7,622
6,436
26,471
16,005
23,985
27,088
270,120
40,317
8,746
7,828
30,651
17,941
28,936
27,451
478,113
68,639
9,630
8,685
28,300
17,141
32,756
36,106
522,204
77,326
16,368
14,264
57 , 122
33,946
52,921
54,539
Birmingham and dependencies
West Bromwich (iron and other metal working)
Oldbury (engineering)
Wednesbury (engineering and iron manufac-j
tures) . . . . . . ./
Rural areas .......
396,700
32,942
12,799
13,425
15,073
431,990
32,233
12,392
13,129
16,036
679,370
59,538
22,697
25,347
28,283 >
828,690
65,175
25,191
26,554
31,109
470,939
505,780
815,235
976,719
^Yest Bromwich, Oldbury and Wednesbury, although within easy
reach of Brrmingham, have distinct characters, and I should have preferred
to treat them separately, but had to include them, or should have been
obliged to exclude Handsworth and Smethwick. I have separately shown
the district of Walsall, which is also very near Birmingham. The rural
element in the group scarcely exceeds three per cent. The commercial part
of the population of King's Norton and Handsworth is probably residential
only, in like manner with what is observed in the outer parts of London.
The parish of Yardley is to a great extent a dependency of Birmingham.
Appendix C.
213
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3
214
England's Recent Progress.
LEEDS.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1 1891. j 1901.
Leeds
Hunslet .
Holbeck . .
Bramley .
91,469
28,893
11,642
26,961
106,265 106,265
34,999 1 34,267
12,462 , 13,194
32,852 32,852
120,668
40,908
16,412
38,772
99.394 116,889 116,889 i 133,868
29,322 i 35,921 35,235 ! 42,094
12,409 13,110 1 13,796 17,173
27,439 34,546 34,546 40,928
158,965 186,578 ^186, 578 !216,760
! ' i
168,564 200,466 200,466 234,063
The borough of Leeds comprehends great part of the area ; the
remainder included rural districts -with a trifle less than three per cent, of
the total population : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, (fee.
Males.
Females.
Population.
1891.
1901.
206,065
Leeds (engineering, commerce, "i
woollen) . . . . . /
Rothwell* (part of) , (colliery town) 3 , 444
Morley* (part of) . . . 991
Rural ! 6,260
222,903
3,385
1,022
6,753
367,505
6,205
1,980
11,. 354
428,968
6,829
2,013
13,013
216,760 234,063
387,044
450,823
* The rest of Rothwell is in Wakefield district, and the rest of Morley is in Dewslmry.
There is no lunatic asylum within this district.
Appejidix C.
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216
England's Recent Progress.
SHEFFIELD.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Sheffield .
Ecclesall "»
Bierlow . j
92,945 !l03,856
55,123 66,035
103,856
66,035
118,044
86,222
90,190
59,295
100,821
71,870
100,821
71,870
111,410
93,454
148,068
169,891
169,891
204,266
149,485
172,691
172,691
204,864
In this case the borough is extensive and the rural districts outside it
are of small account : —
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Sheffield (tools, steel, metal"!
working) . . . ./
Handsworth (colliery town)
Norton (rural) ....
189,805
7,527
5,870
190,988
6,634
6,005
324,243
10,295
5,477
380,793
14,161
11,875
Sheffield and dependencies
Rural parts . . . •
203,202
1,064
203,627
1,237
340,015
2,567
406,829
2,301
204,266
204,864
342,582
409,130
It is probable that some citizens of Sheffield reside in districts more
remote. The greater part of the population of Norton and a large portion
of that of Ecclesfield (Wortley) were on 31 October, 1901, added to the
County Borough.
There is no lunatic asylum within this district.
The numbers of military in barracks were : —
Ln 1881 .
. 722 men
„ 1891 .
. 673 „
„ 1901 .
. 884 „
Appendix C.
217
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'218
EnglaiuVs licceiif Profi/refi.'i.
BRISTOL.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
''I^^dct^" census. 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81. .1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1891. 1 1901.
Bristol . . 26,661 i 25,962
Barton Regis 75,185 i 88,064
Bedminster. 31,998 36,910
Keynsham . 12,570 14,632
Long Ashton
133,876
6,171
14,531
10,990
151,754
7,599
17,666
10,845
30,818
90,944
35,423
13,211
29,587
105,030
40,664
15,253
155,404
6,928
15,024
13,178
177,191
8,903
18 ,'509
13,293
146,414 165,568
165,568
187,864
170,396
190,534 190,534 217,896
Notwithstanding very great internal changes of boundaries the group
of districts as a whole remains unaltered. It was thus constituted in 1901 : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males. Females.
1891.
1901.
Bristol (commerce, boots, en-'l
gineering) . . . . 1
Kingswood (boots)
151,754
5,993
177,191
5,968
289,280
9,114
328,945
11,961
Bristol and dependency
Clevedon (residential)
Rural .....
157,747
2,264
27,853
183,159
3,636
31,101
298,394 ! 340,906
5,412 ! 5,900
52,296 1 58,954
187,864
217,896
356,102
405,760
The inhabitants of the "rural" parts amounted to about fifteen per
cent, of the whole population, but included a good number of persons
connected with Bristol. The effect of the inclusion of these districts
must, however, be to lower the average death rate, and in some measure
neutralise immigi-ation or aggravate such emigration as might be shown if
the boundary were narrower.
The numbers of military and of persons on board merchant vessels
(a few of them females) were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
582 military — 577 on board vessels.
287 „ 684
393 „ 411
Appendix C.
219
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220
England's Recent Progress.
LEICESTEK
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kepistration
Districts.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. i Census, 1901.
ls.^l.
ls.91. 1S91.
1901.
1881. 1S91. Ife91. 1901.
Leicester
Blaby , .
Billesdon
Barrow .
64,420
8,826
3,915
10,543
82,441 82,441
10,801 > 10,801
3,063 ' 8,063
10,928 10,928
99,014
12,272
3,025
12,384
72,173 ' 92,183 92,183 112,505
8,5.32 ' 10,894 ; 10,894 12,701
3,653 3,246 i 3,246 3,147
11,048 11,713 : 11,713 13,144
87,704
107,233 107,233
126,695
95,406 118,036 118,036 141,557
This wide boundary was adopted mainly to avoid the consequences of
an alteration to the limits of Leicester made in 1892.
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Leicester (boot manufacture,'!
hosiery) . . . ./
Wigston Magna (boot manufac-i
ture, railway service, hosiery) /
Rural
126,695
Here the rural element reaches nearly eighteen per cent, of the entire
population. The moi'tahty is probably lowered, and the immigration into
Leicester understated in consequence. The inducement to adopt such a
wide boundaiy was the fact that the ages of population given in the 1881
Census referred to the town before its extension, and a certain risk attends
any assumption as to ages if a registration district has to be sub-divided.
By merging whole registration districts any such risk of error is obviated.
Appendix C.
221
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England's Becent Progress.
HULL
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts, Ac.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. ' 1891.
1801. 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
HuU . . .
Sculcoatos .
38,402
48,696
38,056 38,056
66,180 66,180
1
40,394
84,142
39,820
51,172
39,891
69,562
39,891
69,562
41,851
89,165
87,098 104,236 104,236 124,536
1 1
90,992
109,453 109,453
131,016
The borough of Kingston-upon-Hull, an important commercial place,
contained in 1901 — 117,453 males, and 122,806 female inhabitants ; the
residue of the district must be classed as rural, equalling about seven
per cent, of the whole population. There is little reason to imagine that
many Hull men resided outside the district, though some live at Hornsea.
Persons ennumerated on board vessels were : —
In 1881 .
. 3,052
„ 1891 .
. 2,942
„ 1901 .
. 2,176
f
Appendix C.
223
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224
England's Recent Progress.
NOTTINGHAM.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
.Kecistration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Nottingham .
Eetransfer to Basford
74,144
81,046
98,730
17,684
111,695
22,494
85,119
96,032
115,147
19,115
128,048
24,262
81,046 89,201
96,032
103,786
In 1901 the borough of Nottingham (lace, colliery, engineering, hosiery,
commerce) was co-extensive with the registration district of the same
name. Here we have a case where my usual rule, to give liberal
boundaries to great towns, could not be followed, simply because the
Basford district was too extensive and populous to be treated as a mere
adjunct of Nottingham. The district was thus constituted in 1901 : —
Urban Districts, &e.
1901.
Males.
Ilkeston (coUiery town)
Hucknall Torkard (colliery town)
Heanor (colliery town)
Kirkby-in- Ash field (colliery town)
*Eastwood (colliery town)
Arnold (hosiery) .
Beeston (lace)
West Bridgford (lace) .
Carlton (railway service)
Rural .....
Basford registration district .
12,953
7,622
8,261
5,375
2,465
4,259
4,251
2,939
5,028
20,262
73,415
Females.
12,431
7,628
7,988
4,943
2,350
4,498
4,709
.4,079
5,013
19,693
73,832
Urban district with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Only Beeston, West Bridgford and Carlton could be deemed to be
dependencies of Nottingham.
In Appendix G will be found a calculation showing Nottingham as it
stood in 1901, for which purpose the ages of the inhabitants of the added
district, as in 1891, had to be estimated.
Appendix C.
225
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226
England's Recent Progress,
BRADFORD.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
I\epistration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Bradford . .
North Bierley .
85,211
61,516
94,222
65,827
100,445
58,094
106,026
60,345
97,821
67,034
108,753
73,079
115,916
64,213
122,599
68,722
Retransfers )
(add) . . f
146,727
160,049
158,539
1,510
166,371
1,300
164,855
181,832
180,129
1,703
191,321
1,692
160,049
167,671
181,832
193,013
The modifications in boundaries are of small importance. The district
contains the undermentioned towns : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Bradford (woollen) | 130,092
Cleckheaton (engineering, woollen) .
*Drighlington
Clayton (woollen)
Shipley (woollen, engineering) . .
Farsley (woollen, engineering) .
Pudsey (woollen)
Bingley (part of) (woollen) . . .
Rural places
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
' 130,092
149,675
265,728
279,767
5,877
6,647
11,826
12,524
1,994
2,224
4,322
4,218
2,370
2,749
4,707
5,119
11,819
13,754
23,387
25,573
2,642
2,937
5,328
5,579
6,936
7,971
13,444
14,907
1,381
1,686
2,764
3,067
3,260
3,678
7,162
6,938
166,371
191,321
338,668
357,692
Drighlington is an urban district with less than 5000 inhabitants.
There is no lunatic asylum within this district, nor are there such
asvlums in the great majority of the seats of textile manufactures. In
every case where there are exceptionally important asylums particulars
are given.
Appendix C.
227
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228
England's Becent Progress.
BOLTON.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Bolton
91,985
109,038
109,038
122,581
100,420 117,761 '117,761
135,006
The district includes :-
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Bolton (cotton, engineering) .
79,150
89,065
146,487
168,215
Farnworth (colliery, cotton) .
12,051
13,874
23,758
25,925
Kearsley (colliery, cotton) ....
4,324
4,894
7,993
9,218
Little Hulton (colliery)
3,578
3,716
6,693
7,294
Westhoughton (colliery) ....
7,224
7,153
12,042
14,377
Horwich (engineering)
7,821
7,263
12,850
15,084
Turton (cotton)
5,914
6,441
11,808
12,355
Little Lever (colliery, cotton) .
2,519
2,600
5,168
5,119
122,581
135,006
226,799
257,587
Appendix C.
229
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England's licccnt Progress.
BLACKBURN
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Blackburn . 83,617
96,347
96,347 104,071 1 92,337
108,556
108,556 119,449
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, ite.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Blackburn (cotton)
58,966
68,660
120,064
127,626
Darwen (cotton).
17,799
20,413
34,192
38,212
Oswaldtwistle (cotton, colliery) .
6,781
7,411
13,296
14,192
Church (cotton) ....
3,049
3,414
5,870
6,463
Clayton-le-Moors (cotton, colliery)
3,852
4,301
7,155
8,153
Great Harwood (cotton)
5,678
6,3.37
9,073
12,015
Rishton (cotton)
3,299
3,732
0,010
7,031
Rural parts ....
4,647
5,181
9,243
9,828
104,071
119,449
204,903
223,520
Appendix C.
231
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232
Enr/hnuVfi Hcccnt Progress.
OLDHAM.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
^cf trift!"'' Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1 ' \
1891. 1 1901. 1 1881. 1 1891. 1 1891. 1 1901.
Oldham .
I
RetransfersV
(deduct) ./'
81,008 96,357
96,762 102,693 . 87,458 104,796 105,246 112,931
! 1 I ! I
405 . 520 [....' 450 600
96,857 102,178 i .. .. 104,796 112,331
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Uiban Districts, itc.
Oldham (cotton, engineering) .
Chadderton (cotton, engineering
Middleton (cotton) .
Royton (cotton)
Crompton (cotton) .
Males.
Females.
65,275
11,948
12,004
7,125
6,841
71,971
12,944
13,174
7,756
7,086
Population.
1891.
131,463
22,087
22,162
13,395
12,901
1901.
137,246
24,892
25,178
14,881
13,427
102,693 : 112,931 202.008 ' 215,624
Appendix C.
233
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England's Becent Progress.
BURNLEY.
Population (Males).
Population (Females)
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891. 1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Burnley . . 57,319
Retransfers \
(add). ./ ••
79,185
78,994
191
92,935
375
61,015
86,094
85,900
194
103,606
378
79,185
93,310
86,094
103,984
The district includes
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Burnley (cotton, colliery) .
45,374
51,669
87,016
97,043
Nelson (cotton).
15,502
17,314
22,754
.32,816
Brierfield (cotton)
3,509
3,779
5,834
7,288
Colne (cotton) ....
11,179
11,821
16,774
23,000
Padiham (cotton)
5,712
6,493
11,310
12,205
Rural parts ....
11,659
12,530
21,206
24,189
92,935
103,006
164,894
196,541
Appendix C.
285
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236
England's Recent Progress.
HALIFAX.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Regristratioii
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. I 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
HaUfax . .
Retransfers\
(deduct) ./
81,074
87,148
87,605
457
90,925
365
89,366
98,134 ' 98,634
500
104,211
604
87,148
90,560
98,134
103,607
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Halifax (woollen, engineering)
48,467
56,469
97,714
104,936
Brighouse (silk, cotton, engineering)
10,448
11,287
20,666
21,735
EUand (woollen, cotton) ....
4,782
6,630
9,991
10,412
Stainland* .......
2,083
2,433
5,002
4,516
Sowerby Bridge (woollen, cotton, engineering)
5,375
6,102
10,426
11,477
Queensbury (woollen)
2,971
3,445
6,740
6,416
Hipperholme* ......
1,884
2,321
3,745
4,205
Greetland*
2,117
2,355
4,283
4,472
Rural parts
12,798
14,169
27,672
26,967
90,925
104,211
186,239
195,136
* These are urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Appendix C.
237
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238
England's Recent Progress.
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE.
Kegistration
District.
Population (Males)
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Ashton-under-Lyne .
Retransfers (deduct)
73,107
77,792
78,124
332
82,282
1,933*
81,232
87,284
87,848
564
92,781
1,970*
77,792
84,215
87,284
94,751
* Add, the Dioylsden district, brought back from the Manchester group, having increased
largely in population.
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Ashton-under-Lyne (cotton, engineering)
20,549
23,. 341
40,486
43,890
Dukinfield (cotton, engineering)
8,928
10,001
17,385
18,929
Stalybridge (cotton, engineering) .
12,837
14,836
26,783
27,673
Droylsden (cotton, engineering)
5,290
5,797
9,482
11,087
Audenshaw (engineering, hats)
3,423
3,793
6,547
7,216
Denton (hat manufacture)
6,987
7,947
13,993
14,934
Hyde (part of), (cotton, engineering)
4,235
4,863
8,741
9,098
Hurst (cotton) .....
3,309
3,836
6,772
7,145
Mossley (cotton) .....
6,305
7,147
14,162
13,452
Rural parts ......
10,419
11,220
21,621
21,639
82,282
92,781
165,972
175,063
Appendix C.
239
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L- 3
240
England's Becent Progress.
DEWSBURY.
Eegistration
District.
Population (Males).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
1901.
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
Dewsbury
Retransfers
(deduct)
.}
73,701 I 77,408 77,662
.. I .. 254
I 77,408
79,035
315
78,720
),011 85,188 85,436 88,608
248 323
.. I 85,188 1 88,285
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
i Females.
1891. 1901.
Dewsbury (woollen) .
Batley (woollen)
Morley (part of) (woollen) .
Birstal (colliery, woollen) .
Heckmoudwike (woollen, carpets
colliery)
Liversedge (colliery, woollen)
Mirfield (wooUen)
Ravensthorpe (woollen)
Soothill Nether (woollen) .
Soothill, Upper (colliery, woollen)
Oasett (colliery, woollen) .
Thornhill (colliery and glass)
Rural parts
13,090
14,125
10,257
3,048
4,491
6,770
5,415
2,692
2,621
2,968
6,052
4,850
2,656
79,0.35
88,608
29,847
28,719
19.088
6,528
9,709
13,668
11,659
5,182
5,645
5,848
11,123
9,606
6,476
163,098
28,060
30,321
21,623
6,559
9,459
13,980
11,341
5,699
5,552
6,104
12,903
10,290
5,752
167,643
Appendix C.
241
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242
England's Recent Progress.
HUDDERSFIELD.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kcifistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1801.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Huddersfield .
75,341 79,585
79,585 77,738 ; 81,096
88,814
88,814
88,908
The district includes
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Huddersfield (woollen)
43,766
51,281
95,420
95,047
Golcar (woollen)
4,409
4,852
9,108
9,261
Linthwaite (woollen)
3,251
3,628
0,666
6,879
Meltham* ....
2,220
2,780
5,214
5,000
Honley * .
2,257
2,647
5,128
4,904
Holmfirth (woollen) .
4,149
4,828
9,744
8,977
Marsden* ....
2,137
2,233
3,855
4,370
Slaithwaite * . . . .
2,272
2,491
4,570
4,763
Rural parts ....
13,277
14,168
28,694
27,445
77,738
88,908
168,399
166,646
* These are urban districts with not more than 5000 inhabitants as to which no "occupations"
sUtistics were tabulated in 1901. Hohnlirth is an urljan district with a very wide boundary comprising
7,590 acres.
Appendix C.
243
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s 2
244
England's Becent Progress.
STOCKPORT,
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Stockport .
54,135
62,748 ' 62,748
72,494
63,022
72,538
72,538
83,814
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, Ac.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
Stockport (cotton) . . . .
Hyde (part of) (cotton, engineering)
Hazelgrove* (cotton, hats)
Bredbury* (hat manufacture).
Heaton Norris* (cotton)
Cheadle and Gatley * (cotton)
Reddish (cotton, engineering)
Marple (cotton, bleaching, &c.)
Eural parts ....
36,741
10,961
4,613
3,382
4,118
4,941
4,181
2,483
1,074
72,494
42,156
12,707
5,178
3,725
5,356
5,879
4,487
3,112
1,214
70,263
21,929
7,868
5,821
7,164
8,252
6,854
4,844
2,291
78,897
23,663
9,791
7,107
9,474
10,820
8,668
5,595
2,288
83,814 135,286 156,308
* The major portion of these urban districts was on 9th November, 1901, added to the County
Borough of Stockport. In Hazelgrove, Heaton Norris and Cheadle numerous commercial clerks reside.
In Bredburj', engineering, the cotton manufacture, bleaching, &c., occupj' a good many people. The
district is evidently influenced by the residence therein of a number of Manchester men.
Appendix C.
245
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24(5
England's Ticccnt Progress.
PEESTON
Population (Males).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
1891.
1891.
1881.
Census, 1901.
Preston . . GO. 331 66,893
66,893 70,624 68,838
76,648 76,648 81,607
The district contains : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
1 Population.
1
Males. 1 Females.
' 1S91. ' 1901.
Preston (cotton)
Walton-le-Dale (cotton) .
Fulwood (military)
Rural parts
51,686
5,165
2,784
10,989
70,624
61,303 107,573 112,989
6,106 10,556 : 11,271
2,454 4,112 5,238
11,744 , 21,300 [ 22,733
81,607 I 143,541 [ 152,231
The county lunatic asylum at Whittingham contained in 1901, l,07i
male and 1,024 female patients. The net addition to population caused
by the asylum (by admittances in excess of discharges) was : —
In 1881-90 .... 941 males ... 894 females
„ 1891-00 .... 1,451 „ ... 972 „
The military in barracks numbered : —
In 1881 954 men
„ 1891 748 „
„ 1901 757 „
Appendix C.
247
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248
England's Beccnt Progress,
BURY
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census
,1901.
Census, 1891. Census
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. ! 1891. '' 1891.
1901.
Buiy . . .
*Retransfei-s )
(deduct) . )
61,645
64,797
67,002
2,205
67,943
2,247
1
67,963 72,608 ' 75,070
2,462 1
1
77,626
2,502
64,797
65,696
72,608
75,124
These are chiefly transfers from IlaAliiigtIen and Rochdale.
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urljaii Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Bury (cotton, engineering)
25,915
31,114
57,212
58,029
Hey^vood (cotton)
11,722
13,736
23,282
25,458
Radcliile (cotton)
11,986
13,382
24,972
25,308
Whitefield (cotton) .
3,073
3,515
5,823
6,588
Ramsbottom (cotton)
7,513
8,407
16,726
15,920
Tottington (cotton) .
2,765
3,353
1 5,775
6,118
Rural parts ....
3,969
4,119
8,282
8,088
67,943
77,626
1 142,072
145,569
Appendix C.
249
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250
England's Recent Progress.
ROCHDALE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Rochdale
*Retransfers \
(add) . ./
57,305
58,101
52,890
5,211
56,414
5,181
64,607 ' 65,752
59,868 64,019
5,884 . 5,846
58,101 61,595
1
65,752 69,865
* These are transfers (mainly) to Haslingilen and Bury brought back.
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Rochdale (cotton, engLneering)
38,686
44,428
76,161
83,114
\Yhitworth (cotton, stone quarrying)
4,552
5,020
9,766
9,578
Littleborough (cotton)
5,284
5,882
10,878
11,166
Milnrow (cotton) ....
3,800
4,441
8,017
8,241
Wardle*
2,199
2,228
3,981
4,427
Norden* .....
1,893
2,014
3,955
3,907
56,414
64,019
112,758
120,433
* These are urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitant?.
Appendix C.
251
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252
England's Recent Progress.
HASLINCxDEN.
Registration
District.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
1881.
1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
Haslingden. | 45,464 48,869 j 51,882 ' 54,459 49,829
♦Retransfers 1
(deduct) ./
3,013
48,869
2,914
51,545
54,539 1 57,951 I 60,764
3,412 I 3,299
54,539 57,405
* The principal retransfer is back to PiOclulale.
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, I'rban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Accrington (engineering, cotton) ; 20,528
1
Rawtenstall (cotton) . . . . i 14,617
Bacup (cotton, stone quariying). 10,613
Haslingden (cottou) . . . . | 8,701
' 54,459
22,594
16,436
11,892
9,842
60,764
38,603
29,507
23,498
18,225
109,833
43,122
31,053
22,505
18,543
115,223
Appendix C.
253
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•254
England's Recent Progress.
KEIGHLEY.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Registration Census 1891
•District. i-ensus, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Keighley . .29,054 32,903
82,903 36,259
32,067
36,3.36
36,3.36
41 , 204
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Keighley (engineering, woolleu) .
19,758
21,806
35,012
41,564
Bingley (part of) (woollen) .
7,092
8,290
14,631
15,382
Haworth (wooUen) .
3,-346
4,146
7,045
7,492
Rural parts ....
6,063
6,962
12,551
13,025
36,259
41,204
69,239
77,463
Appe7idix C.
255
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•25G
England's Recent Progress.
MACCLESFIELD
Population (Males). Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901. 18S1.
1891.
1891. 1901.
^lacclesfield .
28,970
27,816
1 : t 1 1
27,816 ; 27,202 ' 33,043 32,508 \ 32,508 j 32,152
The district includes :-
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
i
Females.
1891.
1901.
[Macclesfield (silk)
Bollington (cotton) .
Rural parts ....
15,886
2,432
9,384
19,238
2,813
10,101
36,009
5,335
18,980
34,624
5 , 245
19,485
27,202
32,152
00,324
59,354
There is a county lunatic asylum in this district which in 1901
contained 324 male and 418 female patients. The net addition to
population caused by the asylum was —
lu 1881-90
„ 1891-00
264 males
42^ „
269 females
356 „
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]ui(jh(n<r{< It'eccnt Pyogrefis.
WHARFEDALE.
Reftistration
District.
PopTilation (Males).
{ Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Censiis, 1901. Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901. 1881. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
i
Wharf edale . | 22,626
24,308
24,308 27,103 24,079 26,948
26,948
30,375
The district includes :-
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
1
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Otley (engineering) .
4,538
4,692
7,838
9,230
Horsforth (engineering, textiles)
3,678
4,106
7,102
7,784
Yeadon (woollen) .
3,389
3,670
7,396
7,059
Baildon (woollen) .
2,648 1
3,149
5,785
5,797
*Guiseley ....
2,152
2,406
4,079
4,558
Ilkley (residential) .
3,087
4,368
5,767
7,455
Rural parts ....
7,611
7,984
13,289
15,595
27,103
30,375
51,256
57,478
Guiseley is an urban district with less than 50W inhabitants.
Horsforth employs a good number of men in woollen manufactures,
and in printing, dyeing, &c.
A County Lunatic Asylum was opened in this district in October, 1888,
and had inmates in 1901 to the number of 727 males and 824 females.
The net addition to population caused by this asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
377 males
1,200 „
487 females.
1,151 „
Appendix G.
259
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Juigland's liccoit Progress.
KIDDERMINSTER.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration Census, 1891. I Censtis, WOl. Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
District.
1881.
1S91.
Kidderminster 19,562 19,149 19,149 18,782 21,380 ; 21,985 21,985 [ 21,987
The district includes :
1001.
Population.
Boroughs, I rban Districts, Ac.
.Males.
1
Kemale.'J.
1891.
1901.
Kidderminster (carpets) .
11,168
I
13,-513
24,803
24,681
Stourport * (part of) .
1.170
1,611
3.504
3,111
Bewdley* ....
1,340
1 . 526
2,876
2,866
Rural parts ....
4,804
5,. 307
9,951
10,111
18.782
21.987
41.134
40,769
* The.se places are l>nth of them urban (iistricts with less than ."ono inhabitants. The other portion
of Stoiirpon falls into the residue of tlie county.
Appendix C.
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262
England's Recent Progress.
T 1) lil R D E N .
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1S91.
1901.
1S81.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Todmorden .
Retransfers 1
(deduct) , j
17,095
17,930
19,174
1,244
17,930
20,063
1,310
18,753
18,432
19,655
21,052
1,897
22.144
1,466
19,655
20,678
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, Ac.
1901.
Population.
Males.
1
1
Females.
1891.
1901.
Todmorden (cotton) .
Hebden Bridge (cottou, fustian).
Rural parts ....
12,191
3,429
4,443
\
!
13,227
4,107
4,810
24,478
6,365
9,383
25,418
7,536
9,253
20,063
i
22,144
40,226
42,207
Appendix C.
26.3
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264
England's Becent Progress.
LEEK.
Population (Males).
Population (Keniales).
Registration District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1
1891. ' 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. i 1891.
1901.
Leek .
*Retrausfers (deduct)
15,226
16,218
18,422
2,204
20,314
2,580
16,012
17,187 j 19, 325
1 2,138
21,553
2,350
16,218
17,734
••
17,187
19,203
The principal retransfer is that of BidJiilph back to Cougleton in Chesliin
The district includes :
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Leek (silk) ......
0,920
8,564
14,122
15,484
Biddulph (colliery, iron, engineering)
3,193
3,054
5,290
6,247
Smallthorne (colliery, iron, engineering) .
3,201
3,062
5,279
6,263
Rural parts ......
7,000
6,873
13,056
13,873
20,314
21,553
37,747
41,867
There are numerous brickmakers, ^c, in Smallthorne, the total in
this class equalling 11*9 per cent, on working males. It would seem that
the mining interest in the district is nearly as powerful as that of the silk
manufacture.
Appendix C.
266
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26(i
England's licccnt Progress.
GLOSSOP.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
18S1.
1891.
1891. 1 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Glossop
10,769 12,192 12,192
11,528
12,781 14,605
14,605
14,149
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, Ac.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Glossop (cotton)
Rural parts
9,651
1,877
11,875
2,274
22,416
4,381
21,526
4,151
11,528
14,149
26,797
25,677
Appendix C.
267
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2ri8
Enghind's Bccctit Progress.
SADDLEAVORTH.
Population (Sfales).
Population (Females).
Kegtstratiuii District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901. ISSl.
1891.
1891.
9,310
2,284
11,594
1901.
Saddleworth .
*Retransfers (add)
10,693 10,868
8,928
1,940
10,868
8,106 11,606
1,917
10,023
11,594.
8,912
2,205
11,117
* Transfer back from Aslitou-under-Lyue.
The district includes : —
I'rbaii Districts, Ac.
•jnl.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
litoi.
Saddleworth (woollen) .
5 , 874
6,446
18,484
12,320
*Spriughead
■2. 23-2
2,466
4,754
4,698
8,106
8,912
18,238
17,018
springhead is an urban <listrict with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Appendix C.
'269
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•270
England's IicccNt Proifres.<^.
MIDDLESBRO'.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
42,133 57,548
20,734 20,022
1891.
57,547
20,022
1901.
Middlesbro'
Guisborough .
47,777 63,666
22,392 19,964
63,664
19,964
72,365
21,593
67,408
21,827
Retransfers (add) .
70,169 83,630
33,628
2
93,958
1
62,867
77,570
77,569
1
89,235
1
33,630
93,959
77,570
39,236
The district includes : — -
Boroughs, Urban Districts. &c.
Middlesbro' (iron, engineering, shipbuilding)
Eston (iron manufactures)
Ormesby (engineering) ....
South Bank in Normanby (iron manufactures)
fThornaby-on-Tees (engineering, shipbuilding)
Skelton and Brotton (iron mining) .
Loftus (iron mining) ....
*Saltburn-by-the-Sea (residential)
Redcar (iron and steel manufactures)
Guisborough (iron mining)
Rural parts ......
1901.
Population.
46,882
6,027
4,957
5,117
8,357
6,809
3,363
1,073
1 3,536
2,848
4,989
44,420
6,172
4,525
4,528
7,697
6,431
3,145
1,505
4,159
2,797
4,856
1891.
1901.
75,532
91,-302
10,695
11,199
8,633
9,482
9,109
9,645
15,637
16,054
11,842
13,240
6,327
6,508
2,232
2,578
6,548
7,695
5,623
5,645
9,019
9,845
93,958 '89,2-35 161,197 183,193
Saltburn is an urban district with less than 5000 inhabitants
t Practically a part of Stockton.
Persons on board merchant vessels numbered in —
1881
1891
1901
646
564
465
Appendix C.
271
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England's liecent ProgreKS.
ROTHERHAM.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Kistrict.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
•
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Rotherham .
*Retransfers i
(add) . . i'
38,893
47,443
45,899 57,951
1,544 1,769
47.443 59,720
]
36,642
I
44,141
i
1
1
!
42,833
1,308
53,678
1,602
44,141
55,280
"■■ Ketv.-uisteirecl from Chesterfleki Beislitoii).
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Populat
on.
Males.
Females. i
26,451
1891.
1901.
Rotherham (iron, engineering) .
27,898
42,061
54,349
Swinton (colliery)
6,446
5,771
9,705
12,217
Wath-upon-Dearne (colliery)
4,449
4,066
7,048
8,515
Rawmarsh (colliery) .
7,686
6,901
11,983
14,587
Rural parts ....
11,472
10,489
17,935
21,961
57,951
53,678
88,732
111,629
I
Appendix C.
273
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Kegistration
Uistrift.
Ceustis, 1891.
Population (Males).
Census, 1901.
Population (Females;.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1891.
1891.
1901.
ISSl.
1391.
1891.
1901.
\Yalsall . . -42,144 50.867
50.367
59,070
41,903
49,745
49,745
59,537
The district includes : —
UXil
Population.
Boroughs, I rban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Walsall (saddlery, iron, engineering,!
metal working) . . . .1
42,639
43,791
71,789
86,430
Darlaston (engineering) .
7,651
7,744
14,422
15,395
BrowTihills (part of) (colliery) .
3,437
3,055
4,582
6,492
Rural parts .....
5,343
4,947
9,319
10,290
59,070
59,537
100.112
118,607
Appendix C.
275
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England's Ihrcnt Progress.
DO NC ASTER.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Repistration
District.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
1881. 1891. 1 1891.
1901.
1881. ' 1891.
1891.
1901.
Doucaster
27,043 32,138 32,13S
42,763
26,809 ■ 31,343 31,343
41,069
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Males.
Doncaster (engineering, railwayi ^^ g^g
service) . . . . . ' '
Balby with Hexthorpe (eugiueering,\ ^ ^^^
railway service) . . . .1 '
Mexborough (colliery, glass) . . 5,551
*\Vheatlcy 1,626
*Bolton-on-Dearne .... 2,108
tCouisbrough 4,-528
Rural parts 11,092
42,763
Females.
14,584
3,271
4,879
1,954
1,720
4,021
10,640
41,069
Population.
ISOl.
25,933
4,270
7,734
1,795
1,205
4,499
18,045
63,481
28,932
6,781
10,480
3,580
3,828
8,549
21,732
83,832
* These are urban districts witli less than 5000 inhabitants,
t Kural parish; in which coal mining has largely developed.
Wheatley and Balby must be deemed to be dependencies of Doncaster.
In Conisbrough and elsewhere there are collieries.
Appoidir C.
277
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K)iglafHV>i Bcccnt Progrcsi^.
CREWE.
Population (Males).
1 Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
PopulatioD (Females).
Registratimi
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S8I. 1891. 1891. 1 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891. 1901.
Nautwich .
ii'.),077 31,833 31,833 36,787
28,383 31,2G5
31,'2Go 3G,2UG
The district iuckules
Tibai) Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Crewe (engineering, railway i ^^ ^g. ^^ ^gg
service) , . . . . I " ' ' "■ '
Xantwicli (bootmakers, tailors) . 3,G29 4,093
Rural parts .... 11,573 11,G24
36,787 3G,20G
Population.
1891.
32,774
7,412
22,912
G3.098
42,074
T,722
23,197
72.993
Appendix C.
279
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EngliUuVs Recent Prof/re.'ifi.
SAVINDOX
Registration
District.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Censns, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
ipni.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Swindon i , , ^.-.q „„ „„„
(sub-district) 1 l^-'^^ 20.393
20,393
25,895
13,358
18,3.35
18,-335
24,471
Tlie district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
19(J1.
Swindon (engineering, railway service,)'
carriages) . . . " . . f
Rural parts .
23,087
2,808
21.919
2,552
33,001
5,727
45,00G
5,.3G0
25,895
24,471
38,728
50.3GG
Appendix C.
281
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TILBUEY,
Registration
District.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
ISSl. i 1S91.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
1881. 1891.
Census, 1901.
Grays Thurrock (docks)
Rural parts
7,560
10,788
6,274
9,124
18,348
15,398
Orsett . . 1 9,309
15,106
15,106
18,348
7,171
12,204
12,204
15,398
Tiae district includes : —
1901.
1 Population.
Males. Females.
1891. ; 1901.
12,397
14.913
13,834
19,912
27.310
33,746
The influence of Tilbury Docks has apparently extended considerably
beyond the limits of Grays Thurrock, so that only about one-third of the
total population can be deemed rural in a true sense.
The numbers of military and of persons on board merchant vessels
were : —
In 1881 . . 266 military . . . 446 on board vessels.
„ 1891 . . 81 ,, ... 908
„ 1901 . . 130 ,, ... 665
There were in training ship, reformatory ship and industrial school
ship : —
In 1881 775 bovs.
„ 1891 1,063 „"
„ 1901 1.207 „
having naturally a large influence over the migrations of young men.
Appendix, G.
28;-^
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i284
KnfjhonJ's Ju'ccnt Prot/i'rsK.
W O L V K HIT A .Ar r T N
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
^!^^'' Census. 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1 1891. 1891.
1901.
1881. 1891. 1891.
1901.
^^tir.^"""'^'.} ^2,9i3 77,365
77,365
85,-594
72,527 77,499 77,499
87,149
Dudlej-
Stourbridsre
70,048 71,344 71,344 | 76,021 70,176 71,361 71,361 76,106
39,513 41,195 41,195 ; 46,269 40,105 41,629 41,629 46,213
182,504 189,904 189,904 207,884 182,808 190,489 190,489 209,408
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
19IJ1.
Popula
ion.
Males.
Females.
1891. 1
1901.
Wolverhampton (eagineering,!
metal trades) . . . )
46,313
47,874
82,662
94,187
Dudley (metal trades, collierv) .
23,879
24,854
45,724
48,733
Willenhall (engineering) .
9,382
9,133
16,852
18,515
Tettenhall * (engineering) .
2,481
2,856
5,145
5,337
Heath Town t (engineering)
4,812
4,629
7,075
9.441
Short Heath % .
1,898
1,033
3,135
3,531
Bilston (engineering, iron manu- 1
factures) . . . . )
12,020
12,008
23,453
24,034
Tipton (engineering, iron manu- 1
factures) . . . ./
15,680
14,863
29,314 1
30,543
Rowley Regis (engineering)
17,380
17,290
30,791
34,670
Sedgley (colliery, engineering) .
7,813
8,138
14,961
15,951
Quarry Bank (engineering)
3,484
3,428
6,732
6,912
Kingswinford § .
9,865
9,671
17,832
19,530
Brierley Hill (engineering, irom
manufactures) . . ./
5,974
6,068
11,847
12,042
Stourbridge (engineering, bricks)
8,044
8,258
14,891 !
16,302
Lye (engineering)
5,452
5,524
10,105
10,976
Amblecote X . . . .
1,523
1,605
2,876
3,128
Coseley (engineering, iron manu- 1
factures, colliery) . . . /
11,265
10,954
21,899
22,219
Rural parts ....
20,613
20,682
35,039
41,295
207,884
209,408
380,-393
417,-352
* Engineering only employs 11"1 per cent, of working males : the place is a residential suburb of
Wolverhampton. f Otherwise WednesfleUl Heath.
i Lrban Ji-itriuts with less than 5000 inhabitants. ^ ^'ot an urban tlialiicl.
Appendix C.
285
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•280
Eti gland's Beccnt Progress.
POTTERIES.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
18S1.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
19H.
Stobe-on-Treut
Wolstantou .
Newcastle- "1
uuder-Lyme (
51,801
38,058
17,724
60,105
41,518
19,129
66,555
42,007
19,316
76,292
49,205
20,275
52,487
37,407
16,937
61,354
42,134
18,406
68,561
42,593
18,597
79,130
50,340
20,070
*Retransfers i
(deduct) . I
107,583
120,752
127,878
7,126
145,772
8,194
106,831
121,894
129,751
7,857
121,894
149,540
9,295
120,752
137,578
140,245
ilaiiily ivtransfeis back to Stone di.st)ict.
The district includes
Population.
Boroughs, I rban Districts,
&c.
Males.
14,950
FemalfS.
1891.
ifiOi.
Stoke-on-Trent (pottery)
15,508
24,027
30,458
Hanley (pottery, colliery)
30,497
31,102
54,946
61,599
Longton (pottery, colliery)
17,207
18,608
34,327
35,815
Penton (pottery, colliery)
11,190
11,552
16,998
22,742
Burslem (pottery) .
18,700
20,066
31,999
38,766
Tunstall (pottery, colliery)
.
9,579
9,913
17,112
19,492
*Kidsgrove
2,358
2,194
3,841
4,552
Newcastle-under-Lyme (pottery, &c.)
9,713
10,201
18,452
19,914
-Dudley (colliery) .
7,169
6,514
12,631
13,683
Rural parts .
■
24,409
23,882
43,296
48,291
145,772 ^
149,540
257,629
295,312
Trban district with less than 5000 inhabitants.
The districts which have not been organised as " urban " are densely
peopled in many cases, and a leading industry in them is coal mining.
Appendix C.
287
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COCKERMOUTH.
I'opuliitiuu (Males).
Population
(Females).
Ke^isl ration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 19 11.
Cockermouth
28,473 ' 36,418
36,418 34,543
28,316
35,258
35,258 j 34,993
The district includes : — ■
1901.
Population.
L rbau Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Workington (iron manufactures,!
engineering) . . . . i
;Maryport (seamen, colliery)
Cockermouth ....
*Keswick .....
Rural parts ....
13,220
5,863
2,596
2,013
10,851
12,923
6,034
2,759
2,438
10,839
25,194
12,410
5,464
4,201
24,407
26,143
11,897
5,355
4,451
21,690
34,543
34,993
71,676
69,536
All mban district with le.ss than oUOu iuhabitaiits.
The number of persons enumerated on board merchant vessels
■were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
85
181
324
Appendix C.
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England^s Becent Progress.
BARROW IN FURNESS.
Registration
District.
Barrow
Population (Males).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
1901.
irrow inl 05 575
Furness ./ ^^'^'^
27,273 27,273 31,494 21,684 i 24,4.39 24,4-39
26,092
This district is co-terminous witli the County Borough of the same
name (engineenng, shipbuilding, iron).
The numbers of persons enumerated on board vessels were : —
In 1881 .
. 379
„ 1891 .
. 273
„ 1901 .
. 228
The constitution by ages of the male population in 1881 gives evidence
of previous immigration swelhng the numbers then aged 20-30.
Appendix C.
291
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England's Ueceni Progress,
WHITEHAVEN.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
Whitehaven. 30,100
28,799
28,799 27,448
29,192 29,164
29,164
28,094
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males. j Females.
1891.
1901.
Whitehaven (colliery).
Cleator Moor (iron mining).
Egremont (iron mining)
♦Harrington ....
Arlecdon (iron mining, quarrying)
Rural parts ....
9,447
.3,932
2,848
1,874
2,685
6,662
9,877
4,188
2,913
1,805
2,656
6,655
19,370
9,464
6,284
3,535
5,697
13,613
19,324
8,120
5,761
3,679
5,341
13,317
27,448 28,094 57,963 1 55,542
An urban district with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Appendix C.
293
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294
England's Becent Progress,
MILLOM (CUMBERLAND).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Eegistratioii
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Bootle
6,389
7,623
7,623
8,087
5,836
7,254
7,254
7,806
The district includes
Urban Districts, <fec.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Millom (iron mining) ....
Rural parts ......
5,340
2,747
5,086
2,720
8,895
5,982
10,426
5,467
8,087
7,806
14,877
15,893
Appendix C.
295
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England's Becenf Progress.
SOUTHAMPTON.
Populatiou (Males).
Population (Females).
llegistraliuii
Districts.
Southampton
Census, 1891.
1881.
25,099
South Stoneham 19,!
Ketransfers
(add)
44,967
Census, 1901.
1891.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
26,461
24,348
60,809
26,461 30,690 i 27,890 | 29,002 29,002 i 30,629
24,227 i 38,853 ! 21,407 | 26,775 26,677 41,758
50,688 1 69,543 j 49,297
121 i 136
50,809 I 69,679
55,777 55,679 72,387
98 I 150
55,777 72,637
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Southampton (seamen, commerce) .
Eastleigh (part of) (railway coach- 1
building, railway service) . . i
Itchen (seamen, shipbuilding) .
Rural parts .....
50,558
3,943
6,274
8,768
54,266
3,836
6,823
7,462
82,126
3,613
8,234
12,394
104,824
7,779
13,097
16,230
69,543
72,387
106,367
141,930
Itchen must be deemed a dependency of Southampton.
The numbers of mihtary and naval men in barracks. Sec, and of
persons (including a few women) enumerated on board merchant vessels,
were : —
[n 1881
309 military, &c.
455 on board vessels.
„ 1891
359
431
„ 1901 .
. 1,994
... 1,261
Tliere are deaths of persons from outside the town in Netley Hospital
and the Royal South Hants Inlirmary. The ratios of deaths in those
institutions to total deaths were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
males
2-1 females (per cent.),
•4-7
Appendix C.
297
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298
England's Bcccnt Progress.
GRIMSBY.
Population (Males).
Population (Females)
Kogislration
Districts
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. j Census, 1901.
1881. 1891. 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1 1891.
1901.
Grimsby . . |
Caistor . . )
(30,636
34,709 39,097
I 8,461
39, 912 1
7,66lj
32,085
131,113
39,629 {
1 8,516
41,238
7,815
34,709 39,097 39,097 47,573
32,085
39,629 39,629
49,053
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, itc.
Population.
Males.
Females.
Grimsby (seamen, commerce, fishing)
Cleethorpes (seamen, fishing, residential)
*!^Iarket Rasen .....
Rural parts ......
31,329
5,853
982
9,409
31,809 51,934
6,725
1,206
9,313
4,306
2,497
19,989
47,573 49,053 i 78,726
63,138
12,578
2,188
18,722
96,626
* An urban district.
Cleethorpes must be regarded as an extension of Grimsby, just as
Dovercourt is of Harwich.
The number of persons enumerated on board merchant vessels varied
as under : — ■
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
3,804
945
1,071
The apparent loss of males in 1881-91 is thus accounted for,
Appendix G.
299
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300
England's Eeccnt Progress.
BURTON-ON-TRENT.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Burtou-on-Trcnt
38,302
42,487
42,487
1
47,521 35,5G5
41,046
41,046
45,293
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, Ac.
1901.
Population.
Males. Females.
1891. 1 1911.
Burton-on-Trent (browinp^
Swadlincote District (colliery,)
pottery) . . . . i
Kural parts ....
25,737 24,649 ' 46,047 50,386
9,430 1 8,584 13,889 i 18,014
12,354 12,060 ' 23,597 24,414
47,521 45,293 83,533 92,814
The county lunatic asylum for Derhyshire is within this district, and
contained in 1901 357 male and 309 female lunatics. The net addition
to population caused by admissions in excess of discharges from this
asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
327 males
509 ,.
255 females.
344
Appendix C,
301
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30'2
England^s Recent Progress.
WELLINGBOROUGH
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Wellingborough
18,374
21,786 21,786 28,027
18,566 21,867
21,867
28,015
The district includes :-
Vrban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Wellingborough (boot manufactures)
9,067
9,345
15,068
' 18,412
Rushden (boot manufactures)
6,3U
6,139
7,443
12,453
*Higham Ferrers ....
1,273
1,267
1,810
j 2,540
*Finedon .....
2,085
2,044
3,197
4 , 129
Rural parts .....
9,288
9,220
16,135
18,508
28,027
28,015
43,653
50,042
Urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Appendix C.
303
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England\'i liccent Progress.
LUTON
Population (Males).
Population (.i'emales).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891;
Census, 1901.
1881. ' 1891.
1891. moi.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Luton
Retransfers i
(add) . .1
17,G95 20,238
19,920 23,408
318 365
20,238 23,773
21,805
2-4,018
2-1 , 247
371
27,7GG
430
24,018
28,19G
The district includes : —
liliaii iJistiicts, (Src.
If.Ol.
Males.
Females.
Population.
Luton (straw bat manufacture)
1G,424
19,980
Rural parts
4,701
23,408
4,912
27 , 7GG
30,053
9,G01
44,1G7
3G,404
Dunstable (straw bat manufac- 1_ 9 900 9 or-i 4 513 5 157
ture, paper) . . . ./ -',-'■ -,' i ■ ,
9,G13
51,174
Appendix C^
305
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Englini'Vs liccent Progress.
KETTERING!.
I'oIMllMtii
n ( Mules).
Population
(Females).
r.-'isti:itii>ii
Hist lilt.
; Census, IS'.tl.
1
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1
1881.
12,863
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1001.
Kettering
18,052
18,428
23,872
12,701
17,454
17,837
24,221
Retransfers
(deduct) .
•■
376
18,052
371
23,501
383 ! 381
17,454 • 28,840
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
190]
.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Kettering (boot manufactures) .
14,128
14,530
19,454
28,653
*Ilothwell
2,079
2,114
3,378
4,193
*Desborough
1,788
1,785
2,872
3,573
Rural parts
5,882
5,792
10,561
11,674
23,872 ^
24,221
36,265
48,093
Urban districts with less than 50U0 inhabitants.
I
i
Appe7idix C.
307
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30B
l^ngtand\s hecent Pt'ogt'eni,
PENZANCE.
Population (Males). j Population (Females).
^I^strfa."" Census, 1891. ' Census, 1901. | Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1
ISSl. ISOl. 1S91. 1901. 1S81. ' 1S91.
1891.
26,548
1901
Penzance . 23,630 21,728 21,728 22,565 26,631 26,548
26,722
The district includes : —
Urljau Districts, Ac.
1 1901.
Population.
]
1 Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Penzance (seamen, fishing)
. i 5,641
7,495
12,482
13,136
*Madron ....
1,596
1,890
2,761
3,486
Paul (fishing) .
. ' 3,855
2,977
5,977
6,332
St. Ives (fishing)
. 1 3,044
3,655
6,094
6,699
*Hayle (part of)
188
233
478
416
St. Just (tin mining)
2,557
3,089
6,119
5,646
Rural parts
G,189
7,383
14,415
13,572
22,565
26,722
48,276
49,287
Urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants
Penzance is ratlier a residential place, witli only low ratios in industrial
employments.
The number of persons enumerated on board merchant vessels varied
as follows : —
In 1881 1,484
„ 1891 200
,, 1901 819
Appendix C.
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England's Recent Progress,
RED II U T H
Population (Males). , Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1 1891.
1
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Redruth . .
20,364 21,926
21,926 \ 21,234
i
25,764
27,317
27,317
26,875
I
The district inclutles : — ■
1901.
Population.
I rban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Camborne (tin mining) .
. ' 6,481
8,245
14,700
14,726
Kedruth (tin mining)
4,540
5,911
10,324
10,451
*Phillack
1,774
2,107
3,979
3,881
"Hayle (part of)
286
382
694
668
Rural parts
8,153
10,2.30
19,546
18,383
21,234
26,875
49,243
48,109
* Urban districts w ith less than 5000 inhabitants.
The contrast of population in 1881 at the ages 15-20 and 25-30 f
indicates a heavy loss in the preceding decennium. In 1861 the district
contained 26,620 male and 30,653 female inhabitants. In 1851 Eedruth
district contained 5,264 copper miners and 920 tin miners aged 20 years
and upwards.
+ Ten years older at end of decennium.
Appendix C.
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EnffJatuVs Tlcrcut Progress.
EUGBY
Population (,.\lales).
p. ijpiilatinn (Females).
^District'" «^ensus, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, IS'.Jl.
Census, 1901.
18S1. ISDl.
1>!)1. lliol.
ISSl. 1891.
]^91. I'.HI].
Rugby . . 13,G85 13,281
Ixetrausfers i
(add) . .1
13,272 17,144
4
13,281 17,148
13,515 14,205 14,1'J2 17,184
13 -4
j 14,205 17,188
The district includes
Irliaii Districts, .Vr.
1901.
Population.
Males. Females.
1891.
1901.
Rugby (railway service, engiucoriDg)
Rural parts ......
8.367
8,777
8,463
8,721
11,262
16,202
16,830
17,498
17,144
17.184
27,464
34,328
The rural parts include Bilton, which has gained in population owii\;
to the estahlishment of large engineering works.
Appendix C.
313
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314
England's Recent Progress.
STAFFORD,
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kef;istration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1S91.
1891. 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Stafford . .
15,331
15,201
15,201 15,485
15,222 15,389
15,389
15,817
The district includes
Boroughs, Viban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891. i 1901.
Stafford (boot manufacture^)
Rural parts ....
10,445
5,040
10,450
5,3G7
20,270 ! 20,895
10,320 ' 10,407
15.4S5
15,817
30,590 1 31,302
There is a county lunatic asylum here which in 1901 contained 480
male and 381 female lunatics. The net addition to population caused by
this asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
752 males
797 „
580 females.
531
The Staffordshire General Infirmary must admit patients from a wide
area. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths in this
district were : —
In 1881-91 .
„ 1891-01 .
ilales.
5*9 per cent.
7-3 „
Females.
o"7 per cent.
4'7 „
Appendix C.
315
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316
England's Fecent Progress,
FALxAIOUTH.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females)
Kegistralioii
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1S91. ' 1891.
1901.
1
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Falmouth .
'' 12,666 11,694 11,694
10,332
12,891 12,757
12,757
12,839
Tlie district includes
Boroughs. I rbaii Districts, &c.
1901.
Populat
on.
Ma'es.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Falmouth (sailor^) .
*Penryn .....
Rural parts ....
5,099
1,466
3,767
-
6,090
1,724
4,425
12,791
3,256
8,404
11,789
3,190
8,192
10,332
12,839
24,451 1
23,171
* All urlian district.
The shipbuilding and engineering trades in Falmouth together employed
fewer men than the sailors even in 1901.
The numbers of persons enumerated on board merchant vessels varied
as follows : —
lu 1881 . . . 1727
„ 1891 . . 1076
„ 1901 . . .452
There has been a great decrease in the numbers of men enumerated in
war ships and barracks, viz. : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
643 nifu (535 in ship " Ganges ").
674 ,, (574 in training ship " Ganges ").
45 „
These facts go far to account for the decline in male population.
Appendijt C.
M
318
EfiglaiuVs liCi'cnf Progress.
IIELSTON.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1S91.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
Helston .
10,810 10,018 10,048 9.463
12,S71
12,109 12,109
11,. 310
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
*Helston .....
Rural parts ....
1,289
8,171
--
1,799
9,511
3,198
18,959
3,088
17,685
9,463
11,310
22,157
20,773
An urban district.
In 1851 Helston district contained 1,463 tin miners and 543 copper
miners aged 20 years and upwards. These industries must be nearly
extinct, but there may be men from Helston working abroad in mines.
Appendix C.
319
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320
l^ngtand^s Recent ProgfeM,
1MT1^HAI\1 COLLIERY (ilMiUP.
Population (Males).
Pojuilation
(Feuiale.s).
Registration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
1901.
1881.
1891.
1S91.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Darlington .
23,519
24,042
24,042
27,181
24,157
25,470
25,470
29,028
Stockton . . i
Sedgefield . l'
35,553
41,765
1 31,758
110,009
33,6591
11,0051
.32,699
39,489
(29,940
1 9,5.50
32,638
10,525
Hartlepool
24,868
34,371
34,371
45,203
23,745
32.267
32,267
43,031
Auckland .
43,555
45.684
45,684
48,271
40.017
43,314
43,314
46,271
La n Chester .
30,818
34,5.54
35,125
43,82:J
27,003
30,880
31,346
39,734
Durham .
33,094
35,293
35,293
37,763
31,230
34,299
34,299
36,489
Easingtou
21.208
23.606
23,666
26,224
19,890
22,160
22.160
24,501
Houghton-le- \
Spring . . ("
17,724
19,529
19,529
20,797
16,421
18,-392
18,392
20,050
Chester-le- i
Street . . (
22,866
26,355
25,784
31,221
20,926
24,239
23,773
29,3.31
Sunderland .
69,096
78,489
78,489
89,842
70,097
80,304
80,304
91,664
South Shields
5:3,077
72,678
72,678
84,588
50,217
68,830
68,830
82,256
Gateshead
53,262
66,767
66,767
88.394
52,123
64,482
64,482
84,888
Newcastle
73,572
97,233
97,2.33
116,245
76,080
99,584
99,584
117,399
Tvnemouth .
58,264
68,052
68,052
85,813
55,933
65,1.36
65,136
82,849
Castle Ward .
9,979
12,304
12,304
16,469
9,741
12,012
12.012
15,933
]\Iorpeth .
18,448
21,976
21,976
29,017
17,637
20,575
20,575
26,727
588,903 702,758 702,760 835.515 568,516 681,4.33 681,434 813,314
Retransfers (^ '> 1 11
(deduct) .) "
702,758 835.514
681,433 813,-313
The group of districts contains several large towns, as shown helow ;
the districts not organised as " urban," and therefore described as rural,
are to a very srreat extent colliery districts : —
Boroughs, lilian Districts, ic.
(engineering, i
Newcastle-upon-Tyne (engineering, ship-i
building, commerce)
Benwell and Fenham
colliery) .....
Newburu (colliery, steel smelting)
Gosforth (collierj-)
Walker (shipbuilding, engineering)
Gateshead (engineering, colliery).
189.663 308. 487
Appendix C.
321
DUEHAM COLLTEEY GTIOVF— continued.
Borous'is, I'rban Districts, i<:f.
Sunderland (shipbuilding, engineering, "l
commerce) . . . . . j
Southwick (shipbuilding, engineering) .
South Shields (commerce, shipbuilding,!' ,„
colliery) . _ . . . . . f: *"'
Jarrow (shipbuilding, euginoering)
Tyuemouth (commerce, shipbuilding)
Willington Quay (shipbuilding, eu-i
gineering) l'
Hartlepool (engineering, shiplniilding)
West Hartlepool (shipbuilding, en-|
gineering, iron, commerce) . . (
Stockton-on-Tees (shipbuilding, engineer-
ing, iron) ......
Darlington (engineering) ....
Ashington (colliery) ....
Bedlingtonshire (colliery)
Cowpen (colliery, shipbuilding)
Blyth (colliery, seamen) ....
Cramlington (colliery) ....
Weetslade (colliery) ....
Earsdon (colliery) .....
Whitley and Monkseaton (engineering,)
residential) . . . . . . /
Morpeth (colliery, ougineering)
*Wallsend (shipbuilding, engineering)
Hebburn (shipbuilding, engineering.)
colliery) . . . . . . l'
Felling (colliery, engineering) .
Whickham (colliery, engineering)
liyton (colliery) .....
Blaydon (colliery, engineering)
Benfieldside (iron nianufactui-es, coll iiiry) . |
Consett (iron manufactures)
tLeadgate . ....
Annfield Plain (colliery) ....
Tanfield (colliery) .....
Stanley (colliery) .....
Houghton-le-Spring (colliery) .
Hetton (colliery)
Seaham Harbour (colliery, glass irimi
facUires) ....
'"■}
mill.
Topulation.
Males.
Females.
1»91.
1901.
71,583
74,494
131,686
146,077
G,579
6,064
10,226
12,643
78,162
80,558
141,912
158,720
48,358
48,905
78,391
97,263
17,805
16,490
33,675
34,295
66,163
65,395
112,066
131,558
25,554
25,812
46,588
51,366
4,161
3,780
7,345
7,941
29,715
29,592
53,933
59,307
11,764
10,959
21,288
22,723
31,845
30,782
42,815
62,627
43,609
41,741
64 , 103
85,350
20,161
25,317
49,708
51,478
21,458
23,053
38,060
44,511
7,517
6,439
5,307
13,956
9,910
8,856
16,996
18,760
9,213
8,666
12,982
17,879
2,710
2,762
3,728
5,472
3,336
3,101
5,967
6,437
2,831
2,622
4,377
5,453
4,772
4,248
7,471
9,020
3,261
4,444
3,008
7,705
3,018
3,140
5,219
6,158
10,990
9,928
11,257
20,918
11 ,10()
9. 801
10,045
20,901
1 1 , .548
10,919
17,490
22,467
(;,722
6,130
9,343
12.8.52
4,387
4,065
5,553
8.452
10,306
9,257
13,171
19,623
3,694
3,763
6,269
7,457
5,081
4,613
8,175
9.694
2,362
2,295
4,456
4,657
6,608
5,873
9,762
12,481
4,306
3,970
6,819
8,270
7,294
6,260
7,879
13,554
3,926
3,932
0,470
7,858
0,900
6,773
12,720
13,073
5,10'.) 4,99-1
9.0.11
10,163
* W'iillseiicl may almost be iieeiiie<I a sulmib uf Newcastle,
f All urlian district witli less tliau MMi iiiliabitiiiils.
3?'2
Ejigland's Becoit P)-o(/rcft.<t.
DV]IU.\M COLLIERY GliOUV—continunJ.
1901.
Population.
iirouRhs, Urlian Districts, ttc.
Durham City (colliery) ....
Brandon and Byshottles (colliery, coke)
Crook (colliery, coke) ....
Willingtou (colliery, coke)
Spennymoor (colliery, engineering)
Bishop Auckland (colliery)
Shildon and E. Thickley (colliery, railway
service)
Rural parts (Durham) ....
,, ,, (Northumberland) .
Males.
Females.
InOI.
li:01.
7,137
7,542
14,863
14,679
8,142
7,431
14,239
15,573
5,945
5,526
11.4.30
11,471
4,076
3,811
7,804
7,887
8,393
8,272
16,383
16.665
5,980
5,989
10,527
11,969
6,033
5,726
9,537
11,759
161,878
152,883
277,190
314,761
25,332
23,964
43,832
49,296
s85,515 813.314 1,384,194 1,648,829
In the largest colliery groups the proportions of persons in lunatic
asylums are rather moderate, so that there is no necessity to furnish details
on the subject.
The numbers of soldiers, &c., enumerated in barracks, &c., and those of
persons on board merchant vessels, varied as under : —
In 1881 .
. 509 mUitarv, &c.
6,387 on board vessels
„ 1891 .
. 877
6.312
„ 1901 .
. 862
5,328
No great change therefore occurred, but the effect at several ages must
have been considerable.
Some of the (nominally) rural districts are vers^ populous, particularly
that of Sunderland, and next to it, that of Chester-le-Street.
Appendij' C.
323
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Y 2
324
England's Recent Progress.
GLAMORGAN GROUP.
Population (Males).
Population (Peniale.s}.
Kenistratiuli
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
1891.
Census
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1S91.
1901.
Abergaveuiiv .
11,879
13,210
14,117
13,291
11.692
12.854
13,537
13,438
Bedwelltv
29,79.3
35,091
34.902
43,822
26,047
29,775
29,619
37,998
Poutypool
18,258
20,555
19.694
23,651
17,080
19,216
18,562
21,728
ZS'ewport .
85.197
49.634
49,956
58,445
35,345
47.162
47,480
57,005
Crickhowell .
9.370
9,920
10,063
10,144
9,188
9,595
9,722
9,797
Cardiff . .
54,128
89.342
89,020
114,027
52,036
84,454
84,136
114,611
Pontvpridd .
50,675
82.128
82.936
111.264
42,818
64.684
65,438
93, -560
Merthyr Tydfil
52,430
62,315
61,507
71.761
49,011
54,890
54,136
63.779
Bridgend .
21,128
27,288
27,288
35,912
19,876
24,165
24,165
31,541
Neath . . .
25,145
28,855
28,855
36,551
24,848
27,818
27,818
35,053
Pontarda\Ye .
10,116
10,939
10,939
13,438
10,069
10.761
10,761
13,280
Swansea .
47,207
57,047
57,047
58,743
47,794
57,279
57,279
61,003
Gower .
5.299
5,338
5,338
5,407
5,803
5,769
5,769
6, -320
H70.625 491,662 491,662 i.596,456 '351, 607 448.422 448.422 -559,113
The district (or group) iuclucle.-
Borou^'hs, Libaii Districts, Ac.
i;<oi.
Population.
Males.
Pemales.
1891.
19<il.
Cardiff (commerce, engineering, ship
building) .....
'j- 81,605
82,728
128,915
164,333
Newport (commerce, engineering).
33,402
33,868
54,707
67,270
Abergavenny (railway service)
3,668
4,127
7.743
7,795
*Brynmawr .....
3,546
3,287
6,413
6,833
Ebbw Yale (colliery, iron manufacturer
) ' 11,319
9,675
17,312
20,994
Tredegar (colliery)
9.737
8,760
17,341
18,497
Rhymney (colliery)
4.114
3,801
7,733
7,915
Nantyglo (colliery)
7,225
6,264
12.410
13,489
Blaeuavon (coUierv, iron manufactures)
5.699
5,170
11,4-52
10,869
Abersychan (colliery) .
9,257
8,511
15,296
17,768
Pontypool (colliery)
3,092
3,0.34
5,842
6,126
Panteg (railway senice, iron manu
factures) .....
"1 3,865
3,619
6,479
7,484
Llantarnam (engineering)
2,754
2,533
4,905
5,287
Piisca (colliery) ....
5,008
4.653
7,783
9,661
Abercarn (colliery)
6,742
5,865
10,464
12,607
Abertillery (collierv)
12.069
9,876
10,846
21,945
Bedwellty (colliery)
5,328
4,660
6,743
9,988
Merthyr Tydfil (colliery, iron)
37,042
32,186
59,004
69,228
Urban district. Ko details given as to Occupations
.Ipprii'/i.r C,
8t25
GLAMORGAN GROUP- co////«//rv/.
Bmouyhs, Urban Districts, itc.
111
n.
PopH
atiiiii.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Aberdare (colliery). ....
'22,622
20,743
38,431
43,365
Mountain Ash (colliery).
17,152
13,941
17,826
31,093
Rhondda (colliery).
62,315
51,420
88,351
113,735
Caerphilly (colliery)
8,421
7,414
8,064
15,835
Pontypridd (colliery)
17,204
15,112
24.763
32,316
Barry (seamen, engineering)
14,. 361
12,669
13,278
27,030
Ogmore and Gai-w (colliery)
11,163
8,744
13,800
19,907
Glyncorrwg (colliery)
3,518
2,934
3,683
6,452
Maesteg (colliery) .
8,330
6,682
9,417
15,012
Margam (colliery, iron manufacture
^s)
4,587
4,427
6,274
9,014
Neath (iron manufactures)
6,784
6,936
11,113
13,720
Briton Ferry (iron manufactures)
3,533
3,440
5,778
6,973
Aberavon (iron manufactures)
3,783
3,770
6,300
7,553
Swansea (commerce, iron, copper)
4G,15G
48,381
91,034
94,537
Bridgend ....
3,004
3,058
4,676
6,062
Penarth (seamen) .
6,792
7,436
12,424
14,228
Rural parts (Monmouth)
19,068
18,608
36,719
37,676
,, ,, (Brecon)
3,460
3,655
7,464
7 , 115
„ ,, (Glamorgan)
88,731
87,126
149,301
175,857
596,456
559,118
940,084
1,155,569
In this case, as in Duiliam, extensive colliery districts are not organised
as " urban," and therefore figure as rural. Bridgend is an ordinary trading
town. The Census gives no information as to Brynmawr.
Persons on board merchant vessels were enumerated as under : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
4,510
5,827
5,025
3l'(5
l\)i(/l(()i(r.^ Beccni Pnujressi.
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Appendix C.
327
WIG AN GROUP.
Registration
Districts.
Prescot .
Wigau
Warrington ,
Leigh
Chorley .
I'ojiulutit
Census, 1891.
n (Males).
Census. 1901.
Population (Females).
1S81.
1891.
60,932 73,129
70,460 84,503
36,084 43,789
27,655 ! 35,163
23,044 26,296
Retransfers \
(add) . .j,
218,175 '262,880
Census, 1891.
1891.
73,129
84,503
43,053
35,163
26,296
inui.
79,021
96,346
51,834
42,991
30,034
57,028
69,458
34,134
28,663
24,686
1891.
67,798
82,259
41,133
35,605
28,762
262,144 1299,726 213,969 255,557
736 j 552
262,880 '300,278
Census, 1901.
67,798
82,259
40,418
35.605
28,762
254,842
715
255,657 295,172
1901.
74,627
94,893
48,678
43,263
32,967
294,428
744
The group includes : —
I!l01.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Wigan (coUiery) .....
29,612
31,152
55.013
60,764
Warrington (metal trades, iron) .
32,323
31,919
55,288
64,242
Widnes (alkali, soap) ....
15,118
13,462
30,011
28,580
St. Helens (glass, collierv, alkali) .
43,618
40,792
72,413
84,410
*Huyton with Roby ....
2,129
2,532
4,625
4,661
Prescot (watchmaking, colliery) .
3,971
3,884
6,745
7,855
Newton - in - Makerfield (engineering,"!
vehicles) . . . . . . (
8,891
7,808
12,861
16,699
Haydock (colliery) ....
4,576
3,999
6,585
8,575
Ashton-in-Makerfield (collierv)
9,963
8,724
13,379
18,687
Golborne (colliery) ....
3,406
3,383
5,601
6,789
Abram (colliery) .....
3,405
2,901
4,309
6,306
Hindley (colliery) ....
11,904
11,600
18,973
23,504
Ince-in-Makeriield (collierv) .
10,768
10,494
19,255
21,262
Pemberton (colliery) ....
10,806
10,858
18,400
21,664
Orrell (colliery) .....
2,657
2,779
4,914
5,436
fUphoUand
2,456
2,317
4,443
4,773
Leyland (cotton) .....
3,269
3,596
5,972
6,865
Chorley (cotton) .....
12,555
14,297
23,087
26,852
fAdlington ......
2,204
2,319
4,190
4,523
jBlackrod ......
1,961
1,914
4,021
3,875
Aspull (colliery) .....
4,311
4,077
8,952
8,388
Standish with Langtree (colliery) .
3,280
3,023
5,416
6,303
Atherton (colliery, cotton)
8,052
8,159
13,659
16,211
Tyldesley (colliery, cotton) .
7.443
7,400
12,891
14,843
fMuch Wool ton
2,262
2,469
4,545
4,731
Leigh (collierv, cotton)
19,885
20,116
30,882
40,001
llural parts ......
88,901
38,454
70,606
77,355
299,726
294,428
516,986
594,154
An urban district with Icsa than 50iJ0 inhabitants, near I-iveipool.
f Urban districts with less than 6000 inhabitants.
."{•28 I\)i(ilan(Vii h'rcriit .]^n>i/r(s>^.
Tlie iul)iiii elislricis of Mucli \V(,)i)lton and Jluylon are partly
residential, through their proximity to Liverpool.
There is a county lunatic asylum at Rainhill in Prescot, which in 1901
contained 1,037 male and 1,065 female lunatics. The net addition to
population caused by the asylum was : —
lu 18vSl-'.)0 . . l.OOS males ... 988 females.
,, i8'Jl-(K) . . 1.5G7 ,, ... 'J5'J „
Tiie military enumerated in barracks were : —
In 1881 . . . fl50
„ 1891 . . . 473
„ 1901 ... 571
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KiKjIdiid's lu'coit Prof/rc.'^s.
CHESTER F 1 E L 1) C R O U V.
llc^'istration
Distriits.
rojmlatioii (Males).
roiiulatiou (females).
Census, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
69,393
42,127
20,473
73,415
32,113
1881.
47,018
21,953
14,069
56,942
20,970
1891.
51,427
26,926
15,058
77,010
26,283
196,704
1891.
52,735
26,953
15,058
57,868
26,283
178,897
17,807
1901.
Chesterfield
^faiisfield .
Worksop .
Basford .
Shardlow .
51,723 67,461
23,005 1 28,369
14,453 i 15,921
59,998 77,370
20,720 , 25,712
59,005
28,396
15,921
59,659
25,712
63.463
89,491
18.767
73,382
32,285
♦Retransfers \
(add) . .(
169,899
204,833
188,698
16,140
237,521
20,725
100,952
227,388
22,660
204,833
258,246
196,704
249,998
* Chiefly to restcjre a district added to Nottingham in 1S99.
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
JIales.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Chesterfield (collierv, engineering) ....
13,744
13,441
22,009
27,185
Whittington (colliery, engineering, railway i
service) |
4,896
4,520
8,798
9,416
Newbold and Dunston (colliery, engineering,)
bricks^ |'
3,068
2,918
5,192
5,980
*Brampton and Walton ....
1,331
1,367
2,532
2,698
Claycross (colliery) .....
4,452
3,906
7,727
8,358
Bolsover (coUiery) .....
3,672
3,172
3,662
6,844
Worksop (colliery) .....
8,271
7,841
12,734
16,11-2
*]Mansfield Woodhouse .....
2,440
2,437
2,819
4,877
Mansfield (colliery) .....
10,543
10,902
15,925
21,445
Sutton-in-Ashfield (collierv, hosierv)
7,551
7,311
10,562
14,862
Kirkby-in-Ashfield (collierv) ....
5,375
4,943
6,479
10,318
Heanor (colliery) .....
8,261
7,988
13,627
16,249
Hucknall Torkard (colliery) ....
7,622
7,628
13,094
15,250
*Eastwood (colliery) .....
2,465
2,850
4,868
4,815
Ilkeston (colliery, engineering)
12,958
12,481
19,744
25.384
Arnold (hosiery, colliery) ....
4,259
4,498
7,769
8,757
Carlton (railway service) ....
5,028
5,013
6,627
10,041
Beeston (lace, carriages) ....
4,251
4,709
6,948
8,960
Long Eaton (lace, railway service)
6,607
6,438
9,636
13,045
fAlvaston and Boulton .....
2,294
2,231
3,116
4,525
West Bridgford (lace) .....
2,939
4,079
2,502
7,018
Rural parts (Derby) .....
61,442
57,755
101,068
119,197
,, „ (Notts)
54,057
49,460
80,662
103,517
2.37,521
227,338
367,590
464,859
I'rban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants.
t An urban district.
Aj)pf)i(li.i' C. 381
Lar^e poitioiis of the " rural " populatioD are engaged in coal mining.
West ]3ridgford and Beeston, as well as Carlton, may be regarded as
suburbs of Nottingham, in addition to the portion of Basford actually
transferred to that borough. Alvaston and Boulton may in like manner l)e
deemed a dependency of Derby, to which town a large part of the district
was transferred on November 9, 1901.
o32
England's Bcccnf Pror/rcss.
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Appendix C
333
BAENSLEY GROUP,
lU'^isti'atiuii
Districts.
Pontefract
Hemswortli
Barnsley
Wortlev .
Poi)ulatioii (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census,
ISOl.
Census, 1S91.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1S91.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
24,940
29,645
29.645
.36,647
22,92j
26,966
26,966
33,611
5,935
7.857
7.8.57
12,622
5,171
6,774
6,7/4
10,7j7
41,083
50,649
50,649
59,385
37,528
45,000
45,000
54,1^8
26,989
30,525
30,525
36,290
25,345
28,272
28,272
34,036
98.947 118,676 118,676 144,894 90,970 107,012 107.012 132.587
The disti'ict iuclutles
Borout'lis, I rliaii Districts, &c.
1901.
Poi)ulation.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Barnslev (colliery, glass)
20,570
20,510
35,427
41,086
Worsborough (colliery)
5,509
4,827
9,905
10,336
Hoylaud Nether (colliery) .
6,718
5,746
11,006
12,464
Wombwell (coUierv) ....
7,113
6,139
10,942
13.2.52
*Darfield
2,197
1,997
3,416
4,194
*Cudwortli ......
1,889
1,519
1,607
3,408
*Roystou ......
2,389
2.008
2,013
4,397
Dartou (coUierv) ....
4,033
3.637
7.018
7,670
Stocksbridge (colliery, iron, Inicks)
3,-370
3,196
5,727
6,. 566
Pontefract (colliery, military)
6,885
6,542
9,702
13,427
Knottingley (glass) ....
2.917
2,892
5,425
5,809
Castleford (colliery, glass) .
9,061
8,. 325
14,143
17,38.
Featherstone (coUierv)
6,578
5,515
7,528
12,093
*Whitwood ......
2,592
2,281
4,806
4,873
Ardsley (colliery, glass)
3,313
2,913
4,662
6,226
liural parts .....
59,760
54,534
91,766
114,294
144,894
132,587
225,688
277,481
I rliHii districts with less than HOOO inhaliiluiit'
Here again consideraltle luiniiig populations ave included among
" rural " places.
Thei'e is a county lunatic asylum in Wortley (Wadsley), which in
1901 contained 735 male and 892 female lunatics. Tlie net addition lo
])opulation caused by the asylum was: —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
1,0.39 males
1,021 „
889 females.
883
334 England's Recent Progress.
The military enumerateil in barracks were: —
In 1881 . . . .547
„ 1891 .... 424
,, i;»01 . . . .420
On October 1, 1902, a cousiderable part of Wortley registration district
was transfeiTed to Sbeffield, viz. : — •
Population, 19U1.
Ecclesfield— Hillsborough Ward (part of) . . . 10,580
„ — Other parts 4,904
Bradfield— Hillsborough Ward (part of) . . . 1,183
Appendix C.
335
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336
England'^ Ecccnt Progress.
WREXHAM.
Population (Males). Population (Females).
Ke^istration
District.
Census, 1891.
ISSl. 1801.
Census, 1901. Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S91. ' 1901. ISSI.
1S91.
1S91. 19111.
Wrexham .
Ketransfers i
(add) . . 1
2S,.351 32,101
31,351 36,238 20,819
750 756
29,694
28,849 33,886
845 812
32,101 37,024 ,
29,694 34,698
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, Ac.
1901.
Population.
Males. Females.
1S91. 19III.
Wrexham
Kural parts .....
7 , 437 7 , 529
28,831 26,357
—
12, r
47, (,
52 14,966
48 55,188
00 70,154
36,268 33,886
60.'-
A very large proportion of the "rural" population is engaged in coal
mining, the number of men so employed in the Administrative County of
Denbigh being 8,730, nearly all of whom must have been enumerated in
this district. No separate statement as to occupations in Wrexham
appears in the Census volume, but the aggregate of coal miners in the
Avhole of the urban districts was only 381, nearly all apparently in
Wrexham town.
The militarv in barracks numbered : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
273
217
114
Appendix C.
337
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338
EnglancVs Recent Proqress.
NUNEATON.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females)
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Nuneaton .
Foleshill .
6,610
8,990
8,696
9,797
9,184
6,959
14,243
8,450
7,104 8,730
9,524 10,171
9,188
7,230
13,877
8,552
*Retransfers )
(add) . .f
15,600
18,493
16,143
2,350
22,693
3,790
16,628 18,901
16,418
2,483
18,901
22,429
3,908
18,493
26,483
26,337
* Chiefly of places added to Coventiy in 1899.
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Nuneaton (colliery, bricks)
12,737
12,259
15,297
24,996
*Bedworth ....
3,571
8,598
5,485
7,169
*Foleshill ....
2,732
2,782
4,559
5,514
Rural parts ....
3,653
3,790
7,220
7,443
22,693
22 429
32,561
45,122
Bedworth and Foleshill are not yet organised as " urban districts. '
Appendix C.
339
CO CO O lO Oi o
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66
r-( r-l (N
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fc:
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&.
J3
z 2
340
England's Recent Progress.
CANNOCK.
Population (Males).
ropulatiou
(Females).
Eetiisti-.ition
District.
Census, 1S91.
Census
, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1S81. ' 1891.
1891. 1901.
Cannock
18,946 21,223
21,223
24,963
17,176 19,321
19,324 22,673
The district includes
I'rban Districts, &c.
Cannock (colliery)
Brownhills (part of) (colliery)
Rural parts . .
1001.
Population.
Males.
Females. i
1891.
1901.
12,820
i
11,154 '
20,613
23,974
2,770
2,444
4,047
5,214
9,373
9.075
15,887
18,448
24,963
22,673
40,547
47,636
Appendix C,
341
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EnglamVs Becent Progress.
ASIIBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH.
Ee<;istration
District.
Population (Males).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
1891.
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
1901.
'"^^Zouch ^.' ^^"} ^'''^^O^ ^^'^21 lS,bl& 22,890 16,526 ' 17,847
Retransfers
(deduct)
55
18,521
55
22,835
17,897 21,351
50 50
I
17,847 ! 21,301
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Coalville (colliery) .
8,047
7,234
11,222
15,281
*Ashby-de-la-Zouch .
2,244
2,482
4,496
4,726
Rural parts
12,599
11,635
20,755
24,234
22,890
21,351
36,473
44,241
Urban district.
Appendix C.
343
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344
England^ s Recent Progress.
NORWICH
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Eeglstration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
Norwich .
Blofield . .
St. Faith's .
40,288
5,647
5,600
46,623
5,824
6,034
46,623
5,824
6,034
51,065
5,700
6,143
47,554
5,971
5,818
54,347
6,201
6,149
54,347 00,668
6,201 6,145
6,149 6,424
51,535
58,481
58,481
62,908
59,343
66,697
66,697 73,287
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Norwich (boot making, commerce)
Rural parts ....
51,065
11,843
60,668
12,569
100,970
24,208
111,733
24,412
62,908
73,237
125,178
130,145
The area assigned to Norwich is perhaps too large ; yet the proportion
of rural population is much smaller than in some other cases, such as
those of Chester and Lincoln.
Apart from the Normch City Lunatic Asylum and the Bethel Lunatic
Hospital, there is a county asylum in Blofield, which in 1901 contained
351 male and 490 female lionatics. The net addition to population caused
by this county asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
374 males
469 „
411 females.
503
The numbers of military men varied as follows : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
nil.
619
468
Appendix C.
345
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346
Eitgland's Hecent Progress.
WAKEFIELD.
Population (Males).
Population (Families).
ReRistration
District.
Census, 1S91.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
45,283
50,636
50,382
254
50,036
57,120
315
57,435
43,830
49,068
Wakefield
Ketransfers \
(add) . ./
48,820
248
55,245
323
49,068 55,508
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
20,512
Females.
1891.
1901.
Wakefield (engineering, colliery)
20,901
38,832
41,413
Stanley (colliery) .....
6,317
5,973
10,297
12,290
Horbury (woollen, colliery) .
3,146
3,590
5,673
6,730
Normanton (colliery, railway service)
6,635
5,717
10,234
12,352
Sandal Magna (colliery, railway service) .
3,425
3,418
5,082
6,843
Ardsley East and West (colliery, railway i
service) . . . . . ./
3.815
3,662
6,421
7,477
Eothwell (part of) (colliery) .
2,574
2,299
3,967
4,873
Rural parts ......
10,696
9,085
18,696
20,381
57,120
55,245
99,202
112,365
The statistics of this district indicate that it is much influenced by tlie
coal mining element of its population.
The West Eiding Lunatic Asylum here contained in 1901, 808 male and
737 female lunatics. The net addition to population caused by the asylum
was : —
In 1881-90 . . 910 males ... G59 females
,, 1891-00 . . 1,070 „ ... 678 „
Appendix C.
347
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348
England's Recent Progress.
DERBY.
rupuhiliua (ihilcs).
Population (Females).
Eesiistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census,
1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1S91. ' 1891. j
1901.
1881. ' 1891.
1891.
1901.
Derby .
40,477 4G,G37 46,G87 '
51,802
41,CS6 48,390
48,390 55,025
The district includes
Eorou''hs, &c.
Darley Abbey
Males. ' Females. 1891
Population.
1001.
Eerby (engineering, carriages, railway service)
51,387 54,525 94,14G 105,912
415 500 931 ; 915
51,802 55,025 1 95,077 i 106,827
The Derbyshire and General Infirmary evidently attracts patients from
outside the district. The ratios of deaths in this institution to total deaths
in the district were :—
ilales.
Females.
In 1881-91 .
. 7-3 per cent.
... 4-2 per cent
„ 1891-01 .
• • 7-5
... 4-G
Appendix C.
349
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350
EnglancVs Bcccnt Progress.
YORK.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
^If^'MirV**" Census, 1891.
District. '
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
18S1.
1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. I 1901.
York . . . .38,091
Rotransfers 1
(add). ./ ••
39,857
39,804 ; 45,389
53 67
39,857 45,456
38,604
41,658
41,601
57
41,658
46,623
68
46,691
The district includes
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, (fee.
Males. Females.
1891. 1901.
Y'ork (railway service, confec-'i
tions, carriages, commerce) . j
Rural parts ....
38,147 39,767
7,242 i 6,856
67,841 77,914
13,564 14,098
45,389 46,623
81,405 92,012
The camp at Strensall, with 358 soldiex's, accounts for the excess of
males in the rural parts. The North Eiding Lunatic Asylum is also
outside the city. It contained in 1901, 349 male and 341 female patients.
The net addition to population caused by the asylum was : — ■
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
405 males
506 „
343 females.
349
The numbers of military men in barracks, &c., varied as follows :-
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
1,617
1,368
1,559
The county hospital must attract patients from some distance. The
ratios of deaths in this institution to total deaths were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Males.
4-5 per cent.
6-5
Feniale.=.'
2-5 per cent.
3-9
Appendix C.
351
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352
England's Recent Progress.
YARMOUTH with LOWESTOFT.
Popiiliition (Males).
Population
(Females)
£e$;istratiou
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census
., 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. ! 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1S91.
1891.
1901.
Yarmouth .
Mutford
21,791 22,208
14,763 16,076
22,208
16,076
22,955
20,658
24,449 26,526
15,707 18,947
26,526
18,947
27,749
22,680
36,554 38,284
38,284
43,613
40,156
45,473
45,473
50,429
The distr
ict includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Population.
Males. Females. i 1891.
■.'I
*Great Yarmouth (part of) (com-
merce, fishing)
Lowestoft (fishing) .
Eural parts
22,955
14,061
6,597
27,749 I 48,734
15,789 i 23,347
I
6,891 I 11,676
50,704
29,850
13,488
43,613
50,429
83,757
94,042
* Only a small fraction is outside this district.
The fishing interest in Lowestoft employed 1,312 men against 531 in
Yarmouth, hut of course much depends on the numher of men absent at
sea, and tlaus not enumerated. There is an important " pleasm-e " element
at each of these watering places, and consequently a large proportion of
residential population.
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, &c.,
and of persons on board merchant vessels varied as follows : —
In 1881 . .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
The influence of these figures on male population at certain ages must
have been considerable.
220 military, &3. .
. . 2 552 on board vessels
187
477
429
738
Appendix C.
363
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2 A
354
England's Becent Progress.
irswicH.
ropulalion (Males).
ropulatlou
(Females).
Resistr.itioii
i)isti'icts.
Census, 1S91.
Censiu
, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Censu.
, 1901.
1881.
1891.
li91.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Ipswich .
Woodbridge .
23,608
11,203
26,514
11,725
26,693
11,634
31,181
12,422
26,712
11,542
30,567
11,994
30,740
11,916
35,449
13,160
Retransfers "1
(deduct) ./
3i,811
38,239
38,327
88
38,239
43,603
305
43,298
38,254
42,561
42,656
95
48,609
320
42,561
48,289
The district includes
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
Ipswich (engineering, com-
merce, staymakiug)
* Woodbridge . . . .
Felixstowe (residential) .
Rural parts . . . .
31,181
2,1.35
2,702
7,585
35,449
2,505
3.113
7.542
57,433
4,480
3,507
15,563
1901.
66,630
4,640
5,815
15,127
43,603
48,609
80,983
92,212
* Urban district.
There is here a borough lunatic asylum, but irrespective of that there
is a county lunatic asylum in Woodbridge district, which in 1901 con-
tained 242 male and 323 female patients. The net addition to population
caused by this asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
284 males
345 „
305 females.
301 „
The military and persons on board vessels were enumerated as
follows : —
In 1881 . . 268 military ... 128 on board vessels.
„ 1891 . . 369 „ ... 166
„ 1901 . . 448 „ ... 155 „ „
Appendix G.
355
Pl,
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A 2
356
England^s Recent Progress.
NORTHAMPTON.
Populatiou (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistratiou
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census. 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1891.
1901.
ISSl.
1S91.
1891.
1901.
Northampton
Retransfers '
(add) . ./
31,520
38,734
38,705
29
42,924
39
32,724
40,583
40,551
32
46,431
42
38,734
42,963
40,583
40,473
The district includes :-
Boroughs, &c.
lOoi.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Northampton (part of) (bootmaking)
Rural parts ......
39,692
3,232
43,243
3,188
72,893
6,363
82.935
6,420
42,924
46,431
79,256
89,355
The portion of Northampton beyond the district is in Hardingstone
district, and lias 4,086 inhabitants on 382 acres, being therefore densely
peopled for a suburb.
There is a county lunatic asylum within the district which in 1901
contained 446 male and 444 female patients. The net addition to popula-
tion caused by this asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
485 males
544 „
436 females.
385
The military in this place were not numerous, viz. :-
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
108
185
181
The General Infirmary may probably attract patients from outside.
The ratios of deaths in this institution to total deaths were : — ■
Males.
Females.
In 1881-91 .
7'9 per cent.
4-3 per cent
„ 1891-01 .
• 8-1
4-9 „
Appendix C.
357
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358
EngknuVs Bcccnt Progress.
CHESTER
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kesistratlon
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1S91.
1
1891. ! 1901. ! 1881.
1891. 1891. 19U1.
Chester . . 39,211
Re transfers "|
(deduci) ./
40,717
i
40,865 42,982
148 1 152
40.150
41,995
42,163 45,190
168 162
i
40,717 42,830
41,995 1 45,028
The district includes : — •
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, I. rban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891. 1 1901.
Chester .....
18,121
20,188
37,105
38,-309
Hoole (railway service)
2,538
2,803
3,892
5,-341
Buckley (part of) . . .
1,314
1 , 140
2,192
2,4-54
Rural parts ....
21,009
21,059
39,839
42,068
42,982
45,190
83,028
88.172
There is no striking feature in the occupations of the people of Chester
and the same may be said of other old towns, against whoso names no
memorandum is placed.
This district contains a county lunatic asylum, which in 1901 had
451 male and 520 female patients. The net addition to population caused
by this asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
452 males
573 „
296 females.
558
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., were
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
344
240
235
The General Infirmary probably admits patients from outside the
district. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths were : — -
Males.
Females.
In 1881-91 .
. 4-7 per cent.
2-7 per cent
„ 1891-01 .
• 6-3
4-2
Appendix C.
359
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•■- 3
360
England's Recent Progress.
EXETER.
Population (JIales).
Population (Females).
E^gistration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
Exeter . .16,759
St. Thomas . 1 22,376
39,135
16,689 16,689
24,506 24,506
41,195 41,195
16,848
25,491
20,910
25,792
42,339 i 46,702
20,879 j 20,879
28,347 ! 28,847
20,870
29,881
49,226 49,226 ' 50,751
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Exeter
21,401
25,784
45,766
47,185
Heavitree (military, residential)
3,502
4,027
6,267
7,529
Exmouth (residential) .....
4,237
6,248
9,292
10,485
*Budleigh Salterton (residential) ....
694
1,189
1,775
1,883
Rural parts .......
12,505
13,503
27,321
26,008
42,339
50,751
90,421
93,090
Urban district.
The County lunatic asylum and Western Counties idiot asylum, both
situate in Kenton, aggregated in 1901, 679 male and 762 female patients.
The net addition to population caused by these asylums was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
500 males
597 „
458 females.
544
Irrespective of these, there is another lunatic asylum proper to the
Borough of Exeter.
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., were: —
In 1881 .
. 399
„ 1891 .
. 464
„ 1901 .
. 569
Appendix C.
361
t-
t-
<M
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362
England's Bcccnt Progress.
LINCOLN
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
34,230
1901.
Lincoln . . 32,273
33,039
33,039
36,634 32,239 34,2-30
j
38,036
The district includes :-
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Lincoln (engineering)
*Bracebridge ....
Bural parts ....
23,683
894
12,057
25,101
858
12,077
41,491
1,491
24,287
48,784
1,752
24,134
36,634
38,036
67,269
74,670
* I'rban district adjacent to Liiiculn.
This district contains the county lunatic asylum, which in 1901 had
366 male and 392 female patients. The net addition to population caused
by the asylum was : — •
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
542 males
511 „
440 females.
478
Appendix C.
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EnglamVs Bcccnt Progress.
READING.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistratiou
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1801.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1 1891.
1901.
Reading .
2'i,082 29,315 29,315
35,072
25,035 30,739 i 30,739
37,145
The district is conterminous with the County Borough of Reading.
Caversliam, on the otlier side of the Thames, may be deemed a dependency,
but it has not been thought expedient to enlarge the district. The chief
industry is biscuits, some of the makers of wliicli are found in Caversham.
The numbers of mihtary oflicers and men in barracks, &c., were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
nil.
204
285
Many deaths of persons from outside the town seem to occur in the
Eoyal Berks Hospital. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total
deaths were : —
Males.
Females.
In 1881-91 .
9 '3 per cent.
6-3 per cent
„ 1891-01 .
• 11-7
... 9-4 „
Appendix C
365
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306
England's Becent Progress.
COVENTRY.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Coventry .
*Retransfers )
(deduct) /
21,3G9
1
25,750 i 28,588
: 2,838
1
34,015
4,200
29,815
23,730
27,254
30,195
2,941
36,281
4,338
25,750
27,254 ! 31,943
Chiefly to Foleshill (Nuneaton group).
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Coventry (cycles, motors, watches)
Rural .....
33,870 36,102
139 ! 179
58,503
280
69,978
318
34,015 36,281
58,783
70,296
There might he a considerable difference in the result of the migrations
affecting this place if the whole of the suburbs could be included.
Appendix C.
367
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308
England's Recent Progress.
CARLISLE.
Registration
District.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females)
Census, 1S91. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl. 1S91. 1891. 1901. IsSl.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1 1
Carlisle . . 25,253 2G.200 26,200 29,G59 i 27,500
28,985
28,985
33,202
The district iucludes :-
Boroughs, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
19(11.
Carlisle (railway service, biscuits)
Eural parts ....
21,487
8,172
23,993
9,209
39,176
16,009
45,480
17,381
29.G59
33,202
55,185
62,861
This district includes the Cumherland and Westmorehind Lunatic
Asylum, which in 1901 contained 346 male and 327 female lunatics. The
net addition to population caused by the asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
349 males
315 „
283 females.
298 „
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., were
lu 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
213
135
197
The ratio of deaths in the Cumberland Infirmary to total deaths was : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Jfales.
4*7 per cent.
100
Females.
2-7 per cent.
3-9
The increase in such deaths must be taken into account when com-
paring the mortality in the two periods.
Appendix C.
369
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E)i gland's Beccnt Progress.
GLOUCESTEK.
Populatiou (Males).
Population (Females)
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Gloucester ,
22,676 24,486
24,486
28,169
24^,232
26,421 26,421
30,565
The district includes :-
Population.
Boroughs, ifec.
Males.
1901.
Gloucester (commerce, railway service,'! go /^QQ
engineering, carriages) . . . / " '
Rural parts .
5,081
41,303
9,604
47,955
10,779
28,169 1 30,565 50,907 58,734
This district includes two county lunatic asylums, at Wotton and
Barnwood, aggregating in 1901, 505 male and 579 female patients. The
net addition to population caused by these asylums was : — ■
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
661 males
634 „
649 females.
550 „
Persons on board vessels were enumerated as follows
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
203
216
91
Deaths in the General Infirmary were numerous. The ratios of deaths
in that institution to total deaths were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Males.
8 • 2 per cent.
i'eniales.
5-1 per cent.
5-0
Appendix G.
371
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372
^nglamVs Becent Progress,
OXFORD.
Population (Males). Population (Females).
kegisti^tion
Disti'ictsi
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891. 1S91. 1 1901. ISSl. ' 1891. ! 1S91. 1 1901.
Oxford
10.713 10,220
Headington . 13,426 i 15,586
10,705 10,724 11,473 11,593 12,119 12,172
15,586 1 17,152 15,297 i 19,021 j 19,021 i 21,463
24.139 25,806
Retransfers
(deduct)
.1
26,770 ; 30,614 ; 31,140 33,625
526 i 670
25.806 ' 27,271
30,614 32,955
The district includes :-
1901.
Popul
1891.
It ion.
Males.
Females.
1901.
♦Oxford (part of) . . .
Rural parts ....
21,799
6,077
27,483
6,142
45,664
11,767
49,282
12.219
27,876
33,625
57,431
61,501
* A veiy small fraction extends into Berks.
The Oxford and Berks County Lunatic Asj'lum and the Warneford
Asylum, both in Headington, contained in 1901, 288 male and 359 female
lunatics. The net addition to population caused by these asylums was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
245 males
343 „
266 females.
293
Military officers and men were enumerated in barracks, &c., as
follows : —
In 1881 . . .112
„ 1891 . . .127
„ 1901 . . .241
The Eadcliffe Infirmary seems to attract patients from outside the
city. The ratios of deaths in this institution to total deaths were : —
Males.
Females.
In 1881-91 .
8-9 per cent.
4-7 per cent.
„ 1891-01 .
. 11-5 „ • .
.. 7-4 „
Appendix C.
373
374
EnglamVs Recent Progress.
MAIDSTONE.
Population (ilales).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
18S1. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
Maidstone .
21,984 23,148
1
23,148 23.607 23,131 ' 24,904
24,904
25,179
The district includes :-
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, Ac.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Maidstone ....
Rural parts ....
15,868
7,739
17,648
7,831
32,145
15,907
33,516
15,570
23,607
25.479
48.052 49,086
This district includes a county lunatic asylum at Barming Heath, which
in 1901 contained 626 male and 734 female lunatics. The net addition to
population caused by the asylum was :^
In 1881-90
.. 1891-00
883 males
948 „
736 females.
690 „
Military officers and men were enumerated in barracks, &c., as
follows : —
In 1881 . . . .511
„ 1891 . . . .172
„ 1901 . . . .324
Appendix C.
375
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376
England's Bccent Progress.
WORCESTER
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
j fensus, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
18S1. j 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. ! 1891. 1901.
Worcester .
19,452 20,242
20,242 22,018
1
21,924
23,724 23,724 25,775
The district includes : —
Boroughs, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Worcester (engineering, gloves,
commerce)
Rural parts ....
china, 1
21,496
522
25,128
647
42,908
1,058
46,624
1,169
22,018
25,775
43,966
47,793
The General Infirmary perhaps attracts some patients from outside.
The ratios of deaths in this institution to total deaths were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Males. Females.
. 8-3 per cent. ... 4" 2 per cent.
. 8-8 „ ... 6-0
Appendix C.
377
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378
EnglamVs Recent Progress.
CA:^[BRIDaE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kefristration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Cambridgo .
16,521
16,926
16,926
17,169
18,842
20,057
20,057
21,210
The district includes nothing beyond the borough of Cambridge.
There is a recent overflow of population into Cherry Hinton (in Chesterton
district), but it is not deemed sufficient to warrant the inclusion of that
district in the Tables. No special industry distinguishes Cambridge from
ordinary trading towns.
Addenbrooke's Hospital evidently draws patients from exterior places.
The ratios of deaths in this institution to total deaths were : —
111 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Males.
14-7 i3or cent.
16-4
J'emales.
8 '6 per cent.
10-2
Appendix C.
379
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380
England's Recent Progress,
KING'S LYNN,
Population (ilales).
Population (Females).
Eesistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1801.
Census, 1901.
l.«Sl. 1 1S91.
1S91.
1901.
ISSl. 1891. 1891.
1901.
King's Lynn
Retransfors 1
9.130 8,971
8,912
10,190
10,07G 10,082
10.026
10,7G0
(add)
|_ .. .. 59
8,971 10,2i7
10,082 10,810
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
I'liil.
King's Lynn (commerce, railway! „ g <q
service) . . . . . f '
Ivural parts .... 342
10,440 18,360
320 1 578
20,288
662
10,190
10,760
18,938
20,950
Persons on board merchant vessels were counted as follows : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
235
95
161
The West Norfolk Hospital necessarily admits patients from outside the
district. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths were : —
Males.
Females.
In 1881-91 .
. 5-9 per cent.
2-6 per cent
„ 1891-01 .
. 7-7 „
4-1
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382
EnglamVs Recent Progress.
rORTSMUUTlI.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Rejristration
l»islricts.
Census
, 1891.
Ceusu
,, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1801.
19U1.
1881.
1891.
1891.
191)1.
Portsmouth .
62,417
76,554
76,554
91,069
65,605
82,724
82,724
97,06t
Alverstoke .
11,642
1.3,529
13,529
15,069
9,956
11,925
11,925
13,815
Fareham
8,306
9,484
9,484
10,582
8,517
9,582
9,582
10,594
Havant .
4,125
4,698
4,698
5,198
4,527
5,163
5,163
5, 9 JO
86,490
104,265
104 ,'265
121,918
88,605
109,394
109,394
127,463
The district includes :-
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
19U1.
Population.
:Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Portsmouth (military, shipbuild-j
ing, engineering, commerce) . /
91,069
97,064
159,278
188,133
Gosport (military)
15,069
13,815
25,454
28,884
Fareham (agriculture)
3,840
4,406
7,934
8,246
*Havant .....
1,8.32
2,005
3,561
3,837
*Warblington ....
1,603
2,0.36
2,840
3,639
Rural parts ....
8,505
8,137
14,592
16,642
121,918
127,463
213,659
249,381
Urban Jijtricts.
The wide district allotted to this place included, besides the borough
lunatic asylum, a county asylum at Fareham, which in 1901 contained
525 male and 574 female lunatics. The net addition to population caused
by this county asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
565 males
613 „
497 females
556
Military and naval officers and men, and persons on board merchant
vessels, were enumerated as follows : —
[n 1881
. military and naval 6,956 ,
. on board vessels 864
„ 1891
10,264 ..
246
„ 1901
12,576 ..
375
Appendix C.
383
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384
, England's liecent Progress,
PLYMOUTH.
Population (Males). Population (Females).
Resistration
BistriL-ts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
18S1.
1891.
1891.
1901. ISSl.
1891. 1891.
1901.
Plymouth .
East Stone-|
house . .)
Stoke \
Damerel . j
Plympton St. 1
Mary . ./
33,807
7,145
24,805
11,665
39,855 41,142
7,655 ! 7,655
28,595 i 29,184
12,762 10,464
50,535 40,056
7,870 ' 7,896
37,450 24,134
10,465 12,604
44,898 47,789
7,740 7,746
26,203 26,802
14,030 10,609
57,101
7,241
32,987
10,903
Eetransfers 1
(deduct) . /
77,422
88,367 1 88,445
.. ' 78
106,820 84,690
63 j ..
92,882 92,946
64
108,232
64
88,367
106,257
92,882
108,168
The district includes
Boroughs, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Plymouth (military, shipbuilding,
merce) ....
com-\
50,535
57,101
88,931
107,036
East Stonehouse (military) .
7,870
7,241
15,401
15,111
Devonport (military, shipbuilding)
37,450
82,987
55,986
70,437
Rural parts ....
10,465
10,903
21,073
21,368
106,320
108,232
181,891
214,552
Military and naval officers and men (in barracks, ships, Sec), and
persons on board merchant vessels, wei'e enumerated as follows : —
[n 1881 .
. 6,499 military and naval .
. 1,452 on board %essels
„ 1891 .
. 9,672
. 1,413
„ 1901 .
. 9,403
. 795
The Eoyal Naval Hospital and the South Devon and East Cornvrall
Hospital are within the district. The ratios of deaths in these institutions
to total deaths were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
JIales.
5-3 per cent.
6-3
Females.
. 0'9 per cent.
• 1-6 „
Appendix C.
385
.
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2 c
386
England's Beccnt Progress.
CHATHAM.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. ' 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Med way .
Strood .
32,107
14,671
39,441
18,675
39,441 , 51,966
18,675 ; 20,852
29,537 35,867
12,745 17,075
35,867
17,075
45,449
19,484
46,778
58,116 1 58,116 72,818
42,282 52,942
52,942
64,933
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Chatham (military, engineering, ship-"i
building) . . . . . i
19,475
17,582
81,657
37,057
Rochester (cement, engineering)
15,129
15,461
26.290
30,590
Gillingham (military) ....
23,874
18,656
27,809
42,530
Northfleet (cement) ....
6,614
6,292
11,717
12,906
Rural parts ......
7,726
6,942
13,585
14,668
72,818
64,933
111,058
137,751
Military and naval officers and men (in barracks, ships, &c.) and
persons on board merchant vessels were enumerated as follows : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
2,912 military and naval
4,875
8,199
1,666 on board vessels.
763
457
The variations in these figures necessarily influenced the movements
of male population at certain ages.
Appendix C.
y87
.
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3 c 2
388
England's Recent Progress.
COLCHESTER.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1S91.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl.
1S91.
1891. 1 1901.
1881. ' 1891.
1891.
1901.
f
Colchester .
13,922
1
17,525 17,525 19,579
14,452 17,034
17,034
18,794
The district includes only the Borough of Colchester. The chief
features are the military and the wholesale tailoring trade.
The military (officers and men) were enumerated as follows : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
1,865
2,940
3,222
The Essex and Colchester Hospital and Camp Hospital are within the
district. The ratios of deaths in these institutions to total deaths were : —
Males.
Females,
In 1881-91
. 9-7 per cent.
2-7 per cent
„ 1891-01
. 8-9
3-7
Appendix C.
389
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K)uita)i<Vs Bcccnt Progre.<>.<.
FAKNHAM
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
"^ill^"" ' census. 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901. ! 1881.
1891. 1891. 1901.
Farnham . 22,701
29,032
29,032
35,371 17,694
20,814 20,814 27,087
The district includes : ■
Urban Districts, <fcc.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Aldershot (military) ....
20,019
10,955
25,595
30,974
Frimley (military). ....
4,164
4,245
5,295
8,409
Fainbam ......
2,927
3,197
5,545
6,124
Rural parts ......
8,261
8,690
13,411
16,951
35,371
27,087
49,846
62,458
The miUtary (officers and men) in camp, &c., were enumerated as
follows : —
In 1881 7,301
,, 1891 10,0.39
„ 1901 11,476
The successive arrival and departure of troops must have largely
influenced the movement of male population at several ages.
Appendix G.
S91
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392
i^ngland's Recent Progress.
FOLKESTONE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891. 1901.
1831. 1S91.
1891. 1 1901.
Elham
16,290
19,420
19,420 25,100
17,580
21,508
21,508 27,034
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901
Populat
ion.
Males.
Females.
1891. 1
1901.
Folkestone (residential)
12,989
17,661
23,905 1
30,650
*Sandgate
989 ;
1,034
1,562
2,023
Cheriton (military) ....
5,036
2,055
4,395
7,091
Hythe (military)
2,696
2,861
4,347
5,557
Rural parts ......
3.390
8,423
6,719
6,813
25.100
27,034
40.928 '
52,134
Urban district.
The numbers of military officers and men enumerated in camp, &c., at
successive Censuses were : —
In 1881 .
. 1,302
„ 1891 .
. 2,150
„ 1901 .
. 3,679
Folkestone itself is not a military place, and it would be very much
better if its mortality and migrations could be separately shown, under
the head of " Eesidential places." But it will be seen that the increase
of the military element has greatly modified the migrations of males
within the district.
Appendix C.
393
1
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894
EnglantVs Recent Progress.
DOVER
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891. i Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891. 1901.
1881.- 1891.
1891. 1901.
Dover
17.997
20.200 20,200 25,005
1S,81G 20.2CG 20,2GG 23,937
The district includes : —
Boroughs, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Dover (military, seamen) .
Rural parts ....
21,213
3,792
20,581
8,356
33,503
6,963
41,794
7,148
25.005
23,937
40,466
48,942
The numbers of miUtary officers and men enumerated in barracks, &c.,
and of persons on board merchant vessels ^vere at successive Censuses as
follows : —
In 1881 .
. 1,628 military .
305 on board vessels
„ 1891 .
. 2,5.39
3G5
„ 1901 .
. 2,994
• 1,014
Appendix C.
395
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396
EnglancVs Recent Progress.
WEY'MOUTH
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration ! censM<i 18Q1
District. Census, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81.
1891.
1891
1901.
1881. 1 1891.
1891. 1901.
Weymouth . 16,565
Retransfers \
(add) . ./ •■
16,547
16,527
20
23,566
14
15,457
16,082
16,063
19
19,360
14
16,547
23,580
16,082
19,374
The district includes
Borouglis, Uilian Districts, Ac.
1001.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Weymouth (residential)
8,895
10,948
16,100
19,843
Portland (military) ....
10,780
4,419
9,443
15,199
Rural parts ......
3,891
3,993
7,047
7,884
23,566
19,360
32,590
42,926
The numbers of military and naval officers and men enumerated in
barracks, ships, &c., and of persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881 . . . 1,397 military and naval ... 409 on board vessels.
„ 1891 . . . 1,815 „ „ ... 171
„ 1901 . . . 5,110 „ „ ... 296
The movements of the military must have affected the gain and loss of
male inhabitants at certain ages to a very great extent.
Appendix C.
397
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398
England's Recent Progress.
WINDSOR.
Population (ilales).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1 1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Windsor .
Retransfers \
(add). ./
15,882
17,061
16,795
266
19,527
254
16,110
18,601
18,318
283
20,772
254
17,061
19,781
18,601
21,026
The district includes
Boroughs, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Windsor (New) (military)
Rural parts . . . . .
7,106
12,421
7,024
13,748
12,397
22,716
14,130
26,169
19,527
20.772
35,113
40,299
The rural parishes of Egham, Sunninghill and Clewer Without are
rather densely peopled and have a residential character.
The town of "Windsor ought to include Eton on the other side of the
bridge, but this happens to be in a different county group.
The numbers of military officers and men enumerated in barracks, &c.,
and of lunatics in asjdums varied thus : —
In 1881 .
952 military .
— male lunatics .
— female lunatics
„ 1891 .
. 796
■ 147
. 167
„ 1901 .
. 1,484
. 149
. 186
In 1881-91 there would probably have been a considerable loss of young
men aged 18-30 but for mihtary movements, which almost neutralised the
effect of migrations.
Appendix C.
399
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SALISBURY
Ecjiistration
DistrictpS.
Poimliilion (.Males).
Population (females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1831.
Census, 19J1.
1881. 1 1S91.
1
1391. ' 1901.
ISSl. 1891.
1
1891. ! 1901.
Salisbury
Amesbury
13,054 j 13,181
3,838 3,502
13,181 1 13,978
3,502 4,944
14,467 15,246 15,246 j 15,999
3,721 3,376 3,376 \ 3,324
16.892 16,683 16,683 18,922 i 18,188 18,622 , 18,622 ; 19,323
The district includes
Boroughs, &c.
19 1.
P.
pulat
oil.
Males.
Females.
1891.
'.
1901.
Salisbury (railway service *)
Rural parts ....
1
7,685
11,237
9,432
9,891
15,5.33
19,772
1
17,117
21,128
18,922
19,323
35,305
38,245
* The excess of railway servants in Salisbury over the ordinary ratio only amounts to 6-0 per cent.
of the working males : the place is really residential.
This has been classed with military districts because of the mihtary
camp established at Bulford between 1891 and 1901, but it might have,
with at least equal propriety, been classed as " miscellaneous."
Fisherton House Lunatic Asylum, in this district, has all the importance
of a county institution, and in 1901 contained 253 male and 199 female
lunatics. The net addition to population caused by the asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
253 males
278 ,,
The numbers of military varied as follows :-
In 1881 . . . .
„ 1891 . . . .
„ 1901 . . . ,
.393 females.
120 „
nil.
605
The General Infirmary probably admits patients from outside the
district. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths were : —
Males.
Females.
n 1881-91 .
. 7-4 per cent.
4-3 per cent
„ 1891-01 .
• 8-8 „
4-3 „
Appendix C.
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Enr/houVs Recent rrogress.
ALDERSHOT NORTH.
Population (Males). Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901. Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891. 1891. 1901. 1 1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Hartley Wintney . .
1 1 ;
12,008 13,417 13,417 16,753 9,318
1
11,104 11.104
13.760
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males. Females.
1891. 1 1901.
Famborough (military) ....
Rural parts ......
1
7,298 i 4,202
1
9,455 1 9,558
8,071 11,500
16,450 19,013
16,753 ) 13,760
24,521 30,513
The numhers of miHtary officers and men enumerated in camps, &c.
varied as under : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
2,840
3,116
4,389
Workhouse schools and an industrial school for boys contained : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
96 boys ... 71 girls.
72 „ ... 51 „
193 „ ... 77 „
Appendix C.
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404
E?igla7id's Fccent Progress.
DEAL.
Kegistratiou
DiBtrict.
I'opulation (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Eastry . . 14,143 ' 14,370
14,370
15,738
13,931
14,662
14,662
15,795
The district includes : —
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Deal (residential)
Walmer (military)
*Sandwioh
Rural parts
4,850
3,032
1,607
6,249
15.738
5,731
2,216
1,563
6,285
8,891
4,565
2,796
12,780
10,581
5,248
3,170
12,534
15,795
29,032
31,533
L'rbau distiict.
The numbers of military or rather marines (officers and men]
enumerated in the depot and hospital varied as follows : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
1,400
1,166
1,585
Appendix C.
405
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400
England's Recent Progress.
SHEEENESS
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1831. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891. 1891.
1901.
1881. ! 1891.
i
1891. 1901.
Sheppey .
9,917 10.070 ' 10,070
13,180
8,2S7 8,. 537
8,537 9,095
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Distrii:ts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Sheerness (military]
*'Queenborough
Rural parts
10,933
840
1,407
7,246
704
1,145
13,180
9,095
22,275
I'rlmn district.
The numbers of miUtary and naval officers and men enumerated in
ships, barracks, &c., and of persons found on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881 .
. 1,222 military and naval
426 on board vessels
„ 1891 .
■ 1,494
290
„ 1901 .
• 3,576
213
Appendix C.
407
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EnglaucVs Becent Progress.
GODSTONE
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census
1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1 1S91.
1891. 1901.
Godstone . .
Eetransfers 1
(deduct) . j
9,295
9,4G2
11,004
1,542
13,946
1,820
8,397
9,451
11,043 13,918
1,592 1,853
9,462
12,126
9,451 12,065
The district includes
Urban Districts, <t'c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Caterham (military)
4,909
4,577
7,298
9,486
♦Warlingham ....
1,275
1,298
1.488
2,573
Rural parts ....
7,762
8.043
13,261
15,805
13,946
13.918
22,047
27,864
A rural parish, with rapidly increasing population.
This district includes a Metropolitan asylum for imbeciles at Caterham,
which in 1901 contained 885 male and 1,041 female patients. The net
additions to population caused by admissions in excess of discharges from
the asylum were : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
798 males
663 „
720 females.
805
Tho numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., varied as
follows : —
In 1881 .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
425
569
1,062
Appendix C.
409
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410
EnglamVa Recent Progresn.
ST. GERMAN'S (near PLYMOUTH).
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Ee-iistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901. |
1
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
St. German's
7.775 8,697 8,697
11,468 '
8,955
9,137
9,1.37
9,679
The district includes
Boroughs, Trban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
*Saltash
tMaker (naval) ....
fMillbrook (naval)
Rural parts ....
1,646
1,695
1,976
6,151
1,711
579
1,022
6,367
2,745
1,328
2,116
11,645
3,357
2,274
2,998
12,518
11,468 9,679 ' 17,834
21,147
I iban district.
t Uinal parishes.
The military (or rather naval) character of the district results from its
proximity to the Hamoaze, where there are usually many ships of war and
training ships. The district might perhaps be grouped with Plymouth.
The numbers of naval and mihtary officers and men in ships, forts, &c.,
varied as follows : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
117
579
2,495
An industrial school ship contained the following numbers of boys :-
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
191
198
199
Appendix C.
411
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412
EnglamV^ Bcce/if Prof/ress
CANTERBURY.
1
Population
(Males).
Population
(Females)
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
ISSl. 1 1891. 1
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Canterbury .
Retransfers )
(deduct) . l"
8,47G ^ 9,132
9,218 10,193
1
8G 177
8,584
8.989
9,091
102
9, Gil
209
9.132 10,016
8,989
9,402
The district includes the major part of the City of Canterbury, the
residue being in the districts of Bridge and Blean. The proportion of
mihtary men is high, but in other respects the city is not remarkable.
The numbers of mihtary officers and men enumerated in barracks, &c.,
were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
1,168
1,507
2,045
The Kent and Canterbury Hospital is an important institution, which,
of course, admits patients from outside the district. The ratios of deaths
in that hospital to total deaths were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Males.
19-0 per cent.
17-8
Females.
12*G per cent.
11-8
Appendix C.
413
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England's Beccnf Progress.
^y X T F () in ) .
Kejristration
Districts.
Population (Males').
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
18S1.
Watford .
St. Albans
15,055
10.963
18,676
Census, 1901.
1891.
1901.
Census, 1891.
1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
18,676 25,823 16,273 20,238 20,238 . 28.113
12,696 12,696 15,269 12,333 14,176 14,176 , 17,739
•-'(^^Ol-^ 31,372 31,372 41,092 28,606 34,414 34,414 I 45,852
The district includes
Population.
Boroughs, Urbau Districts, &i
Watford (railway service)
Rickmansworth (paper)
St. Albans (straw hats) .
*Harpenden .
Rural parts .
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
14,188
15,139
17,063
29.327
2,727
2,900
4,769
5,627
7,197
8,822
12,898
16,019
2,102
2,623
3,603
4,725
14,878
16,368
27,453
31,246
41,092
45,852
65,786
86,944
Urban district.
This district includes the Leavesden (Metropolitan) Asylum for
Imbeciles, which in 1901 contained 817 male and 957 female inmates
(patients). The net addition to population caused hy this asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
758 males
1,121 „
857 females.
894 „
The proportion of railway servants in Watford in excess of the ordinary
ratio only equalled 7 • per cent, on the working males ; the place is really
residential. Similarly, St. Albans is a residential place, where only 5*0
per cent, of the working males are in the straw hat trade.
Workhouse schools belonging to St. Pancras contained : —
In 1881 .
, 326 boys .
.. 261 girls
„ 1891 .
. 377 „ .
. 255 „
„ 1901 .
. 322 „ .
. 223 „
Appendix C.
415
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416
England's Beccnt Progress.
MORECAMBE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
Disti-ict. (
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. ! 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. ' 1891.
1891.
1901.
Lancaster . 20,269 25,593 25.555 32,705 20,580 26,431 26,412 34,680
38 j 50 .. .. 19 j 27
25,593 I 32,755 .. .. i 26,431 34,707
Retransfers i
(add) . . I
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
l:)Ol.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91. : 1901.
Lancaster
. : 19,746
20,583
33,254
40,329
Morecambe (residential) .
5,184
6,614
6.500
11,798
*Heysham
1,841
1,540
766
3,381
*Camforth
1,487
1,553
2,680
3,040
Rural parts
4,447
4,390
8,767
8,837
32,705
34,680
51,967
67,365
* Urban district
s.
This district has been classed with the residential places, but might
more correctly be treated as " Miscellaneous." Lancaster itself has a
manufacture of floor cloth, with considerable numbers employed in
engineering, carriage building, and chemicals. But a very large part of
the increase of population has occurred in Morecambe, and such increase
is, therefore, tinged with the characteristics common to residential places.
This district includes the county lunatic asylum (Lancaster Moor),
which in 1901 contained 609 male and 1,391 female lunatics, also the
Eoyal Albert Asylum for idiots, with, in 1901, 387 male and 191 female
patients. The net addition to population caused by these two institutions
was : —
In 1881-90 . . . 1.261 males ... 1,095 females.
„ 1891-00 . . . 481 „ ... 1,375 „
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881 . . 152 militarv ... 73 on board vessels.
„ 1891 . . 220 „ ' ... 96
„ 1901 . . 205 „ ... 136
Appendix d
417
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418
England's Becent Progress.
GUILDFORD.
Population (Males)
Population
(Females).
Registration.
District.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. I 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Guildford ....
Pietransfers (add)
21,175
25,068 21,603
465
30,372
379
21,591
26,608
26,. 322
286
31,750
225
25,068
30,751
26,608
31,975
The district includes
Boroughs, I'rban Districts, &c.
1901
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Guildford (railway service *) .
. ' 7,342
8,596
14,316
15,938
Godalming (leather f) .
4,287 ,
4,461
8,117
8,748
WokiDg (military) ....
8,202 :
8,042
9,786
16,244
Rural parts .....
10,541
10,651
18,706
21,192
30,372
81,750
50,925
62,122
* The excess of railway servants over the ordinary tjuota only equalled 6-2 per cent, on working;
males : the place is really residential.
t Leather employed but IU'5 per cent, of the working males.
This district contains Brookwood County Lunatic Asylum, with, in
1901, 433 male and 621 female lunatics. The net addition to population
caused by the asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
45S males
564 „
466 females.
540 „
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, kc, were:
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
. 433
232
. 1,125
The county hospital of course admits many patients from outside
the district. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths
were : —
In 1881-91
„ 1891-01
Males.
10-5 per cent.
6-1
Females.
5 "2 per cent.
4-8
Appendix C.
419
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420
England^ s Beceni Progress,
LEAMINGTON
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
Warwick
23,663 23,963
23,963
24,097
29,211
30,406 30,406
30,809
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
;Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Leamington (residential) .
10,606
16,282
26,930
26,888
Warwick (engineering *) .
5,702
6,187
11,903
11,889
Kenilwortti f • . . .
1,995
2,549
4,173
4,544
Rural parts ....
5,794
5,791
11,363
11,585
24,097
80,809
54,369
54,906
* Onlj'8-0 per cent, of the working males in Warwick were engaged in engineering, and the place
may be deemed an ordinary trading town.
f Urban district.
This district includes a county lunatic asylum, which in 1901 contained
382 male and 584 female lunatics. The net addition to population caused
by the asylum was : — ■
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
361 males
539 „
287 females.
030
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., were : —
In 1881 .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
94
251
292
I
Appendix C.
421
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42-2
England's Recent Progress.
UXB RIDGE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Eegistration
JJistrict.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. I 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Uxbridge
Eetransfers ]
(deduct) . )'
13,519 14,690
14,835
145
14,690
18,738
315
18,423
13,995
15,582
15,706
124
15,582
20,265
386
19,879
The district includes : —
t'rban Districts, Ac.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891. 1 1901.
Uxbridge .....
Southall Norwood (railway service)
Rural parts .....
4,102
6,262
8,374
4,483
6,938
8,844
8,206 8,585
7,896 ' 13,200
14,439 ; 17,218
18,738
20,265
30,541 39,003
This district includes Hanwell Lunatic Asylum (London County) with,
in 1901, 943 male and 1,610 female inmates (lunatics). The net addition
to population caused by the asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
587 males
1,108 „
684 females.
1,370 „
There is also a workhouse school and a small industrial school for
Jews, the scholars numbeiing : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
258 boys
185 girls
169 „
137 „
229 „
171 „
Appendix C.
423
m
«
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424
England's Beccnt Progress.
RHYL.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Fifj:istration
District.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. Census, 1931.
1881. 1891. 1 1891. 1901.
.1881.
1891.. i 1891.
1901.
St. Asaph .
13,935 13,538 13,538 14,565
1 1
15,523 ' 15,416 ' 15,416
16,481
The district includes :-
Urban Districts, Ac.
Males.
Females.
Population.
*Rhyl (residential) .
3,701
4,772
6,491
8,473
*Abergele .....
950
1 , 183
1,981
2,083
*Prestatyn ....
568
693
647
1,261
*Denbigh (part ofl .
2,877
3,286
6.U79
6,163
Rural parts ....
0,469
6,597
13,756
13,066
14,565
16,481
28,954
31,046
T'rban districts.
This district contains the North Wales Counties Lunatic Asylum, with,
in 1901, 294 male and 352 female inmates (lunatics). The net addition to
population caused hy the asylum was :^
111 1881-90
„ 1891-00
.334 males
336 „
273 females
366
Appendix C.
425
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426
England's Becent Progress.
MALVEEN,
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Upton-on- (
Severn . t'
*Retransfers \
(deduct) ./
10,672 1 10,431
12,067
1,636
12,887
2,048
12,562
13,035
15,164
2,129
16,429
2,766
10,431
10,839
13,035
13,663
* Malvern Link, taken from Martley district in 1900.
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, &c.
1903.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Malvern (part of) (residential) .
Rural parts ....
6,148
6,739
12,887
8,895
7,534
12,989
14,242
15,043
14,273
16,429
27,231
29,316
The above-mentioned part of Malvern includes Malvern Link. The
small remainder of Malvern is in Ledbury (Herefordshire).
There is a county lunatic asylum, containing in 1901, 524 male and
638 female lunatics. The net addition to population caused by the asylum
was
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
505 males
583 „
429 females.
528 „
Appendix C.
4:'ll
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3
428
England's Bcccnt Progress.
BRIGHTON
Kejristratiou
Distiitts.
I'upulalion (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1891. 1 1901. 1881. 1S91.
1891. 1901.
Brighton
Steyuiug
43,418 44,950
22,091 26,553
44,950 45,013
26,553 34,272
55,673 57,766
26,998 35,204
57,766
35,204
57,307
46,517
65,509 ! 71,503
71,503 79,285
82,671 92,970
92,970
103,824
The district includes
lOUl.
Population.
3Jales.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Brighton (residential)
54,210
69,268
115,873
123,478
Hove (residential) .
13,549
22,986
28,335
36,535
Portslade (agriculture, gasworks)
2,625
2,592
4,097
5,217
*Southwick ....
1,696
1,668
2,564
3,364
Rural parts ....
7,205
7,310
13,604
14,515
79,285
103,824
164,473
183,109
* I'rban district.
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
[n 1881 .
. 54 military .
. 154 on board vessels
„ 1891 .
. 361
. 153
„ 1901 .
. 370
.. 96 „ „
Appendix C,
429
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430
E?} gland's Eecent Progress.
SOUTHPORT.
Population (Males).
Population (females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1£91.
1891.
1901.
Ormskirk .
38,380
44,573
44,573
48,315
44,832 54,634
54,6.34
60,279
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Southport (residential)
19,849
28,234
41,415
48,083
Birkdale (residential)
5,662
8,535
12,387
14,197
Lathom (agriculture)
3,549
3,564
6,798
7,113
Skelmersdale (colliery)
2,986
2,713
6,627
5,699
Ormskirk .....
3,325
3,532
6,298
6,857
Rural parts ....
12,944
13,701
25,682
26,645
48,315
60,279
99,207
108,594
Appendix C.
431
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1891.
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Ungland^s Recent Progress,
BLACKPOOL.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1831.
1891.
1891. 1 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
30,648
1901.
Fylde . . .
19,318 25,G69
•
2.5,669 48.035
21.592 30,648
50.662
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
23,846
1901.
Blackpool (resideutial)
20,945
26,403
47,-348
St. Anne's-oii-tbe-Sea (resideutial)
2 . 824
4.014
2,588
0,8.38
Lytham (resideutial) .
2.951
4,2.34
4,656
7,185
*Kirkham .....
1,763
1,930
4,003
3,693
*Poulton-le-Fylde
990
1,233
1,412
2,223
*Thornton .....
1,639
1,469
996
3,108
Fleetwood (seamen) .
6,359
5,723
9,274
12,082
Eural parts ....
5,564
5.6.56
9,542
11,220
43,035
50,662
56,317
93,697
Urban districts.
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
[n 1881
. 166 military .
. 245 on board vessels
„ 1891
41
.. 241
„ 1901
. 288
■ 220
Appendix C.
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2 F
434
EngIa)i(Vs Becent Progress.
HASTINGS.
Registration
Districts.
Hastings
Battle .
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
! 1881. ' 1891.
1811. 1 1901.
1881. ' 1891.
1891. 1901.
21,208 26,294 26,259 27,023 ; 23,921 37,172 j 37,14-4 38,533
7,271 8,489 8,524 10,997 7,081 8,722 [ 8,750 ^ 12,940
23.479 34,783 34,783 38,020 '• 36,002 45,894 : 45,894 ' 51,473
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Population.
Females.
I ihan district.
1931.
Hastings (residential)
26,948
38,580
63,072
65,528
Bexhill (residential)
5,152
7,061
5,206
12,213
*Battle
1,469
1,527
3,153
2,996
Eural parts ....
4,451
4,305
9,246
8,756
88,020
51,473
80,677
89,493
Appendix C.
435
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Snghncts Eecent Progress^
BATH.
Eegistration
District.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1
Bath . . 30,129 , 32,2G4
.32,2G4
33,084
40,615
42,932
42,932
44,520
The district includes : —
iBoroughs, I'rbau Districts, A-c.
Bath (residential)
Twerton (rural)
Eural parts
1
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
20,194
29,645
51,844
49.839
5,.3G2
5.736
7,685
11,098
7,528
' 9,1.39
15,667
16,667
33,084
44 , 520
75 , 196
77,604
There seems to he an overflow of Bath into Weston (as well as
Twerton) which is chiefly responsible for the remarkable excess of females
in the "rural" parts. But the whole area of growth of the city is within
the district.
The Royal United Hospital probably admits patients from outside the
district. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths were : — ■
Males.
Females.
1881-91 .
8-5 per cent.
4-8 per cent
1891 -01
. 10-0 „ „
... 5-6 „ „
Appendix C.
437
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THANET.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1
1891. ! 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891. 1901.
Tbanet . .
23,499
25,516
25,516 30,587
i
27,322 32,834
i
32,334 37,874
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Margate (residential)
10,091
13,027
18,662
23,118
Eamsgate (residential)
12,411
15,322
24,733
27,733
Broadstairs (residential) .
2,761
3,705
5,234
6,466
*Westgate-on-Sea
1.182
1,556
1,847
2,738
Rural parts ....
4,142
4,264
7,374
8,406
30,587
37,874
57,850
68,461
A rural parish with rapidly increasing population.
The numbers of persons found on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
797
167
170
Appendix C.
439
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England's Bcccnt Progress.
SCARBOROUGH
Segistration
District.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census,
1891.
Census,
1901.
Census,
1891.
Census,
1901.
1881. '
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. !
1901.
Scarborough. 20,009 20,554 20,554 22,539 23,256 25,495 25,495 28,571
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Scarborough (residential)
16,123
22,038
33,776
38,161
*Filey
1,368
1,635
2,481
3,003
Rural parts .....
5,048
4,898
9,792
9,946
22,539
28,571
46,049
51,110
Urban district.
The numbers of mihtary officers and men in barracks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881 .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
3 military ... 257 on board vessels.
73 ,, ... 55 ,, ,,
174 „ ... 51
r
Appendix C.
441
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442
England's Bcccnt Progress.
HAKROGATE.
Population (Males)
Population
(Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Knaresborongh . .' 10,440 12,061
12,061
18,047 12,195
15,097
15,097
22,457
The district includes : — ■
Urban Districts, &c.
Harrogate (residential) .
*Knaresborough
Rural parts .
Population.
2,317
3,707
18,047
Females.
12,023 16,400 : 16,316
2,662
3,395
4,649
6,193
28,423
4,979
7,102
22,457 27,158
40,504
Urban district.
Appendix C.
443
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444
England's Becent Progress.
LLANDUDNO.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kepistratioii
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
Conway .
8,731 11,152
11,152
15,361
9,630 13,416
13,116 18,667
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
I rban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Llandudno (residential) .
3,903
5,376
7,318
9,279
*Conway .....
2,205
2,176
3,412
4,681
tColwyn Bay (residential) .
3,599
5,090
4,754
8,689
*Penniaemnawr
1,717
1,786
2,710
3,503
Rural parts ....
3,910
3,939
6,314
7,879
15,364
18,667
24,568
34,031
* Urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants,
t Xo abstract of occupations in Census Table.
Appendix C^
445
«5 CO en o
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S
446
England's Recent Progress.
ISLE OF WIGHT.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
Isle of Wight
3i,932 36,482
36,482
37,803
88,701 ' 42,190
42,190 44,615
The district includes : —
Boroughs, I'rban Districts, &c.
Males. Females.
Pu^nilation.
1891.
1901.
Hyde (residential) .
*St. Helens
Cowes (seamen, shipbuilding
engineering)
*East Cowes
Newport (military) .
Sandown (residential)
*Shanldin
Yentnor (residential)
Rural parts
4,499
2,007
4,055
0,544
2,045
4,597
37,808
44,615
10,952
4,484
7,690
78,672
11,043
4,052
8,652
1,540
1,656
2,934
3,196
5,111
5,800
10,216
10,911
2,069
2,937
4,691
5,006
1,7G1
2,772
3,921
4,5.33
2,402
3,464
6,566
5,866
l4,859
14,200
27,218
28,559
82,418
rrlian districts w ith less than 50UU inhabitants.
The numbers of miUtary officers and men in barracks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881
,, 1891
„ 1901
848 military
907
735
003 on board vessels.
258
270
Appendix C.
447
448
BnglancCs Becent Progress,
BOURNEMOUTH.
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81. 1891. 1 1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Christchurch
Retransters )
(deduct) . /
12,419 ' 22,849 23,013 27.707
104 189
i
22,849 27,518
17,036
31,308
31,516
148
41,033
191
81,368 ! 41,442
The district iDcludes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Population.
Bournemouth (residential)
Winton (residential)
*Pokesdown .
*Cliristchurch
Rural parts .
17,350 29,653
3,246 3,473
2,068 ! 2,862
2,035 I 2,169
37,785 I 47,003
4,493 0,719
3.008
3.476
2,239
3,994
6,018
27,707 41,033 54,529
4,930
4.204
6,484
69,340
* I'rban districts with less than 5000 Inhabitants.
Besides Winton and Pokesdowu it would be fair to include Branksome
in the neighbouring district of Poole amongst the dependencies of
Bournemouth.
Appendix C.
449
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450
England's Recent Progress.
WOKTHING
Kegisti-ation
District.
Population (iMales).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Kast Preston
12,264
14,538
14,538
17,211
14,100
17,856
17.856
21,715
The district includes : —
Boroughs Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Population.
1891.
Worthing (residential)
8,097
11,918
16,606
20,015
Littlehamptou (residential)
3,. 348
4,015
5,772
7,363
* Arundel .....
1,324
1.415
2,644
2,739
Rural parts ....
4,442
4,367
7,372
8,809
17,211
21,715
32,394
38,926
* Irban district with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Appendix C.
451
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2 o 2
452
England's Recent Progress.
TORQUAY, &c
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistiation
Districts.
Census
, 1891. Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
1901.
1S81. i 1S91. ' 1891. 1901. 1S81.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Newton Abbot
Totnes . .
Retransfers i
(add) . . /
32,965 ' 34,358 34,358 .34,378 42,107
17.325 19,162 19,084 19,292 19,269
45,138
21,270
45.138
21,206
45,934
22,153
50,290
53,520 53,442 53,670
78 63
1
61,376 66,408
1
66,344 1 68,087
64 j 64
53,520 53,733
..
66.408 ! 68,151
The district includes :-
I'ji
1.
Pupulatioii.
' Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Torquay (residential) .... 13,339 |
20,286
33,825
33,625
Teignmoutli (seamen) .
3,531 !
5,105
! 8,292
8,636
*Davvlish ....
1,576
2,427
4,210
4,003
Newton Abbot (railway service)
5,733 i
6,784
11,031
12,517
*Asliburton ....
1,204 ,
1,424
2,762
2,628
Paignton (residential) .
3,512 '
4,873
6,783
8,385
Brixham (fisbing)
3,691 1
4,401
7,978
8,092
Dartmoutb (military, seamen)
3,395 '
3,184
1 6,025
6,679
*Totnes ....
1,772
2,263
4,113
4,035
*Buckfastleigh
1 , 183 ;
1,337
, 2,691
2,520
Rural parts ......
14,734 1
16,003
32,076
30,737
53.670 '
08.087
119,780
121,757
Urban districts with less than oOUU inhabitants.
It should be noted that in Teignmouth and Newton Abbot, as well as
in Dawlish, there is a large residential element.
The numbers of military officers and men in Imrracks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : -
In 1881 .
. 126 military .
. 313 on board vessels
„ 1891 .
• 29
• 339
„ 1901 .
. 450
. 282
Appe}idic G.
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EnglancVa Becent Progress
TUNBRIDGE.
Registration
District.
Tonbridge .
Retransfers (deduct)
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891. I 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
23,675 26,682 26,902 30,095 27,832 31,678 31,892 36,708
.. ! .. I 220 160 .. I .. ' 214' 168
26,682 29,935
31,678 36,540
The district includes
1901
Population.
Males. 1
Females.
1891.
1901.
Tanbridge Wells (part) (residential)
1
13,035 '
18,514
27,675
31.549
Southborough (residential)
3,145
3,832
5,409
6,977
Tonbridge (railway service)
6,207
6,529
10,117
12,736
Rural parts ......
7,708
7,8.33
15,593
15,541
80,095
36,708
58,794
66,803
The other part of Tunbridge Wells extends into Sussex, and is of small
importance.
The railway service in excess of the ordinary ratio only employs 8-5
per cent, of the working males in Tonbridge, which in effect is an ordinary
trading town.
">.
Appendix C.
455
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456
EnglaucVfi liecent Progress.
BEDFORD.
Population
(Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1S91.
Censius, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 19'jl.
1881.
1891.
1891. 19ni.
1881. 1 1891.
1891. 1901.
Bedford . .
20.866
24,114
24,114 26,-526
22,-568 27,338
27.338 31.160
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Populat
on.
Males.
Female.s.
1S91.
1901.
Bedford (residential, engiueeriug)
*Kempston ....
Rural parts ....
1.5,199
2.446
8,881
19.945
2,283
8.932
28,023
3,989
19.440
35.144
4,729
17.813
26.-526
31 . 160
51 , 452
.57.686
* lvl)an district ailjuining Bedford, containing l)arrack.'j
Tlie numbers of military officers and men in barracks, Sec, were : — •
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
290
295
175
The General Infirmary possibly admits patients from outside the
district. The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths were : —
Males.
Females.
n 1881-91
. 6-0 per cent.
3-2 per fent
„ 1891-01
• fi"9
3-6
Ap'pendix C.
457
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458
England's Beccnt Progress.
SOUTHEND
Population (Males). Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81.
1891. ! 1S91. 1 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891. 1901.
Rochford
12,696
15,029 15,029 24,661 11,710 I 15,242
15,242 1 26,509
The district includes :
Urban Districts, &c.
Population.
Southend (residential) .
"Leigh-on-Sea (residential)
"Shoeburyness
Rural parts .
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
12,915
15,942
13,242
28,857
1,790
1,877
2,108
3,667
2,286
1,795
2,990
4,081
7,670
6,895
11,931
14,565
24,661 26,509
30,271
51,170
Urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants. Shoeburyness contained the School of Gunnery,
with 724 officers and men.
The numbers of military officers and men in baiTacks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were as under : —
In 1881
466 military .
. 697 on board vessels
„ 1891
620
■ 131
„ 1901
732
• 168
Appendix C.
459
i60
.i^/if/himrs llrnnt J^ivi/rrss.
CHELTENHAM.
Populatior
(Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. Census, 1901.
1S81. 1891.
1891. 1901.
1881. 1891. ' 1891. 1901.
Cheltenham.
2.3,397 22.714
22.714 24,155
32.210 32.072 82,072 33,727
The district includes :
Population.
Boroushs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Cheltenham (residential) .
20,267
29.172
47 , 121
49,439
*Charlton Kings . '.
1,710
2,096
2,995
3.806
Rural parts ....
2,178
2,459
4,670
4,637
24.1.55
33.727
54.786
57.SS2
* L'rbaii district with less than 50UO inliabitants, adjacent to Cheltenham.
The General Hospital possibly admits patients from outside the district.
The ratios of deaths in that institution to total deaths were : —
Male.s.
Females.
In 1881-91
. 4-4 per cent.
3-1 per cent
„ 1891-01
■ 7-5
4-0
Ajjpendix C.
461
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402
England's Ecccnt Progress.
CLACTON AND HARAVICH
Population (Males).
i
^'opulation (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
18«1.
1891. ; 1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Tendring . 17,185
Retransfers \i
(add) . .1
18,564
18.500 22,499
64 \ 66
16,290
18,839
18,771
68
22,526
70
' 18,564
22,565
I
18,839
22,596
The district includes : —
1901
Population.
Boroughs, 1 rban Districts, &c.
1
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
- -
Clacton (residential) ....
3,277 1
4,179
3,584
7,456
Harwich (military, seamen) .
5,377
4,693
8,202
10,070
*Walton-on-the-Naze ....
978
1,036
1,586
2,014
*Brightlingsea .....
2,1.36
2,365
3,920
4,501
Rural parts ......
10,731
10,253
19,979
20,984
22,499 22,526 37,271 45,025
Urban districts with less than 5000 inhabitants.
Harwich includes the residential district of Dovercourt.
The numbers of military officers and men in baiTacks, &c., and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
[n 1881
347 military .
. 603 on board vessels
„ 1891
217
.. 303
„ 1901
715
.. 620
Appendix C.
463
o 00 o C5
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T— I CO I"* tH
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16-1
EngJayicVs licccnt Progress.
EASTBOURNE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Efgistiation
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
-Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1381.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Eastbourne .
Retransfers 'i
(deduct) . j
12,985
17,758
1
18,067 21,890
309 304
14,771
23,468
i
23,745 1 29,242
!
277 275
17,758
21,586
23,468
28,967
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, ifcc.
Eastbourne (rcsideutial)
''Seaford (part of) .
liural parts .
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
18,097 I 25,247 i 34,969 43,344
1,204 1,411 1,991 ' 2,615
2,589 2,584 4.852 j 5,173
21.890
29,242
41,812 ' 51,132
* I'rbaii ilistrict with less than oUOU inhabitants.
The other part of Seaford (East Blatchington) is in the registration
district of Lewes, and thus falls into the " residue " of Sussex.
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, kc, and of
persons on board merchant vessels were : —
196 on board vessels.
27
26
In 1881 .
70 militarv
„ 1891 .
. 13 „
„ 1901 .
85 „
Appendix C.
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England' a Bcccnt Pror/trsfi.
WESTON-SUPER-MARE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Axbridge
Retransfers )
(deduct) . /
18,443
19,158
19,419
261
21,083
237
21,992
24,031
24,285
254
24,031
26,839
274
19,158 20,846
26,565
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
JIales. !
Fema'es.
ISOl.
1901.
Weston-super-Mare (residential) .
7,464
11,584
15,860
19,048
*Burnhani ......
1,181
1,716
2,413
2,897
*Highbridge
1,090
1,143
2,034
2,233
Rural parts ......
11,348
12,396
23,397
23,744
21,083
1
26,839
43,704
47,922
Urban districts with less than fiOOO inhabitants.
Appendix C,
467
rt
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468
England's Recent Progress.
EEIGATE.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
^1^^° ; census, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1S81. 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891. 1901.
Reigate . . 14,621 17,211
Retransfers \
(deduct) ./
17.277
33
19,843
25
15,738 19,336
19,367
31
22,897
20
17,244
19,818
19,336
22,877
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Reigate (residential) ....
Rural parts ......
11,788
8,055
14,205
8,692
22.646
13,998
25.993
16,747
19,843
22,897
36,644
42,740
Reigate includes Red Hill.
A " farm school " reformatory for hovs contained: —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
234 bovs.
298 „
286 „
Appendix C.
469
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470
England's Recent Progress.
STAINES
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration ! />„„„„-
District. ^«"^"«
, 1891.
Census
, 1901. Census
, 1891. Census
1
, 1901.
1881.
1891. 1891.
1901. 1881.
1891. 1891.
1901.
Staines
12,094 i 13,606 i 13,606 16,884 11,680 • 13.286 13,286 16,977
The district includes : —
* Urban district with less than 5000 inhabitants,
t Rural parishes with increasing populations.
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males. 1
Temales.
1891.
1901.
Staines (floor cloth)
3,390
3,298
5,585
6,688
*Sunbury-on-Thames
2,185
2,359
4.099
4,544
tAshford .....
2,228
2,588
2,700
4,816
fFeltham
2,410
2,124
3,661
4,534
Rural parts ....
6,671
6,608
10,897
13,279
16,884
16,977
26,892
33,861
The West London Workhouse Schools and an Industrial School for
boys belonging to the London County Council contained : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
1,136 boys .
.. 297 girls
1,155 „
• 294 „
800 „
. 326 „
These numbers are large enough to influence migrations very much.
Appendix C.
471
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472
England's liecenf Prog?-ess.
POOLE
Population (ilales). Population (Females).
Registration
Disti'ict.
•Census, 1891.
Census, 1901. Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901. 1 1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Poole . .
9,027
12,. 353
! 1
12,358 15,088 9,687 13,478
13,478
17,249
The district includes
i;oi
uugiis, r
ban Districts, &c.
1901.
'
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Poole
[resideu
ial) .
8,928
10
585
15,438
19
4G3
Branksome
8,811
4
284
5,745
8
095
Rural
parts
•
2,349
1
2
430
4,648
4
779
15,088
17
249
25,831
32
337
Branksome is a dependency of Bournemouth, where there are brick-
makers and sailors. The same occupations are noticeable in Poole.
Appendix C.
473
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474
England's Recent Progress.
IIERNE BAY.
Population (Males)
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Censu
i, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. j 1891.
1891.
1901.
Blean ....
Retransfers (add) .
9,113
9,655
9,604 ; 11,340
51 145
9,754
10,511
10,440
71
13,208
177
9,655 11,485
10,511
13,385
The district includes
1901.
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
SI ales.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Heme Bay (residential) ....
2,922
3,804
3,995
6,726
Whitstable (seamen, fishing) .
3,238
3,848
5,669
7,086
Canterbury (part of) ... .
1,642
2,040
3,500
3,682
Rural parts ......
3,538
3,516
6,880
7,054
11,340
13,208
20,044
24,548
Appendix C.
475
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476
England's Bcccnt Progress.
CROMER
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Eegistratiou
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Erpingham .
8,353 ' 9.229
9,229 10,813
8,652 9,543
9,543
11,450
The district includes : —
1901.
Population.
Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Ci'omer (urban district) ....
Rural parts ......
1,729
9,084
2,052
9,398
2,329
16,443
3,781
18,482
10,813
11,450
18,772
22,203
This place is so small that the rural element goes far towards drowning
any influence it may exert. But as the distinct shows a growth of popula-
tion far beyond any ordinary rural district, and which is chiefly noticeable
in Cromer and Sheringham, we are justified in separating it, and it cannot
be ranked otherwise than amongst residential places.
Appendix C.
477
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Si . .
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5 §..2 '2
■* to CM (M
1-1 CO iH
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cii
478
England's Recent Progress.
MAIDENHEAD.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. | Census, 1901.
1881. 1891.
1891. 1 1901.
ISSl.
1891. 1 1891.
moi.
JIaidenhead .
8,240 9,950
9,950 j 11,247
8,705
10,518 10,518
12,307
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
Maidenhead (residential)
Rural parts
6,180
5,067
6,800
5,507
10,607
9,861
12,980
10,574
11,247 12,307 20,468 | 28,554
A residential character seems to attach even to the rural parishes in
this district, especially Cookham.
Appendix C>
479
r>
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England's Recent Prugress.
BRENTAVOOD,
Kegistration
District.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891. | Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881. 1 1891. ' 1891. 1901.
\
1881. ' 1891.
1891. 1 1901.
Billericay . , 9,191 10,593 10,593 10,946 9,172 9,962 9,962 j 11,490
The district includes : —
Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91. 1
1901.
Brent^YOod (urban district)
2,361
2,571
4,949
4,932
South Weald (rural) .
2,577
3,356
5,013
5,933
Kural parts ....
6,008
5,563
10,593
11,571
10,946
11,490
20,555
22,436
South Weald is a picturesque rural parish, but it is the site of the
county lunatic asylum. The number of special inmates (lunatics) in 1901
^Yas 741 males, 1,190 females. Warley Barracks are situate in one of the
rural parishes, and in 1901 contained 569 officers and men.
The net addition to population caused by the asylum was : —
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
834 males
1,307 „
724 females.
1,281
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., were :-
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
428
987
509
An important workhouse school contained : —
In 1881
„ 1891
.. 1901
476 bovs
371 ,1
247 „
292 girh
217 „
178 „
Appendix C.
481
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England's Recent Frog r ess.
EASTHAMPSTEAD.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kejiisti-ation
District.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891. ' Census, 1901.
18S1. 1 1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. ' 1891. 1891. j 1901.
Easthampstead
6,769 6,846 6,846
8,182 5,890 6,858 6,858 7,575
The district includes no town, but Sandhurst MiUtary College and
Broadmoor Asylum for criminal lunatics influence it materially.
The net addition to population caused by the asylum was :—
In 1881-90
„ 1891-00
254 males
144 „
64 females.
49
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, kc, were
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
. 36
. 64
. 483
Appendix C.
488
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484
Enr/Iand's Bccent Progress,
GLOUCESTER and SOMERSET (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
1881.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1891.
1901.
1881.
WiUiton . .
9,197
8,355
8,300
8,205
9,480
8,914
8,855
8,768
Dulverton .
2,814
2,550
2,515
2,347
2,661
2,438
2,407
2,262
Wellington .
9,271
8,833
8,833
8,654
9.873
9,577
9,577
9,660
Taunton .
16,948
16,978
16,978
17,701
19,159
19,801
19,801
20,952
Bridgwater .
16.538
16.167
15,906
16,258
17,129
17,106
16,852
17,397
Langport
7,518
6,880
6,880
6,389
7,952
7,598
7,598
7,070
Chard . .
12,116
11,628
11,583
11,214
13,266
13,167
13,242
13,036
Yeovil
12,840
12,852
13,108
12,620
14,866
15,050
15,323
14,761
Wincanton .
9,461
9,088
8,643
7,792
10,309
10,081
9.608
8,607
Frome
11,066
10,850
10,850
10,414
12,095
12,000
12,000
11,758
Shepton ]
]\Iallet . . (■
7,587
7,407
7,407
7,321
8,116
8,152
8,152
7,755
Wells . . .
10,809
11,416
11,416
11,204
ia,652
12,440
12,440
12,446
Glutton .
12.353
12,670
12,670
13,154
11,768
12,234
12,234
12,609
Chipping \
Sodbury . j
8,818
8,262
8,262
8,905*
8,712
8,533
8,533
8,716
Thorubury .
8,466
8,278
8,278
8,163
8.627
8,487
8,487
8,402
Dursley .
5,914
5,656
5,656
5,399
6:648
6.510
6,510
6,237
Westbury-on-)
Severn . . (
12,138
12,070
12,070
11,536
11,587
11,601
11,601
11,828
Neweut .
5,496
4,911
4,267
4,043
5,534
5,094
4,473
4,206
Wheatenhurst
3,544
3,282
3,282
2.858
3,793
3,571
3,571
8,247
Stroud
19,029
19,188
18,741
17,941
22,290
23,027
22,580
22,033
Tetbury . .
2,893
2,690
3,137
2,959
2,994
2,975
8,422
8,186
Cirencester .
10,525
9,946
9,946
9,585
10.600
10,452
10,452
10,085
Northleacb .
5,131
4,521
4,521
4,218
4,753
4,364
4,864
8,887
Stow- on - the- \
Wold . ./
4,572
4,461
4,461
3,977
4,557
4,543
4,543
4,174
Winchcomb .
4,868
4.621
4.621
4,283
4,665
4,611
4,611
4,542
Tewkesbury .
6,302
6,229
6,229
6,093
6,590
6,667
6,667
6,616
236,214
229,789
228,560
223,228
249,676
248,993
247,903
243,690
Eetransfers \
(add) . ./
1,229
1,069
1,090
982
229,789
224,297
248,993
244,072
A considerable nuniljer of men were constructing a railway tunnel.
Appendix C.
485
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Stroud (tailors) .
Cirencester
Tewkesbury
Taunton
Bridgwater (bricks)
Frome (printing)
Yeovil (gloves) .
Wellington (woollen)
Sbepton INIailet (stone
Midsomer Norton (col
*Radstock .
Rural parts
quarries)
iery, boot;
Population.
3,971
3,581
2,561
'J, 335
7,237
5,059
4,452
3,316
2,527
2,972
1,782
176,435
Males. Females.
223,228
5,182
3,955
2,858
11,752
7,972
5,998
5,409
3,967
2,711
2,837
1,573
189,476
243,690
9,818
7,521
5,269
18,961
13,264
10,424
9,648
6,808
5,292
5,041
3,438
380,979
1901.
9,153
7,536
5,419
21,087
15,209
11,057
9,861
7,283
5,238
5,809
3,355
365,911
476,463 ! 466,918
An urban district, where there are collieries, adjacent to ilidsonier Norton.
486
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Appendix C.
487
HANTS AND BERKS (Residue).
Population (ilales).
Population
(Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Censu
i, 1901.
Census, 1S91.
Census
, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Lymington .
6,042
6,720
6,507
6,820
6,609
7,156
6,966
7,281
Ringwood
2,710
2,741
2,790
3,043
2,778
2,804
2.846
3,177
Fordingbridge
3,155
3,080
8,080
3,030
3,079
3,161
3,161
3,107
New Forest .
6,609
6,933
6,933
7,110
6,612
7,059
7,059
7,490
Romsey .
5,298
5,420
5,471
5,182
5,331
5,361
5,450
5,441
IStockbridge .
3,448
8,302
3,302
3,027
3,263
3,299
3,299
3,103
Winchester .
15.503
16,736
16,806
16,902
15,679
16,902
16,911
18,294
Droxford .
5,566
5,643
5,643
5,828
5,631
5,749
6,749
5,950
Catherington
1,387
1,426
1,426
1,431
1,360
1,564
1,564
1,637
Petersfield .
5,097
5,531
5,528
6,306
5,158
5,750
5,742
6,255
Alresford .
3,446
3,365
3,365
3,424
3,489
3,263
3,263
3,559
Alton .
7,548
7,525
7,525
8,088
7,650
7,621
7,621
8,257
Basingstoke .
9,680
10,164
10,164
10,676
9,594
10,457
10,457
11,035
Whitchurch .
2,761
2,786
2,786
2,831
2,697
2,869
2,869
2,992
Andover .
7,843
7,760
7,760
7,911
7,857
7,801
7,801
7,889
Kingsclere
4,287
4,319
4,421
4,266
4,237
4,328
4,447
4,234
Newbury .
10,208
10,277
10,175
9,871
11,119
11,400
11,281
11,186
Hungerford .
8,988
8,556
8,556
7,776
8,814
8,461
8.461
7,786
Faringdon
6,790
6,768
6,768
6,083
6,908
6,776
6,776
6,229
Abingdon.
9,915
9,641
9,158
8,301
10,147
9,971
9,448
9,024
Wantage .
8,924
8,468
8,468
7,676
8,244
8,081
8,081
7,932
Wallingford .
7,249
7,360
7,360
6,668
7,244
7,346
7,346
7,118
Bradfield . .
8,238
9,181
9,181
8,951
8,133
8,836
8,886
9,166
Wokingham .
7,888
8,503
8,749
8,631
8,108
8,844
9,144
9,300
Eetransfers\
(add). ./
158,580
162,205
161,922
283
159,332
371
159,741
164,859
164,578
281
167,398
402
162,205
159,703
164,859
167,800
The district includes :-
liorou^'lis, L'rbaii Liislricts, &c.
1901.
Population.
j ■ Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Winchester ......
9,842
11,087
20,563
20,929
Oxford (part of) .....
1 28
26
78
54
Newbury ......
5,053
6,008
11,002
11,061
Abingdon ......
3,044
3,436
6,557
6,480
Basingstoke (engineering, railway service)
4,675
1 5,118
8,213
9,793
Andover (agriculture) ....
3,172
1 3,337
5,852
6,509
Alton (agriculture) .....
2,715
1 ^,"704
4,671
5,479
Eastloigh (part of) .
744
794
815
1,538
Rural parts ......
130,059
134,828
208,749
204,887
159,. 882 167,398
320,500 326,730
488 EiK/hduVs Txcccut Progrefis.
The numl)ers of military and naval ollicers and men in barracks, &c.,
were : —
In 1881 1,183
„ 1891 1.131
„ 1901 667
Winchester, Newbury and Abingdon are ordinai'y towns without any
striking industrial feature.
Appendix C.
489
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EnglancVs Beceni P/w/;r .<?.<!.
ESSEX AND HERTS (Residue).
Population Olales).
Population (Females)
K^gistrution
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Ware . .
9,446
9,792
9,792
10,555
9,199
9,831
9,831 10,619
^S^*"'*'}' 10,910
10,668
10,668
' 10,517
10,891
10,849
10,849 10,981
Royston . .12,550
11,715
11,715
10,501
12,105
11,502
11,502 10,545
Hitchiu . . 13,003
13,094
13,096
13,576
14,414
14,487
14,499 15,173
Hertford. . 8,497
8,571
8,581
8,198
8,237
8,605
8,612 8,839
Hatfield . . 4,371
4,613
4,613
4,828
4,431
4,696
4,696 i 4,988
Hemel i
Hempsted/i ^'^^^
7,146
7,464
8,197
7,611
7,970
8,341 \ 9,079
Berkhamsted 7 , 206
7,554
7,706
7,631
7,956 ' 8,300
8,430 ' 8,589
Ongar . . 5,529
5.472
5,472
5,234
5,142
5,085
5,085 4,810
Chelmsford . ; 16,383 16,841
16,841
17,951
16,510
17,341
17,341 ' 18,346
Maldon . .: 12,047 ! 11,969
11,969
11,503
11,815
11,529
11,529
11,614
Lexden . . j 10,924 10,877
10,941
10,546
10,825
10,713
10,781
10,600
Halstead. . 7,896 7,902
7,902
7,727
9,109 8,967
8,967 8,522
Braintree
13,598
13,502
13,502
12,761
15,023
14,979
14,979
14,132
Dunmow
9,216
8,524
8,524
8,018
8,802
8,150
8,150
7,687
Saffron "1
Walden/
9,200
8,884
8,884
7,845
9,388
9,074
9,074
8,287
157,771 157,124
157,670
155,588
161,488
162,078
162,666 162,811
Retransfers \
(deduct) . j
546
604
..
588 665
157,124
154,984
162,078
162,146
The district includes :-
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Chelmsford (electrical appliances,]
engineering) . . . ./
Halstead (agriculture, engineering) .
Maldon (agriculture, engineering, |
seamen) . . . . ,/
Braintree (agriculture, engineering) .
Saffron Walden (agriculture) .
Bishop Stortford ....
Hertford .....
Hitchin (engineering,* railway!
service) . . . . J
Hemel Hempstead (paper)
Great Berkhamsted.
Ware (malting) ....
Rural parts .....
6,134
2,734
2,689
2,426
2,700
3,398
4,354
4,684
5,309
2,383
2,779
115,998
6,446
3,339
2,876
2,904
3,196
3,745
4,968
5,388
5,955
2,757
2,794
118,443
11,008
6,056
5,397
5,303
6,104
6,595
9,023
8,860
9,678
4,574
5,256
242,482
12,580
6,073
5,565
5,330
5,896
7,143
9,322
10,072
11,264
5,140
5,573
2.34,441
155,588
162,811
320,336
318,399
* The excess of railway servants equals 6-5 per cent, of the working men in Hitchin, "el per cent,
were employed in engineering, and 7-5 per cent, in agriculture ; but there is little to distinguish this
place from any ordinary trading town.
Appendix C.
491
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EnglamVx Becent Progress.
BUCKS AND OXFOED (Kesidue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females)
Eegistiation
District.
Census, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
I9ul.
Amersham .
8.940
10,156
10,005
10,376
9,379
10,298
10,095
10,869
Eton
14,027
14,151
14,302
17,178
13,694
14,975
15 , 178
17,614
W3'combe
19,801
22,118
21,301
22,734
20,477
22,273
21,487
23,755
Aylesbury .
12,052
12,563
12,752
12,005
12,553
13,023
13,190
12,860
Winslow .
3,876
3,791
3,791
3,372
4,067
3,910
3,910
3,662
Newport i
Paguell . 1
11.987
12,398
12,398
13,781
12,502
13,215
13,215
14,219
Buckingham
6,069
5,703
5,703
5,198
6,349
5,868
5,868
5,438
Henlev .
9,949
11,161
10,915
11.544
10,043
11,371
11,071
12,282
Thame . .
6,895
6,678
7,306
6,368
6,967
6,711
7,330
6,655
Bicester .
7,069
7,020
7.020
6,147
7,093
6,963
6,963
6,288
Woodstock .
6,536
6,401
6,399
5,847
6,784
6,681
6,678
6,224
Witney .
Chipping \
Norton . /
10,659
10,386
10,386
9,261
10,8.55
10,829
10,829
10,022
8,901
8,967
8,967
7,8.30
9.057
9,136
9,136
8.174
Banbury .
14,907
14,375
14,375
13,639
15.243
15,121
15,121
14.916
141,668
145,868
145,620
145,280
145,063
150,374
150,071
152.978
Betransfers \
(add) . ./
248
290
••
303
314
145.868
145,570
1.50.. 374
153,292
The district includes :-
1901.
Population.
Males.
! Females.
1891.
1 1901.
Chipping Wycombe (furnitm'e)
7,561
7,981
13,435
15,542
Slough (railway service, &c.) .
5,459
5,994
8,713
11,453
Caversham (biscuits, engineering)
3,110
3,470
4,966
6,580
Henley-on-Thames
2.849
3,135
5,288
5,984
Banbury (engineering) .
5,982
6,986
12,768
12,968
Aylesbury (printing)
4,229
5.014
8,922
9,243
Chesham (boots) .
3,489
3.756
6,075
7,245
Rural parts ....
112,601
116,642
2.35,524
229,243
145,280
' 152,978
295,691
298,258
Appendix C.
493
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494
EnglancVs Bcccnt Progress.
KENT AXD SURREY (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kecistration
Census, 1891.
Censuf
,, 1901.
Census
. 1891.
Census
,1901.
1881.
1S91.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901
Hambledon .
8,502
9,373
9,845
10,771
7,742
9,131
9,420
10,889
Dorking . .
7,556
8,246
8,249
8,254
7,904
8,977
8,980
9,195
Gravesend .
11,411
11,741
11,741
13,303
11,891
12,135
12,135
13,893
Hoo . . .
1,903
2,154
2,154
2,376
1,523
1,689
1,689
1,886
jNIalling . .
13,289
14,274
14,274
14,204
12,724
13,914
13,914
14,076
Sevenoaks .
13,476
14,399
14,280
14,704
13,714
15,598
15,494
16,086
Hollingbourn
7,172
6,684
6,684
6,151
6,872
6,6.34
6,634
6,395
Cranbrook .
6,874
6,776
6,776
6,303
6,887
6,954
6,954
6,641
Tenterden .
5,115
5,010
5,010
4,302
5,346
4,956
4,956
4,464
West Ashford
9,019
9,427
9,427
10,266
9,107
9,505
9,505
10,293
East Ashford
7,028
7,052
7,052
6,566
6,689
6,889
6,889
6,546
Bridge . .
6,111
6,351
6,316
6,152
6,274
6,512
6,481
6,232
Faversham .
12,748
12,893
12,893
13,174
12,208
12,877
12,877
13,248
Milton . .
11,966
12,654
12,654
14,339
11,304
12,314
12,314
13,851
Romney |
Marsh/
3,300
3,287
3,287
8,598
2,765
3,023
3,023
2,968
125,470
130,321
130,642
134,463
122,950
131,108
131,265
136,663
Retransfers "i
(deduct) . /
321
260
157
104
••
-•
130,321
134,203
131,108
136,559
The district includes
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, Ac.
Gravesend (seamen, military) .
Ashford (engineering, railway service,
carriage building)
Sevenoaks
Dorking
Canterbury (part of)
Faversham (bricks, seamen)
Sittingbourne (bricks) .
Milton, next Sittingbourne (bricks)
Rural parts ....
JIales.
Females.
1891.
1901.
13,303
13,893
23,876
27,196
6,251
6,557
10,728
12,808
3,424
4,682
7,610
8.106
3,462
4,208
7,132
7,670
662
751
1,253
1,413
5,481
5,809
10,478
11,290
4,481
4,462
8,302
8,943
3.612
3,474
5,213
7,086
93,787
92,827
187,315
186,614
184,463
136,663
261,907
271,126
It might have been better to separate Gravesend from this residue, but
the place does not seem to rank satisfactorily in any other class, and is,
after all, not sufficiently important to affect results materially.
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks,
ships, &c., and of persons on board merchant vessels were : — ■
In 1881 . . 363 military ... 1,743 on board vessels.
„ 1891 . . 718 ., " ... 931
„ 19U1 . . 1,273 „ ... 1,031
Appendix C.
495
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496
England's Recent Progress.
SUSSEX (Residue).
Eogistration
Districts.
Rye . .
Hailsham
Ticehurst
Uckfield .
East Grin
stead .
Cuckfield
Lewes
Horsham
Petworth
Thakeham
Westhamp-
nett
Chichester
jMidhurst
Westbourue
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Census, 1891. ! Census, 1901.
1
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
' ISSl. 1891. 1S91. 1901.
18S1. 1891.
1891. 1 1901.
5,999
6,979
8,465
10,129
9,575
11,853
17,138
11,138
4,857
4,247
9,617
4,108
7,185
3,742
5,701
7,255
8,261
10,915
9,816
11,964
16,763
12,381
4,711
4,194
10,441
3,691
7,216
3,552
5,701
7,540
8,160
10,985
8,238
11,398
16,169
12,877
4,711
4,194
9,038
5,094
7,219
3,552
5,409
7,969
7,760
11,549
8,638
12,522
17,636
13,810
4,265
3,707
6,041
6,593
8,767
9,969
9,006
11,399
15,758
11,162
4,737
4,038
9,447 I 10,036
5,917
6,694
3,437
4,461
6,780
3,678
5,889
6,889
8,843
10,962
10,077
12,447
16,786
12,504
4,720
3,855
11,191
4,196
7,020
3,532
5,889
7,143
8,733
11,032
8,451
11,928
16,255
12,953
4,720
3,855
9,666
5,721
7,028
3,532
Retransfers
(add)
'.li
1,985 2,206
116,861 120,966
5,648
7,759
8,537
12,057
9,363
13,553
17,953
14,352
4,264
3,595
10,661
6,. 327
6,918
3.378
115,032 116,861 |ll4,876 118,760 112,425 118,911 116,906 ; 124,365
\ 2,005 2,212
118,911 126,577
The district includes : —
Population.
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males. i
Females.
1891.
1901.
Chichester (military)
5,917 ;
6,327
10,815
12,244
Lewes .....
5,304 1
5,945
10,997
11,249
Horsham .....
4,427 t
5,019
8,087
9,446
Newhaven (seamen) .
3,747
3,025
4,955
6,772
Bognor (residential) .
2,584
3,596
4,620
6,180
East Grinstead (agriculture)
2,824 '
3,270
5,180
6.094
Tunbridgo Wells (part of) .
621 !
1,203
1,621
1.824
Rural parts* ....
93,336
95,980
185,507
189,316
118,760 ; 124,865
231,782
243,125
Including part of Seaford, with 300 male and 440 female inhabitants in lOul.
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, I'tc,
and of persons on board merchant vessels, were : —
lu 1881 .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
643 military
612 on board vessels
376- „
236
646
678
Appendix C.
497
As the rural districts in this county differ from the majority of similar
districts in the matter of migrations, an investigation has been made as to
the particular registration districts where gains by migration in 1891-1900
are shown, and it appears that such gains were principally met with in
the following districts : — ■
Registration Districts.
: Age 0-15 at end of
Decennium.
Females' age at end
of Decennium.
Males. 1 Females.
30-35.
35-40.
Cuckfield
Lewes .....
Westhampnett and Chichester .
East Grinstead.
Horsham .....
Uckfield .....
645
491
351
158
213
142
302
328
248
234
71
89
129
177
70
108
151
154
113
89
64
58
102
106
2,000 , 1,272
789
532
and as the whole rural residue 1
of the county gained j
1,829
588
893
476
there was a loss in most other places. Cuckfield was influenced by
St. Saviour's College for boys, also by the growing small towns of
Hayward's Heath and Burgess Hill. Westhampnett includes Bognor.
498
England's Bcccnt Progress.
d
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Appendix C.
499
WILTS AND DORSET (Residue).
!
Population (Males).
]
Population
(Females).
Ret'istration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
1901.
1881.
' 1891.
1 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1S91.
1901.
Swindon
(part*) .
Cricklade .
' 3,872
4,435
4,435
4,541
3,797
4,147
4,147
4,878
5,786
5,957
5,957
5,738
5,827
5,878
5,878
5,619
IMalmesbury .
6,847
6,492
6,492
6,349
7,102
6,675
6,675
6,327
Chippenham .
10,437
10,637
10,637
11,263
10,730
11,031
11,031
11,696
Calne .
4,227
4,128
4,128
3,958
4.437
4,881
4,381
4,113
]\Iarlbo rough .
1 5.026
4,165
4,165
4,415
4,562
4,341
4,341
4,043
Devizes
10,121
9,738
9,738
9,601
10.409
10,006
10,006
10,001
IMelksham
\ 8,383
8,589
8,605
8,499
9,694
9,976
9,999
9,917
Bradford-on-
Avon
■i 4,787
4,799
4,799
4,483
5,458
5.552
5,552
5,102
Westbury .
5.160
4,915
4,899
4,669
5,493
5,251
5,228
5,035
Warminster .
6,781
6,320
6,320
5,658
7,056
6,713
6,713
6,123
Pewsey
6,288
5,941
5,941
5,684
6,115
5,772
5,772
5.527
Wilton . .
5,053
5,001
5,001
4,836
5,197
4,893
4,893
4,834
Tisbury . .
4,734
4,300
4,300
3,813
4,572
4,297
4,297
3,901
Mere . . .
3,594
3,203
2,722
2,484
3,755
3,553
3,040
2,726
Shaftesbury .
6,033
5,761
6,687
6,234
6,629
6,079
7,065
6,721
Sturminster .
4,713
4,618
4,618
4,153
5,337
4,965
4,965
4,651
Blandford
6,684
6,673
6,811
6,167
7,051
6,702
6,853
6,290
Wimborne
8,466
8,776
8,638
8,300
8,513
9,110
8,959
8,810
Wareham .
8,423
8,027
8,027
7,804
8,523
8,553
8,653
8,197
Dorchester
12,345
12,065
12,092
11,686
12,545
12,419
12,441
12,815
Sherborne
6,080
5,814
5,558
5,443
6,615
6,569
6,296
6,042
Beaminster .
i 5.528
4,917
5,110
4,446
5,970
5,449
5,520
4,738
Bridport .
1 6,971
6,567
6,789
5,827
7,810
7,471
7,774
6,881
156,339
151,838
152,469
146,051
163,197
159,783
160,379
153,987
Iletransfers i
(deduct) . 1
••
681
533
596
539
151,838
145,518
159,783
153,448
\'iz., tlic sulj-(listiicl (if Hi^;li\\nitli.
2 K 2
500 England's Recent Progress.
The district includes :—
iHirnuglis, Urban Districts, itc.
Trowbridge (woollen)
Devizes (engineering)
Chippenham (engineering)
Dorchester (military)
Bridport (rope, canvas, Sec).
Slierbovne
Kural parts
r.toi.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
5,212
6,314 1
12,046 i
11,526
3,121
3,411 i
6,426
6,582
2,445
2,629
4,618
5,074
4,512
4,946
8,411
9,458
2,545
3,165
6,611 1
5,710
2,669
3,091
5,290 1
5,760
125,547
130,431
269,446 1
255,978
146,051
153,987
312,848
300,038
Warminster is an urban district with more than 5000 inhabitants, but
it is largely agricultural, and the town population is under 5000, so it has
been included with the " rural parts."
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks,
ships, &c., were: —
In 1881 .... 6.34
„ 1891 .... 599
„ 1901 .... 540
Appendix C.
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502
England's Recent Progress.
DEVON (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegist ration
Districts.
Census
1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1S91.
1S91.
1901.
1881. : 1891.
1
1891. 1901.
Axminster .
9,007
8,365
7,642
7,282
9,687 9,349
8,596 8,341
Honiton .
10,071
9,580
9,926
9,274
11,061 10,942
11.243 11,011
Kingsbridge .
9 006
8,397
8.397
7.532
9,727 ! 9,318
9,318 1 8,601
Tavistock
14,686
13,139
13,1.39
13,380
14,442 13,971
13,971 13,527
Obehampton
8,385
8,053
8,053
7,622
8,497 1 8,281
8,281 1 8,134
Creditor! .
8,952
8,379
8,379
7,622
9,168 8,726
8,726 7,931
Tiverton.
13,779
13,672
13,899
13,028
14,763 14,866
15,088 1 14,350
South Molton
8.397
7,750
7,613
6,834
8,269 7,690
7,558 : 6,978
Barnstaple .
17,928
19,176
19,176
19.043
20,262 22.192
22.192 ' 23,017
Torrington .
7,077
6,580
6,580
6,044
7,699 7,063
7,063 , 6,457
Bideford . .
8,746
9,107
8,998
9,360
10,056 i 11.089
10,965 ' 11,243
Hols worthy .
4,514
4,396
4,505
4,267
4,462 \ 4,546
4,670 4,420
120,548
116,594
116,307
111,288
128,093 ;128.033
127,671 124,010
Retransfers 1
(add) . ./
287
273
362 357
116,594
111,561
128.033 124,367
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Hales.
j Females.
1S91.
1901.
Barnstaple (wood-working) .
Bideford (seamen) ....
Ilfracombe (residential)
*Northam (seamen, shipbuilding) .
Tiverton (agriculture, lace) .
Rural parts ......
6,369
3,785
3,426
2,330
4,734
90,644
7,768
4,969
1 5,1.31
3,025
5,648
97,469
13,732
7,831
7,692
5,043
10,892
198,788
14,137
8,754
8,557
1 5,355
' 10,382
188,113
111,288
124,010
243,978
235,298
Inchules " Westward Ho."
The town of Bideford includes a large residential element, and
Barnstaple also, though in less degree. The cabinet-makers and other
wood- workers in Barnstaple only equal 8*4 per cent, of the working
males.
The numbers of persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
,008
157
217
Appendix C.
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504
England's Hccoit Progress.
CORNWALL (Kesidue).
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census
1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
,1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Stratton .
3,629
3,473
3,473
3,525
3,810
3,649
3,649
3,791
Camelford .
3,755
3,411
3,411
3,556
3,850
3,495
3,495
3,632
Launceston .
7,923
7,920
7,920
6,887
8,271
7,954
7,954
7,423
Liskeard
13,622
12,371
12,371
11,048
15,165
14,106
14,106
12,893
Bodmiu .
9,309
8,514
8,964
9,027
9,939
9,680
10,201
10,230
St. Columb .
7,671
7,078
6,628
7,154
8,672
8,306
7,785
8,274
St. Austell .
14,361
14,728
14,728
15,670
15,825
16,287
10,287
17,267
Truro . .
16,299
14,984
14,984
15,169
19,683
18,755
18,755
18,455
Scilly Isles .
1,213
888
888
1,029
1,107
1,023
1,023
1,003
77,782
73,367
73,367
73,065
86,322
83,255
83,255
83,039
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Truro
Bodmin (military)
Rural parts
Males.
r3,065
Females.
4,999 0,563
2,512 2.841
65,554 73,635
Population.
83.039
1891.
11,131 j 11,562
5,151 I 5,353
140,340 I 139,189
156,622
156,104
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, camps,
ships, &c., and of persons on board merchant vessels, vrere : —
In 1881 . .
. 284 military, &c. .
.. 893 on board vessels
„ 1891 . .
. 198
.. 461
„ 1901 . .
. 172
.. 546
Appendix C.
505
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Knqland'ii Becent Progrfss.
NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK (Residue).
Poinilatioii (.Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census
!, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Censu
i, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.'
leoi.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Risbridge
8,420
8,454
8,454
7,835
8,768
8,853
8,853
8,214
Sudbury .
14,689
14,519
14,519
13,032
15,441
15,093
15,093
14,008
Cosford .
7,809
7.715
7,715
7,324
8,029
7,878
7,878
7,539
Thingoe .
Bury Saint I
Edmunds . j
8,204
7,951
7,951
7,344
8,195
7,792
7,792
7,184
7,574
7,762
7,762
7,527
8,537
8,868
8,868
8,728
MUdenhall .
4,447
4,290
4,290
4,201
4,510
4,269
4,269
4,089
Stow . . .
9,870
9,871
9,871
9,440
10,325
10,060
10,060
9,727
Hartismere .
7,974
7,451
7,451
6,821
7,817
7,240
7,240
6,693
Hoxne
6,249
5,831
5,831
5,224
6,101
5,630
5,630
4,997
Bosmere .
7,796
7,611
7,549
7,149
7,606
7,434
7,371
6,948
Samford .
5,820
6,038
6,012
6,179
6,753
5,980
5,948
6,074
Plomesgate .
10,161
10,314
10,314
9,728
10,318
10,336
10,336
9,883
Blything
12,677
12,426
12,426
12,566
13,140
12,968
12,968
13,011
\V'angford
7,028
7,519
7,519
7,264
7,428
7,782
7,782
7.621
Flegg. . .
4,740
4,781
4,781
4,787
4,893
5,029
5,029
5,016
Smallburgh .
8,717
8,671
8,671
8,512
8,865
8,897
8,897
8,817
Aylsham
8,972
8,694
8,694
8,465
9,085
8,758
8,758
8,588
Forehoe .
5,937
5,953
5,953
5,587
6,034
6,035
6,035
5,742
Henstead
5,278
5,290
5,290
5,015
5,358
5,544
5,544
5,343
Loddon .
6,687
6,584
6,584
6,228
7,015
6,620
6,620
6,165
Depwade
11,551
11,319
11,319
10,496
12,282
11,967
11,967
11,228
Guilfccross .
5,305
5,111
5,111
4,724
5,258
5,117
5,117
4,694
Wayland
5,351
5,220
5,220
4,947
5,365
5,285
5,285
4,941
IMitford . .
13,590
13,133
13,133
11,967
13,777
13,186
13,186
12,015
Walsingham
9,797
9,677
9,677
9,561
10,146
10,225
10,225
10,060
Docking .
8,633
8,484
8,484
8,522
8,877
8,771
8,771
9,112
Freebridge \
Lynn . . /
6,053
6,129
6,188
5,877
6,182
6,122
6,178
5,970
Down ham
9,613
9,032
9,032
8,549
9,662
9,345
9,345
8,760
Swaffham
6,294
6,127
6,127
5,412
6,565
6,266
6,266
5,603
Thetford . .
8,807
8,594
8.594
8,498
8,823
8,659
8,659
8,491
244,043
240,551
240,522
228,781
250,155
246,009
245,970
235,261
Retransfers |
(add) . ./
29
248
39
270
240,551
229,029
246,009
2.35,5.31
Appendix, C.
)07
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901. Poi.ulatioii.
Males. Females. 1S91.
1901.
Bury St. Edmunds (engineering)*
Sudbury (mat-making, silk)
Beccles (engineering, printing) .
East Dereham (agriculture)
Thetfoidt
Great Yarmouth (part of) .
Rural parts ....
7,527
3,248
3,344
2,696
2,317
299
209,350
8,728 16,630
3,861 7.059
3,554 6,669
2,849 5,524
2,296 4,247
313 600
213,660 445,763
16,255
7,109
6,898
5,545
4,613
612
423,010
228,781 : 235,261 486,492
464,042
* Only about 7'S per cent, of the men are engaged in this industry. lUny is really an ordinary
trad'Tig town.
t An urban ilistrii't witli less tlian ,5000 inhaliitants.
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Appendix C.
509
LINCOLN AND RUTLAND (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Kegistratioii
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Oakham .
5,441
5,357
5,357
5,188
5,537
5,562
5,562
5,258
Uppingham .
6,078
5,627
5,558
5,135
5,951
5,577
5,494
5,162
Stamford .
8,891
8,273
8,273
7,964
9,453
8,897
8,897
8,557
Bourne
9,401
9,394
9,394
8,669
9,517
9,302
9,302
8,904
Spalding .
11,443
10,598
10,598
10,515
11,518
11,135
11,135
11,267
Holbeach .
9,609
8,940
8,965
8,872
9,640
8,873
8,894
8,740
Boston.
19,256
18,235
17,825
18,449
20,142
19,531
19,173
19,880
Sleaford .
12,971
11,683
11,783
11,658
12,749
11,983
12,075
12,069
Grantham
16,755
16,306
16,306
16,134
16,924
16,619
16,619
16,899
Horncastle
i 10,689
9,991
9,991
9,060
10,835
10,220
10,220
9,454
Spilsby
13,917
12,713
13,023
12,197
13,965
13,186
13,452
12,927
Louth .
16,662
15,358
15,358
14,047
17,195
16,049
16,049
14,911
Glanford Brigg
20,171
20,421
20.421
22,245
20,104
20,396
20,396
22,459
Gainsborough
14,969
16,725
16,725
18,316
14,993
16,458
16,458
17,505
Retransfers
176,253
169,621
169,577
44
168,449
47
178,623
173,788
173,726
62
173,992
48
(add) ,
169,621
168,496
173,788
174,040
TliG district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Grantham (engineering)
8,584
9,009
16,746
17,593
Gainsborough (engineering) .
9,097
8,503
14,372
17,660
Boston .......
7,264
8,403
14,570
15,667
Stamford (engineering*)
3,835
4,394
8,358
8,229
Spalding (agriculture) ....
4,312
6,073
9,014
9,385
Louth .......
4,300
5,218
10,040
9,518
Sleaford (agriculture) ....
2,599
2,869
4,655
6,468
Barton-upon-IIumber (bricks, agriculture)
2,771
2,900
5,226
5,671
Scunthorpe (iron manufacture)
3,429
3,321
3,481
6,750
Rural parts ......
122,258
124,242
256,841
246,500
168,449
173,992
343,303
342,441
* Only Hl-i) per iiiit. of the men were engaged in this iniUistry.
The numbers of persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881 .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
KM
4 IS
363
510
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Appendix C.
511
NORTHAMPTON, HUNTINGDON, BEDFORD and
CAMBRIDGE (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census,
1901.
j 1881.
1891. 1 1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Brackley .
6,180
5.798
5,798
5,299
6.128
5,832
5,8.32
5,419
Towcester .
6,189 j
5,928
5,928
5,294
6,395
6,032
6,032
5,426
Potterspury .
6,156
6,382
6,382
6,909
6,075
6,372
6,372
6,850
Hardingstone .
5,348
5,279
5,279
5,988
5,138
5,324
5,324
5,944
Daventry .
9,394
8,974 : 8,974
8,528
9,117
8,674
8,674
8,677
Brixworth .
j 6,746
6,101 6,130
5,857
6,590
6,085
6,117
5,972
Thrapstone
7,615
7,244 ' 7,244
7,603
7,500
7,338
7,338
7,338
Oundle
' 7,117
6,405 ; 6,029
5,230
6,969
6,476
6,093
5,264
Peterborough
1 20,517
22,235 22,235
26,614
20,977
23,117
23,117
27,245
Huntingdon .
9,665
9.511 : 9,511
8,911
9,923
9,582
9,582
9,184
St. Ives . .
8,177
7,840 i 7,840
7,210
8,551
8,117
8,117
7,566
St. Neots . .
8,225
7,399 7,399
6,737
8,682
7,840
7,840
7.142
Biggleswade .
13,339
13,057
13,057
13,035
14,039
13,750
13,750
13,683
Ampthill .
Woburn .
7,755
4,751
7, 2091
4,445/
11,007
10,320
8,498
5,223
7,787\
4,850/
11,959
11,003
Leighton
Buzzard.
J 8,682
8,925
9,408
8,661
9,565
9,668
10,197
9,410
Caxton
5,248
4,778
4,778
4,268
5,109
4,630
4,630
4,]29
Chesterton
14,528
15,185 15,185
16,009
14,521
15,805
15,805
17,237
Linton
I 6,459
6,376 ] 6,376
5,554
6,614
6,348
6,348
5,703
Newmarket .
: 14,170
15,498 1 15,498
16,410
14,055
14,934
14,934
15,693
Ely . . .
10,371
10,396 10,396
9,964
10,352
10,381
10,381
10,132
North Witch-
ford . . .
} 7,760
8,190
8,190
8,536
7,795
8,201
8,201
8,458
Whittlesey .
' 3,192
3,214 8,214
3,610
3,273
3,131
3,131
3,493
Wisbech .
15,753
1213,337
15,656 , 15,631
16,258
16,726
16,563
16,542
16,847
212,025 211,489
212,805
217,815
216,837
216,316
217,815
Retransfers
(add) . .
} •■
536
531
521
528
'212,025
213,336
216,837
218,343
512 En-gland's Bccent Progress.
The district includes : —
Boroughs, T'rban Districts, Ac.
19U1.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Northampton (part of) .
2,066
2,020
2,182
4,086
Peterborough (railway service *)
14,908
15,964
25,171
30,872
Newmarket (horse training) .
5,491
5,197
8,631
10,688
Leighton Buzzard ....
2,981
3,350
6,704
6,331
Chesterton (agriculture,! printing) .
4,550
5,041
7,526
9,591
Ely (agriculture) ....
3,760
3,953
8,017
7,713
March (agriculture)
3,769
3,796
6,988
7,565
Wisbech (agriculture)
4,508
5,323
9,395
9,831
Rural parts J . . . .
170,772
173,171
353,191
343,943
212,805
217,815
427,805
430,620
* The excess of railway servants above the ordinary quota was in Peterborough equal to 22-5 per
cent, of the working males.
+ The proportion of men engaged in agriculture was only 8-3 per cent., with 5'6 per cent, engaged
in printing. Chesterton is almost a suburb of Cambridge.
J Although Biggleswade is an urban district with more than 5000 inhabitants, it is largely agri-
cultm'al, and as the actual town is below that magnitude, I have included it with the " rural parts."
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, &c.
and of persons on board merchant vessels, were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
329 military
417
356
on board vessels.
222
248
Appendix C.
513
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2 L
514
England^s Becent Progress.
SALOP AND HEREFORD.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1
1891. ' 1901.
Ludlow .
9,310
8,829
8,829
9,226
9,264
■ 8,827
8.827 9,147
Clun .
5,249
4,738
4,738
4,234
4,918
; 4,628
4,628 4,257
Church 1
Stretton. J
2,904
2,726
2,726
2,641
2,755
' 2,675
2,675
2,654
Cleobury \
Mortimer/
4,208
4,189
4,189
4,809
3,930
8,974
3,974
4,061
Bridgnorth .
7,490
7,258
7,258
6,923
7,817
7,669
7,669
7,562
Shifnal .
6,382
6,108
6,108
5,886
6,439
6,114
6,114
5,915
IMadeley .
13,830
11,597
11,597
12,147
13,444
11,517
11,517
11,698
Atcham .
23,969
23,283
23,283
23,820
24,709
25,063
25,063
25,620
Oswestry
13,502
13,638
13,638
13,967
13,578
13,785
13,785
14,295
Ellesmere .
G,766
6,860
7,311
7,075
6,970
6,863
7,385
7,411
Wem . . .
5,322
4,983
4,983
5,106
5,243
5,136
5,136
5,309
Whitchurch .
5,500
5,700
5,851
5,8.31
5,746
5,999
6,154
6,229
Market j
DraytonJ
Wellington .
7,295
6,932
6,932
6,756
7,429
7,264
7,264
7,093
13,505
12,092
12,092
13,170
12,979
11,986
11,986
12,684
Newport .
7,754
7,075
7,075
6,722
7,670
7,257
7,257
6,840
Ledbury .
6,299
6,099
6,358
6,699
6,392
6,514 I
6,806
7,034
Ross .
8,129
7,650
8,294
7,812
8,236
8,058
8,679
8,305
Hereford
20,945
19,902
19,902
19,876
21,903
21,972
21,972
22,102
Weobley .
4,056
3,506
3,506
3,387
4,123
8,900
8,900
3,564
Bromyard .
5,584
5,346
4,972
4,987
5,470
5,216 1
4,832
4,920
Leominster .
7,297
6,771
6.771
6,483
7,357
7,025
7,025
6,858
Kington . .
6,147
5,669
5,669
5,186
6,050
5,718
5,718
5,336
191,443
180,951
182,082
182,743
192,422
187,160
188,366 188,894
Retransfers "I
(deduct) ./
1 . 131
1,103
1,206 1,110
180.951
181,640
187,160 187,784
Ajypendix C.
515
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, <fec.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
* Shrewsbury (railway service) .
13,423
14,972
26,907
28,395
Hereford ....
9,886
11,496
20,267
21,382
Malvern (part of) .
650
756
1,375
1,406
Bridgnorth (carpets)
2,791
3,261
5,865
6,052
Dawley (colliery, engineering.
8,940
3,582
6,996
7,522
iron manufacture)
Oakengates (colliery, iron manu-
facture, engineering)
5,739
5,167
10,680
10,906
Wellington ....
3,049
3,234
5,909
6,283
tMadeley .....
4,242
4,200
8,177
8,442
fBroseley ....
2,007
1,909
4,033
3,916
Whitchurch (agriculture) .
2,476
2,745
4,930
5,221
Oswestry (engineering, J railway i
service) . . . . )
4,507
5,072
8,496
9,579
§Ludlow .....
2,171
2,381
4,460
4,552
§Leominster ....
2,741
3,085
5,675
5,826
§Ross
1,546
1,757
3,575
3,303
§Ledbury .....
1,555
1,704
3,101
3,259
Rural parts ....
122,020
123,573
249,942
245,593
182,743
188,894
370,448
371,637
* The e.xcess of railway men equalled 9-7 per cent, on the working males. Apart from this element
the two towns of Shrewsbury and Hereford contained a large residential population and no special
industries.
t These places form the chief portions of the municipal borough of iluch Wenlock, where there are
many men engaged in engineering, brick making and iron founding, as well as in the manufacture of
china at Coalport (Madeley).
X Only 71 per cent, of the working males were engaged in engineering; the town of Oswestry is
an ordinary trading centre.
5 Urban districts as to which the Census Tables furnish little or no infoi'mation on the subject of
occupations.
2 L 2
516
England's Recent Progress.
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Appendix C.
517
CARMARTHEN, PEMBROKE and CARDIGAN.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Llanelly .
Llandovery .
Llandilofawr
Carmarthen .
Narberth
Pembroke .
Haverford- "
west/
Cardigan .
Newcastle in"!
Emlyn ./
Lampeter
Aberayron .
Aberystwith.
Tregaron
22,034
6,106
9,032
16,317
9,149
14,780
16,156
7,583
8,643
4,671
5,278
11,852
4,690
25,912
5,460
9,892
15,658
8,402
15,136
15,233
6,936
8,641
4,392
4,873
9,293
3,857
25,836
5,042
9,892
15,734
8,402
15,136
15,233
6,936
8,641
4,392
4,873
9,293
3,857
27,762
4,587
11,607
15,383
8,071
15,449
15,836
6,567
8,173
4,211
4,497
9,539
3,616
22,582
6,659
9,767
18,758
10,392
15,567
17,635
10,032
10,371
5,416
7,265
13,754
5,582
26,470
6,162
10,591
18,479
9,788
16,147
17,297
9,345
10,467
6,292
6,722
11,809
4,756
26,389
5,677
10,591
18,560
9,788
16,147
17,297
9,345
10,467
5,292
6,722
11,809
4,756
29,135
5,000
12,086
18,010
9,291
16,490
17,287
8,595
9,962
5,046
6,238
11,932
4,331
Retransfers \
(add)/
136,291
133,685
133,267
418
1.35,298
442
153,780
153,325
152,840
485
153,403
500
133,685
135,740
153,325
153,903
The district includes
Boroughs, Trban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
*Llanelly (tinplate manufacture)
12,473
13,144
23,937
25,617
*Carmarthen (railway service) .
4,601
5,424
10,338
10,025
*Pembroke (shipbuilding) .
7,937
7,916
14,978
15,853
*Haverfordwest
2,731
3,276
6,179
6,007
*Milford Haven (seamen, docks) .
2,698
2,404
4,070
5,102
*Tenby (residential) .
1,805
2,595
4,542
4,400
♦Cardigan ....
1,495
2,015
3,449
3,510
♦Aberystwith (residential).
3,434
4,580
6,725
8,014
Rural parts ....
98,124
112,049
211,889
210,173
135,298
153,403
280,107
288,701
Urhiiii ilistricts.
518 England's Recent Progycss.
In the compilation of the Census volumes for 1901 a new feature was
introduced, viz., a short summary of occupations (male and female) in
urban districts with more than 5000 inhabitants. But this summary is
omitted in the case of small counties, and we are thus almost deprived of
information as to any of the towns in the above lisi:. We know, how-
ever, that Abcrystwith and Tenby are residential places, and apparently
Carmarthen, Cardigan and Haverfordwest have a similar character. Tliere
is a woollen manufacture in Carmarthen on a small scale. The railway
service, iron, steel and copper manufactures employ many men at Llanelly.
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, ships,
i^c, and of persons on board merchant vessels, were : —
In 1881 .
. 999 militarv .,
.. 1,048 on board vessels,
„ 1891 .
.974 „ " .
634
„ 1901 .
. 473 „
843
Appendix C.
519
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520
England's Becejit Progress.
aAlONTGOMERY, IMERIONETH and RADNOR.
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Kegistration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census
,1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Knighton
6,020
5,374
5,374
5,595
5,684
5,324
5,324
5,300
Rhayader
3,384
3,112
3,112
5,116
3,435
3,309
3,309
4,230
^lachynlleth
6,102
5,110
5,166
5,218
6,456
5,716
6,781
5,823
Newtown
12,732
10,409
10,409
10,233
12,707
11,313
11,313
10,885
Forden . .
9,443
8,142
8,142
7,354
8,833
8,171
8,171
7,490
Llanfyllin .
10,018
9,060
9,060
8,390
9,906
9,376
9,376
8,601
Corwen .
8,438
8,161
8,161
8,145
8,395
8,097
8,097
8,168
Bala . . .
3,498
3,046
3,046
2,801
3,242
3,069
3,069
2,931
Dolgelly .
7,251
6,822
6,766
6,747
7,888
7,670
7,605
7,501
Festiniog
15,141
13,812
13,812
13,811
' 14,384
14,049
14,049
14,144
82,027
73,048
73,048
73,410
1 80,9.30
76,094
76,094
1
75,073
The district includes
Urban Districts, &c.
19U1.
Population.
-Males. 1
Females.
1891.
1901.
*Newtown ....
3,011
3,489
6,610
6,500
*Welshpool ....
2,960
3,161
6,501
6,121
Festiniog (slate quarrying)
5,792
5,643
11,073
11,435
*Portmadoc,t &c.
2,311
2,572
4,959
4,883
*Barmouth ....
953
1,261
2,045
2,214
*Dolgelly ....
1,104
1,333
2,467
2,437
Rural parts ....
57,279
57.614
115,487
114.893
73,410
75,073
149,142
148,483
* There is no information in tlie Census publications as to occupations iu these uvbau districts,
t This urban district (in Carnarvon) is named i'nyscynhaiaru.
Appendix C.
521
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522
England's Becent Progress.
MONMOUTH AND BRECON (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881. 1891.
1891.
1901.
Builth . .
4,015
3,878
4,296
4,448
4,167
3,956
4,441
4,528
Brecknock .
8,578
7,880
7,880
7,752
8,600
8,044
8,044
7,881
Hay . . .
5,028
4,655
4,655
4,626
5,194
4,944
4,944
4,775
Chepstow
9,461
9,642
9,642
9,505
9,240
9,822
9,822
9,741
Monmouth .
15,361
14,200
14,200
14,023
14,951
14,081
14,081
14,217
Retransfers "i
(deduct) . j
i
42,443
40,255
40,673
418
40,354
442
42,152
40,847
41,332
485
40,847
41,142
500
40,255
39,912
40,642
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
*]\Ionmouth .....
tBrecknock ......
Rural parts ......
2,328
2,813
35,213
2,767
3,062
35,313
5,470
5,794
70,741
5,095
5,875
70,526
40,854
41,142
82,005
81,496
* Monmouth seems somewhat residential, having a large proportion of secondary workers. There
is no information in the Census as to occupations in Brecknock.
+ Urban district.
The numbers of miUtary officers and men in barracks were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
271
244
147
Appendix C.
523
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524
England's Recent Progress.
CARNARVON AND ANGLESEY (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Hegistration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891. !
1901.
PwUheU . .
11,161
10,481
10,481
10,548
11,750
11,792
11,792
11,349
Carnarvon .
22,058
19,836
19,836
21,106
21,939
20,876
20,876
21,547
Bangor .
18,802
18,262
18,262
18,350
19,729
19,770
19,770
20,305
Anglesey.
7,127
6,868
6,868
6,734
8,055
7,813
7,813
7,523
Holyhead .
10,053
9,454
9,454
10,087
9,887
10,084
10,084
10,464
69,201
64,901
64,901
66,825
71,360
70,335
70,335
71,188
The district includes :-
Boroughs, L'rl)an Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Bangor (railway service, slate)
quarrying) . . . .(
5,202
6,067
9,892
11,269
Carnarvon ....
4,511
5,249
9,804
9,760
Bethesda (slate quarrying)
2,395
2,886
5,799
5,281
*Holyhead (seamen, railway ser-j
vice) . . . . .1
4,951
5,128
8,745
10,079
Rural parts ....
49,766
51,858
100,996
101,624
66,825
71,188
135,236
1.38,013
Urban district.
The numhers of persons on board merchant vessels were
In 1881 .
„ 1891 .
„ 1901 .
884
738
762
Appendix C.
525
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52(3
England's Becent Progress.
DENBIGH AND FLINT (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1S91.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Holywell
Ruthin .
Llanrwst
23,217 ' 21,373
7,160 0,462
7,081 ' G,332
21,373 21,129 ' 22,557
6,462 6,069 7,055
6,332 6,449 ' 7,028
21,192
6,476
6,679
21,192
6,476
6,679
21,132
6,019
6,721
37,458 34,167 ! 34,167 33,647 ' 36,640
34,347
34,347
33,872
The district includes : —
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.]
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
*Denbigh (part of) ....
135
140
333
275
*Buckley (part of)
1,717
1,609
2,805
3,326
*Mold
2,037
2,226
4,457
4,263
♦Flint
2,331
2,294
5,247
4,625
Rural parts .....
27,427
27,603
55,672
55,030
33,647
88,872
68,514
67,519
Urban districts : Denbigh and Buckley each have more than 5000 inhabitants.
The remainder of Buckley is in the Chester registration district ; in the
entire place 662 coal miners were enumerated, and 453 brick and tile
makers.
Appendix C.
527
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•28
England's Becent Progress.
YORKSHIEE (Residue).
1
Population (Males).
Population (females).
Kegistration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census
,1901.
18S1.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1 1901.
Sedbergh .
2,074
2,078
2,078
2,025
2,005
1,962
1,962
■ 1,910
Settle . . .
6,848
6,894
6,894
6,989
6,952
7,177
7,177
7,330
Skipton .
\ 18,081
18,610
18,610
21,702
19,039
20,334
20,334
23,559
Pateley Bridge
4,536
3,868
3,868
4,035
4,408
3,893
3,893
4,005
Ripon .
7,879
7,645
7,429
7,292
8,568
8,413
8,206
8,237
Great Ouse- 1
burn . . 1
5,928
5,988
4,689
4,686
6,027
6,076
4,729
4,888
Wetherby.
8,039
7,229
7,229
7,327
8,148
7,755
7,755
8,016
Thome . .
8,043
7,853
7,353
7,809
8,132
7,544
7,544
7,913
Goole .
9,801
12,201
12,201
12,490
9,759
12,192
12,192
12,996
Selby . . .
7,809
7,562
7,562
8,225
8,006
7,723
7,723
8,483
Tadcaster .
12,340
13,282
13,282
15,028
11,606
12,695
12,695
14,479
Pocklington .
7,979
7,495
7,495
7,078
7,482
7,084
7,084
6,631
Howdeu .
6,869
6,490
6,490
6,229
6,418
6,331
6,331
6,045
Beverley .
11,730
11,840
11,857
11,918
11,780
12,167
12,184
12,536
Patringtou
4,355
4,175
4,175
4.278
4,403
4,255
4,255
4,315
Skirlaugb .
4,852
4,595
4.578
4.602
4,943
4,709
4,692
4,757
Driffield . .
10,275
9,534
9,534
9,005
9,792
9,309
9,309
8,749
Bridlington .
8,145
8,027
8,027
9,437
8,617
8,870
8,870
10,792
Malton
11,622
10,886
10,886
10,228
11,409
10,776
10,776
10,220
Easingwold .
4.897
4,526
5,322
5,009
4,636
4,321
5,172
4,900
Thirsk . . .
6,317
6,047
6,465
6,175 1
6,531
6,141
6,551
6,535
Helmsley .
5,974
5,624
5,624
5,119
5,459
5,095
5,095
4,848
Pickering .
5,424
5,227
5,227
5,037
5,254
5,247
5,247
5,022
Whitby . .
12,834
11,513
11,513
10,100
13,640
12,889
12,889
11,643
Stokesley .
5,975
5,521
5,521
5,482
6,034
5,598
5,598
5,765
Northallerton
6,989
5,535
5,535
5,688
5,895
5,737
5,737
5,902
Bedale
4,134
4,085
4,439
4,103
4,137
4,143
4,493
4,333
Leyburn .
4,065
3,737
3,737
3,275
4,258
3,898
3,898
3,473
Aysgarth . .
2,793
2,387
2,387
2,229
2,689
2,349
2,349
2,277
Reeth . . .
2,370
1,543
1,543
1,206
2,347
1,674
1,674
1,314
Richmond
6,658
6,357
6,357
5,868
6,800
6,277
6,277
5,858
Retransfers"!
(deduct) . /
224,635
217,854
217,907
219,674
225,124
222,634
222,691
227,737
53
67
57
68
217,854
219,607
222,634
227,669
Appendix C.
529
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, <t'c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1S91.
1901.
Skipton (cotton, railway service)
Ripou ....
Barnoldswick (cotton) .
Goole (seamen)
Seiby (railway service) .
Whitby (shipbuilding, seamen, jet)
Beverley (leather) .
Great Driffield
Bridlington (residential)
Rural parts ,
5,733
3,708
3,041
8,110
3,731
5,260
6,146
2,694
5,347
175,904
6,253
4,522
3,341
8,466
4,055
6,495
7,037
3,072
7,135
177,361
10,376
7,820
4,131
15,416
6,189
13,075
12,539
5,703
8,919
356,424
219,674 I 227,737 i 440,598
11,980
8,230
6,382
16,576
7,786
11,755
13,183
5,706
12,482
353,265
447,411
Eipon may be regarded as a residential place.
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, &c.,
and of persons on board merchant vessels, were : —
[n 1881 .
. 344 military .
. 1,239 on board vessels
„ 1891 .
. 312
• 1,16G
„ 1901 .
. 404
y99
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Appendix C.
531
LEICESTEE, NOTTS and DERBY (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
,1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Lutterworth .
6,564
6,938
5,514
5,262
6,806
6,453
5,970
5,767
IMarket Har- 1
borough . j
7,994
7,738
8,217
9,075
8,291
8,660
9,215
10,112
Hinckley .
8,350
10,013
9,548
11,521
9,039
10,686
10,252
12,419
Market Bos- "i
worth . . /
7,398
8,026
8,026
9,004
7,219
7,614
7,614
8,172
Loughborough
13,532
14,722
14,722
16,760
14,426
16,209
16,209
18,137
Jlelton Mow- "i
bray . . /
10,265
10,812
10,812
11,018
10,218
10,778
10,778
11,192
East Retford .
11,429
11,624
11,624
12,591
11,842
12,055
12,055
13,028
Southwell
9,916
9,313
9,313
9,222
10,435
10,008
10,008
9,892
Newark .
15,114
14,834
14,834
15,012
15,502
15,754
15,754
15,859
Bingham .
7,312
6,861
6,861
6,666
7,409
7,130
7,130
7,087
Belper
28,994
30,715
30,715
33,627
28,532
30,330
30,330
33,182
Ashbourne
9,813
9,666
9,666
9,635
10,300
10,264
10,264
10,259
Bakewell . .
14,918
15,658
15,658
16,220
15,617
16,495
16,495
17,441
Chapel-en-le\
Frith . . /
9,492
11,691
11,691
12,654
9,992
11,965
11,965
13,824
Hayfield j
(excluding >
Gloasop) . )
6,214
6,321
6,321
7,055
6,520
6,552
6,552
7,377
167,305
173,932
173,522
185,322
172,148
180,953
180,591
193,748
Retransfers \
(add) . . 1
410
334
..
••
862
863
173,9.32
185,656
180,953
194,111
2 M 2
53*2 England's Becent Progress.
The district iucludes : —
Ikuxiuylis, I'lbuii Districts, Ac.
lUUl.
j ropuhiLiuii.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Loughborough (engineering, hosiery)
10,180
11,328
18,190
21,508
Hinckley (hosiery, boots)
5,a03
6,001
! 9,038
11,304
ilarket Harborough (railway service,* [
stay-making) j
3,556
4,179
5,870
7 , 735
ilelton Mowbray (boots,t railway service)
3,025
3,829
6,392
7,454
Shepshed (boots, hosiery, stone quarrying)
2,G20
2,073
4,410
5,293
East Retford (railway service, engineering)
5,923
0,417
10,603
12,340
Newai-k (engineering, malting)
7,195
7,797
14.457
14,992
Alfreton (colliery, engineering)
9,311
8,194
- 15,355
17,505
Ripley (colliery, engineering) .
5,100
4,945
8,774
10,111
Belper (engineering, colliery) .
5,210
5,724
10,420
10,934
ilatlock (residential) ....
2,792
3,187
5,285
5,979
Buxton (residential) ....
4,387
5.794
7,540
10,181
New Mills (cotton J) . . . .
3,870
3.903
0,061
7,773
Rural parts ......
110,184
119,777
230,500
235,961
185,322
193,748
354,113
1
379,070
* The excess of railway servants only equals C'5 per cent, of the working males, and the staymakeis
are even less numerous. + Only 5'4 per cent, in e.vcess of the ordinary ratio.
X Largely under the headings "Bleaching, Printing, Dyeing."
The industrial and colliery towns amount to a considerable proportion
of the total population, and doubtless influence the average rates of
mortality unfavourably.
Appendix C.
533
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534
England's Becent Progress.
STAFFORD, WORCESTER, and WARWICK (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
Census, 1891.
Census, 1901.
i
i
1881.
•1891.
1891. 1 1901.
1S81.
1891.
1891. 1 1901.
Stone
13,984
15,287
1
9,553
9,446
15,150
16,465 ; 10,026 10,193
Cheadle . .
11,362
12,131
10,860
12,348
11,335
12,033 10,925 I 12,309
Uttoxeter
6,888
7,120
7,488
7,845
7,215
7,496 7,645 7,963
Tamworth .
9,676
10,779
10,724
12,462
9,724
11,025 10,975 12,205
!
Lichfield .
20,127
20,450
20,450
21,894
19,170
19,680
19,680 20,648
Tenbury
3,814
3,660
3,660
3,518
3,774
3,622
3,622 3,487
Martley . .
7,861
7,625
6,104
5,977
8,031
8,184 ; 6,147 6,003
i
Evesham
7,641
7,798
7,798
8,676
7,629
8,271
8,271 8,953
Pershore
6,740
6,502
6,502
6,410
6,820
6,503
6,503 6,344
Droitwich .
8,685
8,807
8,807
8,828
8,813
9,435
9,435 9,546
Bromsgrove .
15,655
16,098
16,098
17,078
16,259
17,213
17,213 18,552
Atherstone .
7,324
7,855
7,855
9,182
7,066
7,586
7,586 : 8,547
Stratford-on-"t
Avon . . 1
11,110
10,572
10,523
9,966
11,386
11,321
11,265 I 10,876
Alcester .
9,611
9,586
9,586
10,025
9,819
10,392
10,392 1 10,954
Shipston-on- 1
Stour . ./
8,918
8,409
8,409
1
7,452
' 8,961
8,390
8,390 7,601
Southam
5,249
5,185
5,185 4,994
j 5,033
5,065
5,065 4,909
*Retransfers \
(add) . ./
154,640
157,864
! 149, 602 ' 156, 101
8,262 9,645
156,185
162,681
153,140 159,090
9,541 11,373
I
157,864 165,746
162,681 !l70,463
1
* Chiefly of districts added t^) the Potter>' group and Malvern,
Appendix C.
535
The district includes
Boroughs, Urban Districts, Ac.
Lichfield (brewing *)
Stone (boots) .
Tamworth (colliery f)
Uttoxeter (engineering) .
Brownhills (part of) (colliery)
Reddich (needles, fishing tackle
Bromsgrove (engineering)
Evesham (agriculture)
Stourport (part of J)
Stratford-on-Avon .
Rural parts
&c.)
1901.
Males.
3,773
2,580
8,515
2,495
1,876
6,172
4,151
3,440
683
3,917
123,499
Females.
156,101
4,129
3,100
3,756
2,638
1,670
7,321
4,267
3,661
735
4,393
123,420
159,090
Population.
7,864
5,754
6,614
4,418
3,191
11,311
7,934
5,836
1,361
8,318
240,141
1901.
302,742
7,902
5,680
7,271
5,133
3,546
13,493
8,418
7,101
1,418
8,310
246,919
315,191
* Only 6-4 per cent, of the working males. + Only 11-5 per cent, of working males.
% Urban district with less than 5000 inhabitants.
North Bromsgrove, although organized as an urban district, is largely
agricultural, and the true town is certainly much below 5000 inhabitants.
It is therefore included with the rural parts. Its inhabitants, however,
include 16-8 per cent, of male workers employed in engineering.
The numbers of military officers and men in barracks, &c., were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
922
909
1,149
► op
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Appendix C.
537
LANCASHIRE axd CHESHIRE (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Kegistration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1001.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
ISSl.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Runcorn .
Northwich .
Congleton .
Clitheroe .
Garstang .
Lunesdale .
Ulverston .
17,447
22,577
18,589
11,825
6,367
3,568
22,229
22,575
25,927
18,489
11,439
6,367
3,740
21,655
23,311
25,927
15,796
11,439
6,367
3,778
21,655
20,116
27,843
15,741
11,392
6,014
3,434
20,871
16,580
21,465
19,421
11,668
5,997
3,564
21,452
19,942
24,351
19,168
11,769
5,784
3,607
22 , 166
20,667
24,351
16,571
11,769
5,784
3,626
22,166
19.619
26,892
16,793
11,985
5,846
3,514
21,922
*Retransfers \
(add). ./
102,602
110,192
108,273
1,919
105,411
2,591
100,147
106,787
104,924
1,863
106,571
2,283
110,192
108,002
106,787
108,854
The largest is a transfer from Congleton to Leek reversed.
The district includes : — ■
Boroughs, Urban Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
Population.
Congleton (silk, fustian) .
4,850
5,857
10,744
10,707
Northwich (alkali, engineering).
9,015
8,596
14,914
17,611
Runcorn (seamen, alkali) .
8,385
8,106
20,050
16,491
Sandbach (agriculture)
2,764
2,794
5,824
5,558
Winsford (salt)
5 , 143
5,239
10,440
10,382
Dalton-in-Furness (iron mining)
6,619
6,401
13,300
13,020
Clitheroe (cotton)
5 , 309
6,105
10,828
11,414
Ulverston. ....
4,775
5,289
10,015
10,064
Rural parts ....
58,551
58,184
117,082
116,735
105,411
106,571
213,197
211,982
The industrial and mining districts are here of some importance, and
tend to increase the average rate of mortality.
The numbers of persons on board merchant vessels were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
68
1,119
536
538
Englatid's Recent Progress.
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Appendix C.
539
DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND (Residue).
Population (Males).
Population
(Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Teesdale .
10,305
10,511
10,511
9,949
10,472
10,452
10,452
10,405
Weardale
9,035
8,072
8,072
7,900
8,507
8,015
8,015
7,959
Hexham . .
16,704
16,039
16,039
16,832
17,007
16,907
16,907
17,879
Haltwhistle .
4,001
3,887
3,887
4,279
3,901
3,859
3,859
4,223
Bellingham .
3,022
2,648
2,648
3,313
3,085
2,794
2,794
3,028
Alnwick .
10,406
10,611
10,611
11,595
10,904
11,286
11,286
12,065
Belford . .
2,727
2,386
2,386
2,472
3,010
2,757
2,757
2,726
Berwick .
10,106
9,447
9,447
9,347
10,942
10,298
10,298
10,144
Glendale .
5,195
4,755
4,755
4,111
5,738
5,401
5,401
4,659
Rothbury
3,261
2,945
2,945
2,940
3,448
3,138
3,138
3,054
74,762
71,301
71,301
72,738
77,014
74,907
74,907
76,142
The district includes : —
Boi'oughs, Urban Districts, &c.
1901.
Population.
Males.
Females.
1891.
1901.
Berwick-upon-Tweed (railway service*) .
Alnwick ......
Hexham (agriculture) ....
Rural parts ......
6,447
3,142
3,265
59,884
6,990
3,574
3,806
61,772
13,377
6,746
5,945
120,140
13,437
6,716
7,071
121,656
72,738
76,142
146,208
148,880
* This occupies but a small proportion (8-1 per cent.) of the employed men, if we exclude the
estimated ordinary quota.
The numbers of military and naval officers and men in barracks, &c.,
and of persons on board merchant vessels, were : —
In 1881
„ 1891
„ 1901
133 military and naval
167
236
249 on board vessels,
158
228
Judging by their ages at the time of migration, it would seem that
many women leaving these districts went to the adjacent mining districts
p,s wives,
540
England' fi Bccoif Prof/rcss.
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Appe7idix Ct
541
CUMBERLAND and WESTMORELAND (Residue).
1
Population (Males).
Population (Females).
Registration
Districts.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
Census
, 1891.
Census
, 1901.
1881.
1891.
1891.
1901.
1S81.
1891.
1891.
1901.
Alston
2,253
1,666
1,666
1,522
2,368
1,718
1,718
1,612
Penrith .
11,527
11,170
11,170
10,790
11,724
11,406
11,406
11,415
Brampton
5,354
4,859
4,859
4,343
5,211
4,895
4,895
4,442
Longtowu
8,916
3,647
3,647
3,351
3,795
3,534
3,5.34
3,325
Wigton .
11,481
11,698
11,698
10,870
11,959
12,255
12,255
11,431
East Ward
7,276
6,672
6,672
6,383
7,239
7,055
7,055
6,835
West Ward
4,195
3,870
3,870
3,869
4.030
3,839
3,8.39
3,842
Kendal .
, 20,114
21,843
21,843
20,298
21,400
22,930
22,936
23,182
' 66.116
65,425
65,425
61,426
07,780
07,638
67,638
60,084
The district includes : —
1901.
Populution.
P.oroughs, I rian Districts, &c.
Males.
Females.
1891. 1901.
Penrith
*Wigton
■^Kendal
Pvural parts
4,182
1,042
6,562
49,040
5,000 8,981 9,182
2,050 : 3,965 ^ 3,692
7,621 14,430 1 14,183
51,413 105,687 100,453
61,426
06,084 1.33,063 j 127,510
* Urban districts.
There are other small iul),xn districts within these limits, such as
Holme Cultrara (with Silloth Dock) and Aspatria, hut on tlie whole the
industrial element is not important. In Kendal there are a few woollen
miuufacturers and bootmakers.
i^42
England's Becent ProgrefiS.
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APPENDIX. D.
APPENDIX D.
This Appendix contains : —
First. The population and migrations at ages 0-15, 15-40 and 40
upwards in each of the 136 districts, excluding the rural residues.
Second. The population and migrations at each age in eight large
groups of districts in the twenty years 1881-1901.
TJiird. The hypothetical gains or losses of male inhabitants ^;e?' cent.
by migrations during thirty years from 1881 or from 1891, supposing the
progress shown at each age at the next succeeding Census were followed
by like progress during twenty more years.
Fourth. A statement as to particular places in certain of the 160
districts where specially high gains of population were reported in 1901.
2 N
546
England's Uecent Progress.
Male Population.
Migrations, lSSl-90.
Migrations, 1891-00.
1881.
1891.
(K-15,
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
London
'2,266,127
2,685,167
3,038
61,626
298
3,219
76,991
6,623
Manchester
401,016
458,320
310
6,531
723
2,920
10,808
343
Leeds .
158,965
186,578
1,680
4,655
178
1,139
3,784
893
Sheffield . .
148,068
169,891
557
1,670
478
1,605
7,659
730
Leicester .
87,704
107,233
1,071
1,781
825
999
1,232
812
Hull . . .
87,098
104,236
1,179
1,570
414
1,459
2,159
796
LivGrpool .
398,138
433,057
1,867
6,640
5,408
2,987
6,284
291
Birmingham .
345,773
394,501
804 ; 5,809
1,191
5,653
9,307
3,443
Bristol . .
146,414
165,568
390 5,865
42
1,774
4,785
784
Nottingham .
74,144
81,046
2,507 1,949
415
1,369
389
570
4,113,447
4,785,597
3,029 57,570
5,452
20,386
113,050
14,703
Burnley .
57,319
79,185
3,125 6,517
2,150
1,060
1,271
569
Stockport .
54,135
62,748
993 1 458
862
1,885
702
1,089
Keighley .
29,054
32,903
674 1 7
244
354
289
275
Oldham . .
81,008
96,357
1,448 3,211
987
54
721
658
Bolton
91,985
109,038
1,568 1,527
636
476
906
334
Blackburn
83,617
96,347
886
124
22
149
2,758
380
Halifax . .
1 81,074
87,148
180
1.544
354
129
2,313
466
Rochdale .
57,305
58,101
283
2,677
809
832
708
87
Ashton-under-
Lvne
1 73,107
77,792
737
2,299
853
171
944
29
Bradford .
146,727
160,049
99
2,353
662
696
4,630
1,191
755,331
859,668
7,755
2.723
2,223
4,414
11,296
1,154
Haslingden .
j 45,464
48,869
404 1,208
738
419
968
474
Bury .
1 61,645
64,797
1,122 2,303
1,042
598
2,383
725
Dewsbury
1 73,701
77,408
901 3,348
1,146
821
3'444
1,077
Saddleworth .
i 10,693
10,868
258 I 429
332
329
926
491
Macclesfield .
; 28,970
27,816
494 2.773
394
490
2,179
*47
Leek .
! 15,226
16,218
236 1,003
106
62
906
67
Kidderminster
1 19,562
19,149
679 2,006
364
178
1,930
92
Todmorden .
' 17,095
17,930
202 t 342
132
139
192
32
Wharfedale .
! 22,626
24,308
249
795
210
46
*31
*808
Preston
1 60,331
66,893
308
1,230
882
283
2,408
*172
Huddersfield .
75,341
79,585
443
1,279
383
886
4,286
1,591
Glossop
10,769
12,192
8
77
16,793
73
388
936
315
441,423
466,033
5,288
3,892
4,639
20,527
3,773
Glamorgan
group . .
[ 370,625
491,662
8,138
42,245
7,959
3,139
17,591
539
Durham group
588,903
702,758
1,111
5,500
1,761
4,518
8,883
440
Barnsley
group . .
Chesterfield
group . .
\' 98,947
\ 169,899
118,676
160
1,742
173
1,187
2,141
*633
204,833
146
447
409
4,518
5,422
1,520
Isuneaton.
15,600
18,493
350
58
2
1,020
2,216
875
Ashby-de-la-
Zouch .
\\ 17,008
18,521
155
1,117
273
229
182
116
Wigan group.
218,175
262,880
699
3,993
376
1,258
2,420
*2,7i5
Wrexham .
28,351
32,101
85
358
40
185
214
96
Cannock .
18,946
21,223
274
1,004
183
247
356
196
1,526,454
1,871,147
9,968
50,496
5,574
13,415
83,445
650
* These districts contain important lunatic asylums.
Appendix D.
647
Female Population.
Migrations, 1881-90.
Migrations, 1891-00.
1881.
1891.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
0-15.
,, .„ 40 and
"-^°- upwards.
London .
Manchester .
Leeds .
Sheffield . .
Leicester .
Hull . . .
Liverpool .
Birmingham .
Bristol
Nottingham .
2,540,158
440,718
168,564
149,485
95,406
90,992
419,681
365,151
170,396
85,119
3,003,000
500,066
200,466
172,691
118,036
109,453
466,928
420,629
190,534
96,032
7,484
890
2,007
932
1,448
1,067
1,896
81
426
1,707
131,035
13,790
7,666
1,079
4,377
2,920
7,431
147
702
1,246
28,460
4,986
341
1,590
645
6
6,677
2,510
1,425
202
4,955
2,352
1,098
1,669
1,492
1,452
3,578
5,832
1,713
2,314
158,979
19,341
7,083
4,553
4,671
3,744
14,895
16,794
2,671
2,554
24.291
4,196
231
879
742
15
4.665
1,559
10
1,044
4,525,670
5,277,835
10,570
168,989
8,455
2,612
1,048
4,339
2,441
2,714
1,112
1. 371
342
2,771
45,540
21,827
235,285 33,030
Burnley .
Stockport .
Keighley .
Oldham .
Bolton
Blackburn
Halifax
Rochdale .
Ashton-under-"!
Lyne . . j
Bradford .
61,015
63,022
32,067
87,453
100,420
92,337
89,366
64,607
81,232
164,855
86,094
72,538
36.336
104,796
117,761
108,556
98,134
65,752
87,284
181,832
3,782
1,083
681
1,666
1,921
1,261
284
469
187
404
2,401
180
148
646
514
36
1,178
1,756
1,402
2,130
1,109
1,315
400
202
553
326
55
780
333
261
4,832
3,397
1,460
364
2,676
1,173
352
898
579
1,096
823
755
63
1,188
504
988
1,187
920
255
2,776
836,374
959,083
10,376
23,779
3,86s
4,812
16,827
6,177
Haslingden .
Bury .
Dewsbury
Saddleworth .
Macclesfield .
Leek .
Kidderminster
Todmorden .
Wharfedale .
Preston .
Huddersfield .
Glossop .
49,829
67,963
80,011
11,606
83,043
16,012
21,380
18,432
24,079
68,838
81,096
12,781
54,539
72.608
85,188
11,594
32,508
17,187
21,985
19,655
26,948
76,648
88,814
14,605
159
689
763
219
630
337
394
100
162
96
28
160
244
317
1,593
485
1,406
691
1,310
3
429
1,284
859
365
800
1,420
1,637
339
710
212
456
247
223
98
820
11
377
507
576
270
529
7
322
129
95
66
952
257
176
305
1,641
677
1,126
353
1,216
196
871
138
2,027
587
896
1,087
1,658
526
*478
81
315
212
*491
348
2,266
471
485,070
522,279
3,417
3, "2
6,755
4,073
7,179
7,847
Glamorgan "1
group . . j
Durham group
Barnsley 1
group . . /
Chesterfield 1
group . . /
Nuneaton.
Ashby-de-la- ■>
Zouch . ./
Wigan group.
Wrexham.
Cannock .
351,607
568,516
90,970
160,952
16,628
16,526
213,969
26,849
17,176
448,422
681,433
107,012
196,704
18,901
17,847
255,557
29,694
19,324
8,005
2,042
570
19
230
102
620
128
267
17,690
3,188
1,783
293
340
1-307
444
907
1,355
15,337
3,188
1,859
413
12
144
318
1,261
no
210
2,839
3,739
691
5,432
1,106
107
1,857
136
66
15,214
7,231
609
3,300
1,715
417
2,452
281
959
2,082
545
•456
2,041
750
139
*i,937
102
87
1,463,193
1,774,894
10,067
1. 139
11,987
23,960
3,001
These districts contain important lunatic asylums.
2 N 2
548
EnqlamVs liccent Progress.
Male Population.
Migrations, lhSl-i)0.
Migrations, la»l-00.
1881.
1891.
0-15.
1.5-40.
40 and
upwards
O-l,"^.
15-40.
40 and
iupwards.
Doucaster
27,043 ' 32,138
315
146
163
i 1,576
2,551
1,136
Kotherham .
1 38,893 47,443
324
686
184
819
1,507
377
Wellingboro' .
18,374 1 21,786
124
60
16S
696 922
224
Kettering
12,803 ! 18,052
557
1,459
330
379 1,028
347
Grimsby .
34,709
39,097
293
1.324
408
824 694
757
Swiudon .
t 14,728
20,393
i 144
1,757
! 67
493
848
35
Rugby .
13,685
13,281
112
1.997
; 305
854
960
314
Crewe .
1 29,077
31,833
403
1,438
495
36
229
54
Middlesbro' .
1 70,169
83,630
1 88
947
1,042
160
888
810
WalsaU . .
42,144
50,367
' 230
175
206
296
439
141
Lutou .
17,695 ! 20,238
276
935
145
245
313
313
Tilbury . .
9,309
15,106
1,500
1,346
772
1,244
359
158
Southampton
44,967
50,809
165
1.594
587
1,996
6,344
3,264
■ 373,656
444,173
2,619
1,182
1 875
' 9,618
12,626
5,994
Whitehaven .
30,100
28,799
1,630
3.550
1.447
601
3.799
1,015
Wolverhamp- i
ton , . .j
! 182,504
189,904
4.854
15,056
3,282
1,706
9,420
1.375
Burton - on - i
Trent . . j
38,302
42,487
783
1,850
444
467
1,074
*2I
Falmouth
12,666
11,694
143
1,207
539
190
1.755
265
Helston .
10,810
10,048
318
1,566
38
218
1,202
71
Penzance .
23,680
21,728
347
3,751
749
222
1.639
339
Redruth .
20,364
21,926
205
1.895
429
286
2,637
39
Potteries . .
107,583
120,752
994
3,025
592
164
2,127
1.033
Stafford . .
15,331
15,201
514
1,220
*107
352
732
*362
Barrow - in - i
Furness . /
25,575 27,273
931
740
1,732
604
1,442
789
]\Iillom . .
6,389 7,623
39
130
53
6
588
63
Cockermouth
28,473 36,418
600 893
434
1,199
4,210
1,766
501,777 533,853 !
9 748 33,097
7.906
5.687
27.741
5 736
Northampton
31,520 38,734
636
883
543
48
964
*123
Coventry .
21,369 25.750
108
945
209
221
205 1
150
Ipswich .
34.811
38,239
30
1,503
416
604
562
*872
Reading .
24,082
29,315
516
310
212
542
740
391
Carlisle .
25,253
26,200 ;
588
1.479
194
323
407
*553
York . . .
38,091 1 39,857 i
765
1,613
231
162
SG7
*341
Lynn (King's)
9,130 8,971 i
281
841
187
89
35
167
Yarmouth and ^
Lowestoft ./
36,554
38,284
596
4,269
41
S7 1,475
1.335
Lincoln .
32,273
33,039
691
2,122 1
136
275 524
*662
Gloucester
22,676
24,486 i
406
926
190
467 52
*772
Worcester
19,452 20,242 |
237 : 1,286
154
21 677
313
Derby . . .
40,477 46,687
308 ; 138
659
31 778
9
335,688 369,804 :
2,582 11,763
276 [
2,712 , 3,592
5,388
Chester . .
39,211 40,717
663
!
2,201 j
128
70 ! 2,014
*32
Wakefield. .
45,283 1 50,636 ■
648
313
270
514 233
*76
Norwich .
51,535 1 58,481
61
1,688
775
249 3,216
*402
Maidstone . ,
21,984 23,148
486
1,348
499
33 1.202
*618
Exeter . .
39,135 41,195 !
95
2,398 I
643 ;
35 2,498
*732
Cambridge .
16,521 16,926
4
1,538 1
20 1
14 1.335
68
Oxford . . \
24,139 25,806
165
1,608 1
87
80 I 1,761
*350
'
237,808
256,909
2,117 1
1,094 1
1,626
835
11,793
2,126
These districts contain important lunatic asylums.
Appendix D.
549
Female Population.
1881.
Doncaster
Rotherham
Wellingboro'
Kettering ,
Grimsby
Swindon
Rugby.
Crewe .
Middlesbro'
Walsall
Luton .
Tilbury
Southampton
Whitehaven
Wolverhamp-
ton .
Burton - on -
Trent .
Falmouth
Helston .
Penzance .
Redruth ..
Potteries .
Stafford .
Barrow - in -
Furncss
]\Iillom .
Cockermouth
Northampton
Coventry .
Ipswich .
Reading .
Carlisle
York . . .
Lynn (King's)
Yarmouth and)
Lowestoft . j
Lincoln .
Gloucester
Worcester
Derby ,
Chester
Wakefield.
Norwich .
I^Iaidstone
Exeter
Cambridge
Oxford
26,809
36,642
18,566
12,701
32,085
13,358
13,515
28,383
62,867
41,963
21,805
7,171
49,297
1891.
Migrations, 1881-90.
0-15.
31,343
44,141
21,867
17,454
39,629
18,335
14,205
31,265
77,570
49,745
24,618
12,204
55,777
287
270
180
473
360
40 and
I upwards.
365,162 438,153 1,783 154 360
29,192
182,808
35,565
12,891
12,871
26,631
25,764
106,831
15,222
21,684
5,836
28,316
29,164
190,489
41,046
12,757
12,109
26 , 548
27,317
121.894
15,389
24,439
7,254
35,258
503,611
32,724
23,730
38,254
25,035
27,500
38,604
10,076
40,156
32,239
24,232
21,924
41,686
40,583
27,254
42,561
30,739
28,985
41,658
10,082
45,473
34,230
26,421
23,724
48,390
366,160 400,100
Migrations, 1891-00.
1,454 2,766
5,215 15.130
889
543,664 9,920 27,346 8,331
40,150
43,830
59,343
23,131
46,702
18,842
26,770
258,768
41,995
49,068
06,697
24,904
49,226
20,057
30,614
282,501
,114
1,119
271
560
839
681
493
644
372 715
1,410
775
435
256
227 3,228
108
360
1,506
858
48
635
929
466
322
4,120 216
0-15.
15-40. !
1,268
1,844
637
312
540
952
507
1,508
1,057
1,728
585
1,130
456
526
37
536
248
163
1,764
30
466
196
349
2,434
43
4,908
40 and
upwards.
712
111
253
446
426
371
161
7
740
244
71
9
,748
9,115
905
2,568
652
36
229
197
202
11
207
505
3
1,126
6,619
223
143
679
341
217
7
29
114
233
431
159
72
2,648
175
476
22
28
107
99
34
11,164 ; 3,819
3,141
8,587
1,902
408
952
1,027
1,617
976
614
1,293
508
3,500
24,525
155
859
298
1,266
870
741
156
581
56
667
271
556
1,004
2,158
*i7o
155
317
359
403
1,507
*50
772
136
1,144
8,075
*217
. 44
*731
576
*418
*22
2
283
*387
*635
227
70
4,038 j 3,476
837
554
659
823
898
411
453
*11
*223
*215
*118
*163
89
"826
429 4,635 I 521
* These districts contain important lunatic asylums.
5^0
Englayid's Recent Progress.
Male Population.
Migrations, 1881-90.
Migrations, 1891-00.
1881.
1891.
fr-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
Chatham .
46,778
58,116
436
8,195
220
1,202
6,062
426
Plymouth
77,422
88,367
1.073
2,265
522
1,108
6,159
1,651
Portsmouth .
86,490
104,265
215
3,428
1,156
933
2,927
*2,365
Aldershot .
12,008
13,417
325
140
128
451
1,259
202
St. German's.
7,775
8,697
212
182
139
273
1,518
62
Folkestone .
16,290
19,420
39
741
38
466
2,395
614
Farnham .
22,701
29,032
782
4,434
920
125
2,667
337
Colchester
13,922
17,525
127
1,526
18
82
26
88
Sheerness .
9,917
10,070
452
284
510
160
2,630
401
Dover .
17,997
20,200
285
141
281
761
1,197
654
Canterbury .
8,476
9,132
19s
193
18
153
249 ! 184
Salisbury .
16,892
16,683
372
1,728
53
214
186 *471
Weymouth
16,565
16,547
104
580
974
335
4,799 1 102
Deal . . .
14,143
14,370
59
1,301
86
228
260 1 92
Godstone .
9,295
9,462
88
179
15
268
1,074 1 *794
Windsor .
15,882
17,061
98
773
10,756
47
243
514 1 137
392,553
452,364
2,232
1,319
6,126
38,300 6,926
Maidenhead .
8,240
9,950
307
150
203
204
434 ' 202
Easthampstead
6.769
6,846
41
842
80
280
807 *..
Brentwood
9,191
10,593
575
92
435
482
1,007 *1,087
24,200
27,889
923
900
718
866
1,134 1,239
Blackpool .
19,318
25,669
1,085
997
1,518
2,951
6,780
4,185
Llandudno .
8,731
11,152
893
388
487
652
1,575
818
Bournemouth
12,419
22,849
1,664
4,157
2,274
557
354
1,611
Morecambe .
20,269
25,593
445
1,528
1,168
1,086
2,289 *1,844
Harrogate
10,440
12,061
476
261
494
1,085
2,155 1 1,898
Watford . .
26,018
31,372
1,474
499
1,102
2,262
1,823 *2,027
Guildford
21,175
25,068
942
182
397
1,067
1,015 1*1,023
Southend .
12,696
15,029
338
61
16
1,882
3,218 1 2,282
Uxbridge .
13,519
14,690
72
677
230
1,079
581 * 1,093
Clacton and (
Harwich . /
17,185
18,564
123
1,168
209
324
390
474
161,770
202,047
7,012
4,222
7,477
12,945
20,130 16,205
Bath . . .
30,129
32,264
409
1,807
516
158
2,691 1 256
Bedford . .
20,366
24,114
1,149
757
323
902
1,787
421
Eastbourne .
12,985
17,758
711
742
646
1,013
260
358
Poole . . .
9,027
12,853
507
575
494
193
263 390
Thanet . .
23,499
25,516
1,596
2,540
411
2,902
1,051 1,072
Tunbridge
23,675
26,682
283
1,367
435
650
1,058 557
Hastings .
28,479
34,783
1,029
244
1,221
743
1,944 1,101
Worthing.
12,264
14,538
597
622
516
785
314 ! 870
Brighton .
65,509
71,503
494
3,278
494
617
1,667 1,470
Weston-super- 1
Mare . . /
18,443
19,158
192
1,841
183
510
1,013 561
Cromer .
8,353
9,229
17
427
141
150
26 243
Carried ^
forward/
252,729
287,898
6,950
11,566
5,380
8,623
12,074
7,299
* These districts include important lunatic asylums.
Appetidix D.
651
Female Population.
Migrations, 1881-90.
Migi
auons, 1891-00.
1881.
1891.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
Chatham .
42,282
52,942
893
960
393
1,005
1,773
461
Plymouth
84,690
92,882
434
694
36S
1,419
4,725
419
Portsmouth .
88,605
109,394
765
4,724
1,936
960
4,389
♦1,571
Aldershot .
9,318
11,104
244
140
90
252
561
170
St. German's.
8,955
9,137
50
439
129
119
242
97
Folkestone
17,580
21,508
110
1,131
118
442
2,185
423
Farnham .
17,694
20,814
712
256
220
180
1,989
280
Colchester
14,452
17,034
210
373
57
116
66
37
Sheerness .
8,287
8,537
30s
622
332
173
160
269
Dover .
18,816
20,266
86
574
316
516
680
27
Canterbury .
8,584
8,989
138
169
27
184
119
86
Salisbury .
18,188
18,622
207
1,082
92
187
684
♦81
Weymouth .
15,457
16,082
166
632
179
390
923
244
Deal . . .
13,931
14,662
3
770
155
124
368
36
Godstone .
8,397
9,451
31
220
356
186
1,025
♦767
Windsor .
16,110
18,601
IS
496
9
94
590
105
891,346
450,025
181
206
4,426
1,810
5,041
17,201
3,925
Maidenhead .
8,705
10,518
174
143
169
261
78
Easthampstead
5,890
6,858
22
28
21
42
73
*83
Brentwood .
9,172
9,962
153
336
293
342
77
♦892
23,767
27,338
381
190
457
553
265
8,871
887
Blackpool.
21,592
80,648
1,294
3,400
1,901
8,187
4,491
Llandudno
9,630
13,416
489
1,640
633
651
2.527
808
Bournemouth
17,036
31,368
1,880
7,481
2,736
708
5,230
1,869
Morecambe .
20,580
26,431
515
1,704
1,282
1,024
2,778
♦2,126
Harrogate
12,195
15,097
395
1,042
491
991
8,571
1,450
Watford . .
28,606
34,414
1,106
503
928
1,964
8,712
♦2,070
Guildford. .
21,591
26,608
474
1,304
369
477
1,816
♦368
Southend .
11,710
15,242
607
286
423
2,051
8,947
2,562
Uxbridge .
13,995
15,582
166
293
251
793
1,065
♦1,056
Clacton and ^
Harwich . /
16,290
18,839
226
437
82
541
28
514
173,225
227,645
7,102
16,680
9,096
12,387
38,545
17,314
Bath . . .
40,615
42,932
144
279
83
201
148
212
Bedford . .
22,568
27,338
938
773
403
645
79
500
Eastbourne .
14,771
23,468
702
4,211
1,210
588
2,182
338
Poole . . .
9,687
13,478
583
910
570
324
755
594
Thanet . .
27,322
32,334
1,485
656
606
1,805
998
909
Tunbridge
27,832
31,678
319
34
279
418
1,011
727
Hastings .
36,002
45,894
1,149
8,630
1,510
969
1,573
646
Worthing
14 , 100
17,856
638
806
791
817
954
1,003
Brighton .
82,671
92,970
685
2,895
334
1,098
8,670
113
Weston-super-l
Mare . . j
Cromer
21,992
24,031
215
502
318
566
248
476
8,652
9,543
27
312
13,380
24
95
275
230
Carried "1
forward/
306,212
361,522
6,831
5,460
7,526
11,439
5,324
* These districts include important lunatic asylums,
552
EngJavd's Tfrcenf Pi-ofjrcss.
Male !•
oi>nlatioii.
Migrations, 1S81-90.
Mi-i
atidus, 1891-00.
1881.
1 1891.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
5,380
0-15.
8,623
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
Brought \
forward 1
252,729
287,898
6,950
11.566
12,074
7,299
Scarborough .
20,009
20,554
334
1.643
6
119
787
517
Rhvl . . .
13.935
13.538
IS
1,277
124
281
283
*609
Cheltonhain .
23,397
22,714
10
3 024
57
292
1,409
496
Malvern .
10,672
10,431
68
1. 141
279
243
671
*430
Reigate .
14,621
17,244
616
296
193
637
275
226
Heme Bav
9.113
9,655
319
1. 112
45
684
616
518
Staines
12,094
13,606
1,292
1,642
108
1,856
535
641
356,570
395,640
8,819
21,701
5,976
12,235
16,650
10.636
Isle of Wight .
34.932
36,482
220
1,928
344
142
2.018
525
Torquay, Ac. .
50,290
' 53,520
176
3,144
622
218
4,679
385
Leamington .
23,663
23,963
323
1,851
142
165
1,598
*437
Southport
38,380
44,573
444
718
7,641
1,279
1,699
222
1,665
844
147,265
158,538
275
747
9.960
2,191
* These districts include important lunatic asylums.
JMalks.
Fkmales
JJigrations in 1881 1890.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
Large towns ....
3,029
7,755
5,288
57,570
5,452
10,570
168,989
45 540
Textile : Burnley, &c. .
Haslingden, &c.
2 723
16! 793
2,223
3,892
10,376
3,417
23,779
3, "2
3,865
6,755
Totals .
2,467
14,070
1,669
6,959 20,667
10,620
Colliery dit^tricts .
9,968
50,496
5,574
10,067 i 15,337
1,139
Industrial : Doncaster, &c. .
Whitehaven, &c. .
2,619
9,748
1,182
33,097
7,906
1,783 i 154
9,920 27,346
360
8.331
Totals .
7,129
34,279
8,781
8,137 : 27,500
8,691
Old towns : Northampton, &c.
Chester, &c.
2,582
2,117
11,763
11.094
276
1,'626
227
1,114
3,228
4,120
360
216
Totals .
^Military places
Residential: Blackpool, &c.
Bath, &c. .
Isle of Wight, &c
Totals
Miscellaneous
Rural .
4,699
22,857
1,902
1,341 7.348
144
2,232
10,756
1,319
181 4,426
1,310
7,012
8,819
275
4,222
21,701
7,641
7,477
5,976
1,699
7,102 , 16,630 1
7,617 ; 11,098
744 1,628
9,096
5,071
549
15,556
25,120
15,152
15,463 29,356
14,716
923
58,256
900
356,931
718
39,773
381 190 '
59,608 271,055 i
457
59,821
Grand Total -^
46,431 335-335 ! 33,648 25,465 67.318 109,184
Appendix D.
553
Female Population.
Migrations, 1881-90.
Migrations, 1891-00.
1881.
1891.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
5,460
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
Brought ■>
forward/
306,212 •
361,522
6,831
13,880
7,526
11,439
5,324
Scarborough .
2S,256
25,495
128
26
54
75
634
550
Khyl . . .
15,523
15.416
34
756
85
186
43
*508
Cheltenham .
32,210
32,072
43
1,071
610
418
255
72
Malvern .
12,562
13,035
57
225
44
93
59
*298
Reigate .
15,738
19,336
435
685
125
755
731
90
Heme Bay .
9,754
10,511
37
510
6
641
513
577
Staines
11,680
13,286
376
431
93
1,033
196
820
426,935
490,673
7,617
11,098
5,071
10,541
13,666
7,595
Isle of Wight.
38,701
42,190
200
186
405
I
482
341
Torquay, &c. .
61,376
66,408
98
329
108
159
1,456
9
Leamington .
29,211
30,406
91
563
144
88
797
*389
Southport
44,832
54,634
937
2,706
1,206
38
943
428
174,120
193,638
744
1,628
549
286
1,792
485
These districts include important lunatic asylums.
Malk^.
i'EMALKS.
Migrations in 1891-1900.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
0-15.
15-40.
40 and
upwards.
Large towns ....
20,386
113,050
14,703 21,827
235,285 33,030
Textile : Burnley, &c. .
Haslingden, &c.
4,414
4,639
11,296
20,527
1. 154
3,773
4,812
4.073
16,827 1 6,177
7,179 7,847
Totals .
225
31,823
4,927
739
9,648 i 14,024
Colliery districts .
13,415
33,445
650
11,987
23,960
3,001
Industrial : Doncaster, &c.
Whitehaven, &c. .
9,618
5,687
12,626
27-741
6,994
5.736
9,115
6,619
11,164
24,525
3,819
8.075
Totals .
3,931
iS."5
258
2,496
13.361
4,256
Old towns: Northampton, &c.
Chester, &c.
2,712
835
3,592
11-793
5,388
2,126
2,648
429
4,038
4.635
3,476
521
Totals .
1,877
15.385
7,514
2,219
597
3,997
Military places
6,126
33,300
6,926
5,041
17,201
3,925
Residential: Blackpool, &c. .
Bath, &c. .
Isle of Wight, &c.
12,945
12,235
747
20,130
16,650
9,960
16,205
10,636
2,191
12,387
10,541
286
33,545
13,666
1,792
17,314
7,595
485
Totals .
24,433
6,480
29,032
22,642
45,419
25,394
Miscellaneous
Rural .....
866
28,066
1,134
306,581
1,239
17,048
553 265
38,821 227,897
887
42,027
Crand Totals
42,743
196,723
37,017
2.S , 683
S9,9'J3
56,133
554
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562
England's Becent Progress.
Hypothetical Losses and Gains. Numbeks per Cent, oe Male Population
AGED 5-10 WHO would BE COUNTED 30 YeARS LATER (APART FROM MORTALITY)
should the proportions migrating be maintained as in the named
Decennium.
Part I. — Places showing a net Gain in 1891-1901.
Deceunium.
1
Decennium.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Large towns —
Colliery [continued) —
Sheffield . . . . | 106-1
124-3
Barnsley ....
107-4
111-8
Birmingham
90-9
114-7
Ashby-de-la-Zouche
67-7
108-7
London . .
114-1
114-3
Durham . . . .
102-5
106-8
Hvill . .
110-7
114-1
Manchester
108-9
112-9
Military —
Leeds .
114-0
111-5
St. German's
110-3
218-2
Liverpool .
90-5
106-9
Weymouth .
81-6
206-5
Leicester .
111-9
106-1
Sheeruess.
76-4
184-9
Godstone .
89-0
180-5
Old towns —
Folkestone .
112-3
173-9
Reading ....
105-2
111-0
Chatham .
128-5
146-5
Coventry .
118-2
109-8
Aldershot, NortL
84-7
144-4
King's Lynn
54-2
109-5
Farnham .
171-9
141-5
York . .
81-3
108-4
Dover .
97-8
137-1
Wakefield .
95-2
103-3
Plymouth
103-7
126-7
Gloucester
79-3
100-4
Portsmouth .
124-7
108-9
Windsor .
80-4
102-2
Textile—
Stockport ....
111-1
115-9
Miscellaneous —
Wharfedale
83-6
110-9
Easthampstead .
50-6
165-7
Burnley ....
182-4
109-6
Residential- —
Industrial-
Blackpool
144-1
376-5
Southampton .
84-7
198-9
Southend
89-4
310-2
Rugby . . .
42-0
177-6
Harrogate
99-3
272-1
Doncaster .
106-0
153-6
Llandudno
134-7
205-8
Kettering .
178-1
137-6
Morecambe
153-3
159-9
Wellingborough
79-5
125-9
Watford .
104-9
153-8
Rotherham
108-5
118-3
Uxbridge .
81-8
138-1
Swindon .
161-5
117-2
Guildford
112-4
137-4
Grimsby
76-5
114-0
Staines
62-3
126-6
Barrow .
76-0
110-6
Clacton .
68-1
124-7
Tilbury . . .
283-8
109-6
Bouruemoutb
444-9
110-4
Thanet .
67-9
106-3
Colliery —
Reigate .
95-0
103-5
Nuneaton ....
97-8
180-1
Rhyl . .
58-7
103-3
Glamorgan
166-3
117-0
Cromer .
85-1
102-5
Chesterfield . . .
98-1
115-3
Worthing
82-3
100-2
I
Appendix D.
563
Part II. — Places showing a net Loss in 1891-lOOL
Decennium.
Decennium.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Large towns —
Colliery—
Nottingham .
84-9
97-0
Wigan ....
107-8
94-0
Bristol
82-7
90-3
Wrexham
92-3
92-7
Cannock ....
74-9
90-8
Old towns-
Carlisle
Ipswich
Lincoln
Yarmouth .
Derby .
69-3
79-3
68-6
50-2
97-1 1
97-2
96-0
93-7
91-3
91-1
Military-
Canterbury .
Salisbury ....
Deal
Colchester
99-2
57-3
57-8 1
162-0 ,
98-5
97-6
94-1
88-5
Northampton .
112-9 1
87-5
Miscellaneous —
Worcester .
71-7
84-2
Maidenhead .
100-8 1
82-5
Chester.
74-8
77-9
Brentwood
123-7 :
66-3
Maidstone .
Exeter . .
Norwich .
Oxford . .
Cambridge
72-2
73-7
88-3
72-6
67-6
76-5
74-5
73-3
72-3
70-3
Residential —
Eastbourne .
Poole . . .
Brighton .
Southport
158-8
152-4
81-7
94-7
98-0
97-9
91-1
87-1
Textile—
Oldham
Bolton .
Todmorden
Ashton-under-
Keighley .
Rochdale .
Haslingden
Halifax
Lyue .
120-9
110-2
89-7
82-4
102-7
75-3
85-3
90-4
97-1
97-1
97-6
96-4
95-4
94-9
88-1
87-9
Tunbridge
Scarborough .
Weston-super
j\Ialvern .
Heme Bay .
Hastings .
Cheltenham
Bedford .
Isle of Wight
Mare .
79-3
60-5
63-3
61-8
52-8
105-4
49-5
92-5
73-9
85-7
83-2
83-0
80-0
79-9
77-3
76-0
74-8
74-4
Blackburn .
Bradford .
101-6
91-6
87-0
85-8
Leamington
Bath . .
63-2
77-6
71-3
68-0
Preston
92-9
82-8
Torquay ....
73-8
63-4
Bury
78-2
82-6
Rural residues —
Dewsbury .
76-2
77-8
Carnarvon
51-7
80-0
Leek
74-3
77-4
Leicester .
65-6
75-7
Huddersfield
91-1
73-2
Durham .
51-5
71-7
Macclesfield
55-3
66-3
Montgomery
39-7
69-0
Glossop
101-5
62-2
Stafford .
58-5
67-2
Kidderminster
53-9
57-6
Sussex
56-6
65-7
Saddleworth .
78-4
54-8
Denbigh .
Carmarthen
42-5
51-7
65-1
65-0
Industrial —
Kent . .
59-8
63-8
Luton
76-8
99-2
Salop .
46-8
63-3
Walsall. . .
96-1
98-3
York . .
52-0
62-0
Crewe .
74-7
94-9
Northampton
54-7
59-4
Potteries .
85-5
92-5
Lincohi .
48-0
58-4
Middlesborough
105-9
91-3
Cornwall .
43-2
57-8
Burton-on-Treut
74-9
88-0
Bucks .
59-5
56-5
Stafford . .
59-0
80-5
Monmouth
50-0
56-4
Wolverhampton
61-9
76-8
Lancashire
71-9
55-1
Penzance .
38-0
65-8
Essex .
50-7
54-8
Millom . .
79-9
63-1
Gloucester
49-5
52-4
Redruth
65-4
50-3
Hants .
60-3
52-4
Helston
45-5
49-3
Cumberland
56-6
51-7
Cockermouth
120-5
48-6
Wilts . .
52-9
50-8
Whitehaven
44-7
44-1
Devon
49-0
48-7
Falmouth .
48-8
35-7
Norfolk .
50-8
45-2
2 o 2
564
EngJayuVs Becent Progress.
This last TaVile suggests an enquiry as to tlie points to which migrations
were specially flivected in the ten years 1891 to 1901. This is unnecessary
in the case of simple towns, such as tlioso classed as " large" or as " old,"
or in the case of Barrow, which district is co-terminous with the town of
the same name. lb is, however, interesting in most other cases, and
particulars arc suhjoined, showing the urban areas or in some cases the
rural districts where on total population a gain of fully 20 per cent, was
experienced.
It will be observed that in Stockport, Burnley and some other districts
the leading town is not mentioned, as the increase there did not reach
20 per cent. In a few cases gains below 20 per cent, are noticed, but this
has only been done casually and not systematically.
In order to form an opinion as to how far the gains of particular places
by migration have influenced a whole district, allowance must be made for
natiu'al increase. For example, the town of Morecambe certainly attracted
more immigrants from outside than did Lancaster, although the latter
place added a greater number to its population, Morecambe having a
smaller number of inhabitants at the commencement of the decennium.
PciCES SELECTED FROM THE DiSTEICTS SHOWING ImMIGEATIOX IN 1891-1901 AS
SHOWING SPECIALLY HIGH GaINS OF POPULATION.
Population (both Sexes).
Gain
per cent.
1891.
1901.
Gain.
Stockport —
Cheadle and Gatley
8,252
10,820
2,568
31-1
Hazelgrove ....
7,868
9,791
1,923
24-5
Heaton Norris
7,164
9,474
2,310
32-2
Eeddish ....
6,854
8,668
1,814
26-5
Bredbury ....
5,821
7,107
1,286
22-1
Wharfedale —
Ilkley
5,707
7,455
1,088
29-3
Burnley —
Nelson ....
22,754
32,816
10,062
44-2
Colne .....
16,774
23,000
6,226
37-1
Brierfield ....
5,834
7,288
1,454
24-9
Southampton —
Southampton
82,126
104,824
22,698
27-6
Itchen ....
8,234
13,097
4,863
59-1
Eastleigh (part) .
3,613
7 , 779
4,166
115-3
Eugby —
Rugby ....
11,262
16,830
5,568
49-4
*Bilton
1,894
3,509
1,615
85-3
Doncaster —
Doncaster ....
25,933
28,932
2,999
11-6
Mexborough
7,734
10,430
2,696
34-9
*Conisbrough
4,499
8,549
4,050
90-0
Balby-with-Hexthorpc .
4,270
6,781
2,511
5S-8
Bolton-upon-Dearne
1,205
3,828
2,623
217-7
Wheatlev ....
•
1,795
3,580
1,785
99-4
^ Not an urban distrigt.
I
Appendix D.
5G5
Places selected from the Districts showing Immigration in 1891-1901 as
SHOWING SPECIALLY HIGH GaINS OF POPULATION — COntimied.
Population (both Sexes).
Gain
per cent.
1891.
1901.
Gain.
Kettering —
Kettering ....
19,454
28,653
9,199
47-3
Rothwell ....
3,378
4,193
815
24-1
Desborough.
2,872
3,573
701
24-4
Wellingborough —
Wellingborough .
15,068
18,412
3,344
22-2
Rushdeu ....
7,443
12,453
5,010
67-3
Finedon ....
3,197
4,129
932
29-2
Higham Ferrers .
1,810
2,540
730
40-3
Rotherham — ■
Rotherham ....
42,061
54,349
12,288
29-2
Rawmarsh ....
11,983
14,587
2,604
21-7
Swinton ....
9,705
12,217
2,512
25-9
Wath-upon-Dearne
7,048
8,515
1,407
20-8
Swindon —
Swindon ....
33,001
45,000
12,005
36-4
Grimsby —
Grimsby ....
51,934
63,138
11,204
21-6
Cleethorpe ....
4,300
12,578
8,272
192-1
Tilbury-
Grays Thurrock .
12,397
13,834
1,437
11-6
*Chadwell St. Mary
3,391
5,203
1,812
53-4
*West Thurrock .
2,540
3,127
587
23-1
Nuneaton —
Nuneaton ....
15,297
24,996
9,699
63-4
* Bed worth ....
5,485
7,169
1,684
30-7
*Foleshill ....
4,559
5,514
955
20-9
Glamorgan —
Cardiff ....
128,915
164,333
35,418
27-5
Rhondda
88,351
113,735
25,384
28-7
Merthyr Tydfil
59,004
69,228
10,224
17-3
Newport
54,707
67,270
12,563
23-0
Pontypridd .
24,763
32,316
7,553
30-5
Mountain Ash
17,826
31,093
13,267
74-4
Barry .
13,278
27,030
13,752
103-6
Abertillery .
10,846
21,945
11,099
102-3
Ebbw Vale .
17,312
20,994
3,682
21-3
Ogmore and Garw
13,800
19,907
6,107
44-3
Caerphilly .
8,004
15,835
7,771
96-4
Maestcg
9,417
15,012
5,595
59-4
Neath .
11,113
13,720
2,007
23-5
Abercarn
10,464
12,607
2,143
20-5
Bedwellty .
0,743
9,988
3,245
48-1
Risca .
7,783
9,661
1,878
24-1
Margam
6,274
9,014
2,740
43-7
Briton Ferry
5,778
6,973
1,195
20-7
Glyncorrwg .
3,683
6,452
2,769
75-2
Bridgend
4,676
6,002
1,386
29-6
Not an urban district.
.')(')()
England's Beccnt Progress.
PlACKS SKLKCTEU FKOM THK DISTRICTS SHOWING iMiMIGKATlON IN ISyi-l'JOl AS
SHOWING SPECIALLY HIGH GaINS OF POPULATION — COntinUCCl.
Topulatii-m (both Sexes). ,
Gain
j
per cent.
1891. '
1901.
Gain.
Chesterfield-
i
Chesterfield.
22,009 i
27,185
5,176
23-5
Ilkeston
19,744
25,384
5,640
28-6
Mansfield .
15,925
21,445
5,520 j
34-7
Worksop
12,734
16,112
3,378 '
26-5
Suttou-in-Ashfield
10,562
14,862
4,300 I
40-7
Long Eaton.
9,636
13,045 1
3,409 i
35-4
Kirkby-in-Ashfield
6,479
10,318
3,839
59-3
Carlton
6,627
10,041
3,414
51-5
Beeston
6,948
8,960
2.012
29-0
West Bridgford .
2,502
7,018 I
4,516
180-5
Bolsoveu
3,662 1
6,844
3,182
86-9
Mansfield- Woodhouse .
2,819
4,877 j
2,058
73-0
Alvaston and Boulton .
3,116 i
4,525
1,409
45-2
Barnsley —
Barnsley ....
35,427
41,086
5,659
16-0
Castleford .
14,143
17,386
3,243
22-9
Pontefract .
9,702
13,427
3,725
38-4
Wombwell .
1 10,942
13,252
2,310
21-1
Featherstone
1 7,528
12,093
4,565
60-6
Ardsley
1 4,662
6,226
1,564
33-5
Royston
1 2,613
4,397
1,784
68-3
Darfield
3,416
4,194
778
22-8
Cudworth .
1,607
3,408
1,801
112-1
Ashby-de-la-Zouch —
•
Coalville ....
11,222
15,281
4,059
36-2
Durham Coalfield —
Newcastle ....
186,300
215,328
Benwell
10,517
18,316
Newburn
1 7,963
12,500
Gosforth
; 6,674
10,605
Walker
11,341
13,336
Gateshead .
85,692
109,888
71,486
308,487
379,973
23-2
Sunderland ....
, 131,686
146,077
Southwick . . . .
10,226
12,643
16,808
18,872
I 141,912
158,720
11-8
South Shields
78,391
97,263
24-1
West Hartlepool .
42,815
62,627
19,812
46-3
Tynemouth ....
46,588
51,366
Wellington Quay .
7,345
i
7,941
5,374
4,977
Felling . . . .
53,933
59,307
10-0
1 17,490
22,467
27-9
Wallsend .
i 11,257
20,918
9,661
85-8
Hebburn
: 16,645
20,901
4,256
25-6
Blaydon
13,171
9,623
6,452
49-0
Cowpen
12,982
7,879
4,897
37-7
Appendix D.
567
Places selected prom the Districts showing Immigration in 1891-1901 as
SHOWING specially HIGH Gains OF POPULATION — continued.
Population (both Sexes).
Gain
"~""
per cent.
1891.
1901.
Gain.
Durham Coalfield {continued) —
Ashington ....
5,307
13,956
8,649
163-0
Stanley ....
7,879
13,554
5,675
72-0
Whickham ....
9,343
12,852
3,509
37-6
Anufield Plain
9,762
12,481
2,719
27-8
Shildon and East Thickley .
9,537
11,759
2,222
23-3
Earsdon ....
7,471
9,020
1,549
20-7
Ryton ....
5,553
8,452
2,899
52-2
Tanfield ....
6,819
8,276
1,457
21-4
Houghton-le-Spring
6,476
7,858
1,382
21-4
Whitley and IMonkseaton
[ 3,008
7,705
4,697
156-1
Blyth
! 3,728
5,472
1,744
46-8
Weetslade ....
4,377
5,453
1,076
24-6
Chatham —
Chatham ....
31,657
37,057
..
Gillingham ....
27,809
42,530
Rochester ....
26,290
30,590
24,421
85,756
110,177
28-5
St. German's —
Saltash ....
2,745
3,357
612
22-3
*Millbrook ....
2,116
2,998
882
41-7
*Maker ....
1,328
2,274
946
71-2
Weymouth —
Weymouth ....
16,100
19,843
3,743
23-2
Portland ....
9,443
15,199
5,756
61-0
Sheerness —
Sheerness ....
14,492
18,179
3,687
25-4
Godstone —
Caterham ....
7,298
9.486
2,188
30-0
*Warlingham
1,488
2,573
1,085
72-9
Folkestone —
Folkestone ....
23,905
30,650
6,745
28-2
Cheriton ....
4,395
7,091
2,696
61-3
Hythe ....
4,347
5,557
1,210
27-8
Aldershot, North
Farnborough
8,071
11,500
3,429
42-5
Farnham —
Aldershot ....
25,595
30,974
5,379
21-0
Frimley ....
5,295
8,409
3,114
58-8
Dover —
Dover .....
33,503
41,794
8,291
24-7
Windsor —
Windsor ....
12,397
14,130
1,738
13-8
Sunninghill
8,929
4,719
790
20-1
* Not an urban district.
568
England's Recent Progress.
Pl.ACKS SKLKCTED FROM THE DISTRICTS SHOWING IMMIGRATION IN 1S91-1901 AS
SHOWING SPECIALLY HIGH GaINS OF POPULATION — Continued.
Population (both Sexes).
Gain
1881.
1901.
Gain.
per cent.
Easthftinpstead —
♦Sandhurst sub-district .
4,148
5,571
1,423
34-3
Blackpool —
Blackpool ....
Fleetwood ....
Lytham ....
St. Anne's-on-the-Sea .
Thornton ....
Poulton-le-Fylde .
23,846
9,274
4,656
2,588
996
1,412
47,348
12,082
7,185
6,833
3,108
2,223
23,502
2,808
2,529
4,250
2,112
811
98-6
30-3
54'3
164-2
212-0
57-4
Harrogate —
Harrogate ....
1
16,316
28,423
12,107
74-2
Llandudno —
Llandudno ....
Colwyn Bay
Conway ....
Penmaenmawr .
7,348
4,754
3,442
2,710
9,279
8,689
4,681
3,503
1,931
3,935
1,239
793
26-3
82-8
36-0
29-3
Morecambe —
Lancaster ....
Morecambe ....
Heysham ....
33,254
6,500
766
40,329
11,798
3,381
7.075
5,292
2,615
21-3
81-4
341-4
Watford-
Watford ....
St. Albans ....
Harpenden ....
- 17,063
12,898
3,603
29,327
16.019
4,725
12,264
3,121
1,122
71-9
24-2
31-1
Uxbridge —
Southall Norwood
7,896
13,200
5,304
67-2
Guildford-
Woking ....
9,786
16,244
6,458
66-0
Staines —
Staines ....
*Ashford ....
*Feltham ....
5,535
2,700
3,661
6,688
4,816
4,634
1,153
2,116
873
20-8
78-4
23-8
Claeton —
Harwich ....
Claeton ....
Walton-on-the-Naze
8,202
3,584
1,586
10,070
7,456
2,014
1,868
3,872
428
22-8
108-0
27-0
Bournemouth —
Bournemouth
Winton
Pokesdown .
37,785
4,493
2,239
47,003
6,719
4,930
9.218
2,226
2,691
24-4
49-5
120-2
Thanet— \
Ramsgate .
Margate ....
Broadstairs .
*Westgate-on-Sea .
24,733
18,662
5,234
1,847
27,733
23,118
6,466
2,738
3,000
4,456
1,232
891
12-1
23-9
23-5
48-2
>'ot an urban district.
Appendix D.
569
Places selected prom the Districts showing Immigration in 1891-1901 as
SHOWING SPECIALLY HIGH Gains OP POPULATION — Continued.
Population (both Sexes).
Gain
1891.
1901.
Gain.
per cent.
Keigate —
Reigate ....
Horley ....
Merstham ....
22,646
3,345
962
25,993
4,133
2,015
3,347
788
1,053
14-8
23-6
109-5
Rhyl-
Rhyl
Prestatyn ....
6,491
647
8,473
1,261
1,982
614
30-5
94-9
Southend —
Southend ....
Shoeburyness
Leigh-on-Sea
18,242
2,990
2,108
28,857
4,081
8,667
15,615
1,091
1,559
117-9
36-5
74-0
Worthing —
Worthing ....
Littlehampton
16,606
5,772
20,015
7,363
3,409
1,591
20-5
27-6
Cromer —
Cromer ....
2,329 3,781
1,452
62-3
570
KtHjhnuVx liccciit Prugrc.ss.
Note as to Places with Increasing Populations Included in
Certain Eural Eesidues.
It has elsewhere been noticed that owing to the impossibility of
introducing scientific boundaries, several districts are of a very mixed
character. The same remark applies to certain of the county residues,
and I here show what in 1891-1900 probably caused the whole of the
gains by migration of the rural residues mentioned, viz., the inclusion of
certain towns and parishes not really rural, now specified : —
Residues.
Sussex
Population.
Places.
1891. 1901.
Kent and
Surrey.
Chichester
Horsham .
Newhaven
Rotherfield (par
Bognor
East Grinstead
Burgess Hill .
Hailsham (par.)
HajTvard's Heath
10,815 12,244
8,087 9,446
Gravesend
Ashford .
Milton - next - Sit
tingbourne .
Rainham (par.)
Haslemere (par
Cranley (par.)
4,955
5,099
4,620
5,180
4,145
3,369
2.452
6,772
6,462
6,180
6,094
4,888
4,197
3,717
Population.
Kesidues.
Places.
1891. 1901
48,722 60,000
:}
23,876
10,728
5,213
3,082
1,784
2,055
27,196
12,808
7,086
3,693
2,709
2,614
46,738 56,106
Essex and
Herts.
Chelmsford . :11,008
Hemel Hemp-"
stead
Hitchin .
Hoddesdon
Stevenage
Hants and i Basingstoke
Berks. Alton .
Petersfield
"} 9,678
' ! 8,860
, 3,975
, 3,309
36,830
12,580
11,264
10,072
4,711
3,957
42,584
8,213 9,793
4,671 5,479
2,676
15,560
Carnarvon, Bangor . . 9,892 11,269
&c. Holyhead. . ' 8,745 10,079
*Llanllj'fni(par.) 4,968 i 5,761
*Llandurog(par.) 3,780 4,247
3,265
18,537
27,385 :31,356
Cornwall . Nevpquay
1,891
2,935
* lliese places are in the vicinity of the NantUe slate quarries.
APPENDIX E.
DISTURBING CAUSES: SUCH AS ASYLUMS FOR
LUNATICS AND IMBECILES, MILITARY
ESTABLISHMENTS, HOSPITALS, &c.
APPENDIX E.
DISTUEBING CAUSES WHICH AFFECT MIGEATION STATIS-
TICS, VIZ. : ASYLUMS FOE LUNATICS AND IMBECILES,
INDUSTEIAL AND WOEKHOUSE SCHOOLS, MILITAEY
AND NAVAL ESTABLISHMENTS, ALSO PEESONS ON
BOAED MEECHANT VESSELS, AND OTHEES.
If we were only considenng the progress of the nation as a whole, the
question of the locahties where lunatics, school children, military and
naval people and the crews of merchant vessels are aggregated, would be
of little or no consequence. But our object being to discriminate between
localities, any special circumstances which affect the movement of
population in particular places must needs be taken into account.
Lunatic asylums include private asylums and special asylums for
particular towns. These last hardly affect the local statistics. But
county asylums (and a few others which may be classed with them) draw
a steady increment of inmates from all parts of the neighbouring country,
and are often quite disproportionate to the needs of the districts where
they exist. Lunatic asylums show a specially high rate of mortality.
Schools, whether Industrial, Eeformatory or Workhouse, also attract
children from a distance. It is natural that the migration statistics of
districts with many scholars should show a consideral;)le gain at the school
age and a corresponding loss a little later in life, which latter is naturally
obscured by the loss or gain of inhabitants generally at the ages 20-35.
School mortality is apparently low in many cases, scholars being usually
removed when dangerously ill.
Soldiers and sailors, like scholars, add to population at certain ages,
but as very many of those stationed at any place will have departed within
less than ten years, we must expect to find in military places a heavy loss
of population at ages 25-35. In a few cases the rates of mortality in such
places are exceedingly low ; the men are of course free from sickness
when enlisted, and do not always, in case of illness, meet with medical
treatment in the district where they are encamped.
We have in the Census Tables sufficient information as to the ages of
our military and naval men, to enable us to frame the Table shown at the
top of next page.
The estimated deaths are I think placed rather too high ; if so, the
excess would operate so as to exaggerate the numbers gained or decrease
those lost by one or two tliousaiid. The deduction of any sucli number
would not matei'ially ait'ect tbe results shown.
The ages of soldiers are dissimilar according to the local circumstances,
574
England's^ Becent Progress.
Counted
1891.
In 1891-1901.
Age in 19^)1.
Deaths
(estimated).
Result of Enlistments and
Removals.
Counted
1901.
Gain.
Loss.
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-35
35-45
45-55
55-65
65-75
75 and u]
)wa
rds
..
'528
68,346
32,515
13,308
6,112
3,275
2,389
8
622
954
3,386
2,450
1,337
1,225
1,260
1,785
542
42,104
48,867
'312
345
20,419
10,435
6,176
348
534
41,482
48,441
44,541
19,630
5,795
4,539
2,327
949
126,473
13,027
54,792
168,238
recruits being numerous in some bodies and experienced men in others.
If we turn to the Tables of occupations in administrative counties and
group these counties in the manner adopted in the case of registration
counties, we arrive at the following figures for 1901 : —
Groups of Administrative
Counties.
Ages of Army, Navy and Marines.
Totel.
10-15.
15-25.
25-45.
45-65.
65 and
upwards.
61,824
200
35,148
21,124
3,892
1,460
43,471
173
22,456
18,321
2,054
467
17,420
51
8,461
7,674
945
289
7,640
13
4,774
2,502
287
64
7,248
25
3,819
2,982
359
63
6,085
23
3,813
1,924
284
41
3,864
5
2,319
1,305
191
44
2,743
5
989
975
528
246
17,943
39
8,144
7,364
1,794
602
168,288
534
89,923
64,171
10,334
3,276
Proportion
per cent,
aged 15-25.
Metropolitan Counties .
Hants and Berks .
Devon
Wilts and Dorset .
Lancashire and Chesliire
York
Cornwall
Sussex
Other counties
The Table on page 107 shows that the largest numbers of cadets were
enumerated at Weymouth (Portland) and St. German's (the Hamoaze).
That on page 109 points to a good number being found at Easthampstead
(Sandhurst).
The floating population " on board vessels " is to a certain extent an
accidental quantity. Any special gain or loss due to this element has
little to do with the prosperity of the place where it occurs. At Grimsby
and Yarmouth, for instance, many were enumerated in 1881, but much
smaller numbers in 1891. The effect was to turn an increase in 1881-1891
into a loss of population at the former place, and greatly to increase the
apparent loss at the latter place.
In the case of lunatics and imbecile persons the Census supplies a
return as to their ages, which is here inserted, as it serves amongst other
Appendix E.
575
things to show how many of these are unmarried, and to what extent the
existence of a county asylum may affect the numbers of bachelors at the
age 20-45.
The numbers shown in the Tables next following represent the
" special inmates " in the institutions mentioned, and the proportions of
such inmates to total population. It will be seen that only about
two-thirds of the lunatic and imbecile inhabitants are in asylums.
Information contained in the 1891 Census volumes shows that there
were then : —
Mentally deranged.
Males. Females.
In public asylums ....
,, private asylums ....
,, workhouses ....
Elsewhere .....
27,138
31,960
2,004
2,591
7,383
8,992
8,867
8,448
45,392 51,991
Of these the first two lines are included in the appended Tables, and also
the inmates of poor law asylums for feeble-minded persons, viz. : — -
In Godstone district
„ Watford
,, Dartford
Males.
927
841 1,090
967 893
Females.
1,065
The rest of the mentally deranged persons in workhouses are undistin-
guishable from ordinary paupers.
Numbers op Lunatics and Imbeciles at each age in England and Wales
IN 1901.
lunatics.
Imbecile and Feeble-Minded.
Male.
Female.
Males.
Females.
Unmarried.
1
S
s
c
■a
.S
3
S
1
a
a
73
.s
1
Widowed.
.2
3
S
a
•6
.2
3
■6
o
0-5. .
5
3
i
249
193
5-10 .
40
38
1,182
887
10-15 .
98
90
2,193
..
1,653
15-20 .
620
1
1
435
2! ..
3,158
1
2,443
3
20-25 .
1,484
35
1
1,403
138, 2
3,015
15
1
2,523
22
4
25-35 .
5,716
883
34
4,920
l,64ll 82
4,582
108
17
4 , 149
129
30
35-45 .
6,245
2,802
201
5,848
3,852, 507
3,007
259
24
3,230
28()
78
45-55 .
4,582
3,526
508
5,003
4,5101,284
1,898
427
87
2,320
358
193
55-65 .
2,745
2,727
771
3,622
3,4541,789
1,171
499
215
1,498
409
436
65-75 .
1,211
1,407
825
1.886
1,6631,800
519
467
420
824
279
822
75-85 .
300
358
396
558
458 962
183
256
381
360
127
840
85 and l
upwards /
37
20
44
76
29 134
1
31
25
90
73
19
214
22,983
11,819
2,781
23,882
15,747 6,560
21,188
2,057
1,235
20,153
1,632
2,617
576
England's Recent Progress.
Numbers of Persons enumerated as Special Inmates op Lunatic and Idiot Asylums
AND OP Barracks, Quarters and H.M. Ships.
Lunatics and Idiots
(ilale).
Lunatics and Idiots
(Female).
In Barracks, Quarters and
H.M. .Ships.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
10 Large towns . . .
5,819
7,769
11,454
7,306
10,047
14,779
11,468
14,069
15,384
22 Towns (textile) . .
894
1,420
2,258
1,203
1,892
2,460
2,254
1,960
1,953
7 Industrial (Middles- 1
boro', &c.) . . . /
128
16
12
111
266
81
137
6 Industrial (Wolver-"*
hampton, &c.) . ./
6
8
10
19
18
15
3
••
12 Industrial (South- "l
ampton, &c.) . . j
615
776
885
570
697
768
952
1,096
2,099
9 Colliery districts.
2,585
3,796
5,238
2,533
3,813
4,902
2,463
2,481
2,937
19 Old towns . . .
4,739
5,786
6,551
5,371
6,649
7,391
4,098
4,331
5,180
4 Military towns . .
640
812
1,012
697
875
1,026
18,232
27,751
33,400
12 „ (other places)
1,166
1,322
1,310
1,350
1,604
1,451
19,752
25,770
40,500
7 Residential places j
(with asylums) . j
3,813
4,257
4,661
4,563
5,221
6,702
679
703
1,622
9 Eesidential towns .
14
47
56
13
71
111
238
475
851
3 ,, (special) .
103
4
4
216
856
1,012
883
13 „ (other) .
411
455
513
259
296
447
1,299
1,190
2,164
3 Miscellaneous places
710
997
1,224
608
915
1,364
464
1,051
1,052
6 Rural (residential) .
1,467
1,560
2,299
1,927
2,184
2,896
2,206
2,454
2,768
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) .
752
887
1,134
957
1,030
1,346
918
797
724
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.) .
585
696
716
701
830
885
585
719
620
6 „ (Welsh) . .
667
794
982
785
941
972
1,591
1,447
827
6 „ (Northern)
463
495
930
439
500
1,101
1,402
1,390
1,849
England and Wales
25,296
31,877
41,464
29,321
37,599
48,943
69,726
88,777
114,950
Appendix E.
577
Special Inmates of Schools (Workhouse, Industrial, Reformatory), Training Ships, etc.
ALSO Persons enumerated on board Merchant Vessels, etc. (mostly Males).
In Schools, &c. (Males).
lu Schools, &c. (Females).
Oil hoard Vessels.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
10 Large towns .
12,084
11,392 11,844
6,829
6,754
6,450
16,898
17,263
14,861
22 Towns (textile) . .
1,151
1,251 1,272
46
65
77
35
657
387
7 Industrial (Middles- ~|
bro', &c.) . . . /
823
1,121 1,260
57
1,198
1,758
1,314
6 Industrial (Wolver-i
hampton, &c.) . /
225 148
■•
29
647
1,250
1,074
12 Industrial (South- j
ampton, &c.) . . J
60
7,502
2,804
3,811
9 Colliery districts
1,564
2,038
2,276
547
847
975
10,975
13,102
11,019
19 Old towns . . .
585
486
565
379
411
411
3,308
1,574
1,608
4 IMilitary towns .
70
101
108
34
86
3,982
2,442
1,655
12 ,, (other places)
287
270
392
151
131
184
1,365
934
1,762
7 Residential places "1
(with asylums) . j
666
807
779
446
392
394
81
371
351
9 Residential towns
334
467
534
50
291
274
1,548
760
636
3 ,, (special) .
18
10
• •
603
278
313
13 „ (other) .
1,472
1,595
1,184
473
464
401
2,214
1,022
1,351
3 Miscellaneous places
476
371
247
292
217
178
9
5
6 Rural (residential) .
1,103
1,286
1,080
366
438
387
2,799
1,819
2,315
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) .
101
113
131
52
71
1,908
038
805
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.) .
284
209
266
105
87
47
344
783
755
r. „ (Welsh) . .
512
459
627
158
46
42
2,163
1,915
1,916
G „ (Northern)
978
1,202
1,284
46
161
1,574
2,775
2,007
England and Wales
22,508
23,393 23,995
9.961
10,323
10,127
59,114
52,484
17,978
2 V
578
England" s Bccent Progress.
Percentages (calculated on Male Population) of Special Inmates of Barracks,
Quarters and H.M. Ships and of Lunatic Asylums, also Persons enume-
rated AS ON board Merchant Vessels, etc. (mostly Males).
liana
cks, Ships, &c.
(Males.)
Mercliant Vessels, &c.
(Males and Females.)
Lunatic and Idiot
Asylums. (Males.)
18S1.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
10 Large towns .
•28
•29
•29
•41
•36
•27
•14
•16 j ^21
22 Towns (textile) . .
•19
•15
•14
•05
•03
•07
•11
•16
7 Industrial (Middles- \
bro', &c.) . . ./
•11
•03
•04
•52
•63
•39
•04
6 Industrial (Wolver-'l
hampton, &c.) . J
•17
•30
-24
12 Industrial (Soutli-|
ampton, &c.) . . j
•36
•38
•62
2-85
•98
1-13
•24
•27
•26
9 Colliery districts .
•16
•13
•13
•72 1 ^72
-49
•17
•20
•23
19 Old towns . . .
•71
•69
•75
•58 1 ^25
-23
•83
•92
-95
4 Military towns .
8-12
10-35
10-42
1^77
•91
•52
•29
•30
•32
12 ,, (otherplaces)
11-76
14-00
17-84
•81
•51
•78
•69
•72
•58
7 Eesidential places ~i
(with asylums) . j
•53
•40
•94
•06
•26
•20
2-95
2^94
2-70
9 Residential towns .
•10
•17
•26
•63
•27
•19
•01
•02
•02
3 ,, (special)
1-44
1-37
1-07
1^01 -38
•38
-12
13 „ (other) .
•56
•46
•73
•95
•39
•45
•18
•18
•17
3 Miscellaneous places
1-92
3^84
3^46
..
•03
•02
2-93
3^64
4^03
6 Rural (residential) .
•24
•26
•29
•30
•20
•25
-16
•17
•24
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) .
•26
•23
•22
•54 ^19
•24
•21
•26
•34
3 „ (Norfolk, Ac.)
•09
•12
•10
•05 ^13
•12
•09
•11
•12
6 „ (Welsh) . .
•28
•28
•16
•39 ' ^36
•36
•12
•15
•18
6 „ (Northern) .
•18
•17
•23
•20 ^35
•25
•06
•06 •ll
England and Wales .
•55
•63
•73
•47 ^37
•31
•20
•23
•26
Appendix E,
579
Percentages (calculated on Male and Female Population as shown) op
SPECIAL Inmates op Lunatic Asylums, and op Industrial, Beformatoey and
Workhouse Schools.
Per cent, on Female
Population.
Per cent, on Male
Population.
Per cent, on Female
Population.
Females in Lunatic
and Idiot Asylums
Males in Industrial,
Reformatory and
Pauper Schools.
Females in Indus-
trial, Reformatory
and Pauper Schools.
nasi.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1891.
19(Jl.
1831.
1891.
1901.
10 Large towns ....
•16
•19
•24
•29
•24
•21
•15
•13
•10
22 Towns (textile) . . .
•09
•13
•15
•10
•09
•09
7 Industrial (Middlesbro',\
&c.) /
•01
•03
•36
•40
•38
•03
• •
6 Industrial (W o 1 v e r -"1
hampton, &c.) . . . |
•01
•05
•03
•01
••
12 Industrial (Southamp-\
ton, &c.) . . . . j
•21
•23
•21
•02
9 Colliery districts
•17
•21
•23
•10
•11
•10
•04
•05
•05
19 Old towns
•87
•97
•97
•10
•08
•08
•06
•06
•05
4 Military towns .
•30
•32
•32
•03
•04
•03
•01
•03
12 ,, (other places) .
•84
•90
•70
■17
•15
•17
•09
•07
•09
7 Residential places (with"!
asylums) . . . ./
3^21
3-22
3-47
•52
•56
•45
•31
•24
•20
9 Residential towns .
•02
•03
•14
•17
•15
•02
•08
•06
3 ,, (special) .
•20
•03
•01
13 „ (other) . .
•10
•10
•13
•03
•61
•40
•18
•15
•11
3 Miscellaneous
2-56
3^35
4^35
1^97
1^35
•81
1^23
•79
•57
6 Rural (residential) .
•20
•22
•29
•12
•14
•11
•04
•04
■04
3 „ (Wilts, &c.) . .
•25
•28
•37
•03
•03
•04
•01
•02
• •
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.)
•11
■13
•14
•04
•03
•04
•02
•01
■01
6 „ (Welsh) . . .
•14
•17
•17
•09
•09
•12
•03
•01
•01
6 ,, (Northern)
•05
•06
•13
•12
•15
•16
•01
•02
England and Wales. . .
•22
•25
•29
•18
•17
•15
•07
•07
•06
Males.
Females.
39,668 .
1,664,874 .
2-4 .
34,012
.. 1,680,921
2-0
580 England's Recent Progress.
It becomes necessary, in the next place, to distinguish (as is done in
the following Tables) the particular towns which are specially affected ;
and in doing so, it has to bo borne in mind that whilst the places
containing lunatic asylums of magnitude are strongly influenced by the
heavy mortality amongst lunatics, some places not containing such asylums
exhibit in consecjuenco a too favourable view of their sanitary condition.
Several of the most important institutions to which lunatics are sent from
the Metropolis are outside its bounds ; and there is practically no lunatic
asylum in Liverpool, Leeds or Shellicld.
In 1891-1900 the total deaths of lunatics i)i asylums compared thus witli
the total deaths, w^hich according to my estimates affected the population
counted at the closing Census, at ages 15 and upwards : —
Deaths in asylums .....
General deaths reducing population over 15 .
Per cent, in asylums .....
Therefore more than 2 per cent, must probably be added to the death
rates at ages over 15 of these three towns, to arrive at the figures which
would be fairly comparable with those shown for places w^iere there is
adequate provision for local lunacy. As shown in the preceding Tables,
local lunatics averaged in 1901 2*6 per 1000 males, and 2*9 per 1000
females, if we restrict ourselves to those placed in public institutions.
The average population and mortality in asylums was as under in
1891-1901 :—
Males. Females.
Average population (special inmates) . . 36,670 ... 43,271
Deaths 39,668 ... 34,012
The deaths in ten years, therefore, equalled 108 per cent, of average
male, and 79 per cent, of average female population.
In my humble opinion it is high time that deaths in county lunatic and
imbecile asylums should, for the purposes of the Census and the Eegistrar-
General's Eeports, be made the subject of separate records apart from the
general particulars of population and mortality.
The details which follow only show cases where the numbers in any
class far exceed the national average. The effect of such excess upon the
general statistics of migration and mortality is not calculated, but a Table
is inserted as to mortality in county lunatic asylums, and a little essay as
to deaths of lunatics in three notable districts.
Appendix E.
581
Principal Places where a Material Portion of Population is in Military
OR Naval Service (Special Inmates of Barracks, Ships and Quarters).
Barracks
Ships, &c
(Males).
Per cent.
on Male Population.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1S81.
1S91.
1901.
Military towns — Portsmouth
6,956
10,264
12,576
8-04
9-84
10-31
Plymouth .
6,499
9,672
9,403
8-39
10-95
8-84
Chatham .
2,912
4,875
8,199
6-23
8-39
11-26
Colchester .
1,865
2,940
3,222
13-40
16-78
16-46
Other military places —
Farnham
7,301
10,039
11,476
32-16
34-58
32
44
Aldershot, North
2,840
3,116
4,389
23-65
23-22
26
20
Dover
1,628
2,539
2,994
9-05
12-57
11
97
Deal . .
1,400
1,166
1,585
9-90
8-11
10
08
Weymouth
1,397
1,815
5,110
8-44
10-97
21
67
Folkestone
1,302
2,150
3,679
8-00
11-07
14
66
Sheerness
1,222
1,494
3,576
12-32
14-84
27
13
Canterbury
i;i68
1,507
2,045
13-78
16-50
20
42
Windsor ,
952
796
1,484
6-00
4-67
7
50
Godstone
425
569
1,062
4-57
6-01
8
76
St. German's
117
579
2,495
1-51
0-66
21
76
Salisbury
605
3-20
Towns (textile manufactures) —
Preston ....
954
748
757
1-58
1-12
1-07
Industrial — Tilbury ....
266
81
130
2-86
•54
•71
Falmouth
643
674
45
5-08
5-76
•44
Southampton
309
359
1,994
-69
•71
2-86
Old towns — Maidstone .
511
172
324
2-32
•74
1-37
Exeter ....
399
464
569
1-02
1^13
1-34
York ! 1,G17
1,368
1,559
4-25
3^43
3-43
Residential — Guildford .
433
232
1,125
2-04
•93
3-66
Isle of Wight
848
907
735
2-42
2^49
1
94
Bedford .
290
295
175
1-42
1-22
66
Southend .
466
620
732
3-67
4^13
2
97
Clacton .
347
217
715
2-02
1^17
3-17
Miscellaneous — Brentwood .
428
987
569
4-66
9-32
5-20
Easthampstcad .
36
64
483
•53
-93
5-90
582
EnglmuVs iieccnt I'roijress.
Persons enumeratkd ok board Merchant Vessels, etc., principally Males.
Numbers and Percentages on Male Population in the most
noticeable places.
Persons on board Meichant
Vessels (ilale and Female).
Per cent.
ou Male Population.
1881.
1S91.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1901.
Large towns — London
6,205
7,507
6,170
•27
•28
•20
Liverpool .
6,978
5,094
5,056
1-75
1-18
1^03
Hull ....
3,052
2,942
2,176
3-50
2-82
1-75
Industrial — Barrow-iu-Furness .
379
273
228
1-48
1-00
•72
Tilbury . . .
446
908
665
4-79
6-01
3^63
Grimsby .
3,804
945
1,071
10-96
2-42
2^25
Soutbampton
455
431
1,261
1-01
•85
1^81
Falmouth
; 1,727
1,076
452
13-63
9-21
4^37
Penzance
1,484
200
819
6-27
•92
3^63
Colliery districts — Glamorgan .
4,510
5,827
5,025
1-22
1-19
•84
Durham .
6,387
6,312
5,328
1-08
•90
•64
Military — PljTuouth ....
1,452
1,413
795
1-88
1-60
•75
Portsmouth . . . ; 864
246
375
1-00
•24
•31
Chatham ....
1,666
763
457
3-56
1^31
•63
Old towns — Yarmouth and \
Lowestoft . . /
2,552
477
738
6-98
1-25
1^69
King's Lynn .
235
95
161
2-57
1-06
1-57
Residential — Blackpool . . . 245
241
220
1-27
•94
•51
Thanet . .
797
167
170
3-39
•66
•56
Scarborough
257
55
51
1-28
•27
•23
Isle of Wight
603
258
270
1-73
•71
•71
Southend
697
131
168
5-49
•87
•68
Clacton
603
303
620
3-51
1^63
2^75
Eastbourne .
196
27
26
1-51
•15
•12
Poole . .
i 149
120
99
1-65
•97
•66
Heme Bay .
118
1
1
54
86
1-30
•56
•75
[Military — Dover 305
365
1,014
1-69
1-81
4-05
Weymouth ... 409
171
296
2-47
103
1-26
Sheerness .
426
290
213
4-30
2-SS
1^62
Appendix E.
583
Principal Lunatic, Idiot, etc.. Asylums. Numbers of Male Special Inmates
AND Percentages on Male Population.
Towns (textile) — Preston.
Wharfedale
Macclesfield
Industrial — Burton-on-Tren t
Stafford . . .
Colliery district — Barnsley
Military — Godstone .
Windsor
Salisbury .
Portsmouth
Colchester .
Old towns-
-Maidstone
Wakefield
Carlisle .
Chester .
Northampton
Exeter
York . .
Gloucester
Oxford
Ipswich .
Lincoln .
Norwich .
Residential-
-Uxbridge
Morecambe.
Rhyl. . .
Malvern .
Leamington
(iuildford .
Watford. .
Reigate .
Miscellaneous — Brentwood .
Easthampstead ,
Male Special Inmates.
1881.
530
281
192
423
541
930
236
554
65
516
697
218
251
444
422
417
366
239
292
316
394
794
864
216
345
283
415
896
385
340
370
1891.
1901.
Per cent, on Male Population.
764
318
252
224
552
703
927
147
248
667
132
660
646
294
307
533
723
439
524
238
313
358
470
791
,231
279
402
266
445
843
421
520
477
1,074
727
324
357
528
735
885
149
276
858
145
626
808
346
451
612
883
484
568
288
394
393
542
979
996
304
524
382
433
1,043
332
741
483
•97
•50
2^76
•55
10-00
i'-40
•64
•47
•35
■54
•86
•64
•41
•08
•09
01
99
■84
98
76
5-87
4-26
1^55
3-23
1-20
1-96
3-44
2^63
3^71
5-47
1-14
1-31
•91
•53
3^63
•59
•85
■28
•12
•75
38
76
10
14
92
■82
08
80
•38
•81
•06
•85
10
■77
69
44
1^52
2^68
1^19
3^41
•51
'•30
•75
-•46
•70
•74
2^65
1-41
4- 91
6-97
•32
04
•09
83
58
41
54
68
584
EnglaiuVs liecent Progress.
PRiMCirAL Lunatic, Idiot, etc., Asylums. Numbers op Female Special
Inmates and Percentages on Female Population.
Towns (textile)-
- Preston.
Wharfedale
Macclesfield
Industrial-
-Burton-on-Treut
Stafford . . .
Colliery district — Barusley
]\Iilitary — Godstone .
Salisbury .
Portsmouth
Windsor
Old towns — Maidstone
Wakefield
Carlisle .
Chester .
Northampton
Exeter
York I .
Gloucester
Oxford .
Ipswich ,
Lincoln .
Norwich .
Residential — Uxbridge
Morecambe
Rhyl. . .
Malvern.
Leamington
Guildford .
Watford
Reigate .
Miscellaneous — Brentwood .
Easthampstead
i'emale Special Inmates.
Per cent, on Female
Population.
1881.
755
339
205
8G5
657
,093
255
647
748
705
222
258
445
570
438
411
303
363
337
571
1,136
700
219
422
362
626
1,098
173
488
120
967
427
341
222
475
840
,065
372
783
167
873
683
286
305
581
882
521
619
322
425
371
654
1,191
1,123
258
521
392
638
1,098
193
763
152
1,024
824
418
309
459
892
1,041
224
928
186
734
737
327
520
644
1,029
515
660
359
491
439
771
1,662
1,582
356
638
584
621
1,259
178
1,190
174
1881.
1-10
1-03
•58
2-40
•72
13-02
1-40
•73
•23
•61
•81
•64
•36
•22
•13
•70
•13
■95
•05
•96
8^12
3^40
1-26
1^58
1^05
•54
3^09
•78
11^27
2^00
•72
•90
5-32
2^04
7^64
4^25
1^67
4^00
1^29
2-40
3^19
1^00
7-66
2-22
1^25
2^71
1^30
•68
2^90
•67
8-63
1^16
•73
•89
8^37
•56
■16
•67
•90
•94
•75
•78
10-36
2-30
Appendix E.
585
Schools (Workhouse, Industrial, Reformatory), Training Ships, etc.
Male Special Inmates in the most noticeable Cases.
Special Inmates (Male).
Per cent.
in Male Population.
1881.
1891.
19U1.
1881.
1891.
1901.
Large towns— London . . . 6,890
6,394
6,502
•30
•24
•21
Liverpool .
2,361
2,118
1,955
•59
•49
•40
Hull . .
! 306
282
298
•35
•27
•24
Bristol .
! 805
701
784
•55
•42
•42
Towns (textile) — Stockport
441
505
539
•81
•80
•74
Wharfedale
; 151
154
134
•67
•63
•49
Macclesfield
1 133
150
149
•46
•54
•55
Industrial — Tilbury . .
775
1,063
1,207
8^33
7-04
6^58
Cockermouth
225
148
•62
•43
Military— Aldershot, North
96
72
193
•80
•54
1-15
St. German's .
191
198
199
2-46
2-28
1^74
Old towns — ]\Iaidstone
83
81
8
•38
•35
•03
Carlisle .
96
33
41
•38
•13
•14
York . .
117
121
121
•31
•30
•27
Oxford .
103
71
96
•43
•27
•35
Residential — Uxbridge
258
169
229
1^91
1-15
1^24
Watford .
326
377
322
1-23
1-20
•78
Guildford
176
138
..
•70
•45
]Malveru .
! 82
•77
Southport
201
235
220
•52
•53
•46
Bath. .
133
196
187
•44
•61
•57
Reigate .
234
298
286
1-60
1^73
1^44
Staines .
. 1,136
1,155
800
9-40
8^49
4-74
Herno Bay
47
94
30
•52
•97
•26
Miscellaneous — Brentwood
476
371
247
5-lS
3^60
2-26
Schools (Workhouse, Industrial, Reformatory), etc. Female Special
Inmates in the most noticeable Cases.
Special Inmates (Female). Per c
ent. on Female Population.
1881.
1891,
1901. IS
81.
11891.
1901.
Large towns — London
4,420
4,431
4,079
17
•15
12
Liverpool .
1,113
1,071
935
27
•23
18
Bristol . .
264
216
260
15
•11
12
Industrial — Doncaster
57
21
Military — Aldershot, North
71
51
77
76
•46
56
Salisbury .
80
80
107
44
•43
55
Old towns — Maidstone
74
63
11
32
•25
04
Oxford . .
40
71
63
15
•23
19
Coventry .
68
67
79
29
•25
25
Ipswich .
21
45
129
05
•11
27
Residential — Uxbridge
185
137
171 1
32
•88
86
Watford . .
261
255
223
91
•74
49
Roigato .
39
25
Staines .
297
294
326 2
54
2-21
1
92
Poole
69
91
75
71
•68
43
Southport .
209
183
•38
30
Home Bay .
63
79
65
•75
Miscellaneous- Bruntwood
292
217
178 3
IB
2-18
1-55
586
England's licccnt Progress.
NuMliEllS AND rilOrOUTlONS OF DkATHS WlllCU OCCUHUEU IN COUNTY LUNATIC
Asylums, and other similar Places where Patients other than local
ONES Al'l'EAR TO BE ADMITTED.
th
Brentwood .
Godstoue (imbeciles)
Uxbridge
Stafford .
Malveru .
Watford (imbecil
Maidstone .
Wharfedale*
]Morecambe (w
idiot asylum)
Easthampstead
(criminal) .
Guildford .
Gloucester .
Wakefield .
Rhyl . . .
Leamington .
Preston .
Lincolnf
Salisbury (Fis
House)
Northampton t
Oxford .
Yorkt . .
^Macclesfield .
Burton-on-Trent
Chester .
Barnsley group
Exeterf (with an idiot
asylum) .
Carlisle .
Ipswicht
Norwichf
Wigau group
Portsmouth t
Yarmouth (naval)
herton i
Is umbers of Deaths of
Lunatics, &c.
Males.
1881-90.
1891-00.
654
1,086
801
705
580
916
614
812
448
461
813
1,145
746
975
59
791
894
716
147
437
511
961
275
378
734
501
246
383
246
352
293
295
396
877
353
273
246
337
583
511
126
138
567
588
908
317
423
1,114
477
248
482
293
470
356
376
429
989
263
320
416
1,275
520
157
Females.
1881-90.
449
748
628
463
330
865
611
60
672
32
466
461
681
240
257
682
415
270
313
247
253
267
238
249
706
456 346
219
248
368
468
429
1
1S91-O0.
854
829
898
557
411
1,027
829
754
916
27
545
515
624
266
444
915
420
276
359
256
364
279
257
343
831
411
Asylum Deaths.
Per cent, upon total Deaths
ascribed to ages 15 and upwards.
Males.
38-4
51-7
28-5
26-3
26-2
21-9
23-2
2-3
27-4
19-7
15-0
16-8
17-0
12-1
10-9
8-2
12-1
10-8
9-9
8-1
7-1
7-3
7-6
8-1
6-3
257
8-1
316
5-3
421
5-1
773
2-3
479
4-5
3-0
51-7
43-9
36-6
32-2
26-7
26-0
25-7
22-8
19-2
18-9
17
16
15'
13'
12'
11'
11'
11-2
10-5
9-2
9-1
8-9
8-3
8-1
8-0
7-8
Females.
33'
54'
32'
23'
19-
22-5
19-2
2-2
22-4
5-8
17-2
14-9
13-0
10-1
7-0
6-9
10-5
11-1
8-4
8-0
5-1
6-0
6-7
5-0
7-1
5-4
1891-00.
48-6
55-5
38-8
26-1
22-9
23-4
23-4
21-6
23-4
4-5
17-4
14-7
11-6
10-9
11-1
8-9
10-1
11-8
8-7
7-3
7-0
6-6
6-4
6-5
7-3
6-3
6-4
5-8
5-3
2-8
3-6
* (Jpened October, 1888.
t These are the county asylums in places where there are local and private asylums ; therefore in
these cases all the deaths shown are probably those of persons brought from some distance. In other
cases, as there are no local institutions, part of the inmates must be local.
Notes. — It will be remarked that where the proportion of deaths in
asylums exceeds 50 per cent, it means (subject to due allowance for any
local sufferers) that the mortality ascribed to ages above 15 has been
doubled, and similarly where the deaths in asylums are 25 per cent, of the
whole, the ordinary deaths have been increased by one-third. There is
good i-eason for the behef that very few deaths in asylums affect
Appendix E.
;:87
population under 15 years of age. In several cases the county asylum is
situate in a district adjacent to the town proper, which I have thrown into
the town, as the Portsmouth one at Fareham, the Norwich one in
Blofield and the Ipswich one in Woodbridge.
Proportions of Special Inmatks op Asylums; etc., to Population in Places not
INCLUDED in THE PRECEDING TaBLE WHERE THE NUMBERS OP LUNATICS WERE
noticeable though the influence of asylums in aggravating general
Mortality does not seem to have been great.
1891.
Per cent, on Population.
Males. Females. Males. Females,
London
Manchester
Birmingham
Hull . .
Nottingham
Bristol
Leicester .
Stockport.
Middlesboro'
Glamorgan
Durham col
liery group
Chesterfield
Derby .
Windsor .
Colchester
Rcigate* .
Torquay .
Isle of Wight
Clacton .
26
30
26
15
21
56
24
42
22
11
25
18
•30
•89
•43
•78
•24
•48
•24
1891.
1901.
Per cent, on Population.
Males, j Females. Males, j Females
Rural
Residues.
Sussex
Wilts and
Dorset .
Cornwall .
Stafford, &c.
Kent, &c.
Salop, &c.
Northampton
&c. .
Gloucester
Ac. .
Carmarthen
&c. .
Hants, &c.
Bucks and
Oxford . .J
York . . .
•72
•60
•52
•47
•39
•36
•38
•33
•19
•22
■17
•12
* ('untain-s Earlswood Idiot A.syluin, wlieie tlie mortality is not so high as is usual with lunatic asylums.
Places not named in this or the
aving almost no lunatic asylums
preceding Table may be regarded as
within their ))Ouiids ; consequently,
588
England's Becent Progress.
some addition to their mortality should he made, in respect of lunatics
acconmiodated elsewhere, if we wish to arrive at a true idea of comparative
saluhrity.
The numhers of patients attracted to county lunatic asylums may be
measured by taking an account of the special inmates at either end of a
decennial period and of the deaths which have occurred in the interim.
It will be found that the numbers entering in excess of those discharged
are large enough to deserve attention : —
Xot tfaiii,
lSSl-1891,
in Asylums.
Ket g.aiii,
1891-1901,
in Asylums.
Net gain,
1881-1891,
in Asylums.
Net gain,
1891-1901,
in Asylums.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Wigan (Prescot)
1,008
988
1,567
959
Chester.
452
296
573
558
Preston .
941
894
1,451
972
Guildford . .
458
466
564
540
Brentwood . .
834
724
1,307
1,281
Northampton*
485
436
544
385
Wharfedale . .
377
487
1,200
1,151
Leamington .
361
287
539
636
Watford (imbe-")
ciles, &c.). ./
758
857
1,121
894
Lincoln* .
542
440
511
478
Usbridge . .
587
084
1,108
1,370
Burton-on-'i
Trent . . /
327
255
509
344
Wakefield . .
910
059
1,070
678
York* . . .
405
343
500
349
Barnsley (Wort-)
ley) . . ./
Maidstone .
1,039
889
1,021
883
Morecambef .
1,261
1,095
481
1,375
883
736
948
690
Norwich* .
374
411
409
503
Stafford . . .
752
580
797
531
Macclesfield .
264
269
428
356
Godstone (imbe-"l
ciles, &c.). ./
798
720
663
805
Ipswich* .
Oxford . . .
284
245
305
266
345
343
361
293
Gloucester . .
661
649
634
550
Rhyl . . .
334
273
336
366
Portsmouth*!
(Pareham) . /
565
497
013
556
Carlisle.
349
283
315
298
Exeter*t • •
500
458
597
544
Salisbury .
253
393
278
120
Malvern . . . ,
505
429
583
528
Easthampstead
254
64
144
49
* These figures are exclusive of local asylums for lunatics.
■f Includes also an idiot asylum.
The institutions referred to in the above Table are nearly all county
lunatic asylums. It will be observed on reference to other Tables
(Appendix C) that all the gain of males and nearly the whole gain of
females in the general population of Wharfedale is accounted for by the
establishment of such an asylum in that district. The asylum at
Brentwood also influences the increase of population there very largely.
Appendix, E.
589
Deaths in Godstone, Uxbridge and Beentwood, and Calculation as to what
Numbers would have ordinarily died, that is if the Death Rates had
BEEN the same AS IN THIRTEEN " OTHER " RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS.
Deaths
(actual) Males.
Computed
Ordinary
Deaths.
Difference
(excess).
Deaths (actual)
Females.
Computed
Ordinary
Deaths.
Difference
(excess).
1S81-90. 1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.1 1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
15-
123 134
123
109
25
118 lis
109
105
9
13
20-
149 , 157
125
121
24
36
125 1 127
113
119
12
i ^
25-
217 211
144
148
73
63
167 I 104
117
120
50
44
30-
259 257
155
166
104
91
207 , 195
130
136
77
59
35-
302 317
155
179
147
138
236 233
148
147
88
86
40-
364 401
184
190
180
205
264 : 281
152
162
112
119
45-
389 ' 454
190
202
199
252
280 316
167
177
113
139
50-
387 , 475
218
231
169
244
278 334
168
197
110
137
55-
390 491
228
247
162
244
302 370
194
226
108
' 144
60-
409 494
258
298
151
196
349 415
235
262
114
153
65-
455 549
314
332
141
217
413 ' 495
290
327
123
168
70-
497 i 621
381
397
116 ' 224
1
471 1 580
363
425
108
155
75 1
up./
1,346 1,646
1,215
1,361
131
285
1,445
1,935
1,268
3,454
1,523
177
412
5,287 (6,207
3,690
3,987
1,597
2,220
4,655
5,563
3,926
1,201
1,637
Actual deaths in a
jylums
2,035 2,707
1,825
2,581
The doath rates at age 0-15 are nearly the same in tlic three districts
named (containing important asylums) and in the thirteen districts, treated
above as a standard of ordinary mortality. The excess shown at higher
ages may fall short of or exceed the numbers of deaths in asylums of
persons from outside the three districts, but it is at least permissible to
imagine that the natural death rates at all ages are almost the same in the
throe districts and in the thirteen. It would follow that the " dill'oronce "
columns nearly represent " the deaths in asylums of persons from
outside." The higlier numl)ers in 1891-1900 at the later ages may bo
caused by the recent tendency to send imbecile aged paupers to such
asylums. Tlie aggravation of mortality due to asylums seems greatest in
proportion at ages 35-60.
500
EnglaiuV^ Recent Progress.
Particulars are given on the next page as to the numbers and
proportions to population of special inmates of hospitals. The influence
of such institutions over general rates of mortality is seldom great, but in
Canterbury, Beading, Cambridge, Oxford, and a few other places it is
suflicient to give a deceptive idea as to their salubrity. The following
Table of ratios illustrates this : —
Canterbury
Reading .
Cambridge
Oxford .
Bath . .
Carlisle .
Southampton
Colchester .
^Yorcester .
Salisbury
Northampton
Gloucester .
King's Lynn
Cheltenham
Derby
Stafford .
Bedford .
Guildford
York . .
Chester .
Plymouth
Hospital.
Percentage of total Deaths.
Male-s.
Females.
1881-90. 1891-00. 1881-90. 1891-00,
Kent and Canterbury Hospital .
Roj^al Berks Hospital.
Addenbrooke's Hospital .
Radcliffe Infirmary ....
Royal United Hospital .
Cumberland Infirmary . . . . j
JNetley Hospital, Royal S. Hants"!;
( Infirmary ji
[
JEssex and Colchester Hospital,!
( Camp Hospital f
General Infirmary
General Infirmary
General Infirmary
General Infirmary
West Norfolk Hospital ....
General Hospital
Derbyshire and General Infirmary .
Staffordshire General Infirmary
General Infirmary
County Hospital
County Hospital
General Infirmary
'(■Royal Naval Hospital, South Devon i
\ and East Cornwall Hospital . . /
19-0
9-.3
14-7
8-9
8-5
4-7
8-7
8-3
7-4
7-9
8-2
5-9
4-4
7-3
5-9
6-0
10-5
4-5
4-7
5-3
17-8
11-7
16-4
11-5
10-0
10-0
9-2
8-9
8-1
8-1
7-7
7-5
7-5
7-3
6-9
6-1
6-5
6-3
6-3
12-6
6-3
8-6
4-7
4-8
2-7
2-1
2-7
4-2
4-3
4-3
5-1
2-6
3-1
4-2
3-7
3-2
5-2
2-5
2-7
11-8
9-4
10-2
7-4
5-6
3-9
2-7
3-7
6-0
4-3
4-9
5-0
4-1
4-6
4-6
4-7
3-6
4-8
3-9
4-2
1-6
AppefuUx E.
591
numbkbs and percentages upon population of special
Inmates of Hospitals.
Special Inmates of Hospitals.
Per cent. on-
-
!
Male
Female
1S91.
1901.
Poi)ula-
Popula-
tion.
tion.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.'
1891.
•14
1901. 1891.
•18 -13
1901.
10 Large towns ....
6,830
6,831 10,227
10,793
•18
22 Textile manufacturing places
923
804 1 1,284
1,248
•07
■09
•05
•08
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.)
177
61 311
191
•06
•09
•02
•06
6 ,, (Wolverhampton, &c.)
330
269 i 357
309
•08
•08
•07
•07
12 ,, (Southampton, &c.) .
219
157 j 249
195
■08
•07
•05
•05
9 Colliery districts
1,048
582 1 1,641
1,118
•06
■07
•03
•05
19 Old towns
1,107
1,004 * 1,377
1,250
•18
•20
•15
•16
4 Military towns ....
253
238 323
355
•09
•10
•09
•11
12 ,, (other places)
269
293 i 447
459
•15
•20
•17
■22
7 Residential (with asylums)
146
262 1 258
437
•10
•15
•16
•23
9 ,, (towns) .
787
1,048
1,399
1,478
•28
•43
•30
•35
3 ,, (special) .
229
240
421
403 ;
•31
•51
•26
•37
13 „ (other) .
405
493
602
892
•16
•20
•16
■25
3 ^Miscellaneous places .
8
41
10
48
•03
•03
•15
•15
6 Rural (residential)
504
493 845
863
•06
•09
•05
•09
3 „ (Wilts, &c.)
140
165 196
197
•04
•06
•04
•05
3 „ (Norfolk, &c.) .
146
151 1 201
211
•02
•03
•02
•03
6 „ (Welsh) ....
187
153 1 254
209
•04
•05
•03
•04
6 „ (Northern)
354
232 560
408
•04
•07
•03
•05
England and Wales
14,062
13,517 20,962
21.064
•10
•13
•09
•12
Another disturbing influence is that of residence at a distance from the
scene of daily labour. This affects the mercantile and shop-keeping
classes and their subordinates very much, and also influences workmen of
all kinds and railway servants, though probably in a smaller measure.
The best illustration of this tendency (which influences much more
distant places also) will be found in the annexed Table showing the
proportions of male clerks in London and the surrounding districts, also
in Manchester and Liverpool and their suburbs. The total ligures for
England and Wales are : —
Working males
Commercial clerks
10,156,970
307,889
the proportion being al)out 3 pci' cent., against 6' 3 per cent, in the wliolo
metropolitan area.
In the localities where they sleep these people really form a
residential class.
592
England's Recent Progress.
Commercial Clerks : How Distributed in Great Cities, with their
SUBSIDIARY Urban Districts.
—
Working
Males.
Com-
mercial
Clerks.
Per
cent.
^^'orking
Males.
Com-
mercial
Clei'ks.
Per
cent.
Central^
Suburban, North —
Londou City . 10,523
656
6-2
Hackney ... 05,379
6,146
9-4
Holborn .
21,539
1,086
5-0
Stoke Nowington | 15,274
2,154
14-1
Westminster
63,198
2,689
4-3
Horusey . . .20,734
3,403
16-4
Finsbury
33,115
! 1,058
3-2
Tottenham .
30,744
2,611
8-5
Kensington .
45,035
2,214
4-9
Wood Green .
10,102
1,027
10-2
Chelsea .
1 21,041
949
' 4-5
Edmonton
13,270
461
3-5
Marylebone .
40,704
1,674
4-1
Soutbgato
i 4,275
321
7-5
Paddington . .
41,626
2,584
! 6-2
Enfield . . .
12,561
432
3-4
Shoreditch .
37,430
i 845
2-3
Cheshunt .
3,992
101
2-5
Bethnal Green .
39,364
1 807
2-1
Waltham Abbey.
2,177
52
2-4
Stepney .
96,650
- 2,941
1 3-0
West Ham .
83,101
4,571
5-5
Poplar .
53,615
i 2,170
4-1
East Ham
27,926
2,590
9-3
Bermondsey
41,623
1,989
4-8
Wan stead .
2,203
360
16-3
Islington
105,974
7,983
7-5
Leyton
28,307
8,294
11-6
St. Pancras .
78,125
4,268
5-5
Woodford .
3,813
434
11-4
Southwark .
68,202
2,826
4-1
Walthamstow
27,514
1,911
6-9
Lambeth
93,504
7,575
8-1
Komford .
4,145
223
5-4
Ilford ....
Barking .
11,145
6,431
1,558
160
14-0
2-5
891,268
44,320
5-0
873,093
31,809
8-5
Suburban, West —
Hammersmith .
34,351
2,298
6-7
Suburban, South-
Fulham .
39,985
2,361
5-9
West—
Acton
10,302
580
5-6
Wandsworth .
64,475
5,696
8-8
Ealing . . .
8,011
495
6-2
Battersea .
52,313
3,492
6-7
Chiswick
8,380
494
5-9
Richmond
8,372
501
6-0
Heston and Isle-1
worth . . .J
8,804
245
2-8
Barnes
5,067
360
7'1
Wimbledon
1 11,297
907
8-0
Brentford .
4,649
201
4-3
Kingston .
10,089
449
4-5
Twickenham
5,687
294
5-2
Surbiton .
1 3,943
193
4-9
Hanwell .
2,843
83
2-9
The Maidens
Molesey .
1 1,819
1,735
134
61
7-4
3-5
123,012
7,051
5-7
Esher . .
Hampton .
Tcddington
2,885
2,021
3,827
96
71
210
3-3
3-5
5-5
76,894
7,238
9-4
Suburban, South-
East —
1167,843
12,170
7-3
Camborwell .
Deptford
34,006
2,625
7-7
Exterior, North-
Greenwich
29,677
1,208
4-1
West—
Lewisham
35,043
3,993
11-4
Hampstead ,
20,775
2,011
9-7
Wo ol wi c ti
40 529
775
316
1-9
4-1
Bromley
7, '640
Beckenham
6,809
632
9-3
Exterior, West —
Chislehurst
2,071
73
3-5
Willesden .
33,479
2,374
7-1
Bexley .
8,684
167
4-5
Harrow .
2,701
141
5-2
Erith .
8,851
220
2-5
Wealdstone .
1,817
119
6-5
Dartf ord .
5,487 1
156
2-8
6-9
Hendon .
6,469
265
4-1
250,691
17,403
44,466
2,899
6-5
Appendix E.
593
Co:n[mf.rcial Clerks : How Distributed in Great Cities, with their
SUBSIDIARY Urban Districts — continued.
Working
ilales.
Coni-
mei'cial
Clerks.
Per
ceut.
Exterior, South —
Croydon
I^enge .
Sutton .
Carshalton
Epsom .
Chertsey
Walton-
Thames
Weybridge
Exterior, Nortli-
East —
Finchley .
Prieni Barnct.
Barnet .
East Barnet .
Rural Areas (Ad-
ministrative) —
Middlesex .
Surrey .
Kent . . .
Essex .
37,299
5,892
4,248
1,870
3,198
3,723
3,091
1,414
2,798
582
292
108
72
70
105 3-4
49 3-5
60,735 4,076 0-7
6,100
2,542
2,271
2,711
13,624
517
1G6
89
158
8-5
6-5
3-9
5-8
930 6-8
Summary
London-
Central .
of
14,745
55,751
95,033
77,103
342
1,011
786
831
2-3
1-8
•8
1-1
242,632 I 2,970 1-2
891,268
44,320 ' 5-0
Hammersmith,! ^23,012 : 7,051 I 5-
Camherwell, 250,691 I 17,403 | 6-9
etc. . . .j
Hackney, &c. . 373,093 j 31,809 [ 8-5
Wandswortli,. 3^3 ^ ^^ 1 ^.3
Manchester
Salford .
Exterior
il, 805, 907 112,753 6-2
139,600 9,916 7-1
1,945,507 122,069 6-3
Workiu]
Males,
.-,-.,.(■ Com-
I mercial
1 Clerks.
175,538 8,068
70,445
245,983
3,436
11,504
Per
cent.
4-6
4-9
4-7
Withiugton .
^loss Side
Stretford .
Urmston .
Eccles . .
Worsley .
S w i n 1 n a n d \
Pendlebury
Prestwicli .
Failsworth
Gorton
Levenshuhne
Ashton-upon
Mersey .
Sale . . .
Altrincham .
Liverpool .
Birkenliead
Bootle . .
Waterloo .
1 jtherland
Great Crosby
(iarston .
Wallasey .
Lower Bcbington
Hoy lake .
lUiral Areas (Ad-
ministrative) —
Lancashire .
Cheshire .
10,009
8,707
9,999
1,956
10,556
4,036
8,301
3,212
4,553
8,552
3,486
1,617
3,581
5,386
1,083 10-8
1,437 16-5
1,100 111-0
267 13-6
764 ; 7-2
163 4-0
333
807
145
296
443
124
302
189
4-0
83,951 6,953
8-3
212,119 12,954 6-1
35,033 1,901 5-4
19,468 1,085 ; 5-6
266,620 15,940 : 6-0
6,388
2,990
1,951
5,818
15,324
2,838
2,717
591
207
138
180
,930
230
142
38,026 3,418
74,119 1,170
54,881 850
9-3
6-9
7-1
3-1
12-6
8-1
5-2
9-0
1-G
1-5
129,000 I 2,020 1-G
2 q
APPENDIX F.
RATIOS OF DEATHS AMONGST MALES AND
FEMALES IN 1881-1890 AND IN 1891-1900.
2 Q 2
APPENDIX F.
RATIOS OF DEATHS AMONGST MALES AND FEMALES AT
SEVERAL AGES IN 1881-1890 AND IN 1891-1900.
I HAVE thought it right to exhibit the actual ratios of Jecemiial losses as
arrived at by my metliod, and to append other Tables showing the same
facts in the form of index numbers calculated on the standard rates which
for the purpose of clearer comparison between different places (and the
same places at different times) have been assumed to represent moderate
losses by death such as might be expected in rural districts.
Tables for fourteen sub-divisions of the Metropolis are added in order
to show how the mortality in the central parts (losing population) differs
from that in the outer parts (gaining population), and also that the range
of mortality in the sub-divisions of the inner and outer districts is perhaps
less than might be expected.
Further, an essay is submitted as to decennial death rates at the
liighest age, calculated on conunencing and not on average population.
The range of variation in death rates is found to be less than at some
other ages.
Finally, a rough classification of districts according to rates of
mortality is submitted, and it is asserted that a true expression of local
mortality by means of a single death rate is really impracticable.
Notes are appended in a few cases to the Tables, referring to cadets
and scholars whose temporary presence must tend to diminish tlie
computed average death rates at certain ages, and to other local
circumstances. But for a fuller knowledge of such local circumstances
reference may be made to the details in Appendix C and to the ratios of
surviving populations to births, as matters stood in 1901, which will l)o
found on pages 97 to 115.
598
England's Recent Progress.
Males. Mortality in 1881-1800 at Agks 0-15 and 45-70. The Figures represent
THE Loss PER CENT. IN TeN YeARS IN POPULATIONS ATTAINING THE AOB STATED
AT END OF DeCENNIUM.
Males, 1S81-1800.
0-15.*
45-
50-
55—
60—
65—
70—
Large towns —
Manchester .
26-5
20-0
25-0
32-6
42-2
55-6
77-3
Liverpool ....
27-1
19-5
23-9
32-2
41-7
56-1
71-7
Sheffield ....
25-9
16-8
21-8
29-0
38-9
53-5
79-8
Leeds
25-9
15-4
20-4
27-5
37-1
52-1
77-3
Birmingham .
22-0
14-6
18-3
24-0
32-1
46-5
63-1
London ....
22-3
15-8
20-0
25-7
32-9
45-4
59-7
Nottingham .
26-2
15-9
19-7
24-9
32-7
47-3
65-0
Hull
23-0
14-8
18-5
23-9
32-4
44-2
67-3
Bristol ....
19-3
13-4
17-1
22-3
29-0
42-3
56-8
Leicester ....
24-2
12-1
15-4
20-3
27-1
39-1
54-9
Towns (textile manu-
factures) —
Oldham ....
27
1
18
8
23
7
30-5
39
7
54-8
81
6
Preston ....
29
5
21
23
8
30-0
40
53-7
70
8
Bury
23
3
16
1
20
9
27-4
38
4
51-3
74
5
Rochdale ....
22
1
17
1
21
2
27-7
38
5
53-7
76
6
Ashton-under-Lyne .
25
8
16
3
20
7
28-3
37
7
53-6
77
7
Bolton ....
23
9
16
3
21
4
28-2
38
1
53-2
78
4
Blackburn
27
4
16
8
21
28-1
39
4
55-5
77
4
Halifax ....
21
2
16
4
21
27-5
38
2
51-7
72
4
Glossop ....
23
1
12
4
18
8
25-6
34
9
46-4
68
8
Stockport.
25
2
16
9
21
5
29-2
37
3
52-2
70
9
Saddleworth .
21
4
13
8
17
4
22-9
33
7
46-3
67
1
Macclesfield .
21
5
16
5
20
6
26-2
31
4
43-3
60
4
Huddersfield . . .
22
8
16
4
20
1
25-7
36
48-4
69
9
Haslingden .
22
9
13
3
18
1
25-0
33
7
47-8
72
6
Bradford ....
23
6
14
7
19
3
26-0
35
9
50-9
71
2
Wharfedale .
18
5
11
9
15
3
20-1
27
4
37-4
59
4
Todmorden .
19
6
12
2
16
1
22-2
36
7
49-0
73
2
Keighley ....
21
9
14
5
18
24-0
33
1
47-6
64
8
Burnley ....
26
8
13
6
19
3
26-9
36
2
51-0
76
9
Dewsbury
25
4
13
6
17
1
22-9
31
9
45-4
69
6
Kidderminster .
18
6
13
2
16
9
23-1
26
9
37-9
50
7
Leek
19-0
11-8
14-6
18-9
23-9
39-2
67-0
Towns (industrial)^
Stafford ....
15-8
20-9
21-8
27-4
33-8
49-4
59-0
Potteries ....
25-4
17-2
23-3
30-8
39-3
54-7
72-4
Redruth ....
22-8
13-5
19-1
25-9
35-5
51-3
64-9
Middlesbro' .
22-7
13-7
17-4
23-2
29-4
42-8
63-3
Southampton
16-1
14-9
17-5
21-7
28-2
37-8
50-3
WalsaU ....
22-4
12-6
15-4
21-2
30-0
43-8
631
Wolverhampton .
23-6
12-8
16-2
22-0
30-1
44-5
63-3
Burton-on-Trent
17-1
13-8
16-8
22-4
30-5
41-8
63-6
Rotherham .
21-2
11-5
16-7
21-3
28-6
41-1
61-4
Whitehaven .
19-4
12-5
16-8
24-3
34-8
55-9
61-8
* At this age, the ratio caloulated on the mean between tlie commencing population, including
births, and the ending population, does not really represent average loss by deaths, as the mean js
greater than the average number exposed to risk.
Appendix F.
599
Males. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70. The Figures represent
THE Loss per cent, in Ten Years in Populations attaining the Age stated
AT END op DeCENNIUM. ThE ORDER IS THAT OP TOTAL DeATH RaTES AT
Ages 50-, 55- and 60- for ]\Iales in 1891-1900.
Males, 1891-1900.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65-
70—
Large towns^
Manchester .
26-7
18-6
24-6
32
1
41-3
58-
6
76-4
Liverpool .
25-8
18-8
24-5
30
5
37-6
57-
73-3
Sheffield .
26-2
14-9
20-4
27
1
36-7
51
71-2
Leeds .
25-6
13-1
18-6
24
7
34-9
52
9
73-4
Birmingham
23-1
14-4
18-7
25
1
33-9
47
8
64-0
London .
21-7
14-7
19-0
24
3
31-8
45
5
61-9
Nottingham
23-8
13-5
18-0
24
4
31-7
46
1
63-7
Hull . .
23-3
13-4
17-2
22
2
29-5
41
9
63-6
Bristol
18-7
12-7
16-0
20
7
28-4
41
3
56-8
Leicester .
• •
23-4
10-4
13-6
18-3
26-5
39-1
55-5
Towns (textile manu-
factures) —
Oldham ....
26
8
18
24
2
31
9
40
9
58
5
78
4
Preston ....
28
5
18
7
24
7
30
4
39
1
54
6
73
3
Bury
24
2
16
21
6
28
5
40
56
3
79
1
Rochdale ....
21
4
16
2
22
29
2
37
9
53
76
8
Ashton-under-Lyne .
26
16
21
2
27
6
37
3
54
7
76
9
Bolton ....
24
6
14
5
20
4
27
1
38
2
55
8
75
7
Blackburn
26
2
14
5
20
5
28
3
36
9
53
9
78
5
Halifax ....
20
4
13
6
19
1
26
8
37
6
52
3
76
3
Glossop ....
1 22
7
15
2
19
4
24
4
38
8
51
9
68
8
Stockport .
26
1
14
6
19
5
25
5
37
2
53
4
71
7
Saddleworth .
18
2
13
4
18
9
25
3
36
7
50
5
73
6
Macclesfield .
19
2
14
8
20
26
33
1
49
4
68
2
Huddersfield .
21
1
14
5
18
9
25
2
34
5
49
4
72
4
Haslingden
22
8
12
3
17
1
24
8
36
54
4
73
3
Bradford ....
22
6
13
5
18
5
24
3
34
7
51
1
71
6
Wharfedale .
16
5
16
5
20
6
23
8
31
8
48
4
73
4
Todmorden .
18
5
12
3
17
25
1
33
3
48
4
80
Keighley ....
20
8
12
3
17
6
24
2
32
8
47
2
68
2
Burnley ....
: 26
4
12
17
1
23
4
33
9
61
6
73
5
Dewsbury
26
2
12
7
17
5
23
3
32
9
49
7
73
9
Kidderminster .
'< 17
9
10
7
14
1
20
7
26
2
42
7
53
5
Leek
18-9
10-0
13-2
19-5
27-9
40-2
55-6
Towns (industrial) —
♦Stafford ....
15-1
21-9
25-2
29-2
35-9
51-2
69-1
Potteries ....
27-1
14-8
20-7
27-8
87-5
52-9
69-5
Redruth ....
22-4
14-8
20-9
26-0
36-5
50-3
64-5
Middlcsbro' .
22-9
14-1
17-1
22-8
30-3
45-3
62-4
Southampton
17-8
14-0
17-2
22-7
30-1
42-9
01-2
Walsall ....
25-0
12-7
15-9
22*1
31-9
48-8
63-4
Wolverhampton .
24-7
11-9
16-1
22-6
30-3
44-8
62-7
Burton-on-Trcnt
! 17-5
13-0
17-5
22-0
29-0
41-3
61-7
Rothcrham .
22-2
10-1
14-2
20-1
29-2
41-2
59-1
Whitehaven .
1 19-3
1
11-2
14-9
20-4
27-8
40-9
60-4
There l.s an innioitiiut, lunatic asylum in tlii« 'lint rid,
600
England's Recent Progress.
Malks. Mortality in 1881-1890 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, vic.—codimtcd.
.\la
es, 3881-1890.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
Towus (industrial)
(co)tti)iued) — i
Crewe ' 17 • 5
10-5
12-9
16-8
23-3
34-0
51-4
Helstou .
1 22-2
11-0
13-2
17 -S
26-8
36-4
51-8
Doncastei-
: 10-1
11-0
13-4
17-8
25-0
37-2
56-9
Cockermouth
i 19-1
13-2
16-2
22-2
30 2
40-7
58-1
Barrow-iu-Furuess
20-1
11-6
13-4
19-3
26-8
3S-1
58-0
Penzance .
20-6
10-4
13-6
20-0
26-7
36-2
50-8
Falmouth
20-1
10-2
13-0
17-2
20-8
30-0
49-2
Luton ....
21-2
11-5
14-0
18-8
23-1
35-2
54-7
Swindon .
17-4
9-8
13-8
18-1
24-9
39-6
54-9
Grimsby . . .
19-5
11-4
12-8
17-1
24-3
33-6
46-3
Tilbury . . .
16-6
11-7
13-0
16-1
24-9
35-3
43-1
Rugby. . . .
12-9
9-8
10-4
13-7
21-8
30-9
43-2
Wellingborough .
17-7
9-2
11-3
14-9
20-6
32-2
46-7
Kettering . .
18-3
8-9
11-8
15-8
20-6
28-7
46-8
Millom
14-2
10-6
14-1
18-9
27-5
43-4
49-8
Colliery districts —
Wigan
24-4
15-1
19-1
26-0
36-2
50-4
72-6
Wrexham
18-9
13-1
16-9
21-5
29-6
43-3
67-6
Glamorgan
22-2
14-6
18-9
24-4
32-6
46-7
63-1
Durham .
22-4
12-9
16-5
22-0
30-7
42-5
62-7
Barnsley .
1 22-2
13-5
17-7
22-1
29-0
42-9
63-4
Cannock .
I 17-3
8-6
11-1
15-6
22-3
31-4
52-1
Chesterfield
20-2
9-4
12-1
16-4
23-0
34-8
53-6
Nuneaton
1 19-7
9-5
12-0
16-1
19-7
28-6
45-8
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
17-6
8-5
10-1
14-7
22-1
32-2
53-5
Old towns —
Maidstone
17-4
17
9
20-0
24-6
30-4
42
56
6
Worcester
! 21-5
17
1
20-2
25-4
35-5
48
6
67
1
Chester .
16-6
16
19-2
25-1
32-1
44
4
63
Wakefield
23-2
16
5
21-0
27-1
35-8
47
6
71
4
Gloucester
16-8
16
7
17-7
23-9
30-9
42
9
58
8
Carlisle .
19-2
16
18-3
23-6
31-7
43
6
60
8
Derby
1 20-1
11
6
15-2
20-0
28-6
43
7
58
7
York . .
19-4
16
7
18-8
24-7
31-3
46
1
67
8
Northampton
21-3
14
9
16-4
19-9
28-2
44
3
62
3
Exeter
17-8
14
3
17-3
21-4
28-0
89
4
54
6
Cambridge
17-4
16
2
19-9
28-1
34-4
46
4
56
8
Oxford .
17-9
14
8
17-3
20-8
28-0
42
3
59
7
King's Lynn
20-1
15
4
16-3
21-5
31-4
38
8
53
1
Coventry .
19-5
13
8
14-6
19-4
26-8
40
7
62
5
Ipswich .
18-2
13
5
16-8
20-9
28-5
36
5
49
4
Reading .
17-0
13
4
17-4
21-3
29-2
40
2
55
3
Norwich .
20-7
12
6
16-2
20-4
24-5
35
6
50
6
Lincoln .
20-2
14
16-0
21-4
28-7
43
4
54
9
Yarmouth
19-3
12-8
15-1
19-5
23-3
33-7
51-3
Old military towns —
Plymouth
22-4
15-3
18-5
22-3
27-1
37-8
53-3
Portsmouth .
19-3
15-7
19-0
23-0
30-4
39-5
51-5
Colchester
17-0
13-4
15-9
20-7
26-1
40-3
52-1
Chatham ....
19-1
12-2
15-0
20-4
27-6
37-0
50-2
Appendix F.
601
Males. Mohtality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 a:nu '15-70, ■nTC—contimied.
Hales, 1891-1900.
1 0-15.
45—
so-
55—
60—
65—
70-
—
Towns (industrial)
{continued) —
Grewe
18-5
10-G
ld-
4
19-4 1
27-0
39-5
59-2
Helston ....
19-6
9-2
15-
3
18-9 1
25-3
41-2
65-4
Doncaster
22-4
9-5
12-
8
18-0
26-7
39-5
55-8
Cockermouth
: 18-7
9-6
12-
9
19-0
23-4
37-1
57-5
Barrow-in-Furness .
20-4
9-8
IS-
2
18-0
23-7
39-2
63-2
Penzance ....
i 20-3
10-8
IS-
7
17-9
23-3
36-5
58-6
Falmouth.
18 6
13-3
14-
3
15-7
24-7
37-6
51-4
Luton
17-1
10-2
13-
3
17-6
23-1
35-4
49-3
Swindon ....
15-2
9-0
11-
7
16-7
23-0
33-6
48-7
Grimsby ....
21-5
10-1
12
8
16-9
20-8
33-0
51-9
Tilbury ....
15-1
9-4
12
15-4
21-8
31-4
45-8
Eugby
13-3
9-6
12
16-7
19-5
28-4
46-4
Wellingborough .
l(j-l
8-0
10
5
15-0
21-5
31-3
45-8
Kettering
18-0
8-1
11
6
15-8
18-7
29-8
50-6
Millom ....
17-1
8-2
10-2
13-4
21-7
33-1
54-8
Colliery districts —
Wigan ....
25-0
14
8
19-9
28-0
36-0
51-7
71-7
Wrexham
1 20-0
13
1
17-7
23-8
33-3
47-1
67-2
Glamorgan .
1 23-4
12
9
17-1
23-1
32-5
47-1
64-2
Durham ....
1 22-8
12
1
16-1
21-2
29-3
43-1
63-0
Barnsley ....
22-9
11
7
15-4
20-8
29-8
43-9
63-0
Cannock ....
18-3
8
12-2
17-5
25-5
38-3
57-3
Chesterfield .
' 20-3
8
9
12-4
17-0
24-5
36-4
53-7
Nuneaton
19-7
7
6
10-9
17-5
23-3
38-0
55-4
Ashby-de-la-Zouch .
17-6
7-9
10-6
14-2
21-8
33-9
49-6
Old towns—
♦Maidstone
18-0
17
9
23
8
27-7
34-3
46-7
64-
1
Worcester
21-6
15
19
9
24-2
32-4
43-6
61
4
Chester ....
16-8
15
20
24-1
32-0
48-6
61
8
Wakefield . . .
23-1
14
1
18
4
24-3
32-9
49-0
69
5
Gloucester .
19-2
15
6
17
9
25-0
30-1
45-2
63
1
Carlisle ....
18-3
13
6
17
3
22-8
32-5
47-5
65
Derby
i 20-6
12
1
16
7
22-1
33-5
47-1
G6
5
York
20-7
14
3
17
5
23-6
30-6
44-5
61
5
Northampton
: 19-9
13
3
IG
3
23-5
31-0
43-0
60
4
Exeter ....
i 180
14
4
17
1
22-0
30-7
41-8
1 56
3
Cambridge
17-4
13
5
16
•7
21-9
29-4
44-8
60
9
Oxford . . . .
1 17-1
13
6
16
•8
22-0
28-3
37-8
' 55
2
King's Lynn .
! 19-5
12
•5
16
-6
22-4
28-0
45-8
62
6
Coventry ....
19-0
12
5
16
•9
22-4
26-7
41-8
59
4
Ipswich . . . .
18-3
13
•9
16
•3
21-3
27-2
38-2
59
8
Beading . . . .
16-9
11
•7
13
•6
19-1
27-8
41-4
59
1
Norwich . . . .
21-3
11
•8
14
•5
19-0
25-4
37-3
51
•4
Lincoln . . . .
18-4
11
2
14
.6
18-3
25-4
37-4
66
•4
Yarmouth
19-7
12-5
14-8
19-0
24-2
36-4
49-1
Old military towns -
!
Plymouth
21-0
13-5
17-8
21-G
; 28-8
38-9
54-4
Portsmouth .
19-4
14-4
17-8
21-7
1 27-8
39-3
58-1
Colchester
18 -G
11-6
15-9
21-8
; 27-6
41-6
57-5
Chatham ....
18-3
11-2
14-3
17-6
23-9
36-3
52-8
There is an inipurtaiit liinalie asylum in tliis district.
602 Enghind's I\cccnf Pyogress.
Malks. "Moktality in lSSl-1890 at Agks 0-15 and 45-70, -etc.— continued.
Males, 1881-1890.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
Other military places —
Canterbury .
19
6
21-0
21-7
30-3
33-1
45-8
65-7
Godstone ....
12
1
20-0
21-6
25-5
32-3
45-2
65-4
Windsor ....
15
3
14-6
17-7
22-6
29-0
43-1
61-5
Farnham ....
17
5
13-1
15-5
18-8
26-6
35-9
52-0
Salisbury ....
13
7
15-7
18-1
21-9
27-1
35-8
55-2
Dover
15
9
13-8
15-7
18-2
24-5
34-8
43-8
Folkestone . . .
15
8
12-3
15-2
17-8
26-8
35-5
40-9
Aldershot, North ~ .
13
5
9-8
12-6
16-7
20-0
29-1
43-7
Weymouth .
15
3
10-8
12-8
15-3
19-3
29-8
43-9
Sheerness
17
1
10-6
12-0
14-5
21-6
26-2
49-4
Deal
13
6
10-0
12-4
17-1
23-7
30-9
48-8
St. German's
18-9
9-1
12-5
15-9
23-5
31-7
49-6
Residential (with
asylums) —
Uxbridge ....
16
6
21-1
23-5
30-4
36-0
45-0
56-6
Morecambe .
20
2
21-4
23-3
28-1
35-3
45-9
61-6
Malvern ....
12
7
20-6
20-9
25-7
30-5
41-8
60-9
Rhyl
15
2
16-5
20-3
24-2
32-0
41-4
62-1
Leamington .
16
1
15-5
17-1
22-3
27-2
39-8
57-6
Watford ....
14
7
15-8
18-9
24-8
30-4
40-4
GO- 7
Guildford . . .
13-0
18-2
21-0
24-5
29-2
36-3
54-2
Residential (Brighton,
&c.)—
Southport
17
7
16-1
18-6
23-4
31-6
45-3
60-3
Blackpool
19
3
12-5
15-2
20-9
30-8
39-9
60-2
Brighton ....
19
7
13-9
17-8
22-0
26-4
35-9
51-1
Bath
16
3
16-2
18-8
23-9
29-5
43-8
58-0
Llandudno .
13
13-5
13-6
16-7
23-3
33-1
56-6
Thanet ....
17
15-1
17-8
23-1
28-1
39-0
52-1
Harrogate
15
8
13-3
16-1
20-5
27-7
36-0
57-1
Scarborough .
18
7
12-7
15-5
19-0
26-8
36-2
48-5
Hastings ....
15-0
14-4
18-0
20-3
23-8
34-5
45-7
Residential (other
places) —
Bournemouth
14
4
17-1
18-6
21-0
23-8
32-7
51-1
Cheltenham .
17
4
12-7
14-0
19-1
26-0
39-8
53-7
Worthing ....
12
4
11-6
14-4
16-4
23-7
34-3
43-1
Weston-super-Mare .
13
7
11-8
14-6
17-9
23-5
33-3
44-3
Eastbourne .
15
3
12-1
14-9
19-7
21-2
30-2
45-7
Reigate ....
12
4
9-1
12-6
14-2
20-4
28-8
46-0
Isle of Wight . .
12
3
12-8
14-8
17-0
24-5
30-5
43-9
Tunbridge
13
6
11-5
14-9
17-5
23-3
32-0
48-4
Southend ....
15
4
10-3
12-5
16-2
20-9
31-4
47-3
Torquay ....
15
5
11-5
14-2
17-9
22-6
32-2
46-2
Staines ....
14
6
12-3
14-7
19-1
23-4
30-3
54-1
Bedford ....
14
7
9-5
12-8
16-3
23-9
33-2
47-3
Heme Bay .
14
4
10-5
13-2
15-5
18-1
27-8
41-6
Poole
14
6
10-5
13-8
18-1
22-3
32-8
46-4
Cromer ....
13
1
8-2
10-3
12-6
18-6
27-5
40-0
Clacton ....
15-4
9-0
11-0
12-9
18-6
25-6
36-8
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood .
14-7
26-8
27'8
30-4
37-7
48-6
60-3
Maidenhead .
12-5
11-8
13-1
16-0
20-4
31-7
46-0
Easthampstead .
12-5
11-0
16-9
21-0
26-3
35-0
40-9
Appendix F. 603
Males. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, F,TC.—contimied.
Males, 1891-1900.
9-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
Other military places —
Canterbury .
18-0
15-8
22-5
28-3
32-0
50-3
60-9
Godstone .
11-1
14-9
18-4
23-6
32-8
53-4
78-0
Windsor ....
14-2
13-9
17-9
24-1
28-9
40-9
59-8
Farnham .
17-2
12-9
16-4
21-8
28-9
39-1
57-8
Salisbury .
13-2
13-7
16-3
20-5
24-G
34-5
53-6
Dover ....
17-1
12-1
15-3
20-7
25-4
33-3
49-2
Folkestone .
16-2
12-8
15-5
19-4
25-1
32-8
52-8
Aldershot, North
15-0
9-5
12-7
17-5
24-1
36-1
44-G
Weymouth .
14-2
11-2
13-0
16-9
22-9
33-2
46-9
Sheerness
16-8
9-5
11-9
16-9
21-8
30-6
51-9
Deal ....
13-4
10-4
12-6
17-1
20-6
30-1
47-3
St. German's
13-8
10-1
12-2
14-2
20-7
30-7
46-8
Residential (with
asylums)—
Uxbridge ....
15-7
22-6
26-3
32-0
36-2
52-7
71-0
Morecambe
19-6
16-2
21-1
26-8
33-7
47-2
68-1
Malvern .
13-2
17-5
23-0
26-9
30-2
41-0
57-2
Rhyl . .
16-7
17-1
19-6
23-6
33-2
45-8
68-9
Leamington
15-3
14-8
18-5
23-5
29-9
41-3
56-3
Watford .
13-1
14-6
18-4
22-4
27-9
43 3
59-8
Guildford .
14-2
15-0
17-2
21-8
28-9
38-6
56-4
Residential (Bi
Jim \
ighton,
&C.)
Southport
18-7
13-6
17-7
23-3
31-9
44-1
64-8
Blackpool
i 19-9
14-9
19
2
22-8
30-8
48-0
73-8
Brighton .
18-7
12-7
17
3
21-7
27-3
37-9
52-4
Bath . .
16-8
13-1
16
5
20-8
28-2
41-3
54-1
Llandudno
17-7
15-4
16
9
21-2
27-2
40-7
58-5
Thanet .
16-0
15-1
18
2
21-1
25-9
38-8
54-7
Harrogate
16-7
12-5
17
20-3
26-1
40-2
67-4
Scarborough
18-4
12-G
15
9
20-8
26-2
33-9
56-6
Hastings .
15-5
12-3
15-5
19-3
27-2
37-4
52-0
Residential (other
places) —
Bournemouth
14-6
15-7
19
5
22
9
28
9
38-3
51
1
Cheltenham .
16-0
11-0
14
8
18
3
24
5
38-0
52
2
Worthing
14-7
12-8
15
3
17
7
24
7
32-2
50
5
Weston-supei
-Mare
13-3
9-9
13
1
17
3
27
36-8
51
7
Eastbourne
14-3
9-9
13
8
17
1
23
2
33-6
45
Reigate
11-8
10-3
12
6
16
3
25
3
30-9
49
5
Isle of Wight
12-7
13-8
14
7
16
5
22
4
30-4
47
5
Tunbridge
14-5
9-3
13
2
17
23
2
32-4
53
7
Southend .
15-8
11-3
13
8
17
3
21
7
31-8
52
2
Torquay .
15-2
10-5
13
16
4
23
2
33-9
48
8
Staines
14-6
10-3
11
8
15
9
23
7
36-6
48
5
Bedford .
13-5
10-1
12
5
15
8
21
31-3
49
5
Heme Bay
13-1
10-6
11
9
14
8
20
7
27-2
39
5
Poole . .
15-4
9-3
11
5
14
2
20
5
33-3
48
1
Cromer .
13-1
7-2
8
1
12
G
18
G
27-8
42
Clacton .
14-G
8-2
9-2
11-6
18-0
26-8
4G-6
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood
12-3
31-0
.33
41-2
45-2
57-2
83-5
Maidenhead . . . 14-2
9-(;
12-0
15-7
23-1
33-1
47-2
Easthampstcud . . 10 "9
100
12-4
15 -K
20 ■ I
27-7
.'iO-2
G04
England's Bcccnt Progress.
Mam;?. ^Mortai-ity in 1SS1-1S90 at A^ks 0-15 and 45-70, v.tc.-- continued.
Males, 1881-1890.
0-15
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70-
Rural residues —
Denbigh aud Flint .
. . 15-4
10-4
13-0
18-0
27-0
40-2
54-7
Carnarvon and Anglesey
. 16-G
11-9
14-3
18-7
25-9
35-1
51-9
Lancashire and Cheshire
. , 17-'J
10-5
14-0
18-3
26-3
37-5
53-4
Carmarthen, Pembroke,
&c. 15-2
10-9
13-8
17-6
24-3
34-7
48-2
Salop and Hereford .
. . 14-9
10-9
13-3
17-3
24-3
35-9
49-4
Stafford, Worcester, &c.
. 1 15-2
10-8
13-4
17-2
22-9
34-2
50-0
^lonmouth aud Brecon
. . ' 14-7
10-4
12-7
16-0
22-4
33-5
51-0
!Montgomery, &c.
. . 15-6
10-1
13-1
16-4
23-0
33-3
50-4
Durham aud Northum
land ....
^";-}, 14-6
t . { 14-2
11-3
13-7
17-7
25-8
35-G
53-9
Cxloucester and Somerse
10-3
13-3
17-6
24-2
34-5
48-0
Cumberland aud Westm
land ....
°^'";}; 13-6
tts! ' 16-1
10
6
13-1
17-4
25-2
34
49-1
Leicester, Derby and No
10
4
13-2
16-8
22-8
34
48-6
Wilts and Dorset .
. 12-9
10
12-6
16-0
21-4
31
1
4G-7
York ....
. ! 15-8
10
12-1
16-0
21-3
32
2
47-7
Devon ....
. 14-8
10
2
12-3
15-4
21-0
29
8
44-7
Hants and Berks .
. 13-0
10
2
12-9
16-1
21-3
30
1
46-1
Cornwall .
. 16-8
10
3
13-7
17-3
24-3
33
8
49-4
Kent aud Surrey .
. ' 14-4
10
4
12-3
15-8
21-1
29
9
46-1
Bucks aud Oxford
. i 14-8
9
5
12-1
15-2
20-9
30
3
47-3
Sussex ....
. 1 12-2
10
6
12-6
16-1
20-6
30
42-9
Essex and Herts .
. i 13-9
9
8
12-1
15-9
21-2
80
4
46-3
Northampton, &c.
. 15-7
9
1
11-2
14-8
20-4
30
6
44-5
Lincoln and Rutland
. 15-7
8
8
10-9
14-4
20-5
30
4
44-1
Norfolk aud Suffolk .
. 14-6
8-6
10-4
13-5
18-3
27-5
40-8
Appendix F.
605
Males. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, ^.tc— continued.
Males, 1891-19U0.
0-15
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
Rural residues* —
Denbigh and Flint . , . lG-0
12-1
15-3
19-9
28-0
42-1
62-3
Carnarvon and Anglesey
lG-0
10-G
14-3
18-8
26-4
39-9
58-2
Lancashire and Cheshire
17-7
10-3
14-0
18-2
27-2
38-5
55-8
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c
lG-6
11-2
14-4
18-2
24-8
35-7
56-0
Salop and Hereford .
14-0
10-7
13-9
17-8
24-1
35-4
53-G
Stafiord, Worcester, &c.
15-5
10-2
13-5
17-6
24-1
.34-3
50-2
Monmouth and Brecon .
14-4
9-G
12-9
18-2
23-G
32-3
48-9
Montgomery, &c..
15-4
10-4
13-4
16-8
24-1
35-7
54-2
Durham and Northumber
land
■;
15-3
10-1
13-1
17-3
23-7
36-1
55-7
Gloucester and Somerset
13-1
9-5
12-5
lG-7
24-4
36-5
52-4
Cumberland and Westmore- (
laud C
13-4
9-4
11
9
lG-7
22-9
34-7
55
4
Leicester, Derby and Notts
16-3
9-2
12
2
15-9
22-3
32-8
49
4
Wilts and Dorset
120
9-4
11
7
16-0
22-3
32-7
49
9
York ....
15-7
8-9
9-0
9-3
11
11
11
4
?
15-G
15-2
15-3
21-7
21-6
21-4
33-6
31-8
30-5
49
48
46
5
Devon ....
12-6
12-3
7
Hants and Berks .
Cornwall .
15-5
9-2
11
6
14-4
22-2
32-8
49
9
Kent and Surrey .
14-2
9-5
11
4
15-1
20-6
30-3
46
5
Bucks and Oxford
13-7
8-5
11
1
14-6
20-9
30-8
48
1
Sussex ....
11-9
9-9
8-7
11
10
5
6
14-6
14-4
20-0
20-7
30-3
31-4
45
48
5
Essex and Herts .
13-0
5
Northampton, &c.
14-6
8-9
10
8
13-8
20-1
31-2
47
5
Lincoln and Rutland
15-3
8-5
10
9
13-7
19-8
30-5
47
1
Norfolk and Suffolk .
13-7
7-7
9-7
12-7
17-8
28-0
42-8
In the order of death rate, at a^'es 50-65, separating the worst tun.
tiOC)
England's Beceni Progress.
Females.
Mortality in 1881-1890 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70. The Figures
REPRESENT THE LoSS PER CENT. IN TeN YeARS.
Females, 1881-1890.
Large towns —
Manchester
Liverpool .
Sheffield .
Leeds .
Birmingham
London
Nottingham
Hull . .
Bristol
Leicester .
Towns (textile manu
factures) —
Oldham . .
Preston .
Bury .
Rochdale .
Ashton-under-Ly
Bolton
Blackburn
Halifax .
Glossop
Stockport
Saddleworth .
Macclesfield .
Huddersfield .
Haslingden .
Bradford .
Wharfedale .
Todmorden .
Keighley .
Burnley .
Dewsbury
Kidderminster
Leek .
Towns (industrial)
Stafford . .
Potteries .
Redruth .
Middlesbro' .
Southampton
Walsall
Wolverhampton
Burton-on-Trent
Rotherham
Whitehaven
Crewe .
Helston .
Don caster
23-2
24-5
22-8
22'
19
19
22'
19'
16'
20'
16-0
17-2
12-
13-
12-
Il-
ia-
12-7
11-2
10-3
14-5
16-0
21-4
13-5
20-3
8-1
19-3
12-4
14-2
10-3
19-8
11-3
20-7
10-8
13-8
11-1
18-6
10-8
16-8
12-1
14-9
10-7
18-5
8-9
16-6
10-5
19
S
26-
20
G
27-
15
7
20-
16
3
22-
14
6
19-
14
7
19-
15
9
19-
14
6
18-
13
2
17-
12
2
15-
16-5
19-
15-7
20-
9-0
12-
14-1
18-
12-5
15-
13-4
18-
12-9
16-
12-0
16-
14-0
17-
14-8
20-
12-2
16-
10-2
14-
11-6
15-
>-6
)-6
!-3
J-7
)-6
$-5
1-9
;-2
'■5
)-3
)-5
1-2
)-2
34-9
35'
29'
30
25'
24'
26'
24'
22'
22'
27-0
29-0
19-8
26-5
21-0
24-7
23-3
22-9
25-3
28-2
23-8
19-2
20-8
49-6
49-3
40-3 1
4b-3
36-9
36-5
39-6
34-2
83-2
31-9
46-7 -
48-3 i
44-2
42-4
48-1
45-9 I
48-3
36-5
46-4
48-6
39-5
43-6 1
35-3
43-6
40-8
37-0
41-0
39-7
44-0
37-1
30-7
j 35-0
40-5 >
41-8 1
31-0
87-2
29-9
36-2
35-5
34-4
34-3 i
41-2 1
35-8
26-5
29-7
64-2
59-1
58-6
61-3
52-0
47-6
57-3
49-2
46-3
46-9
54
59
44
53
41
56
51
46
50
54
49
40
44
Appendix F.
607
Females.
Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70. The Figures
REPRESENT THE LOSS PER CENT. IN TEN YEARS.
Females, 1891-
L900.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
Large towns —
Manchester . . . 23 '6
14-7
18
9
24-6
32-7
48-6
65-3
Liverpool .
23-2
16-4
20
G
26-0
32-4
48-8
62-9
Sheffield .
23-0
11-7
15
3
19-5
26-9
39-9
59-8
Leeds .
22-0
11-5
15
4
20-7
27-8
42-1
60-0
Birmingham .
20-3
11-9
15
2
20-0
25-9
38-5
54-5
London .
19-1
11-0
14
1
18-2
23-G
35-4
49-G
Nottingham
20-9
11-3
15
19-1
26-1
36-8
51-0
Hull . .
19-8
11-3
14
18-1
22-9
34-4
50-6
Bristol .
15-9
10-0
11
5
16-3
22-7
33-7
46-1
Leicester .
19-9
9-6
11-9
15-8
21-5
32-6
48-3
Towns (textile manu
.
factures)^
1
Oldham .
22
8
12
4
17
2
23-2
31
9
46
7
66
6
Preston .
24
8
15
8
18
8
23-9
33
3
48
5
66
4
Bury ....
20
6
11
4
15
9
21-0
30
6
45
6
64
5
Rochdale .
18
3
11
7
15
4
20-6
30
7
44
63
6
Ashton-under-Lyne .
22
6
12
2
16
2
21-8
30
1
45
2
67
3
Bolton
20
G
12
2
16
3
21-8
30
5
45
8
65
2
Blackburn
21
9
12
2
16
21-1
31
3
47
2
68
8
Halifax
17
1
9
4
12
3
16-8
24
5
38
6
59
Glossop .
18
7
12
1
14
3
20-0
28
3
43
3
59
5
Stockport
22
11
9
16
6
22-1
29
42
1
63
1
Saddleworth .
15
8
8
7
11
16-4
25
8
3G
2
57
3
Macclesfield .
16
9
11
15
5
19-9
28
5
39
5
60
1
Huddersfield .
16
7
9
7
12
7
17-5
24
6
38
2
55
9
Haslingden .
1 19
10
6
14
4
20-0
28
9
44
6
G5
2
Bradford .
19
4
10
6
14
2
19-2
26
2
39
8
58
9
Wharfedale .
13
4
12
5
16
8
21-7
28
1
39
8
61
2
Todmorden .
15
8
1
11
3
17-3
25
1
39
8
63
9
Keighley .
18
1
9
8
12
7
17-8
26
39
1
63
Burnley .
22
7
11
14
4
196
30
1
45
1
68
1
Dcwshury
21
G
10
6
13
8
18-3
25
3
40
3
54
8
Kidderminster .
13
9
9
2
12
18-0
23
5
35
7
47
6
Leek ....
lG-3
11-0
12-8
17-5
23-8
38-2
50-2
Towns (industrial) —
Stafford .... 13-5
16
18-7
22-7
26
9
37
G
57-0
Potteries .
23-6
13
4
16 -6
21-2
28
4
41
5
59-2
Redruth .
19-1
7
4
10-7
13-5
19
7
31
2
48-6
Middlesbro' .
20-2
12
14-5
19-4
26
39
3
57-5
Southampton
15-4
11
2
13-6
17-2
22
4
31
9
47-8
Walsall . . .
21-6
11
6
14-2
18-9
25
5
40
7
57-2
Wolverhampton .
21-1
10
5
13-2
18-4
24
9
37
3
53-8
Burton-ori-Tront .
15-2
10
3
11-9
15-7
20
7
33
4
49-7
Rotherham .
18-8
10
3
12-1
15-7
23
3
35
4
68-4
Whitehaven
16-2
11
1
14-2
18-8
25
9
89
7
58-6
Crewe .
15-9
10
13-1
16-6
21
7
33
7
52-2
Helston .
17-2
9
10-3
12-9
17
7
28
9
44-3
Doncaster
18-9
9-4
11-6
15-3
20-7
32-8
48-1
608
EnglamVs Recent Progress.
Femali^.s. MonTALiTY IN 1S81-1890 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, etc. — continued.
Towns (industrial)
(cojitinued) —
Cockermouth
Barrow-in-Furne
Penzance .
Falmouth
Luton .
Swiudon .
Grimsby .
Tilbury . .
Rugby. . .
Wellingborough
Kettering .
Millom . .
Colliery districts —
Wigan
Wrexham
Glamorgan
Durham .
Barnsley .
Cannock .
Chesterfield
Nuneaton
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
Old towns —
Maidstone
Worcester
Chester .
Wakefield
Gloucester
Carlisle .
Derby .
York . .
Northampton
Exeter
Cambridge
Oxford .
King's Lynn
Coventry .
Ipswich .
Reading .
Norwich .
Lincoln .
Yarmouth
Old military towns —
Plymouth
Portsmouth .
Colchester
Chatham .
Females, 1881-1890.
16-6
io-
SR .
IS -2
n-
•
18-8
s'
17-6
9-
17-7
9-
14-7
11-
lG-8
10-
15-G
10-
12-2
7-
15-5
9-
,
14-9
7 -
12-G
11
21-3
lG-5
19-4
19-8
19-7
15-3
17-3
lG-4
14-2
19-8
lG-8
16-3
16-3
13
2
12-2
12-8
12-9
12-G
9-1
10-2
10-1
10-0
13-6
12
6
12
8
t 14
1
12
3
13
3
10
7
12
9
11
9
11
4
10
3
10
9
11
1
11
2
11
7
10
5
10
7
11
5
10-0
11-2
12-1
11-3
10
G
12-9
13-3
9-4
10-2
11-5
13-6
12-1
12-8
9-7
10-3
9-1
12-4
15-9
13-6
15-0
15-1
14-2
10-5
12-0
9-5
9-3
13-5
14-7
14-4
12-3
21
8
17
7
18
8
19
1
17
3
14
4
15
5
13
8
11
9
17-3
18-2
17-1
15-5
25-9
2G-9
17-0
lG-6
21-7
18-8
19-1
19-2
19-2
17-8
17-4
19-6
30-6
26-2
25-9
26-6
24-8
19-3
21-4
18-8
18-6
21-7
22-3
20-8
20-9
37 • 3-
53-
40-7
55-
25 -G
38-
26-7
37-
32-3
44-
29-4
43-
29-9
41-
24-8
b6-
28-8
41-
29-7
41-
27-3
40-
27-7
40-
42-7
36-1
.38-0
37-
36-
BO-
31'
27'
28-
31-8
32-6
31-6
32-7
60-9
54-3
52-5
53-6
55-3
44-9
49-0
40-5
45-6
44-3
44-9
44-9
44-8
Appendix F.
609
Females. jIor
TAL
ITY IX
189
1-1900 AT AG]
ES
-15 AND
45-70, ETC. — coiUinued
Females, 1891-
1900.
0-15.
45-
50—
5.5-
60—
65—
70—
Towns (industrial)
{continved) —
Cockermoutli . . 15 •
6
8-4
11-6
15-6
22-4
32-3
50 9
Barrow-in-Furness .
IT-
7
10-8
13-4
17-5
25-8
43-6
56
Penzance ....
18
7
7-4
9-9
12-6
18-7
28-5
41
4
Falmouth
14
3
8-9
11-6
13-8
19-8
28-8
42
7
Luton .
U
7
8-2
10-1
14-2
18-1
29-7
46
Swindon .
i 13
1
9-3
11-G
15-7
21-9
31-2
41
2
Grimsby .
18
5
9-9
10-6
14-4
21-1
81-1
42
2
Tilbury . .
I 1^
1
7-8
9-4
13-2
18-1
27-0
44
4
Rugby .
I 10
8
7-0
9-5
12-7
17-8
25-9
42
8
Wellingborough
1 14
7-1
8-7
11-9
16-8
26-4
39
8
Kettering .
15
5
6-5
8-6
12-3
17-5
29-0
45
2
]\011om . .
14-5
8-4
9-0
12-3
20-3
29-6
47-5
Colliery districts —
Wigan i 22-0
18-5
16-4
21-7
30-4
46
3
65-0
Wrexham
1 17-5
12"2
14-4
18-5
25-0
38
3
60-6
Glamorgan .
1 20-2
12-3
14-7
18-7
26-7
39
2
54-9
Durham .
1 20-2
12-3
15-2
19-2
26-1
37
8
56-4
Barnsley .
\ 19-7
11-4
14-3
18-5
25-1
36
7
58-7
Cannock .
1 15-2
8-0
9-9
13-6
18-4
32
48-4
Chesterfield .
1 17-2
9-2
11-9
15-9
22-2
33
7
51-3
Nuneaton
! 16-9
8-8
10-5
16-4
20-9
34
7
48-8
Ashby-de-la-Zouch .
' 15-3
8-9
10-8
13-G
18-7
30-0
47-7
Old towns — 1
Maidstone . . .15
4
13-2
16
3
20-3
26-8
39
55-6
Worcester
! 18
4
11-7
15
i
19-0
24-1
37
1
50
8
Chester .
15
3
12-5
15
6
19-2
26-0
35
5
52
Wakefield .
19
7
11-8
14
9
20-0
26-7
41
6
56
9
Gloucester
17
5
11-8
13
5
17-8
25-0
35
1
49
Carlisle .
15
4
12-9
15
6
20-2
28-2
40
8
60
1
Derby .
17
9
11-4
13
7
17-9
25-5
38
56
2
York . . .
17
7
12-1
13
8
18-2
25-1
37
9
56
3
Northampton
16
9
10-0
13
15-9
21-1
32
6
50
1
Exeter
15
2
9-9
12
15-6
20-9
32
5
46
Cambridge
13
5
9-4
11
7
15-5
22-8
34
4
43
4
Oxford . .
; 13
6
9-5
12
2
15-8
21-8
33
1
49
7
King's Lynn .
1 16
8
10-8
13
8
16-8
22-8
36
8
45
7
Coventry .
1 1"^
6
9-9
12
8
17-6
22*2
34
9
51
Ipswich .
' 14
8
10-9
12
7
16-5
21-5
31
48
3
Reading .
14
6
10-0
11
5
15-5
21-1
30
9
45
2
Norwich .
17
•8
9-7
11
5
15-2
20-8
31
2
44
7
Lincoln .
15
•3
10-6
12
2
15-6
21-2
32
9
47
3
Yarmouth
17-2
8-7
1 10-3
13-2
18-7
29-7
40-2
Old military tuwns -
Plymouth ... 18 -.T
10-3
140
16-8
22-7
34-3
47-3
Portsmouth . . . 17 '0
11-2
13-4
1 17-1
23-1
33-8
48-6
Colchester . . . 16-3
8-9
10-8
i 13-4
20-1
31-0
44-3
Chatham .... 16-:{
9-3
11-9
1 15-3
21-7
31-3
43-1.
2 R
610 England's Becent Progress.
Femalks. Mortality in 1881-1890 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, ktc. —continued.
Females, 1SS1-1S90.
0-15.
To-
other military places —
Canterbury
Godstone .
Windsor .
Farnham .
Salisbury .
Dover .
Folkestone
Aldershot, North
Weymouth .
Sheerness.
Deal . . .
St. German's.
Residential (with asy-
lums) —
Uxbridge .
Morecambe
INIalvern .
Rhyl . .
Leamington
Watford .
Guildford
Residential (Brighton,
&c.)—
South port
Blackpool
Brighton .
Bath . .
Llandudno
Thanet .
Harrogate
Scarborough
Hastings .
Residential (other
places) —
Bournemouth
Cheltenham
Worthing .
Weston-super-Mare
Eastbourne
Reigate .
Isle of Wight
Tunbridge
Southend .
Torquay .
Staines
Bedford .
Heme Bay
Poole . .
Cromer
Clacton
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood .
Maidenhead .
Easthampstead .
17-2
10-2
13-1
15-8
10-8
14-2
14-9
11-0
12-5
12-9
11-7
14-2
14-2
17-6
10-8
12-6
13-2
12-9
11-3
12-8
11-5
10-7
13-4
16-6
10-6
13-2
9-8
11-0
11-3
11-0
12-7
10-
10-
9-
11-
10-
10-0
9-7
4
12-
3
16-
9
12-
6
Il-
•8
ls-
•7
11-
•7
11-
•9
8-
•7
11-
•1
11
•0
12
•9
11
15-3
8-8
8-1
10-7
10-9
11-9
11-1
9-7
9-9
9-7
10-5
10-0
9-6
11-2
10-3
10-6
10-4
7-9
10-0
17-3
10-7
9-9
15-
20-
16-
14-
18-
14-
13-
11-
16-
13-8
14-0
14-0
19-4
22-1
14-7
20-8
16-8
17-8
17-4
16-8
17-3
15-6
16-6
16-6
16-9
14-7
15-8
14-3
13-6
14-4
15-1
13-8
12-6
12-9
11-7
13-0
14-5
12-8
14-5
13-3
13-0
14-0
10-6
11-9
22-4
14-6
12-0
23-1
29-4
21-9
19-4
24-8
19-9
18
15
21
21
18
17
25-
26-
18'
26-
22-
25'
2-2 •
23-8
23-3
20-2
22-5
20-8
22-3
21-1
21-8
18-8
16-8
17-2
18
18
18
21
18
17
20
15
16
27-4
22-4
16-7
35'
40-
35-
30'
36'
30'
27'
24'
29'
29
28'
27-8
34-5
34-3
29-1
33-8
33-1
30-1
30-4
30-7
27-0
26-6
30-4
26-9
27-7
25-7
25-8
27-9
28-5
29-2
27-0
310
26-8
25-5
29-2
24-6
23-5
43-0
31-2
27-0
35
5
44-
36
9
57-
31
45-
36
8
53-
31
4
41-
36
52
30
6
45
45-
63-
45-
43-
48-
37-
39-
38-
38-
37-0
400
40-3
48-0
50-7
40-7
44-8
42-3
39-4
50-3
43-3
38-6
51-5
40-8
40-8
Appendix
F
611
Females. :Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and
45-70, ETC. — colli
iniied.
Females, 1891-
19UU.
0-15.
45-
50—
55—
60-
65—
70—
Other military places —
Canterbury .
16
•3
10-2
12
•2
16
•2
21
•2
33-2
47
■2
Godstonc ....
8
•2
11-6
13
•9
18
•2
28
•3
43-7
60
•5
Windsor ....
12
•1
8-1
10
4
13
•5
19
2
28-9
45
3
Farnham ....
14
•6
8-8
12
3
16
•1
20
•0
28-2
41
7
Salisbury ....
11
•4
10-8
12
6
16
•0
22
4
31-1
46
9
Dover
14
5
9-4
11
14
2
18
27-4
43
5
Folkestone
13
•4
8-7
10
1
13
17
8
24-9
36
7
Aldershot, North
12
7
7-4
8
2
11
2
15
9
25-2
40
1
Weymouth .
11
7
8-4
10
6
14
2
17
4
28-4
45
3
Sheerness.
15
5
9-7
12
5
17
•0
19
6
28-8
45
6
Deal
11
7
1-1
9
3
13
3
17
6
24-6
38
7
St. German's.
11-9
8-7
9-0
13-1
20-5
29-3
37-6
Residential (with asy-
lums) —
Uxbridge ....
13
7
13-7
15
6
19
3
26-0
35-7
55-2
Morecambe .
17
1
13-6
17
5
22
6
31-5
42-9
Gl-8
Malvern ....
9
8
10-6
12
8
16
2
19-9
31-2
39-3
Rhyl
13
8
13-6
15
5
19
28-9
41-8
53-2
Leamington .
13
2
10-6
13
16
4
20-4
32-0
46-4
Watford ....
10
9
9-6
11
7
15
4
22-6
35-0
54-5
Guildford. . . .
11-5
9-8
11-5
15-0
19-6
30-4
45-0
Residential (Brighton,
&c.)—
Southport
15
7
10-4
13-0
16-8
23-2
33-5
50
4
Blackpool
16
4
10-5
14-1
18-3
24-2
86-5
51
8
Brighton ...
16
4
9-0
11-8
15-7
20-0
29-5
42
8
Bath
13
4
8-8
11-5
15-5
19-7
30-3
45
5
Llandudno .
13
7
9-6
12-6
15-4
21-1
30-5
46
J
Thanet ....
15
6
9-8
11-6
15-1
19-1
28-4
43
4
Harrogate
14
6
8-2
12-1
15-7
21-2
34-2
51
6
Scarborough .
15
3
10-0
12-4
15-3
20-3
31-2
49
6
Hastings ....
12-8
8-9
10-6
13-7
18-7
27-9
39-7
Residential (other
places) —
Bournemouth
12
4
8
1
9
5
11
6
15
5
24-1
3(;
Cheltenham .
14
6
8
10
1
13
5
18
4
29-1
46
7
Worthing ....
13
8
8
7
10
8
13
16
9
25-1
37
9
Weston-super-Mare .
10
9
7
2
9
2
12
4
19
4
28-5
41
2
Eastbourne .
12
5
7
8
9
7
12
6
17
2
25-0
40
7
Reigate ....
10
1
5
9
8
4
11
8
16
7
24-8
40
9
Isle of Wight . .
10
1
8
2
9
6
12
4
17
2
25-5
40
3
Tunbridge
12
4
8
3
9
5
12
4
18
2
26-9
39
8
Southend ....
13
3
7
3
10
2
13
8
18
2
28-4
41
3
Torquay ....
12
6
7
7
9
8
12
8
18
2
27-9
42
4
Staines ....
12
8
8
3
10
9
13
5
18
25-2
46
7
Bedford ....
11
5
7
8
7
11
8
16
7
26-1
40
9
Heme Bay .
10
9
7
6
7
8
11
2
17
7
26-5
39
6
Poole
13
5
8
8
10
6
13
2
If
5
24-5
40
1
Cromer ....
11
2
8
10
1
11
6
15
9
25-1
33
8
Clacton ....
12"2
8-4
9-3
11-2
17'0
25-4
38-7
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood .
11-2
16-0
19-5
25-5
31-8
46-3
54-8
Maidenhead .
12-0
7-7
9-7
13-4
18-7
26-8
409
Easthampstoad .
9-9
5-7
8-5
HI
16-6
25-4
36-2
2 B 2
612
En.glnnd'fi Bccrnt Progress.
Females. Moutaeity in 1881-1890 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, etc. — continued.
Females. 1881-1890.
0-15.
45—
.■so-
55—
60—
65—
70—
Ivural residues —
Denbigh and Flint .
13-5
9
9
il
3
15-5
22-3
31-4
47
2
Carnarvon and Anglesey
14-7
11
1
12
5
15-7
20-6
29-0
44
7
Lancashire and Cheshire .
15-2
11
5
13
3
16-0
22-8
33-7
57
8
Carmarthen, Pembroke, Ac.
12-9
10
4
11
5
14-2
19-4
28-8
41
8
Salop and Hereford .
12-7
9
4
10
7
13-5
19-2
29-5
43
6
Stafford, Worcester, &c.
12-7
9
5
10
7
13-5
18-5
27-9
42
8
IMonmouth and Brecon .
12-8
9
5
10
8
13-4
19-3
29-2
42
Montgomery, &c
12-7
10
2
10
7
13-2
18-8
27-9
42
6
Durham and Northumber-^
land f
12-5
11-9
10
6
1
12
10
1
6
15-6
14-0
22-2
19-0
30-7
28-6
48
42
8
Gloucester and Somerset
3
Cumberland and Westmore-)
land j
11-1
13-3
8
10
8
1
11
11
4
14-1
14-1
19-6
20-4
29-4
29-3
4G
44
Leicester, Derby and Notts.
4
Wilts and Dorset ....
11-2
9
1
11
1
14-0
19-1
28-9
44
York ....
13-6
12-6
11-3
9
8
8
7
7
7
11
10
10
5
3
4
14-0
13-2
13-2
19-8
18-3
18-3
28-9
28-4
27-7
43
40
41
8
Devon ....
8
Hants and Berks .
8
Cornwall .
15-2
8
1
9
8
12-5
18-2
26-7
41
7
Kent and Surrey .
12-4
9
10
7
13-5
19-0
27-3
39
2
Bucks and Oxford
12-6
9
1
10
7
13-3
19-3
27-7
44
1
Sussex ....
10-0
11-9
9
8
2
1
10
9
3
8
13-2
12-4
18-3
18-0
27-7
260
40
39
5
Essex and Herts .
2
Xorthampton, &c.
13-2
8
5
9
9
12-6
17-6
26-1
38
8
Lincoln and Rutland
13-6
8
6
10
1
12-3
17-4
25-7
38
7
Norfolk and Suflfolk .
12-2
8-6
91
11-8
16-5
24-S
36-0
Appendix F.
613
Females. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, -etc.— continued.
— -
Females, 1891
-1900.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
Rural residues —
Denbigh and Flint . . . 14-4:
11-3
13-9
16-8
23-5
37-0
54-0
Carnarvon and Anglesey
14-5
10-2
12-6
15-6
21-9
33-9
50-1
Lancashire and Cheshire
15-9
9-4
12-0
15-2
23-5
33-5
52-5
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c.
14-0
10-4
12-5
14-9
20-9
31-7
48-0
Salop and Hereford .
11-8
8-9
10-8
13-7
19-0
29-6
46-3
Stafford, Worcester, &c. .
13-0
9-1
10-4
13-6
19-2
29-9
44-5
Monmouth and Brecon .
12-4
8-6
10-8
14-2
20-6
28-9
45-8
Montgomery, &c..
12-9
10-2
11-3
13-9
20-0
31-0
48-2
Durham and Northumber
■}
land
12-8
11-1
9-1
8-2
10-8
10-1
14-5
13-3
20-9
19-1
82-9
30-3
51-7
Gloucester and Somerset
43-9
Cumberland and Westmore-'i
land
/
11-4
13-7
8 "
9
3
10-2
10-3
13-3
14-0
20-0
20-0
29-6
30-8
46-G
Leicester, Derby and Notts
4G-6
Wilts and Dorset .
10-0
7
9
9-9
13-4
19-8
28-9
44-7
York
13-2
R
>s
10 "5
13-9
12-2
12-1
20-2
18-2
18-0
29-6
28-8
27-4
47-4
48-3
42-5
Devon
11-6
7
6
9"3
Hants and Berks .
10-5
7
3
8-8
Cornwall ....
12-5
7
9
10-0
12-7
18-7
28-4
4G-0
Kent and Surrey .
12-2
7
8
10-0
13-1
17-7
26-6
41-3
Bucks and Oxford
11-4
7
6
9-5
12-6
18-3
27-7
48-8
Sussex
10-0
7
s
9-7
8-8
12 '8
18-3
17-5
28-0
26-6
42-5
42-0
Essex and Herts .
11-0
7
6
12-1
Northampton, &c.
12-1
7
9
9-5
12-1
16-8
2G-7
41-7
Lincoln and Rutland
12-7
8
9-3
11-3
16-8
25-5
41-4
Norfolk and Suffolk .
11-G
7-5
9-0
11-8
16-2
25-6
40-1
C.ll
KiuilaiuVi^ licccnt ProtjrcfiS.
Malks. :Mortality in 1881-1890 at Ages 15-45.
Males, 18S1-1S90.
Large tovms —
I\Ianchester .
Liverpool
Sheffield
Leeds .
Birmingham
London
Nottingham
HiiU .
Bristol
Leicester
25—
■1
9
3
11
4
15
•4
9
6
11
9
15
•1
7
9
9
5
13
•4
7
6
8
7
12
•0
6
8
8
5
11-
•6
7
3
9
4
12-
•6
7
7
9
1
12-
•2
7
6
8
8
11-
■4
7
3
8
6
10-
8
6
3
7
6
9-
)-5
)-9
S-1
!-2
.•4
i-5
!-4
.-7
)-8
1-5
To\\-iis (textile manufactv
res) —
1
i
Oldham . . . .
i 5-2
5-6
, "^'^
i 9-0
10-6
14-4
Preston
4-5
5-1
' 6-8
9-4
12-4
17-3
Bury .
4-1
4-8
6-0
7-6
9-1
12-4
Rochdale
1 4-3
6-1
6-3
7-0
8-6
12-5
Ashton-under-Lyne
> 4-5
6-3
6-8
8-1
9-3
12-5
Bolton
4-1
4-5
5-8
7-3
8-7
12-5
Blackburn .
4-9
5-1
6-4
7-5
9-3
12-6
Halifax
4-0
4-8
5-9
7-2
8-8
12-4
Glossop
4-9
5-4
6-5
7-4
8-7
9-6
S'uockport .
4-4
5-0
6-8
8-5
9-5
13-1
Saddleworth
4-1
4-8
6-1
6-8
7-7
10-8
Macclesfield .
3-7
4-3
5-4
7-0
9-0
12-4
Huddersfield
4-4
5-3
6-8
8-2
9-7
12-8
Haslingden .
' 3-8
4-3
5-2
6-1
7-4
100
Bradford
4-2
4-9
6-0
7-3
8-7
11-8
Wharfedale .
3-G
3-7
4-9
6-2
7-2
10-0
Todmordeu .
4-1
4-5
5-4
6-2
7-5
9-1
Keighley
5-1
5-3
5-8
6-9
8-0
11-4
Burnley
4-5
4-9
5-7
6-6
7-6
10-0
Dewsbury .
4-5
4-9
5-6
6-4
7-7
10-9
Kidderminster
3-7
4-2
5-0
5-8
6-9
9-3
Leek .
3-4
4-1
5-3
5-8
7-3
9-1
Towns (industrial) —
Stafford ....
3-3
4-9
8-2
11-5
13-9
18-2
Potteries
3-7
4-1
5-4
6-9
8-9
13-2
Redruth
1 4-2
5-4
6-1
7-3
9-1
12-1
Middlesbro' .
1 4-5
5-4
6-9
8-0
8-9
10-7
Southampton
i 2-9
4-5
7-3
8-7
10-3
12-5
Walsall
, 3-7
3-8
4-7
5-7
7-3
9-9
Wolverhampton .
3-5
3-7
4-5
5-6
7-0
9-5
Burton-on-Trent .
3-1
3-8
5-2
6-7
8-1
11-2
Rotherham .
4-2
4-3
5-2
5-8
6-6
8-8
Whitehaven
40
4-6
5-9
6-9
7-9
9-7
Crewe .
3-3
3-6
4-5
5-5
6-7
8-5
Helston
3-5
4-5
5-6
6-1 ,
6-8
9-7
Doncaster .
3-4
3-5
4-5
5-4 !
6-7
8-7
Cockermouth
3-9
4-3
5-9
6-5
7-6
9-8
Appendix F.
CI 5
Males. IMortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 15-45.
,
JNlales, 1891-1900.
15—
20—
1
25—
30—
35—
40—
Large towns —
Manchester ....
3-9
4-2
6-8
7-7
10-0
14-3
Liverpool
4-2
4-3
5-9
8-4
10-7
14-4
Sheffield .
3-4
3-4
4-5
5-9
7-8
11-6
Leeds .
3-8
4-1
5-2
6-3
7-9
10-6
Birmingham
2-9
3-2
4-7
1 6-5
8-3
11-5
London
3-2
3-4
4-7
i 6-3
8-2
11-1
Nottingham
3-1
3-7
4-9
6-5
8-0
10-6
HuU .
3-4
4-0
5-5
6-6
8-3
11-2
Bristol
3-1
3-6
4-8
6-2
7-7
10-5
Leicester
3-1
3-5
4-7
! 5-6
6-4
8-2
Towns (textile manufactures) —
Oldham . . . . | 4-4
4-6
5
•9
1 7-5
9
8
13-9
Preston
3-4
4-4
5
•9
7-9
10
2
14-6
Bury .
3-5
3-9
5
•1
6-6
8
7
12-6
Rochdale
4-1
4-4
5
•3
6-5
8
5
12-3
Ashton-under-Lyi
le
3-7
4-1
6
•1
6-6
8
7
12-G
Bolton
3-5
4-0
6
•2
6-5
8
3
11-5
Blackburn .
1 3-6
4-0
4
•8
5-8
7
5
10-6
Halifax
3-4
3-7
4
•6
5-7
7
4
10-3
Glossop
3-2
4-0
5
•4
6-5
8
3
11-8
Stockport
3-5
3-7
5
1
6-7
8
5
12-1
Saddleworth
\ 3-3
4-2
6
1
61
7
2
9-5
Macclesfield
2-7
30
4
4
6-3
8
11-2
Huddersfield
3-7
4-0
6
1
6-1
8
11-3
Haslingden .
3-6
3-7
4
5
5-5
6
8
9-3
Bradford
3-6
4-0
4
8
5-7
7
1
10-2
Wharfedale .
3-0
3-9
5
3
6-6
9
2
14-2
Todmorden .
2-8
3-0
4
1
5-5
7
9-1
Keighley
3-8
4-2
4
9
5-6
6
8
9-8
Burnley
3-7
4-0
4
7
5-5
6
6
9-1
Dewsbury .
4-2
4-4
5
1
6-0
7
3
10-0
Kidderminster
2-7
3-2
4
4
5-9
6
7
8-7
Leek .
2-9
3-1
3-6
5-3
6-1
7-G
Towns (industrial) —
Stafford ....
3
1
4-5
7
2
11-2
15-1
18-5
Potteries
3
3
3-5
4
4
5-G
7-7
11-1
Redruth
.
3
4-4
5
4
7-2
8-9
11-1
Middlesbro' .
3
5
4-6
6
7-5
9-2
11-8
Southampton
2
8
4-1
7
9-2
9-9
11-3
Walsall
3
3
3-5
4
2
5-3
7-1
9-8
Wolverhampton .
3
1
3-4
4
5
6-0
7-3
9-6
Burton-on-Trent
2
4
3-1
4-
5
6-2
8-4
10-9
Rotherham .
3
2
3-3
4-
4-7
5-8
7-9
Whitobaveri
3
2
3-9
4-
9
6-7
7-2
8-G
Crewe .
2
G
2-6
3-
7
4-8
6-0
8-3
Helstou
3
3
4-4
5-
8
6-2
6-7
7-1
Doncaster .
3
1
3-2
4-
4-9
Gl
7-9
Cockermouth
3-2
3-5
4-4
4-8
5-7
7-4
616
EnglamVs Becent Progress.
Males. Mortality in 1881-1890 at Agks 15-L5—continufJ.
ilales. 1881-1S90.
15—
•20—
.5-
30—
35—
40—
Towus (industrial) (continued)^
Ban-ow-in-Funiess . . i 4-1
4-5
5
4
5-G
6-4
8-7
Penzauce
2-9
4-3
4
8
5-8
6-9
8-4
Falmouth .
3-4
5-8
5
4
6-0
7-5
9-4
Luton
3-0
2-9
3
9
5-6
7-3
9-7
Swindon
' 3-3
3-9
4
6
5-1
6-2
7-3
Grimsby
3-8
4-7
5
2
6-4
7-8
9-4
Tilbury
4-7
4-2
4
4
5-4
6-9
9-5
Kugby.
2-9
3-5
4
5-2
G-5
8-G
Wellingborough
' 2-8
3-7
4
5
5-0
5-4
7-1
Kettering .
2-8
3-0
3
6
4-4
5-7
6-7
Millom
2-9
3-9
4-8
5-1
5-6
7-G
Colliery districts —
Wigan .... 4
3
4-5
5
7
6-7
8-3
11-0
Wrexham .
4
5
4-9
5
5
6-6
7-8
10-2
Glamorgan .
4
7
5-4
6
7
7-9
9-0
11-4
Durham
4
8
5-5
6
4
7-2
8-2
10-6
Bamsley
4
4
4-3
5
3
6-3
7-5
10-3
Cannock
3
3-3
3
9
4-6
5-5
7-0
Chesterfield
3
6
3-9
4
5
4-8
5-5
7-4
Nuneaton .
3
4
3-G
4
3
5-2
5-7
7-2
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
.
3-0
3-2
3-6
4-1
4-8
6-6
Old towns—
Maidstone . . . .4
5
2
6
8
9
3
11
1
15
8
W^orcester .
3
5
4
7
6
2
8
10
1
14
5
Chester
3
9
4
5
6
3
8
4
10
4
13
7
Wakefield .
5
5
4
6
7
7
9
9
7
13
3
Gloucester .
3
7
4
4
5
8
8
10
3
13
1
Carlisle
4
4
7
6
8
9
10
4
13
6
Derby .
3
4
4
1
5
6
6
5
7
1
9
3
York .
3
9
5
1
6
8
8
3
10
2
13
5
Northamptou
3
8
4
1
5
4
7
3
9
8
11
5
Exeter
4
2
5
4
6
5
7
9
9
8
11
9
Cambridge .
3
5
4
3
5
4
6
2
9
8
13
4
Oxford
3
3
4
5
6
6
5
8
7
11
7
King's Lynn
4
2
4
9
6
2
7
1
8
8
12
8
Coventry
3
3
4
1
5
5
6
2
7
4
10
7
Ipswich
3
5
4
4
6
1
7
7
9
2
10
9
Reading
3
4
4
1
5
3
5
9
7
5
10
3
Norwich
3
1
3
9
5
5
6
6
8
4
10
1
Lincoln
4
4
8
6
3
7
4
8
9
12
1
Yarmouth .
3-4
4-8
6-0
6-9
8-8
10-6
Old military towns —
Plymouth .... 4-0
5-2
5-8
7-6
9-8
13-1
Portsmouth. . . . 3-6
4-5
6-8
8-8
10-7
13-5
Colchester . . . . 3-6
4-8
5-9
7-9
9-1
11-5
Chatham . . . . 3*7
4-2
5-5
6-0
7-0
10-0
Other military places —
Canterbury . . . . 4-5
6-1
8-8
10-3
12-1
18-3
Godstone . . . . 3*2
6-4
10-1
10-1
12-8
17-3
Windsor . . . . 3-8
3-2
4-8
60
B-l
11-4
Appendix F.
617
Males. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 15-45 — continued.
Males, 1891-1900.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
Towns (industrial) (continued) —
Barrow-iu-Furnes
s
2-G
2-9
4-0
4-7
5-8
8-1
Penzance
2-9
3-9
5-0
5-8
6-4
8-4
Falmouth .
4-0
5-7
6-0
8-0
8-5
10-2
Luton
2-4
2-5
3-5
5-1
6-2
8-0
Swindon
2-1
2-9
3-7
4-3
5-0
6-6
Grimsby
3-2
3-6
4-6
5-3
6-1
7-9
Tilbury
3-2
3-5
4-7
4-9
5-5
7-4
Rugby.
2-4
2-9
3-9
5-2
5-9
7-0
Welliugborough
2-5
3-3
3-9
5-1
5-6
6-8
Kettering
2-7
3-3
3-7
4-2
4-8
5-9
Millom
2-4
3-1
4-4
4-7
5-G
0-9
Colliery districts —
Wigan ....
3-6
3-9
5-0
6-6
8-4
11-2
Wrexham .
3-2
3-8
4-5
5-4
6-9
9-8
Glamorgan .
3-8
4-4
5-3
6-2
7-5
10-1
Durham
3-9
4-6
5-5
6-6
7-7
9-8
Barnsley
3-4
3-6
4-6
5-4
7-0
9-3
Cannock
2-9
3-4
3-9
4-4
5-1
6-3
Chesterfield
2-8
3-2
3-9
4-7
5-6
7-0
Nuneaton .
2-7
3-4
4-0
4-6
5-5
6-6
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
2-7
3-0
3-8
5-0
5-7
6-8
Old towns —
Maidstone ....
4-1
5-2
7-3
10-2
12-3
15-3
Worcester .
3-7
3-7
4-9
7-0
9-0
12-3
Chester
3-2
3-9
5-5
7-1
8-8
11-9
Wakefield .
3-3
3-6
4-9
6-4
8-4
11-2
Gloucester .
4-3
4-6
6-1
7-9
9-3
12-3
Carlisle
3-3
4-5
6-3
7-6
9-4
11-5
Derby .
3-1
3-3
4-7
5-8
7-6
10-0
York .
3-0
3-6
5-2
6-5
8-2
11-9
Northampton
3-2
4-0
5-2
6-7
8-0
9-8
Exeter
3-6
4-3
5-8
7-6
8-9
11-7
Cambridge .
3-1
4-2
5-5
6-6
8-5
11-2
Oxford
2-9
3-3
4-8
6-2
8-1
10-7
King's Lynn
3-5
4-6
5-0
6-7
8-3
9-9
Coventry
2-7
33
4-3
5-7
7-7
10-4
Ipswich
3-2
3-9
5-6
7-2
9-0
10-9
Heading
2-7
3-2
4-5
5-6
7-1
90
Norwich
2-9
3-8
5-0
6-0
7-1
8-7
Lincoln
2-8
3-6
4-8
(>-0
7-6
9-4
Yarmouth .
3-1
3-6
5-3
(;-9
8-3
9-8
Old military towns —
Plymouth ....
3-3
4-7
5-3
6-7
8-4
10-4
Portsmouth.
3-0
3-9
5-8
7-2
8-7
11-7
Colchester ....
3-4
4-8
5-5
5-9
(;-7
9-4
Chatham
3-0
3-G
5-5
5-9
7-0
9-1
Other military places-
Canterbury .
Godstone
Windsor
2-5
2-6
2-8
3-9
4-3
2-9
5-9
60
50
G-4
7-0
5-8
90
8-9
7-4
12-9
11-8
10-8
«18
KnglancCs Recent Progresn.
M.vi.rs. I\IoKT\:.iTv in ISSl IS'.K) at Acks \:^-\h — nuitiuurd.
Ma
es, 1881-189(.).
ir.—
20—
I 2.5-
30—
35—
1
40—
Other military places (coiitd.) -
Farnham ....
2-G
3-4
6-6
6
•0
7-2
10
7
iSalisbui-y
2-'J
3-2
4-4
6
•9
9-6
12
Dover .
2-6
3-9
6-2
7
•2
90
10
9
Folkestone .
30
3-2
5-0
6
•3
8-0
10
1
Aldershot, North
2-8
3-1
4-8
3
•9
5-4
7
4
Weymouth .
2-6
4-3
5-3
5
•5
6-9
8
8
Sheerness .
3-5
3-1
3-7
4
5
5-3
8
3
Deal .
2-9
4-9
4-4
5
G
6-2
7
9
St. German's
4-7
4-7
5-4
6-3
7-9
8-6
Residential (with asylums) —
Uxbridgo . . . . 2-9
3-0
5-3
8-8
12-9
16
5
IMorecanibe .
4-7
6-3
8-6
10-2
12-7
17
1
Malvern
3-0
3-6
4-7
8-0
11-8
18
8
Rhyl .
5-3
5-8
7-6
10-0
11-6
13
5
Leamington
3-2
4-3
5-6
8-0
9-6
12
Watford
3-2
3-5
5-7
8-2
10-0
13
6
Guildford .
2-8
3-5
5-8
9-2
12-6
15-8
Residential (Brighton, &c.) —
Southport . . . .4-1
4-6
6
1
7-5
9-3
12-9
Blackpool .
4-3
4-5
6
1
7-8
8-5
11-1
Brighton
3-4
8-8
5
2
6-6
8-1
11-0
Bath .
3-5
4-1
5
5
8-0
10-1
13-3
Llandudno .
3-7
3-8
5
G-3
8-2
10-9
Thanet
60
5-3
G
6
8-7
10-1
12-4
Harrogate .
3-2
3-4
4
8
6-3
7-9
11-8
Scarborough
2-8
3-9
5
7
7-1
8-1
10-2
Hastings
3-1
3-7
5-5
7-7
9-2
11-7
Residential (other places) —
Bournemouth
3-6
5-6
9
8
14
1
15
4
16-5
Cheltenham
3-0
3-2
4
3
7
3
9
3
11-4
Worthing .
30
4-0
5
3
6
8
8
9
10-9
Weston-super-Mare
3-0
4-2
6
2
7
8
8
8
10-2
Eastbourne .
3-3
3-3
4
3
5
7
6
9-8
Reigate
4-1
5-2
5
4
5
8
6
8
7-5
Isle of Wight
3-1
5-1
7
7
10
1
11
4
12-1
Tunbridge .
2-8
3-3
4
6
6
2
7
5
9-6
Southend
3-4
4-2
5
5
4
6
1
8-3
Torquay
3-1
4-2
5
7
6
9
7
9
9-7
Staines
4-1
3-3
4
5
5
9
7
4
10-2
Bedford
3-2
3-4
3
6
4
4
5
8
7-5
Heme Bay .
3-7
3-9
4
7
6
2
6
9
8-5
Poole ....
2-9
4-2
5
3
6
1
7
8-6
Cromer
8-4
4-1
4
9
5-
5
6
8
6-9
Clacton
3-4
3-7
4-4
4-8
6-1
7-8
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood ....
3-9
5-0
7-8
12-6
18-8
21-6
Maidenhead
31
3-1
4-4
5-5
7-2
10-4
Easthampstead .
3-1
2-6
2-8
61
7-7
8-7
Appendix F.
619
Males. ^Moia'ALirY ix 18'J1 -I'JOO at Ages 15-45 — continued.
Males, 1891-1900.
15—
20-
25—
30—
35—
40-
Other military places (contd.) —
Parnham ....
*2-l
3-3
4
8
4-5
6-2
9-5
Salisbury ....
j 2-0
2-1
4
1
6-3
7-7
10-7
Dover .....
J 2-6
3-4
5
5-5
6-6
9-4
Folkestone ....
2-5
2-8
4
6
5-6
7-6
10-2
Aldershot, North .
*l-6
2-5
3
8
3-7
5-0
7-1
Weymouth ....
*2-0
3-8
4
4
5-2
6-3
8-6
Sheerness ....
2-3
2-3
3
8
4-9
6-1
8-4
Deal
2-2
3-6
4
6-5
6-6
8-1
St. German's
*2-0
2-6
3-9
5-5
6-2
8-1
Residential (with asylums) —
1
Uxbridge ....
3-4
3-5
5
4
8
5
11-5
16-2
^lorecambe ....
4-1
4-3
5
7
7
1
9-5
12-5
Malvern ....
1 2-9
4-7
5
4
8
4
9-9
13-2
Rhyl
1 3-4
4-0
6
3
9
1
12-1
15-0
Leamington
' 2-9
3-9
5
7
8
3
9-2
12-2
Watford ....
2-4
3-3
5
4
7
1
8-7
11-2
Guildford ....
3-0
3-2
4-9
6-9
8-2
11-1
Residential (Brighton, &c.) —
Southport ....
3-1
3-6
5-3
7-3
8-7
11-0
Blackpool .
3-2
3-6
4-9
7-0
9-0
12-5
Brighton
2-7
3-4
4-9
6-5
7-7
10-2
Bath .
3-0
3-3
4-9
6-6
8-2
10-5
Llandudno .
3-3
4-0
5-7
7-5
9-2
11-8
Thanet
4-1
4-1
5-8
7-9
9-2
12-3
Harrogate .
2-8
3-0
4-9
7-0
7-9
9-7
Scarborough
2-8
3-7
5-0
G-4
7-7
9-8
Hastings
2-8
3-5
5-6
7-4
9-1
10-9
Residential (other places)
Bournemouth
3
6
5
8
9-4
120
12
9
14-6
Cheltenham
2
5
2
7
4-0
5-9
7
1
. 8-7
Worthing
3
6
3
7
5-7
7-8
9
101
Wcston-super-Mai
•e
2
5
3
5-5
7-3
7
9
8-1
Eastbourne .
2
3
2
8
4-0
5-9
6
5
8-1
Reigate
3
3
7
3-9
4-3
5
G
7-8
Isle of Wight
3
1
4
6
7-1
8-7
9
G
11-8
Tunbridge .
2
9
3
3-9
5-5
G
2
7-2
Southend
3
4
3
7
4-8
5-4
6
4
8-9
Torquay
2
7
3
7
5-3
6-8
7
7
8-9
Staines
2
1
2
3-7
4-8
G
3
8-2
Bedford
2
4
2
8
3-3
5-4
G
7
7-7
Heme Bay .
2
5
3
4-0
5-2
G
5
8-6
Poole .
2
4
2
5
3-7
4-9
5
4
7-4
Cromer
2
6
3
3
4-1
4-8
4
G
6-2
Clacton
2-8
3-1
4-0
4-9
5-4
6-4
^liscellaneous —
Brentwood ....
3-4
4-G
7-3
11-0
14-6
21-2
Maidenhead
3-2
3-7
4-9
5-6
63
7-7
Easthampstead .
n-6
t2-l
3-2
3-8
4-9
7-7
* I'hese low rates are due Id tliu jireseiice of youiiK niilitnry iiml naval men.
•f- 'i'liese low rates ari; due to tin; iircsi;iii'e of caclets ut f^amlliiiist College.
620
England's Becent Progress.
Males. Mortality in 18S1-1890 at Ages Ib-ib— continued.
16—
ilales, 1881-1890.
20— I 25— . 30—
35—
40-
Pairal residues —
Denbigh aiid Flint
Carnarvon and Anglesej'
Lancashire and Cheshire
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c
Salop and Hereford
Stafford, Worcester, &c..
Monmouth and Brecon .
^lontgomery, &c. .
Durham and Northumberland
Gloucester and Somerset
3G
4-G
3-4
4-6
3-0
2-9
4-4
G-0
40
6-0
3-5
G-4
7
4
9-1
9
3
5-7
G
7
8-G
9
3
G-0
7
4
5-7
7
5-3
8
1
7-0
7
9
6-9
8
1
5-8
<
2
8-8
10-5
8-5
10-0
9-3
9-1
8-6
9-0
9-7
8-G
Cumberland and Westmoreland
2-8
3
7
5
5
8
G
5
8-2
Leicester, Derbv and Notts .
3-4
g
9
4
7
5
5
G
6
8-4
Wilts and Dorset .
2-9
3
3
4
2
5
7
7
3
8-2
York
3-5
4
4
7
5
7
G
G
8-1
Devon .
3-1
3
9
4
9
G
7
4
9-0
Hants and Berks
2-G
3
1
4
1
5
7
7
3
8-4
Cornwall
3-5
4
3
5
G
1
7
5
8-9
Kent and Surrey
3-1
3
4
4
4
5
8
7
2
8-7
Bucks and Oxford
2-9
3
2
4
1
5
6
G
9
8-2
Sussex .
3-1
3
5
4
6
5
9
7
3
8-7
Essex and Herts
3-2
3
3
4
1
5
8
fi
9
8-2
Northampton, &c.
3-3
3
6
4
4
5
G
G
8
7-9
Lincoln and Kutland
3-2
3
8
4
5
5
4
6
4
7-7
Norfolk and Suffolk
3-0
3-G
4-5
5-5
6-7
7-4
Appendix F.
621
Males. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 15-4:5— continued.
Males, 1891-1900.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35-
40—
Rural residues * —
Denbigh and Flint
3-5
3-8
4-7
G
7-G
9-1
Carnarvon and Anglesey
3-6
4-7
6-3
7
3
8-2
9-5
Lancashire and Cheshire
2-9
3-4
4-2
5
1
6-1
7-7
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c.
4-0
5-3
6-8
7
7
8-4
9-3
Salop and Hereford
2-8
3-2
4-1
5
5
6-6
8-5
fStafiord, Worcester, &c. .
2-6
30
4-1
5
5
6-5
8-1
Monmouth and Brecon .
2-8
3-6
4-5
5
7
6-6
7-7
Montgomery, &c. .
3-2
4-5
5-8
6
9
7-8
8-5
Durham and Northumberland
3-3
4-1
5-0
5
8
6-5
7-9
tGloucester and Somerset
2-5
3-1
4-1
5-6
6-2
7-5
Cumberland and Westmoreland
2-5
3-2
4-1
5-2
6-3
7-8
Leicester, Derby and Notts .
2-8
30
3-9
5-0
5-8
7-2
Wilts and Dorset .
2-5
3-1
4-1
5-3
6-0
7-2
York .
2-7
3-3
4-1
5-0
5-8
7-2
Devon .
2-8
3-4
4-2
5-5
6-0
7-0
Hants and Berks .
2-4
2-7
3-6
5-0
5-7
7-1
jCornwall
3-1
3-7
4-4
5-7
6-3
7-4
Kent and Surrey .
2-7
3-0
3-9
4-9
5-8
7-4
Bucks and Oxford .
2-6
2-8
3-4
4-7
5-5
6-5
Sussex .
2-6
2-9
3-9
5-2
6-2
7-9
Essex and Herts .
2-6
2-8
3-7
5-0
5-7
6-9
Northampton, &c. .
2-6
3-1
3-9
5-0
5-6
6-9
Lincoln and Rutland
2-6
3-2
4-0
5-0
5-6
6-7
Norfolk and Suffolk
2-G
3-1
3-9
4-9
5-2
6-0
* In the order of the rates of mortality at ages 50-65 as shown in the preceding Table,
t It is worthy of note that at these ages the Stafford grovip shows a state of mortality reseniblins
thnt i)f <;i<)\icester and Somerset.
i The figures for Cornwall are a little above those for Devon.
622
England's Bccent Progress.
FE>rALES. Mortality in 1881-1890 at Ages 15-45.
Females,
1881-1890.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
Large towns —
Manchester ....
4-6
4
8
6
4
8-0
9
9
12
4
Liverpool
4-8
4
7
6
5
8-6
11
13
5
Sheffield
4-6
4
6
5
9
7-2
8
6
10
7
Leeds .
4-6
4
6
6
1
7-6
8
8
10
7
Birmingham
3-3
3
6
4
8
6-1
7
1
9
9
London
3-6
3
5
4
6
5-9
7
4
9
5
Nottingham
4-2
4
9
6
1
7-2
8
9
11
2
Hull .
4-4
4
5
5
9
7-3
8
8
10
4
Bristol
3-6
4
5
1
6-0
7
2
9
1
Leicester
3-2
3-7
4-9
5-9
7-2
8-5
Towns (textile manufactures) —
Oldham . . . . 5-0
5
6
7
8
2
9
6
11
2
Preston
1 4-2
5
1
7
2
9
1
11
7
13
7
Bury .
3-6
4
5
6
2
7
5
8
4
10
1
Kochdale
4-5
6
4
6
6
7
2
7
9
9
2
Ashton-under-Lyr
e
4-4
5
6
7
2
8
9
10
8
Bolton
3-9
4
6
6
1
7
2
8
6
10
5
Blackburn .
4-2
4
7
6
7
8
8
11
Halifax
4-2
5
3
6
2
6
8
7
3
8
7
Glossop
4-2
5
1
5
9
6
5
7
5
9
Stockport .
3-9
5
6
9
8
2
9
6
11
5
Saddleworth
4-9
6
6
7
8
1
9
10
2
Macclesfield.
4-1
4
9
6
1
7
6
8
7
11
Huddersfield
4-5
5
5
6
7
7
2
8
3
9
9
Haslingden .
4-2
4
7
5
7
6
7
8
9
4
Bradford
4-4
5
5
6
6
7
4
8
3
9
9
Wharfedale .
4-0
4
8
6
6
7
7
6
8
5
Todmorden .
4-1
4
6
5
3
5
8
6
5
8
1
Keighley
5-6
6
4
7
1
7
3
8
2
9
7
Burnley
4-1
4
8
6
1
6
9
8
1
9
8
Dewsbury .
4-8
5
8
6
6
7
8
9
7
Kidderminster
3-5
4
2
4
9
5
2
6
2
7
4
Leek .
3-4
4-6
6-4
8-0
9-2
9-7
Towns (industrial) —
Stafford .... 3-7
4-7
6
8
9-4
11
6
14
5
Potteries
3-7
4-5
6
5
7-9
9
4
11
5
Bedruth
3-5
4-0
4
4
5-8
6
6
7
9
]\Iiddlesbro'
4-2
4-9
6
8
8-3
9
5
10
3
Southampton
3-1
3-5
4
8
5-9
7
5
8
7
WalsaU
3-3
3-8
5
2
6-2
7
3
9
Wolverhampton
3-4
3-7
5
6-2
7
4
8
6
Burton-on-Trent
3-3
4-1
6
4
7-9
8
6
9
6
Eotherham .
4-6
5-1
6
7
7-4
8
1
9
1
Whitehaven
4-1
4-7
6
1
7-0
8
5
9
1
Crewe
3-1
3-9
5
7
6-9
7
9
9
3
Helston
, 4-3
6-1
6
7
7-2
7
8
8
3
Doncaster .
! 3-8
3-9
5
3
6-4
7
5
9
1
Cockermouth ,
3-8
4-2
5-3
6-5
7-3
8 5
Appendix F.
623
Females. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 15-45.
remales, 1891-1900.
15- i
20—
25- 1
30-
35— 1
40—
Large towns —
Manchester ....
3-6
3-6
4-9
6-5
8-6
11-4
Liverpool .
3-7
3-6
5-1
7-2
9-5
12-6
Sheffield .
3-4
3-4
4-5
5-6
7-1
9-4
Leeds .
3-8
3-9
4-7
5-5
6-9
9-1
Birmingham
2-8
2-8
3-9
5-2
6-9
9-1
London
3-0
2-9
3-7
4-7
6-2
8-4
Nottingham
2-8
3-3
4-6
5-7
6-8
8-8
Hull .
3-2
3-5
4-6
5-8
7-2
9-1
Bristol
2-9
3-2
4-1
4-9
6-2
8-0
Leicester
2-9 ,
1
3-1
3-8 J
4-6
5-8
7-5
Towns (textile manufactures) —
!
Oldham ....
4-3
4-6
5-7 i
6-9
8-2
9-9
Preston
3-5
4-0
5-5
7-2
9-3
12-0
Bury .
3-7
4-0
5-3
6-6
8-1
9-4
Bochdale
3-6
3-9
4-9
6-1
7-6
9-4
Ashton-under-Lyn
e
3-4
3-8
4-9
6-4
7-8
9-5
Bolton
3-5
4-0
5-1
6-1
7-4
9-3
Blackburn .
3-4
3-8
5-1
6-1
7-3
9-3
Halifax
3-6
4-0
4-5
5-3
6-3
8-0
Glossop
3-9
4-2
5-3
6-2
7-5
9-4
Stockport .
3-4
3-7
4-8
6-3
7-6
9-2
Saddleworth
3-1
3-6
5-3
61
7-0
7-8
Macclesfield .
3-1
3-6
4-9
(1-4
7-2
8-8
Huddersfield
4-4
3-7
5-2
5-8
0-7
7-8
Haslingden .
3-3
3-9
5-0
5-9
6-9
8-1
Bradford
3-6
4-1
5-1
5-9
7-0
8-5
Wharfedale .
3-2
3-9
4-9
6-4
8-2
10-3
Tc'''Morden .
3-1
3-1
4-2
5-0
5-6
6-6
Keiguiey
4-2
4-8
5-6
6-1
7-0
8-1
Burnley
3-5
3-6
4-7
5-8
7-0
8-6
Dewsbury .
4-3
4-5
5-2
6-4
7-4
8-5
Kidderminster
2-5
3-1
3-8
4-5
5-4
6-8
Leek .
3-0
4-2
6-4
7-7
8-0
9-4
Towns (industrial) —
Stafford ....
3-2
4-1
6-3
8-1
10-3
13-4
Potteries
3-3
3-5
4-8
6-2
8-1
10-8
Redruth
2-9
3-7
4-5
4-8
4-6
6-1
Middlesbro'
3-6
3-8
5-3
6-9
8-1
9-9
Southampton
2-8
2-7
3-7
4-8
6-4
8-4
Walsall
3-2
3-3
4-2
5-6
70
9-2
Wolverhampton
2-9
3-0
4-2
5-6
6-9
8-4
Burton-on-Trent
2-8
3-1
4-5
6-1
7-3
8-4
Rotherham .
3-2
3-6
4-8
5-8
6-9
8-5
Whitehaven
3-8
4-3
5-4
5-9
7-2
8-5
Crewe .
3-4
3-6
4-5
5-3
6-7
7-8
Helston
2-9
3-6
4-9
fi-2
6-6
7-1
Doncaster .
3-2
3-3
4-1
5-2
i 6-4
7-4
Cockermouth
2-7
2-9
4
5-0
5-9
71
624
England's Becent Progress.
Females. Mortality in 1881-1890 at Ages 15-45 — conlinncd.
Females,
1881-1890.
!•'- ;
2(1—
2.5—
30—
40-
Towns (industrial) {continued) —
,
Barrow-in-Furness
4
3 1
5-1 1
6-6
7-
4 1
8-3
10-
Penzance
3
6 '
4-5 i
50
5-
9
7-2
8-
2
Falmouth
3
5
3-8 [
4-6 ,
4-
7
60
8-
7
Luton
3
2
3-3 ,
4-3
5-
8
7-2
7-
9
Swindou
4
4
4-9 ;
6-4 1
6-
8 •<
7-6
9-
2
Grimsbv
3
9
4-6 i
5-8 1
6-
5
8-1
8-
7
Tilbury
4
8
3-4
4-9 !
5-
7 1
7-2
8-
1
Rugby
8
8
4-2
5-5 '
5-
7 '
5-8
6-
7
Wellingborough
3
5
4-3
5-0 :
6-
2
6-6
7-
8
Kettering .
3
3-7
4-8 ,
5-
7
6-8
6
8
IMillom
3-9
4-6
5-9
7-0
8-0
9-3
Colliery districts —
Wigan ....
4-2
4-7
6-4
7-9
9-3
10
7
Wrexham .
4-5
5-1
7-6
9-4
10-2
10
7
Glamorgan .
1 4-6
5-2
7-0
8-6 i
9-8
11
3
Durham
4-8
5-6
7-1
8-3
9-7
11
2
Barnsley
4-8
5-1
7-0
8-1 \
8-9
10
8
Cannock
3-6
3-8
4-9
5-6
6-6
7
4
Chesterfield ,
3-8
4-3
G-1
7-0
7-8
8
7
Nimeaton .
3-7
4-9
6-4
6-3 ■
7-4
8
3
Ashby-de-la-Zouch
3-5
4-3
5-5
5-8
6-3
8-7
Old towns —
Maidstone ....
4-4
5-0
6-6
7
9
9-3
11
1
Worcester .
3-8
4-4
5-3
6
4
8-3
10
G
Chester
3-8
4-4
6-0
7
7
9-3
11
Wakefield .
! 4-9
5-3
7-3
8
8
9-7
11
7
Gloucester .
1 4-1
4-4
5-4
7
1
9-0
10
1
Carlisle
1 4-0
5-2
6-7
8
6
9-5
11
1
Derby .
3-4
4-6
5-7
6
4
7-6
8
6
York .
4-4
5-2
6-1
7
5
9-2
11
•0
Northampton
8-6
4-2
5-2
6
5
8-2
1 10
•4
Exeter
8-9
4-5
5-4
6
•4
7-9
9
•6
Cambridge .
8-1
3-5
4-3
5
•4
6-7
8
•5
Oxford
8-2
3-7
4-2
5
■8
7-2
8
•7
King's Lynn
8-4
4-0
4-6
5
•6
7-1
i 9
•3
Coventry
8-2
4-1
4-9
5
■2
6-5
t 8
•6
Ipswich
3-8
4-5
5-7
6
•9
8-3
' 9
•7
Reading
3-0
8-2
4-4
5
•7
7-1
8
•5
Norwich i .
8-3
4-1
5-1
5
•9
7-4
8
•9
Lincoln
4-2
5-5
7-1
8
•3
9-2
10
•4
Yarmouth .
3-0
3-8
4-8
6-1
7'5
8-7
Old military towns —
Plymouth ....
4-3
4-4
5-6
6-6
7-9
9-2
Portsmouth.
4-1
4-3
5-5
6-9
8-5
9-9
Colchester ....
4-7
5-1
5-1
5-2
6-5
;. 9-1
Chatham ....
4-1
4-1
5-2
6-6
7-5
9-2
Other military places —
Canterbury ....
5-0
6-6
7-7
8-2
9-2
10-6
Godstone ....
3-4
5-0
7-2
9-1
11-2
140
Windsor ....
3-3
3-7
. 4-5
5-5
6-3
. 7.4
Appendix F.
625
FE:irALES. Mortality in 1891-1900 at Ages Ib-iS—cojitimied.
Females,
1891-
L900.
15—
20—
25—
30-
35—
40—
Towns (industrial) (continued)—
Barrow-in-Furness
3-2
3-1
4-2
5-6
7-1
9-0
Penzance
3-2
3-4
4-2
4-9
5-2
6-3
Falmouth .
2-8
3-6
4-5
6-0
6-1
7-3
Luton
2-5
2-8
3-6
4-2
5-0
6-1
Swindon
8-1
3-2
3-8
4-3
5-7
7-1
Grimsby
3-4
3-7
4-9
5-6
6-6
7-9
Tilbury
3-0
2-6
4-2
5-1
5-4
6-2
Rugby
2-7
2-9
3-7
4-3
4-5
5-2
Wellingborough
3-0
3-8
4-3
4-6
5-1
6-0
Kettering .
2-4
2-6
3-5
4-3
5-1
5-3
Millom
3-0
3-3
4-7
4-9
6-0
7-4
Colliery districts —
Wigan ....
3
5
3-9
5-4
6
9
8
4
10-6
Wrexham
3
5
4-2
6-0
7
5
9
10-2
Glamorgan
3
7
4-2
5-7
7
1
8
5
10-4
Durham
3
9
4-3
5-7
6
9
8
4
10-2
Barnsley
3
6
3-8
5-1
6
1
7
3
9-2
Cannock
2
7
2-6
4-2
5
9
6
8
6-5
Chesterfield
3
3-5
4-8
5
6
6
6
7-6
Nuneaton
2
9
3-3
4-3
5
5
6
5
7-2
Ashby-de-la- Zouch
2-5
2-9
4-4
5-1
6-6
8-1
Old towns —
Maidstone ....
4
2
4
5
6-2
7
4
9
11-6
Worcester .
3
2
3
3
4-1
4
9
6
5
8-8
Chester
3
1
3
5
4-9
6
2
8
10-1
Wakefield .
3
4
4
5-4
6
9
8
3
9-9
Gloucester .
4
2
4
2
5-3
6
5
8
2
9-5
Carlisle
3
4
4
6
G-2
7
6
8
5
11-1
Derby .
2
8
3
2
4-6
5
8
7
3
9-1
York .
3
3
4
4-9
6
1
7
3
9-4
Northampton
3
3
5
4-5
5
7
6
6
7-8
Exeter
3
5
4
3
5-3
5
4
6
1
7-7
Cambridge .
2
8
3
5
3-8
4
4
6
1
7-7
Oxford
2
5
2
9
3-4
4
1
5
2
7-2
King's Lynn
3
6
3
9
4-2
4
8
6
1
8-5
Coventry
2
5
2
5
3-6
5
3
6
7
7-6
Ipswich
3
5
4
2
4-9
5
5
6
9
8-7
Reading
2
9
3
3
4-1
5
6
1
8-0
Norwich
2
7
3
2
4-3
5
3
6
3
7-5
Lincoln
3
3
3
8
4-8
6
1
7
4
9-0
Yarmouth .
2-7
2-8
3-7
4-9
GO
7-1
Old military towns-
Plymouth ....
30
3-8
5-0
6-0
7-1
8-2
Portsmouth.
3-6
3-9
5-0
5-8
7-0
8-9
Colchester ....
3-7
4-6
4-4
5-0
6-3
7-7
Chatham ....
3-4
30
4-0
4-9
5-7
7-6
Other military places —
Canterbury ....
4-1
4-4
4-7
5-6
7-1
8-3
Godstone ....
2-1
2-9
4-5
6-4
6-8
8-7
Windsor .
30
3-5
4-1
4-4
5-3
6-4
2 s
626
Englnnrl's Recent Progress.
Fkmai.k>
^. "Mortality in 1881-1890 at Agks 15-45— roH/ijn/rrf.
Females,
1881-1890.
15—
1 20-
25—
30—
35—
40—
Other military places {contd.) —
Farnham . . . . ' 4-3
■ 4
1
6
4
6-3
7-0
8
•5
Salisbury
3-1
4
1
5
4
7-1
9-2
10
•6
Dover .
2-9
8
4
4
2
5-0
6-3
8
■1
Folkestone .
2-9
2
6
8
5
4-7
6-1
8
•0
Aldershot, North
2-8
2
9
4
5
5-2
5-9
7
•0
Weymouth .
8-0
3
4
4
8
5-2
5-7
G
•9
Sheerness
4-0
4
9
6
2
6-8
8-4
9
•2
Deal .
4-1
8
5
4
1
5-2
6-G
7
•4
St. German's
5-2
5-1
5-9
6-6
7-6
8-G
Bosidential (with asylums) —
Uxbridge
3-4
3
9
6-0
7-4
9-1
11
■3
IMorecambe .
4-1
5
2
6-6
8-8
11-2
13
•6
]\Ialvern
3-0
3
9
4-9
6-2
8-2
9
•6
Rhyl .
4-4
5
8
7-6
9-4
10-2
11
•6
Leamington
2-7
3
4
4-2
5-1
6-7
7
•9
Watford
8-6
4
5-2
6-4
7-6
9
•2
Guildford .
4-0
4-4
5-4
6-8
8-8
9-3
Residential (Brighton, &c.)—
Southport .
8-4
3-7
4-8
6-0
7-6
8
8
Blackpool .
3-9
4-8
6-0
7-8
8-8
10
7
Brighton
j 3-0
3-2
8-9
5-0
6-2
8
Bath .
3-1
3-5
4-2
4-9
6-4
8
2
Llandudno .
.3-7
4-2
5-2
6-0
6-8
7
3
Thanet
4-0
4-4
5-2
6-2
7-7
9
Harrogate .
2-9
3-7
4-5
5-5
6-9
9
3
Scarborough
8-3
4-2
5-2
6-0
7-6
8
5
Hastings
8-1
8-7
4-7
6-8
7-0
8-1
Residential (other places) —
Bournemouth
8-3
4-2
5-5
6-8
8-1
8
G
Cheltenham
8-1
8-4
3-6
4-7
6-4
7
3
Worthing .
3-0
3-8
4-1
5-0
6-4
7
1
Weston-super-Mare
3-0
3-6
4-3
4-8
6-0
7
6
Eastbourne .
3-1
8-2
4-0
4-9
6-3
7
6
Reigate
3-4
8-7
4-2
4-5
4-9
6
8
Isle of Wight
3-4
8-9
5-2
6-4
7-5
7
7
Tunbridge .
3-4
4-1
4-9
5-5
6-9
7
8
Southend
4-0
4-1
5-0
5-5
6-5
7'
5
Torquay
3-0
3-9
4-8
5-5
6-5
6-
9
Staines
3-7
3-4
4-3
4-9
5-8
7-
Bedford
! 3-1
3-4
4-3
5-2
6-2
6-
6
Herns Bay .
3-8
3-8
4-2
4-9
6-0
7-
5
Poole ....
! 4-0
8-6
4-7
6-7
7-7
7*
8
Cromer
3-0
3-7
5-1
6-2
7-2
8-
Clacton
4-1
4-4
6-4
7-0
7-8
8-0
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood ....
3-9
3-6
6-2
9-4
10-9
12-9
Maidenhead . . . : 3-9
3-4
4-2
4-9
5-9
7-2
Easthanipstead . . . 2-0
3-1
5-4
5-4
6-4
6-9
Appendix F.
f)27
Females. IMortality in 1891-1900 at Ages 15-45 — continued.
Females,
1891-1900.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
Other military places (conid.) —
Farnham ....
3
1
3-1
4-4
5-3
5-8
6-9
Salisbury
2
3
2-8
4-0
5-1
6-0
8-5
Dover .
3
3
3-0
3-7
4-7
5-6
7-0
Folkestone .
2
5
2-9
3-8
4-3
5-3
70
Aldershot, North
3
2-6
3-3
4-1
4-9
5-8
Weymouth .
2
2
2-9
3-9
4-9
6-2
7-1
Sheerness .
3
2-7
3-7
5-0
6-5
6-7
Deal .
2
9
3-0
3-4
3-9
4-9
6-1 ■
St. German's
3-8
4-6
4-4
4-9
5-4
6-9
Residential (with asylums) —
Uxbridge
3-6
3-1
4-9
5-4
7-2
10-2
Morecambe .
3-8
4-6
6-4
7-9
9-0
10-8
Malvern
2-1
3-2
4-4
5-6
6-7
8-5
Rhyl .
3-8
4-4
5-4
6-7
9-1
11-6
Leamington
2-9
3-6
4-0
4-8
5-9
7-8
Watford
2-6
2-8
3-8
4-6
5-5
7-6
Guildford .
3-3
3-7
5-0
6-3
7-0
7-9
Residential (Brighton, &c.) —
Southport ....
3-1
3 = 5
4-3
5.2
6-3
8.1
Blackpool .
3-2
3-3
4-8
5-9
6-9
8-6
Brighton
2-7
2-7
3-2
4-0
5-2
7-0
Bath .
2-4
2-8
3-3
4-1
5-2
6-5
Llandudno .
3-2
3-5
4-8
6-0
G-8
7-8
Thanet
• 4-2
3-7
3-7
4-1
5-3
7-3
Harrogate .
2-6
2-6
2-9
3-8
4-8
6-2
Scarborough
3-2
3-3
4-1
5-3
6-5
7-6
Hastings
3-2
3-5
4-1
4-7
5-6
7-4
Residential (other places) —
Bournemouth
2-6
3-4
4-4
5-0
6-0
7-1
Cheltenham
2-5
2-8
3-2
3-8
4-6
G-0
Worthing .
4 3
4-0
4-8
4-9
5-8
6-9
Weston-super-Mare
2-5
3-5
4-4
5-1
5-G
6-0
Eastbourne .
2-1
2-6
3-0
3-4
4-4
5-8
Reigate
2-8
3-2
3-5
3-9
4-5
4-9
Isle of Wight
3-0
4-0
4-7
4-8
5-5
6-5
Tunbridge .
2-7
2-8
3-8
4-7
5-7
G-8
Southend
3-8
3-9
4-7
5-0
5-G
5-8
Torquay
3-0
3-7
4-6
5-0
5-5
6-3
Staines
2-8
2-7
3-1
3-2
3-9
6-0
Bedford
2-3
2-3
2-8
3-4
4-3
5-4
Heme Bay .
2-5
2-9
3-8
4-9
5-4
G-7
Poole .
2-9
3-3
4-2
4-7
5-6
6-9
Cromer
3-2
3-2
4-1
4-G
5-3
6-2
Clacton
3-7
3-7
4-6
5-1
5-7
6-9
Miscellaneous —
Brentwood ....
3-5
4-4
fi-9
8-8
10-9
13-8
Maidenhead
2-fi
2-2
3-1
3-G
4-4
5-7
East Hampstead .
2-G
2-6
3-6
4-0
4-9
5-3
2 s 2
628
England's Becent Progress.
Females. :Moktality in 1881-1890 at Agks 15 -id—continued.
Females,
1881-1S90
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
Rural residues —
Denbigh and Flint . . .4-5
5-5
7-2
8-8
9-4
98
Carnarvon and Anglesey
5-G
6-5
7-6
9-1
9-9
10-4
Lancashire and Cheshire
1 3-7
4-5
6-0
7-5
8-4
10-2
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c.
4-7
5-7
6-7
7-6
8-7
9-6
Salop and Hereford
3-5
3-9
5-2
6-7
7-7
8-5
Stafford, Worcester, &c.
3-3
4-0
5-4
6-3
7-1
8-3
Monmouth and Brecon .
3-9
4-5
5-9
6-9
7-6
8-3
Llontgomery, &c. .
4-5
5-9
7-7
8-8
9-7
9-8
Durham and Northumberland
4-4
5-7
7-1
8-2
9-1
9-6
Gloucester and Somerset
j 3-5
1
4-1
5-2
6-0
6-7
7-8
Cumberland and Westmoreland
3-5
4-5
5-6
6-3
7-0
7-9
Leicester, Derby and Notts .
3-5
4 5
6-0
6-6
7-9
8-6
Wilts and Dorset .
3-4
4-3
5-5
6-4
7-1
7-9
York
3-8
4-7
6-0
7-0
7-8
8-7
Devon .
3-5
4-2
5-3
6-3
7-2
8-0
Hants and Berks
3-2
3-7
5-0
5-8
6-7
7-3
Cornwall
3-9
4-8
5-8
6-6
7-1
7-4
Kent and Surrey
3-6
4-1
5-4
6-3
6-9
7-9
Bucks and Oxford
3-2
3-5
4-8
5-6
6-7
7-8
Sussex .
3-4
3-8
5-4
6-4
7-0
8-0
Essex and Herts
3-5
4-0
5-4
6-2
6-6
7-1
Northampton, &c. .
3-8
4-6
5-9
6-7
7-3
7-8
Lincoln and Rutland
3-9
4-7
5-9
6 9
7-6
8-2
Norfolk and Suffolk
3-7
4-4
5-6
6-4
7-1
7-7
Appendix F.
629
Females. Mohtality in 1891-1900 at Ages 15-45 — continued.
_
[Temales,
1891-1900
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
Rural residues —
Denbigh and Flint
4-0
4-4
5-8
G-9
8-4
9-8
Carnarvon and Anglesey
4-6
5-0
6-1
7-2
8-1
8-9
Lancashire and Cheshire
2-9
3-3
4-G
5-8
6-7
8-1
Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c.
4-3
5-2
6-2
7-1
S-0
9-0
Salop and Hereford
2-9
3-3
4-4
5-4
6-3
7-4
Stafford, Worcester, &c..
2-9
3-2
4-3
5-3
G-3
7-G
Monmouth and Brecon .
3-4
3-8
5-0
6-2
7-2
7-5
jMontgomery, &c. .
3-9
4-8
6-5
7-9
8-9
9-2
Durham and Northumberland
3-6
4-5
5-7
6-4
7-3
8-1
Gloucester and Somerset
2-8
3-3
4 3
5-0
5-7
G-8
Cumberland and Westmoreland
2-9
3-4
4-4
5-5
6-5
6-9
Leicester, Derby and Notts .
2-9
3-4
4-5
5-3
6-4
7-2
Wilts and Dorset .
2-9
3-3
4-3
4-9
5-5
6-4
York .
3-1
3-9
4-8
5-5
6-1
7-1
Devon .
3-0
3-5
4-4
5-0
5-5
G-3
Hants and Berks
2-5
2-9
4-0
4-6
5-i
5-9
Cornwall
3-2
4-0
4-8
5-6
6-0
G-8
Kent and Surrey
3-3
3-4
4-3
4-7
5-4
G-3
Bucks and Oxford
2-7
2-9
3-7
4-5
5 1
G-1
Sussex .
2-8
3-3
4-4
4-9
5-G
6G
Essex and Herts
3-0
3-3
4-2
4-8
5-3
6-9
Northampton, &c.
3-0
3-4
4-4
5-2
5-8
6-G
Lincoln and Ilutla
id
3-1
3-5
4-7
5-4
G-1
6-8
Norfolk and Suffolk
3-1
3-6
4-6
5-3
5-7
G-3
630
England' .H Bcccnt Progress.
Decexni.\l Losses by Death, of Peksoxs Aged G5 and Upwards
AT the Commencement op a Decennial Pebiod.
The numbers of such persons dying within the next ten years are
large in comparison with the numl)ers of survivors. Tlie mean of the
commencing and ending populations does not equal the average number
exposed to risk, and therefore does not furnish a satisfactory measure of
the mortality during the interval.
As the activ-ity of migration is much diminished towards the end of
life, it has been thought expedient to use the commencimj population as a
measure of the number of deaths.
The following Table shows that many of the towns whose principal
industry is the manufacture of textile fabrics are to be found in the list of
places showing heavy mortality at high ages.
The majority of rural residues and healthy places show losses not
exceeding 70 per cent, of the commencing population of males, 67 per
cent, of that of females.
Loss of Males
j
Loss of Females
1891-1900.
not over
70 ,
percent.
up to
73 per
cent.
1
up to
76 per
cent.
over
76 per
cent.
not over
67
per cent.
up to
70 per
cent.
up to
73 per
cent.
over
73 per
cent.
22 Towns (textile)
1
2
2
17
2
1
G
13
10 Large towns ....
2
4
4
1
4
2
3
6 Industrial (Wolverhampton, &c.)
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
7 „ (Middlesbro', &c.) .
2
2
3
2
4
1
12 ,, (Southampton, &c.) .
G
3
2
1
7
3
1
1
9 Colliery districts .
1
4
3
1
3
2
3
1
19 Old towns ....
1
4
3
11
3
5
7
4
7 Residential (with asylums)
2
5
..
2
1
4
9 „ (Brighton, &c.) .
1
4
3
1
4
2
1
2
.3 ,, (special)
1
1
1
2
1
••
13 „ (other)
9
2
1
1
11
1
1
4 Military towns
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
12 ,, (other places) .
7
2
1
2
8
1
1
1
2
3 Miscellaneous
2
..
..
1
i 2
1
24 Rural
19
4
1
20
4
53
35
26
46
68
34
26
32
Appendix F.
A similar Table for the previous decennium is subjoined : —
681
Males
ieniales
18S1-1S90.
not over
70
per cent.
up to
73 per
cent.
up to
76 per
cent.
over
76 per
cent.
not over
67
per cent.
up to
70 per
cent.
up to
73 per
cent.
over
73 per
cent.
22 Towns (textile)
1
2
8
16
2
1
2
17
10 Large towns
1
2
7
1
4
5
6 Industrial (Wolverhampton,'!
&c.) /
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
7 Industrial (Middlesbro', &c.).
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
12 „ (Southampton, &c.)
4
1
5
2
8
2
2
••
9 Colliery districts .
2
2
1
4
3
1
8
2
19 Old towns ....
5
9
5
8
6
8
2
7 Residential (with asylums) .
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
9 „ (Brighton, &c.) .
2
4
3
3
4
1
1
3 ,, (special)
2
1
2
1
••
13 ,, (other)
8
3
2
9
4
4 Military towns
2
1
1
2
1
1
12 „ (other places) .
8
2
2
9
2
1
8 Miscellaneous
2
1
1
1
1
24 Rural
18
6
21
3
160
49
25
36
50
65
32
29
34
The contrasts here shown would ])e still more strikin;^' if allowance
could be made for the composition of the commencing population (aged 65
and upwards) which in liealthy districts includes a much higher per-
centage of aged persons than in unhealthy ones. Enough, however, is
visible to satisfy us that in the seats of textile manufactures and in the
large and old towns cases of high mortality predominate, as also in places
where there are important lunatic asylums, the colliery districts ranking
next. On the whole, the number of districts where death rates at these
high ages are moderate has increased.
A Table, showing the actual ratios of loss, in which the districts are
arranged in three categories in the order of the death rates for males in
the second decennium, is added.
If we compare the 32 places where the mortality among males at these
ages was highest in 1891-1900 with the 32 places whore similar mortahty
among females was higliest, we find 24 places in both lists. The
remaining eight are as under.
(3oi2 EiujlaiuVs lieccut Progress.
lu the list of high male rates : —
Halifax, i, York, Reading, Colchester,
Dewsbury, l Northamptou, l Oxford, Southend,
and in the hst of high female rates : —
Manchester. Glossop. l Barnsley. l Stafford.
Keighley. Barrow. l Wakefield. Harrogate.
The 24 places where the death rates were high for both sexes were : —
Leeds. Rochdale. l Preston. r. Brentwood.
Nottingham. l Wharfedale. Derby. l Rhyl.
Burnley. Bolton. l Gloucester. l Uxbridge.
Oldham. Bury. l INIaidstone. l Watford.
Ashton-under-Lyne. Todmorden. Canterbury. Blackpool.
Blackburn. Stockport. l Godstone. l Llorecambe.
The sign l indicates a county lunatic asylum or other asylum not
restricted to the locality.
On a comparison of the 32 places other than county residues, where
the mortality amongst males in 1891-1900 was lowest, with 32 places
where similar mortality amongst females was lowest, we find 22 in both
lists, whilst the following ten showed low ratios for males only : —
Cockermouth, Wellingborough, Chatham,
Barrow, Staines, Dover,
Cannock, Tunbridge, Weymouth,
Brighton,
and low ratios in the case of females only were met with in : —
Millom. King's Lynn. Bournemouth.
Nuneaton. Bedford. Cheltenham.
Grimsby, Thanet. Weston-super-ilare.
Hastings,
The 22 places where the death rates were low for both sexes were : —
Saddle worth.
Helston.
Eastbourne.
Deal.
Rugby,
Penzance.
Isle of Wight,
Aldershot, North.
Tilbury.
Cromer.
Poole.
St. German's.
Swindon.
Clacton.
Torquay.
Easthampstead.
Falmouth.
Heme Bay.
Sheerness.
Maidenhead.
Redruth,
Reigate.
All these hsts include industrial as well as residential places, whilst
those with low i-ates for males include several military districts.
A'p'pendlx F.
633
Deaths per cent, on Commencing Population op Persons who at the Close of the
Decennium were aged 75 Years and upwards in the order of Male Ratios for
the Second Decennium.
10 years' deaths per t
ent.
Age T.") and
10 years' deaths per cent.
Age 75 and
upwards at end of
Males.
Females.
upwards at end of
Males.
Females.
Decennium.
Decennium.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-QO.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Towns and indus-
fCambridge .
76-0
75-1
64-2
67-5
trial places — •
Birmingham .
77
1
74
9
71
8
69
6
Burnley
83
9
84
1
80
5
75
5
Durham group
76
5
74
9
73
2
71
4
Oldham
88
2
82
4
80
5
74
2
Doucaster .
72
8
74
2
66
5
69
7
Leeds .
82
5
81
1
77
5
73
4
Potteries .
80
2
74
1
75
68
7
Ashton -under-)
Lvne . . . /
80
9
81
1
76
4
70
6
Leek
Crewe .
70
74
4
6
74
73
1
6
69
71
9
5
70
71
5
6
*tOxf6rd . . .
76
1
80
9
68
7
72
6
Leicester .
74
5
73
5
70
6
68
3
*York
75
3
80
7
71
5
71
6
fSouthampton .
74
9
73
5
68
1
67
3
*Maidstone .
76
3
80
7
70
7
75
4
*Chester
71
6
73
5
67
71
3
Blackburn .
83
7
80
5
77
3
73
9
Glossop
74
1
73
4
62
2
75
1
Rochdale .
80
9
80
4
75
74
6
^Portsmouth
73
6
73
4
71
6
69
9
*Wharfedale
72
80
4
74
5
77
6
* Macclesfield .
73
2
72
9
73
2
72
8
Halifax
78
8
80
3
74
9
71
9
Wolverhampton
74
5
72
8
67
9
67
6
Bolton .
81
2
80
1
75
2
73
3
Loudon
75
6
72
7
70
2
68
7
Dewsbury .
80
4
80
74
2
71
7
*Norwich
74
4
72
7
69
3
67
3
Bury
82
7
79
7
76
1
73
7
Chesterfieldl
group . . /
72
5
73
4
70
1
72
1
Todmorden
83
3
79
6
75
2
77
9
tDerby . . .
71
79
1
72
1
73
7
Millom . . .
61
4
72
3
62
3
64
7
{Reading
72
78
9
67
3
70
3
*Ipswich
73
7
72
1
68
2
70
7
Stockport .
81
5
78
7
77
8
74
Bristol .
72
1
72
67
3
06
1
*tGloucester .
76
4
78
7
72
4
73
6
Yarmouth .
73
5
71
8
67
4
66
2
*Preston
80
78
6
75
4
74
Kettering .
73
4
71
8
66
6
69
3
*tNorthampton .
83
5
78
3
79
8
72
4
Luton .
74
8
71
5
72
3
66
6
fColchester .
81
1
78
2
74
2
71
8
Walsall . .
75
8
71
4
70
4
68
5
Sheffield . .
82
4
78
76
72
1
Rotherham
72
8
71
3
73
1
68
1
Nottingham .
80
7
78
73
4
72
Glamorgan)
73
8
71
1
06
9
67
4
*Staf[ord . .
77
8
77
6
69
6
76
5
group . . j
^Lincoln
75
77
5
72
1
69
4
Nuneaton .
69
4
70
7
65
3
64
7
Haslingden
80
4
77
4
76
4
69
6
Plymouth .
69
7
70
6
67
5
65
5
Manchester
82
2
77
3
76
4
73
2
Grimsby
68
70
5
66
6
65
2
Bradford .
80
1
77
1
76
1
71
7
Ashby - de - la -\
70
7
70
08
65
4
Huddersfield .
80
9
77
72
7
70
4
Zouch . . j
o
*Carlisle
75
76
9
72
6
72
7
Kidderminster
70
70
4
65
9
66
5
Coventry .
74
8
76
7
70
7
67
4
*Exetor .
72
8
70
3
67
7
65
3
tWorcester .
76
76
7
70
5
67
7
King's Lynn .
72
1
69
6
64
1 1 64
9
Keighley .
78
8
76
5
79
1
75
8
Chatham .
(i9
9
69
1
68
3 66
8
Wrexham .
78
3
76
5
72
1
08
2
Cockermouth .
74
9
69
69
1 68
5
Whitehaven .
74
1
76
2
66
3
70
Redruth
75
4
69
64
7 04
*Wigan group .
*Wakefield . .
77
78
2
9
76
76
73
75
3
71
73
5
7
Barrow-in-Fur-'
ness . . .j'
69
6
68
8
72
1 73
4
*Barnsley group
78
5
75
9
73
7
74
3
Helston
71
3
68
7
63
8 61
*Bur t on - on -i
Trent . . /
79
4
75
8
70
1
71
2
Rugby . . .
Penzance .
64
69
7
1
68
68
5
2
66
64
65
2 ! 59
9
Middlesbro'
77
4
75
4
74
8
69
9
Wellingborough
74
6
67
8
63
4 . 68
5
Liverpool .
78
9
75
2
73
8
71
9
Cannock
66
67
7
64
3 ! 66
Hull . . .
80-3
75-1
71-1
68-2
Falmouth .
68-2
67-3
65-2 ' 62-4
County liiratic asylum.
f Important hospital.
634
EmjUouVs Bccent Progress.
Deaths per cknt. on Commencing Population of Persons who at the Close of the
Decennium were aged 75 Years and upwards in the order op Hale Ratios for
THE Second Decennium — co7itimu'd.
10 years' deaths per cent.
Age 75 and
10 years' deaths per cent.
Age 75 and
upwards at end of
Males.
Females. |
upwards at end of
Males. ' Females.
Decenniiun.
Decennium.
'
1881-90.
1S91-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1
1891-00. 1881-90.
1891-00.
Saddleworth .
74-0
66-4
72-3
64-8
■Maidenhead .
73-6
64-2 63-0
61-9
Tilbury . .
68-6
64-5
58-6
60-5
Clacton.
65-4
64-2
66-0
61-3
Swindon
76-5
61-3
69-8
58-7
JEasthampstead
73-2
63-5
69-7
61-3
Heme Bay.
67-2
63-5
58-4
63-7
Residential and
Sheerness .
69-0
62-4
65-7
61-7
other places —
Rural residues —
*Brentwood.
77
7
85
8
72
8
84
9
Denbigh and i
Flint . . . f
72-2
73-4
67-6
66-2
tCanterbury
75
9
82
5
63
3
77
1
♦Rhyl . . .
74
1
81
6
68
4
73
5
Carnarvon and i
r-r^ . o
72-8
66-2
68-3
*Godstone .
79
5
80
5
81
6
86
Anglesey. ./ '" "*
"Uxbridge .
72
6
80
2
69
5
75
7
Montgomery,&c. 68-9
72-3
04-6
66-2
*Watford . .
75
4
79
9
73
2
75
Durham and j
Blackpool .
79
4
79
7
73
3
77
1
Northumber- > 70-9
70-8
66-3
67-5
*Morecarube
80
3
78
4
75
6
76
6
land . . . )
Southend .
67
78
2
69
70
9
Salop and Here- \
ford . . ./
70-8
70-1
66-1
66-4
''Malvern
77
2
77
6
67
3
69
5
Windsor .
73
7
76
66
5
67
9
Carmarthen, &c.
68-4
69-7
63-2
66-0
Southport .
76
9
75
8
69
1
69
2
Lancashire and 1
Cheshire. ./
73-0
69-4
68-2
68-9
Llandudno
73
8
74
6
68
5
70
2
Harrogate .
81
4
74
2
71
5
75
7
Leicester,
Worthing .
66
73
9
64
6
67
1
Notts and
70-4
68-6
67-8
65-3
Cheltenham .
71
73
2
67
65
3
Derby
Folkestone .
64
7
72
6
59
5
65
3
Cumberland
*tGuildford . .
66
5
72
4
72
6
70
4
and West- >
68-9
68-6
65-9
67-5
Scarborough .
75
3
72
3
69
7
67
7
morelaud
Thanet . . .
Hastings .
71
71
1
9
72
71
5
65
63
7
8
64
63
9
9
Wilts and Dor- 1
set . . ./
68-0
68-3
66-3
65-0
Bournemouth .
80
5
71
5
71
7
63
6
Stafford, Wor-I
*tSalisbury .
76
2
71
4
70
5
71
8
cester and >
68-1
68-4
64-6
66-5
*Leamiugton .
76
7
70
9
68
68
2
Warwick. . )
Bedford . .
71
6
70
6
65
3
65
2
Essex and Herts
68-0
67-9
64-9
63-5
tBath . . .
Weston- super -1
Mare . . . /
Farnham .
74
69
67
1
9
70
70
69
3
1
9
67
65
70
5
7
2
66
63
66
6
8
9
Bucks and Ox-\
ford . . ./
Monmouth)
and Brecon . /
70-0
08-2
67-7
67-7
06-4
64-5
65-2
630
Tunbridge .
Brighton .
72
73
3
6
69
69
4
3
69
66
9
1
66
66
9
9
Gloucester andi
Somerset . j
69-0
67-4
63-6
62-2
Reigate
67
68
3
63
2
65
Sussex .
66-0
67-4
62-7
65-2
Weymouth
Isle of Wight .
65
63
9
8
67
67
7
3
61
62
9
65
63
5
8
Northampton, 1
&c. . . ./
67-2
67-0
63-7
63-1
Poole . . .
78
4
67
3
67
7
62
1
York ...
67-7
66-9
65-7
65-8
Dover .
Torquay
64
67
4
3
66
66
6
2
60
65
6
3
66
63
7
5
Hants andl
Berks . . /
66-9
66-5
63-8
63-6
Staines .
Cromer .
68
69
5
6
66
65
2
7
65
60
4
2
67
64
4
8
Lincoln audi
Rutland . . J
66-9
66-4
62-5
62-2
St. German's .
64
8
65
3
60
9
59
7
Cornwall .
67-9
65-9
64-2
62-6
Aldershot, i
Korth . . j
66
5
65
64
4
61
9
Kent and Surrey
Devon .
65-1
65-5
65-6
65-0
63-7
62-7
62-7
62-4
Deal . . .
Eastbourne
66
77
8
8
64
64
9
8
62
67
4
9
62
61
•6
4
Norfolk andl
Sufiolk . . /
67-0
64-4
63-5
62-7
* County lunatic asylum.
t Important hospital.
* C'riniiual lunatic asylum.
Appendix F.
G35
75 and Upwards.
10 years Deaths, per cent.
Males.
Females.
18S1-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Sub-divisions of London : —
Central London —
Shoreditch group . . . . . ■
79-8
76-9
75-2
71-1
Islington group .....
73-6
72-9
70-1
G9-9
Kensington group
72-1
71-3
G4-5
G5-4
London City
66-4
69-1
48-7
4G-6
Southwark group
71-1
63-9
G7-8
G2-8
Westminster ......
G3-1
60-4
62-3
54-3
Holborn ......
54-3
45-G
50-1
4G-3
Outer London —
Camberwell group
78-2
78-2
73-0
72-8
Barnet .......
83-1
77-1
71-8
78-4
Hendon ......
82-6
75-G
79-0
75-8
Hackney group .....
80-7
74-1
74-2
71-4
Wandsworth group ....
77-9
73-9
73-5
70-1
Croydon group .....
76-3
73-8
67-9
G9-9
Fulham group .....
81-5
73-2
78-1
70-9
Hampstead ......
77-0
63-6
72-8
G5-G
The average figures being —
For London ......
75-6
72-7
70-2
OS -7
The figures for London City and Holborn are influenced by the
removal of all aged paupers from those places beyond their limits ; some
of those belonging to Westminster, Southwark and other districts are also
removed, so as to greatly reduce the value of the death rates as indices of
local sanitary conditions. But it is apparent that through sucli removals
and through ordinary migrations the death rates in several of the central
districts are materially reduced.
The death rates at otlier ages in several sub-divisions of tlio Metro-
politan area, details as to which will l)o found in Appendix C, are next
presented :—
636
England's Becent Progress.
Sub-Divisions of Loxdox. Mortality in 1881-1890 at Agks 0-15 and 45-70. The
Figures represent the Loss per cent, in 10 Years in Populations
ATTAINING THE AOE STATED AT END OP DeCENNIUM.
Mai
is, ISSI-
1S90.
0-15.*
45—
50-
55—
60—
65—
70-
London City and Holboru . . . ' 29-2
20-4
24-4
29-8
34-5
46-6
54-3
Westmiuster
29-5
20
3
25-9
30
6
38-1
49
4
59-8
Kensington, &c.
24-5
18
4
23-0
29
1
36-8
49
4
61-0
Islington and St. Pancras
22-6
16
6
21-5
27
4
35-7
49
9
64-4
Sboreditch and near East
26-9
19
24-1
31
38-7
52
8
69-3
Southwark and Lambeth
25-3
15
2
19-7
25
7
33-4
46
7
59-4
Fulbam and Brentford
20-8
12
2
15-7
21
5
27-6
41
7
56-8
Hackney, Edmonton, &.G.
19-2
12
1
15-9
20
9
27-8
38
4
54-5
Camberwell, etc
19-5
14
1
17-0
21
8
28-9
41
4
56-2
Wandsworth, &c.
18-5
11
8
15-3
20
1
27-2
38
6
52-3
Hampstead f .
17-6
12
15-5
19
8
25-7
34
3
56-4
Hendon .
18-7
10
7
14-0
19
4
28-8
37
55-0
Barnet
13-4
25
7
28-6
34
9
35-9
43
3
65-9
Croydon, &c. .
14-5
14
9
18-0
22
3
28-8
38
7
51-8
London (Inner)
25-6
17
9
22-7
28
9
36-5
49
9
63-4
(Outer)
19-4
12
7
16-1
21
1
28-0
39
8
55-0
„ (Farther)
15-7
14
9
18-1
22
8
29-2
38
4
54-4
London (Total) .
22-3
15
8
20-0
25
7
32-9
45-4
59-7
* At this age the ratio, calculated on the mean between the commencing population, including
liirths, and the ending population does not really represent average loss by deaths, as tlie mean is
greater than the average number exposed to risk.
+ The hospital established in Hampstead by the ^Metropolitan Asylums Board caused a great
increase in 1891-1900 in the infantile death rate.
Females, 1881
-1890.
~-
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60-
65—
70-
Loudon City and Holborn.
25-9
14-6
17-4
21-9
25-8
38-2
44-1
Westminster
26
4
15
6
18-8
23-7
29
3
42-5
50
9
Kensington, &c.
21
1
12
15-2
19-6
24
7
36-3
45
8
Islington and St. Pancras
20
2
12
4
15-4
20-0
25
5
38-3
49
8
Sboreditch and near East
24
1
15
17-9
23-3
29
1
43-7
55
7
South wark and Lambeth
22
6
12
4
15-6
20-5
26
3
37-6
47
Fulbam and Brentford
18
5
10
5
12-9
16-9
22
34-4
44
5
Hackney, Edmonton, &c.
16
9
10
1
12-4
16-5
22
32-9
45
2
Camberwell, &c.
17
2
10
4
13-1
17-6
22
9
35-0
46
8
Wandsworth, &c.
15
9
9
7
12^3
16-1
21
7
31-8
44
7
Hampstead
14
9
9
5
10-2
14-1
17
8
26-9
37
3
Hendon .
15
6
8
6
10-5
14-8
19
3
29-9
45
2
Barnet
11
1
14
1
15-0
19-2
25
35-8
51
2
Croydon, &c. .
13
10
3
13-0
16-4
21
5
30-8
43
4
London (Inner)
22
7
13
2
16-3
21-1
26
6
39-2
49
4
(Outer)
1 1'^
10
2
12-6
16-8
22
3
33-6
45
5
(Farther)
1 13
6
10
3
12-3
16-1
20
9
30-7
43
6
London (Total) .
19
7
11
9
U-7
19-2
24
6
36o
47
6
Appendix F.
637
Sub-Divisions of Lo>-dox. Mortality ix 1891-1900 at Ages 0-15 and 45-70, Thk
FiGUKES REPRESENT THE LOSS PER CENT. IN 10 YeARS IN POPULATIONS
attaining THE AgE STATED AT END OF DeCENNIUM.
—
Males, 1801-
1900.
0-15.
4.5 —
50—
.55-
60—
65—
70-
Loudon City and Holhorn* . . :Jl-0
19-1
24-1
29-3
34-9
46-7
56-0
Westminster
25-4
21-5
24-8
30-6
37-8
47-5
65-3
Kensington, &c.
2.3-8
18-1
23-1
29-2
36-4
50-7
66-0
Islington and St. Pancras .
22-3
16-9
21-C
27-2
35-2
48-7
64-5
Shoreditch and near East .
26-2
20-3
25-4
32-4
40-1
56-2
73-5
Southwark and Lambeth .
24-8
13-6
17-C
22-7
29-6
42-5
58-0
Fulham and Brentford
21-6
11-4
15-2
19-9
26-9
42-2
55-5
Hackney, Edmonton, &c. f
19-3
10-8
14-6
19-5
27-0
39-9
57-0
Camberwell, &c.
19-8
13-7
17-6
22-4
29-7
43-6
62-3
Wandsworth, &c. f .
18-1
10-6
14-3
18-3
26-0
39-3
54-5
Hampstead
26-9
12-6
16-0
20-4
27-1
36-9
52-9
Hendon ....
16-4
9-8
13-4
16-9
25-3
38-5
57-4
Barnet f •
18-0
16-3
19-6
24-3
32-9
50-7
66-9
Croydon, &c. f ■
14-5
13-7
16-8
21-1
27-3
39-1
57-5
London (Inner)
25-0
17-9
22-6
28-6
36-0
50-1
65-0
(Outer)
19-5
11-7
15-5
20-2
27-7
41-2
58-0
(Farther) .
16-2
12-8
16-2
20-4
27-4
39-8
57-9
Loudon (Total) .
21-7
14-7
19-0
24-3
31-8
45-5
61-9
* The workhouse infirmaries beloiiKins to these places are situate beyond their limits.
t Barnet includes Colney Hatch Asyhini. Croydon includes the asylums at Cane Hill and Banstead,
Wandsworth the iliddlese.x County Asylum, and the Hackney group Claybiu-y Asylum in Romford
district.
Fema'es, 1891-1900.
0-15.
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
j 70—
London City and Holhorn .
26-8
14-2
17-7
22-0
25-7
35-5
44-1
Westminster
22-6
15-7
19-7
23-2
27-7
40-0
52-2
Kensington, &c.
20-4
11-4
15' 2
19-4
24-6
35-8
49-2
Islington and St. Pancras
19 G
12-7
16-0
20-4
26-4
38-5
52-5
Shoreditch and near East
23-3
15-6
19-4
24-7
30-4
45-0
58-4
Southwark and Lambeth
22-0
11-5
14-7
18-4
23-8
35-4
49-3
Fulham and Brentford
1 18-8
9-4
11-9
15-9
21-5
32-3
46-5
Hackney, Edmonton, &c.
17-0
9-1
11-5
15-2
20-8
32-2
47-5
Camlierwell, &c.
17-5
9-9
12-9
lG-7
22-1
34-5
49 -G
Wandsworth, &c.
15-7
8-5
10-3
14-7
19-6
30-3
45-7
Hampstead
25-8
7-9
10-9
13-9
17-0
27-7
40-9
Hendon .
14-4
7-7
10-9
14-5
19-7
29-9
42-3
Barnet
10-8
12-4
16-3
20-8
24-8
38-5
55-5
Croydon, &c.
12-7
8-7
11-2
14-9
20 -G
30-8
46-3
London (Inner) .
22-0
13-1
16-7
21-1
26-5
38-8
62-1
(Outer).
17-2
9-3
11-9
15-7
21-1
32-5
47-5
(Farther)
14'5
8-7
11-6
15-3
20-3
31-0
45-7
London (Total) .
19-1
11 -0
14-1
18-2
23 -G
35-4
49 -G
638
EnglancVs Recent Progress.
Sub-Divisions ok London. Mortality at Agks 15-45. Loss per cent, in
10 Years in Populations attaining the Age stated at end of Decennium.
London City and Holborn
Westminster
Kensington, &c.
Islington and St. Pancras
Sboreditch and near East
Southwark and Lambeth
Fulham and Brentford
Hackney, Edmonton, &c.
Camberwell, &c.
Wandsworth, &c.
Hampstead
Hendon .
Barnet
Croydon, &c.
London (Inner)
(Outer)
,, (Farther)
London (Total) .
Males, 1881-1S90.
3-6
3-1
2-9
3-0
3-8
3-3
2-2
3-3
2-2
4-2
3-8
3-0
4-0
4-5
4-9
5-7
4-1
4-6
2-9
6-3
4-8
6-1
60
4-5
5-6
30— I 35-
! 12-0
7-3
7-2
7-3
9-1
6-9
8-2
6-2
16-4
9-2
10-5
7-8
9-2
10-0
8-5
21-2
12-3
9-4 ' 12-5
Females,
1881-1890
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40-
London City and Holborn
Westminster .....
Kensington, &c.
Islington and St. Pancras .
Sboreditch and near East .
Southwark and Lambeth .
5-0
3-3
3-5
3-3
4-0
3-7
5-0
3-5
3-5
3-5
4-1
3-6
6-3
4-9
4-4
4-6
6-0
5-0
7-7
6-5
5-3
6-1
7-8
6-6
9-7
9-1
6-9
7-6
9-5
8-1
11-9
12-7
9-2
9-9
12-0
10-2
Fulham and Brentford
Hackney, Edmonton, &c. .
Camberwell, &c. ....
Wandsworth, &c. ....
3-4
3-8
3-6
2-6
3-3
3-5
3-6
2-6
4-2
4-2
4-6
3-5
5-5
5-3
5-6
4-5
7-0
6-7
6-9
6-9
8-4
8-2
8-4
7-6
Hampstead .....
Hendon ......
Barnet ......
Croydon, &c. .....
3-5
3-1
3-0
2-9
3-0
2-7
3-0
2-9
3-3
3-1
4-9
3-8
4-0
4-0
6-8
4-7
5-5
5-4
9-0
6-3
7-8
6-6
11-5
8-2
London (Inner) ....
„ (Outer) ....
„ (Farther) ....
3-7
3-5
3-1
3-8
3-3
2-9
5-1
4-2
3-7
6-5
5-3
4-7
8-1
6-6
6-2
10-6
8-2
8-2
London (Total) .....
3-6
3-5
4-6
5-9
7-4
9-5
Appendix F.
639
Sub-Divisions of London. Mortality at Ages 15-45. Loss per cent, in
10 Years in Populations attaining the Age stated at end of Decennium.
Males, 1891-1900.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
London City and Holborn .
5-0
5-1
6-6
8-8
11-4
15-3
Westminster .....
3 5
4-3
6-2
8-2
11-0
15-6
Kensington, &c. ....
3-7
4-0
5-9
7-6
100
13-9
Islington and St. Pancras .
2-9
3-3
4-9
6-6
8-8
12-6
Shoreditch and near East .
3-5
4-0
5-8
8-2
10-9
15-3
Soutliwark and Lambeth .
3-3
3-1
4-3
5-7
7-3
10-1
Fulham and Brentford
3
2-7
3-7
5-1
6-3
8-5
Hackney, Edmonton, &c. .
30
2-9
3-9
4-9
6-2
8-1
Camberwell, &c. ....
3-1
3-4
4-7
6-3
8-0
10-4
Wandswortli, &c. ....
2-7
2-9
3-8
4-8
6-0
7-9
Hampstead .....
G-7
5-0
G-7
7-7
8-4
10-1
Hendon ......
2-2
2-0
2-8
3-8
4-9
7-0
Barnet ......
2-5
3-0
4-8
7-5
9-7
13-0
Croydon, &c. .....
2-7
2-8
4-2
6-0
7-8
10-4
London (Inner) ....
3-5
3-8
5-5
7-3
9-7
13-5
(Outer) ....
3-0
3-0
4-1
5-3
6-7
8-8
,, (Farther) ....
3-0
2-9
4-2
5-8
7-3
9-7
London (Total). ....
3-2
3-4
4-7
6-3
8-2
11-1
Females,
1891-1900
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
London City and Holborn .
4-6
4-4
5-4
6-9
8-8
11-4
Westminster .....
3-3
3-4
4-6
6-1
8-3
12-1
Kensington, &c. ....
3-0
2-9
3-6
4-5
6-0
8-6
Islington and St. Pancras .
2-7
3-0
4-2
5-4
7-1
9-8
Shoreditch and near East .
3-3
3-5
4-9
6-4
8-G
12-0
Southwark and Lambeth .
3-3
2-9
3-9
5-2
6-7
9
Fulham and Brentford
3-0
2-7
3-3
4-1
5-2
7-0
Hackney, Edmonton, &c. .
3-0
2-7
3-3
4-1
5-3
6-9
Camberwell, &c. ....
3-1
2-8
3-5
4-5
5-8
7-G
Wandsworth, &c. ....
2-4
2-2
2-9
3-6
4-7
G-3
Hampstead .....
G-2
3-4
3-3
3-8
4-7
G-1
Hendon ......
2-3
2-0
2-4
3-1
4-2
5G
Barnet ......
2-1
2-5
3-8
5-3
7-2
9-3
Croydon, &c. .....
2-5
2-5
3-3
4-1
5-2
G-7
London (Inner) ....
3-2
3-2
4-3
5-5
7-2
10-1
„ (Outer) ....
2-9
2-6
3-3
4-1
5-3
7-0
„ (Farther) ....
3-0
2-G
3-2
3-9
5-0
G-G
London (Total) ....
3-0
2-9
3-7
4-7
6-2
8-4
640
England's Becent Progress.
Indk.x Numbers exhibiting the Relative SIoutality at each Age in the 160 Divisions
IN either Decennium, and op each Sex separately, shown in Detail.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
Males,
1881-1S90.
0-15.
15—
20—
25-
30-
35-
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65-
70—
75* —
Manchester .
177
169
171
171
169
170
199
220
223
223
210
186
175
124
Liverpool
181
179
177
180
175
178
204
214
213
221
207
189
163
120
Sheffield . .
173
159
152
149
144
142
168
185
195
199
194
179
181
125
Leeds .
173
162
161
156
138
130
156
169
182
188
185
175
175
125
Birmingham .
147
117
119
122
124
127
146
160
163
164
160
156
143
117
London .
149
131
129
137
133
140
160
174
179
176
164
153
133
114
Nottingham .
175
148
161
161
140
136
159
175
176
171
163
159
147
122
HuU . . .
153
166
148
151
138
131
150
163
165
164
161
149
153
122
Bristol
129
128
129
132
133
128
138
147
153
153
144
142
129
109
Leicester .
161
114
119
117
115
113
122
133
138
139
135
131
125
113
Preston .
197
155
165
166
171
185
222
231
212
205
199
181
161
121
Oldham .
181
179
181
176
164
158
185
207
212
209
198
184
185
134
Rochdale .
147
148
164
154
127
128
160
188
189
190
192
181
174
123
Bury .
155
141
155
146
138
136
159
177
187
188
191
173
169
125
Blackburn
183
169
165
156
136
139
162
185
188
192
196
187
175
127
Glossop .
154
169
174
159
135
130
123
136
168
171
174
156
156
112
Bolton
159
141
145
141
133
130
160
179
191
193
190
179
178
123
Ashton-under-"i
Lyne . . /
Halifax .
172
155
171
166
147
139
160
179
185
194
187
180
176
123
141
138
155
144
131
131
159
180
188
188
190
174
164
119
Stockport .
168
152
161
166
155
142
168
186
192
200
185
176
161
123
Wharfedale .
123
124
119
120
113
107
128
131
137
138
136
126
135
109
Saddleworth .
143
141
155
149
124
115
138
152
155
157
168
156
152
112
Haslingden .
153
131
139
127
111
110
128
146
162
171
168
161
165
122
Todmorden .
131
141
145
132
113
112
107
134
144
152
183
165
166
126
Macclesfield .
143
128
139
132
127
134
159
181
184
179
156
146
137
111
Burnley .
179
155
158
139
120
113
128
149
172
184
180
172
174
127
Bradford .
157
145
158
146
133
130
151
162
172
178
179
171
162
121
Huddersfield .
152
152
171
166
149
145
164
180
179
176
179
163
159
123
Dewsbury
169
155
158
137
116
115
140
149
153
157
159
153
158
122
Keighley .
146
176
171
141
125
119
146
160
161
164
165
160
147
119
Kidderminster
124
128
135
122
105
103
119
145
151
158
134
127
115
106
Leek ,
127
117
132
129
105
109
117
130
130
129
119
132
129
107
Stafford . .
105
114
158
200
209"
207
233
230
195
188
168
166
134
118
Potteries .
169
128
132
132
125
133
169
189
208
211
196
184
164
122
Redruth .
152
145
174
149
133
136
155
148
171
178
177
173
147
114
WalsaU , .
149
128
123
115
104
109
127
138
138
145
149
147
143
115
Jiliddlesbro' .
151
155
174
168
145
133
137
151
155
159
146
144
144
117
B u r 1 n-o n- \
Trent . . /
114
107
123
127
122
121
144
152
150
153
152
141
144
120
Wolverhamp- i
ton . . . J
Southampton
157
121
119
110
102
104
122
141
145
151
150
150
144
113
107
100
145
178
158
154
160
164
156
149
140
127
114
113
Falmouth
134
117
187
132
109
112
121
112
116
118
104
101
112
103
Helston .
148
121
145
137
111
101
124
121
118
122
134
122
117
108
Rotherham .
141
145
139
127
105
98
113
126
149
146
142
138
139
110
* All the other ratios are founded on Tables of rates on mean population. This column upon rates on commencing
population, 66 per cent, for males and 63 per cent, for females, being taken to equal 100,
Appendix F.
641
Index Numbers exhibiting the Relative Mortality at each Age in the 160 Divisions
IN either Decennium, and of each Sex separately, shown in Detail.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
Males,
1S91-1900.
1 1
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35— 40— ! 45—
50—
55-
60—
65—
70—
75*—
Mauchestei: .
178
134
135
141
140
149 183 204
220 220
206
197
173
117
Liverpool .
172
145
139
144
153
160 1 185 1 207
219 209
187
192
166
114
Sheffield . ,
175
117
110
110
107
116
149 i 164
182 186
183
172
161
118
Leeds .
171
131
132
127
115
118
130 : 144
166 169
174
178
166
123
Birmingham .
154
100
103
115
118
124
147 \ 158
167
172
169
161
145
113
London .
145
110
110
115
115
122
142 1 162
170
166
158
153
140
110
Nottingham .
159
107
119
120
118
119
136 148
161
167
159
155
144
118
HuU . . .
155
117
129
134
120
124
144 1 147
154
152
147
141
144
114
Bristol
125
107
116
117
113
115
135
140
143
142
141
139
129
109
Leicester .
156
107
113
115
102
96
105
114
121
125
132
132
126
111
Preston .
190
117
142
144
144
152
186
205
221
208
195
183
160
119
Oldham . .
179
152
148
144
136
146
178
198
216
218
203
197
178
125
Eochdale .
143
141
142
129
118
127
158
178
196
200
189
178
174
122
Bury .
161
121
126
124
120
130
162
176
193
195
199
190
179
121
Blackbm'n
175
124
129
117
105 : 112
136
159
183
194
184
181
178
122
Glossop .
151
110
129
132
118 124
151
167
173
167
193
175
156
111
Bolton
164
121
129
127
118
124
147
159
182
186
190
188
172
121
Ashton-under-l
Lyne . . J
Halifax .
173
128
132
124
120
130
162
176
189
189
186
184
174
123
136
117
119
112
104
110
132
149
171
184
187
176
173
122
Stockport .
174
121
119
124
122
127
155
160
174
175
185
180
163
119
Wharfedalo .
110
103
126
129
120
137
182
181
184
163
158
163
166
122
Saddleworth .
121
114
135
124
111 107
122
147
169
173
183
170
167
101
Hasliugdeu .
152
124
119
110
100
101
119
135
153
170
179
183
166
117
Todmorden .
123
97
97
100
100
104
117
135
152
172
166
163
181
121
Macclesfield .
128
93
97
107
115
119
144
163
179
178
165
166
155
110
Burnley .
176
128
129
115
100
99
117
132
153
160
169
174
167
127
Bradford .
151
124
129
117
104
106
131
148
165
166
173
172
102
117
Huddersfield .
141
128
129
124
111
119
145
159
109
173
172
166
1C4
117
Devvsbury
175
145
142
124
109
109
128
140
156
100
164
167
168
121
Keighley .
139
131
135
120
102
101
126
135
157
106
163
159
155
110
Kidderminster
119
93
103
107
107
100 112
117
126
142
130
144
121
107
Leek . . .
126
100
100
88
96
91 97
110
118
134
139
135
120
112
Stafford . .
101
107
145
176
204
225 1 237
241
225
200
179
172
157
118
Potteries .
181
114
113
107
102
115 142
163
185
190
187
178
158
112
Redruth .
149
103
142
132
131
133 i 142
103
187
178
181
169
146
105
Walsall . .
167
114
113
102
90
106 126
140
142
151
159
164
144
108
Middlesbro' .
153
121
145
146
136
137 i 151
155
153
156
151
152
141
114
B u r 1 n-o n- \
Trent . ./
127
83
100
110
113
125 ' 140
143
150
151
144
139
140
115
Wolvcrhamp- 1
ton . . .J
Southampton
165
107
110
110
109
109 ; 123
131
144
155
151
151
142
110
115
97
132
171
167
148 145
154
154
155
150
144
139
111
Falmouth
124
138
184
146
145
127 131
146
128
108
123
126
117
102
Helston .
131
114
142
141
113
100 91
101
137
129
126
139
148
104
Rotherham .
148
110
106
98
85
87 , 101
111
127
138
145
139
134
108
* All the other ratios are founded on Tables of rates on mean population. This column upon rates on commencing
population, 66 per cent, for males and 63 per cent, for females, being taken to equal 100.
2 T
642
BnglancCs Becent Progress*
Index Numbers — continued.
Stales,
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
1881-1890.
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
eo—
65—
70—
75—
Barrow
134
141
145
132
102
96
112
127
120
132
133
128
132
105
Whitehaven .
129
138
148
144
125
118
124
137
150
166
173
188
140
112
Crewe .
117
114
116
110
100
100
109
115
115
115
116
114
117
118
Doncaster
127
117
113
110
98
100
112
121
120
122
124
125
129
110
Penzance .
137
100
139
117
105
103
108
114
121
137
133
122
115
105
Cockermouth
127
134
139
144
118
113
126
145
145
152
150
137
132
113
Millom
95
100
123
117
93
84
97
116
126
129
137
146
113
93
Luton
141
103
94
95
102
109
124
126
125
129
115
118
124
113
Grimsby .
130
131
152
127
116
116
121
125
114
117
121
113
105
103
Kettering .
122
97
97
88
80
85
86
98
105
108
103
97
106
111
Rugby .
86
100
113
98
95
97
110
108
93
94
108
104
98
98
Swindon .
116
114
126
112
93
97
94
108
123
124
124
133
124
116
Tilbury . .
111
162
135
107
98
103
122
129
116
110
124
119
98
104
Wellingboro' .
118
97
119
110
91
81
91
101
101
102
102
108
106
113
Wigan .
163
148
145-^
139
122
124
141
166
171
178
180
170
165
117
Wrexham .
126
155
158
134
120
116
131
144
151
147
147
145
153
119
Glamorgan .
148
162
174
163
144
134
146
160
169
167
162
157
143
112
Barnsley .
148
152
139
129
115
112
132
148
158
151
144
144
144
119
Durham .
149
166
177
156
131
122
136
142
147
151
153
143
142
116
Cannock .
115
103
106
95
84
82
90
95
99
107
111
106
118
100
Nuneaton.
131
117
115
105
95
85
92
104
107
110
98
96
104
105
Chesterfield .
135
124
126
110
87
82
95
103
108
112
115
117
122
110
Ashby-de-la-|
Zouch . . /
117
103
103
83
75
72
85
93
90
101
110
108
121
107
Maidstone
116
138
168
166
169
166
203
197
179
163
151
141
128
116
Chester .
111
134
145
154
153
155
176
176
171
172
160
149
143
108
Worcester
143
121
152
151
145
151
186
188
180
174
177
164
152
115
Gloucester
112
128
142
141
145
154
168
184
158
164
154
144
133
116
Derby .
134
117
132
137
118
106
119
127
136
137
143
147
133
107
Wakefield .
155
172
174
163
144
145
171
181
188
186
178
160
162
120
Carlisle
128
138
152
166
164
155
174
176
163
162
158
147
138
114
York . .. .
129
134
165
166
151
152
173
184
168
169
156
155
154
114
Northampton
142
131
132
132
133
146
147
164
146
136
140
149
141
127
Exeter
119
145
174
159
144
146
153
157
154
147
139
133
124
110
King's Lynn .
134
145
158
151
129
131
164
169
146
147
156
131
120
109
Cambridge
116
121
139
132
113
146
172
178
178
192
171
156
128
115
Oxford . .
119
114
129
137
118
130
150
163
154
142
139
142
135
115
Coventry .
130
114
132
134
113
110
137
152
130
133
133
137
142
113
Ipswich .
121
121
142
149
140
137
140
148
150
143
142
123
112
112
Reading .
113
117
132
129
107
112
132
147
155
146
145
135
125
109
Yarmouth
129
117
155
146
125
131
136
141
135
134
116
113
116
111
Norvrich .
138
107
126
134
120
125
129
139
145
140
122
120
115
113
Lincoln .
135
138
155
154
135
133
155
154
143
146
143
146
124
114
Portsmouth .
129
124
145
166
160
160
173
173
170
158
151
133
117
112
Plymouth
149
138
168
141
138
146
168
168
165
153
135
127
121
106
Colchester
113
124
155
144
144
136
147
147
142
142
130
135
118
123
Chatham .
127
128
135
134
109
104
128
134
134
140
137
125
114
106
Canterbury .
131
155
197
215
187
181
235
231
194
208
165
154
149
115
Godstone .
81
110
206
246
184
191
222
220
193
175
161
152
148
120
Windsor .
102
114
103
117
109
121
146
160
158
155
144
145
139
112
Salisbury .
91
100
103
107
125
143
154
173
162
150
135
120
125
115
Appendix F.
643
Index Numbers — continued.
Males,
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
1891-1900.
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
se-
35—
40-
45—
50—
55—
eo-
65—
70-
75—
Barrow
136
90
94
98
es
87
104
108
118
123
ns
132
143
104
Whitehaven .
129
110
126
120
104
107
110
123
133
140
138
138
137
115
Crewe .
123
90
84
90
87
90
106
116
129
133
134
133
134
112
Doncaster
149
107
103
98
89
91
101
104
114
123
133
133
126
112
Penzance .
135
100
126
122
105
96
108
119
122
123
116
123
133
103
Cockermouth
125
110
113
107
87
85
95
105
115
130
116
125
130
105
Millom . .
114
83
100
107
85
84
88
90
91
92
108
111
124
110
Luton
114
83
81
85
93
93
103
112
119
121
115
119
112
108
Grimsby .
143
110
116
112
96
91
101
111
114
116
103
111
118
107
Kettering
120
93
106
90
76
72
76
89
104
108
93
100
115
109
Rugby.
89
83
94
95
95
88
90
105
112
114
97
96
105
104
Swindon .
101
72
94
90
78
75
85
99
104
114
114
113
110
93
Tilbury . .
101
110
113
115
89
82
95
103
107
105
108
106
104
98
Wellingboro' .
107
86
106
95
93
84
87
88
94
103
107
105
104
103
Wigan .
167
124
126
122
120
125
144
163
178
192
178
174
163
115
Wrexham.
133
110
123
110
98
103
126
144
158
163
166
158
152
116
Glamorgan
156
131
142
129
113
112
129
142
153
158
162
158
146
108
Barnsley .
153
117
116
112
98
104
119
129
137
142
148
148
143
115
Durham .
152
134
148
134
120
115
126
133
144
145
146
145
143
113
Cannock .
122
100
110
95
80
76
81
88
109
120
127
129
130
103
Nuneaton .
131
93
110
98
84
82
85
84
97
120
116
128
126
107
Chesterfield .
135
97
103
95
85
84
90
98
111
116
122
123
122
111
Ashby-de-la-l
Zouch . . 1
117
93
97
93
91
85
87
87
95
97
108
114
112
107
Maidstone
120
141
168
178
185
184
196
197
212
190
171
157
145
122
Chester
112
110
126
134
129
131
153
165
179
165
159
164
140
111
Worcester
144
128
119
120
127
134
158
165
178
166
161
147
139
116
Gloucester
128
148
148
149
144
139
158
171
160
171
150
152
143
119
Derby .
137
107
106
115
105
113
128
133
149
151
167
159
151
120
Wakefield .
154
114
116
120
125
125
144
155
164
166
164
165
158
115
Carlisle .
122
114
145
154
138
140
147
149
154
156
162
160
147
117
York . . .
138
103
116
127
118
122
153
157
156
162
152
150
.139
122
Northampton
133
110
129
127
122
119
123
146
146
101
154
145
137
119
Exeter
120
124
139
141
138
133
150
158
153
151
153
141
128
107
King's Lynn .
130
121
148
122
122
124
127
137
148
153
139
154
142
105
Cambridge .
116
107
135
134
120
127
144
148
149
150
146
151
138
114
Oxford . .
114
100
106
117
113
121
137
149
150
151
141
127
125
123
Coventry .
127
93
106
105
104
115
133
137
151
153
133
141
135
116
Ipswich .
122
110
126
1.37
131
134
140
153
146
146
135
129
136
109
Reading .
113
9 J
103
110
102
106
115
129
121
131
138
139
134
120
Yarmouth
131
107
116
129
125
124
126
137
132
130
120
123
111
109
Norwich .
142
100
123
122
109
106
112
130
129
130
126
120
117
110
Lincoln .
123
97
116
117
109
113
121
123
130
125
126
126
128
117
Portsmouth .
129
103
126
141
131
130
150
158
159
149
138
132
132
111
Plymouth
144
114
152
129
122
125
133
148
159
148
143
131
123
107
Colchester
124
117
155
134
107
100
121
127
142
149
137
140
130
118
Chatham .
122
103
116
137
107
104
117
123
128
121
119
122
120
105
Canterbury .
120
86
126
144
116
134
165
174
201
194
159
169
138
125
Godstono .
74
90
139
146
127
133
151
164
169
162
163
180
177
122
Windsor .
95
97
94
122
105
110
138
153
160
165
144
138
136
115
Salisbury .
88
69
68
100
115
115
137
151
146
140
122
116
122
108
2 T 2
644
England's Recent Progress.
Index Numbers — continued.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age —
Males,
lSSl-1890.
0-15.
15-
20-
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
75—
Farubam .
117
90
110
161
109
107
137
144
138
129
132
121
118
103
Dover .
106
90
126
151
131
134
140
152
140
125
122
117
99
98
Folkestone .
105
103
103
122
115
119
129
135
136
122
133
119
93
98
Weymouth .
102
90
139
129
100
103
113
119
114
105
96
100
100
100
Alder shot,\
North . ./
Sheeruess.
90
97
100
117
71
81
95
108
112
114
100
98
99
101
114
121
100
90
82
79
106
116
107
99
107
88
112
105
Deal . . .
91
100
158
107
102
93
101
110
111
117
118
104
111
101
St. German's.
126
162
152
132
115
118
110
100
112
109
117
107
112
98
Uxbridge .
111
100
97
129
160
182
212
232
210
208
179
151
128
110
Malvern .
85
103
116
115
145
176
241
226
187
176
152
141
138
117
Morecambe .
135
102
203
210
185
190
219
235
208
192
176
154
140
122
Rhyl . . .
101
183
187
185
182
173
173
181
181
166
159
139
141
112
Bournemouth
96
124
181
239
274
230
212
188
166
144
118
110
116
122
Blackpool .
129
148
145
149
142
127
142
187
186
142
153
184
137
120
Llandudno
87
128
123
122
115
122
140
148
121
114
116
111
128
112
Thanet . .
113
172
171
161
158
151
159
166
159
158
140
181
118
108
Leamington .
107
110
139
137
145
143
154
170
153
153
135
184
131
116
Guildford
87
97
113
141
167
188
203
200
187
168
145
122
123
101
Watford . .
98
110
113
139
149
149
174
174
169
170
151
186
188
114
Southport
118
141
148
149
136
139
165
177
166
160
157
152
187
117
Brighton .
131
117
123
127
120
121
141
153
159
151
131
121
116
112
Harrogate
105
110
110
117
115
118
151
146
144
140
188
121
129
123
Isle of Wight.
82
107
165
188
184
170
155
141
132
116
122
108
100
97
Bath . . .
109
121
132
134
145
131
171
178
168
164
147
147
182
112
Scarborough .
125
97
126
139
129
121
131
140
138
130
183
122
110
114
Worthing .
83
103
129
129
123
183
140
127
129
112
118
115
98
100
Hastings .
100
107
119
134
140
137
150
158
161
139
118
116
104
109
Weston-super-1
Mare . . /
Cheltenham .
91
103
135
151
142
181
131
130
130
123
117
112
100
105
116
103
103
105
133
139
146
140
125
131
129
184
122
108
Reigate* . .
83
141
168
132
105
101
96
100
112
97
101
97
104
102
Staines
97
97
126
139
129
121
181
185
131
131
116
102
123
104
Eastbourne .
102
114
106
105
91
113
126
133
133
135
105
102
104
118
Southend .
103
117
135
122
98
91
106
113
112
111
104
106
107
102
Tunbridge
92
97
106
112
113
112
123
126
133
120
116
108
110
110
Torquay, &c. .
103
107
135
139
125
118
124
126
127
123
112
108
105
102
Heme Bay .
96
128
126
115
113
103
109
115
118
100
90
94
94
102
Bedford . .
98
110
110
88
80
87
96
104
114
112
119
112
107
108
Poole . . .
97
100
135
129
111
104
110
115
119
124
111
110
105
119
Clacton .
103
117
119
107
87
91
100
99
98
88
93
86
83
99
Cromer
87
117
132
120
100
101
88
90
92
86
93
93
91
105
Brentwood .
98
134
161
190
229
281
277
292
248
208
188
163
137
118
Maidenhead .
83
107
100
107
100
107
133
180
117
110
101
107
104
112
Easthamp-j
steadt . . /
88
107
84
68
111
115
112
121
151
144
131
118
93
111
* The high death rates here at ages 15-30 may be caused by the Earlswood Asylum for idiots.
+ The high death rates shown at ages 50-CO may be due to mortality in the asylum for criminal lunatics at
Broadmoor.
Appendix F.
645
Index Numbers — continued.
Males,
Inde.\ Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
1S91-1900.
1
0-15.
15-
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
! 70-
75—
Farnham .
115
72
106
117
82
93
122
142
146
149
144
132
131
106
Dover .
114
90
110
122
100
99
121
133
137
142
126
112
112
101
Folkestone .
108
86
90
112
102
113
131
141
138
133
125
110
120
110
Weymouth .
95
69
123
107
95
94
110
123
116
116
114
112
106
103
Al dershot,'
North . .^
Sheerness.
100
55
81
93
67
75
91
104
118
120
120
121
101
98
112
79
74
93
89
91
108
104
106
116
108
103
118
95
Deal . . .
89
76
116
98
118
99
104
114
113
117
102
101
107
98
St. German's.
92
69
84
95
100
93
104
110
109
97
103
103
106
99
Uxbridge* .
105
117
113
132
155
172
208
248
235
219
180
177
161
•122
Blalvern .
87
100
152
132
153
148
169
192
205
184
150
138
130
117
Morecambe .
131
141
139
139
129
142
160
178
188
184
168
159
154
119
Rhyl . . .
111
117
129
154
165
181
192
188
175
162
165
154
156
124
Bournemouth
97
124
187
229
218
193
187
173
174
157
144
131
116
108
Blackpool.
133
110
116
120
127
134
160
164
171
156
153
162
167
121
Llandudno .
118
114
129
139
136
137
151
169
151
145
135
137
133
113
Thanet . .
107
141
132
141
144
137
158
166
162
145
129
130
124
109
Leamington .
102
100
126
139
151
137
156
163
165
161
149
139
128
107
Guildford
95
103
103
120
125
122
142
165
154
149
144
130
128
110
Watford . .
87
83
106
132
129
130
144
160
164
153
139
146
136
121
Southport
125
107
116
129
133
130
141
149
158
160
159
148
147
115
Brighton .
125
93
110
120
118
115
131
140
154
149
136
127
119
105
Harrogate
111
97
97
120
127
118
124
137
152
139
130
135
153
112
Isle of Wight.
85
107
148
173
158
143
151
152
131
113
111
102
108
102
Bath . . .
112
103
106
120
120
122
135
144
147
142
140
139
123
107
Scarborough .
123
97
119
122
116
115
126
138
142
142
130
114
128
110
Worthing .
98
124
119
139
142
134
129
141
137
121
123
108
115
112
Hastings .
103
97
113
137
135
136
140
135
138
132
135
126
118
108
Weston-super-j
Mare . . /
Cheltenham .
89
86
97
134
133
118
104
109
117
118
134
124
117
106
107
86
87
98
107
106
112
121
132
125
122
128
118
111
Reigato .
79
103
119
95
78
84
100
113
113
112
126
104
112
103
Staines
97
72
64
90
87
94
105
113
105
109
118
123
110
100
Eastbourne .
95
79
90
98
107
97
104
109
123
117
115
113
102
98
Southend .
105
117
119
117
98
96
114
124
123
118
108
107
118
118
Tunbridgo
97
100
97
95
100
93
92
102
118
116
115
109
122
105
Torquay, &c..
101
93
119
129
124
115
114
115
116
112
115
114
111
100
Heme Bay .
87
86
97
98
95
97
109
116
106
101
103
92
90
96
Bedford . .
90
83
90
80
98
100
99
111
112
108
104
105
112
107
Poole .
103
83
81
90
89
81
95
102
103
97
102
112
109
102
Clacton .
97
97
100
98
89
81
82
90
82
79
89
90
100
97
Cromer .
87
90
106
100
87
69
67
79
72
86
92
94
95
100
Brentwood* .
82
117
148
178
200
216
272
341
296
282
225
192
189
130
Maidenhead .
94
110
119
120
102
94
99
105
107
108
115
111
107
97
East ham p-"l
stead . . /
73
55
68
78
69
73
99
110
111
108
101
93
114
96
* The influence of lunatic aaylums in Uxbridge and Brentwood districts is strongly marked at age 46-50,
C)4G
Fnghifid's Bcccnt Frogrcss.
Indkx Numbers — continued.
Males,
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
1SS1-1S90.
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
60—
55—
60—
65—
70—
75-
Denbigh and Flint
103
124
142
137
116
110
113
114
116
123
134
135
124
109
Lancashire and)
Cheshire. . . 1
119
117
129
120
104
100
109
115
125
125
131
126
121
111
Carnarvon andi
Anglesey . . j
111
159
194
193
165
139
135
131
128
128
129
118
118
107
Carmarthen .
101
159
194
185
156
139
129
120
123
121
121
117
109
104
Durham and i
97
128
149
141
125
121
124
124
122
121
129
120
122
107
Northumberland 1
Monmouth audi
Brecon . . . j
Salop and Hereford
98
114
129
129
96
121
110
114
113
110
112
113
116
103
99
103
113
110
109
110
119
120
119
118
121
121
112
107
Cumberland and i
Westmoreland . l'
91
97
119
122
105
97
105
116
117
119
126
114
111
104
Montgomery andi
Merioneth . . j
101
184
161
161
127
118
115
111
117
112
115
112
114
104
Gloucester and(
95
107
116
107
105
107
110
114
119
121
121
116
109
105
Somerset . . (
Stafford, Worces-i
ter and Warwick/
101
100
116
112
104
104
117
119
120
118
114
115
113
103
York ....
105
121
129
115
104
99
104
110
108
110
106
108
108
103
Cornwall .
112
121
139
122
111
112
114
113
122
118
121
114
112
103
Wilts and Dorset .
86
100
106
102
104
109
105
112
112
110
107
105
106
103
Leicester, Notts")
and Derby . . j
Devon ....
107
117
126
115
100
99
108
114
118
115
114
114
110
107
99
107
126
120
113
110
115
112
110
105
105
100
101
99
Essex and Herts .
93
110
106
100
105
103
105
108
108
109
106
102
105
103
Bucks and Oxford
99
100
103
100
102
103
105
104
108
104
104
102
107
106
Sussex ....
81
107
113
112
107
109
112
116
112
110
103
101
97
100
Northampton, &c.
105
114
116
107
102
101
101
100
100
101
102
103
101
102
Lincoln
105
110
123
110
98
96
99
97
97
99
102
102
100
101
Hants and Berks ,
87
90
100
100
104
109
108
112
115
110
106
101
105
101
Kent and Surrey .
96
107
110
107
105
107
112
114
110
108
105
101
105
99
Norfolk and Suffol k
97
103
116
110
100
100
95
95
93
93
9i
93
93
102
Appendix F.
647
Index Numbers — continued.
Males,
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
1891-1900.
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
75-
Denbigh and Flint
107
121
123
115
109
113
117
133
137
136
139
142
141
111
Lancashire and (
Cheshire . . . /
118
100
110
102
93
91
99
113
125
125
135
130
127
105
Carnarvon and i
Anglesey . . 1
Carmarthen .
107
124
152
154
133
122
122
116
128
129
131
134
132
110
111
138
171
166
140
125
119
123
129
125
123
120
127
106
Durham and i
Northumberland f
102
114
132
122
105
97
101
111
117
118
118
121
126
107
Monmouth and 1
Brecon . . ./
Salop and Hereford
96
97
116
110
104
99
99
105
115
125
117
109
111
103
93
97
103
100
100
99
109
118
124
122
119
119
122
106
Cumberland and i
Westmoreland . )
89
86
103
100
95
94
100
103
106
114
114
117
126
104
IMontgomery and |
Merioneth . . /
103
110
145
141
125
116
109
114
120
115
119
120
123
110
Gloucester andi
Somerset . . J
Stafford, Worces- 1
ter and Warwick)
York ....
87
86
100
100
102
93
96
104
112
114
121
123
119
102
103
90
97
100
100
97
104
112
121
121
120
115
114
104
105
93
106
100
91
87
92
98
102
107
108
113
112
101
Cornwall .
103
107
119
93
104
94
95
101
104
99
110
110
113
100
Wilts and Dorset.
80
86
100
100
96
90
92
103
104
110
111
110
113
103
Leicester, Notts"!
and Derby . . /
Devon ....
109
97
97
95
91
87
92
101
109
109
111
110
112
104
80
97
110
102
100
90
90
99
106
104
107
107
110
98
Essex and Herts .
87
90
90
90
91
85
88
96
95
99
103
106
110
103
Bucks and Oxford
91
90
90
83
85
82
83
93
99
100
104
104
109
103
Sussex ....
79
90
94
95
95
93
101
109
103
100
99
102
103
102
Northampton, &c.
97
90
100
95
91
84
88
98
96
95
100
105
108
102
Lincoln
102
90
103
98
91
84
86
93
97
94
99
103
107
101
Hants and Berks .
82
83
87
88
91
85
91
102
104
105
106
103
105
101
Kent and Surrey .
95
93
97
95
89
87
95
104
102
103
102
102
105
99
Norfolk aud Suffolk
91
90
100
95
89
78
77
85
87
87
89
94
97
98
648
England's Becent Progress.
I>'DEX Numbers — continued.
Females,
Index Numbers showing the relativeMortality at Age —
1SS1-1S90.
0-15.
15-
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
TO—
75—
Manchester .
181
148
141 I
128
127
141
163
188 ' 200
210
198
191
165
121
Liverpool . . i
191
155 i
138 ;
130
137
157
178
202 208
221
201
190 ;
152
117
Sheffield . .
178
148 1
135
118
114
123
141
152
159 !
166
166
155
151
121
Leeds ...
175
148 1
135
122
121
126
141
155
165 \ 177
173
167
158
123
Birmingham .
151 ,
106
106 i
96
97
110
130
145
147 I 154
145
142
134
114
London .
154
116
103
92
94
106
125
140
148 : 155
140
140
123
111
Nottingham .
173
135
144 1
122
114
127
147
156
161 160
151
152
148
117
Hull . . .
154
142
132 i
118
114
126
137
149
147 150
140
132
127
113
Bristol . . 1
127
116
118 !
102
95
103
120
132
133 138
126
128
119
107
Leicester .
159
103
109
98
94
103
112
121
123
128
126
123
121
112
Preston .
195
135
150
144
144
167
180
195
198 1 206
198
186
169
120
Oldham .
178
161
165
140
130
137
147
164
174
187
185
180
183
128
Rochdale .
145
145
159
132
114
113
121
134
148
163
170
163
162
119
Bury .
155
116
132
124
119
120
133
148
160
177
174
170
170
121
Blackburn
183
135
138
120
111
126
145
162
183
197
198
186
174
123
Glossop .
156
135
150
118
103
107
118
138
150
171
175
178
147
99
Bolton . .
160
126
135
122
114
123
138
159
169
186
185
177
174
119
Ashton-under-)
Lyne . . /
170
142
165
144
127
129
142
158
166
184
190
185
184
121
Halifax
145
135
156
124
108
104
114
127
136 148
147
140
140
119
Stockport.
166
126
147
138
130
137
151
165
175
187
188
187
174
123
Wharfedale .
120
129
141
120
106
109
112
119
126
135
139
142
136
118
Saddleworth .
139
158
176
134
129
129
134
145
140
136
150
152
149
115
Haslingdeu .
153
135
138
114
106
114
124
142
152
173
180
168
161
121
Todmorden ,
130
132
135
106
92
93
107
125
131 144
160
158
159
119
IMacclesfield .
135
132
144
122
121
124
145
158
157 : 168
168
168
159
116
Burnley .
171
132
141
122
110
116
129
147
164 1 172
178
169
167
128
Bradford .
156
142
162
132
117
119
132
141
146 ; 156
159
167
154
121
Huddersfield .
150
145
162
134
114
119
130
139
134
140
140
136
140
115
Dewsbury
170
155
171
132
111
114
128
132
132
144
139
143
142
118
Keighley .
144
181
188
142
114
117
128
132
128
136
153
153
161
126
Kidderminster
124
113
124
98
82
89
97
112
115
122
114
118
114
105
Leek .
123
110
135
128
127
131
128
129
122
136
135
135
145
111
Stafford . .
113
119
138
136
149
166
191
188
167
158
153
156
141
110
Potteries .
167
119
132
130
125
134
151
159
158 i 166
165
161
154
119
Redruth . .
159
113
118
88
92
94
104
95
91 99
112
119
114
103
WalsaU . .
155
106
112
104
98
104
118
133
135 149
140
139
146
112
ISIiddlesbro' .
151
135
144
136
132
186
136
146
142 151
151
142
139
119
B urton-on-\
Trent . . /
108
106
121
128
125
123
126
131
121 131
130
132
121
111
Wolverhamp- )
ton . . ./
Southampton
162
110
109
100
98
106
113
127
130 136
132
137
133
108
111
100
103
96
94
107
114
121
126 ' 126
119
115
106
108
Falmouth
137
113
112
92
75
86
114
111
103
102
94
103
97
103
Helston .
145
139
179
134
114
111
109
105
103
115
109
102
105
101
Rotherham .
145
148
150
134
117
116
120
127
141
141
144
132
130
116
Barrow .
142
• 139
150
132
117
119
132
139
134
154
153
157
144
114
Whitehaven .
131
i 132
138
122
111
121
120
131
149
164
160
158
140
105
Crewe .
116
: 100
115
114
110
113
122
126
123
133
135
138
127
113
Doncaster
130
123
115
106
102
107
120
124
117
123
118
114
, 116
106
Penzance .
147
116
132
100
94
103
108
99
95
98
1
97
98
99
1
102
Appendix F.
649
Index Numbers —co«<i;mcfZ.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
Females,
1891-1900.
1
1
0-15.
15—
116
20—
25 —
so-
35— 1
40—
150
45-
173
50—
191
55—
198
60-
65-
70—
75—
Manchester .
184
106
98
los
123
186
187
168
116
Liverpool .
181
119
106
102
114
136
164
193
208
210
184
188
162
114
Sheffield . .
180
110
100
90
89
101
124
138
155
157
153
153
154
114
Leeds .
172
123
115
94
87
99
120
135
156
167
158
162
155
117
Birmingham .
159
90
82
78
83
99
120
140
154
161
147
148
140
110
London .
149
97
85
74
75
89
111
129
142
147
134
136
128
109
Nottingham .
163
90
97
92
90
97
116
138
151
154
148
142
131
114
Hull . . .
155
108
103
92
92
108
120
133 141
146
130
182
130
108
Bristol
124
94
94
82
78
89
105
118
116
131
129
130
119
105
Leicester .
155
94
91
76
73
83
99
113
120
127
122
125
124
108
Preston .
194
113
118
110
114
133
158
186
190
193
189
187
171
118
Oldham . .
178
139
135
114
110
117
130
146
174
187
181
180
172
118
Rochdale .
143
116
115
98
97
109
124
138
156
166
174
169
164
118
Bury . . .
161
119
118
106
105
116
124
134
161
169
174
175
166
117
Blackburn
171
110
112
102
97
104
122
144
162
170
178
182
177
117
Glossop .
146
126
124
106
98
107
124
142
144
161
161
167
154
119
Bolton
161
113
118
102
97
106
122
144
165
176
173
176
168
116
Ashton-under-l
Lyne . . 1
Halifax .
177
110
112
98
102
111
125
144
164
176
171
174
174
122
134
116
118
90
84
90
105
111
124
135
139
148
152
114
Stockport.
172
110
109
96
100
109
121
140
168
178
165
162
163
118
Wharfedale .
105
103
115
98
102
117
136
147
170
175
160
153
158
123
Saddleworth .
128
100
106
106
97
100
103
102
111
182
147
139
148
103
Haslingden .
148
106
115
100
94
99
107
125
145
161
164
172
168
110
Todmorden .
117
100
91
84
79
80
87
95
114
140
143
153
165
124
Macclesfield .
132
100
106
98
102
103
116
129
156
160
162
152
155
115
Burnley .
177
113
106
94
92
100
113
129
145
158
171
173
173
120
Bradford .
152
116
121
102
94
100
112
125
143
155
149
158
152
114
Huddersfield .
130
142
109
104
92
96
103
114
128
141
140
147
144
112
Dewsbury
169
139
132
104
102
106
112
125
139
148
144
155
141
114
Keighley .
141
135
141
112
97
100
107
115
128
144
148
150
162
120
Kidderminster
109
81
91
76
71
77
89
108
121
145
134
137
123
100
Leek .
127
97
124
128
122
114
124
129
129
141
135
147
129
112
Stafford . .
106
103
121
126
129
147
176
188
189
183
153
145
147
121
Potteries .
184
106
103
96
98
116
142
158
168
171
161
160
153
109
Redruth .
149
94
109
90
76
66
80
87
108
109
112
120
125
102
Walsall . .
169
103
97
84
89
100
121
136
143
152
145
157
147
109
Middlesbro' .
158
116
112
106
110
116
130
141
146
156
148
151
148
111
Burton-on- |
Trent . . /
Wolverhamp- \
ton . . .j
Southampton.
119
90
91
90
97
104
111
121
120
127
118
128
128
113
165
94
88
84
89
99
111
124
183
148
142
143
139
107
120
90
79
74
76
91
111
132
137
139
127
123
123
107
Fahnouth
112
90
106
90
79
87
96
105
117
111
113
111
110
99
Helston .
134
94
106
98
98
94
93
106
104
104
101
111
114
97
Rotherham .
147
103
106
96
92
99
112
121
122
127
132
136
151
108
Barrow
138
103
91
84
89
101
118
127
135
141
147
168
144
117
Whitehaven .
127
123
126
108
94
103
112
131
143
152
147
153
151
111
Crewe .
124
110
100
90
84
96
103
118
132
134
123
130
135
114
Doncastor
148
103
97
82
83
91
97
111
117
123
118
120
124
111
Penzance .
14G
103
100
84
78
74
83
87
100
102
100
110
107
94
650
England's Bcccnt Progress.
Index Numbers — continued.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age —
Females,
1881-l!>90.
j 0-15.
15—
-1
123
20-
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55— 60—
65—
70—
75—
Cockermouth
130
124
106
103
104
112
120
130
139
147
143
137
110
Millom
98
126
135
118
111
114
122
134
125
120
111
107
104
99
Luton . .
138
103
97
86
92
103
104
116
116
123
123
124
115
115
Grimsby .
131
126
135
116
103
116
114
126
122
123
109
115
108
106
Kettering . .
116
97
109
96
90
97
89
93
92
98
99
105
105
106
Rugby ,
95
123
124
110
90
83
88
«9
98
104
109
111
106
105
Swindon .
115
142
144
128
108
109
121
138
137
129
107
113
112
111
Tilbury . .
122
139
100
98
90
103
107
121
129
121
109
95
93
93
Wellingboro'.
121
113
126
100
98
94
103
109
104
108
101
114
106
101
Wigan .
166
135
138
128
125
133
141
155
161
176
174
164
157
116
Wrexham
12'J
145
150
152
149
146
141
144
137
143
149
139
140
114
Glamorgan .
152
148
153
140
137
140
149
151
151
152
147
146
135
106
Barnsley .
151
155
150
140
129
127
142
148
143
140
141
139
143
117
Durham .
155
155
165
142
132
139
147
152
152
154
151
143
138
116
Cannock .
120
110
112
98
89
94
97
107
106
116
110
117
116
102
Nuneaton
128
119
144
128
100
106
109
119
96
111
107
105
104
104
Chesterfield .
135
123
126
122
111
111
114
120
121
125
122
122
126
111
Ashby-de-la-
Zouch .
)m
113
126
110
92
90
114
118
94
96
106
109
118
108
Maidstone
119
142
147
132
80
133
146
160
169
166
155
142
125
112
Chester
122
123
129
120
122
133
145
151
151
152
135
136
135
106
Worcester
141
123
129
106
102
119
139
148
154
151
128
122
127
112
Gloucester
113
132
129
108
113
129
133
145
157
150
135
148
129
115
Derby . . .
133
110
135
114
102
109
113
126
136
149
152
149
149
114
Wakefield. .
157
158
156
146
140
139
154
166
164
181
171
164
149
120
Carlisle .
127
129
153
134
137
136
145
156
157
161
156
148
131
115
York . . .
141
142
153
122
119
131
145
152
149
148
146
J 39
135
113
Northampton
147
116
124
104
103
117
137
140
140
144
138
142
128
127
Exeter
121
126
132
108
102
113
126
134
131
132
119
121
118
107
King's Lynn .
127
110
118
92
89
101
122
131
133
143
129
130
109
102
Cambridge
133
100
103
86
86
96
112
121
129
142
124
121
108
102
Oxford . .
117
103
109
84
92
103
114
128
127
133
127
123
119
109
Coventry .
126
103
121
98
83
93
113
132
129
134
124
117
129
112
Ipswich .
121
123
132
114
110
119
128
138
136
130
116
115
114
108
Eeading .
113
97
94
88
90
101
112
124
125 123
135
137
117
107
Yarmouth
127
97
112
96
97
107
114
118
120 123
106
107
102
107
Norwich .
139
106
121
102
94
106
117
126
130
127
116
117
115
110
Lincoln .
129
135
162
142
132
131
137
135
130
131
119
123
115
114
Portsmouth .
131
132
126
110
110
121
130
142
148
147
127
125
116
114
Pljonouth
155
139
129
112
105
113
121
132 136 1
140
123
122
114
107
Colchester
127
152
150
102
83
93
120
133
145
138
118
122
116
118
Chatham .
127
132
121
104
105
107
121
125
124
125
119
126
115
108
Canterbury .
134
161
194
154
130
131
139
134
125
125
131
138
116
100
Godstone .
80
110
147
144
144
160
184
180
168
166
167
156
164
130
Windsor .
102
106
109
90
87
90
97
105
123
132
124
137
116
106
Salisbury .
84
100
121
108
113
131
139
151
152
152
141
140
124
112
Farnham . .
123
189
121
108
100
100
112
125
118
116
110
116
112
111
Appendix F,
651
Index Numbers — continued.
[ndex Numbei
s showing the
relative Mortality at Age—
Females,
1891-1900.
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
80
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70—
75—
Cockermouth
122
87
85
79
84
93
99
117
126
127
124
131
109
Millom . .
113
97
97
94
78
86
97
99
91
99
115
114
123
103
Luton . .
115
81
82
72
67
71
80
96
102
115
103
114
119
106
Grimsby .
145
110
109
98
89
94
104
116
107
116
120
120
109
103
Kettering . .
121
77
76
70
68
78
70
77
87
99
99
112
116
110
Hugby. . .
84
87
85
74
68
64
68
82
96
102
101
100
110
108
Swindon .
102
100
94
76
68
81
93
109
117
127
124
120
106
93
Tilbury . .
110
97
76
84
81
77
82
92
95
106
103
104
114
96
Wellingboro' .
109
97
112
86
73
73
79
84
88
96
95
102
103
109
Wigan .
172
113
115
108
110
120
139
159
165
175
173
178
168
113
Wrexham.
137
113
124
120
119
129
134
144
145
149
142
147
156
108
Glamorgan .
158
119
124
114
113
121
137
145
148
151
152
151
141
107
Barnsley .
154
116
112
102
97
104
121
134
144
149
143
141
151
118
Durham .
158
126
126
114
110
120
134
145
153
155
148
145
143
113
Cannock .
119
87
76
84
94
97
86
94
100
110
105
123
125
105
Nuneaton
132
94
97
86
87
93
95
104
106
132
119
133
126
103
Chesterfield .
134
97
103
96
89
94
100
108
VZO
128
126
130
132
114
Ashby-de-la-1
Zouch .
120
81
85
88
81
94
107
105
109
110
106
115
123
104
]\Iaidstone
120
135
132
124
117
129
153
155
164
164
152
150
148
120
Chester .
120
100
103
98
98
114
133
147
158
155
148
187
134
118
Worcester
144
103
97
82
78
98
116
138
156
153
137
143
181
107
Gloucester
137
185
124
106
103
117
125
139
136
143
142
135
126
117
Derby .
140
90
96
92
92
104
120
134
138
144
145
146
145
117
Wakefield. .
154
110
118
108
110
119
130
139
150
161
152
160
147
117
Carlisle .
120
110
135
124
121
121
146
152
158
163
160
157
155
115
York . . .
138
106
118
98
97
104
124
142
139
147
143
146
145
114
Northampton
132
97
103
90
90
94
103
118
131
128
120
125
129
115
Exeter
119
113
126
106
86
87
101
116
121
126
119
125
119
104
King's Lynn .
131
116
115
84
76
87
112
127
139
135
130
142
118
103
Cambridge
105
90
103
76
70
87
101
111
118
125
180
130
112
107
Oxford . .
106
81
85
68
65
74
95
112
128
127
124
127
128
115
Coventry .
137
81
74
72
84
96
100
116
129
142
126
184
181
107
Ipswich .
116
116
124
98
87
99
114
129
128
133
122
119
124
112
Reading .
114
94
97
82
79
87
105
118
116
125
120
119
116
112
Yarmouth
134
87
82
74
78
86
93
102
104
106
106
114
104
105
Norwich .
139
87
94
86
84
90
99
114
116
123
118
120
115
107
Lincoln .
120
106
112
96
97
106
118
125
123
126
120
127
122
110
Portsmouth .
IBS
116
115
100
92
100
117
132
135
138
131
130
125
in
Plymouth
143
97
112
100
95
101
108
121
141
135
129
132
122
104
Colchester
127
119
135
88
79
90
101
105
109
108
114
119
114
114
Chatham .
127
110
88
80
78
81
100
109
120
123
123
120
111
106
Canterbury .
127
132
129
94
89
101
109
120
123
131
120
128
122
122
Gndstone .
64
68
85
90
86
97
114
136
140
147
161
168
156
137
Windsor .
94
97
103
82
70
76
84
95
105
109
109
111
117
108
Salisbury .
89
74
82
80
81
86
112
127
127
129
127
120
121
114
Farnbara . .
117
100
91
88
84
83
91
104
124
130
114
108
107
106
652
England' a Recent Progres/^.
Index Nu^ibers — continitcd.
Index Numbers show
ing the relative Mortality at Age—
Females.
ISSl-lSHO.
0-15.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35—
40-
45—
50—
55—
eo-
65—
70—
75—
Povcr .
Ill
94
100
84
79
90
107
114
116
115
ns
117
96
96
Folkestone .
no
91
76
70
75
87
105
114
120
108
106
104
101
94
Weymouth
98
97
100
86
83
81
91
102
119
131
121
115
99
97
A 1 d e r s h 1,\
North . ./
Sheerness
86
90
85
90
83
84
92
93
88
90
88
93
99
102
101
129
144
124
108
120
121
131
113
111
123
114
95
104
Deal . . .
91
132
103
82
83
94
97
118
121
113
103
108
103
99
St. German's .
111
168
150
118
105
109
113
116
115
113
101
107
104
97
Uxbridge .
111
110
115
120
117
130
149
158
169
156
145
137
114
110
Malvern .
84
97
115
98
98
117
126
124
108
119
103
119
117
107
IMorecambe .
137
132
153
132
140
160
179
195
189
178
153
142
148
120
Rhyl . . .
98
142
171
162
149
146
153
155
169
168
150
142
137
109
Bournemouth
92
106
124
110
108
116
113
114
108
110
103
102
96
114
Blackpool.
129
126
126
120
124
119
141
149
137
140
132
132
131
116
Llandudno . ^
88
119
124
104
95
90
96
109
132
134
118
127
109
109
Thanet . .
120
129
129
104
98
110
118
131
136
136
127
116
102
104
Leamington .
103
87
100
84
81
96
104
115
124
135
130
121
107
108
Guildford . .
88
129
129
108
108
119
122
133
140
140
126
118
117
115
Watford . .
101
116
118
104
102
109
121
129
135
144
143
138
136
116
Southport
120
110
109
96
95
109
116
129
132
135
135
133
124
110
Brighton .
129
97
94
78
79
89
105
120
124
126
115
112
105
105
Harrogate
105
94
109
90
87
99
122
124
115
119
120
117
130
116
Isle of Wight
82
110
115
104
102
107
101
98
98
94
98
107
100
100
Bath . . .
109
100
103
84
78
91
108
122
128
134
128
130
115
107
Scarborough .
123
106
124
104
95
109
112
118
126
127
124
118
112
111
Worthing .
81
97
97
82
79
91
93
100
120
122
102
103
105
103
Hastings .
98
100
109
94
92
100
107
114
112
115
107
104
99
101
Weston- \
super-Marej
89
97
106
86
76
86
100
104
112
111
103
107
98
104
Cheltenham .
116
100
100
72
75
91
96
109
110
116
113
117
111
106
Eeigate .
80
110
109
84
71
70
76
86
100
104
95
99
92
100
Staines
99
119
100
86
78
83
92
105
113
117
121
119
108
104
Eastbourne .
99
100
94
80
78
90
100
109
98
102
98
99
98
108
Southend .
102
129
121
100
87
93
99
104
101
117
106
112
104
110
Tunbridge
88
110
121
98
87
99
103
108
106
105
105
110
114
111
Torquay, &c..
99
97
115
96
87
93
91
94
97
103
103
104
95
104
Heme Bay .
105
123
112
84
78
86
99
109
107
105
99
98
99
93
Bedford . .
101
100
100
86
83
89
87
95
104
107
107
103
107
104
Poole . . .
98
129
106
94
106
110
103
104
105
113
116
112
97
107
Clacton .
100
132
129
108
111
111
105
102
101
96
93
90
99
105
Cromer .
84
97
109
102
98
103
105
91
80
85
86
95
97
96
Brentwood .
100
126
106
124
149
156
170
180
175
181
156
165
133
116
INIaidenhead .
90
126
100
84
78
84
95
104
108
118
127
120
105
100
Easthamp-\
stead . . j
84
65
91
108
86
77
91
95
100
97
95
104
105
111
Appendix F.
653
Index Numbers — contimied.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
Females,
1S91-1900.
0-15.
15—
106
20—
25—
30—
35—
40—
la-
50—
bb—
eo—
65—
70-
75—
Dover .
113
88
74
75
80
92
in
111
115
102
105
112
106
Folkestone .
105
81
85
76
68
76
93
102
102
105
101
96
95
104
Weymouth .
91
71
85
78
78
89
93
99
107
115
99
109
117
104
A 1 d e r s h 1, 1
North . ./
Sheerness
99
97
76
06
65
70
76
87
83
90
90
97
103
98
121
97
79
74
79
93
88
114
126
137
111
111
117
93
Deal . . .
91
94
88
68
62
70
80
91
94
107
100
95
100
99
St. German's.
93
123
135
88
78
77
91
102
91
106
116
113
97
93
Uxbridge .
107
116
91
98
86
103
134
161
158
156
148
137
142
120
Malvern .
77
68
94
88
89
96
112
125
129
131
113
120
101
110
Morecambe .
184
123
135
128
125
129
142
160
177
182
179
165
159
122
Rhyl , . .
108
123
129
108
106
130
153
160
157
153
164
101
137
117
Boarnemouth
97
84
100
88
79
80
93
95
96
94
88
93
93
101
Blackpool .
128
103
97
96
94
99
113
124
142
148
138
140
141
122
Llandudno
107
103
103
96
95
97
103
113
127
124
120
117
121
111
Thanet . .
122
135
109
74
65
76
96
115
117
122
109
109
112
103
Leamington .
103
94
106
80
76
84
103
125
131
132
116
123
120
108
Guildford . .
90
106
109
100
100
100
104
115
116
121
111
117
116
112
Watford . .
85
84
82
76
73
79
100
113
118
124
128
135
140
119
Southport
123
100
103
86
83
90
107
122
131
135
132
129
130
110
Brighton .
128
87
79
64
63
74
92
106
119
127
114
113
110
106
Harrogate
114
84
76
58
60
69
82
96
122
127
120
132
133
120
Isle of Wight
79
97
118
94
76
79
86
96
97
100
98
98
104
101
Bath . . .
105
77
82
66
65
74
86
104
116
125
112
117
117
100
Scarborough .
120
103
97
82
84
93
100
118
125
123
115
120
128
107
Worthing.
108
139
118
96
78
83
91
102
109
105
96
97
98
107
Hastings .
100
103
103
82
75
80
97
105
107
110
106
107
102
101
Weston- \
super-Marej
85
81
103
88
81
80
79
85
93
100
110
110
106
101
Cheltenham .
114
81
82
64
60
66
79
94
102
109
105
112
120
104
Reigatc
79
90
94
70
62
64
64
69
85
95
95
95
105
103
Staines
100
90
79
62
51
56
79
98
110
109
102
97
120
107
Eastbourne .
98
68
76
60
56
63
76
92
98
102
98
96
105
97
Southend .
104
123
115
94
79
80
76
86
103
111
103
109
106
113
Tunbridgc
97
87
82
76
75
81
89
98
96
100
103
103
103
106
Torquay, &o. .
98
97
109
92
79
79
83
91
99
103
103
107
109
101
Heme Bay
85
81
85
76
78
77
88
89
79
90
101
102
102
101
Bedford . .
90
74
68
56
54
61
71
82
88
95
95
100
105
103
Poole . . .
100
94
97
84
75
80
91
103
107
106
94
94
103
99
Clacton
95
119
109
92
81
81
91
99
94
90
97
98
100
97
Cromer .
87
103
94
82
73
76
82
94
102
94
90
97
87
103
Brentwood .
87
113
129
138
140
156
182
188
197
206
181
178
141
1.35
Maidenhead .
98
84
65
62
57
63
75
91
98
108
106
103
105
98
East hamp-"!
stead . . J
77
84
76
72
63
70
70
67
86
90
94
98
93
97
i
654
EnglamVs Recent Progress.
Index Numbers — continued.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
Females,
ljM-1890.
1
j
Ll-15.
15—
20—
25—
30—
35— 40—
45—
50—
55 —
60—
65—
70—
75—
Denbigh and Flint
105
145
162
144
140
134
129
116
114
125
127
121
122
107
Lancashire and i
119
119
132
120
119
120
134
135
134
129
130
130
149
108
Cheshire. . . i
Carnarvon andl
Anglesey. . ./
115
181
191
152
144
141 1
137
131
126
127
117
112
115
105
Carmarthen, &c. .
101
152
168
134
121
124'
126
122
116
115
110
111
108
100
Durham and | go
Northumberland /
141
168
142
130
130
126
125
122
120
126
118
124
105
Monmouth andi -.qq
Brecon . . . j !
Salop and Hereford 99
126
132
118
110
109
109
112
109
108
110
112
108
102
113
115
104
106
110
112
111
108
109
109
113
112
105
Cumberland andij g„
113
132
112
100
100
104
104
111
114
111
113
119
105
Westmoreland . J ,
Montgomery and) gg
Merioneth . . J
145
174
134
140
139
129
120
108
106
107
107
110
103
Gloucester andV go
Somerset . . j
Stafford, Wcrces-V gg
ter and Warwick/
113
121
104
95
96
103
107
107
113
108
110
109
101
106
118
108
100
101
109
112
108
109
105
107
110
103
York .... 106
122
138
120
111
111
114
114
116
113
112
111
113
104
Cornwall ... 119
126
141
116
105
101
97
95
99
101
103
103
107
102
Wilts and Dorset . 88
110
126
110
102
101
104
107
112
113
109
111
114
105
Leicester, Nottsl
and Derby . . J
104
113
132
120
105
113
113
119
115
114
116
113
114
108
Devon . , . .
98
113
124
106
100
103
105
102
104
106
104
109
105
100
Essex and Herts .
93
113
118
108
98
94
93
95
99
100
102
102
101
103
Bucks and Oxford.
98
103
103
96
89
96
103
107
108
107
110
107
114
105
Sussex ....
78
110
112
108
102
100
105
108
104
106
104
107
104
100
Northampton, &c.
103
123
135
118
106
104
103
100
100
102
100
100
100
101
Lincoln
106
126
138
118
110
109
108
101
102
99
99
99
100
99
Hants and Berks .
88
103
109
100
92
96
96
102
105
106
104
107
108
101
Kent and Surrey .
97
116
121
108
100
99
104
106
108
109
108
105
101
101
Norfolk and Suffolk
95
* 119
129
112
102
101
101
101
95
95
94
95
93
101
Appendix P.
655
Index Numbers — contimied.
Index Numbers showing the relative Mortality at Age—
Females,
1891-1900.
0-15.
15-
20-
25—
30—
35—
40—
45—
50—
55—
60—
65—
70-
75—
Denbigh and Flint
112
129
129
116
110
120
129
133
140
135
134
142
139
105
Lancashire and I
Cheshire. . .J
124
94
97
92
92
96
107
111
121
123
134
129
135
109
Carnarvon andl
Anglesey . ./
113
148
147
122
114
116
117
120
127
126
124
130
129
108
Carmarthen, &c. .
109
189
153
124
113
114
118
122
126
120
119
122
124
105
Durham and 1
Northumberland f
100
116
132
114
102
104
107
107
109
117
119
127
133
107
Monmouth andj
Brecon . . . J
Salop and Hereford
97
110
112
100
98
103
99
101
109
115
116
111
118
100
92
94
97
88
86
90
97
105
109
110
108
114
119
105
Cumberland andi
Westmoreland . )
89
94
100
88
87
93
91
98
103
107
114
114
120
107
Montgomery and i
Merioneth . . 1
101
126
141
130
125
127
121
120
114
112
114
119
124
105
Gloucester and"!
Somerset . . j
Stafford, Worces-"!
ter and Warwick/
86
90
97
80
79
81
89
96
102
107
109
117
113
99
102
94
94
86
84
90
100
107
105
110
109
115
115
106
York ....
103
100
115
96
87
87
93
100
106
112
115
114
122
104
Cornwall .
98
103
118
96
89
86
89
93
101
103
106
109.
119
m
Wilts and Dorset .
78
94
97
86
78
79
84
93
100
108
110
Ill
115
103
Leicester, Notts'!
and Derby . ./
Devon ....
107
94
100
90
84
91
95
106
104
113
114
117
120
104
91
97
103
88
79
79
83
89
94
98
103
111
112
99
Essex and Herts .
86
97
97
84
76
76
78
82
89
98
99
102
108
101
Bucks and Oxford.
89
87
85
74
71
73
80
89
96
102
104
107
113
103
Sussex ....
78
90
97
88
78
80
87
93
98
103
104
108
110
103
Northampton, &c.
95
97
100
88
83
83
87
93
96
97
95
103
108
100
Lincoln
99
100
103
94
86
87
89
94
94
91
95
98
107
99
Hants and Berks .
82
81
85
80
73
73
78
86
89
98
102
105
110
101
Kent and Surrey .
95
106
100
86
75
77
83
92
101
106
101
102
106
100
Norfolk and Sufiolk
91
100
106
92
84
81
83
88
91
95
92
98
103
100
65G
England's Recent Progress.
The folloNviug abstracts summarise the contents of tlie preceding
Tables of index numbers :—
Hales.
Lariie and Old
Towns.*
Textile, Collierj-,
Industrial.
Residential, Military,
&c.t
Rural residues.
18S1-91.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
141 up-
wards.
Under! 120 to
120. ! 140.
141 up-
wards.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
141 up-
wards.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
14t up-
wards.
0-15 .
8
12
13
11 15
30
41
6
24
,.
.,
30-35 .
7
13
13
2J IS
9
21
10
16
20
2
2
35-40 .
5
13
15
34 16
6
20
13
14
20
4
40-45 .
1
8
24
17 19
20
13
12
22
21
3
45-50 .
4
29
12 13
31
12
12
23
20
4
50-55 .
••
5
23
12 1 9
35
13
14
20
18
6
55-60 .
7
26
11
9
36
15
13
19
18
6
60-65 .
1
9
23
11
11
34
22
12
13
15
9
■"
65-70 .
1
11
21
12
11
33
26
12
9
20
4
70-75 .
14
13
14
13
29
28
16
3
21
8
Females,
1881-91.
0-15 .
4
15
14
9 18
29
39
8
24
30-35 .
26
7
40 13
3
41
3
3
19
4
1
35-40 .
20
11
2
36 17
3
39
4
4
18
5
1
40-45 .
8
15
10
23 20
1
13
34
7
6
18
6
45-50 ,
1
17
15
13 ' 23
20
29
11
7
19
5
• •
50-55 .
16
17
13 21
22
26
15
6
21
3
55-60 .
13
20
10 19
27
27
13
7
20
4
60-65 .
7
15
11
17 10
29
26
14
7
21
3
65-70 .
6
15
12
17 12
27
32
11
4
22
2
70-75 .
14
12
7
18 14 24
38
7
2
21
2
1
* Including four military towns.
t Excluding four military towns and including three miscellaneous places.
The effect of the importation of healthy lives in improving the rates of
mortaUty in urban and manufacturing districts at ages 30-40, especially
amongst females, is distinctly visible.
Appendix F.
657
Males,
Large and Old
Towns.
Textile, Colliery,
Industrial.
Residential, Military,
&c.
Rural residues.
1S91-01.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
141 up-
wards.
Under 120 to 141 up-
120. 140. wards.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
141 up-
wards.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
141 up-
wards.
0-15 .
4
16
13
11 19
26
41
6
24
30-35 .
16
14
3
43 1 9
4
26
12
9
21
3
35-40 .
13
17
3
40 1 12
4
28
12
7
22
2
40-45 .
4
13
16
26 ' 13
17
20
11
16
23
1
45-50 .
1
10
.22
21 10
25
17
8
22
22
2 •
50-55 .
27
IG 8
32
17
8
22
17
7
55-GO .
6
27
10 1 12
34
19
7
21
17
7
G0-G5 .
1
10
22
13 9
1
34
17
16
14
18
6
G5-70 .
12
21
1
9 14
33
22
16
9
17
7
70-75 .
2
18
13
9
14
33
25
14
8
16
8
Females,
1891-01.
0-15 .
5
IG
12
13
16
27
39
8
23
1
30-35 .
32
1
t
54 1 2
45
2
23
1
35-40 .
29
4
50
5
1
44
2
1
22
2
40-45 .
20
9
4
36
17
3
43
1
3
22
2
45 50 .
12
15
6
25
17
14
36
7
4
20
4
50-55 .
G
13
14
19
13
24
31
11
5
20
4
55-GO .
2
14
17
13
12
31
26
15
6
20
4
G0-G5 .
4
IG
13
15
11
30
35
7
5
21
3
05-70 .
' 4
16
13
10
14
' 32
33
10
4
19
4
1
70-75 .
9
15
9
10
14
32
31
11
5
15
9
k
The second part of this Tal)le gives a fair idea of the improved
mortahty in the second decennium.
Several of the towns have been allotted large areas, including rural
parishes, otherwise the numbers showing low mortality would have lieen
smaller. The high rates prevalent in the old towns and industrial places
are in some instances aggravated through the inclusion of county asylums
for lunatics within their bounds. Hucb institutions also exist in Ijondon
and most other large towns, but the number of lunatics nnnoved beyond
the boundaries assigned to the largest places is probably nearly always
greater tban ttiat of p.-itients introduced into siu^h towns from outside
2 u
658
England's Recent Progress,
districts, and therefore no ground exists for deeming the index numbers
for these places unduly high.
The abstracts show that there has been an improvement in many
places as between 1881-1891 and 1891-1901, and they also indicate much
constancy in the general condition of the several classes of districts as
shown by their rates of mortality. If we treat death rates under 120 as
low and those over 140 as high, we reach still more concentrated
results, thus : —
33 Towns-
Males, 1881-91 . .
,, 1891-01 . .
Females, 1881-91 .
1891-01 .
56 Industrial, textile and
colliery places —
Males, 1881-91 . .
„ 1891-01 . .
Females, 1881-91 .
1891-01 .
47 Eesidential, military,
&c., districts —
Males, 1881-91 . .
,, 1891-01 . .
Females, 1881-91 .
1891-01 .
24 Rural groups of dis-
tricts —
Males, 1881-91 . .
„ 1891-01 . .
Females, 1881-91 .
1891-01 .
Age 0-15.
Age 30-45.
Age 45-75.
11
11
9
13
41
41
39
39
24
24
24
23
Xumbers of towns, &c., with Average Rates.
High.
13
13
14
12
30
26
29
27
Differ-
ence.
Low.
High.
Differ-
ence.
5
4
17
i
13
9
11
7
4
10
18
4
14
7
27
1
26
19
27
12
15
IS
36
8
28
20
33
6
27
14
47
1
46
41
18
17
1
41
25
11
14
39
38
4
34
39
44
1
43
24
20
1
19
24
22
22
24
18
i
17
23
22
22
Low. High.
12
13
15
15
19
19
30
32
19
18
21
19
23
22
14
12
33
32
25
27
14
16
5
5
Differ-
ence.
22
21
9
6
21
19
ID
12
5
3
25
27
19
18
21
19
The prevalence of high ratios in towns and in the Industrial group at
ages 0-15 and 45-75 whilst at ages 30-45 high ratios are comparatively
few, especially amongst females, and also the partial tendency towards
high ratios at ages 30 and upwards in residential places, particularly
amongst males, are well displayed by this Table.
It may be interesting to enquire which of the residential places appear
to attract men aged 45 and upwards whose constitutions have been
impaired (whether in India, the less healthy parts of cur own country, or
Appendix P.
659
elsewhere), and which of them have a heavier relative mortality in earlier
life. The followin"" Table will throw some light on the matter : —
1S91-1900.
ludex Numbers.
ludex Numbers.
20—
25—
so-
Totals.
45—
50—
55—
Totals.
Later mortality high :
Windsor.
94
122
los
321
153
160
165
478
Thanet .
132
141
144
417
166
162
140
473
Southport
116
129
133
378
149
158
160
467
Llandudno
129
139
136
404
169
151
145
465
Brighton
110
120
118.
348
140
154
149
443
Faruham
106
117
82
305
142
140
149
437
Bath
106
120
120
346
144
147
142
433
Harrogate
97
120
127
344
137
152
139
428
Folkestone
90
112
102
304
141
138
133
412
Cheltenham
87
98
107
292
121
132
125
378
Eastbourne
90
98
107
295
109
123
117
349
Earlier mortality high :
Bournemouth .
187
229
218
634
173
174
157
504
Isle of Wight .
148
173
158
479
152
131
113
396
Worthing
119
139
142
400
141
137
121
399
Torquay .
119
129
124
372
115
116
112
343
Weston-super-Mare .
97
134
133
364
109
117
118
344
If we could distinguish the causes of death, as between men and
women, in the decennial summary, a good deal of light could be thrown
on these high death rates. The figures are only given in the summary for
"persons" at each age, though the totals are given by sexes. Hence, if
we take phthisis, the disease most potently affecting the figures, we have
the following Table : —
Deaths, all ages, by
Phthisis per 10,000
Deaths
of Persons
by Phthisis per 10,000 living
1891-1900.
living.
Male.
Female.
20—
25-
35—
45—
55—
Windsor .
16-1
11-3
14-9
18-5
18-4
26-8
20-3
Thanet
17-5
12-3
15-8
23-5
23-2
23-7
16-8
Southport .
17-0
11-7
18-1
22-9
25-2
20-4
16-6
Llandudno
19-0
13-2
19-2
25-6
25-7
26-1
16-4
Brighton .
18-0
10-5
14-5
19-3
25-4
26-3
19-0
Bath ....
14-9
9-2
12-9
18-9
23-6
20-3
13-1
Harrogate .
14-3
10-6
14-0
18-8
18-3
18-5
17-0
Bournemouth .
39-9
18-3
37-6
51-7
48-4
33-6
18-7
Isle of Wight .
24-8
13-4
32-5
34-6
33-7
23-6
14-8
Worthing .
, 15-9
11-4
14-0
25-1
26-7
21-0
12-0
Torquay
i lG-0
13-8
21-7
28-4
23-0
18-2
15-9
I
I
Here we notice that the proportion of deaths of persons by phthisis in
the last four places at age 25-35 ranges from nearly twice to almost three
times the similar ratio at age 55-65, but in the first seven the excess at
the earlier age is on a much smaller scale. I draw the conclusion that
2 u 2
660
England's Recent Progress.
mortality amongst males at ages 25-45 in Bournemouth and the Isle of
Wight is largely aflected by phthisis.
Another instance where the absence of particulars of death by sexes is
felt, is that of the heavy mortality in the rural parts of North Wales at
ages 15-65. The annual death rates by phthisis per 1000 living in
1891-1900 are found to be as under iu North Wales (and its
sub-divisions) : —
North AVales.
Salop and
Herefonl.
Death rates of Persons in
Plitliisis.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
«
1
5?"
>>
<u
Sd
o s
too
Kesidue
Carnarvon.
o
s
3
c
(3
S
15-20. .
1-42
2-11
•78
1-29
1-75
1-03
1-88
1-35
2-29
1-35
1-49
1-10
20-25. .
2-79
2-57
1-63
1-81
2-63
1-72
2-94
2-47
3-23
1-92
2-24
1-64
25-35. .
2-72
2-84
2-13
1-95
2-76
2-03
2-83
2-33
3-16
2-56
3-59
2-01
35-45. .
2-69
2-39
2-25
1-58
2-52
1-90
2-37
2-31
2-72
2-57
3-77
1-98
45-55. .
2-65
1-85
1-74
1-15
2-22
1-44
2-07
1-79
2-47
2-61
3-02
1-85
55^5. .
2-Gl
1-52
1-69
■90
2-04
1-29
1-91
1-69
2-54
1-G4
2 -GO
1-42
The figures for Salop are given to facilitate comparison with a fairly
healthy rural district in the neighliourhood. The remaining figures relate
to the sub-divisions of North Wales. It is clear that phthisis goes far to
account for the high death rates at early ages. At later ages other causes
also influence the total result, as shown below : —
North Wales.
Salop and
Hereford.
Death rates of Persons in
Diseases of
£?
Respiratory
»;
'%rs
<u
<o^
H 3
d
g
SysteiQ.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
1
is
O s
= Sao-
S3
s g
II
Llandud
X
o
45-55. .
2-7G
1-49
2-30
1-20
2-10
1-73
1'77
2-36
1-75
1-62
2-32
8-53
55-65 .
6-28
4-05
4-68
3-07
5-06
3-85
4-10
5-74
4-40
4-34
5-20
8-85
Diseases of
Nervous
System.
45-55. .
1-65
1-70
1-GO 1-39
1-67
1-49
1-26
1-G2
1-73
2-14
3-02
1-68
55-65. .
4-50
4-44
3-96 3-51
4-41
3-76
3-65
5-29
4-43
3-81
5-67
4-85
* With Radnor added, that county being included with Montgomery.
The high mortality by diseases of the nervous system in Ehyl is
connected with the existence there of a county lunatic asylum, but the
figure in the residue of Denbigh is also high. The Wrexham colliery
district exhibits heavy loss by diseases of the respiratory system, but
comparatively low mortality from phthisis. This last disease is specially
fatal in the residue of Carnarvonshire.
A
Appendix F.
661
The Welsh rural groups named are not the only ones in which more
than ordinary mortality from phthisis was experienced. In the Carmarthen
group things were worse, thus : —
Deatli rate per 1000 Persons by—
Age.
Phthisis. ' »-Sory
Nervous
system.
15-20
20-25
25-35
35-45
45-55
55-65
2-27 -25
3-61 -40
3-28 -50
2-65 -95
2-26 1-88
2-55 4-54
•29
•31
•38
•87
1-51
3-52
The mortality in this group of districts was however moderate as far
as concerns brain disease, and not very excessive by diseases of the lungs.
It is worthy of remark that phthisis is one of the diseases the victims of
wiiich (if living in towns) are most likely to return to their native places,
consumption hospitals being unlikely to retain chronic cases.
A careful study of the index numbers will convince us that it is
impossible to give effect to the natural desire to represent by a single
figure the death rate of each district. Where the infantile death rate is
low it may fairly be assumed that local conditions are favourable, but the
death rates at higher ages may be influenced by lunatic asylums, hospitals
and local conditions (whether unhealthy occupations, the attraction of
sick persons to health resorts, the return of migrants who have lost their
health, or even the loss of the more vigorous through migration), so that if
a combined ratio is arrived at it may be entirely misleading. Other
circumstances which may influence death rates include the existence
of important boarding schools, with numerous pupils who in case
of illness dangerous to life would almost invariably return to their proper
homes. Soldiers in camps or barracks form another select class, scarcely
likely to experience an average rate of mortality. London, it is believed,
sends away many invalids to pleasanter places on the coast, and even to
foreign parts. Then again London receives a number of sick persons
from the provinces for expert medical or surgical treatment, out of whom
many die either in nursing homes or in hospitals.
Where the death rates of the sexes widely differ it seems safe to
conclude that one sex is affected more than the other by adverse local
conditions, and that the more favoural)le record most truly represents the
natural salubrity of the place. The following are instances where in one
or JDoth of the decennial periods the average index number at ages 50-65
for males was at least 30 points higher than that for females : —
Age 50-65.
Excess of Afalo
nuniberd.
Age 50-G5.
Excess of Male
numbers.
1881-91.
1891-01.
1881-91.
1891-01.
Brentwood l
Jlcdruth
Bournemouth
Canterbury u
44
74
86
62
73
72
65
60
Uxbridgo t,
Malvoru i^ .
Halifax
Windsor .
d2
02
45
26
57
50
48
48
k
m-i
England's Recent Progress.
Excess of Male
Excess of Male
numbers.
numbers.
Age 50-65.
Age 50-65.
1881-91.
1891-01.
1881-91.
1891-01.
Saddleworth ....
18
45
Rochdale ....
30
30
Huddersfield .
40
35
Cambridge h .
, 48
24
Colchester ii .
4
33
Easthampstead l
i 45
17
Guildford l .
32
33
Potteries
42
20
Leamington l
17
32
Penzance
33
17
Maidstone L .
3
31
Worcester H
33
19
Todmorden .
15
31
Sheffield. . .
32
29
Oldham .
i 24
31
Kidderminster .
31
Aldershot, North
1 20
30
Bath H . . .
30
25
Exeter l . . .
1 20 ! 30
1 !
i
If we limit ourselves to the age 50-55 the following were notable
instances of the excess of male deaths over female in the second
decennium : —
50-
55
j 50-
-55
Death rates.
As 100
Death rates.
As 100
Males.
Females.
1 Males.
Females.
Bournemouth .
19-5
9-5
49
INIaidstone .
23-8
16-3
68
Redruth .
20-9
10-7
51
Hastings
15-5
10-6
68
Canterbury .
22-5
12-2
54
Easthampstead
12-4
8-5
69
]\Ialvern .
23-0
12-8
56
Leamington .
18-5
13-0
70
Windsor .
17-9
10-4
58
Bath . . .
16-5
11-5
70
Saddleworth
18-9
11-0
58
Exeter .
17-1
12-0
70
Brentwood .
33-0
19-5
59
Cambridge .
16-7
11-7
70
Uxbridge
26-3
15-6
59
Rochdale .
22-0
15-4
70
Halifax .
19-1
12-3
64
Oldham
24-2
17-2
71
Aldershot, North
12-7
8-2
64
Penzance .
13-7
9-9
72
Isle of Wight .
14-7
9-6
65
Bristol .
16-0
11-5
72
Todmorden .
17-0
11-3
66
Southport .
17-7
13-0
73
Huddersfield
18-9
12-7
67
Llandudno .
16-9
12-6
75
Guildford . .
17-2
11-5
67
Sheffield . .
20-4
15-3
75
Colchester .
15-9
10-8
68
Blackpool .
19-2
14-1
73
The following are a few examples of the opposite extreme :-
50-
55
50-55
Death rates. - As 100
Death rates.
As 100
to—
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Cromer ....
8-1
10-1 125
Whitehaven .
14-9
14-2
95
Sheerness .
11-9
12-5 105
Durham group
16-1
15-2
94
Barrrow-in-Furness
13-2
13-4 1 102
Crewe ....
14-4
13-1
91
Clacton ....
9-2
9-3 1 101
Doncaster .
12-8
11-6
91
Swindon.
11-7
11-6 99
Stockport .
19-5
16-6
85
Nuneaton .
10-9
10-5 96
Kidderminster
14-1
12-0
85
Chesterfield group .
12-4
11-9 96
Liverpool .
24-5
20-6
84
thus
In a few striking instances the death rates at various ages compare
Ap])endix F.
663
tH CO 05 <M >0 t-
^ (M O tH iH lO
(M tH rH rH 1-1
O O CO O -^ b-
CO T-l O 00 i-H O
(M tH rH tH i-H
-* 00 CO 05 CD 05
t- O i-H t- CD CO
CM rH (M rH iH
rt
^
13
^
<— «
e
>
ea
^n
^
?
■3 o!
C3-3
_bflg
oj o
CD * 03 * O O
a) M 03 03 o o
03 03 03 CC O O
Q> ■» ID CD 05 O
"S "3 la "cs ', I,
g g g gs^
CO w m CO o O
<u a> 'X' o Oi o
c3 cd c3 c3 '. '■
g g g gSo
S S 00 CO
o ^
t§
S
OT 03 «3 03 O O
03 d) 03 03 05 O
"cS 'c3 Is 'cS ' J.
g g g gs^
0) 03 CB 00
^ ^ =2
(364
England's Becent Progress.
en 03 M tn o O
o o m ai C5 o
'3 le "3 la I J.
O o OC 00
CO CO Cfl M o O
(u o o o crs o
le "3 "cs le J, I
gag gSo
'^ O S 00 00
C/3 CO M 02 O O
O O O <D o O
li li "3 Is ' '
g g g g^s
<D <B 00 00
CO C/3 03 00 O O
Q O (U O CT o
13 13 '3 13 ^ J,
g g g g 00 Gi
S 3 00 00
o ^£5
Appendix F.
665
If we exclude from the 47 residential and military places those where
the death rates are obviously affected by lunatic asylums, hospitals, the
resort of invalids and the inadequate returns of population at the date
of the Census, there remain 23 which certainly are affected in some
degree by the last-mentioned two causes, but which show moderate death
rates at most ages, and especially amongst women. These 23 are : —
Reigate.
Staines.
Southend.
Sheerness.
Herno Bay.
Tnnbridge.
Farnham.
Aldershot, North.
Deal.
Folkestone.
Dover.
Hastings.
Eastbourne.
Maidenhead.
Poole.
Weymouth.
Cheltenham.
Weston-super-Mare.
Torquay.
St. German's.
Clacton.
Bedford.
Cromer.
And their rates of mortality may be abstracted thus : —
1881-1890.
1891-1000.
Age at
end of
Decen-
nium.
Alales.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Under
120.
12U to
140.
wards.
wards.
Under 120 to
120. 140.
141
and up-
wards.
Under
120.
120 to
140.
141
and up-
wards.
0-15 .
30-35 .
35-40 .
40-45 .
45-50 .
50-55 .
65-60 .
60-65 .
65-70 .
70-75 .
22
17
18
12
12
13
12
19
21
21
1
5
5
9
8
9
11
4
2
2
"i
2
3
1
22
23
23
22
21
22
22
19
23
23
1
1
2
1 : .
1
4
23
20
22
19
. ' 16
16
18
16
17
21
*3
1
4
5
6
3
6
6
2
"2
1
2
1
22
23
23
23
23
21
21
23
23
23
1
"2
2
■
There are grounds here for the belief that if deaths of visitors could be
eliminated, the scale of mortality in many residential places would prove
to be low, even where it is apparently medium or high.
The districts marked l and h in the Table on page 661 were the
seats of lunatic asylums and hospitals of some importance as affecting
local mortality. Bournemouth certainly attracts male invalids. There is
a preponderance, in the rest of the districts tabulated, of places which are
seats of textile manufactures. The Potteries and Sheffield are places of
high mortality generally.
Female mortality at age 50-G5 as represented by the index numbers
was not usually above that of males ; the most noticeable exceptions are
shown below : —
I
Age 50-65.
Excess of Female
Number.
Ago 50-65.
Excess of Female
Number.
1881-91.
1391-01.
1881-91.
1891-01.
Barrow-in-Furness .
Shecrncss
Chesterfield
Swindon .
Clacton .
19
12
11
'4
21
15
9
12
11
Weymouth .
Crowe .
rjlaiidudno .
(Jroiiicr
Whitehaven.
19
15
11
6
5
8
2
20
12
10
k
666 England's lieccnt Progress.
Tho 160 districts may be very roughly classified as follows : — ■
31 with low mortality both at age 0-15 and at 60 upwards.
19 ,, somewhat higher mortality.
16 „ low mortality at 0-15 and somewhat high at ecT upwards.
24 „ medium rates.
14 ,, high mortality at 0-15 and less high at 60 upwards.
56 „ high mortality at both periods.
But, if we exclude the seats of important asylums and hospitals and the
2-4 other places of unequal mortality as between the sexes which figure in
the last two small Tables, we have the following results : —
Index Kumbei's.
Low.
Rather
Higher.
Low and
1 High.
Medium.
High and
Low.
High.
Large towns ....
9
Textile manufacturing places .
12
Industrial and colliery districts
4
..
2
7
8
Old towns ....
..
1
Eesidential, military, &c.
14
2
1
5
2
1
Rural
10
11
3
Totals .
24
17
1
10
9
31
The first four lines represent the districts mostly subject to high
mortality ; in the others, death rates are generally low. The exceptions
are, four industrial districts (Eugby, Millom, Tilbury and WelHngborough)
with large proportions of rural inhabitants and relatively low death rates,
and three residential districts (Scarborough, Brighton and Blackpool)
where the population counted in March cannot be more than a fraction
of that which is resident at the height of the season, and death rates
calculated thereon therefore seem high.
Tables are appended showing the index numbers at 0-15 and 60
upwards in each of the 160 districts classified under the heads shown
above, with summaries showing the average index numbers in groups, and
the excess or shortage of male mortality in such groups, as also the rise
or fall of index numbers as between the first and second decennium.
Appendix F.
067
Tables showing Index Numbers op Mortality, at ages 0-15 and 60 upwards, in
each of the 160 districts, arranged under classes according as the ratios
ARE Low OR High, or Low at the Commencement op Life and High later
ON, or the Reverse. In deciding the place of any district, the figures for the
second decennium are consulted, and the sex which shows the least unfavourable
mortality.
This classification is submitted only as a rough and imperfect one.
LOW.
Males, 18S1-1891.
0-15. 60
75—
Females, 1S81-1891.
75—
Easthampstead l
Isle of Wight
Reigate .
Heme Bay
Cromer .
Bedford h
Weymouth
Deal . .
St. German's
Clacton .
Tunbridge
Bournemouth
Maidenhead
Eastbourne .
Torquay .
Aldershot, North
Staines .
Hastings
Folkestone
Poole .
Worthing
One-twenty-first
Sussex
Wilts.
Hants
Essex
Bucks
Norfolk
Devon
Kent .
Northampton
Lincoln .
One-tenth
83
82
83
96
87
98
102
91
126
103
92
96
83
102
103
90
97
100
105
97
83
1,999
95
81
86
87
93
99
97
99
96
105
105
948
95
131
122
101
90
93
119
96
118
117
93
116
118
101
105
112
100
116
118
133
111
118
2,328
111
103
107
106
106
104
91
105
105
102
102
1,031
108
118
103
97
94
93
112
100
104
107
86
108
110
107
102
108
98
102
116
119
110
115
2,209
105
101
105
101
102
102
93
100
101
103
102
1,010
101
93
100
104
94
91
107
100
111
112
83
110
116
104
104
105
99
123
104
93
105
98
2,156
103
97
106
105
105
107
93
lUl
105
101
100
1,020
102
111
97
102
102
105
108
100
101
98
99
110
122
112
118
102
101
104
109
98
119
100
2,218
106
100
103
101
103
106
102
99
99
102
101
1,016
102
84
82
80
105
84
101
98
91
111
100
88
92
90
99
99
86
99
98
116
98
81
1,982
94
93
98
95
98
97
103
100
944
94
95
98
95
99
86
107
121
103
101
93
105
103
127
98
103
88
121
107
106
116
102
2,174
104
104
109
104
102
110
94
104
108
100
99
1.034
103
104
107
99
98
95
103
115
108
107
90
110
102
120
99
104
93
119
104
104
112
103
2,196
105
107
111
107
102
107
95
109
105
100
99
1,042
104
105
100
92
99
97
107
99
103
104
99
114
96
105
98
95
99
108
99
101
97
105
2,122
101
104
114
108
101
114
93
105
101
100
100
1,040
104
111
100
100
93
96
104
97
99
97
105
111
114
100
108
104
102
104
101
94
107
103
2,150
102
100
105
101
103
105
101
100
101
101
99
1,016
102
NoTK.— I- denotes the existence of a county lunatic asylum ; a that of an important hospital,
668
England's Becent Progress.
MODERATE.
Males, 1S81-1891.
Females, ISSl-
-1891.
0-15.
60-
65—
70—
75—
0-15. :
60—
65—
70—
75—
Southend . .
103
104
106
107
102
102
106
112
104
110
Dover
106
122
117
99
98
111
113
117
96
96
Sheerness .
114
107
88
112
105
101 j
123
114
95
104
323
333
311
318
305
314
342
343
295
310
One-third . .
108
111
104
106
102
105
114
114
98
103
Rugby . . .
86
108
104
98
98
95
109
111
106
105
Swindon
116
124
133
124
116
115
107
113
112
111
Wellingborough
118
102
108
106
113
121
101
114
106
101
Tilbury . . .
111
124
119
98
104
122
109
95
93
93
Millom .
95
137
146
113
93
98
111
107
104
99
526
595
610
539
524
551
537
540
521
509
One-fifth . .
105
119
122
108
105
110
107
108
104
102
Gloucester .
95
121
116
109
105
93
108
110
109
101
Cumberland
91
126
114
111
104
87
111
113
119
105
Salop.
99
121
121
112
107
99
109
113
112
105
jMonmouth .
98
112
113
116
103
100
110
112
108
102
Cornwall
112
121
114
112
103
119
103
103
107
102
Durham .
97
129
120
122
107
98
126
118
124
105
StafEord . . .
101
114
115
113
103
99
105
107
110
103
]\Iontgomery
104
115
112
114
104
99
■ 107
107
110
103
York ....
105
106
108
108
103
106
112
111
113
104
Leicester
107
114
114
110
107
104
116
113
114
108
Carmarthen. .
101
121
117
109
104
101
110
111
108
100
1,110
1,300
1,264
1,236
1,150
1,105
1,217
1,218
1,234
1,138
One-eleventh .
101
118
115
112
105
100
111
111
112
103
Appendix F.
669
LOW AND HIGH.
Males, 1881-
1891.
Females, 1881
-1891.
0-15.
60—
65—
To-
75 —
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Godstono L
81
I IGl
152
ns
120
80
167
156
164
130
Malvern l .
85
152
141
138
117
84
103
119
117
107
Watford l, .
98
151
13G
138
114
101
143
138
136
110
Woston- super -■>
Mare . . . j
91
117
112
100
105
89
103
107
98
104
Brentwood l .
98
188
1G3
137
118
100
156
165
133
116
Salisbury l h .
91
135
120
125
115
84
141
140
124
112
Guildford l h.
87
145
122
123
101
88
126
118
117
115
Windsor
102
144
145
139
112
102
124
137
116
lOG
Leamington r,.
107
135
134
131
IIG
103
130
121
107
108
Bath H .
109
147
147
132
112
109
128
130
115
107
Uxbridge l
111
179
151
128
110
111
145
137
114
110
Hliyl L . . .
101
159
139
141
112
98
150
142
137
109
1,161
1,813
1,662
1,580
1,352
1,149
1,616
1,610
1,478
1,340
One-twelfth .
97
151
139
132
113
9G
135
134
123
112
Stafford L ii ,
105
1G8
IGG
134
118
113
153
156
141
110
*Wharfedalo L .
123
13G
12G
135
109
120
139
142
136
118
Kidderminster
124
134
127
115
lOG
124
114
118
114
105
Todmorden
131
183
165
166
126
130
160
158
159
119
378
453
418
41G
341
874
413
418
409
342
One-third
12G
151
139
139
114
125
138
139
136
114
* 'i'liu couiity liiiiiitic asylum here was opoiied in Ootolior, 1SS8.
670
England's Becent Progress.
MEDIUM.
Males, 1881-
L891.
Females, 1881
-1891.
0-15.
60—
65-
1
70—
75 —
0-15.
1
60—
65—
70—
75-
Llandudno .
87
116
111
128
112
88
118
127
109
109
Harrogate .
105
188
121
129
123
105
120
117
130
116
Cheltenham h .
116
129
134
122
108
116
113
117
111
106
Famham .
117
132
121
118
103
123
110
116
112
111
Thanet . . .
113
140
131
118
108
120
127
116
102
104
Southport .
118
157
152
137
117
120
135
133
124
110
Colchester h .
113
130
135
118
123
127
118
122
116
118
Chatham .
127
137
125
114 1
106
127
119
126
115
108
896
1,079
1,030
984 1
900
926
960
974
919
882
One-eighth .
112
135
129
123
112
116
120
122
115
110
Luton .
141
115
118
124
113
138
123
124
115
115
Burton- on-i
Trent l . . /
114
152
141
144
120
108
130
132
121
111
Southampton H
107
140
127
114 '
113
111
119
115
106
108
Cockermouth .
127
150
137
132
113
130
147
143
137
110
Crewe .
117
116
114
117 ;
113
116
135
138
127
113
606
673
637
631
572
603
654
652
606
557
One-fifth. .
121
135
127
126
114
121
131
130
121
111
tCambridge h .
116
171
156
128
115
133
124
121
108
102
Oxford L H . .
119
139
142
135 :
115
117
127
123
119
109
Beading h .
113
145
135
125 :
109
113
135
137
117
107
Ipswich L .
121
142
123
112
112
121
116
115
114
108
Exeter l .
119
139
133
124
110
121
119
121
118
107
Lincoln l .
135
143
146
124
114
129
119
123
115
114
* Chester l h
111
160
149
143
108
122
135
136
135
106
*^Iaidstone l .
116
151
141
128 1
116
119
155
142
125
112
950
1,190
1,125
1,019 I
899
975
1,030
1,018
951
865
One-eighth .
119
149
141
127
112
122
129
127
119
108
Denbigh
103
134
135
124
109
105
127
121
122
107
Carnarvon .
111
129
118
118
107
115
117
112
115
105
Lancashire
119
131
126
121
111
119
130
130
149
108
333
394
379
363
327
339
374
363
386
320
One-third .
111
131
126
121
109
118
125
121
129
107
* These places should perhaps have been classed as " High."
f In Cambridge a gi-eat abatement of male njortality is shown in the next decennium.
Appendix F,
671
HIGH AND LOW OR MEDIUM.
Males, 1881-
1891.
Females, 1881
-1891.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60-
65—
70—
75—
Scarborough
125
133
122
110
114
123
124
118
112
111
Brighton
131
131
121
116
112
129
115
112
105
105
256
264
243
226
226
252
239
230
217
216
One-half . .
128
132
121
113
113
126
119
115
108
108
Falmouth .
134
104
101
112
103
137
94
103
97
103
Cannock
115
111
106
118
100
120
110
117
116
102
Ashby-de-la-l
Zouch . . . /
117
110
108
121
107
111
106
109
118
108
Kettering
122
103
97
106
111
116
99
105
105
100
Nuneaton
131
98
96
104
105
12S
107
105
104
104
Chesterfield .
135
115
117
122
110
135
122
122
126
111
Helston .
148
134
122
117
108
145
109
102
105
101
Grimsby
130
121
113
105
103
131
109
115
108
106
Penzance
137
133
122
115
105
147
97
98
99
102
Redruth .
152
177
173
147
114
159
112
119
114
103
1,321
1,206
1,155
1,167
1,066
1,329
1,065
1,095
1,092
1,046
One-tenth
132
121
115
117
107
133
106
109
109
105
Yarmouth l
129
116
113
116
111
127
106
107
102
107
Norwich l .
138
122
120
115
113
139
116
117
115
110
2G7
238
233
231
224
2G6
222
224
217
217
One-half . .
133
119
116
115
112
1.33
111
112
108
108
672
England's Becent Progress.
HIGH.
Males, 1881-
1891.
Females, 1881
-1891.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65-
70—
75—
Canterbury ii .
131
165
154
149
115
134
131
138
116
100
Blackpool .
129
153
134
137
120
129
132
132
131
116
Portsmouth l .
129
151
133
117
112
131
127
125
116
114
Morecambe l .
135
176
154
140
122
137
153
142
148
120
Plymouth H
149
135
127
121
106
155
123
122
114
107
673
780
702
664
575
686
666
659
625
557
One-fifth .
135
156
140
133
115
137
133
132
125
111
Whitehaven .
129
173
IBS
140
112
131
160
158
140
105
Wrexham .
126
147
145
153
119
129
149
139
140
114
Barrow .
134
133
12S
132
105
142
153
157
144
114
Kotherham .
141
142
138
139
110
145
144
132
130
116
Doncaster .
127
124
125
129
110
130
118
114
116
100
Barnsley l, .
us
144
144
144
119
154
141
139
143
117
Durham group .
149
153
143
142
116
155
151
143
138
116
Glamorgan group
148
162
157
143
112
152
147
146
135
106
Middlesbro' .
151
146
144
144
117
151
151
142
139
119
Wolverhampton
157
150
150
144
113
162
132
137
133
108
WalsaU . . .
149
149
147
143
115
155
140
139
146
112
Wigan L . .
163
180
170
165
117
166
174
164
157
116
Potteries
169
196
184
164
122
167
165
161
154
119
1,891
1,999
1,963
1,882
1,487
1,939
1,925
1,871
1,815
1,468
One-thirteenth
145
154
151
145
114
149
148
144
140
113
Appendix F.
673
HIGH.
Males, 1881-1891.
Females, 1881
-1891.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60-
65-
70—
75—
Carlisle l h .
128
158
147
138
114
127
156
148
131
115
King's Lynn H.
134
156
131
120
109
127
129
130
109
102
Northampton LH
142
140
149
141
127
147
138
142
128
127
Gloucester l h .
j 112
154
144
133
116
113
135
148
129
115
Coventry
i 130
133
137
142
113
126
124
117
129
112
York L H . .
129
156
155
154
114
141
146
139
135
113
Derby h. . .
134
143
147
133
107
133
152
149
149
114
Worcester h
143
177
164
152
115
141
128
122
127
112
Wakefield l .
155
1,207
178
160
162
120
157
171
164
149
120
1,395
1,334
1,275
1,035
1,212
1,279
1,259
1,186
1,030
One-ninth
1-34
155
148
142
115
135
142
140
132
114
Bristol .
129
144
142
129
109
127
126
128
119
107
London .
149
164
153
133
114
154
140
140
123
111
Leicester
161
135
131
125
113
159
126
123
121
112
HuU ....
153
161
149
153
122
154
140
132
127
113
Birmingham
147
160
156
143
117
151
145
142
134
114
Nottingha.m
175
163
159
147
122
173
151
152
148
117
Leeds
173
185
175
175
125
175
173
167
158
123
Sheffield . . .
173
194
179
181
125
178
166
155
151
121
Liverpool
181
207
189
163
120
191
201
190
152
117
Manchester .
177
210
186
175
124
181
198
191
165
121
1,618
1,723
1,619
1,524
1,191
1,643
1,566
1,520
1,398
1,156
One-tenth
162
!
172
162
152
119
164
157
152
140
116
Saddleworth
! 143
168
156
152
112
139
150
152
149
115
Leek ....
1 127
119
1.32
129
107
123
135
135
145
111
Huddersfield
! 152
179
163
159
123
150
140
136
140
115
Macclesfield l .
143
156
146
137
111
135
168
168
159
116
Halifax .
141
190
174
164
119
145
147
140
140
119
Keighley
146
165
160
147
119
144
153
153
161
126
Rochdale
i 147
192
181
174
123
145
170
163
162
119
Glossop .
154
174
156
156
112
156
175
178
147
99
Haslingden .
153
168
161
165
122
153
180
168
161
121
Bradford
157
179
171
162
121
156
159
157
154
121
Bolton .
159
190
179
178
123
160
185
177
174
119
Bury ....
155
191
173
169
125
155
174
170
170
121
Dewsbury .
169
159
153
158
122
170
139
143
142
118
Blackburn .
183
196
187
175
127
183
198
186
174
123
Stockport .
168
185
176
161
123
166
188
187
174
123
Ashton - under -
Lyne .
Burnley .
[ 172
179
187
180
176
123
170
190
185
184
121
180
172
174
127
171
178
169
167
128
Oldham .
181
198
184
185
134
178
185
180
183
128
Preston l
197
199
181
161
121
195
198
186
169
120
3,026
3,375
3,185
3,082
2,294
2,994
3,212
3,133
3,065
2,263
One-nineteenth
159
178
168
162
121
158
169
165
161
119
2 X
674
England's Becent Progress.
LOW.
JIales, 1891-
1901.
Females, 189]
-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
7^
0-15.
60—
65-
70—
75—
Easthampstead
L 73
101
93
114
' 96
77
94
98
I 93
1
97
Isle of Wight
85
111
102
108
102
79
98
98
104
101
Beigate . .
79
126
104
112
103
79
95
95
105
103
Heme Bay .
87
103
92
90
96
85
101
102
j 102
101
Cromer .
87
92
94
95
100
87
90
97
87
103
Bedford h .
90
104
105
112
107
90
95
100
105
103
Weymouth .
95
114
112
106
103
91
99
! 109
117
104
Deal . . .
89
102
101
107
98
91
100
! 95
100
99
St. German's
92
103
103
106
99
93
116
' 113
97
93
Clacton .
97
89
90
106
97
95
97
98
100
97
Tunbridge .
97
115
109
122
105
97
103
103
103
106
Bournemouth
97
144
131
116
108
97
88
93
93
101
Maidenhead .
94
115
111
107
97
98
106
103
105
98
Eastbourne .
. 1 95
115
113
102
98
98
98
96
105
97
Torquay .
101
115
114
111
100
98
103
107
109
101
Aldershot.Nortl
1 100
120
121
101
98
99
90
97
103
98
Staines .
97
118
123
110
100
100
102
97
120
107
Hastings
103
135
126
118
103
100
106
107
102
101
Folkestone .
108
125
110
120
110
105
101
96
95
104
Poole. . .
103
102
112
109
102
106
94
94
103
"99
Worthing .
98
123
108
115
112
108
96
97
98
107
:1,967
2,372
2,274
2,287
2,139
1,973
2,072
2,095
2,146
2,120
One-twenty-firs
t 94
113
108
109
102
94
99
100
102
101
Sussex -
79
99
102
103
102
78
104
108
110
103
Wilts.
80
111
110
113
103
78
110
111
115
103
Hants
82
106
103
105
101
82
102
105
110
101
Essex
87
103
106
110
103
86
99
102
108
101
Bucks
91
104
104
109
103
89 1
104
107
113
103
Norfolk
91
89
94
97
98
91
92
98
103
100
Devon
80
107
107
110
98
91 1
103
111
112
99
Kent .
95
102
102
105
99
95 1
101
102
106
100
Northampton .
97
100
105
108
102
95 j
95
103
108
100
Lincoln .
102
99
103
107
101
99
95
98
107
99
884
1,020
1,036
1,067
1,010 1
884
1,005
1,045 !
1,092
1,009
KOTE.— L denotes the existence of a county lunatic asylum or other large asylum for lunatics ;
H that of an important hospital.
Appendix F.
675
MODERATE.
I
Males, 1891-1901.
Females, 1891
-1901.
0-15.
60—
Os-
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Southend
105
108
lo?
118
118
104
103
109
106
113
Dover
114
126
112
112
101
113
102
105
112
106
Sheerness .
112
108
103
118
95
121
111
111
117
98
331
342
322
348
314
338
316
325
335
317
One-third
110
114
107
116
105
113
105
108
112
106
Eugby . . .
89
97
96
105
104
84
101
100
110
103
Swindon .
101
114
113
110
93
102
124
120
106
93
Wellingborough
107
107
105
104
103
109
95
102
103
109
Tilbury . . .
101
108
100
104
98
110
103
104
114
96
Millom . . .
114
108
111
124
110
113
115
114
123
103
512
534
531
547
508
518
538
540
556
504
One-fifth . .
102
107
106
109
102
104
108
108
111
101
Gloucester .
87
121
128
119
102
86
109
117
113
99
Cumberland
89
114
117
126
104
89
114
114
120
107
Salop. . . .
93
119
119
122
106
92
108
114
119
105
Monmouth . .
96
117
109
111
103
97
116
111
118
100
Cornwall
103
110
110
113
100
98
106
109
119
99
Durham
102
118
121
126
107
100
119
127
133
107
Stafford . . .
103
120
115
114
104
102
109
115
115
106
Montgomery
103
119
120
123
110
101
114
119
124
105
York. . . .
105
108
113
112
101
103
115
114
122
104
Leicester
109
111
110
112
104
107
114
117
120
104
Carmarthen
111
123
120
127
106
109
119
122
124
105
1,101
1,280
1,277
1,305
1,147
1,084
1,243
1,278
1,327
1,141
One-eleventh.
100
116
116
119
104
99
113
116
121
104
2x2
L
676
England's Bccent Progress,
LOW AND HIGH.
Males, 1891-1901.
Females, 1891-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60-
65—
70-
75—
Godstone l .
74
1G3
180
177
122
64
161
168
156
137
Jlalvern l .
87
150
138
130
117
77
113
120
101
110
Watford l . .
87
139
146
136
121
85
128
135
140
119
Weston - super -\
Mare* . . .)
89
134
124
117
106
85
110
110
106
101
Brentwood l
82
225
192
189
130
87
181
178
141
135
Salisbury l h .
88
122
116
122
108
89
127
120
121
114
Guildford l h .
95
144
130
128
110
90
111
117
116
112
Windsor! .
95
144
138
136
115
94
109
111
117
108
Leamington l .
102
149
139
128
107
103
116
123
120
108
Bath H . . .
112
140
139
123
107
105
112
117
117
106
Uxbridge l .
105
180
177
101
122
107
148
137
142
120
Rhyl L . . .
111
165
154
156
124
108
164
161
137
117
1,127
1,855
1,773
1,703
1,389
1,094
1,580
1,597
1,514
1,387
One-twelfth .
94
155
148
142
116
91
132
133
126
116
Stafford L H .
101
179
172
157
118
106
153
145
147
121
Wharfedale l .
110
158
163
166
122
105
160
153
158
123
Kidderminster .
119
130
144
121
107
109
134
137
123
106
Todmorden .
123
166
163
181
121
117
143
153
165
124
352
454
470
468
350
1 331
437
443
446
353
One-third .
117
151
157
156
117
110
1 146
148
149
118
* This place might well be classed as " Medium."
+ As shown on a preceding page, the mortality in Windsor by phthisis amongst males at the higher
ages is heavy, and it is suggested that worn-out veterans are unusually numerous there.
Appendix F.
1)77
MEDIUM.
Males, 1891-1901.
Females, 1891-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70-
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Llandudno .
118
135
137
183
113
107
120
117
121
111
Harrogate .
111
130
135
153
112
114
120
132
133
120
Cheltenham h .
107
122
128
118
111
114
105
112
120
104
Farnham
115
144
132
131
106
117
114
108
107
106
Thanet . . .
107
129
180
124
109
122
109
109
112
103
Southport .
125
159
148
147
115
123
182
129
130
110
Colchester h .
124
187
140
130
118
127
114
119
114
114
Chatham
122
119
122
120
105
127
128
120
111
106
929
1,075
1,072
1,056
889
951
937
946
948
874
One-eighth .
116
134
134
132
111
119
117
118
118
109
Luton .
114
115
119
112
108
115
103
114
119
106
Burton-ou- i
Trent l . .j
Southampton h .
127
144
139
140
115
119
118
128
128
113
115
150
144
139
111
120
127
123
123
107
Cockermouth .
125
116
125
130
105
122
127
124
181
109
Crewe
123
134
133
134
112
124
123
130
135
114
604
659
660
655
551
600
598
619
636
549
One-fifth . .
121
132
132
131
110
120
120
124
127
110
Cambridge h .
116
146
151
138
114
105
130
130
112
107
Oxford L H .
114
141
127
125
123
106
124
127
128
115
Reading h .
113
138
139
134
120
114
120
119
116
112
Ipswich L .
122
135
129
136
109
116
122
119
124
112
Exeter l
120
153
141
128
107
119
119
125
119
104
Lincoln l .
123
126
126
128
117
120
120
127
122
110
Chester* l h .
112
159
164
140
111
120
148
137
134
113
Maidstone* l .
120
171
157
145
122
120
152
150
143
120
940
1,169
1,114
1,074
923
920
1,035
1,084
998
893
One-eighth .
117
146
139
134
115
115
129
129
125
112
Denbigh .
107
139
142
141
111
112
134
142
139
105
Carnarvon .
107
181
134
132
110
113
124
130
129
108
Lancashire .
118
185
130
127
105
124
134
129
185
109
332
405
400
400
826
349
392
401
408
322
One-third . .
111
135
135
133
109
116
181
134
134
107
These i)luces should perliupa have beeu classed as " Uish."
L
678
England's Recent Progress.
HIGH AND LOW OR MEDIUM.
Males, 1S91-
1901.
Females, 1S91
-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Scarborough* .
123
130
114
128
110
120
115
120
128
107
Brighton* . .
125
136
127
119
105
128
114
113
110
106
248
266
241
247
215
248
229
233
238
213
One-half . .
124
133
120
123
107..
124
114
116
119
106
Falmouth .
124
128
126
117
102
112
113
111
110
99
Cannock
122
127
129
130
103
119
105
123
125
105
Ashby-de-la-i
Zouch . . .1
117
108
114
112
107
120
106
115
123
104
Kettering
120
93
100
115
109
121
99
112
116
110
Nuneaton . .
131
116
128
126
107
132
119
133
126
103
Chesterfield .
135
122
123
122
111
134
126
130
132
114
Helston .
131
126
139
148
104
134
101
111
114
97
"Grimsby
143
103
111
118
107
145
120
120
109
103
Penzance
135
116
123
133
103
146
106
110
107
94
Redruth .
149
181
169
146
105
149
112
120
125
102
1,307
1,215
1,262
1,267
1,056
1,312
1,107
1,185
1,187
1,031
One-tenth
131
121
126
127
106
131
111
lis
119
103
Yarmouth l
131
120
123
111
109
134
106
114
104
105
Norwich L .
142
126
126
117
110
139
118
120
115
107
273
246
249
228
219
273
224
234
219
212
One-half . .
136
123
124
114
109
136
112
117
109
106
* It is elsewhere suggested that the population of these places in March is no true measure fit to be
applied to the numbei-s of deaths which occur there.
Appendix F.
679
HIGH.
Males, 1S91-
1901.
Females, 1891
-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75 —
0-15.
60—
65—
70-
122
75—
Canterbury h .
120
159
169
138
125
127
120
128
122
Blackpool* .
133
153
162
167
121
128
138
140
141
122
Portsmouth l .
129
138
132
132
111
133
131
130
125
111
Morecambe l, .
131
168
159
154
119
134
179
165
159
122
Plymouth h .
144
143
131
123
107
143
129
132
122
104
657
761
753
714
583
665
697
695
669
581
One-fifth . .
131
152
151
143
117
133
139
139
134
116
Whitehaveuf .
129
138
138
137
115
127
147
153
151
111
Wrexham .
133
166
158
152
116
137
142
147
156
108
Barrow .
136
118
132
143
104
138
147
168
144
117
Rotherham .
148
145
139
134
108
147
132
136
151
108
Doncaster .
149
133
133
126
112
148
118
126
124
111
Barnsley l .
153
148
148
143
115
154
143
141
151
118
Durham group .
152
146
145
143
113
158
148
145
143
113
Glamorgan "|
group . . f
156
162
158
146
108
158
152
151
141
107
Middlesbro'
153
151
152
. 141
114
158
148
151
148
111
Wolverhampton
165
151
151
142
110
165
142
143
139
107
WalsallJ . .
167
159
164
144
108
169
145
157
147
109
Wigan L . .
167
178
174
163
115
172
173
178
168
113
Potteries
181
187
178
158
112
184
161
160
153
109
1,989
1,982
1,970
1,872
1,450
2,015
1,898
1,956
1,916
1,442
One-thirteenth
153
152
152
144
112
155
146
150
147
111
* The note on the next prooedintr page as to Scarborough and BriRhton also applies to Blackpool.
+ The mortality in Whitehaven shows (j;reat improvement at ages 00-70.
% Walsall is mainly o(ciipi( d willi .saddle making, hut socially must be under the indncnce of the
Black Country ; the mortality depend.'! largely on the standard of living.
680
EnglamVs Becent Progress.
HIGH.
Males, 1891-1901.
Females, 1891-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Carlisle h l. .
122
162
160
147
117
120
160
157
155
115
King's Lynn h.
130
139
154
142
105
131
130
142
118
103
Northampton 1
L H . . .1'
133
154
145
137
119
132
120
125
129
115
Gloucester l h.
128
150
152
143
119
137
142
135
126
117
Coventry
127
133
141
135
116
137
126
134
131
107
York L H
138
152
150
139
122
138
143
146
145
114
Derby H . .
137
167
159
151
120
140
145
146
145
117
Worcester h
144
161
147
139
116
144
137
143
131
107
Wakefield* l .
154
164
165
158
115
154
152
160
147
117
1,213
1,382
1,873
1,291
1,049
1,233
1,255
1,288
1,227
1,012
One-ninth
135
154
153
144
117
137
139
143
136
112
Bristol .
125
141
139
129
109
124
129
130
119
105
London .
145
158
153
140
110
149
134
136
128
109
Leicester
156
132
132
126
111
155
122
125
124
108
Hull ....
155
147
141
144
114
155
130
132
130
108
Birmingham
154
169
161
145
113
159
147
148
140
110
Nottingham
159
159
155
144
118
163
148
142
131
114
Leeds
171
174
178
166
123
172
158
162
155
117
Sheffield. . .
175
183
172
161
118
180
153
153
154
114
Liverpool
172
187
192
166
114
181
184
188
162
114
Manchester .
178
206
197
173
117
184
186
187
168
116
1,590
1,656
1,620
1,494
1,147
1,622
1,491
1,503
1,411
1,115
One-tenth
159
166
162
149
115
162
149
150
141
112
* It should be noted that the existence of lunatic asylums and hospitals does not account for high
infantile death rates in Wakefield and elsewhere. Several coUiei-y towns are within the Wakefield
district.
Appendix F.
681
HIGH.
Males, 1891-
1901.
Females, 1891
-1901.
0-15.
60—
65—
70-
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Saddleworth
121
183
170
167
101
123
147
189
148
103
Leek ....
12G
139
135
126
112
127
135
147
129
112
Huddersfield
141
172
166
164
117
130
140
147
144
112
Macclesfield l .
128
165
166
155
110
132
162
152
155
115
Halifax .
136
187
176
173
122
134
139
148
152
114
Keighley
139
163
159
155
116
141
148
150
162
120
Rochdale
143
189
178
174
122
143
174
169
164
118
Glossop .
151
193
175
156
111
146
161
167
154
119
Haslingden .
152
179
183
166
117
148
164
172
168
110
Bradford . .
151
173
172
162
117
152
149
153
152
114
Bolton .
164
190
188
172
121
161
173
176
168
116
Bury ....
161
199
190
179
121
161
174
175
166
117
Dewsbury .
175
164
167
168
121
169
144
155
141
114
Blackburn .
175
184
181
178
122
171
178
182
177
117
Stockport .
174
185
180
163
119
172
165
162
163
118
Ashton - under - (
Lyne . . ./
173
186
184
174
123
177
171
174
174
122
Burnley .
176
169
174
167
127
177
171
173
173
120
Oldham .
179
203
197
178
125
178
181
180
172
118
Preston l .
190
195
183
166
119
194
189
187
171
118
2,955
3,418
3,324
3,143
2,243
2,936
8,065
3,108
8,033
2,197
One-nineteenth
156
180
175
165
118
155
161
164
160
116
682
England's Recent Progress,
Males, 1881-1891.
Males, 1891-
-1901.
Average Index Numbers.
Average
Index Numbe
•s.
0-15.
co-
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Residential, military and
miscellaneous —
21 low .
3 moderate .
12 low and high
8 medium
2 high and low or medium
5 high ....
95
108
97
112
128
185
lli
111
151
135
132
156
105
104
139
129
121
140
103
106
132
123
113
133
106
102
113
112
113
115
94
110
94
116
124
131
113
114
165
134
133
152
108
107
148
134
120
151
109
116
142
132
123
143
102
105
116
111
107
117
Industrial and colliery —
5 moderate .
1 low and high
5 medium
10 high and low or medium
13 high ....
105
105
121
132
145
119
168
135
121
154
122
166
127
115
151
108
134
126
117
145
105
118
114
107
114
102
101
121
131
153
107
179
132
121
152
106
172
132
126
152
109
157
131
127
144
102
118
110
106
112
Old towns —
8 medium
2 high and low or medium
9 high ....
119
133
134
149
119
155
141
116
148
127
ai5
142
112
112
115
117
136
135
146
123
154
139
124
153
134
114
144
115
109
117
Textile—
3 low and high
19 high ....
126
159
151
178
139
168
139
162
114
121
117
156
151
180
157
175
156
165
117
118
Large towns —
10 high ....
162
172
162
152
119
159
166
162
149
115
Rural —
10 low ....
11 moderate .
3 medium
95
101
111
103
118
131
101
115
126
102
112
121
102
105
109
88
100
111
102
116
135
104
116
135
107
119
133
101
104
109
Appendix F,
683
Females 1S81
-1891.
Females 1891
-1901.
Average
[ndex Numbei
s.
Average
[ndex Numbers.
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65—
70—
75—
Residential, military and
miscellaneous^
21 low ....
3 moderate .
12 low and high
8 medium
2 high and low or medium
5 high ....
94
105
96
116
126
137
104
114
135
120
119
133
105
114
134
122
115
132
101
98
123
115
108
125
102
103
112
110
108
111
94
113
91
119
124
.133
99
105
132
117
114
139
100
108
133
118
116
139
102
112
126
118
119
134
101
106
116
109
106
116
Industrial and colliery —
5 moderate .
1 low and high
5 medium
10 high and low or medium
13 high ....
110
113
121
133
149
107
153
131
106
148
108
156
130
109
144
104
141
121
109
140
102
110
111
105
113
104
106
120
131
155
108
153
120
111
146
108
145
124
118
150
111
147
127
119
147
101
121
110
103
111
Old towns—
8 medium
2 high and low or medium
9 high ....
122
133
135
129
111
142
127
112
140
119
108
132
108
108
114
115
136
137
129
112
139
129
117
143
125
109
136
112
106
112
Textile—
3 low and high
19 high ....
125
158
138
169
139
165
136
161
114
119
110
155
146
161
148
164
149
160
118
116
Large towns —
10 high ....
164
157
152
140
116
162
149
150
141
112
Rural —
10 low .
11 moderate .
3 medium
94
100
113
103
111
125
104
111
121
104
112
129
102
103
107
88
99
116
100
113
131
104
116
134
109
121
134
101
104
107
684
England's Becent Vrogress.
Showing the Excess ok Shortage of Male LIortality in the Classified
Groups of Districts.
Male
over
Female, 1S81-91.
Male
over
Female, 1891-01.
0-15.
60-
65—
70—
75—
0-15.
60—
65-
70-
75—
Residential, military, &c. —
21 low
3 moderate .....
12 low and high ....
8 medium .....
2 high aud low or medium .
5 high ......
1
3
1
4
2
2
7
3
16
15
13
23
ID
5
7
6
8
2
8
9
8
5
8
4
I
1
2
\
3
3
3
2
14
9
23
17
19
13
8
I
15
16
4
12
7
4
16
14
4
9
1
I
2
1
1
Industrial and colliery —
5 moderate .....
1 low and high ....
5 medium .....
10 high and low or medium .
13 high
5
8
I
4
12
15
4
15
6
14
10
3
6
7
4
7
5
8
5
3
8
3
2
1
2
5
1
2
I
26
12
10
6
2
27
8
8
2
2
10
4
8
3
1
3
3
1
Old towns —
8 medium .....
2 high and low or medium
9 high
3
I
20
8
13
14
4
8
8
7
10
4
4
1
2
2
17
11
15
10
7
10
9
5
8
3
3
5
Textile—
19 high
1
1
13
9
3
3
1
2
7
1
5
19
9
11
7
5
I
2
Large towns—
10 high
2
15
10
12
3
3
17
12
8
3
Rural residues —
10 low
11 moderate .....
3 mediimi .....
1
1
2
6
3
4
5
2
8
2
2
i
5
2
3
4
i
2 { ..
2 ' ..
Totals (20 groups) ....
21
214
95
86
50
12
241
157
108 23
Thla Table points to an excess of male mortality at ages 60 upwards in l)oth periods, but more
marked in the Second Decennium.
Appendix F.
685
Showing the Rise or Fall op average Index Numbers as bktween the First
AND Second Decennium.
Residential, military, &c. —
21 low ....
3 moderate .
12 low and high
8 medium .
2 high and low or medium
5 high ....
Industrial and colliery —
5 moderate .
1 low and high
5 medium .
10 high and low or medium
13 high ....
Old towns —
8 medium .
2 high and low or medium
9 high ....
Textile—
3 low and high
19 high ....
Large towns —
10 high ....
Rural residues —
10 low .
11 moderate .
3 medium .
Totals (20 groups)
0-15. 60— 66— 70— -75
27
1
23
5
11 10
1 I
18 17
2 7 ! 3
86 142 17
5 I
7 I
12 ..
i'eniales.
0-15. 60— 65— 70— 75—
36
31
24
120
10
Tlie fall ill mortality at a^e 0-15 is small, and in the cases marked * there is an increase in death
rates already high. At 60-65 again there is little improvement.
I
686
England's Becent Progress.
Additional Notes.
1. The ordinax*y condition of things is that where mortahty at ages
under 15 is high, there is also a still more marked excess at later ages,
such as 60-65, but amongst the places classed as " high and low or
medium " and " high " there are instances of infantile mortality represented
by an index number in excess of that relating to the age 60-65.
0-]
L.5.
60-65.
0-15 in excess.
1891-19
01.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Leicester
. . 156
155
132
122
24
33
HuU .
. . 155
155
147
130
8
25
Sheffield
. . 175
180
183
153
27
Nottinghan
1 . . 159
163
159
148
15
London
. . 145
149
158
134
15
Leeds .
. . 171
172
174
158
14
Birminghai
n . . 154
159
169
147
12
Norwi-ch
. . 142
189
126
118
16
21
Yarmouth
. . 131
134
120
106
11
28
Plymouth
. . 144
143
143
129
1
14
Coventry
. . 127
j
137
133
126
11
Nuneaton
. . i 131
132
116
119
15
13
Chesterfielc
. . ] 135
134
122
126
13
8
Durham
. . 1 152
158
146
148
6
10
Barnsley
. . 153
154
148
143
5
11
Glamorgan
. . 156
158
162
152
6
Doncaster
. . 149
148
133
118
16
30
Wolverbam
pton . 165
165
151
142
14
23
Walsall
. . 167
169
159
145
8
24
Potteries
. . 181
184
187
161
23
Rotherham
. . 148
147
145
132
3
15
Ashby-de-la
-Zouch 117
120
108
106
9
14
Cannock
. . 122
119
127
105
14
Middlesbro
. . 153
158
151
148
2
10
Penzance
. . 135
146
116
106
19
40
Helston
. . 131
134
126
101
5
33
Bedruth
. . 149
149
181
112
37
Grimsby
. . 143
145
103
120
40
25
Kettering
. . 120
121
93
99
27
22
Dewsbury
. . 175
169
164
144
11
25
Burnley
. . 1 176
177
169
171
7
6
Stockport
. . ' 174
172
185
165
7
Falmouth and Huddersfield, in the preceding decennium, were in the
same class. It is evident that in most of these places there is room for
much abatement of infant mortality.
Out of the nine colliery districts, seven are included in the above list,
and the other two, Wigan and Wrexham, are only excluded because the
mortality amongst adults there is at least as heavy as that of children.
Considering the small number of women employed in outside work at the
Appendix F.
687
mines, and the general lack of industrial employment for women in these
districts, lower infantile death rates and a greater difference between male
and female mortality in later life might have been looked for. I fancy
that as with children, so with women, the rough conditions of ordinary life
in a colliery village are prejudicial to health. In Middlesbro', Doncaster,
Rotherham, Wolverhampton, Walsall and the Potteries, and also in such
places as Whitehaven and Cockermouth, similar causes appear to conduce
to like effects.
2. It is important to notice that the disturbing effects of county lunatic
asylums and the larger hospitals affect extremely few of the textile
manufacturing, industrial and mining districts. In Appendix E there are
Tables from which the following extracts may be made : —
Deaths of Lunatics, &c.
Deaths of Lunatics, &c., per cent.
of total deaths ascribed to
ages 15 and upwards.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Textile—
Wharfedale
59
791
60
754
2-3
22-8
2-2
21-6
Preston
734
1,114
682
915
8-2 I 11-9
6-9
8-9
Macclesfield .
293
356
267
279
7-1 ! 8-9
6-0
6-6
Industrial —
Stafford . . .
614
812
463
557
26-3
32-2
23-4
26-1
Burton-on-Trent .
295
376
238
257
7-3
8-3
6-7
6-4
Colliery districts —
Barnsley group .
Wigan group .
877
583
989
1,275
706
468
831
773
8-1
2-3
8-0
4-3
7-1
2-0
7-3
2-8
Hospital.
Deaths in Hospital per cent, of
total deaths at all ages.
Males.
Females.
1881-90.
1891-00.
1881-90.
1891-00.
Industrial —
Southampton
Stafford . .
/Netley Hospital, Eoyal South Hants\? o „
\ Infirmary ji '
Staffordshire General Infirmary . i 5-9
9-2
7-3
2-1
3-7
2-7
4-7
Details as to other places will be found in Appendix E. The mortality
in Cambridge (that of males singularly high in 1881-1891) may to a certain
extent be due to the important institution known as " Addenbrooke's
Hospital."
3. The principal aljatements of death rates in the second decennium
affect the population at ages 15-60, but as the deaths at those ages are
only about 26 to 28 per cent, of the wliole, tlio mortality before and after
that period is of great importance, and has been dwelt on most fully.
I
688
England's Recent Progress.
Age at end of
Deaths, 1881-1890.
Deaths, 1891-1900.
Decenniuin.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
0-15 . . .
15-60 . . .
60 and upwards
1,163,663
738,033
796,620
998,908
706,475
841,072
1,200,352
779,015
885,859
1,029,228
720,816
960,105
Totals .
2,698,316
2,546,455
2,865,226
2,710,149
As the numbers of births showed but httle increase, the deaths at ages
0-15 were only about 3 per cent, higher. Deaths at ages 15-60 (population
being materially greater) were kept down l)y the hygienic improvements
which took place. Consequently most of the increase in absolute numbers
belonged to ages 60 and upwards. To mos^ persons, however, it will be
interesting to measure the mortality affecting lives up to age 60, and I
think the best way to obtain a figure representing the collective result of
such mortality is as follows : —
Ten thousand males at age 5-10 in England and Wales may be
conceived to lose nearly 2 per cent, in 5 years. Then calculating on the
figures for 1881-1891 at age —
5-10 . . 10,000 X -961 X -944 X -913 x -860, &c., gives 3,276 living at 65-70
10-15. . 9,800 X -957 X -929 X -887 X -826, &c., „ 4,507 ,, 60-65
and 1,956 „ 70-75
Similarly, on the figures for 1891-1901 at age —
5,10 . . 10,000 X -968 X -951 x -923 x -869, Ac, gives 3,345 living at 65-70
10-15. . 9,840 X -964 X -938 X -898 X -831, &c., „ 4,694 „ 60-65
and 1,920 „ 70-75
For females, the 1881-1891 figures give —
10,000 X -961 X -944 x -919 x -884, &c., equal to 3,9G7 living at 65-70
9,800 X -957 X -932 x "904 x -862, &c., „ 5,183 „ 60-65
and 2,685 „ 70-75
and the 1891-1901 figures give —
10,000 X -968 X -955 x -932 x -893, &c., equal to 4,142 living at 65-70
9,840 X -965 X -944 x -915 x '866, &c., „ 5,434 „ 60-65
and 2,684 „ 70-75
If we venture to accept these figures as correct, they imply that after
60-65 the death rates were, per cent, in 5 years : —
Between 60-65 and 65-70
65-70 „ 70-75
1881-1891.
Male. Female.
27-3 23-5
40-3 32-3
1891-1901.
Male. Female.
28-8 23-8
42-6 35-2
I see nothing difficult of belief in these results, and arrive at the idea
that on the basis of mortality as experienced in the decennium 1891-1901,
1,920 out of 10,000 male children aged 5-10 would survive at the age
70-75 and 2,684 out of 10,000 female children of that age would similarly
survive.
If we take into account the entire period of life, no noticeable change
seems to have taken place in the final result of mortality as between
Appendix F.
G89
1881-1890 and 1891-1900 ; but up to age 65-70 there was an improvement
equalling more than 2 per cent, in the numbers of surviving males, and
more than 4 per cent, in those of females.
If we select London, Manchester and the rural parts of Norfolk and
Suffolk as affording illustrations of the inequality which exists in rates of
mortality, the following figures are (by a similar process) arrived at
for 1891-1901 :—
Survivors of 10,000 children aged 5-10.
:Male.
Female.
65-70.
60-65.
70-75.
65-70.
60-65.
70-75.
London ....
Manchester .
Norfolk, &c. . .
2,980
l,86i
5,118
4,374
3,287
G,34G
1,667
776
3,630
4,121
2,770
5,291
5,474
4,272
6,425
2,759
1,482
3,819
Percentage of Loss in 5 years.
—
Males.
Females.
65-70.
70-75.
65-70.
70-75.
London
31-9
44-1
24-7
33-1
Manchester
43-3
58-4
35-2
46-5
Norfolk, &c. . .
18-9
29-5
17-6
27-3
The significance of these figures is, that of children from 5 to 10 years
old, those resident in London have but half or three-quarters the chance of
attaining 70-75 which is possessed by boys and girls in Norfolk, and those
who live in Manchester have only about half the chance enjoyed by
London children.
I subjoin a Table showing the approximate survivors at each quin-
quennial age in England and Wales : —
Surviving Males.
Surviving Females.
Surviving Males. Surviving Females.
1881-91.
1891-01.
1881-91.
1891-01.
1881-91.
1891-01. 1881-91.
1891-01.
5-10 .
10,000 10,000
10,000
10,000
40-45 .
7,728
7,990 ' 7,902
8,202
10-15 .
9,800
9,840
9,800
9,840
45-50 .
7,123
7,384 7,370
7,694
15-20 .
9,610
9,680
9,610
9,680
50-55 .
6,383
6,640 6,811
7,103
20-25 .
9,379
9,486
9,379
9,496
55-60 .
5,535
5,767 6,065
6,363
25-30 .
9,072
9,206
9,072
9,244
60-65 .
4,507
4,694 5,183
5,434
30-35 .
8,713
8,898
8,741
8,964
65-70 .
3,276
3,345 3,967
4,142
35-40 .
8,283
8,497
8,337
8,616
70-75 .
1,956
1,920 2,685
2,684
090 EnglancVs Becent Progress.
Probably, if we wish to measure the healthfulness of a district in
middle life, the calculated number of survivors at age 55-60 will be as
good a standard as any. But the movements of invalids, &c., have so much
to do with the matter, that I consider it scarcely worth while to make
many calculations on this subject.
It is also to be recollected that the statistics of the smaller districts
cannot bo expected to show such regular phenomena as those of the more
important ones, though averages of ten years' deaths must always be
preferable to the data of a single year.
APPENDIX G.
COMPUTATION OF MIGRATIONS AFFECTING CERTAIN
TOWNS IN 1891-1901 WITHIN THEIR 1901 LIMITS,
AND OF THOSE OCCURRING IN ADJACENT
RURAL AREAS REMAINING ON SUB-DIVISION
OF THE SEVERAL DISTRICTS (see page 14).
2 Y 2
APPENDIX G.
COMPUTATION OF MIGEATIONS AFFECTING NOTTINGHAM
AND THE POTTEEIES IN 1891-1901 WITHIN THEIR
LIMITS AS IN 1901, AND ALSO OF MIGRATIONS IN
CERTAIN OTHER DISTRICTS IN 1891-1901 WHERE THE
TOWN AND COUNTRY PARTS ARE SEPARABLE.
The principle on which the estimates for Nottingham and the Potteries
(enlarged areas) have been prepared is to assume the age-distribution and
scale of mortality in the added areas to resemble those met with in
suburban districts generally, so far as may be consistent with actual
records relating to the sub-districts affected.
As regards the separation of the rural element in Chester, Lincoln,
Exeter, Crewe, Rugby and Grimsby, the first requisite is that the age-
distribution in the towns shall be ascertainable from the Census returns.
Then as to mortality, this is assumed to follow in the rural parts the scale
which applies to the rural residue of the county group. The known
deaths in the purely rural sub-districts are thus distributed as to ages, and
as to the rural portions of the other sub-districts the same mortality is
assumed to prevail, adding of course the known mortality in county lunatic
asylums if any.
The asylum mortality for want of other guidance is apportioned as to
age by the help of the figures in Appendix E, relating to the excess of
deaths in Godstone, Uxbridge and Brentwood.
Deducting the figures for the rural parts thus put together, those for
the towns remain as a residue.
We have thus the advantage of knowing the approximate migrations
and mortality in the cities of Exeter, Lincoln and Chester, freed from the
influence of county lunatic asylums, although the concentration of most of
tiio pauperism of the entire districts in tlie respective cities leaves tlio
apparent death rates liigher than would appear if the cities liad only tlieir
own poor to provide for. On the other hand, the workhouse for the town
of Crewe is outside its limits, and thus unfavourably affects the statistics of
the rural parts.
Tlie very favourable rates of mortality in the rural parts of tlie Chester
district tend to obscure the influence of the county asylum there. At
Rugl)y and Grimsby tlierc appears to bo nothing to swell tlio moderate
losses proper to a purely rural district.
The actual death rates (as computed) and index numbers are now
tabulated : —
694
England's Recent Progress.
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695
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Potteries ....
Chester and Hoole
Lincoln ....
Exeter and Exmouth .
Crewe .....
Rugby. ....
Grimsby and Cleethorpes
Rural : Chester .
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(>!)() England's liccrnt Progress.
Tho most noticeable fact shown socnis to me to be the singularly low
mortaUty amongst males aged 15-30 in tho town of Crewe. It has no
counterpart in the case of females, and must I think be due to the
imperative demand upon railway men that they should enjoy fair health.
One may suspect that the high comparative death rates in the sun'ounding
rural district may represent in part mortality amongst disabled railway
men. Female mortality in that district at the same ages is not very
much depressed.
Female mortality is extremely low in Rugby town, especially at ages
20-45, the adjacent rural parishes showing much less extraordinary figures.
At corresponding ages there is exactly the reverse state of things amongst
males. This again should be capable of explanation by the resident
medical men.
The infantile death rate in the city of Chester seems low indeed in
comparison with the mortality in later life : whilst Lincoln and Grimsby
enjoy much better health for both sexes after age 15. In Exeter, which
has a much worse record for males than Lincoln, the death rates for
females are no higher than in that city, and the disparity of loss in the two
sexes is notable.
The diagrams will serve to illustrate these facts.
Appendix G.
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704
Enghoid's Recent Progress.
BIRMINGHAM.
Referring to tlio remark ou page 13 as to the uncertainty I was in
concerning the inclusion of West Bromwich Registration District within
the houudaries, for my purposes, of Birmingham, I submit the following
remarks.
The registration district of West Bromwich is divided into five sub-
districts, \iz., Handsworth, Oldbur}', West Bromw^ich (2) and Wednesbury.
I have found it practicable to construct Tables of population, deaths and
migrations for the four places, treating the two sulD-districts of south-west
and north-east West Bromwich as one. The sub-district of Handsworth
includes the urban districts of Perry Barr and Handsworth. The small
population of Perry Barr and the want of progress in its numbers between
1891 and 1901 satisfies me that this urban district ought not to be treated
as part of Birmingham if we were laying down a scientific boundary. On
the other hand, I entertain no doubt but that Handsworth urban district
receives a large portion of the overflow of Birmingham and ought to be
counted as part of that city. The other three places do not seem really to
belong to Birmingham considered scientifically, and I find little reason to
believe that any portion of the neighbouring registration district of Walsall
ought to be deemed a true dependency of the city.
The following statement of migrations in 1891-1901 as now estimated
will show that the numbers attracted by Handsworth sub-district (including
Perry Barr) in that decennium were large enough to counterbalance losses
in the other places, and thus to justify the inclusion of the whole district
within the Birmingham boundary : —
Handsworth.
Oldbury.
West Bromwich.
Wednesbury.
Entire District.
Age at end of
Decennium.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
0-15 . . 1,54.3
2,036
4.S6
429
293
293
270
305
1,110
1,009
15-20
727
1,445
142
373
265
706
180
330
140
36
20-25
680
1,667
131
241
408
626
1.36
191
5
609
25-30
869
756
113
91
395
61
231
84
130
520
30-35
574
501
48
34
300
120
174
24
52
391
35-40
538
357
4
12
166
173
148
98
220
74
40-45
324
376
7
34
79
71
107
91
145
248
45-50
337
325
62
81
21
114
38
57
216
73
50-55
296
264
13
12
38
48
65
261
173
55-60
167
231
2
16
29
75
39
60
149
80
60-65
60
92
I
41
36
.38
71
49
48
46
65-70
34
91
12
9
20
29
45
9
21
138
70-75
45
111
14
14
61
58
23
36
97
147
75 and up- 1
wards ./
26
38
61
89
29
60
12
37
52
74
6,158
8,214
848
1,010
1,238
2,168
1,522
1,418
2,550
3,618
On the next page will be found the full details for West Bromwich
district and for Handsworth sub-district. Any one can therefore, by
deducting the one and adding the other, so alter the Birmingham figures
as to bring out the result of including Handsworth and Perry Barr in lieu
of taking in the entire district.
Appendix G.
705
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70(i England*s Recent Progress.
STOCKPORT.
The peculiarities observable in the statistical results for this district
have induced me to endeavour to split it, but I find I am unable to
satisfactorily separate the figures for the town of Hyde and those for the
less densely inhabited sub-districts. All I can accomplish is to show
Stockport almost by itself (for the urban districts of Heaton Norris and
Eeddish are little more than extensions of Stockport) and the whole
remainder of the district. It w411 be noticed that both portions attracted
women and lost men at the age 20-25.
Appendix G.
707
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708
England's Bccent Progress
LONDlON.
The Tables iu Appendix C will be found to suggest various con-
siderations which I have not pressed upon my readers. One of them is
this. The central parts of London show in many instances an attraction
of both sexes at the age 20-25, and this applies to 1881 as well as the
subsequent twenty years : —
1881 Census.
1891 Census.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Aged
10-15.
Aged
20-25.
Aged
10-15.
Aged
20-25.
Aged
10-15.
Aged
20-25.
Aged
10-15.
Aged
20-25.
London City .
Westminster .
Kensington"!
group . . /
2,743
5,125
24,905
3,651
6,993
30,759
2,180
5,222
27,778
2,952
7,416
45,306
2,141
4,031
25,643
2,797
6,088
30,391
1,491
4,083
27,069
2,. 302
6,697
46,228
Islington"!
group . . 1
23,515
24.582
24,631
27,503
26,496
26,644
26,442
29,278
Southwarki
group . . (
Holborn .
21,428
20,626
22,142
21,945
23,699
22,254
24,381
23,399
7,115
7,947
7,378
7,277
7,117
6,674
7,151
6,809
Shoreditclii
group . . /
Outer districts
43,240
37,563
42,932
35,749
45,734
39,396
45,140
38,249
107,645
80,710
109,721
103,379
155,054
113,869
158,897
148,847
235,716
212,831
241,984
251,527
289,915
248,113
294,654
301,809
The extensive districts, such as Islington, St. Pancras and Lambeth,
which reach from near the centre to such places as Highgate and South
Norwood, need to be sub-di^dded in order to do justice to the varieties of
age-distribution which so powerfully affect average death rates. Yet
nothing has been shown since 1881 as to ages in the sub-divisions of these
large districts. (See Table on opposite page.)
These illustrations will suffice to show that the figures at age 20-25
are very unequally affected by migrations in different parts of the larger
districts ; I would gladly have given similar figm'es for Islington, but as
that parish was simply divided into eastern and western sub-districts, each
containing a portion of the remoter parts of the parish, no value for this
pm-pose attaches to the statistics of ages of the population within its limits.
The average proportion in the whole of the outer districts was in 1881
seventy-five men aged 20-25 to 100 boys aged 10-15. It will be seen that
in Putney a special condition of things was found, approximating to the
average of the Kensington group.
Appendix G.
709
1881 Census.
1881 Census.
Males.
Males.
Aged
10-15.
Aged
20-25.
As
100
to—
Aged
10-15.
Aged
20-25.
As
100
to—
Lambeth —
* Waterloo Road I. .
* Waterloo Road II. .
*Lambeth Church I.
*Lambeth Church II.
*Kennington I. .
*Kennington II. .
Brixton ....
754
750
996
1,931
2,043
1,756
2,585
1,218
778
953
942
1,807
2,198
1,419
2,541
705
103
127
95
94
108
81
98
58
62
81
74
70
St. Pancras —
♦Regent's Park . .
♦Tottenham Court.
'Gray's Inn Lane .
*Somers Town .
♦Camden Town
Kentish Town .
1,478
1,046
1,225
1,656
687
4,280
2,038
1,538
1,630
1,597
865
4,124
138
147
133
96
126
96
Norwood
10,372
11,792
12,033
11,343
1,488
4.349
1,304
587
967
Camberwell — •
Dulwich ....
Camberwell .
Peckham
*St. George . . .
294
2,781
3,753
2,960
183
2,241
2,774
2,073
Wandsworth —
Clapham .
Battersoa .
Wandsworth .
Putney
Streatham .
1,641
5,834
1,299
478
1,140
91
75
100
123
85
9,788
7,271
10,392
8,695
* Sub-districts of small area and densely peopled.
APPENDIX H.
MARRIAGES, BIRTHS AND BACHELORHOOD.
APPENDIX H.
I HAVE here put together some information bearing on births and marriages
in the 160 locaUties.
It may be convenient to the reader if I draw his attention to some
saHent facts.
Marriages and Births. It is noticeable that in some districts the
proportion per cent, of women aged 20-45 who are married is low, and
the birth rate also low, whilst in others the proportion is high, and the
birth rate also high.
Wives and Births * few.
1001.
1901.
Married
Women. t
Births.J
Married
Women. t
Births.J
Cheltenham ....
39-6
21
95
Glossop
53-5
18
87
Eastbourne
40-7
21
20
Keighlcy .
54-0
20
23
Bournemauth
40-9
17
Q8
Saddleworth .
54-1
19
94
Malvern
42-7
21
82
Halifax .
54-2
IS
18
Leamington .
44-7
21
19
Bury . . .
54-6
19
03
Bath ....
45-1
21
12
Todmordon .
54-8
18
18
Hastings .
45-5
18
96
Bradford .
55-3
18
73
Worthing .
45-6
22
42
Stockport.
55-3
21
25
Brighton . . .
46-2
21
36
Rochdale
56-2
18
59
We&ton-super-Mare
46-5
20
53
Kidderminster
66-3
21
35
Torquay
47-2
20
04
Blackburn
57-1
21
01
Thanet . . .
47-9
21
44
Haslingden .
57-2
19
29
Reigate
48-0
21
56
Falmouth
49-9
22
19
Tunbridge . . .
48-2
22
04
Cambridge .
49-8
21
14
Isle of Wight . .
48-5
20
66
Exeter
50-9
20
77
Bedford . . .
52-4
20
71
Maidstone
57-7
22
25
Guildford . . .
53-4
21
47
Brentwood .
62-8
20
95
Macclesfield .
50-9
20
87
Easthampstcad
53-0
21
81
Wharfedalo
51-1
20
73
Sussex (residue)
55-5
22-39
Huddersfield .
53-3
19
82
* The average number in 3 years, 1000-1002. t To 100 aged 20-45.
J Per cent, on Married Women under 45 years of age.
714
England's Becent Progress.
Wives and Births many.
Cannock
Barnsley group .
Nuneaton .
Chesterfield group
Glamorgan group
Ashby-de-la- Zouch
Durham group
Wrexham .
1901.
MaiTied
Women.
Births.
73-6
73-2
72-8
72'
69'
•44
■66
•29
•20
•42
•02
•80
•76
Wigan group
Rotherham .
Middlesborougb
Potteries .
Walsall . .
Wolverhampton
Whitehaven .
Married
Women.
65-1
75^0
70-2
68^4
66-8
65-9
62-5
Births.
29-36
28-92
28-26
28-27
28-85
29-42
29-22
Wives few, but Births more >'umebous.
1901.
Married
Women.
Births.
Married
Women.
Births.
Harrogate 42-3
Llandudno . . . .44*5
Southport 45-5
Rhyl 46-5
Scarborough . . . . 46-6
Blackpool ,48-8
Watford 53-2
Preston j 53-1
Penzance I 53-1
Helston I 53-8
Oxford ; 48-7
Carlisle 50-2
25-63
23-87
23-02
24-44
23-58
23-61
22-86
25-16
22-80
23-26
23-02
26-29
Godstone .
Windsor .
Folkestone
Weymouth
Salisbury .
Maidenhead
Durham (residue) .
Cumberland (residue)
Carmarthen, &c.
Montgomery, &c.
Devon (residue) .
Cornwall (residue) .
48-0
48-8
48^8
52^3
52
53
48
48
50
53
53
53
•13
•54
-51
-19
-04
•07
•18
-85
-43
-06
•92
-36
These Tables show that wives and Hrths are fewest in residential and
textile manufacturing districts, and are most numerous in colliery districts
and places adjacent thereto. Wives are also few in the more northerly
residential districts and in various other places, but with accompanying
birth rates higher than in the first list.
Turning now to Bachelors and Marriage rates, we find in the first
place that the large proportion of bachelors amongst soldiers and lunatics
tends to belittle the tendency to marry in places where there are camps or
asylums. Soldiers being much younger than most lunatics, the ratio of
marriages to young bachelors is lowered in military places ; the ratio of
bachelors amongst men aged 45-55 is exaggerated where there are
asylums.
It is possible to form a tolerable estimate of the numbers of lunatics in
particular places by assuming the proportion in 1891 of bachelors amongst
male inmates of asylums to be equal to the national average proportion in
1901. On calculating thus the ratios in six places are modified as
below : —
Appendix H.
715
Age 45-55
Bachelors to each 100
Marriages in 1891 *
to 100
Men (1891)—
Bachelors, &c. Age 20-35—
including
excluding
Difference.
including
excluding
Lunatics.
Lunatics.
Lunatics.
Lunatics.
Morecambe
15-8
10-7
5-1
11-2
12-1
•9
Maidstone .
13-1
10-2
2-9
12-8
13-5
•7
Uxbridge .
15-3
9-9
5-4
10-7
11-9
1-2
Malvern
13-6
9-8
3-8
12-0
13-0
1-0
Stafford . . .
12-9
9-8
3-6
10-2
11-0
■8
Brentwood .
15-1
9-2
5-9
6-4
6-9
•5
* The average of 1890-1892 is taken.
It is impossible to make similar estimates as to the military, as the
proportion of soldiers aged 20-35 varies considerably. The ratio of
marriages in Brentwood is depressed through the presence there of
soldiers.
In the whole 160 districts 65 showed ratios of bachelors under 9*4
per cent, in 1891 and 43 showed ratios exceeding 11*4 per cent., so that
the middle ratios are between 9 • 4 and 11 • 4.
The following districts showed fewer than 8 • 4 per cent, of Bachelors,
and more than 15 per cent, of Marriages : —
Per cent.
Per cent.
Bachelors.
Marriages.
Bachelors.
Marriages.
Luton 6 • 1
17-9
Coventry .
7-7
15-9
Nuneaton
6-2
17
2
Wolverhampton .
7-8
16-0
Dewsbury
6-5
16
5
Nottingham .
7-8
18-7
Bristol
7-0
17
3
Worcester .
7-9
16-7
Yarmouth
7-3
18
3
Haslingden
8-0
15-3
Blackburn
7-4
15
5
Leicester .
8-1
15-9
Norwich .
7-7
15-4
Some other places showed less than 9-4 per cent, of Bachelors, and
more than 14 per cent, of Marriages, viz. : —
Per cent.
Bachelors.
Marri
6-5
14-
7-2
14-
7-3
14-
7-3
15-
7-3
14-
7-G
15-
7-7
14-
7-9
14-
8-0
14-
8-2
14-
Per cent.
Bachelors.
Marriages.
Birmingham .
Ashton-under-Lync
Poole .
Redruth .
Wellingborough
Stockport.
Bradford .
Leeds .
Kidderminster
Walsall . .
Derby .
Glossop .
Bath .
Penzance
Hull .
Shoffiold
Cheltenham
Scarborough
Potteries .
Burnley
8-3
8-4
8-6
8-G
8-8
8-8
8-8
9-0
9-2
9-3
15-0
15-4
17-
14-
16-
16-
17-
15-0
16-1
15-8
716
England's lieccnt Progress.
Bury (Lanes.) very nearly approached this last standard with 7 • 9 per
cent. Bachelors and 13 '9 per cent, of Marriages.
Some of these places, such as Bath, Cheltenham, Eedruth and
Stockport, do not appear to have retained all the women whose marriages
were celebrated there. None of them had an important mihtary element,
nor was the seat of an asylum attracting an vmdue proportion of lunatics,
within their bounds.
Excluding the districts containing barracks, camps, lunatic asylums, &c.,
the following districts and residues showed in 1891 more than 12*5 per
cent, of bachelors : —
Cumberland (residue)
Durham (residue) .
Montgomery
Cockermouth
York (residue) .
Harrogate
Monmouth, &c.
(residue) .
Salop
Pw cent.
Bachelors. Marriages.
9
9
9
10'
10
13'
11-0
10-G
Per cent.
Bachelors. ■ Marriages.
Lancashire, &c.
(residue)
Southend .
Reigate .
Tilbury
IMaidenhcad
Denbigh (residue)
Carnarvon
(residue)
13-0
12-9
12-9
12-S
12-8
12-8
12-7
Many of these places are in Wales or in the north, where we have
already noticed a stronger disposition towards bachelorhood than in the
south and east. Tilbury evidently attracts wives, and possibly Maidenhead
also on a very much smaller scale.
On reference to the full Table, it will be seen that there are places such
as Todmorden and Glossop which attract many married women, possibly
for some purely local reason, thus supplementing theu* apparent " marriage
rate " — which in Todmorden is remarkably low.
The lowest marriage rates were in 1891 met w^ith at the following
places (if we exclude military places and those towns which have been
distinguished as seats of lunatic asylums) : — ■
Marriages to
100 Bachelors
and Widowers.
Percentage of
Wives aged
under 35
Man'iages to
100 Bachelors
and Widowers,
Percentage of
Wives aged
under 35
aged
:30-35.
Deficiency.
aged 20-35.
Deficiency.
ISSl.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
Whitehaven
11-1
10-8
5-3
5'4
*Carnarvon .
10-5
10-7
10-7
145
Cockermouth
10-8
10
7
5-7
9-8
Isle of Wight
11-0
10-7
•8
14
Falmouth .
9-3
9
8
150
180
*York . . .
10-4
10-6
48
6q
Saddleworth
9-4
9
5
21-3
10-1
*Salop . .
9-7
10-6
97
IS' I
Todmorden .
7-8
9
2
53-1
46-9
*Sussex .
10-2
10-5
4-7
Barrow .
9-0
9
1
74-7
19-6
Southend
10-3
10-2
24-2 21-9
Tilbury . .
9-9
7-8
65-0
79-2
*Cumberland
*Montgomery
* Denbigh .
9-8
8-3
8-2
9-8
9-7
9-5
160 171
II-5 18-5
...
4-1 8-2
*Kent, Surrey
11-3
10-9
10-4
0-8
♦Durham .
8-5
9-1
83 1 127
* Kural residues.
Appendix H.
717
Low as these marriage rates are, it appears that some of the wives
must (in several instances) have migrated away, whilst other cases exist
where many wives immigrated. The highest marriage rates were shown
by the following districts : —
Excess or
Marriages.
Deficiency
of Wives.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
Nottingham .
23-4
18-7
8-7
i8-2
Yarmouth
18-1
18-3
2-3
95
Lutou .
23-4
17-9
3-1
55
Bristol
19-5
17-3
10-9
7-8
Nmieaton
19-4
17-2
•3
13-0
Worcester
15-3
16-7
3-2
8-4
Dewshury
17-3
16-5
3-6
90
Sheffield . .
16-9
16-2
2-8
Hull . .
Potteries .
Wolverhamp-
ton .
Leicester ,
Cheltenham
Bath . .
17-2
16-5
16-4
17'9
18-1
20-6
16-1
16-1
lG-0
15-9
17-3
17-2
Excess or
Deficiency
of Wives.
1881.
2-3
2-4
97
6-4
23 5
30-2
1-9
1-4
6 6
9-3
28-6
23- 1
It seems, then, that although several industrial places showed very
high marriage rates, the balance of loss of newly married women was not
nearly so great in them as in Cheltenham and Bath. Other residential
places with somewhat high marriage rates are shown next : —
Excess or
Excess or
Marriages.
Deficiency
of Wives.
Marriages.
Deficiency
of Wives.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1881. 1891.
Scarborough .
16-4
15-0
176
202
Worthing .
13-5
13-5
7-8 8-1
Thanet . .
15-0
14-7
9-5
•7
Westou-super-"!
]\Iare . . /
13-1
13-4
9-9 29
Poole . . .
15-9
14-7
4-4
14-0
Brighton .
16-0
14-6
37
79
Torquay .
14-6
13-3
39 79
Blackpool
14-3
13-8
41
14
Bedford . .
15-6
13-2
76 10
Heme Bay .
15-6
13-8
10
10
The numbers of marriages of women who do not remain as residents
are not very high in any of these places except Scarborough.
Married
Women under
45 to 100
Women 20-45.
Births to 10)
married Women
under 45.
Baclielors to
100 Men
aged 45-55.
ISfarriagcs to
100 Baclielors
and Widoweis
aged 20-35.
Percentage* of
Wives aged
nnder 35 in'
Excess or
Deficiency.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1881. 1891.
1881.
1891.
Sheffield . .
G9-8
68-0
28-99
25-15
7-9
8-8
16-9 16-2
2-8
Hull . . .
G8-5
65-9
27-70
24-95
8-4
8-8
17-2 1 16-1
23
{■9
Leeds .
63-7
61-6
28-83
23-36
7-7
7-9
15-5 14-7
8 6
Leicester .
62-5
60-4
30-64
22-84
7-8
8-1
17-9 15-9
6-4
9-3
Birmingham .
62-6
60-4
30-44
25-42
6-5
7-4
14-6 14-8
3-8
4-8
Nottingham .
58-9
58-6
27-60
22-43
7-3
7-8
23-4 18-7
8-7
182
* These columns represent the apparent loss or gain of wives caused by migrations at date of their
respective Census Enumerations aiul r('(|Miie to be considerably leduced.
718
England's Rece7it Progress.
Slarried
Women under
45 to 100
Women 20-45.
Births to 100
married Women
under 45.
liadielors to
100 Men
aged 45-55.
Marriages to
100 Bachelors
and Widowers
aged 20-35.
Percentage* of
Wives aged
under 35 in
Excess or
Deficiency.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
Liverpool .
60-3
58-2
28-95
26-51
9-9
11-0
13-4
13-5
1-2
3-8
Bristol . .
58-1
57-1
29-80
22-92
6-9
7-0
19-6
17-3
10-9
7-8
Manchester .
59-3
56-8
29-12
24-23
8-0
9-3
14-6
13-5
2-2
1-2
London .
57-0
66-1
28-74
23-60
9-5
9-7
14-0
12-9
3-8
2-7
•fMorecambe .
56-6
55-0
32-87
22-87
14-6
15-8
11-8
11-2
3-2
4-8
Uxbridge .
58-3
60-0
30-56
24-63
18-2
15-3
10-4
10-7
20-3
19-8
Ehvl . . .
46-4
46-5
30-33
24-44
13-9
14-9
10-4
10-5
23-2
21-3
Guildford . .
53-3
53-4
28-49
21-47
14-1
13-9
9-9
9-9
14-8
9-5
Malvern .
42-9
42-7
27-77
21-82
13-5
13-6
11-4
12-0
32
12-8
Watford .
54-6
53-2
30-74
22-86
15-3
13-3
12-3
11-3
15-4
15-2
Leamington .
45-6
67-3
44-7
65-0
28-33
30-35
21-19
23-29
10-8
8-5
10-2
8-6
14-2
12-1
13-9
11-7
14-2
7-0
15-8
Clacton
9-8
Southend .
64-0
61-9
32-55
23-05
12-6
12-9
10-3
10-2
24-2
21-9
Staines
59-7
61-5
30-72
25-51
12-6
8-1
11-4
12-5
24-0
14-9
Cromer
62-8
61-3
30-25
23-71
6-7
8-8
13-4
11-3
4-4
5-1
Poole . . .
69-7
68-7
30-15
23-82
8-2
7-3
15-9
14-7
4-4
14-0
Heme Bay .
58-8
58-3
30-17
21-77
9-4
9-3
15-6
13-8
i-o
i-o
Bedford . .
52-8
52-4
28-53
20-71
5-9
7-3
15-6
13-2
76
1-0
Blackpool
50-5
48-8
31-88
23-61
8-4
9-0
14-3
13-8
4-1
1-4
Isle of Wight
49-8
48-5
27-65
20-66
9-5
8-8
11-0
10-7
•8
14
Tunbridge
48-9
48-2
29-20
22-04
8-5
8-8
14-4
12-6
5-4
9-8
Eeigate
47-9
48-0
30-58
21-56
10-7
12-9
11-2
11-1
9-3
1-5
Thanet . .
48-5
47-9
28-84
21-44
8-5
9-4
15-0
14-7
9-5
-7
Torquay .
47-9
47-2
28-99
20-04
9-0
9-1
14-6
13-3
39
79
Scarborough .
48-6
46-6
30-84
23-53
10-6
90
16-4
15-0
17-6
202
Weston-super-1
Mare . . j
Brighton .
48-1
46-5
30-00
20-53
8-6
9-2
13-1
13-4
9-9
2-9
46-4
46-2
27-86
21-36
8-7
10-5
16-0
14-6
37
79
Worthing
47-4
45-6
28-96
22-42
11-4
10-5
13-5
13-5
7-8
8-1
Hastings .
44-8
45-5
28-13
18-96
9-7
9-2
14-5
13-0
7-9
5-4
Southport
47-3
45-5
31-32
23-02
10-7
11-1
11-2
12-5
10-6
2-7
Bath . . .
44-6
45-1
27-52
21-12
8-0
8-6
20-6
17-2
30-2
23-1
Llandudno .
44-3
44-5
30-16
23-87
10-5
10-7
11-5
11-8
49
1-4
Harrogate
44-3
42-3
28-63
25-63
10-2
13-3
13-5
13-1
11-8
7-0
Bournemouth
41-2
40-9
28-53
17-08
8-5
8-4
14-0
11-2
16-4
29-2
Eastbourne .
42-7
40-7
30-47
21-20
7-8
10-0
12-7
11-9
37-4
15-6
Cheltenham .
41-5
39-6
27-01
21-95
7-1
8-8
18-1
17-3
235
28-6
Cannock .
74-4
73-6
32-74
30-44
9-5
9-4
11-4
12-5
34-1
15-3
Barnsley group
75-4
73-2
32-66
29-66
10-7
11 7
10-2
12-0
33-7
26-7
Nuneaton
70-0
72-8
31-72
28-29
6-0
6-2
19-4
17-2
-3
13-0
Chesterfield^
group . . /
73-3
72-1
33-18
28-20
9-0
10-1
12-6
14-2
29-0
28-2
Glamorgan^
group . . j
70-4
69-1
31-43
28-42
10-7
12-0
12-7
12-0
1-6
8-0
Ashby-de-la-l
Zouch . ./
Durham group
70-1
68-1
32-14
30-02
9-6
10-1
12-8
14-4
3-3
4-2
70-4
67-8
32-02
28-80
9-9
10-5
13-8
13-1
6-2
8-2
Wrexham .
67-9
67-1
31-44
29-76
8-9
10-1
11-4
12-2
5-4
2-8
Wigan group .
67-0
65-1
34-81
29-36
9-8
11-5
11-8
12-2
11-4
13-1
* These cohimns represent the apparent loss or gain of wives caused by migrations at date of their
respective Census Enumerations and require to be considerably reduced.
+ The seven places influenced by county lunatic asylums are placed first : the proportion of
bachelors is high in them.
AppendixZ.H .
719
Married
Women under
45 to 100
Women 20-45.
1891.
1901.
Births to 100
married Women
under 45.
1881.
1901.
Bachelors to
100 Men
aged 45-55.
1881. I 1891.
Marriages to
100 Bachelors
and Widowers
aged 20-35.
1881.
1891.
Percentage* of
Wives aged
under 35 in
Excess or
Deficiency.
1881.
1891.
fPreston
Macclesfield
Wharfedale
Burnley .
Oldham .
Leek ...
Dewsbury
Ashton-under-l
Lyne . . i'
Haslingdeu .
Blackburn
Bolton
Kidderminster
Rochdale .
Stockport.
Bradford ■ .
Todmorden .
Bury .
Halifax .
Saddleworth .
Keighley .
Glossop .
Huddersfield .
J Stafford . .
Burton-on-\
Trent . . f
Tilbury . .
Swindon .
Rotherham .
Middlesbro' .
Kettering .
Barrow
Potteries .
Wellingboro' .
Walsall . .
Doncaster
Grimsby .
Wolverhamp- i
ton . . . /
Cockermouth
Millom
Crewe .
Whitehaven .
Southampton.
Rugby.
Redruth
Luton .
Helston
Penzance
Falmouth
54-8
52-6
53-1
63-7
63-1
60-2
61-2
59-7
58-8
59-5
60-1
56-9
56-5
57-0
57-3
5G-8
57-5
56-9
56-1
56-0
55-8
55-7
55-9
69-4
79-5
: 77-8
77-0
73-9
70-1
72-6
70-0
G8-9
69-6
68-2
G8-6
G8-9
G6-5
G6-4
64-1
65-0
61-5
' 58-7
55-9
54-G
53-4
52-7
49-6
53-1
50-9
51-1
61-2
60-3
59-1
59-1
58-2
57-2
671
57-0
56-3
56-2
55-3
55-3
54-8
54-6
.'54 -2
54-1
54-0
53-5
53-3
54-7
68-0
77-1
77-0
75-0
70-2
68-6
68-5
68-4
67-4
66-8
66.1
65-9
65-9
64-0
63-9
62-5
62
61
59
56
54
53-8
53-1
49-9
32-18
28-67
28-69
30-88
27-24
82-13
27-22
28-85
28-04
30-33
30-47
29-95
24-80
27-77
26-82
24-71
28-02
26-98
27-80
26-06
27-62
27-20
30-70
33-24
32-92
32-05
32-10
32-03
32-10
31-49
32-55
29-97
32-98
30-40
29-64
33-22
34-75
34-78
30-21
33-88
27-68
30-26
29-55
31-29
31-90
32-58
27- 86
25-16
20-87
20-73
26-06
20-90
28-92
28-26
23-50
27-15
28-27
23-77
28-85
27-94
24-07
29-42
27-00
26-69
25-80
29-22
24-05
23-65
22-97
23-52
23-26
22-80
22-19
10-0
11-8
11-4
20
-79
20
•24
28
-18
20
-32
21
-44
19
-29
21
01
23
83
21
35
18
59
21
25
18
73
18
18
19
03
18
18
19
94
20
23
18
87
19
82
24
76
24-
54
7-3
13-6
9-1
5
6
4
6
5
6
7
8-7
9-5
7-7
7-2
12-5
15-7
8-6
12-7
11-3
11-0
10-2
7-2
8-0
7-4
8-7
8-0
7-6
11-3
10-2
8-4
7-9
12-9
9-4
12-8
6-7
9-0
11-7
9-4
9-4
9-2
7-3
8-2
10-8
9-3
7-8
13-7
12-5
8-6
12
17-3
17-1
11-0
17-0
14-2
12-4
17-3
17-5
16-1
17-3
14-8
16-4
14-0
18-6
15-0
7-8
14-6
15-0
9-4
15-1
10-4
13-8
11-3
10-2
9-9
9-8
12-7
12-0
13-1
9-0
16-5
14-8
13-9
12-2
11-0
14-7
14-8
10-7
15-8
13-4
13-0
16-5
14-1
15-3
15-5
13-1
14-6
13-1
15-0
14-2
9
13
13
9'
13
15
12
-2
-9
•4
-5
-5
-4
•1
10-2
11-7
7
11
13
11
12
9
16
14-8
14-7
13-0
13-7
16-4
16-0
10-8
10-7
10-3
11-5
12-5
13-3
11-1
10-8
14-7
13-9
11-1
11-9
18-4
15-0
23-4
17-9
13-0
13-1 1
13-0
14-1
9-3
9-8
"5
20-0
12-9
10-6
20-2
14-0
3-6
1-4
3-0
5-0
•4
1-2
2-1
13-4
2-3
53-1
2-3
14-2
21-3
74
48-1
32
23-5
31-5
65-0
3S-5
24
25
19
74
2
21-2
18-5
12-7
16-2
97
5-7
22-4
10-5
"•5
iS-2
11-9
11-9
8-5
16-2
9-0
4-6
73
-4
6-0
10- 1
34
51
•3
46-9
7-6
9-8
10-1
s
27-5
6-0
161
14-0
79-2
35-0
24-5
13-8
5
6
4
6-6
9-8
7-7
6-1
54
14
10-3
14-0
155
13 5
18-0
* These cohirans represent the apparent loss or gain of wives caused by migrations at date of their
respective Census Einmierations and rei|uire to be considerably reduced.
f Three places influenced by lunatic asylums are placed first.
X Two places inlluenced liy lunatic asylums are placed first.
7-20
EnghDicVs Recent Progress.
Married
Women under
45 to aoo
Women 20-45.
Births to 100
married Women
under 45.
Bachelors to
100 Men
aged 45-55.
Marriages to
100 Bachelors
and Widowers
aged 20-35.
Percentage* of
Wives aged
imder 35 in
Excess or
Deficiency.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1901.
1S81.
1891.
1881.
1S91.
1881.
1891.
fMaidstone
58-2
57-7
29-95
22-25
12-1
13-1
13-8
12-8
2-5
12-0
Carlisle . .
52-7
50-2
81-68
26-29
14-5
12-6
13-1
11-9
12-5
173
York . . .
57-4
57-9
29-38
24-76
12-2
12-2
11-4
11-4
6-5
II-O
Chester .
55-6
54-1
31-12
25-70
11-6
12-2
12-4
12-1
21-4
19-0
Oxford . .
51-2
48-7
31-16
23-02
10-8
11-0
11-4
12-2
2-9
74
Exeter
50-3
50-9
29-87
20-77
9-7
10-7
15-7
14-7
21-8
204
Wakefield .
G9-4
67-3
30-97
26-38
9-5
10-2
12-6
13-1
17-5
8-9
Northampton
G6-1
62-5
30-42
21-51
10-9
10-1
17-0
14-6
5-2
9-9
Lincoln .
61-9
61-0
29-27
21-49
11-4
9-9
12-5
13-3
1-6
10-4
Gloucester
59-8
69-0
29-09
23-83
15-7
9-5
15-6
14-7
17- 1
160
Ipswich .
57-6
57-1
29-53
24-11
8-1
8-3
16-8
13-3
6-1
6-2
Norwich .
59-9
64-4
58-5
64-6
30-06
28-53
24-19
23-01
7-7
6-7
7-7
7-7
18-6
18-4
15-4
15-9
53
16-1
1-9
Coventry .
1-7
Derby .
66-7
62-5
28-56
21-91
7-7
8-3
16-2
15-0
10- 1
95
King's Lynn .
61-5
60-3
28-97
23-77
9-2
9-4
15-4
14-1
3"3
151
Reading .
62-0
59-7
30-16
22-53
8-1
8-9
14-7
13-5
75
15
Yarmouth
62-2
59-1
30-07
25-64
8-9
7-3
18-1
18-3
2-3
95
Worcester
57-1
55-6
28-70
23-04
10-3
7-9
15-3
16-7
32
84
Cambridge
51-4
49-8
28-62
21-14
10-5
9-8
9-1
12-4
7-8
74
§Godstone .
48-0
48-0
28.21
23-13
32-1
20-6
4-7
6-5
52-4
19-7
Salisburj' .
53-7
52-5
29-55
23-04
11-1
10-8
13-6
11-8
7"3
165
Portsmouth .
62-2
71-1
61-6
70-8
27-93
28-67
21-66
21-80
10-6
10-0
10-4
10-4
12-5
6-3
11-0
5-7
6-4
27-0
35
Sheerness
17-7
Chatham .
71-0
70-2
29-92
23-33
9-9
10-6
10-0
9-2
-6
11-0
Farnham .
65-8
66-2
32-04
20-73
11-7
11-8
$4-7
+4-6
2-3
6-4
Plymouth
60-3
62-5
27-79
21-73
7-9
7-8
16-7
13-0
23-7
i8-3
St. German's.
69-2
59-6
29-32
23-04
8-0
11-7
7-8
5-2
61-5
64-9
Aldershot,\
North . ./
Deal . . .
59-5
58-1
28-43
22-98
10-6
10-0
3-9
5-2
16-2
15-4
57-8
57-3
29-13
22-86
12-2
11-9
11-7
11-2
3-9
52
Colchester
59-0
57-0
30-41
23-18
9-3
8.3
10-8
7-9
14-0
17
Dover .
57-1
56-5
29-97
24-89
9-6
10-3
12-6
9-4
i6-i
18-9
Canterbury .
55-7
56-0
28-81
22-38
11-1
11-9
11-7
9-8
274
26-3
WejTnouth
53-3
52-3
29-14
24-19
11-9
9-6
7-4
8-9
ii-o
145
Windsor .
50-8
48-8
27-84
22-54
8-6
10-4
7-0
7-8
16-2
3-y
Folkestone .
49-4
48-8
29-83
22-51
11-0
12-8
11-9
8-9
2-3
1-9
IjBrentwood
54-7
52-8
28-88
20-95
18-0
15-1
^7-2
16-4
21-0
26-6
Easthamp-i
stead . . J
55-0
55-4
53-0
53-4
28-10
29-33
21-81
23-07
17-3
9-0
15-0
12-8
7-4
12-2
6-8
11-6
39-0
11-7
34-0
Maidenhead .
10-6
* These columns represent the apparent loss or gain of wives caused bv migrations at date of their
respective Census Enumerations and require to be considerablj- reduced.
t Twelve places influenced by lunatic asylums are placed first.
t Farnham : 10,039 soldiers were returned in 1881 and 11,476 in 1891. The bachelors and widowers
were 5,971 in 1881 and 7,893 in 1891.
Three places influenced by lunatic asylums are placed first.
II Two places influenced by lunatic asylums are placed first.
^ Brentwood : 428 soldiers were returned in 1S81 and 987 in 1S91, excluding whom the proportions
of marriages would be laised.
Appendijc H.
721
Kuial Residues of
Counties.
Married
Women under
45 to 100
Women 20-45.
Births to 100
married Women
under 45.
Bachelors to
100 Men
aged 45-55.
Marriages to
100 Bachelors
and AVidowers
aged 20-35.
Percentage ol
Wives aged
under 35 in
Excess OP
Deficiency.
1891.
1901.
1881.
1901.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
1881.
1891.
Norfolk.
63-0
61-3
31-17
24-87
8-1
8-5
14-2
12-7
57
6-3
Northampton
62
6
61-2
29-96
24-20
8
9
9-4
13-6
13-2
6-9
8-8
Lancashire and Cheshire
62
8
61-1
32-69
24-65
11
9
13-0
11-4
11-2
5-3
5-7
Kent and Surrey .
61
1
60-8
30-99
22-59
12
7
11-7
11-3
10-9
10-4
-8
Lincoln
61
60-2
30-53
24-78
9
7
10-1
12-3
12-9
8-3
12-4
Stafford, Warwick and\
Worcester . . . (
60
60-0
30-97
26-06
10
6
10-2
11-6
12-3
2-7
39
Bucks and Oxford .
60
5
58-5
31-03
24-24
9
1
10-4
13-4
12-1
4-0
3-8
Leicester, Notts and i
Derby . . .1
Essex and Herts .
60
1
58-1
30-99
25-48
10
1
10-7
12-9
12-8
i-o
•5
59
1
57-8
30-96
23-33
10
10-5
12-6
11-6
•2
2-0
Hants and Berks .
58
4
56-8
31-00
23-31
10
8
11-0
11-4
11-3
43
6-1
Denbigh and Flint
57
6
56-8
30-03
27-13
12
2
12-8
8-2
9-5
4-1
8-2
Wilts and Dorset .
58
4
56-7
30-53
23-59
8
9
9-7
13-3
12-0
II-2
135
Gloucester and Somerset
58
3
56-2
31-06
23-99
9
4
9-2
12-8
12-9
6-1
77
Monmouth and Brecon .
56
9
55-7
31-07
27-89
12
5
13-1
9-3
11-0
8-0
11-4
Sussex ....
57
7
55-5
30-84
22-39
14
11-9
10-2
10-5
4-7
•9
York ....
57
5
55-4
31-98
25-78
13
7
13-4
10-4
10-6
4-8
6-9
Salop and Hereford
55
4
54-5
30-89
26-67
12
9
13-0
9-7
10-6
97
151
Carnarvon and Anglesey
54
1
54-4
28-86
24-27
12
2
12-7
10-5
10-7
10-7
i4'5
Cornwall
53
5
53-9
31-18
23-36
8
4
9-3
12-1
12-1
11-9
14-0
Devon ....
54
2
53-3
31-87
22-92
9
5
9-9
12-7
12-4
I2-I
"■5
Montgomery, &c. .
53
9
53-2
31-85
27-06
14
3
15-5
8-3
9-7
"•5
18-5
Carmarthen, &c. .
50
1
50-3
33-58
27-43
11
6
11-6
12-4
12-4
I9-I
182
Cumberland .
50
9
48-4
33-08
24-85
17
4
19-4
9-8
9-8
16-0
17-1
Durham and North- 1
umberland . . . J ,
50
4
48-1
32-03
28-18
15
3
16-4
8-5
9-1
8-3
127
3 A
APPENDIX K.
SOME DATA AS TO OCCUPATIONS IN 1901.
3 A 2
APPENDIX K.
SOME DATA AS TO OCCUPATIONS IN 1901.
The Tables on the following pages show the proportions of males returned
as workers who were in 1901 engaged in primary industries such as
agriculture, fishing, mining, commerce, wholesale manufactures and
defence, with an additional column for those "indefinitely" returned as
engine-drivers, stokers and firemen, factory labourers, contractors, &c.,
without any indication of the particular industry with which they are
associated. The rest of the workers were returned as engaged in subsidiary
occupations (providing articles of common necessity such as food, dress,
houses, or other matters by retail, or rendering professional services), with
the exception of a consideral)le number figuring as general labourer,
general shopkeeper, costermonger, artizan, &c.
It will be observed that the lowest proportions of primary workers are
met with in large towns and towns in the residential counties, and the
highest in rural districts where mining, quarrying, and sometimes metallic
industries occupy many men. Although Denbigh is a mining county,
there are not very many miners in Wrexham.
The commercial class is made to include shipbuilders (very numerous
in Durham and Northumberland), and the excess over ordinary numl^ers
of railway servants and coalheavers in places such as Eugby, Crewe and
Southampton, where the coaling of large steamships requires special
service.
If we divide the largest towns from the other urban districts, taking
London to include, besides the county, Hornsey, Tottenham, Willesden,
Croydon, East and West Ham, Leyton and Waltliamstow, for which
places details as to occupations are furnished, Liverpool to include Bootle,
Birkenhead and Wallasey, Manchester to include Salford and Birmingham
to include Aston Manor, Handsworth, Smethwick and King's Norton, we
arrive at the figures shown on page 727.
Some of the rural districts included in tlie Tal)le sliown on page 728
fall within the limits assigned to towns, industrial places, &.c., elsewhere in
this book. They are arranged in the order of the total ratios of working
men engaged in the more primitive industries, as the urban districts wore
arranged in that of those engaged in commerce and special industries.
72t)
England's Recent Progress.
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York .
Northampton group
Durham and Northumbc
Leicester, Notts and Der
Carmarthen, Pembroke
Cardigan .
Lincoln
Cumberland and Westmo
Gloucester and Somerset
Metropolitan Counties
Norfolk and Suffolk
Bucks and Oxford .
Wilts and Dorset .
Glamorgan, Monmouth
Brecon
Salop and Hereford
Hants and Berks .
Carnarvon and Anglesey
Denbigh and Flint
Devon .
Cornwall
Sussex .
Montgomery, Merioneth
Appendix K.
727
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Appendix K.
729
1
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p.
!
1
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s
■3
a
3
a
>>
3
s
Total.
L'~C0CD<MC010-<*L--Ol0lOC5(Xli-HC0lO00a)u:>(MCDC<I»OCN»OCNC000(M
In-
definite.
C5rH01000COiOC~-*rHt~-*i-HC5iO(Mt^«-*QOCOt-t-<M»OOCOCr2C:i
(MTt(i-4 CO (M tH tH rH rH .H rH tH ^^ .H rH rH T-l tH >H T-l rH M r-< rH i-l
Other
Manu-
factures
and
Industries.
COL— C^a0THt~C0C0lO'**00HDO3lCrHt0O>OaitHC0(MC0C0O»O-^t--^
iH-^01ClClTHrHCOtMCM<MCOCOCOCOeO-*-*'-<tO(MCO;D>Ot-«0
Manu-
facture of
Metals,
Engines
and Tools.
T^r^ooa3'HlO■*all^(^^•r^OT-^QO»OlOlOO■^cDQOO■^x>05•<no■*cot-
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iH ^-^^^I-^ I-l r-<r-l<M>-Hi-li-lr-( tH-*
Manu-
facture of
Te-Ytile
Fabrics and
Dress.
iHO-*<M-* r-l-*t-4O1(MrM00C0t-<MO5CX5i:0C0CT>C0OtHt-OiH
t ..^ . . ,-1 00 10 C3 a> CO 00 t~ CO 10 CO rH 10 tH
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P.
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Ph
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H
COTH(MO-*'*llO-*rHOlTt<rHiHt~CO'*lOOtM>OC:>-»*<OC<)(MCO'«*(CI>t-
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IC iH i-lT-ltHrHrHrHrHOIi-H iHi-li-((MCMOtir-t
County Borough.
Rhondda
Merthyr
Wigan
Canterbury ....
Portsmouth ....
Plymouth and Devonport
South Shields . . .
West Hartlepool
Tynemouth ....
Sunderland ....
Cardiff
Southampton
Grimsby
Newport (Mon.) .
Burnley
Blackburn ....
Eochdale
Stockport
Huddersfield ....
Bradford
Oldham
Bury (Lane).
Bolton
Preston
Halifax
Northampton
Norwich
Coventry
West Bromwich .
730
EnglaiuVs Recent Progress.
1
.s
S
4)
tN
S>
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iH (M <M <M T-l CO 1-1 <N <N 1-1 T-l iH rH (M <N (M 1-H i-l i-H t-I
Other
Manu-
factures
and
Industries.
t-aO--ICl(MCO'1fT-IOOlO.HC305.-H(Mt-C»OOC001(MCOCOt-OlOOOO
CM CO CO CO (M
Manu-
facture of
Metals,
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and Tools.
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COCOCOeOCOCOC0CN(M(M(M(M(M rHr-li-H,-l
Manu-
factui'6 of
Textile
Fabrics and
Dress.
Cq iH tH T-l CO 00 1-H rH CO CO Oq to rH CI >-l t- t- tH >-1 O O CO O ■* 1-H t- -^ CO
111
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S
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1
Cqi-IC<li-li-ICqC5iH(N-^iHT-l(Mi-li-Hi-li-IC<JCOeO-*eO(MiHC5COOOi-lO
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HI
1^ s
c
CO T-l O tH 1-1 (M t- O CO tM I-l CD Oq T)( iH O iH t- i-l i-H rH (M i-H t- i-l
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c
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.i2
t-t-lOt-OOCO-^iOOCOOiOCO(MC500(NOOC)(MOi-lOt-C;»0(N
1-1 r-l CM 1-1 1-4 1-1 t-l CO (M (N CO CO CM -* ■* CO ■* 1-1 -* CO
i
1
Wolverhampton .
Stockton-on-Tees
Barrow-in-Furness
Dudley
Warrington .
Middlesbro' .
Lincoln .
Rotherham .
Swansea .
Derby ....
Walsall . . .
Gateshead
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Hanley
St. Helens . .
Burton-on-Trcnt
Reading .
York ....
Gloucester
Ipswich .
Worcester
Great Yarmouth
Exeter . . .
Chester
Oxford . . .
Bath ....
Brighton .
Hastings .
Bournemouth
Appendix K,
731
The following Table shows (as in 1901) the number of acres per farmer
(male or female), and the number of sons, daughters and labourers (of both
sexes) per hundred farmers, in each administrative county except Rutland
and London in the order from the smallest farms to the largest, supposing
all the land were farmed, which of course is not the case : —
Acres
Acres
per
Per 100 Farmers.
per
Per 100 Farmers.
Administrative
Farmer
(male
Administrative
County.
Farmer
(male
County.
or
Sons.
Daugh-
Labour-
or
Sons.
Daugh-
Labour-
female).
ters.
ers.
female).
ters.
ers.
Anglesey .
71
27
8
132
Cumberland .
186
53
19
127
Lancashire .
88
49
18
152
Gloucester
189
36
5
313
Cheshire .
96
47
15
213
Durham .
190
43
5
160
Flint . . .
97
88
8
137
Radnor
199
48
13
96
Cornwall .
102
38
5
119
Westmoreland
205
48
11
86
Carmarthen .
105
45
26
63
Kent .
200
33
3
650
Derby .
109
38
8
121
]\Ierioneth
206
37
11
80
Pembroke
113
38
28
101
Norfolk . .
217
33
2
560
Carnarvon
115
31
7
104
Dorset.
222
40
5
365
Stafford . .
121
38
10
187
Bucks .
223
89
2
486
Denbigh .
121
39
11
122
Suffolk . .
234
86
8
679
Cardigan .
125
43
21
74
Sussex
286
36
8
495
Monmouth .
142
40
5
122
Huntingdon .
238
37
2
561
Somerset .
143
42
7
238
Brecon
243
48
11
88
York . . .
147
40
7
162
Northampton
246
38
2
450
^Montgomery .
148
42
8
95
Bedford . .
247
39
3
754
Hereford .
149
40
6
232
Wilts . . .
257
41
4
467
Leicester .
151
32
4
218
Essex . . . , 260
33
2
788
Lincoln andl
Rutland . /
152
34
3
309
Oxford . . 268
89
8
586
Middlesex
279
41
3
731
Worcester
159
34
5
364
Hants .
297
34
3
489
Salop .
160
40
8
226
Hertford .
328
37
3
829
Nottingham .
160
36
4
266
Surrey
345
35
3
745
Devon
163
50
12
198
Berks .
369
36
3
787
Cambridge
164
36
2
492
Northumber- 1
land . . /
397
40
8
246
Glamorgan .
177
42
9
118
Warwick .
185
36
4
330
The assistance rendered by the farmer's children, especially by
daughters, varies considerably, and seems more ample where many of the
farmers are women, as in the Carmarthen * group of counties, but the
quantum of hired labour varies much more, and doubtless depends mainly
on the use to which the land is put. Female labourers are numerous in
Northumberland.
* In Carnarvon and Anglesey many farmers are women, but their daughters seem
to be otherwise oinployod.
INDEX OF PLACES/
Acton
Alfcrincham
Ashton-upon-jMersey
Aston
Arnold .
Ashton-under-Lyne .
Andenshaw
Accrington
Amblecote
Audley .
Arlecdon
Auckland
Ashington
Annfield Plain
Abergavenny .
Abersychan
Abercam
Abertillery
Aberdare
Aberavon
Ashton-in-Makerfield
Abram .
Adlington
Aspull . . .
Atherton
Alvaston and Boulton
Ardsley .
Ashby-de-la-Zouch .
Ardsley, East and West
Alverstoke
Aldershot
Aldershot, North
Amesbury
Abergele
Arundel .
Ashburton
Axbridge
Ashford (Middlesex)
Alresford
Alton
Andover .
Abingdon
Amersham
Aylesbury
Ashford, West
Ashford, East .
Axminster
Aylsham
Ampthill
Atcham .
Aberayron
PAGE
189
207
207
212
224, 330
238
238
252
284
286
292
320
321
321
324
324
324
325
325
325
327
327
327
327
327
330
333
342
346
382
390
402
400
424
450
452
466
470
487
487
487
487
492
492
494
494
502
506
511
514
517
PAGE
Aberystwith ..... 517
Anglesey
. 524
Aysgarth
528
Ashbourne
, 531
Alfreton .
582
Atherstone
. 634
Alcester .
. 634
Alnwick .
. 589
Alston .
. 541
Barnet .
188, 190
Brentford
188, 189
Bromley (Kent)
188, 190
Bethnal Green
. 189
Bermondsey .
189
Beckenham .
190
Bexley .
190
Barking .
189
Battersea
189
Barnes .
189
Barnet, Friern
190
Barnet, East .
190
Barton-on-Irwell
207
Birkenhead
210
Bootle (Liverpool)
210
Bebington, Lower
210
Birmingham .
212
Bromwich, West
212
Bramley .
214
Bristol .
218
Barton Regis .
218
Bedminster .
218
Blaby .
220
Billesdon
220
Barrow-upon-Soar
220
Barrow-in-Furness
290
Beeston .
224, 830
Bridgford, West
224, 330
Bradford
. 226
Bingley .
226
Bolton .
228
Blackburn
230
Burnley .
234
Brierfield
234
Brighouse
236
Batley .
240
Birstal .
240
Bredbury
244
Bury (Lanes) .
248
Bacup .
252
Bingley .
er, but in almost the e
xact
-iler in
wlilch
254
tliey
* The names have not been put in alphabetical order, but in almost the exact order in which tliey
appear in Appen<lix C.
734
Index of Places.
PAOK
PAOB
Bollington
. 256
Bradford-on-Avon .... 499
Baildon ....
. 258
Blandford
. 499
Bowdley.
. 260
Beaminster
. 499
Biddulph
. 264
Bridport .
. 499
Brownhills ... 2
74, 340, 535
Barnstaple
. 502
Balby-with-Hexthorpe .
. 276
Bidef ord .
. 502
Bolton-upon-Dearne
. 276
Bodmin .
. 504
Bilstou ....
. 284
Bury St. Edmund's
. 506
BrierleyHiU .
. 284
Bosmere .
. 506
Burslem.
. 286
Blything
. 506
Bootle (Cumberland)
. 294
Beccles .
. 507
Burton-on-Trent
. 300
Bourne .
. 509
Benwell and Fenham
. 320
Boston .
. 509
Bedlingtonshire
. 321
Brigg, Glanford
. 509
Blyth
. 321
Barton-upon-Humb
er
. 509
Blaydon ....
. 321
Brackley
. 511
Benfieldside .
. 321
Brixworth
. 511
Brandon and Byshottles .
. 322
Biggleswade .
. 511
Bishop Auckland
. 322
Bridgnorth
. 514
Bedwellty
. 324
Bromyard
. 514
Bridgend
. 324
Broseley .
. 515
Brynmawr
. 324
Bala
. 520
Blaenavon
. 324
Barmouth
. 520
Barry ....
. 325
Builth .
. 522
Briton Ferry .
. 325
Brecknock
. 522
Blackrod
. 327
Bangor .
. 524
Basford ....
224, 330
Bethesda
. 524
Brampton and Walton .
. 330
Beverley
. 528
Bolsover.
. 330
Bridlington .
. 528
Beeston ....
. 330
Bedale .
. 528
Bridgford, West
. 330
Barnoldswick .
. 529
Barnsley
. 333
Bosworth Market
. 531
Bedworth
. 338
Bingham
. 531
Blofield
. 344
Belper .
. 531
Buckley . . . . .
358, 526
Bakewell
. 531
Budleigh Salterton.
. 360
Buxton .
. 582
Bracebridge . . . .
. 362
Bromsgrove
. 534
Brighton . . . .
. 428
Bellingham
. 539
Birkdale. . . . .
. 430
Belford .
. 539
Blackpool . . . .
. 432
Berwick-upon-Tweec
i
. 539
Battle
. 434
Brampton
. 541
Bexhill . . . , .
. 434
Berkshire
. 487
Bath
. 436
Bucks
. 492
Broadstairs . . . .
. 438
Bedfordshire .
. 511
Bournemouth . . . .
. 448
Brecon .
. 622
Brixham . . . .
. 452
Buckfastleigh . . . .
. 452
Chertsey
188, 190
Bedford
. 456
Croydon .
188, 190
Brightlingsea . . . .
. 462
Chelsea .
. 189
Burnham . . . .
. 466
Chiswick
. 189
Branksome . . . .
. 472
Cheshunt
. 189
Blean . . . . .
. 474
Camberwell .
. 190
Brentwood . . . .
. 480
Chislehurst
. 190
BUlericay . . . .
. 480
Carshalton
. 190
Bridgwater . . . .
. 484
Chorlton
. 207
Basingstoke . . . .
. 487
Clevedon
. 218
Bradfield . . . .
. 487
Carlton .
224, 330
Bishop Stortford
. 490
Cleckheaton .
. 226
Berkhamsted . . . .
. 490
Clayton .
. 226
Braintree . . . .
. 490
Clayton-le-Moors
. 230
Buckingham . . . .
. 492
Church .
. 230
Bicester . . . . .
. 492
Chadderton
. 232
Banbury. . . . .
. 492
Crompton
. 232
Bridge
. 494
Colne
. 234
Bognor . . . . .
. 496
Cheadle and Gatley
. 244
Index of Places.
735
PAGE
PAGE
Conisbrough 276 |
Cleobury Mortimer .
. 514
Crewe
278, 693
Carmarthen . . . .
. 517
Coseley .
. 284
Cardigan . . . .
. 517
Cockermouth .
. 288
Corwen . . . . .
. 520
Cleator Moor .
. 292
Chepstow . . . .
. 522
Caistor (Lincoln)
. 298
Carnarvon . . . .
. 524
Cleethorpes
. 298
Chapel-en-le-Prith .
. 631
Camborne
. 310
Cheadle (Staffordshire) .
. 534
Chester-le-Street
. 320
Congleton . . . .
. 537
Castle Ward .
. 320
CUtheroe . . . .
. 537
Cowpen .
. 321
Cornwall . . . .
. 504
Cramlington .
. 321
Cambridgeshire
. 511
Consett .
. 321
Cheshire . . . .
. 537
Crook
. 322
Cumberland .
. 641
Crickhowell .
. 324
Cardiff .
. 324
Dartford
188, 190
Caerphilly
. 325
Deptford
. 190
Chorley .
. 327
Drighlington .
. 226
Chesterfield .
. 330
Darwen ....
. 230
Claycross
. 330
Dukinfield
. 238
Cudworth
. 333
Droylsden
207, 238
Castleford
. 333
Denton ....
. 238
Cannock .
. 340
Dewsbury
. 240
Coalville .
. 342
Darlaston
. 274
Chester .
358, 693
Doncaster
. 276
Caversham
364, 492
Dudley
. 284
Coventry
. 366
Dunstable
. 304
Carlisle .
. 368
Desborough .
. 306
Cambridge
. 378
Durham Colliery Group .
. 320
Cherry Hinton
. 378
Darlington
. 320
Chatham
. 386
Durham.
. 320
Colchester
. 388
Darfield ....
. 333
Cheriton .
. 392
Darton ....
. 333
Caterham
. 408
Derby ....
. 348
Canterbury
4
12, 474, 494
Darley Abbey .
. 348
Camforth
. 416
Devonport
. 384
Conway .
. 444
Dover ....
. 394
Colwyn Bay .
. 444
Deal ....
. 404
Cowes
. 446
Denbigh.
. 424, 520
Christchurch .
. 448
Dawlish ....
. 452
Cheltenham .
. 460
Dartmouth
. 452
Charlton Kings
. 460
Dulverton
, 484
Clacton .
. 462
Dursley ....
. 484
Cromer .
. 476
Droxford
. 487
Chard .
. 484
Dunmow
. 490
Clutton .
. 484
Dorking ....
. 494
Chipping Sodbury
. 484
Devizes ....
. 499
Cirencester
. 484
Dorchester
. 499
Catherington .
. 487
Depwade
. 506
Chelmsford
. 490
Docking
. 506
Chipping Norton
. 492
Downham
. 506
Chesham
. 492
Dereham, East
. 507
Cranbrook
. 494
Daventry
. 511
Cuckfield
. 496
Dawley ....
. 615
Chichester
. 496
Dolgelly
. 520
Cricklade
. 499
Driffield, Great
. 628
Chippenham .
. 499
Droitwich
. 634
Calne
. 499
Dalton-in-Furness .
. 637
Crediton
. 502
Dorset ....
. 499
Camelford
. 504
Devon ....
. 602
Cosford .
. 506
Denbigh (County) .
. 626
Caxton .
. 511
Derby (County)
. 531
Chesterton
. 611
Durham (Couuty) .
. 639
Clun
. 514
Church Stretton
. 514
Edmonton
. 188, 189
736
Index of Places.
PAGE
Epsom 188, 190
PAGE
Feltham 470
Epping .
. 188
Fromo .
. 484
Ealing .
. 189
Fordingbridgc
. 487
Erith .
. 190
Faringdon
. 487
Enfield .
. 189
Faversham
. 494
East Ham
. 189
Plegg .
. 506
Esher .
. 189
Forehoe .
. 506
East Barnct .
. 190
Freebridge Lynn
. 506
Eccles .
. 207
Forden .
. 520
Erdington
. 212
Festiniog
. 520
Ecclcsall Bierlow
. 216
Flint
. 626
Eastwood
224, 330
Elland .
. 236
Greenwich
. 190
Eston .
. 270
Gorton .
. 207
Egremont
. 292
Great Crosby .
. 210
Eastleigh
296, 487
Garston .
. 210
Easiagtou
. 320
Great Harwood
. 230
Earsdon
. 321
Greetland
. 230
Ebbw Vale
. 324
Golcar .
. 242
Eaton, Long .
. 330
Guiseley .
. 258
Exeter .
360, 693
GlosBop .
. 266
Exmouth
. 360
Guisborough .
. 270
East Stonehouse
. 384
Gray's Thurrock
. 282
Elham .
. 392
Grimsby
298, 693
Eastry .
. 404
Gateshead
. 320
East Cowes
. 446
Gosforth
. 320
East Preston .
. 450
Gower .
. 324
Eastbourne
. 464
Glyncorrwg .
. 325
Erpingham
. 476
Golborno
. 327
Easthampstead
. 482
Great Yarmouth
352, 507
Eton
. 492
Gloucester
. 370
East Ashford .
. 494
Gosport .
. 382
East Grinstead
. 496
Gillingham
. 386
East Dereham
. 507
Godstone
. 408
Ely
. 511
Guildford
. 418
EUesmere
. 514
Godalming
. 418
Easingwold
. 528
Great Berkhamsted .
. 490
East Retford
. 531
Gravesend
. 494
Evesham
. 534
Grinstead, East
. 496
East Ward
. 541
Guiltcross
. 506
Essex .
. 490
Grantham
Glanford Brigg
. 509
. 509
Finsbury
. 188
Gainsborough
. 509
Fulham .
. 189
Goole
. 528
Finchley
. 190
Great Driffield
. 528
Friern Barnet
. 190
Garstang
. 537
Failsworth
. 207
Glendale
. 539
Farsley .
. 226
Gloucester (County)
. 484
Farnworth
. 228
Glamorgan
. 324
Fulwood
. 246
Fenton .
. 286
Hendon ....
188, 190
Finedon .
. 302
Ham, West .
. 189
Falmouth
. 316
Ham, East
189
Felling .
. 321
Holborn .
188
Featherstone
. 333
Hammersmith
189
Foleshill
. 338
Heston and Isleworth
189
Felixstowe
. 354
Hanwell .
189
Fareham
. 382
Hackney
189
Farnham
. 390
Hornsey .
189
Frimley .
. 390
Hampton
189
Folkestone
. 392
Hampstead
190
Farnborough
. 402
Harrow .
190
Fylde .
. 432
Hoylake .
210
Fleetwood
. 432
Handsworth (Staff.)
212
Filey
. 440
Hunslet .
214
Index of Places.
737
PAGE
PAGE
Holbeck 214
Horsham ..... 496
Handsworth (Yoiks
)
. 216
Honiton
502
HuU
. 222
Holsworthy
502
Hucknall Torkard
224, 330
Hartismerc
506
Heanor .
224, 330
Hoxne .
506
Hulton, Little
. 228
Henstead
506
Horwich .
. 228
Holbeach
509
Harwood, Great
. 230
Horncastlo
509
Halifax .
. 236
Hardingstone .
511
Hipperholme .
. 236
Huntingdon .
511
Hyde
238, 244
Hereford
514
Hurst
. 238
Haverfordwest
517
Heckmondwike
. 240
Hay
522
Huddersfield .
. 242
Holyhead
524
Honley .
. 242
Holywell
526
Holmfirth
242
Howden
528
Hazelgrove
. 244
Helmsley
528
Heaton Norris
. 244
Harborough, Market
531
Heywood
. 248
Hinckley
531
Haslingden
. 252
Hayfield
531
Haworth
. 254
Hexham
539
Horsforth
. 258
Haltwhistle
539
Hebdeu Bridge
. 262
Hants
487
Heath Town .
. 284
Herts .
490
Hanley .
. 286
Huntingdon .
511
Harrington
. 292
Hereford (County)
515
Higham Ferrers
. 302
Hayle
308, 310
Helston .
. 318
Islington 189
Hartlepool
. 320
Ilford .
. 189
Hough ton-le-Spring
. 320
Ilkeston .
224, 330
Hartlepool, West
. 321
Ilkley .
. 258
Hebburn
. 321
Itchen .
. 296
Hetton .
. 322
Ince-in-Makerfield
. 327
Huyton-with-Koby
. 327
Ipswich .
. 354
Haydock
. 327
Isle of Wight .
. 446
Hindley .
. 327
Ilfracombe
. 502
Hemsworth .
. 333
Hoyland Nether
. 333
Horbury.
. 346
Jarrow 321
Hoole
. 358
Heavitree
. 360
Headington .
. 372
Kingston-on-Thames . . 188, 189
Havant .
. 382
Kensington
. 189
Hythe .
. 392
Knutsford
207
Hartley Wiutuoy
. 402
King's Norton
212
Harpenden
. 414
Koynsham
218
Heysham
. 416
Kingswood
218
Hove
. 428
Kirkby-in- Ash field
22
■1,830
Hastings
. 434
Kearsley
228
Harrogate
. 442
Keighley
254
Harwich
. 462
Kidderminster
260
Highbridgo
. 466
Kingswinford .
284
Heme Bay
. 474
Kidsgrovo
28()
Hungerford
. 487
Keswick .
288
Hitchin .
. 490
Kettering
300
Hertford
. 490
Knottinglcy .
338
Hatfield .
. 490
King's Lynn .
880
Hemel Hempsted
. 490
Kenilworth
420
Halstoad
. 490
Kirkham
432
Henley .
. 492
Knaresborougb
442
Hambledoii
. 494
Kompston
450
Hoc
. 494
Kingsclcro
487
Hollingbouri) .
. 494
Kiugsbridge .
502
Hailsliam
. 496
Kington
5 1 1
738
Index of Places.
PAGE
PAGE
Knighton ..... 520
Lunesdale ..... 537
Kendal .
. 541
Longtown
. 541
Kent
. 494
Lincoln (County) .
Leicester (County) .
. 509
. 531
London .
. 188
Lancashire
. 537
Lambeth
. 189
Leyton .
. 189
Marylebone
. 189
Lewisham
. 190
Maidens, The
. 189
Levenshulme .
. 207
Molesey .
. 189
Liverpool
. 210
Mitcham
. 190
Litherland
. 210
Manchester
. 207
Lower Bebington
. 210
Moss Side
. 207
Leeds
. 214
Meriden .
. 212
Long Ashton .
. 218
IMorley .
. 214, 240
Leicester
. 220
Middleton
. 232
Little Hulton .
. 228
Mossley .
. 238
Little Lever .
. 228
Mirfield .
. 240
Liversedge
. 240
Meltham
. 242
Linthwaite
. 242
Marsden .
. 242
Littleborough
. 250
IMarple .
. 244
Leek
. 264
]\Iilnrow .
. 250
Loftus .
. 270
Macclesfield
. 256
Lye, The
. 284
IMiddlesbro'
. 270
Longton
. 286
Mexborough
. 276
Luton .
. 304
Maryport
. 288
Lanchester
. 320
Millom .
. 294
Leadgate
. 821
Market Rasen
. 298
Llantarnani .
. 824
Madron .
. 308
Leigh
. 327
]\Iorpeth .
. 320
Leyland .
. 327
Merthyr Tydfil
. 324
Long Eaton .
. 330
JNIountain Ash
. 325
Lowestoft
. 352
Maesteg .
. 325
Lincoln .
362, 693
]\Iargam .
. 325
Lynn, King's .
. 380
Much Woolton
. 327
Lancaster
. 416
INIansfield
. 330
Leamington .
. 420
jMansfield Woodhouse
. 330
Lathom .
. 430
:\rutford .
. 352
Lytham .
. 432
]Maidstone
. 374
Llandudno
. 444
Medway . .
. 386
Littlehampton
. 450
]\Iaker
. 410
Leigh-on-Sea .
. 458
Millbrook
. 410
Langport
. 484
Morecambe
. 416
Lymington
. 487
]\Ialvern .
426, 515
Lexden .
. 490
Margate .
. 438
Lewes
. 496
Maidenhead .
. 478
Launceston
. 504
IMidsomer Norton .
. 485
Liskeard
. 504
IMaldon .
. 490
Loddon .
. 506
Mailing .
. 494
Lynn, Freebridge
. 506
Milton (Kent) .
. 494
Louth .
. 509
IMidhurst
. 496
Leighton Buzzard
. 511
Malmesbury .
. 499
Linton .
. 511
Marlborough .
. 499
Ludlow .
. 514
Melksham
. 499
Ledbury
. 614
Mere
. 499
Leominster
. 514
Molton, South
. 502
Llanelly
. 517
MildenhaU .
. 506
Llandovery
. 517
Mitford .
. 506
Llandilo fawr .
. 517
March ....
. 512
Lampeter
. 517
Madeley .
. 514
Llanfyllin
. 520
Market Drayton
. 514
Llanrwst
. 526
Milford Haven
. 517
Leyburn
. 528
Machynlleth .
. 520
Lutterworth .
. 531
Monmouth
. 522
Loughborough
. 531
Mold ....
. 526
Lichfield
. 534
Malton .
. 528
Index of Places.
739
PAGE
Market Haiborough
. 531
Oxford .
Market Bosworth .
. 531
Ormskirk
Melton Mowbray
. 531
Ongar .
Matlock
. 532
Okehampton .
Martley .....
. 534
Oakham
Montgomery (County)
. 520
Oundle .
Merioneth (County)
. 520
Oswestry
Monmouth (County)
. 522
Oakengates
Middlesex (see Uxbridge and Staines).
Ouseburn, Great
\
1
Oxford (County)
Norton ....
. 216
Nottingham .
224, 693
Paddington
North Bierley.
. 226
Poplar .
Nelson ....
. 234
Penge
Norden ....
. 250
Prestwich
Normanby
. 270
Pudsey .
Nantwich
. 278
Padiham
Newcastle-under-Lyme .
. 286
Preston .
Newcastle-on-Tyne .
. 320
Potteries
Newburn
. 320
Penzance
Newport (Mon.)
. 324
Paul
Neath ....
. 324
Phillack
Nantyglo
. 324
Penryn .
Newton-in-Makerfield
. 327
Pontypool
Newbold and Dunston
. 330
Pontypridd
Nuneaton
. 338
Pontardawe
Norwich.
. 344
Panteg .
Normanton
. 346
Penarth .
Northampton .
. 356, 512
Prescot .
Northfleet
. 386
Pemberton
Newport (Isle of Wight) .
. 446
Pontefract
Newton Abbot
. 452
Portsmouth
Newent ....
. 484
Plymouth
Northleach
. 484
Plympton, St.
Mary
New Forest
. 487
Portland
Newbury
. 487
Prestatyn
Newport Pagnell
. 492
Portslade
Norton, Chipping
. 492
Poulton-le-Fyldc
Newhaven
. 496
Penmaenmawr
Northam
. 502
Pokesdown
Newmarket
. 512
Paignton
Newmarket (district)
. 511
Poole .
North Witchford .
. 511
Petersfield
Newport (Salop)
. 514
Pctworth
Newcastle-in-Emlyn
. 517
Pewsey .
Narberth
. 517
Plomesgate
Newtown (Montgomery) .
. 520
Potterspury
Northallerton .
. 528
Peterborough
Newark ....
. 531
Pembroke
New Mills
. 532
Portmadoc
Northwich
. 537
Pwllheli
Norfolk ....
. 506
Pateley Bridg(
Northampton (County) .
. 511
Pocklington
Notts . . . " .
. 531
Patrington
Northumberland
. 539
Pickering
Pershore
Oldbury ....
. 212
Penrith .
Oswaldtwiatle .
. 230
Pembroke (County)
Oldham ....
. 232
Ossott ....
. 240
Quarry Bank .
Otley ....
. 258
Quoenborough
Ormeaby
. 270
Queensbury
Orsett ....
. 282
Ogmore and Garw .
. 325
Richmond
Orrell ....
. 327
Romford
PAGE
372, 487
430
490
502
509
511
514
515
528
492
189
189
190
207
226
234
246
286, 693
308
308
310
316
324
324
324
324
325
327
327
333
382
384
384
396
424
428
432
444
448
452
472
487
496
499
506
511
511
517
520
524
528
528
528
5li8
534
541
517
284
406
236
188, 189
188, 189
r40
Jitdc-i: of Places.
PAGE
Rothwcll (Yorks) . . . 21i. 346
Risbton .
. 230
Roytou .
. 232
Ravensthorpe .
. 240
Reddish .
. 244
Radcliffe
. 248
Ramsbottom .
. 248
Rochdale
. 250
Rawtenstall .
. 252
Redcar .
. 270
Rotherham
. 272
Rawmarsh
. 272
Rowley Regis .
. 284
Rushden
. 302
Rothwell (Northampton)
. 306
Redruth
. 310
Rugby .
312, 693
Ryton
. 321
Rhymuey
. 324
Risca
. 324
Rhondda
. 325
Royston (Yorks)
. 333
Reading .
. 364
Rochester
. 386
Rickmansworth
. 414
Rhyl .
. 424
Ramsgate
. 438
Ryde
. 446
Rochford
. 458
Reigate .
. 468
Radstock
. 485
Ringwood
. 487
Romsey .
. 487
Royston (Herts)
. 490
Romney ilarsh
. 494
Rye . . .
. 496
Risbridge
. 506
Ross
. 514
Rhayader
. 520
Ruthin .
. 526
Ripon
. 528
Reeth .
. 528
Richmond (Y'orks) .
. 528
Retford, East .
. 531
Ripley .
. 532
Redditch
. 535
Runcorn
. 537
Rothbury
. 539
Rutland .
. 509
Radnorshire .
. 520
Shoreditch 189
Stepney .
189
St. Pancras
189
Southwark
189
Stoke Newington
189
Southgate
189
Surbiton
189
Sutton .
190
Salford .
207
Stretford
207
Swinton
207
Sale
207
Solihull .
212
Sutton Coldfield
I'AGK
. 212
Smethvvick
. 212
Sheffield
. 216
Sculcoates
. 222
Shipley ....
. 226
Stainland
. 236
Sowerby Bridge
. 236
Staly bridge
. 238
Soothill, Nether
. 240
Soothill, Upper
. 240
Slaithwaite
. 242
Stockport
. 244
Stourport
260, 535
Smallthorne .
. 264
Saddleworth .
. 268
Springhead
. 268
South Bank in Nornianby
. 270
Skelton and Brotton
. 270
Saltburn-by-the-Sea
. 270
Swinton ....
. 272
Swindon
. 280
Stourbridge
. 284
Short Heath .
. 284
Sedgley ....
. 284
Stoke-on-Trent
. 286
Southampton .
. 296
Swadlincote .
. 300
St. Ives (Cornwall) .
. 308
St. Just ....
. 308
Stafford ....
. 314
Stockton-on-Tees
. 320
Sedgefield
. 320
Sunderland
. 320
South Shields.
. 320
Southwick (Durham)
. 321
Stanley (Durham) .
. 821
Seaham Harbour
. 322
Spennymoor .
. 322
Shildon and East Thickley
. 322
Swansea
. 324
St. Helens (Lanes.) .
. 327
Staudish with Langtree .
. 327
Shardlow
. 330
Sutton-in-Ashfield .
. 330
Stocksbridge (Y^'orks)
. 333
St. Faith's
. 844
Stanley (Y'orks)
. 346
Sandal Magna
. 346
St. Thomas (Exeter)
. 360
Stonehouse, East .
. 384
Stoke Damerel
. 384
Strood ....
. 386
Sandgate
. 392
Salisbury
. 400
Sandwich
. 404
Sheerness
. 406
Sheppey
. 406
St. Germans .
. 410
Saltash ....
. 410
St. Albans
. 414
Southall Norwood .
. 422
St. Asaph
. 424
Steyning
. 428
Southwick
. 428
Southport
. 430
Index of Places.
741
PAGE
PAGE
Skelmersdale ....
430
Twickenham 189
St. Anne's-ou-the-Sea
432
Tottenham
. 189
Scarborough ....
440
The Maidens .
. 189
St. Helen's (Isle of Wight)
446
Teddington .
. 189
Sandown ....
446
Toxteth Park .
. 210
Shanklin ....
446
Turton .
. 228
Southborough .
454
Thornhill
. 240
Southend ....
458
Tottingtou
. 248
Shoeburyness ....
458
Todmorden
. 262
Seaford ..... 40
4,496
Thornaby-on-Tees
. 270
Staines .....
470
Tettenhall
. 284
Sunbury-on-Thames
470
Tipton .
. 284
South Weald ....
480
Tilbury .
. 282
Shepton Mallet
484
TunstaU
. 286
Stroud .....
484
Tynemouth .
. 320
Stow-on-the-Wold . •> .
484
Tanfield .
. 321
Stockbridge (Hants)
487
Tredegar
. 324
Stortford, Bishop .
490
Tyldesley
. 327
Saffron Walden
490
Thornton
. 432
Slough .....
492
Twerton .
. 436
Sevenoaks ....
494
Thanet .
. 438
Sittingbourne
494
Torquay .
. 452
Swindon (registration district) .
499
Teignmouth .
. 452
Shaftesbury ....
499
Totnes .
. 452
Sturminster ....
499
Tunbridge Wells
454, 496
Sherborne ....
499
Tonbridge
. 454
South Molton ....
5C2
Tendring
. 402
Stratton ....
504
Taunton .
. 484
St. Columb ....
504
Thornbury
. 484
St. Austell ....
504
Tetbury .
. 484
Scilly Isles
504
Tewkesbury
. 484
Sudbury. ....
506
Thame .
. 492
Stowmarket ....
506
Tenterden
. 494
Samford ....
■ 506
Ticehurst
. 496
SmaUburgh ....
506
Thakeham
. 496
Swaffham ....
506
Tisbury .
. 499
Stamford ....
509
Trowbridge
. 500
Spalding ....
509
Tavistock
. 502
Sleaford ....
509
Tiverton .
. 502
Spilsby .....
509
Torrington
. 502
Scunthorpe ....
509
Truro
. 504
St. Ives (Hunts)
511
Thingoe .
. 506
St. Neots ....
511
Thetford.
. 506
Stretton, Church
514
Towcester
. 511
Shifnal .....
514
Thrapstone
. 511
Shrewsbury ....
515
Tregaron
. 517
Sedbergh ....
528
Tenby .
. 517
Settle
528
Thorne (Yorks)
. 528
Skipton .....
528
Tadcaster
. 528
Selby
528
Thirsk .
. 528
Skirlaugh ....
528
Tamworth
. 534
Stokesley ....
528
Tenbury .
. 634
Southwell ....
531
Teesdale .
. 539
Shepshed ....
532
Stone .....
Stratford-on-Avon .
. 534
584
Urmston 207
Sbipston-on-Stour .
Southam ....
»84
♦84
Upholland
Uxbridge
327
422
Sandbach ....
Salop .....
Somerset ....
037
. 515
. 484
Upton-on-Severn
Uckfield .
Uppingham
426
496
509
Stafford (County) .
Suffolk
. 534
. 506
Uttoxotor
Ulverston
534
537
Surrey .....
. 494
Sussex .....
. 496
Vontnor .
440
74'2
Index of Places.
I'AGE
PAGE
West Ham .... 188, 189
Walmer 404
Westminster .
. 189
Warlingham .
. 408
W^oolwich
190
Watford .
. 414
Wood Green .
189
Woking .
. 418
Waltham Abbey
189
Warwick
. 420
Waustead
189
Westgate-ou-Sea
. 438
Woodford
189
Winton .
. 448
Walthamstow .
189
Worthing
. 450
Wandsworth .
189
Walton- on-the-Naze
. 462
Wimbledon
189
Weston-super-^Mare
. 466
Willesden
190
Whitstable
. 474
Wealdstone
190
Williton .
. 484
Wembley
190
Wellington (Somers
et)
. 484
Walton-on-Thames
190
Wincanton
. 484
Weybridge
190
Wells (Som.) .
. 484
Withington .
207
Westbury-on-Severp
. 484
Worsley .
207
Wheatenhurst
. 484
Wilmslow
207
Winchcomb
. 484
West Derby .
210
Winchester
. 487
Wirral .
210
Whitchurch (Hants
. 487
Waterloo
210
W^antage
. 487
Wallasey
210
Wallingford .
. 487
West Bromwich
212
Wokingham .
. 487
Wednesbury .
212
Ware
. 490
Wigston Magna
220
Wycombe
. 492
West Bridgford
2S
4,330
W^inslow .
. 492
W'esthoughton
228
Woodstock
. 492
Walton-le-Dale
246
Whitney .
. 492
Whitefield
248
W'est Ashford .
. 494
Wardle .
250
Westhampnett
. 496
Whitworth
250
W^estbourne .
. 496
Wharfedale
258
Westbury
. 499
Wath-upon-Dearne
272
Warminster .
. 499
W^alsall .
274
Wilton .
. 499
Wheatley
276
W^imborne
. 499
W^olverhampton
284
Wareham
. 499
Willenhall .
284
Wangford
. 506
Wolstanton
286
Way land
. 506
Workington .
288
Walsingham .
. 506
Whitehaven .
292
Woburn .
. 511
Wellingborough
302
Whittlesey
. 511
W^alker .
320
Wisbech .
. 511
Willington Quay
321
Wem .
. 514
West Hartlepool
321
Whitchurch (Salop)
. 514
Weetslade
321
Wellington (Salop)
. 514
Whitley and Monkse
saton
321
Weobley .
. 514
Wallsend
321
Welshpool
. 520
Whickham
321
Wetherby
. 528
Willington
322
Whitby .
. 528
Wigan .
327
Winsford
. 537
Warrington
327
Weardale
. 539
Widnes .
327
Wigton .
. 541
Worksop
330
West Ward
. 541
Whittington
330
Warwick (County)
. 534
Wortley .
333
Westmoreland
. 541
Worsborough
333
Wilts .
. 499
Wombwell
333
Worcester (County)
. 534
W^hitwood
333
Wrexham
336
Wakefield
346
Yardley 212
Woodbridge
354
Yeadon .
. 258
Worcester
376
York
. 350
Warblington
382
Yarmouth
852, 507
Weymouth
396
Yeovil .
. 484
Windsor .
398
York (County)
. 528
LONDON :
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
DCKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Los Angeles
This boQk is DUE on the last date stamped below.
m FEB
FEB
2 1977
21977
1 W"*
^"1586
NOV 2 c
1935
i
Form L9-Series 4939
3 1158 01062 0127
mmr
AA 001171308 8
HB
3583
W^68e